text: Category:Cities in Penang

title: Category:Cities in Penang


text: Category:Places in Penang

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Places in Penang


text:
Bledsinn

Etymology
Backformed from in the 18th century. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) nonsense, rubbish

title: Bledsinn


text: Category:zh:Perlis

title: Category:zh:Perlis


text: Category:zh:Places in Perlis

title: Category:zh:Places in Perlis


text: Category:zh:Pahang

title: Category:zh:Pahang


text: Category:zh:Places in Pahang

title: Category:zh:Places in Pahang


text: Category:Places in Pahang

title: Category:Places in Pahang


text: Category:zh:Sarawak

title: Category:zh:Sarawak


text: Category:zh:Places in Sarawak

title: Category:zh:Places in Sarawak


text: Category:Places in Sarawak

title: Category:Places in Sarawak


text:
pargeti

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to parquet

title: pargeti


text: Category:zh:Terengganu

title: Category:zh:Terengganu


text: Category:zh:Places in Terengganu

title: Category:zh:Places in Terengganu


text:
biliş

Etymology
Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) cognition

title: biliş


text: Category:zh:Kelantan

title: Category:zh:Kelantan


text: Category:zh:Places in Kelantan

title: Category:zh:Places in Kelantan


text: Category:Kelantan

title: Category:Kelantan


text: Category:zh:State capitals of Malaysia

title: Category:zh:State capitals of Malaysia


text: accordyng

title: accordyng


text:
bronş

Etymology
From

Noun

 * 1)  bronchus

title: bronş


text: Category:Places in Kelantan

title: Category:Places in Kelantan


text:
Strouhal number

Etymology
Named after the Czech physicist Vincenc Strouhal.

Noun

 * 1)  A dimensionless number describing oscillating flow mechanisms; an integral part of the fundamentals of fluid mechanics. Symbol  or.

title: Strouhal number


text: Strouhal numbers

title: Strouhal numbers


text:
Appendix:Variations of "moron"

The word “moron” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * moron
 * Moron

Diacritics

 * Moroń
 * morón, Morón
 * mörön, Mörön

Other scripts

 * Cyrillic
 * морон (moron)
 * моронь (moroń)
 * мөрөн (mörön), Мөрөн (Mörön)

 * Greek
 * μορῶν (morôn)
 * μόρον (móron)
 * μωρόν (mōrón)
 * μωρών (morón)

 * Santali
 * ᱢᱳᱨᱳᱱ (moron)

title: Appendix:Variations of "moron"


text:
rheotan

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) An alloy of copper, nickel and zinc used for electrical resistors and heating coils.

title: rheotan


text:
dalış

Etymology
Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) dive
 * 2) diving

title: dalış


text:
street date

Etymology
Compare.

Noun

 * 1) The date on which something, such as a magazine or a music album, is released to the public.

title: street date


text: street dates

title: street dates


text:
deyiş

Etymology
Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) parlance
 * 2) idiom, expression
 * 3) folk song

title: deyiş


text:
проводження

Etymology
From the stem of.

Noun

 * : spending, passing

title: проводження


text:
deyyus

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) cuckold, wittol
 * 2) pimp

title: deyyus


text:
Jersey club

Noun

 * 1)  A style of electronic dance music that originated in Newark, New Jersey, in the early 2000s, having an aggressive style with a fast, bouncy groove and the use of staccato, chopped samples, and heavy triplet kick patterns.

title: Jersey club


text: Brick City club

title: Brick City club


text:
باين

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) clear
 * 2) distinct, evident, definite

title: باين


text: multicand

title: multicand


text: multicands

title: multicands


text: different clowns, same circus

title: different clowns, same circus


text: MLCC

title: MLCC


text: MLCCs

title: MLCCs


text: 具體的

title: 具體的


text:
ٹیچا

Noun

 * 1) objective, goal
 * 2)  target, aim
 * 3) occasion, opportunity
 * 4) way, manner
 * 5) effect
 * 6) place
 * 7) court
 * 1) court

title: ٹیچا


text:
değiş

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) exchange

title: değiş


text:
outside loop

Noun

 * 1)  An aerobatic maneuver in which a vertical circle is entered from straight and erect level flight, canopy pointing out of the loop.

title: outside loop


text: outside loops

title: outside loops


text:
Lindn

Etymology
From, , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) linden tree

title: Lindn


text:
dimplingly

Adverb

 * 1)  So as to produce dimples in one's face.

title: dimplingly


text:
original jurisdiction

Noun

 * 1)  In common law legal systems, the power of a court to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction.

title: original jurisdiction


text:
toto genere

Adverb

 * 1) entirely; in all aspects

title: toto genere


text: Barnton

title: Barnton


text:
kidim

Verb

 * 1)  to wrap something

title: kidim


text:
Talk:缗

Definition
What does "string of coi" mean? 76.190.213.189 23:29, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:缗


text: wheat-ear

title: wheat-ear


text:
mwomw

Noun

 * 1) behavior

title: mwomw


text: Category:mkj:Watercraft

title: Category:mkj:Watercraft


text: Category:mkj:Vehicles

title: Category:mkj:Vehicles


text: Category:mkj:Machines

title: Category:mkj:Machines


text:
людиноцентричний

Etymology
From +.

Adjective

 * 1) human-centred, human-centered , humancentric, person-centred , person-centered , personocentric

title: людиноцентричний


text: Category:mkj:Nautical

title: Category:mkj:Nautical


text: Category:mkj:Transport

title: Category:mkj:Transport


text:
walking street

Noun

 * 1)  A pedestrianized street.

title: walking street


text:
suhkoa

Noun

 * 1) plant
 * 2) tree
 * 3) wood

title: suhkoa


text: walking streets

title: walking streets


text: Category:mkj:Trees

title: Category:mkj:Trees


text: Category:Mokilese morphemes

title: Category:Mokilese morphemes


text:
Mokilese

Proper noun

 * 1) A Micronesian language.

title: Mokilese


text:
dan aeliau rhywun

Etymology
Literally "under someone's eyebrows".

Prepositional phrase

 * 1)  surreptitious, surreptitiously, without someone's knowledge

title: dan aeliau rhywun


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2024/January 7


text:
pinahiek

Etymology
From

Verb

 * 1) to frighten

title: pinahiek


text:
Template:Ptinidae Hypernyms

 * Polyphaga - suborder; Bostrichiformia - infraorder; Bostrichoidea - superfamily; Ptinidae - family

title: Template:Ptinidae Hypernyms


text: Category:Mokilese terms suffixed with -iek


text:
User:Gold295857

Hi! I'm Gold and I take interest in Unicode, weird Han characters, and quirky things in general.

=Goals and Hopes=
 * Making sure there is a page for every CJK character
 * Making sure those pages have good information
 * more...

=CJK contributions (pages I created)=

U+200xx (Complete)
200BD, 200C0, 200D8, 200E8

U+201xx (Complete)
20118, 2011C, 20125, 2012A, 2012B, 20132, 20133, 20134, 20138, 2013D, 2013E, 2013F, 20140, 20142, 20144, 20145, 20146, 20147, 20149, 2014A, 2014B, 20151, 20152, 20155, 20157, 2015A, 2015B, 2015C, 2015D, 20163, 20165, 20166, 20167, 2016D, 2016E, 2016F, 20170, 20171, 20172, 20174, 20175, 20176, 20177, 20178, 20179, 2017A, 2017B, 2017C, 2017D, 2017E, 2017F, 20180, 20183, 20184, 20185, 20186, 20188, 20189, 2018A, 2018B, 20190, 20191, 20193, 20194, 20195, 20196, 20197, 20198, 20199, 2019A, 2019B, 2019C, 2019E, 2019F, 201A0, 201C6, 201C8, 201C9, 201CA, 201CC, 201CE, 201D2, 201D3, 201D4, 201D6, 201D7, 201D8, 201DF, 201E0, 201E1, 201E2, 201E3, 201E4, 201E5, 201E6, 201E7, 201E8, 201E9, 201EA, 201EB, 201EC, 201ED, 201F0, 201F1, 201F6, 201F7, 201F8, 201FA, 201FC

U+202xx (Complete)
20202, 20212, 20213, 20214, 20215, 20216, 20217, 20218, 2021A, 2021B, 2021C, 2021D, 2021E, 2021F, 20220, 20221, 20222, 20223, 20224, 20225, 20241, 20243, 20244, 20245, 20246, 20247, 20248, 20249, 2024A, 2024B, 2024C, 2024D, 2024E, 2024F, 20250, 20251, 20253, 20255, 20256, 20257, 20258, 20259, 2025A, 2025C, 2025D, 2025E, 2025F, 20260, 20262, 20263, 20265, 20266, 20267, 20268, 20269, 2026A, 2026B, 2026C, 2026D, 2026E, 2026F, 20270, 20271, 20272, 20273, 20276, 20277, 20278, 20279, 2027A, 2027B, 2027C, 2027D, 2027E, 2027F, 20280, 20281, 20282, 20283, 20285, 20286, 20287, 20288, 2028A, 2028C, 2028D, 2028F, 20290, 20291, 20292, 20293, 20294, 20295, 20296, 20297, 20298, 20299, 2029C, 2029D, 202A0, 202A1, 202A2, 202A3, 202A4, 202A5, 202A6, 202A8, 202A9, 202AA, 202AD, 202AE, 202AF, 202B1, 202B3, 202B4, 202B5, 202B6, 202B7, 202B8, 202B9, 202BA, 202BB, 202BC, 202BD, 202C1, 202C2, 202C3, 202C4, 202C5, 202C7, 202C8, 202CA, 202CB, 202CC, 202CD, 202CE, 202CF, 202D0, 202D2, 202D3, 202D4, 202D5, 202D8, 202D9, 202DA, 202DB, 202DC, 202DD, 202DE, 202DF, 202E0, 202E1, 202E3, 202E4, 202E8, 202E9, 202EA, 202EB, 202EC, 202ED, 202EE, 202EF, 202F0, 202F3, 202F4, 202F6, 202F7, 202F8, 202F9, 202FB, 202FC, 202FD, 202FF

U+203xx (Working on currently)
20300, 20301, 20304, 20305, 20306, 20307, 20308, 20309, 2030B, 2030C, 2030D, 2030E, 2030F, 20310, 20311, 20312, 20313, 20314, 20317, 20318, 20319, 2031A, 2031B, 2031C, 2031D, 2031E, 2031F, 20320, 20321, 20323, 20324, 20329, 2032A, 2032C, 2032D, 20330, 20331, 20332, 20333, 20334, 20337, 20338, 20339, 2033A, 2033B, 2033C, 2033E, 2033F, 20340

