text:
Appendix:Variations of "loz"

The word “loz” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * loz
 * Loz
 * LoZ
 * LOZ

Diacritics

 * lož
 * lóż
 * łoź
 * łóz
 * łóż

Other scripts

 * Arabic
 * لژ

 * Cyrillic
 * лоз
 * лӧз
 * лөз
 * лож
 * ложь

title: Appendix:Variations of "loz"


text:
Mihalka

Etymology
Borrowed from.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mihalka


text:
கோலெழுத்து

Etymology
Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) Kolezhuthu

title: கோலெழுத்து


text: Category:Old Tupi ellipses

title: Category:Old Tupi ellipses


text:
ei milt

Interjection

 * 1) you're welcome

title: ei milt


text: aworpenne

title: aworpenne


text: flotiende

title: flotiende


text: onsended

title: onsended


text:
വട്ടെഴുത്ത്

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) Vatteluttu

title: വട്ടെഴുത്ത്


text: bodiende

title: bodiende


text: feohtende

title: feohtende


text: wunige

title: wunige


text: wuniende

title: wuniende


text: wunast

title: wunast


text: wunaþ

title: wunaþ


text: tiliende

title: tiliende


text: gelende

title: gelende


text: Category:tpw:Sculpture

title: Category:tpw:Sculpture


text:
tinnan

Verb

 * 1) to stretch, extend

title: tinnan


text: tineþ

title: tineþ


text: tinede

title: tinede


text:
þracu

Noun

 * 1) power, force

title: þracu


text: þrace

title: þrace


text: tungolcræftes

title: tungolcræftes


text: tungolcræfte

title: tungolcræfte


text:
Appendix:Variations of "luz"

The word “luz” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * luz
 * Luz
 * LUZ

Diacritics

 * luź
 * Luž
 * luẓ
 * Lūž

Other scripts

 * Cyrillic
 * луз (luz)
 * луж (luž)
 * лӯз (lūz)
 * лӱз (lüz)

title: Appendix:Variations of "luz"


text:
unsoþsagol

Etymology
From ang

Adjective

 * 1) lying, speaking falsely

title: unsoþsagol


text: Category:Thesaurus:en:Power

title: Category:Thesaurus:en:Power


text: halgena

title: halgena


text:
முத்தமிழ்

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) the three kinds of literature in Tamil:, ,.

title: முத்தமிழ்


text: biteran

title: biteran


text: bitrum

title: bitrum


text: biterra

title: biterra


text: biterre

title: biterre


text:
antaa mordaa

Etymology
Literally: "To give muzzle".

Verb

 * 1)  to present one's muzzle to a human for petting

title: antaa mordaa


text: biterest

title: biterest


text: Category:Thesaurus:en:Volition

title: Category:Thesaurus:en:Volition


text: biterestan

title: biterestan


text: bitres

title: bitres


text: smælst

title: smælst


text: smælest

title: smælest


text: smælestan

title: smælestan


text: övervintringar

title: övervintringar


text: övervintringarna

title: övervintringarna


text: övervintrings

title: övervintrings


text: övervintringens

title: övervintringens


text: övervintringars

title: övervintringars


text: övervintringarnas

title: övervintringarnas


text: smælste

title: smælste


text: smælstan

title: smælstan


text: smæleste

title: smæleste


text: Category:Thesaurus:en:Status

title: Category:Thesaurus:en:Status


text: softum

title: softum


text:
ప్ఱోలు

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) city

title: ప్ఱోలు


text: softes

title: softes


text: softne

title: softne


text: snoter

title: snoter


text: snottor

title: snottor


text: snotora

title: snotora


text: snotore

title: snotore


text: snotorum

title: snotorum


text: snotorne

title: snotorne


text: snotoran

title: snotoran


text: snoterest

title: snoterest


text: snoterra

title: snoterra


text: snoterost

title: snoterost


text: snoterostan

title: snoterostan


text: snoterestan

title: snoterestan


text: mildheorte

title: mildheorte


text: Category:Thesaurus:en:Love and affection


text: mildheortost

title: mildheortost


text: mildheortum

title: mildheortum


text: mildheortast

title: mildheortast


text: mildheortest

title: mildheortest


text: leohtan

title: leohtan


text: leohtre

title: leohtre


text: leohtest

title: leohtest


text: leohteste

title: leohteste


text: wyrþne

title: wyrþne


text: weorþne

title: weorþne


text: wyrþo

title: wyrþo


text: Category:Thesaurus:en:Harmony and opposition


text: weorþra

title: weorþra


text: weorþost

title: weorþost


text: weorþosta

title: weorþosta


text: weorþoste

title: weorþoste


text: weorþust

title: weorþust


text: weorþest

title: weorþest


text: weorþast

title: weorþast


text: wlitige

title: wlitige


text: wlitigan

title: wlitigan


text: wlitigre

title: wlitigre


text: wlitigra

title: wlitigra


text: wlitegost

title: wlitegost


text: wlitigum

title: wlitigum


text:
Wiktionary talk:Votes/2023-12/Represent the GenAm NURSE and STRUT vowels as schwa