Other
2050E, 20912, 244FD, 25248, 26294, 277E5,

Ext. F
2D59A, 2DFA2

Ext. I
2EC02, 2EC03, 2EC05, 2EC06, 2EC07, 2EC08, 2EC0A, 2EC0B, 2EC25, 2EC26

title: User:Gold295857


text:
kilelehk

Etymology
From

Verb

 * 1)  to take a picture

title: kilelehk


text: Category:Mokilese terms suffixed with -ek


text: yoxed

title: yoxed


text: yoxes

title: yoxes


text: yoxing

title: yoxing


text:
антропоцентричний

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) anthropocentric

title: антропоцентричний


text:
peipa

Etymology
Borrowed from, ultimately from

Noun

 * 1) paper

title: peipa


text: Category:Mokilese terms derived from Ancient Greek


text: Category:Mokilese terms derived from Hellenic languages


text:
ecoturism

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) ecotourism

title: ecoturism


text:
mwingmwinge

Verb

 * 1) to be eating

title: mwingmwinge


text: Category:Mokilese reduplications

title: Category:Mokilese reduplications


text:
poadok

Etymology
From, from

Verb

 * 1)  to plant something

title: poadok


text:
poadpoadok

Verb

 * 1) to be planting something

title: poadpoadok


text:
self-enforcing

Adjective

 * 1) Of an agreement: enforced only by the parties to it, who find it mutually beneficial, and thus not susceptible to outside interference.

title: self-enforcing


text:
адамитски

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Adamite pertaining to Adamitism

title: адамитски


text: BVMs

title: BVMs


text:
self-insure

Verb

 * 1) To choose to bear a risk oneself rather than taking out insurance with a third party (an insurance company).

title: self-insure


text: self-insured

title: self-insured


text: self-insures

title: self-insures


text: self-insuring

title: self-insuring


text: sceawera

title: sceawera


text: sceaweres

title: sceaweres


text: sceawerum

title: sceawerum


text:
steorsceawere

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) astronomer, astrologer

title: steorsceawere


text:
адамитство

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  Adamitism a religious movement espousing the belief that social injustices are the result of man, not God. They made use of nudity in order to imitate the original man Adam and symbolize the immanent equality of all men.

title: адамитство


text: steorsceaweras

title: steorsceaweras


text: steorsceawera

title: steorsceawera


text: steorsceawerum

title: steorsceawerum


text: steorsceaweres

title: steorsceaweres


text:
self-naughting

Noun

 * 1)  The negation of the self, as in certain meditative practices.

title: self-naughting


text: адамитска

title: адамитска


text: адамитско

title: адамитско


text:
açıcı

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) can opener

title: açıcı


text:
Davidson's Mains

Etymology
Named after William Davidson, a wealthy merchant who bought Muirhouse, east of the district, in 1776.

title: Davidson's Mains


text:
self-limiting

Adjective

 * 1) That limits its own growth.

title: self-limiting


text: steorfende

title: steorfende


text: steorfenne

title: steorfenne


text: steorborda

title: steorborda


text:
tretn

Etymology
From, from , from , from. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to step; to tread; to trample
 * 2)  to kick
 * 3)  to pedal

title: tretn


text: self-opinionative

title: self-opinionative


text:
mirrortocracy

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) A type of society where wealth, income, and social status are assigned through resemblance or similarity to those already in power.

title: mirrortocracy


text: shltr.

title: shltr.


text: shltrs.

title: shltrs.


text:
steoresmann

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) steersman, captain (of a ship)

title: steoresmann


text: mirrortocracies

title: mirrortocracies


text: steoresmannes

title: steoresmannes


text: steoresmenn

title: steoresmenn


text: steoresmanna

title: steoresmanna


text: steoresmannum

title: steoresmannum


text:
Doomsday Clock

Proper noun

 * 1) A symbol in the form of a clock, representing the likelihood of a human-made global catastrophe, in the opinion of the members of the . Its hands are moved backward or forward in response to world events, with midnight representing the onset of catastrophe.

title: Doomsday Clock


text:
Appendix:Variations of "noram"

The word “noram” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * noram
 * NorAm
 * Nor Am
 * Nor-Am

Diacritics

 * norám
 * Norám

Other scripts

 * Cyrillic
 * норам

title: Appendix:Variations of "noram"


text:
steormann

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) steersman, captain (of a ship)

title: steormann


text: steormannes

title: steormannes


text: steormenn

title: steormenn


text: steormannum

title: steormannum


text: steormanna

title: steormanna


text: eks dee

title: eks dee


text:
ecks dee

Etymology
Phonetic rendering of the emoticon, representing hysterical laughter.

title: ecks dee


text:
amuhun

Etymology
Affixed
 * or

Verb

 * 1) to beg, to beg leave

title: amuhun


text: on the stock

title: on the stock


text:
biçem

Etymology
Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) wording
 * 2) style

title: biçem


text:
sinhasan

Noun

 * 1)  A throne.

title: sinhasan


text: sinhasans

title: sinhasans


text:
torri ar chwarae rhywun

Etymology
Literally, "to cut someone's play".

Verb

 * 1)  to put a spoke in someone's wheel, to put an end to someone's antics

title: torri ar chwarae rhywun


text:
Talk:Carter catastrophe

According to Wikipedia, "Carter catastrophe" is not an early version of the argument but just an older name for it. Do you know more? Maybe we should make this a synonym? Equinox ◑ 00:13, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Reading a bit more about it, it seems that the doomsday argument was "discovered" independently by a few people, and Brandon Carter never wanted to take credit for it, so he had someone else publish the argument for him. The definition should reflect this somehow, as the argument that was used by Carter in his lectures, before it was formally published. Carter himself suggested the name "Carter-Leslie doomsday argument" be used. So maybe it's a bit of both, an early/informal name and an early (unpublished) version. Jberkel 09:13, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carter catastrophe


text:
Appendix:Variations of "moran"

The word “moran” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * moran
 * Moran

Diacritics

 * Morán
 * morän
 * mórán
 * mòran
 * mòrán

Other scripts

 * Cyrillic
 * моран
 * Моран

 * Hangul
 * 모란

 * Mongolian
 * ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ

title: Appendix:Variations of "moran"


text:
yüzgeç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1) fin, flipper

title: yüzgeç


text:
Template:Dermestidae Hypernyms

 * Polyphaga - suborder; Bostrichiformia - infraorder; Bostrichoidea - superfamily; Dermestidae - family

title: Template:Dermestidae Hypernyms


text:
User talk:Nicodene/Archive 2023

auctorico
Hi Nicodene, and happy New Year—I wonder if you can shed some light at the long-lasting RFV for auctorico. It's not clear to me what the relationship between the forms auctorico, auctoriço, and auctorizo is, and though I initially thought it might be purely orthographic based on the ç form, the descendants at auctorico do look like they imply /k/ for the second c. Based on the existence of German sources attesting the spelling there might be a distinction between auctorico as an orthographic variant of -izo and auctorico as a form separately derived from. —Al-Muqanna المقنع (talk) 19:38, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi @Al-Muqanna and apologies for the delay.
 * The RFV on auctorico can, of course, be closed thanks to the FEW citation. That's despite the entry being titled with an asterisk, which simply means, in Von Wartburg's style, 'unattested in Classical or Late Latin'.
 * Judging by what you have said regarding spellings of the type ⟨auctoriço⟩, I would expect them to have been used later than the early medieval attestations for . I'd be surprised if the latter survived long enough to be confused with the former. Nicodene (talk) 02:19, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

UDHR in early Romance?
Can you try to translate the UDHR in Proto-Romance, Proto-Italo-Western Romance, Proto-Western Romance, Proto-Gallo-Romance, Proto-Ibero-Romance, Proto-Italo-Romance, and Proto-Balkan Romance, by using only words that are reconstructed from their respective descendants? Kwékwlos (talk) 20:30, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

 * @Kwékwlos Seems a bit time-consuming to do all of them, but I'll try my hand at Proto-Gallo-Romance:
 * * /tót ɔ́ːmen nái̯sent líu̯ɾe ed eɡʷáːl en deɲtáːt ed en dɾéi̯ts sont dodáːt de raʣóːn e konoi̯sɛ́nʦa de ʤustétsa e déːβent tɾai̯táːɾ se kom fɾáːdɾe/
 * Nicodene (talk) 23:28, 3 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I notice a mistake: Latin et > PGR */ed/ on one but */e/ on several others. Kwékwlos (talk) 12:24, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Kwékwlos Intentional, one form being prevocalic, the other preconsonantal. I suppose one can still represent both phonemically as /ed/. Nicodene (talk) 12:36, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Alright. Next is Proto-Italo-Western Romance. Kwékwlos (talk) 19:08, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll humour you, as I find this interesting.
 * /tótᵗi ɔ́meni náscent líβri ed ekʷáli en deɲɲetáte ed en dᵉréktos sont dotáti de raʦʲóne ed konoscɛ́nʦʲa de justéʦʲa ed déβent traktáre se komo frátri/ Nicodene (talk) 19:31, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Why is t voiced in *ed, even though Italian does not show voicing of stops (except for some irregular cases)? Kwékwlos (talk) 20:58, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Kwékwlos Because of Italian . No Romance language (modern or otherwise) reflects a /t/ outcome, as far as I know. Perhaps there occurred an early analogy with, which is likewise found nearly always in 'liaison' contexts. Nicodene (talk) 21:06, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * And what about Proto-Ibero-Romance and Proto-Balkan Romance? Kwékwlos (talk) 19:49, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Nicodene So I am trying to understand Proto-Balkan Romance. What does its UDHR look like (with IPA and Romanian orthography)? Kwékwlos (talk) 22:30, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not good with Balkan Romance, sorry. Not yet anyway. Nicodene (talk) 23:01, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @Nicodene I've noticed you have done some work on Ibero-Romance. What would the PIbR UDHR look like (reconstructed from the Spanish and Portuguese UDHR)? Kwékwlos (talk) 15:53, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * /ˈtodos los ˈɔmnes ˈnast͡sen ˈliβres e eˈgwales en diniˈdade e en deˈrei̯tos/
 * /esˈtan doˈdatos de raˈt͡son e konsˈt͡sjɛnt͡sja de ʒusˈtit͡sa e ˈdeβen trai̯ˈtarse komo jerˈmanos/ Xenos melophilos (talk) 19:35, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

Franco-Provencal -o
In a word such as vesâjo, final -o from -um is preserved. Is this really the case? Kwékwlos (talk) 11:27, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

 * @Kwékwlos Yes, it really is. Specifically, the final vowel is preserved when needed to support a consonant cluster (at the stage */βizádɡo/). Some other examples are given here (under 'Arpitan'). Nicodene (talk) 12:39, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

Template:desctree
This template is designed to get all of its data from the entries linked to in its parameters, except for the name of the language and things like bor as applied to the first parameter. It used to be that putting a term without descendants in its numbered parameters would result in a big, fat module error. Given that the most common reason for such errors was people removing Descendants sections from entries that had no visible indication as to the presence of the entry where the actual error displayed, I got consensus to change that.

Now, instead of displaying a module error, it temporarily displays in the entry itself as if it were desc, and adds a maintenance category named after the language where the expected descendants section would be (I decided to do it that way because there's no point in alerting Proto-Indo-European editors about an issue relating to Franco-Provençal, even if the mechanics of Wikimedia categories dictate that the Proto-Indo-European entry is the one that shows up in the category).

It seems to me that this is the most civilized way to deal with such things. I've always said that a module error should only be used for emergencies- otherwise it's like triggering a fire alarm and evacuating the building because someone forgot to flush before leaving the restroom.

That said, the fact that the template doesn't halt everything and alert the armed forces when you do it doesn't make it right to abuse the template. Please don't put terms in the desctree positional parameters that don't have Descendants sections. Try to figure out other ways to make the display come out correct.

The obvious workaround would be to change the Alternative forms section so that only the alt forms you want to display in the ancestor's desctree use alter or alt, and to use l, etc., to link to the others (desctree only looks for the first 2 templates). If that seems too much like a kludge, we need to think about how the template should work, and make a proposal at the Beer parlour or the Grease pit so we can recruit a Lua editor to implement it (I know a lot about Lua in general, but not enough about the specifics to do more than elementary and extremely obvious emergency fixes).

Thanks! Chuck Entz (talk) 00:37, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

Final -e loss
When did "-e" disappear in Romance? Kwékwlos (talk) 14:15, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Well, never in Italian. But I suppose you're asking about Western Romance.
 * It would seem to have disappeared, at the PWR stage, after /n l r/. This is the state of affairs that remains in Venetian for example (per A Linguistic History of Venice, p. 62). Portuguese attests an early /e/ loss in that environment as well, considering that intervocalic single Latin /n/ and /l/ regularly delete in that language, without a trace, but not in words like  or  (hence these had early final /e/ deletion, making the previous consonant no longer intervocalic).
 * This isn't the case for final -e after other consonants, necessarily. A look at the descendants of Latin, for example, shows it surviving after /t/ in Portuguese (+Galician etc.), Venetian, and Istriot.
 * Nicodene (talk) 14:31, 4 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Glosas Emilianenses clearly shows preservation of -e after n and r. Kwékwlos (talk) 14:38, 4 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't know if I would trust them as really reflecting phonetic writing. Final -e in infinitives is generally written for example but then you get = naufragar e se habent. The preterite -avit alternates with -ot. Quomodo is written rather than como. Peccatos rather than *pecatos. -aria and -orio without indicating metathesis of /j/. The orthography is clearly heavily Latin-influenced, at a level well beyond what we see in later Old Spanish. Nicodene (talk) 14:52, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

User:Nightcore8365
Could you look through their edits and finish the cleanup I started? They've obviously been doing some research in some good references, but I don't know Old French enough to tell if their cluelessness extends beyond just Wiktionary formatting. I hope they can learn how to do decent Old French entries- we could use the help. Chuck Entz (talk) 00:42, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

 * We all have to start somewhere, I suppose. I've cleaned up the rest. Nicodene (talk) 01:27, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
 * They have created four more entries since then, which look as bad as the previous. I've given them a warning. Benwing2 (talk) 02:08, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

Cleaning up Latin etyma in Spanish entries
Based on the recent BP discussion, I wrote a script to clean up Latin etyma in Romance entries. It has some language-specific info, specifically on how to map language-specific suffixes like Spanish to the corresponding Latin lemma and non-lemma etymon (in this case,  and ). I can add support to the script fairly easily for the other languages I'm familiar with (Italian, Portuguese, Old Galician-Portuguese, French, Old French, Galician to some extent, Catalan to some extent, maybe some of the minority Iberian languages since they're pretty similar to other Iberian languages), but I'd probably need help for Romanian and maybe Venetian and Sicilian. It is running now for Spanish. It looks that it will change around 3,285 entries outputting about 375 warnings. It's partway through and I put the warnings generated so far here: User:Benwing2/clean-spanish-latin-etyma-warnings. Can you take a look? Some of them are false positives that can be ignored, but others represent real issues. BTW I notice you replaced inh+ with  in at least one place, undoing a change by User:Sarilho1 (who is one of the primary Portuguese editors). Was there a reason for that? IMO the plus etym templates are especially important for Romance languages because they surface to the user whether a term is inherited or borrowed, which is often far from obvious for these languages. Benwing2 (talk) 05:07, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

 * @Benwing2 I can help with the other languages when the time comes. As for the errors, I'll take a crack at sorting them out now.
 * If one of my edits happened to remove inh+, it was probably because I regard that as the default for Romance < Latin etymologies. That is, I'll mark borrowing with bor+ but leave inheritance unmarked. That said, I have no problem with switching to inh+. It wouldn't hurt to be more explicit. Nicodene (talk) 06:41, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, thank you. I have pasted in the remaining warnings into the same location at the bottom. Benwing2 (talk) 07:48, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Benwing2 I've finished running through the list. Nicodene (talk) 19:45, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Awesome, thanks! I am currently running the same script for French, and here are the French warnings: User:Benwing2/clean-french-latin-etyma-warnings. Note that the terms may appear to be in random order but it's just because they are sorted from right to left (which groups similar suffixes). Benwing2 (talk) 19:50, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Benwing2 I've looked through those as well now. Is Italian in the works? Nicodene (talk) 03:25, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I have already added support to my script for Portuguese and I'll be running it shortly; Italian will be next. Benwing2 (talk) 18:55, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * See User:Benwing2/clean-italian-latin-etyma-warnings, User:Benwing2/clean-portuguese-latin-etyma-warnings and User:Benwing2/clean-catalan-latin-etyma-warnings. The script is making changes for all three languages now (and should be done within at most an hour). Benwing2 (talk) 01:58, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Benwing2 Done with all three. Nicodene (talk) 19:43, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Awesome, thank you. It shouldn't be too hard to do Galician and other Western Romance languages. There are also over 100,000 Romanian entries, which I did a basic cleanup of. I don't know that much about Romanian but it might be an opportunity to learn; I suspect the suffixes aren't that different from Italian. Mostly I gather the differences are in noun/adjective inflection, where there's a separate genitive/dative case, a definiteness distinction and a neuter gender of sorts. Benwing2 (talk) 22:20, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Lemmatizing Vulgar Latin and reconstructed Latin entries
Hi. I notice you have been moving reconstructed Latin verbs from the first-person singular present indicative to the infinitive, and moving some nouns from the nominative to the accusative. I'm totally fine with the former practice and I think there was even a BP discussion about this, but I'm not so sure about the latter. IMO at least nouns in -us, -a and probably -is should stay at the nominative; not sure about nouns in -iō/-iōnem and such. I can see the argument that most Romance nouns are derived from the accusative, but some of course are not (e.g. uomo, moglie, sœur) and Old French and Old Occitan still had a nom/acc distinction. In general, having different forms lemmatized for reconstructed vs. non-reconstructed Latin complicates handling of Etymology sections, and there are of course gray areas (e.g. what about "Vulgar" terms that are attested e.g. in Appendix Probi)? It could also be argued that all these reconstructed terms are really Proto-Romance terms rather than Latin terms and belong under a Proto-Romance header. At the very least, I think we need a clear policy spelled out about which Latin terms are lemmatized where, including all the edge cases, so there won't be edit conflicts and it will be clear how to cite the terms in Etymology sections. Benwing2 (talk) 02:23, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

 * @Benwing2 I do regard reconstructions based on Romance data as (Proto-)Romance themselves, whatever our current labelling is. Old French and Old Occitan nouns are themselves lemmatized by the accusative, or 'oblique', so adapting this practice seemed consistent to me. (It is also the practice of the Dictionnaire Etymologique Roman.) In cases like, I can't see that a Classical-style nominative like *feto actually ever existed- Romance rather suggests *fetonis, as indicated there. For Proto-Ibero-/Italo/Balkan Romance, no active nominative case can be reconstructed for nouns, so lemmatizing by the etymological accusative seemed inevitable. I've yet to ever come across a case where Romance inherited a nominative singular that isn't attested in Latin, but if one comes up, we can add mention it in the reconstruction notes. Nicodene (talk) 03:13, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, well (a) I still think you should limit this practice to imparisyllabic third-declension nouns; (b) we still need a writeup on which forms are used to lemmatize nouns under which circumstances (you didn't address my concerns about edge cases). Are you willing to write this up and put it in WT:About Latin? Benwing2 (talk) 03:23, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Benwing2 The issue remains that e.g. Proto-Ibero-Romance can't be reconstructed with a general noun-case system.
 * By edge cases do you mean attested 'Vulgar Latin', e.g. coleo? I don't see any reason to treat such entries differently from normal Latin ones with regards to lemmatization. They were subject to traditional Latin rules with regards to case inflection in the context of the texts in which they are attested. E.g. coleo is attested, per the provided quote, in the ablative plural, a form which certainly was extinct from popular speech in eighth-century France.
 * I can do a write-up of my current approach, but it would simply amount to 'use the accusative singular, except for feminine nouns in /-a/, where it's not worth bothering' (because /-am/ and /-a/ merged very early on, and the Romance descendants equally reflect either). Nicodene (talk) 03:38, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * By attested I mean in things like Appendix Probi, Reichenau glosses, etc. I am fine with using nominative/first-person singular for these. As for using the accusative e.g. even for nouns in -us (where it unhappily erases the masc/neut distinction), this definitely needs discussion before you start moving a lot of terms. If you could, please create a BP discussion. As for there being no reconstructible nominative case in Ibero-Romance/Balkan Romance (I should add that categories like Category:Spanish terms inherited from Latin nominatives somewhat belie this), I don't see why this is an issue. Our reconstructions are somewhat artificial in any case in that e.g. we project the terms back to the 10-vowel Latin system distinguished by length when there clearly was no length in Proto-Romance; so I don't see why projecting a nominative case is problematic for nouns in -us and -is. Benwing2 (talk) 03:49, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Benwing2 Yes I'll make a BP discussion with a write-up of the various points and counter-points.
 * I don't regard the reconstructions as projecting back to a Classical Latin pronunciation. Even if the head word is spelled as *fētōnem, the provided pronunciation is actually /feˈdoːn/. (The spelling, in effect, is simply there in honour of the etymology fētus + -ō/-ōnem.) This is briefly mentioned under About Vulgar Latin#Spelling, but a more detailed write-up may help. Nicodene (talk) 04:02, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Merci
Merci pour les quelques mises en page que tu as faites à mes quelques entrées! - Waelsch (talk) 15:22, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

 * De rien. Merci d'avoir ajouté ces pluriels « vulgaires » intéressants. Nicodene (talk) 15:26, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Neapolitan Accents
Hi, I see you've been working in the Neapolitan section of Wiktionary, that's great! Always nice to have support for such a little-known language. However, I need to inform you that the relinking of «ammò» to «ammó» is incorrect. Italo-Dalmatian languages use the grave accent rather than the acute to indicate stress. Amò/Ammò is always seen with a grave accent (take Liberato's song «Me staje appennenn' amò» for example), and I have never seen it with an acute accent. So I'd like to kindly ask you to stop relinking it, as it will just create confusion. Thank you! SignorNic (talk) 19:05, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