“represent[ing] these vowels as schwa for British English”
I don't feel qualified to judge regarding General American English, whereas I do regarding British English. I didn't see anywhere good in Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2023/October § English IPA vowels to throw in my tupp'orth, so I'm writing this here. Re point 3 of the proposal (viꝫ “To be determined before starting this vote: should we also represent these vowels as schwa for British English, like the OED does for nurse?”), the pairs – and – are both contrasting to my mouth and ears, so I would oppose representing either or both of the STRUT and NURSE vowels as schwa for British English. 0DF (talk) 01:03, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree. Note: @-sche: The OED does use /ʌ/ for the vowel in "run" for BrE. AG202 (talk) 03:05, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Interesting: perusing various entries, it seems like the OED takes the view that British English has merged the NURSE vowel, but not the STRUT vowel. I must say that although I set up this vote (because the issue has kept coming up and it seems like it would be good to therefore actually have a formal decision), I think I may vote oppose, because it seems like we're not likely to manage to actually update our notation of the sounds overall / for all dialects, so as long as we're sticking with the historical symbols in some cases — despite e.g. Geoff Lindsey's arguments and data that British speakers don't actually reliably produce distinctions, and can't reliably identify the isolated sounds, or that American speakers don't — I think it's simpler to stick with them in all cases. (This reminds me of how various British contributors wanted to update the notation of the TRAP/CAT vowel to /a/, like the OED does, but enough people argued that unless we also do that for GenAm, we shouldn't do it for British.) (I've taken this stance in prior BP discussions, but if people think I should just withdraw the vote if I intend to vote against it, I'm willing to.) - -sche (discuss) 00:36, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't really understand the logic that we can't change the notation for one dialect without the changing the notation for another. Aren't they just separate issues? 0DF (talk) 01:26, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Someone who sees a "UK" transcription like /kʌt/ alongside a "US" transcription like "/kət/" is likely to come away with the misimpression that there is a divide between the US and UK in the phonetic quality of the "strut" vowel, or that the accents use different vowel phonemes in such words. (While there are differences in the quality of "strut", I don't believe they split cleanly along national lines.)--Urszag (talk) 01:45, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Again, I don't feel qualified to judge. 0DF (talk) 02:09, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * There is a difference in the phonemic representation though. (And I would argue that there is a difference between GA & RP in terms of phonetic quality as well) @-sche: I really don't see why we'd need to keep both standards in line? It'd be like arguing that we should have vowel length marked in GA because it's marked in RP (which a few sources do!), even though it's very much not in fashion anymore. More and more sources have switched to using /ə/ for GA instead of /ʌ/, leaving us now in a minority, so I'd really like to focus on that issue specifically. The issue of RP vowels can be dealt with at another time. We should treat each dialect as if they're the only one we show. I know you already know this, but I'd also like to remind folks in general that GA representation is not intended to represent how every American speaks, as I feel that that's something that's been heavily conflated as of late. AG202 (talk) 02:33, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's a good argument because of how we represent long Os (as in doe, though and grow); different symbols are used for it in GenAm and in RP (oʊ vs əʊ) even though they're the same phoneme. 2804:1B0:1903:CDA7:A940:DFBD:D623:EFA6 06:31, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

While I don't agree with the first part, I agree with the second (not every American speaks GenAm). However I vote, it's been striking during all the discussions that much of the push for change has been from people citing a guy who measured how speakers produce the formants and whether they could reliably identify something as NURSE or STRUT vs schwa ... and much of the opposition has been people saying "no, the schwa in the first syllable and the STRUT in the second syllable of undone are separate vowels for me", or "I pronounce the a in Rosa's with /ʌ/ and I distinguish that from a schwa", or "I pronounce en- with a schwa, and it's different from un-". But (as you know!) anyone whose accent actually distinguishes schwa-vs-/ʌ/ knows both vowels in undone are /ʌ/. And Rosa's is not /ʌ/. And anyone who speaks GenAm, or has looked at reference works about it, knows en- is not a schwa in GenAm. But our perceptions are colored by our expectations, and everyone assumes they speak with the standard accent ... and wants the symbols used to notate the standard accent to match their not-scientifically-measured perception of their own speech. I have flashbacks to the [different!] people who insisted that GenAm and "most Americans" phonemically merged pull, pool, pole and purple all to /l̩/, or merged cot and caught to /ɒ/. No, most Americans don't merge those sounds, and most of those who do don't merge them to that! Some speakers and/or local or regional (sub-)accents do, but those aren't GenAm. - -sche (discuss) 03:29, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I mean at this rate it's not just Geoff Lindsey who's arguing for schwa but the OED & MW and other sources I've mentioned before. But yeah, in that case, I don't really get what the other opposition is then other than "it's what we've done till now", which, while very common on Wiktionary, shouldn't be the standard. It's led us to fall behind many times compared to other reputable sources. AG202 (talk) 03:34, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @-sche: I'd like to request a removal of the starting date and ending date for the time being, at least as someone in support of the proposal. I'm a big proponent of having votes be initiated by the folks that actually want the proposal, even if I oppose it, as it makes sure that it has the proper background and facts before possibly shutting it out for a much longer time, such as with Votes/pl-2023-02/THUB amendment for example. As of right now, I don't think this vote is in the right shape to do that. AG202 (talk) 05:50, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I’d like to voice my opposition to your request, I hope the vote goes ahead and I shall be voting in favour when the vote does start. Clearly most people in Britain and America use the same quality of vowel for CUT as they do for NURSE, despite the length distinction, and many even use the same vowel for COMMA (though that is technically a separate issue). There are people who use a different vowel for NURSE in South Wales, Australia and New Zealand and sometimes even in North West England and the poshest of the poshest of old-fashioned RP that hasn’t been spoken in its purest form for decades (think Celia Johnson in Brief Encounter) but they’re hardly representative of Britain and certainly not of America. Overlordnat1 (talk) 07:28, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I dont see anywhere in the linked discussion where undone is described as having two separate vowels. That would be inconsistent with distinguishing en- vs un-, for one thing. One reason Im so strongly against this proposal is that i think not only that  it's factually wrong, but that the people proposing it dont properly understand the opposing side. — Soap — 05:01, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * As well, I see the people in support of this reform also disagree with each other, and that pushing it through will only result in more conflict. But oh well. — Soap — 10:20, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I kind of think the entire concept and terminology of "General American" is outdated and perhaps was fake to begin with. I understand that it is problematic to abandon the concept, since there clearly are accents in the US that are regional and/or viewed as 'nonstandard' and we don't want either to erase those accents (by presenting an overly narrow, prescriptive transcription under the broad label of 'US') or to present a confusing and inconsistent mixture of the diverse accents spoken in the US. But I feel like we should attempt, as best as possible, to give transcriptions that guide readers to a relatively neutral contemporary US accent, rather than focusing on providing transcriptions of a specific accent that it is imagined was spoken in the Western and Midwestern US a century ago—which is what "General American" suggests to me, especially when pronouncements like "en- is not a schwa in GenAm " are bandied about as authoritative statements. (There are similar problems of "Received Pronunciation" as a term that was originally introduced to describe a contemporary accent, but that now is either outdated as a reference point for modern learners, or unclear in what it refers to if repurposed to apply to some present-day accent). The Oxford English Dictionary does not refrain from offering "/ᵻnˈd(j)ʊ(ə)r/" "uhn-DYOOR" and "/ənˈtaɪ(ə)r/" "uhn-TIGH-uhr" as possible "U.S. English" pronunciations of endure and entire. Not saying that the OED is necessarily making the right decision in using these representations, but I just think it shows that it isn't so outlandish to view the use of /ə/ in this context as falling within the bounds of normative present-day US English (to the extent that nationwide norms are even a coherent concept).--Urszag (talk) 07:52, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