 * @SignorNic That isn't true, to the best of my knowledge; cf. . Googling "ammó, vien" brings up 34 results, admittedly not as many as "ammò, vien" (72) but by no means an insignificant number in comparison.
 * My main concern is that è/ò are supposed to stand for low-mid vowels, not high-mids, and so writing ⟨ammò⟩ is phonetically misleading and, I suspect, simply the result of influence from the orthography of standard Italian, where final /ˈɔ/ (and hence ⟨ò⟩) is quite common, and where final /ˈo/ (and hence ⟨ó⟩) is extremely rare.
 * I should note that in the context of Italian dialectology it is common practice to mark any stressed high-mid that one likes with an acute, and this certainly influenced my decision.
 * If it is the case that there exists a standard Neapolitan orthography that proscribes the usage of é/ó in words like, then I would agree to follow it simply for the sake of convention. Nicodene (talk) 19:46, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah I see your point now. Sorry about the accent part (I have no idea how I could completely forget perché, one of the most basic words). The problem with Neapolitan is that there is not standard orthography, so many words are spelt differently. For example «piccerè» uses a closed vowel, but is almost always spelt with a grave. Even if it isn't correct, I'm not sure about listing it as an alternative form of «ammó», mainly because «ammò» is more common and that is what will be searched for. Perhaps we could indicate that «ammó» is a more phonetically correct way of spelling «ammò»? Because although «ammó» is more correct, the way native speakers normally spell it is with a grave. But I see your point now, thanks. SignorNic (talk) 19:56, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @SignorNic Is there at least a traditional basis, for instance in 'Classical Neapolitan', for using è/ò for word-final é/ó? If it's just a non-official modern practice, based on an (incorrect) borrowing of standard Italian practice, I'd be reluctant to 'enshrine' it. Nicodene (talk) 20:32, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Neapolitan has no standard, it is a collection of various similar vernaculars. Native speakers very commonly spell final vowel stress with grave accents even if not phonetically correct, Neapolitan is not a phonetic language (ex. schwa endings). It has been the case for quite a while (ex. Renato Carosone's «Maruzzella»). What you are doing is trying to impose your own spelling reform on the language. It doesn't matter whether is fits prescriptivist rules for vowel marking, the native speakers of the language use grave accents to communicate what they are saying, «ammò/amò» is not another form of the "grammatically correct" «ammó», it is the spelling which Neapolitans use.
 * Also, about Googling, when I Google «Ammó, vien», I don't see anything relevant to your spelling of the word. Could you explain a bit more?
 * What I am trying to say is that linguists need to be descriptive when logging these language, languages are not the rules that are set by certain people for them, but rather how the actual speakers use the language.
 * Thank you. SignorNic (talk) 21:37, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @SignorNic As of right now: "ammó, vien" gives 75 Neapolitan results, as far as I can see: https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=%22ammo%CC%81%2C+vien%22
 * "Ammò, vien" - 97 results https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=%22ammo%CC%80%2C+vien%22
 * To achieve a decent sample size, I will search "[common verb]" + napoletano.
 * For "avé" we have 29300 results https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=%22ave%CC%81%22+napoletano
 * For "avè" we have 25100 results: https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=%22ave%CC%80%22+napoletano
 * Let's try some other decently common verbs:
 * Gudé (1820); gudè (255)
 * Puté (7520); putè (4460)
 * Tené (19500); tenè (6730)
 * Vedé (30300), veré (51200); vedè (51300), verè (49900)
 * Vulé (3330); vulè (6750)
 * I see no grounds for the assertion that the acute accent is in any way un-Neapolitan. Nicodene (talk) 23:12, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Addó (25100); addò (22300)
 * Paré (67800); parè (47600)
 * Pecché (108000); pecchè (93600)
 * I should note that the Neapolitan Wikipedia very clearly recommends é/ó, and a quick glance at their paggena prencepale reveals the examples addó, sapé, and vedé. Nicodene (talk) 00:34, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm in no way asserting that the acute isn't Neapolitan, and it is certainly used, just that «ammò» is more common, and Neapolitan does not have a standard. What I'm saying is that there is not a "correct form" so it shouldn't be asserted that one form is grammatically correct while another is not. Neapolitan is not spelled phonetically, and the grave accent is more common. So it is unnecessary to say that it is an alternative form of the less common form. SignorNic (talk) 18:52, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Faced with two competing accent usages, only one of which is phonetically accurate, not to mention explicitly endorsed by the editors of the Neapolitan Wikipedia, not to mention actually more (!) common for most of the words that I've cited, I will favour the latter. I make no claims about grammatical correctness whatsoever. This is a matter of adopting an already existing convention for the purposes of lexicography. Nicodene (talk) 20:19, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The ⟨-ò⟩ variants should and will be kept with a alternative spelling of of the ⟨-ó⟩ variant at which the information will be lemmatised, as illustrated by cadè. This seems an efficient compromise between linguistic and lexicographic standards and common colloquial usage. That addresses the "that is what will be searched for" problem. We're not trying to be prescriptive, but we must adopt our lemmatisation schemes, as any other dictionary in history has ever done (while of course also paying respect to actual usage, Nico). I'd like to clarify that nobody in the discussion is trying to claim Neapolitan is standardised, the mentioning of "standard Neapolitan" was only rhetorical (right?). Catonif (talk) 21:17, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I was asking obliquely whether there exists a 'standard [Neapolitan orthography]', not a '[standard Neapolitan] orthography'. Even an as-of-yet unofficial one proposed by, say, a committee of writers and linguists would be useful as a point of reference. As-is I'd be happy to stick to the Neapolitan Wikipedia's regole della grafia quasi-standard del napoletano, which appear broadly to match those of up-to-date dictionaries such as the Schedario Napoletano or Modern Etymological Neapolitan-English Vocabulary, albeit with less diacritic usage. Nicodene (talk) 21:45, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok, so if I understood correctly we are choosing to lemmatize words using acute accents to reflect their pronunciation while linking other spellings? Will we note the grave forms as common colloquial forms or is there not a place for that/does it render the process of logging words as overcomplicated? Thank you. SignorNic (talk) 19:58, 18 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's what we plan to do. Mentioning the ⟨-ò⟩ forms is rather straightforward. Compare the current ammó situation. I set  as a shortcut to be used in alt and alt form of for any colloquial spelling (which I intend to also include cases like the colloquially unwritten /ə/). Catonif (talk) 11:00, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * That makes sense, thank you. SignorNic (talk) 19:11, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

Neapolitan pronunciation
Hi, I've seen that you considered unnecessary my last edit in fuoco. I could agree that the proposed edit was messy, but I think that the way the pronunciation section is set is wrong. There are IPA phonetic pronunciations in [] but not a single phonemic transcription in //, and some of the variations in [] are not even phonetic realtizations of the same lemma. For example [fokə] without diphtong or umlaut can't be a phonetic variation of "fuoco". Hence my edit. I think the sections need some restyling and a more rational set up (Castelmezzo dialect? Why?). Regards, (Jamala (talk) 17:33, 9 August 2023 (UTC))

 * Hi @Jamala. I have written briefly about the matter on About Neapolitan.
 * I quickly found that it is impossible to assign a single phonemic transcription for all 'Neapolitan' (in the broad sense) words which adequately accounts for all the dialects. In lieu of this, I have opted to simply list the Neapolitan (in the narrow sense) word as the lemma form, mentioning the forms in other dialects in simple IPA, given that the vast majority of said dialects do not have any traditional spelling system of their own.
 * I have even avoided providing phonemic transcription specific to the dialect of Naples because I'd rather not commit to inventing a specific phonemic scheme on my own, in the absence of a reliable academic source. Hence I have limited myself to providing phonetic transcriptions, relatively broad ones, taken from the AIS atlas, which I have cited under numerous Neapolitan entries.
 * If you have any thoughts on how best to handle all this, do please share. Nicodene (talk) 17:47, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I should also note that I only ever include forms from dialects outside of Naples when I have an AIS map to cite that specifically provides said forms (always in IPA, never in plain spelling - and I'd rather avoid making up my own orthographies).
 * As for Castelmezzano, its dialect is one of few that has the 'Romanian'-type vocalism; see for that. Hence I often include that dialect's forms, when I have an AIS map to cite, as I find them interesting. Nicodene (talk) 17:51, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I should also add that all of the listed forms on the entry fuoco do in fact show umlaut, more commonly called metaphony in Italian linguistics, given that the original Latin stressed vowel [ˈɔ] (low-mid) is raised everywhere in the 'Neapolitan' (broad sense) area. To find non-umlauted Romance forms, i.e. ones that still have [ˈɔ], one has to cross south into the Sicilian zone (including S. Calabria and S. Salento), per the cited AIS map. Nicodene (talk) 18:07, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the complete answer. I'll answer in a complete way ASAP. By the way, there are important areas where metaphony may be absent, such as Eastern Abruzzo, (Pescara), Potenza, Gargano ['pɔrkə]). (Jamala (talk) 18:16, 9 August 2023 (UTC))
 * Ah, thank you for correcting me. I see that AIS map 1088 supports your observations for Bellante, Gargano, and Picerno. Interestingly, the plurals still seem to be affected by metaphony.
 * I have now read your user page and see that you are quite knowledgeable on the subject. I look forward to hearing your thoughts. Nicodene (talk) 18:30, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for having read my user page and for the interest. I'm almost completely agree on considering only written Neapolitan as "standard" for lemmas. But I think we must find a better set up for describing variations. In my view, Neapolitan has both phonemic and phonetic variations, just like American English and British English are not just phonetic variations but also phonemic (see palm). The same way, [fɔkə] without umlaut can't be considered a phonetic variations of fuoco with a diphtongized umlaut, but in my opinion it's a regional phonemic variation with its own subsequent phonetic variations. That's the same for [fokə] with non-diphtongized umlaut, a phonemic alternative with its own phonetic variations. To be precise, the true parallel phonemic lemmas are with ending vowel -o, so fuoco, fòco, fóco, that was the sense of my original edit. But I can 100% understand that's it's a complex way to depict the sitiation. Idk, maybe we can explicit only phonetic variations of the classical written lemma in Old Neapolitan. What do you think? (Jamala (talk) 18:53, 9 August 2023 (UTC))
 * @Jamala
 * I agree that it would be wrong to regard all non-Neapolitan forms as phonetic variants of the Neapolitan one. This was not my intention, but the way I have organized the pages does unfortunately give this impression.
 * I have just added 'regional cognates' as an experimental label under ; perhaps that can be a solution?
 * It would not be terribly difficult to convert the broad phonetic transcriptions taken from AIS into basic phonemic ones, but there is a risk of error in doing so. Anything that one puts in a phonemic transcription must, by definition, be a distinctive/contrastive sound in the dialect in question, as opposed to a mere phonetic realization. And I simply do not know enough about the various regional dialects to be confident that anything I write between /slashes/ is truly distinctive in those dialects. Even for the dialect of Naples I am not sure of, for example, the phonemic status of final unstressed schwa, because in certain phonetic contexts the different etymological vowels can 'magically' reappear. I'm sure you know what I am referring to, and this is discussed in for example the Grammatica diacronica del napoletano, as cited on the page.
 * However, perhaps this approach has been excessively timid and we can, nevertheless, be brave and switch to using phonemic transcriptions, formulated to the best of our knowledge and abilities. I would still caution against trying to make a universal phonemic transcription for all the regions and dialects, as it will inevitably fail when faced with certain historic sound changes. For instance, some areas have a 'Sardinian'-type vocalism.

 * Ultimately this is why I decided to label all pronunciations on a regional basis, including that of Naples. Nicodene (talk) 20:12, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have attempted another possible organization on the page, with regional variants listed as alternative forms (but in IPA). Nicodene (talk) 22:05, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Nicodene, have a look to my user page where I've written my view regarding phonemic and phonetic transcription. It's not a proposal of use in pages. Also have a look at this link: http://www.asciatopo.altervista.org/dialetti_tutto.html
 * (Jamala (talk) 06:01, 10 August 2023 (UTC))

@Jamala First of all, thank you for this detailed and useful source.

I'm not entirely convinced of the necessity of grouping 'compatible' regional pronunciations under one phonemic form, but I suppose I don't have any serious objection to this, so long as it is done with a great deal of care.

To that end, I would suggest /ˈu͡o/ for the diphthongal and post-diphthongal outcomes. The representation /ˈwo/ has the unfortunate effect of implying that stress on the end of the diphthong is 'canonical', while many dialects actually have it on the beginning, and monophthongized outcomes such as [uː] presumably reflect an earlier [ˈuə̯] or [ˈuo̯]. A representation like /ˈu͡o/ is more neutral with respect to stress, and it may well correspond to a real ancient ambiguity (not only in the Southern Italian context, but elsewhere in Romance as well).

There are further details to discuss, and I apologize in advance for the length of this comment.

 * The AIS suggests that the pronunciation of in Naples is [ˈfwoːkə] (transcribed as fwọ̄́kə), and the website that you have linked is consistent with this, as it describes the Neapolitan pronunciation of  as "nuóvë". I'm not sure how to reconcile these transcriptions with your ['fuəkɐ].

 * 'Lemma' does not mean 'phonemically distinct form'; it merely means the orthographic form that is used for organizational purposes. The Neapolitan does have a written diphthong, yes, but this does not automatically disqualify it from serving as a lemma even for non-diphthongal dialects. It is still best, of course, to indicate in some way that the latter also exist, and it is true that our Wiktionary entries have mostly neglected them so far.

 * I would prefer not to put no-longer-used Classical pronunciations among modern ones.

 * Vowel length is not a contrastive feature in any of the dialetti alto-meridionali, if I'm not mistaken, and therefore none of the phonemic forms would have /ː/. Speaking of which, I've noticed that your phonetic transcriptions describe vowels within diphthongs as remaining short under stress. Do they not lengthen? The AIS seems to depicts this.

 * Is ['faukə] (Peschici) an example of a non-metaphonized outcome? In that case, a similar [au] should be present in, for instance, the local derivative of Latin nŏvem. The website that you have linked seems to colour this area as a mixture of monotongatta and sabina (which is clear only when one magnifies the map to look closely).

 * Correct me if I'm wrong, but syllabic isochrony appears to be a phenomenon with phonemic consequences, if it results in etymological /ɛ, ɔ/ merging into /e, o/ in stressed open syllables. Therefore, ['fo:kə] (Chieti) would have a phonemic /ˈo/, not /ˈɔ/.

Nicodene (talk) 18:15, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I'll try to answer to all points:
 * I'm ok with /ˈu͡o/ and presumably /ˈi͡e/ for the two metaphonetic diphtongs
 * In the modern dialect of Naples is almost always [ˈuo̯]/[ˈuə̯], not [ˈwo]
 * In my view, /ˈfu͡oko/ (metaphony+diphtong), /'fɔko/ (no metaphony) and /'foko/ (metaphony, no diphtong) are three different words/lemmas just like italian "domani"/"dimani"/"dimane". Three forms with different phonemes and each of them with a plethora of phonetic variations.
 * I'm ok with not using classical pronunciation, I've included it in the example because the spelling used is classical (fuoco) and to highlight the difference between modern Naples dialect and older forms (like the ones in AIS)
 * In Peschici dialect, /ɔː/ → [aw] and there is no metaphony for /ɔ/. So for example, [bbawnə] is used for "buono, buoni, buona, buone" indistinctly, "cuore" is [kawrə], "nove" is [nawə], "ruota" is [rawtə] and so on. But when the syllable is closed the vowel is not long and /ɔ/ → [ɔ ⁓ o], for example "occhio" is [ɔccə], "grosso, grossa, grossi, grosse" is [grɔssə], "cotto" is [kɔttə]. Moreover, due to isochrony, /oː/ merges with /ɔː/ in [aw], so "croce" is [krawʃə]. Metaphony seems to be present for /o/, "orso" is [ursə].
 * I think Peschici situation may also explain why according to me vowel length is important also in phonemic
 * Virutally yes, there is a merge, but if we follow a phonemic form, then the merge is phonetic, I'm not sure though.
 * Jamala (talk) 15:27, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi @Jamala. Lemmas can and often do contain multiple different phonemic forms, each with different phonetic realizations by region. The English is a good example of this; even if we select, out of twelve phonemically different forms, the specific variant /ˈpiːkæn/, this represents quite different pronunciations in the UK (approximately [ˈpɪi̯kʰãn] where I live) and the US ([ˈpikʰẽə̯̃n]). The overall range of pronunciations for the lemma is actually much wider than those of the word for 'fire' across Neapolitan.
 * Judging by what you have said regarding Peschici, it appears that first the etymological vowels ó and ò merged in stressed open syllables (as in Chieti) and subsequently the merged /ˈo/ (phonetically [ˈoː]) underwent vowel breaking to [ˈaw].
 * To the best of my knowledge, this means we have four main categories:
 * /ˈfu͡oko/
 * Naples, Force, etc.
 * /'foko/
 * Morcone, Avezzano, etc.
 * /'foko/
 * Chieti, Peschici
 * /'fɔko/
 * Maratea, Pescara, Potenza
 * This does mean what we have two categories with /'foko/, but I think it is useful and informative to distinguish the dialects which achieved this phonemic form via Sabine metaphony from those that achieved it via isochrony. Nicodene (talk) 17:12, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Perfect! I appreciate the final conclusion as in the edit in fuoco. Do you think are we able to do this for all the main words? Or it could generate confusion? Jamala (talk) 06:04, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @Jamala I think adding detailed information like this is excellent and would be happy to do so for other words as well. In theory I could try this myself by using the AIS together with Sciarretta's maps, but the result would be a bit amateurish I think. I'd prefer to have the input of someone who is knowledgeable about the dialects, such as yourself. I'm always happy to help by commenting on, refining, or organizing phonemic representations and such. Nicodene (talk) 09:33, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

Ma tu tâ fidi a parrari 'n sicilianu?
Nun è a prima vota ca m'arritrovu a lèggiri currizziuna toi ncapu a pàggini di palori siciliani ca, â 'ccapata, doppu ca cci 'bbìi manu di ncapu tu, finisci ca sconzi soccu cosa 'rruvinànnula; macari ca si' cummintu di fari u beni. S' u discursu ti sona bonu e chiaru, m'aspettu na risposta manzinnò t' mmitu a tèniri ssi jituzza ntâ sacchetta. Saluti di genti ca u rispettu u porta. Hyblaeorum (talk) 21:21, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

 * @Hyblaeorum If you disagree with edits that I have made, then link them and describe what the specific problem is. Nicodene (talk) 21:56, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * They're several. The words to insert and edit are so many that one cannot go and change them every time. It's like a tidal shift moving the objects in the nearby.
 * The problem here is that the input terms are first created and then unnecessarily modified in pronunciation or morphology for unclear reasons. Knowledge should be based on the truthfulness and reliability of the data, so in the meantime, if you are unable to answer the question I asked you, I kindly ask you to intervene as little as possible on the Sicilian lemmas. There are tons of other languages in the world that you may know that need your voluntary interventions. My voluntary interventions require just as much time and patience in drafting the entries to be lexicographed and the time of a day is often not even enough to be able to do what one would actually like to do. In any case, I will use, as soon as possible, part of my time to point out any distortion of the Sicilian language that I have often read following your modifications. I write it, just to crown my speech here: the Sicilian language is neither Italian nor English. You have to speak it to know it. Na bona dumìnica. Hyblaeorum (talk) 12:49, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Hyblaeorum I am not actively editing now in any case, except to answer messages.
 * As for the edits that I made to pronunciation sections, they were to resolve an extremely pervasive problem. Nearly all of the pre-2022 Sicilian phonemic transcriptions had been added by individuals without an understanding of how phonemes work. Since I pointed out this problem in June of that year, the situation appears to have improved somewhat, to judge by the fact that out of the ten most recently updated Sicilian entries, eight have correctly done pronunciation sections. Still, hundreds of older entries remain to be fixed.
 * To fix errors such as the usage, in Sicilian phonemic transcriptions, of vowels other than /i ɛ a ɔ u/, vowel length markers, /ŋ/, etc. does not require being a native speaker of Sicilian. Nor does being one come with a native understanding of how phonemes work.
 * As for morphology, I have not modified the conjugations of any Sicilian verbs, nor the inflections of any adjectives and nouns, so it is not clear to me what you have in mind. Nicodene (talk) 14:15, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

apia and Reconstruction:Latin/happia
What should be done with these? -- Sokkjō 03:26, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi @Sokkjo. The cited DuCange entry references the statuta civitatis Astae. The surviving edition seems to date to 1379, though the existence of an older version dating back to 1211 can be deduced.[1 ]
 * Both dates are well beyond the point at which Medieval Latin and Romance are distinct languages, and so I would leave this entry as a borrowing from (Old) Piemontese. Nicodene (talk) 15:51, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

"terms inherited from Latin nominatives" again
Hello and Merry Christmas! I just encountered your addition of CAT:Catalan terms inherited from Latin nominatives to gespa. Awhile ago I said I would probably rename this to "terms potentially inherited from Latin nominatives" and when I encountered the following comment of yours, it made me want to resurrect this:
 * Accusative of the Latin word was caespitem; clearly not the etymon of gespa. The latter reflects, ultimately, the nominative caespes, remodelled per another declension class.

This immediately set off my bullshit meter, and indeed, it contradicts the etymology of the authoritative GDLC, which says:
 * Etimologia: del ll. caespes, -ĭtis ‘gleva herbada’, a través segurament d’una pronunciació descurada d’una altra forma dial. pirinenca, géspet, en el seu pl. géspe(t)s 1a font: c. 1880

Per Google Translate: "Etymology: from the ll. caespes, -ĭtis 'grassy field', probably through a careless pronunciation of another dial form. Pyrenean, grass, in its pl. géspe(t)s 1st source: c. 1880"

What this says essentially is that the plural géspets was pronounced "carelessly" as géspes, and from this a singular géspa was back-formed, since -es is the normal plural of nouns in -a. No need to assume an inheritance from the nominative.