Extra clarity on phonemic vs. phonetic representation
I assume the vote is about phonemes (something you'd put between /forward slashes/) rather than (allo)phones (what you'd put between [square brackets]). Whether my assumption is correct or not, it would be helpful to clarify this in the vote's text. Chernorizets (talk) 11:45, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The text about the vote consistently uses slashes ("writing the STRUT vowel as /ə/ (instead of /ʌ/), and the NURSE vowel as /ɚ/ or /əɹ/ (instead of /ɜ(ː)/~/ɝ/)"). I would say it is about the notation used for phonemes as much as it is about phonemes themselves, but it seems clear to me that the vote as currently written does not apply to phonetic transcriptions.--Urszag (talk) 11:57, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

Separate proposals for the NURSE and STRUT vowels individually
Shouldn't we be voting on whether to represent the NURSE vowel as schwa, and on whether to represent the STRUT vowel as schwa, separately? It might well turn out that it's appropriate to represent one of the two as schwa, but not the other. Whoop whoop pull up Bitching Betty ⚧ Averted crashes 21:33, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As far as I have seen in all the discussions of this, reference works and authorities either take both to have merged, or continue to use the historical notation for both. So far, it has appeared that the only people who think only one or the other of the two but not both have merged are a couple of Wiktionarians with (AFAICT) no phonological training, who happen (in other cases) to have demonstrably wrong perceptions of how 'most Americans' speak (which is understandable, because it can notoriously be hard for speakers to hear slight differences, in the way of mergers or splits, that they don't themselves make—expectation colors perception—and to notice if their own accent differs from the norm. this is not to say anyone is speaking wrong! but when we're deciding how to represent how most Americans speak, whether we call that GenAm or some new label, it seems more useful to stick to references which have measured how most Americans speak, vs to the lay assessments of a few of us editors!). If anyone can bring forward references that say one of the two has stayed distinct while the other has merged, that would be most helpful. - -sche (discuss) 21:56, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * They are two different situations ... so far as I know, there never was a phonemic contrast between /ɜr/ and /ər/ in any dialect of English, whereas the STRUT case is based on the belief that a phonemic contrast between /ə/ and /ʌ/ has collapsed in AmEng and AmEng only. They are not the same situation at all, and one cannot follow from the other. This looks to me like a way to avoid the more difficult STRUT debate by focusing on the easier NURSE debate, which very few people would disagree with, and then saying that if we've proven one case we've proven the other. — Soap — 13:55, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Actually, now that I think of it, I have to assume you're calling me out in the paragraph above as someone who, in your words,
 * [has] no phonological training, who happen[s] (in other cases) to have demonstrably wrong perceptions of how 'most Americans' speak
 * No, Im not a professional linguist. And I dont think that matters.  We should write our policies based on the actual issues at hand, not on who is speaking from a position of higher authority. — Soap — 14:11, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * We have to work based on consensus regardless. If we just allowed everyone to have their own ideas of how they pronounce things or how they define things, then we could have an infinite amount of pronunciations or definitions based on how individuals perceive things. That's why we source and point to established literature on the topic rather than solely rely on our own anecdotal experiences. AG202 (talk) 20:44, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think it would be beneficial if the vote provides references to the literature. For example, Merriam-Webster renders STRUT as strət - I assume that's not an arbitrary choice, and based on something in the literature. I believe adding this convenience over having to spelunk in the linked discussions to find those reference sources would help field questions on authority. Chernorizets (talk) 02:24, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree, it's part of why I said that the vote should be postponed to give enough time to gather those resources, @-sche. Personally, I frankly don't have enough time to devote to that effort before the vote is slated to begin. AG202 (talk) 03:26, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I did remove the start date (which I figured postponed it indefinitely) back in December when you suggested that. I'll remove it from the watchlist-list now, although this makes it less noticeable. - -sche (discuss) 08:06, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd certainly vote for the nurse proposal, but am unsure about the strut proposal. It seems obvious to me that before there's just one schwa-ish phoneme in General American. (The case might be different in some Southern and Eastern American accents, which could use a different set of symbols, though it's a shame we don't have any tables laying out what those symbols should be for anything but General American.) Not before, I think that General American doesn't have three schwa-ish phonemes  with the same distribution as old-fashioned RP, and there are probably just two, one higher than the other. That means it's a choice between  and  if we use the traditional RP symbols to represent the somewhat different General American phonemes.
 * But I'm not sure whether stressed should be identified as the same phoneme as unstressed schwa as in the proposal. In my own speech, which might match all General-American-ish speakers in this respect, a stressed schwa seems to match traditional stressed  words in one example: just (adverb) when stressed for emphasis matches gist and has a higher vowel than just (adjective), which matches other cases of stressed strut. I guess this is because I have a relatively low kit vowel that is basically mid-central (where  is usually put on the vowel chart). So I like the idea of transcribing kit with  and strut with  (or ). Nurse and letter don't feel as low as strut so I end up grouping them with schwa and kit. Final schwa like in comma might belong to either phoneme, but I don't think I have a contrast between a high and low schwa at the end of a word. But it seems like based on prior discussions, other people would feel that just (adverb) and many other cases of schwa should be written with, so I may be the only one with this distribution (though it is apparently very similar to the distribution in New Zealand English, which my accent is otherwise very different from).
 * By the way, the choice of also makes it easy to represent the contrast of furry and hurry in some eastern American accents as  versus . But that's not strictly General American.
 * I said "not before " because while I'd write most traditional stressed as, the near and mirror vowel is different and I'd write it as.
 * Splitting the poll makes sense to me because it's a much more clear-cut case before . Many American speakers contrast tense and lax vowels in most environments, but have a smaller set of vowels before, where for many highly merging speakers you can only identify five more peripheral vowels (not usually written with those exact symbols in Wiktionary) and a schwa. Not before  there are at least two schwa-ish phonemes and it's more controversial how to write them. I'd love it if we could agree on which of the schwas-not-before- to identify with the single schwa-before-, but there seems to be more disagreement on that. It would at least be an improvement to no longer give the impression that people need to distinguish two schwa-ish phonemes in GA before . — Eru·tuon 19:29, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As another GA speaker, I would not support transcribing "kit" with /ə/. That's a very different vowel to me. Stressed just (adverb) does not change to the /ɪ/ vowel found in gist. I've heard it before, but primarily from folks that don't speak General American. I also don't really see any literature that supports representing kit with a schwa for GA. It feels dialectal/idiolectal. AG202 (talk) 19:42, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * (I was going to avoid continuing to say this, but was prompted by something in the BP:) This is why I keep wanting to defer to reference works that actually measure what sounds people actually produce and can distinguish, because well-meaning people keep saying (in good faith!) "I and most Americans say X", where X is something most Americans do not say. Our brains are over-good at ignoring all kinds of differences in how people speak, because they have to ignore all kinds of differences in the frequency (etc) of e.g. one man's /u/ and another woman's /u/ that come from them simply having different voices, when letting us know that both people said /u/, and so people with (e.g.) the cot-caught-merger often also ignore the differences made by people who do distinguish those sounds, and vice versa (people often don't realize they're speaking differently, unless specifically listening for it, and sometimes not even then). What we hear is colored by what we expect to hear, we sort what we hear into the inventory of phonemes we expect or are used to, and it's human nature that most of us think we speak the standard or normal way... even when we don't. E.g., you say you speak GenAm, and then say you have a schwa in kit words and [in the BP] say you have or, in the BP, another user has an /ɒ/ in caught words, without noticing(?) that that is not GenAm and is (AFAICT) not something most Americans do. (Naturally, people opposed to representing the nurse vowel as schwa must think proponents are similarly failing to hear the distinction. But that's why I think it's useful to defer to data rather than my or anyone else's lay assessment.)  - -sche (discuss) 08:25, 9 February 2024 (UTC) - -sche (discuss) 19:19, 11 February 2024 (UTC)!
 * @-sche Are you sure that [ɒ] is not something most Americans with a cot-caught distinction say for caught? I know the vowel normally used to represent this is /ɔ/ but that is just a convention. For example, the Wikipedia article on specifically says this vowel occurs in General American in the thought series with the comment "Vowel /ɔ/ is lowered (phonetic realization of /ɔ/ is much lower in GA than in RP)". This is accompanied by an audio sample  that sounds exactly like the way I say thought. My [ɒ] in caught and thought has to my ears the same quality as RP's [ɒ] in cot and thot except that the RP vowel is shorter (i.e. mine is short and RP's is ultra-short, not that I have a long vowel here). This is IMO completely different from the issue of pronouncing kit with a /ə/, which is not remotely similar to any vowel I've ever heard Americans pronounce kit with. Benwing2 (talk) 11:00, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I noticed that Inland Northern American English mentions lowering of kit, so maybe that feature of my accent is a regional thing (less noticeable than cot sounding like some other dialects' cat, which isn't a feature I have). But you've prompted me to check Wikipedia and actually File:Mid front unrounded vowel.ogg and File:Close-mid central unrounded vowel.ogg sound more like my possible kit pronunciations than File:Mid-central vowel.ogg. And I recalled that I have another sort of relevant definitely non-GA pronunciation: a parallel to Canadian raising in, at least before voiceless consonants in the coda (heart), distinct from the opener vowel in hard and the closer vowel in hurt, and more similar to strut than kit. (Maybe occasionally not determined by environment, like Canadian raising.) So I've clearly got a non-GA idiolect and I'm sometimes inaccurate at measuring my own vowels. This inclines me more to accept the proposal if it's what academic works support. — Eru·tuon 04:40, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Erutuon I have the same "Canadian raising in /ɑɹ/" in my speech as well, making Carter and carder non-homophonous, so I suspect it's less idiolectal than you think. Benwing2 (talk) 04:44, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