I am sure this is not the only such questionable case. Since you clearly have a tendency to want to impute derivations from Latin nominatives when they may or may not actually exist, and since in any case it's often the case that inheritance from the nominative is only one of several suggested etymologies, I think the best course of action is to hedge the name of the category as I am proposing. That way you can continue to add the questionable etymologies and categories without us getting egg on our face. Benwing2 (talk) 04:28, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @Benwing2 The GDLC’s proposal would struggle to account for the various Catalan and Gascon forms assembled in the FEW. If the Latin caespes is indeed their etymon, then a far more straightforward explanation for the variation -et ~ -e/Ø ~ -a would, in my view, be noun-class instability - that is, what you regard as ‘bullshit’. The phenomenon is commonplace enough; cf. pesta or tempesta. Incidentally it could also simply be a matter of phonetic erosion in an unstressed -et but we’d have to have comparable outcomes in another such word to accept this explanation.
 * Of course, considering the remaining oddity of the voiced initial segment, and possibly also the gender instability, it is not clear that the forms in question do in fact come from caespes. Note that the FEW entry is placed in the volume for ‘inconnus’ - words of uncertain origin - and the entry mentions possible blending with a pre-Roman word. If I had a computer with me I would investigate further.
 * In any case I supported the proposed hedging a year ago. Now I would rather delete the categories altogether as I haven’t the energy to continually defend their existence. Clearly you don’t like them, and I don’t care enough to bother. Nicodene (talk) 09:14, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * PS The existence of an Italian cespo, for which a derivation from caespes (> cespi :: cespo, or perhaps simply > *caespus) and not caespitem is undeniable, means that the label ‘bullshit’, its rudeness aside, is simply inaccurate. Nicodene (talk) 10:07, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nicodene/Archive 2023


text:
Spechtler

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) looker, starer, gawker
 * 2) voyeur, peeping tom
 * 1) voyeur, peeping tom

Etymology 1
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  looker, starer, gawker
 * 2)  voyeur, peeping tom

title: Spechtler


text:
solungaç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1)  gill

title: solungaç


text: water ousel

title: water ousel


text: water-ousel

title: water-ousel


text:
адаптивност

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * : adaptiveness, adaptability

title: адаптивност


text:
User:Heyandwhoa

Hi, I'm Heyandwhoa. I am a semi-experienced user of Wiktionary. My main job here is to discuss with other users, add citations/quotations, and make new entries. I don't really edit everyday on here, so I might have unexpected hiatuses. Feel free to give feedback on my work.

Current interests
Currently interested in Wiktionary, YouTube, Roblox, and finding new words. Partially interested in Scrabble and Wikipedia.

Also I use the regular (QWERTY) keyboard.

Subpages
TBA
 * User:Heyandwhoa/Making stuff
 * User:Heyandwhoa/Numbers that are homophones
 * User:Heyandwhoa/Typing text

title: User:Heyandwhoa


text:
unconcatenable

Adjective

 * 1) Not concatenable.

title: unconcatenable


text:
Appendix:Variations of "manan"

The word “manan” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * manan
 * Manan
 * ma- -nan

Diacritics

 * mañan
 * mañán

Other scripts

 * Cyrillic
 * манан (manan), Манан (Manan)
 * манӑн (manăn)
 * маҥан (mañan)

 * Devanagari
 * मनन (manan)

title: Appendix:Variations of "manan"


text: адаптационна

title: адаптационна


text: адаптационно

title: адаптационно


text: адаптационни

title: адаптационни


text: адаптивна

title: адаптивна


text: адаптивни

title: адаптивни


text:
bakraç

Etymology
, from. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) a small copper bucket

title: bakraç


text: locks through

title: locks through


text: locking through

title: locking through


text: locked through

title: locked through


text: Om Alis

title: Om Alis


text:
Polycletus

Etymology
, from.

Etymology
.

title: Polycletus


text:
шочаш

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) to be born
 * 2)  to arise, to appear, to come into being, to be born, to come about
 * 3)   to grow, to spring up
 * 4) to stem from, to originate from, to come from

title: шочаш


text:
tågvärd

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  train attendant, conductor, guard

title: tågvärd


text:
official passport

Noun

 * 1) A kind of passport issued to senior government officials travelling on state business who are not eligible for diplomatic passports, and conferring a similar level of immunity from inspections etc.

title: official passport


text: official passports

title: official passports


text: Polycleti

title: Polycleti


text:
نینہہ

Pronunciation

 * : nī̃́

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) foundation; beginnings
 * 2) foundation; base
 * 1) foundation; base

Interjection

 * 1) no, don't

title: نینہہ


text: Patapsco

title: Patapsco


text: Polycleto

title: Polycleto


text:
ayraç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1) separator, bookmark

title: ayraç


text:
Olenyok

Proper noun

 * 1) A major river in northern Siberian Russia, west of the lower Lena and east of the Anabar.

title: Olenyok


text: Olenek

title: Olenek


text: Polycletum

title: Polycletum


text:
Old Point Comfort

Proper noun

 * 1) A point of land in the independent city of Hampton, Virginia, United States, lying at the extreme tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads.

Usage notes

 * This place was renamed Old Point Comfort to differentiate it from New Point Comfort 21 miles (34 km) up the Chesapeake Bay.

title: Old Point Comfort


text: Polyclete

title: Polyclete


text: Point Comfort

title: Point Comfort


text:
güleç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Adjective

 * 1) smiley, smiling often, habitually

title: güleç


text:
адаптирам

Etymology
Possibly 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to adapt (all senses)
 * 2)  to adapt, to change in accordance with one's environment

title: адаптирам


text:
Orientology

Noun

 * 1) The study of the Orient, or East Asia.

title: Orientology


text:
адвентен

Etymology
Ultimately.

Adjective

 * : Adventist

title: адвентен


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rammijan

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to make strong


text:
gründer

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) an entrepreneur

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) an entrepreneur

title: gründer


text:
متبسم

Etymology
of.

Adjective

 * 1) smiling

title: متبسم


text:
Orientological

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to Orientology.

title: Orientological


text:
Orientologist

Noun

 * 1) One who studies Orientology.

title: Orientologist


text: Orientologists

title: Orientologists


text:
بسام

Etymology
from.

Adjective

 * 1)  who smiles often

title: بسام


text:
robotanfall

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) missile attack

title: robotanfall


text:
Ogooué

Proper noun

 * 1) The principal river of Gabon in west-central Africa.

title: Ogooué


text: Ogowe

title: Ogowe


text:
адвентизъм

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1)  Adventism

title: адвентизъм


text:
ܓܕܠ

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to braid, weave, plait
 * 2) to fight

title: ܓܕܠ


text:
Ogeechee

Proper noun

 * 1) A blackwater river in Georgia, United States.

title: Ogeechee


text:
Okefenokee

Proper noun

 * 1) A shallow peat-filled wetland straddling the Georgia–Florida line in the United States.

title: Okefenokee


text:
wihwia

Verb

 * 1) to be doing

title: wihwia


text:
alıngaç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Adjective

 * 1) shy, timid

title: alıngaç


text:
kayaç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1)  rock

title: kayaç


text:
ܟܫܠ

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬

Verb

 * 1) to wrestle for fun

title: ܟܫܠ


text: πολυκλείτου

title: πολυκλείτου


text: πολυκλείτῳ

title: πολυκλείτῳ


text:
tümleç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1)  object

title: tümleç


text: πολύκλειτον

title: πολύκλειτον


text: πολύκλειτε

title: πολύκλειτε


text:
адвербиален

Etymology
. Ultimately.

Adjective

 * 1)  adverbial

title: адвербиален


text:
tümlemek

Etymology
From

Verb

 * 1) to complete, to complement

title: tümlemek


text:
bestializar

Verb

 * 1) to bestialize

title: bestializar


text: 一贯道

title: 一贯道


text: 安乐茶饭

title: 安乐茶饭


text: 带下

title: 带下


text: 教识徒弟冇师父

title: 教识徒弟冇师父


text: 牢头

title: 牢头


text: 异禀

title: 异禀


text: адвокатска

title: адвокатска


text: адвокатско

title: адвокатско


text: 旧俄

title: 旧俄


text: 诬指

title: 诬指


text: 连侬墙

title: 连侬墙


text: 腌笃鲜

title: 腌笃鲜


text: 马贼

title: 马贼


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-West Germanic/rammijan

*rammijan
I've created to answer to 🇨🇬 and possibly satisfy the etymologies for OE  and OFS ; however, I think I've worked out another way for OE remian, OFS remia, and OFS ramia to make better sense. Granted, this is purely hypothetical, but I'm just curious if you would be so kind as to assist me in finding any potential flaws in my reasoning...Looking earlier at OE, , and gave me a rough idea to how the aforementioned terms might be interconnected since these verbs show similarities in their patterns (they're not exact, but close). So based on analogy, I made the following paradigm for. PWGmc inherits the adjective and derives the noun,. So far so good. Had it survived into OE one form might have appeared as. However, going back to PWGmc, were it to produce a verb there as, it could possibly satisfy both OE  and OFS. OFS of course would be a separate related synonym inherited from  in much the way OE parallels  and  which have similar meanings but slightly different inhertitance pathways. Does this make sense at all in your view ? I know this is not sourced (so far as I know), but I enjoy trying to solve questions like this. Leasnam (talk) 01:19, 7 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
kaydırgaç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1) slider

title: kaydırgaç


text:
част на речта

Etymology
Ostensibly a. lit. 'part of (the) speech'.