Miscellaneous references
Since some comments above have argued that we should appeal to authority in this topic, here are some quotes. What John Wells says about this subject at the start of the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2000):
 * "LPD distinguishes between the vowels ʌ and ə, although in AmE they can generally be regarded as allophones of the same phoneme, and for some speakers are more or less identical phonetically too. Thus where LPD writes above ə ˈbʌv some speakers pronounce ə ˈbəv. Similarly LPD distinguishes between ɝː and ᵊr, as in further 'fɝːðᵊr, although many speakers have a similar syllabic [r] in both syllables. All these qualities arguably represent the same phoneme ə, with or without a following r.
 * Where RP has ʌr followed by a vowel sound, most Americans use ɝː and that is what is shown in LPD entries: courage ˈkʌr ɪdʒ ║ ˈkɝː-. It should be noted, however, that there are other Americans who use ʌr, as in RP." (p. xv)

A paper by Péter Szigetvári arguing that strut = letter/comma in British English: Stressed schwa in English (2018). Szigetvári points out the importance of transcribing stress on syllables other than the primary-stressed syllables in transcriptions that use one symbol for both strut and schwa.--Urszag (talk) 11:09, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

A phonetic study that cites Szigetvári 2018 says "unstressed [ə] may be produced [ɨ] in certain contexts, such as in the -ed suffix (e.g., wretched, blurted) or plural morpheme following sibilants (roses, see Flemming and Johnson, 2007). This may be evidence that the upper F1 category boundary may be comparable between stressed and unstressed [ə], but the lower F1 boundary may extend lower (i.e., encompass a greater range of acceptability) for the unstressed vowel. An overall category size that is greater for unstressed [ə] than stressed [ə] is also supported by accounts that this unstressed vowel is more variable in production than other vowels (Magen, 1984). This greater range of acceptable F1 values for unstressed [ə] would predict that there could be a greater range of produced F1 values in the unstressed variant as well. In productions of “above” from the baseline phase (unaltered auditory feedback) in both experiments, F1 values produced during the stressed vowel were a subset of those produced during the unstressed vowel. Indeed, the unstressed [ə] vowel contained lower values of F1 than those produced in the stressed vowel (Fig. 6)." (page 716, "Effects of syllable stress in adaptation to altered auditory feedback in vowels", Bakst, Sarah and Niziolek, Caroline A., J Acoust Soc Am. 2021 Jan;149(1):708. doi: 10.1121/10.0003052. PMID: 33514177; PMCID: PMC7846293.)