Noun

 * 1)  part of speech linguistic category of a word or group of words

title: част на речта


text:
kaydırmak

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1) To slide

title: kaydırmak


text:
シケㇾペペウㇱ

Noun

 * 1) yellow

title: シケㇾペペウㇱ


text: Category:ain:Yellows

title: Category:ain:Yellows


text:
dytyramb

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  dithyramb
 * 2)  dithyramb
 * 3)  dithyramb

title: dytyramb


text:
burgaç

Etymology
From. Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1) vortex, whirlwind, whirlpool

title: burgaç


text:
tutturgaç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1) paper clip

title: tutturgaç


text:
pós-traumático

Adjective

 * 1) posttraumatic

title: pós-traumático


text:
chocolate teacake

Noun

 * 1) A confection consisting of a biscuit base topped with marshmallow-like filling and coated in a hard shell of chocolate.

title: chocolate teacake


text: chocolate teacakes

title: chocolate teacakes


text:
tutturmak

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to bond, to stick together, to fasten

title: tutturmak


text: transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade


text:
シロカニ

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) silver
 * 2) silver

title: シロカニ


text:
steel-cut

Adjective

 * 1) Of oats or other grains, chopped into small pieces by steel blades.

title: steel-cut


text: Category:ain:Chemical elements

title: Category:ain:Chemical elements


text: Category:ain:Silver

title: Category:ain:Silver


text: Category:ain:Transition metals

title: Category:ain:Transition metals


text: Category:ain:Metals

title: Category:ain:Metals


text: Category:ain:Metallurgy

title: Category:ain:Metallurgy


text: Category:ain:Greys

title: Category:ain:Greys


text:
તમંચો

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) pistol
 * 2) slap
 * 3)  girl
 * 4)  mistress, concubine
 * 1)  girl
 * 2)  mistress, concubine

title: તમંચો


text:
ラヨチ

Noun

 * 1) rainbow

title: ラヨチ


text:
halughugin

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to ransack a place to search for something
 * 2) to search for something hidden on someone's body
 * 1) to search for something hidden on someone's body

title: halughugin


text:
kırpmak

Etymology
Derived from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to trim, to crop
 * 2) to wink

title: kırpmak


text:
Francouzsko

Etymology
From.

title: Francouzsko


text:
コンカニ

Etymology
Borrowed from

Noun

 * 1) gold
 * 2) gold

title: コンカニ


text: પર્દા

title: પર્દા


text: Category:ain:Gold

title: Category:ain:Gold


text:
フキナネ

Noun

 * 1) green

title: フキナネ


text: Category:ain:Greens

title: Category:ain:Greens


text:
クンネ

Noun

 * 1) black

title: クンネ


text: Category:ain:Blacks

title: Category:ain:Blacks


text:
ryggont

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) back pain

title: ryggont


text: Citations:United Micronations

title: Citations:United Micronations


text:
Appendix:Variations of "epe"

The word “epe” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * epe
 * Epe
 * EPE
 * -epe

Diacritics

 * epè
 * Ẹpẹ

Other scripts

 * Cyrillic
 * Эпе
 * эпӗ
 * Епе

 * Georgian
 * -ეფე

 * Greek
 * ΕΠΕ (EPE)
 * ἔπε’ (épe’)
 * ἔπη (épē)

 * Katakana
 * エペ

 * Telugu
 * ఏపె

title: Appendix:Variations of "epe"


text:
ryggvärk

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) backache

title: ryggvärk


text: ryggvärken

title: ryggvärken


text: ryggvärks

title: ryggvärks


text: ryggvärkens

title: ryggvärkens


text:
ニㇲ イロ

Noun

 * 1) blue

title: ニㇲ イロ


text:
tıkaç

Etymology
From. Morphologically. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) plug, bung, cork, stopper, tampon, gag

title: tıkaç


text:
ルレタㇻ

Noun

 * 1) gray

title: ルレタㇻ


text: screen shares

title: screen shares


text: screen sharing

title: screen sharing


text: screen shared

title: screen shared


text:
レタㇻ

Noun

 * 1) white

title: レタㇻ


text: Category:ain:Whites

title: Category:ain:Whites


text:
screenshare

Etymology
🇰🇲

title: screenshare


text: screenshares

title: screenshares


text: screensharing

title: screensharing


text: screenshared

title: screenshared


text:
büyüteç

Etymology
Morphologically. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) magnifying glass
 * 2) loupe

title: büyüteç


text:
Appendix:Variations of "epi"

The word “epi” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * epi
 * Epi
 * EPI
 * epi-
 * e'pi
 * 'epi

Diacritics

 * épi
 * épi-

Other scripts

 * Cyrillic
 * Епі, епі-
 * Епи, епи-
 * Эпи, эпи-

 * Georgian
 * -ეფი

 * Greek
 * επι-
 * επί
 * ἐπι-
 * ἐπί

title: Appendix:Variations of "epi"


text:
ワ エンコレ

Adverb

 * 1) please

title: ワ エンコレ


text:
büyütmek

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1) to blow up, to enlarge
 * 2) to foster
 * 3) to zoom
 * 1) to zoom

title: büyütmek


text:
severofrancouzský

Etymology
From cs.

Adjective

 * 1)  Northern France
 * °N, °W

title: severofrancouzský


text:
delgeç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1)  hole punch, perforator

title: delgeç


text:
derrar

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) swineherd

title: derrar


text:
ソモ

Particle

 * 1) no

title: ソモ


text:
ネワ

Conjunction

 * 1) and

title: ネワ


text: Category:Ainu conjunctions

title: Category:Ainu conjunctions


text:
doğaç

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) improvisation
 * 2) impromptu

title: doğaç


text:
ヘネ

Conjunction

 * 1) or

title: ヘネ


text:
północnofrancuski

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Northern France

title: północnofrancuski


text:
derechos de los animales

Noun

 * 1) animal rights

title: derechos de los animales


text: Category:es:Animal welfare

title: Category:es:Animal welfare


text:
ピリカ ワ

Interjection

 * 1) you're welcome
 * 2) OK

title: ピリカ ワ


text: muterats

title: muterats


text: muterades

title: muterades


text:
imleç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1) cursor, pointer

title: imleç


text: Citations:meseonic

title: Citations:meseonic


text:
エラマス

Verb

 * 1) to like

title: エラマス


text: mikroberna

title: mikroberna


text: mikrobs

title: mikrobs


text: mikrobens

title: mikrobens


text: mikrobers

title: mikrobers


text: mikrobernas

title: mikrobernas


text: smittspridningen

title: smittspridningen


text: smittspridningar

title: smittspridningar


text: smittspridningarna

title: smittspridningarna


text: smittspridnings

title: smittspridnings


text: smittspridningens

title: smittspridningens


text: smittspridningars

title: smittspridningars


text: smittspridningarnas

title: smittspridningarnas


text:
ヌイェ

Verb

 * 1) to write

title: ヌイェ


text:
há males que vêm para o bem

Etymology
lit. 'there are evils that come for the good'.

Proverb

 * 1) A negative event may have a later positive effect.
 * 2) An overall negative event may have a positive side effect.
 * 3) Nothing is wholly bad.
 * 4) Enduring negative experiences will eventually pay off.

title: há males que vêm para o bem


text:
Appendix:Variations of "ebi"

The word “ebi” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * ebi
 * Ebi
 * EBI

Diacritics

 * ébi
 * ēbi
 * ẹbi

Other scripts

 * Cyrillic
 * Ебі
 * еби, Еби, ЕБИ
 * Эби

 * Georgian
 * -ები

 * Hiragana
 * えび

 * Katakana
 * エビ

title: Appendix:Variations of "ebi"


text:
scaghead

Noun

 * 1)  A heroin user.

title: scaghead


text: scagheads

title: scagheads


text: skaghead

title: skaghead


text: skagheads

title: skagheads


text:
sayaç

Etymology
Morphologically.

Noun

 * 1) counter, meter, recorder
 * 2)  telltale

title: sayaç


text:
リクンモシㇼ

Noun

 * 1) heaven, world above

title: リクンモシㇼ


text: Category:ain:Afterlife

title: Category:ain:Afterlife


text:
ウトㇺヌカㇻ

Noun

 * 1) traditional Ainu wedding

title: ウトㇺヌカㇻ


text: Category:ain:Marriage

title: Category:ain:Marriage


text:
チセノミ

Noun

 * 1) new house celebration

title: チセノミ


text: Category:ain:Housing

title: Category:ain:Housing


text: Category:ain:Buildings

title: Category:ain:Buildings


text:
dezintegracja

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1)  disintegration
 * 2)  disintegration
 * 3)  disintegration
 * 1)  disintegration
 * 2)  disintegration
 * 1)  disintegration

title: dezintegracja


text: neurosis de ansiedad

title: neurosis de ansiedad


text:
カムイノミ

Noun

 * 1) traditional Ainu prayer

title: カムイノミ


text: Category:ain:Prayer

title: Category:ain:Prayer


text: Category:ain:Philosophy

title: Category:ain:Philosophy


text: Category:ain:Mythology

title: Category:ain:Mythology


text: Category:ain:Death

title: Category:ain:Death


text:
avteckna

Etymology
. Cognate of 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  be outlined (against something), become apparent, take form

title: avteckna


text: avtecknar

title: avtecknar


text: avtecknat

title: avtecknat


text: avtecknade

title: avtecknade


text: avtecknande

title: avtecknande


text: avtecknad

title: avtecknad


text: avtecknas

title: avtecknas


text: avtecknats

title: avtecknats


text: avtecknades

title: avtecknades


text:
サパンペ

Noun

 * 1) crown wear during Ainu festivities

title: サパンペ


text: Category:ain:Headwear

title: Category:ain:Headwear


text: Category:ain:Clothing

title: Category:ain:Clothing


text:
zwietrzenie

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From.

title: zwietrzenie


text: Category:Gun links with redundant target parameters


text:
ニンカリ

Noun

 * 1) earring
 * 2) traditional Ainu earrings

title: ニンカリ


text: Category:ain:Jewelry

title: Category:ain:Jewelry


text:
gnuśnienie

Etymology
From.

title: gnuśnienie


text:
zgnuśnienie

Etymology
From.

title: zgnuśnienie


text: korvade

title: korvade


text: korvande

title: korvande


text: korvad

title: korvad


text: korvas

title: korvas


text: korvats

title: korvats


text: korvades

title: korvades


text:
korvig

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) creased, wrinkled

title: korvig


text:
rozpuszczenie

Etymology
From.

title: rozpuszczenie


text: korvigt

title: korvigt


text: korviga

title: korviga


text:
タマサイ

Noun

 * 1) traditional Ainu necklace

title: タマサイ


text:
rozpuszczanie

Etymology
From.

title: rozpuszczanie


text:
マタンプシ

Noun

 * 1) embroidered headband

title: マタンプシ


text:
trwonienie

Etymology
From.

title: trwonienie


text:
strwonienie

Etymology
From.

title: strwonienie


text: Category:ain:Swords

title: Category:ain:Swords


text: Category:ain:Weapons

title: Category:ain:Weapons


text:
roztrwonienie

Etymology
From.

title: roztrwonienie


text: Category:ain:Military

title: Category:ain:Military


text: Category:ain:Hunting

title: Category:ain:Hunting


text: Category:ain:Human activity

title: Category:ain:Human activity


text:
roztrwanianie

Etymology
From.

title: roztrwanianie


text:
ਥੱਬਾ

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) a heap or pile of grass, vegetables, paper

title: ਥੱਬਾ


text:
marnotrawienie

Etymology
From.

title: marnotrawienie


text:
レクトゥンペ

Noun

 * 1) Ainu necklace with metal plaques

title: レクトゥンペ


text:
zmarnotrawienie

Etymology
From.

title: zmarnotrawienie


text:
chronienie

Etymology
From.

title: chronienie


text: populistiske

title: populistiske


text:
ਫੁਰਮਾਣੁ

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) decree, order

title: ਫੁਰਮਾਣੁ


text:
ochronienie

Etymology
From.

title: ochronienie


text:
ochranianie

Etymology
From.

title: ochranianie


text:
binici

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) rider

title: binici


text:
uchronienie

Etymology
From.

title: uchronienie


text:
チポㇿ

Noun

 * 1) roes

title: チポㇿ


text:
boğucu

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) suffocating, choking

title: boğucu


text:
Rhymes:English/aɪpəl

Pronunciation
-īpəl,

title: Rhymes:English/aɪpəl


text:
akıcı

Etymology
From. .

Adjective

 * 1) fluent

title: akıcı


text:
থোক

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a cluster; bunch

title: থোক


text:
ang taong gipit, sa patalim kumakapit

Etymology
lit. 'the person that runs short clutches on a blade'.

title: ang taong gipit, sa patalim kumakapit


text:
ଥୋକ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) cluster
 * 2) collection; lump
 * 3) a bookmark
 * 4) small heap
 * 5) instalment; time
 * 6) spittle
 * 7) total
 * 8) once; by one instalment; in a lump sum
 * 9) wholesale
 * 1) total
 * 2) once; by one instalment; in a lump sum
 * 3) wholesale
 * 1) wholesale
 * 1) wholesale

title: ଥୋକ


text:
bozucu

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) disruptive

Noun

 * 1) disruptor, distorter

title: bozucu


text:
ଠୋକ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) sum; total
 * 2) heap; mess
 * 1) heap; mess

title: ଠୋକ


text:
bölücü

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) divisive, separatist

title: bölücü


text:
ફરમાન

Etymology
. First attested as. .

Noun

 * 1) order, command
 * 2)  decree, mandate
 * 1)  decree, mandate

title: ફરમાન


text: にかげつ

title: にかげつ


text: nikagetsu

title: nikagetsu


text: さんかげつ

title: さんかげつ


text: sankagetsu

title: sankagetsu


text:
Talk:self-stimulation

mentioning the German word
Im not sure the German word really merits a mention in the etymology, since it is only related to the masturbation sense and it's not all that surprising that a word for masturbation would have the word "self" in it. The second part isnt particularly close in meaning to the English. Even so, I wont delete it yet, because its possible the German word really is the origin of the English, due to German being prominent in psychiatry especially in the 20th century. — Soap — 03:45, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * They are not cognates. Only their first syllables are cognate ("self" : "selbst"). Concerning the remaining syllables: one derived via Latin from PIE *(s)teyg; the other derived via Germanic from PIE *priHós. The fact that the two words have the same number of syllables (five) is an accidental coincidence. I removed the claim to cognacy. If the English term arose as a translation of the German term as used in psychiatry then that could be mentioned, but it does not support the claim to cognacy.  AugPi 05:27, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:self-stimulation


text:
Module:User:Theknightwho/findBestScript

local byte = string.byte local sub = string.sub

local Latn = require("Module:scripts").getByCode("Latn")

local function explode(str) local str_len = #str local text = {} local n, i, b = 1, 0 while n <= str_len do		a = byte(str, n)		i = i + 1 if a < 0xC0 then text[i] = a			n = n + 1 elseif a < 0xE0 then local b = byte(str, n + 1) text[i] = (a - 0xC0) * 0x40 + b - 0x80 n = n + 2 elseif a < 0xF0 then local b, c = byte(str, n + 1, n + 2) text[i] = (a - 0xE0) * 0x1000 + (b - 0x80) * 0x40 + c - 0x80 n = n + 3 else local b, c, d = byte(str, n + 1, n + 3) text[i] = (a - 0xF0) * 0x40000 + (b - 0x80) * 0x1000 + (c - 0x80) * 0x40 + d - 0x80 n = n + 4 end end return text end

local function check_ranges(cp, ranges) for i = 2, ranges.n, 2 do		if cp <= ranges[i] then return cp >= ranges[i - 1] end end return false end

local export = {}

function export.count(str, sc) local cp = explode(str) local ranges = Latn._rawData.ranges local n = 0 for i = 1, #cp do		if check_ranges(cp[i], ranges) then n = n + 1 end end return n end

return export

title: Module:User:Theknightwho/findBestScript


text:
yazman

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) typist
 * 2) clerk

title: yazman


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Albanian/tšela

kʷ to tš
How is it that PIE kʷ led to PA tš if it usually leads k, like, , and. Muji28 (talk) 03:48, 7 January 2024 (UTC)


text: trular

title: trular


text: trulat

title: trulat


text: trulade

title: trulade


text: trulande

title: trulande


text: trulats

title: trulats


text: trulades

title: trulades


text: truligt

title: truligt


text: truliga

title: truliga


text: truligare

title: truligare


text: truligast

title: truligast


text: truligaste

title: truligaste


text:
trulighet

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sullenness, sulkiness

title: trulighet


text: truligheten

title: truligheten


text: trulighets

title: trulighets


text: trulighetens

title: trulighetens


text:
uçucu

Etymology
From. .

Adjective

 * 1) volatile

title: uçucu


text:
sarsıcı

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) shocking

title: sarsıcı


text:
historiozofia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  historiosophy

title: historiozofia


text:
tutucu

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) conservative

title: tutucu


text:
vurucu

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) striking

title: vurucu


text:
jahk

Verb

 * 1) to bend

title: jahk


text:
fremian

Etymology
From, equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1) to profit, do good, be good or expedient, avail

title: fremian


text:
pwirej

Noun

 * 1) ground, soil, dirt

title: pwirej


text: obras públicas

title: obras públicas


text: steopcildru

title: steopcildru


text: cildru

title: cildru


text: cildra

title: cildra


text: cildrum

title: cildrum


text: cildes

title: cildes


text: cilde

title: cilde


text: steopcildra

title: steopcildra


text: steopcildrum

title: steopcildrum


text: steopcildes

title: steopcildes


text: steopcilde

title: steopcilde


text: steopbearnes

title: steopbearnes


text: steopbearne

title: steopbearne


text: steopbearnum

title: steopbearnum


text: steopbearna

title: steopbearna


text:
पुष्पांजलि

Etymology

 * equal to.

Noun

 * 1) floral tribute, floral offering, offering a wreath

title: पुष्पांजलि


text:
Skamander

Etymology
.

title: Skamander


text: Nasareno

title: Nasareno


text:
skamandrycki

Etymology
From.

title: skamandrycki


text: hremeþ

title: hremeþ


text: hremmaþ

title: hremmaþ


text: hremede

title: hremede


text: fremiende

title: fremiende


text: fremaþ

title: fremaþ


text: fremode

title: fremode


text:
bilgiç

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) smartass, know-all

title: bilgiç


text: starige

title: starige


text: staraþ

title: staraþ


text: stariaþ

title: stariaþ


text:
skamandryta

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  member of

title: skamandryta


text: starode

title: starode


text: starodon

title: starodon


text: starienne

title: starienne


text: starast

title: starast


text: starodest

title: starodest


text: stariende

title: stariende


text: lime lessons

title: lime lessons


text:
stanwyrhta

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) mason, stonewright

title: stanwyrhta


text:
Appendix:Variations of "sag"

The word “sag” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * sag
 * Sag
 * SAg
 * SAG
 * sag'
 * sag-
 * -sag-

Diacritics and ligatures

 * sağ
 * ság, Ság, -ság
 * Sâg
 * säg
 * såg
 * sąg
 * saͤg
 * Šag
 * Șag, -șag
 * şağ

Other scripts

 * Arabic
 * سگ

 * Armenian
 * սագ
 * սաղ
 * շաղ

 * Cuneiform
 * 𒊕
 * 𒉺
 * 𒅆𒂟
 * 𒊮
 * 𒊷

 * Cyrillic
 * саг, Саг, САГ, -саг
 * сагъ
 * сағ
 * шаг, Шаг

 * Devanagari
 * सग
 * साग

 * Georgian
 * საგ

 * Mongolian
 * ᠰᠠᠭ

title: Appendix:Variations of "sag"


text: stanwyrhtan

title: stanwyrhtan


text: stanwyrhtena

title: stanwyrhtena


text: stanwyrhtum

title: stanwyrhtum


text:
stanweorþung

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) worship of stones

title: stanweorþung


text: stanweorþunga

title: stanweorþunga


text: stanweorþunge

title: stanweorþunge


text: stanweorþungum

title: stanweorþungum


text:
gülücük

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) smile

title: gülücük


text:
stanmerece

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) parsley

title: stanmerece


text: stanmereces

title: stanmereces


text: petersiligan

title: petersiligan


text: petersiligena

title: petersiligena


text: petersiligum

title: petersiligum


text:
duyarga

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) sensor

title: duyarga


text:
Gosef

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1)   biblical figure

title: Gosef


text:
stancropp

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) stonecrop a plant

title: stancropp


text: Category:ang:Stonecrop family plants

title: Category:ang:Stonecrop family plants


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/framī

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) strength
 * 2) advantage


text: stancroppes

title: stancroppes


text: stancroppe

title: stancroppe


text: stancroppum

title: stancroppum


text: stancroppa

title: stancroppa


text: stancroppas

title: stancroppas


text:
stanclud

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) a rock

title: stanclud


text: cluda

title: cluda


text: cludum

title: cludum


text:
ܙܝܘܐ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) glow, aura, splendid appearance
 * 2) lamp

title: ܙܝܘܐ


text: stancludes

title: stancludes


text: stanclude

title: stanclude


text: stancludum

title: stancludum


text: stancluda

title: stancluda


text: stancludas

title: stancludas


text: stanbuccan

title: stanbuccan


text: stanbuccena

title: stanbuccena


text: stanbuccum

title: stanbuccum


text: Category:ang:Goats

title: Category:ang:Goats


text: dudes up

title: dudes up


text: duding up

title: duding up


text: ticcenum

title: ticcenum


text: ticcenu

title: ticcenu


text: ticcenes

title: ticcenes


text: ticcene

title: ticcene


text: ticcena

title: ticcena


text: tyccen

title: tyccen


text: sceop

title: sceop


text:
düşüş

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) fall

title: düşüş


text:
ܙܝܘܢܐ

Adjective

 * 1) splendid, shining, luminous, glowing

title: ܙܝܘܢܐ


text: Category:ang:Sheep

title: Category:ang:Sheep


text: scepes

title: scepes


text: scepe

title: scepe


text: scepa

title: scepa


text: scepum

title: scepum


text:
Gerusalem

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

title: Gerusalem


text:
stæþswealwe

Etymology
From 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) sand martin a bird

title: stæþswealwe


text: stæþswealwan

title: stæþswealwan


text: stæþswealwena

title: stæþswealwena


text: stæþswealwum

title: stæþswealwum


text: yuhs

title: yuhs


text:
demeç

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) statement

title: demeç


text: stæþsuuealwe

title: stæþsuuealwe


text:
Talk:yuhs

See Talk:yuh. Equinox ◑ 04:56, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:yuhs


text: Hudiyo

title: Hudiyo


text:
sprott

Noun

 * 1) sprat fish in the genus

title: sprott


text: Category:ang:Herrings

title: Category:ang:Herrings


text:
dizgin

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) rein

title: dizgin


text:
gezgin

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) traveller, explorer

title: gezgin


text:
durgun

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) still, calm

title: durgun


text: sagut

title: sagut


text: Category:te:Stars

title: Category:te:Stars


text:
bitkin

Etymology
..

Adjective

 * 1) exhausted

title: bitkin


text:
kaçkın

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) runaway, runner

title: kaçkın


text: nedal

title: nedal


text:
argın

Etymology
From, morphologically.

Adjective

 * 1) tired
 * 2) weak

title: argın