A thought that occurs to me after this last study is that using ə and ᵻ (but no ʌ) could be a potential alternative convention, although not necessarily a very defensible one (since I think there's no possible argument that ᵻ is phonemic, rather than diaphonemic.) Geoff Lindsay, in the description of his Youtube video ""Schwa is never stressed" – FALSE" (2022), writes "(Note: many Americans feel they have their unstressed /ɪ/ rather than /ə/ in some of the words shown from dictionaries in the video. But that still doesn't mean a distinct /ʌ/.)"--Urszag (talk) 11:22, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Was there ever or  in General American?
The vote currently says "Ideally, also recording the historical pronunciation (as /ʌ/ and /ɝ/, respectively) with some appropriate qualifier like ". It helps clarify that we're not banning those symbols from all accents' transcriptions, but was or  ever distinct from, or  from , in accents that eventually gave rise to the modern General American accents that don't have these distinctions? I'd rather not have the vote assume a conclusion either way.

I read A. Z. Foreman (who analyzes historical phonetic treatises) saying that Benjamin Franklin (who might have had a pronunciation close to the ancestor of General American) identified strut with schwa already in the 1700s. It's possible that when strut split from foot, some accents merged strut with schwa immediately and kept it merged, while others (such as whatever accents gave rise to old-fashioned Received Pronunciation) maintained some sort of distinction.

I would be fine with the statement that we're only voting on symbols for modern General American phonemes and the symbols and  (or ) can be used to transcribe other accents' phonemes where appropriate. — Eru·tuon 20:10, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I also am skeptical of the accuracy of describing /ʌ/ and /ɝ/ as specifically "historical" or "older" pronunciations (and on the other side of the coin, the idea that "/ə/" is more  "current" or "up-to-date"). I posted this already in the December 2023 Beer parlour, but Daniel Jones's transcription in the Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language (1913) marked the vowel in "earl" as əː (although Jones also used u, i, ɔ for what Gimson would transcribe as ʊ, ɪ, ɔ, which implies some room for slight quality differences).--Urszag (talk) 02:07, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, John Walker was identifying the vowel of tub with the unstressed vowels in the last syllables of disaccustom and director in 1791. I realize these two examples aren't "General American" but my point is that the fact that different notations have gone in and out of fashion doesn't mean there was necessarily a corresponding change in either the phones or phonemes that people were actually using in the pronunciation of words like this.--Urszag (talk) 21:05, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

are we still planning to do this?
i hate seeing so much talk end up being all for nothing. — Soap — 21:13, 24 June 2024 (UTC)


text: wlitegest

title: wlitegest


text: wlitegestum

title: wlitegestum


text: wlitegostum

title: wlitegostum


text: Category:Rhymes:Bulgarian/ɛt͡ʃkɐ/3 syllables


text: Category:Rhymes:Bulgarian/ɛt͡ʃkɐ/4 syllables


text: torhtan

title: torhtan


text: torhtne

title: torhtne


text: torhtast

title: torhtast


text: torhta

title: torhta


text: torhtost

title: torhtost


text: torhtes

title: torhtes


text: torhtum

title: torhtum


text:
Rhymes talk:Bulgarian/urɐ

Rhyme is incorrect
Hi @Kiril kovachev, this rhyme should be [urɐ]. The word-final vowel is unstressed, and we don't use for Bulgarian /r/. Chernorizets (talk) 01:07, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @Chernorizets Good point, my apologies. I didn't notice either of these originally, but I'll try move the page in a moment (unless you already have). Do you know how to move without leaving a redirect? Kiril kovachev (talk・contribs) 12:34, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Never mind, it appears you need page mover permissions. I'll move it first and RfD. Kiril kovachev (talk・contribs) 13:15, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Kiril kovachev sounds good. Then we need to fix the pages that have the old (incorrect) rhyme listed. Chernorizets (talk) 22:58, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Actually I'll take care of that, as well as adding the correct rhyme to the included words. P.S. - I don't think it's necessary to indicate stress explicitly on rhyme pages, since the rhyme itself tells you the stressed portion of all the listed words. I'm not sure if the automated gadget that we use to add rhymes deals correctly with accented words - do you know?
 * Thanks,
 * Chernorizets (talk) 04:48, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Chernorizets Hey, first of all thanks for fixing all the errors. I was about to sit down and get through them, but I found nothing left in the category (which I've now also added to RfD, but I don't know when that can be addressed.) And, I think you're right about omitting the stress — it ought to be on the first vowel of the rhyme, I suppose. Unfortunately, I don't know how the rhyme-adding function works: you're talking about the feature of adding rhymes to the mainspace entry when you add it to the rhyme page, right? All the ones I've entered on this here rhyme were redlinks, so I couldn't see, sadly. It would be good if it passes it through the normalization function and targets the correct page. Theknightwho helped me out a few months ago in the Grease pit, in which we fixed links to being stripped of the grave, which was IIRC part of the link module. But whether this is called by the gadget — I can't say. Sorry to not be of much help! Kiril kovachev (talk・contribs) 23:48, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Rhymes talk:Bulgarian/urɐ


text: torhtre

title: torhtre


text: torhtest

title: torhtest


text: unforhtan

title: unforhtan


text: unforhte

title: unforhte


text: caldast

title: caldast


text: Category:Requests for verification in Faroese entries


text: deorce

title: deorce


text: deorcum

title: deorcum


text: deorces

title: deorces


text: deorca

title: deorca


text: deorcan

title: deorcan


text: deorcne

title: deorcne


text:
pau no cu

Etymology
lit. 'dick in the ass'. From.

Noun

 * 1)  jerk; asshole

title: pau no cu


text: Category:Thesaurus:en:Relative qualities


text:
អ៊ីណា

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Adverb

 * 1) where

title: អ៊ីណា


text: Category:Rhymes:Bulgarian/va/1 syllable

title: Category:Rhymes:Bulgarian/va/1 syllable


text: Category:Thesaurus:en:Social acts

title: Category:Thesaurus:en:Social acts


text: Category:Rhymes:Bulgarian/va/2 syllables


text:
អីណា

Etymology
🇰🇲.

title: អីណា


text: Category:Rhymes:Bulgarian/va/3 syllables


text: Category:Ladino terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Thesaurus:Culture

title: Category:Thesaurus:Culture


text: Category:Manx terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Javanese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Thesaurus:en:Culture

title: Category:Thesaurus:en:Culture


text: Category:Undetermined terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Marshallese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Venetian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Konkani terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Coptic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Gothic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Old Javanese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Mehri terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:South Levantine Arabic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Dzongkha terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Komi-Zyrian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Central Franconian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Mon terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Chakma terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Dolgan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Moksha terms with redundant script codes


text:
ܛܦܝܬܐ

Etymology
Diminutive of. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  small slope or incline of a hill

title: ܛܦܝܬܐ


text: Category:Middle Mongol terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Ojibwe terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Breton terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Hausa terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Cornish terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Shehri terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Bishnupriya Manipuri terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Newar terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Proto-Slavic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Northern Kurdish terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Northern Thai terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Bactrian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Arabic terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Middle Armenian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Hunsrik terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Limbu terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Soqotri terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Ukrainian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
wwat

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) plank-bridge, foot-bridge

Root

 * 1) to present, to offer
 * 2) to convey, to report
 * 3) to show, to show oneself, to appear

title: wwat


text: Category:Argobba terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Chaha terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Harari terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Inor terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Kistane terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Mesqan terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Muher terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Sebat Bet Gurage terms with non-redundant manual script codes


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text: Category:Wolane terms with non-redundant manual script codes


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text: Category:Parthian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Hindi terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Sindhi terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Middle High German terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Mycenaean Greek terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Lojban terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Tofa terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Lepcha terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Lisu terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Malagasy terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Pennsylvania German terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Western Panjabi terms with redundant script codes


text:
chư

Etymology
.

title: chư


text: Category:Okinawan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Santali terms with redundant script codes


text: tupp'orth

title: tupp'orth


text: Category:Walloon terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Turkish terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Vietnamese terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Greek terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Hanunoo terms with redundant script codes


text:
Appendix:Variations of "liz"

The word “liz” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * liz
 * Liz
 * LIZ
 * liz-

Diacritics

 * liż, Liż, liż-
 * liž
 * līž

Other scripts

 * Arabic
 * لیز

 * Cyrillic
 * ліз, Ліз
 * лізь
 * лиз, Лиз

title: Appendix:Variations of "liz"


text: ចា៎ះ

title: ចា៎ះ


text: Category:Mandaic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Low German terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Romansch terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Thracian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Vilamovian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Sherpa terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Written Oirat terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Yagnobi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Avestan terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Southwestern Fars terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Proto-Norse terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Malayalam terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Old Anatolian Turkish terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Sogdian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Tajik terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Baluchi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Komi-Permyak terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Kashmiri terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:S'gaw Karen terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Lak terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Limburgish terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Nganasan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:ǃXóõ terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Kipchak terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Kildin Sami terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Sundanese terms with redundant script codes


text: Template:R:dra-okn:CN/documentation

title: Template:R:dra-okn:CN/documentation


text: Category:Svan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Udi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Yucatec Maya terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Bengali terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Khmer terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Sardinian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Urdu terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Zay terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
Wiktionary:Todo/Lists/RFVs and RFDs tagged but not listed

The list
Last updated 17:25, 14 July 2024 (UTC). Automatic updates occur every Monday, or (no more than once every 4 hours)

2085 results :


text: Category:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Esperanto terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Estonian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Karachay-Balkar terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Lao terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
sárdni

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) speech, talk, address, discourse
 * a

title: sárdni


text: Category:Burmese terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Old Chinese terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Pashto terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Romani terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Northern Altai terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Bihari terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Chagatai terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Tsez terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:North Frisian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Godoberi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Hinukh terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Nanai terms with redundant script codes


text:
Wiktionary:Todo/Lists/RFVs and RFDs tagged but not listed/description

Description
This list contains entries and other content pages that are tagged for verification (rfv) or deletion (rfd), but are not linked from any of the RFV or RFD request pages.

Cleanup instructions
Most of the pages on this list fall into one of three categories:

 * 1) The page was tagged for RFV/RFD by a user, but that user did not list it on the relevant RFV/RFD page.
 * 2) The page is part of a bulk nomination and may not be individually linked from the relevant discussion. This often occurs when an entire category tree is under discussion at RFDO.
 * 3) The RFV/RFD was closed as passed/keep, but the closing user forgot to remove the RFV/RFD tag from the entry.


text: Category:Gilaki terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:East Central German terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Ingrian terms with redundant script codes


text:
ಪೊಱಲ್

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) town, city

title: ಪೊಱಲ್


text: Category:Bezhta terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Juǀ'hoan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Lingala terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Madurese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Classical Nahuatl terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:German Low German terms with redundant script codes


text:
generación Z

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1) Generation Z

title: generación Z


text: Category:Oscan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Elfdalian terms with redundant script codes


text:
generación Y

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1) Generation Y

title: generación Y


text: Category:Rajbanshi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Old Galician-Portuguese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Shughni terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Silt'e terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Tulu terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Western Tamang terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Tindi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Võro terms with redundant script codes


text:
generación Alfa

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1) Generation Alpha

title: generación Alfa


text: Category:Eblaite terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Mingrelian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Umbrian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Old Novgorodian terms with redundant script codes


text:
generación X

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1) Generation X

title: generación X


text: Module:User:Chernorizets/bg-orthography/documentation


text: Category:English terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Evenki terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Hittite terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Khotanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Macedonian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Citations:exploding

title: Citations:exploding


text: Category:Old Marathi terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Plautdietsch terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Primitive Irish terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
eatnigiella

Etymology
From 🇰🇲, possibly a calque from.

Noun

 * 1) mother tongue

title: eatnigiella


text: Category:Thai terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Urak Lawoi' terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Hurrian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Acehnese terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Old English terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Egyptian Arabic terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Baluchi terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Belarusian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Bulgarian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Chagatai terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Central Kurdish terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Middle English terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Hawaiian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Armenian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Inuvialuktun terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Karakalpak terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Kashmiri terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Ladino terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Madurese terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Moksha terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Norwegian Bokmål terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Ottoman Turkish terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Old Turkic terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Shwe Palaung terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Shwe Palaung entry maintenance

title: Category:Shwe Palaung entry maintenance


text:
fuckmitten

Etymology
.

title: fuckmitten


text: fuckmittens

title: fuckmittens


text:
دهي

Etymology
From the roots. Compare.

Verb

 * 1) to be sly, to be cunning

title: دهي


text: Category:Ruching Palaung language

title: Category:Ruching Palaung language


text: Category:Requests for transliteration of Shwe Palaung terms


text: Category:Requests concerning Shwe Palaung


text: Category:Western Panjabi terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Yakut terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Southern Selkup terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Tulu terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Thracian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Tuvan terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Central Atlas Tamazight terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Waray-Waray terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Zulu terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Baharna Arabic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Cypriot Arabic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Ahirani terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Atong (India) terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Algerian Arabic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Assamese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Awadhi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Bahnar terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Haryanvi terms with redundant script codes


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text: Category:Blin terms with redundant script codes


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text: Category:Chulym terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Southern East Cree terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Northern East Cree terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Moose Cree terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Swampy Cree terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Swampy Cree entry maintenance

title: Category:Swampy Cree entry maintenance


text: Category:Woods Cree terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Knaanic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Dogri terms with redundant script codes


text:
User:Sakura Anzu

Sakura Anzu

The name is refer to the person who has a multiple culture,DID causing and the highness The name is two apart that

“Sakura” have the mean “桜” (the cherry flower from the Japan) And also contains the “佐倉” the family name

“Anzu” is a feminist name “杏　あんず　杏子” and the name have the meaningful moe to the world and from the word

So my name is Sakura Anzu, I’m now define or explain myself through my name my dear name

We are together and we have open mind to the world

With the Cyberspace avatar @carafutaba 双葉杏

Welcome Acceptance Nouveau

title: User:Sakura Anzu


text: Category:Middle Low German terms with redundant script codes


text:
pangahas

Etymology
Possibly from. However, expected word would be *panahas. Compare 🇨🇬. See also and.

Noun

 * 1) dare; audacity; courage
 * 2) rashness; recklessness
 * 3) presumption
 * 1) presumption
 * 1) presumption

title: pangahas


text: Category:Jersey Dutch terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Proto-West Germanic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Guaraní terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Mariupol Greek terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Fiji Hindi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Hiligaynon terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Hadza terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Old Gujarati terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Prakrit terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Karakalpak terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Kabiyé terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Karaim terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Khün terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Ladakhi terms with redundant script codes


text:
mangahas

Etymology
Possibly from. However, expected word would be *manahas. See also and.

Verb

 * 1) to dare; to venture; to brave
 * 2) to meddle
 * 1) to meddle

title: mangahas


text: Category:Lombard terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Maithili terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Makasar terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Proto-Austronesian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Central Mazahua terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Maguindanao terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Minangkabau terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Proto-Mon-Khmer terms with redundant script codes


text:
mapangahas

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) daredevil; recklessly bold

title: mapangahas


text: Category:Proto-Vietic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Manipuri terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Moore terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Mirandese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Macanese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Neapolitan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Northern Ndebele terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:N'Ko terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Naskapi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Chichewa terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Old Japanese terms with redundant script codes


text:
joxa med trasan

Etymology
Literally, "mess about / fiddle with the cloth / rag."

Verb

 * 1)  to play soccer

title: joxa med trasan


text: Category:Old Saxon terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Plautdietsch terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Primitive Irish terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Western Pwo terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Quechua terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Leonese terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Rwanda-Rundi terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Southern Kurdish terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Northern Sami terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Amorite terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Tashelhit terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Salar terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Samoan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Squamish terms with redundant script codes


text:
kapangahasan

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) daredevilry; rashness

title: kapangahasan


text: trasar

title: trasar


text: Category:Saterland Frisian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Maore Comorian terms with redundant script codes


text: trasade

title: trasade


text: Category:Proto-Kuki-Chin terms with redundant script codes


text: trasat

title: trasat


text: Category:Proto-Turkic terms with redundant script codes


text: trasande

title: trasande


text: Category:Isan terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Tat terms with redundant script codes


text: trasad

title: trasad


text: Category:Unami terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Classical Tibetan terms with redundant script codes


text: joxar med trasan

title: joxar med trasan


text: Category:Galatian terms with redundant script codes


text: joxade med trasan

title: joxade med trasan


text: Category:Xhosa terms with redundant script codes


text: joxat med trasan

title: joxat med trasan


text: Category:Lycian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Lydian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Phrygian terms with redundant script codes


text:
Module:bg-common/testcases

local tests = require("Module:UnitTests") local m_bg = require("Module:bg-common")

--- << is_monosyllabic >> ---

local is_monosyllabic_test_cases = { "Monosyllabic words", { "", true }, { "с", true }, { "и", true }, { "дом", true }, { "спринт", true }, { "Дом", true }, { "СПРИНТ", true }, { "ѝ", true }, { "по-", true }, { "-вам", true }, "Polysyllabic words", { "нека", false }, { "НЕКА", false }, { "полиграф", false }, { "лющян", false }, { "произ-", false }, { "-овам", false }, }

function tests:check_is_monosyllabic(word, expected) local actual = m_bg.is_monosyllabic(word) tests:equals(word, actual, expected) end function tests:test_is_monosyllabic tests:iterate(is_monosyllabic_test_cases, "check_is_monosyllabic") end

--- << add_monosyllabic_stress >> ---

local add_monosyllabic_stress_test_cases = { "Monosyllabic, no acute accent", {"", ""},	{"с", "с"}, {"в", "в"}, {"а", "а́"}, {"я", "я́"}, {"сом", "со́м"}, {"принц", "при́нц"}, {"ѝ", "ѝ"}, -- no idea why this works {"БАЛ", "БА́Л"}, "Monosyllabic with acute accent", {"впря́г", "впря́г"}, {"дъ́лг", "дъ́лг"}, {"ТРЕ́НД", "ТРЕ́НД"}, {"У́", "У́"}, {"на́й-", "на́й-"}, "Polysyllabic, no acute accent", {"лейка", "лейка"}, {"катарама", "катарама"}, {"УНИЦЕФ", "УНИЦЕФ"}, {"Севастопол", "Севастопол"}, "Polysyllabic with acute accent", {"ко́скоджа", "ко́скоджа"}, {"парашу́т", "парашу́т"}, {"Доми́нго", "Доми́нго"}, {"ЮНЕ́СКО", "ЮНЕ́СКО"}, "Suffixes don't get an acute accent", {"-вам", "-вам"}, {"-ка", "-ка"}, "Prefixes *do* get an acute accent", {"по-", "по́-"}, {"при-", "при́-"}, }

function tests:check_add_monosyllabic_stress(word, expected) local actual = m_bg.add_monosyllabic_stress(word) tests:equals(word, actual, expected) end

function tests:test_add_monosyllabic_stress tests:iterate(add_monosyllabic_stress_test_cases, "check_add_monosyllabic_stress") end

--- << remove_monosyllabic_stress >> ---

local remove_monosyllabic_stress_test_cases = { "Monosyllabic with acute accent", {"впря́г", "впряг"}, {"дъ́лг", "дълг"}, {"ТРЕ́НД", "ТРЕНД"}, {"У́", "У"}, {"гра́х", "грах"}, "Monosyllabic, no acute accent", {"", ""},	{"с", "с"}, {"в", "в"}, {"а", "а"}, {"я", "я"}, {"сом", "сом"}, {"принц", "принц"}, {"ѝ", "ѝ"}, -- no idea why this works {"БАЛ", "БАЛ"}, "Polysyllabic, no acute accent", {"лейка", "лейка"}, {"катарама", "катарама"}, {"УНИЦЕФ", "УНИЦЕФ"}, {"Севастопол", "Севастопол"}, "Polysyllabic with acute accent", {"ко́скоджа", "ко́скоджа"}, {"парашу́т", "парашу́т"}, {"Доми́нго", "Доми́нго"}, {"ЮНЕ́СКО", "ЮНЕ́СКО"}, "Suffixes don't get their acute accent removed", {"-а́ч", "-а́ч"}, {"-ни́к", "-ни́к"}, "Prefixes *do* get their acute accent removed", {"по́-", "по-"}, {"при́-", "при-"}, }

function tests:check_remove_monosyllabic_stress(word, expected) local actual = m_bg.remove_monosyllabic_stress(word) tests:equals(word, actual, expected) end

function tests:test_remove_monosyllabic_stress tests:iterate(remove_monosyllabic_stress_test_cases, "check_remove_monosyllabic_stress") end

--- << maybe_stress_initial_syllable >> ---

local maybe_stress_initial_test_cases = { "Zero syllables", {"в", "в"}, {"с", "с"}, "Monosyllabic, no stress", {"щанд", "ща́нд"}, {"сто", "сто́"}, {"иск", "и́ск"}, {"у", "у́"}, "Monosyllabic with stress", {"гра́м", "гра́м"}, {"спи́рт", "спи́рт"}, {"фьо́н", "фьо́н"}, "Polysyllabic, no stress", {"еделвайс", "е́делвайс"}, {"врачка", "вра́чка"}, {"кльомба", "кльо́мба"}, "Polysyllabic with stress", {"ка́мера", "ка́мера"}, {"поли́ция", "поли́ция"}, {"катапу́лт", "катапу́лт"}, }

function tests:check_maybe_stress_initial(word, expected) local actual = m_bg.maybe_stress_initial_syllable(word) tests:equals(word, actual, expected) end

function tests:test_maybe_stress_initial_syllable tests:iterate(maybe_stress_initial_test_cases, "check_maybe_stress_initial") end

return tests

title: Module:bg-common/testcases


text: Category:Kunigami terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Northern Yukaghir terms with redundant script codes


text:
chvošť

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  horsetail (plant of the genus ), especially:
 * 2) rough horsetail
 * 3) field horsetail
 * 1) field horsetail

title: chvošť


text: Category:Ngazidja Comorian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Khitan terms with redundant script codes


text: Module:bg-common/testcases/documentation


text: Category:cs:Horsetails

title: Category:cs:Horsetails


text: Category:Iraqi Arabic terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Burushaski terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Bisu terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Proto-Kartvelian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Eastern Min terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Dagbani terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Dogri terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Dhivehi terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Ewe terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Irish terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: mujeres cis

title: mujeres cis


text: Category:Mycenaean Greek terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Fiji Hindi terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Proto-Iranian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Kabyle terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Khakas terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Greenlandic terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
hombre cis

Noun

 * 1) cis man

title: hombre cis


text: hombres cis

title: hombres cis


text: Category:Lingala terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Lithuanian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Literary Chinese terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
fyrverkeripjäs

Noun

 * 1) a firework (device)

title: fyrverkeripjäs


text: Category:Makasar terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Middle Vietnamese terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: fyrverkeripjäsen

title: fyrverkeripjäsen


text: Category:Norwegian Nynorsk terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: fyrverkeripjäser

title: fyrverkeripjäser


text:
Citations:double rainbow

 * unclear. the LGBT community in S Africa?

title: Citations:double rainbow


text: Category:Livvi terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: fyrverkeripjäserna

title: fyrverkeripjäserna


text: Category:Oscan terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
wattipa

Noun

 * 1) a kind of spirit with which shamans were said to converse and from which they learned of events in remote times and places, but by which they were also often harmed

title: wattipa


text: Category:Paelignian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: fyrverkeripjäsens

title: fyrverkeripjäsens


text: Category:Polish terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: fyrverkeripjäsers

title: fyrverkeripjäsers


text: fyrverkeripjäsernas

title: fyrverkeripjäsernas


text: Category:Tarifit terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Kamta terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Tashelhit terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Classical Syriac terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
hvošč

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  horsetail (plant of the genus ), especially:
 * 2) field horsetail

title: hvošč


text: Category:Solon terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Proto-Permic terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Khwarezmian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Dacian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Middle Mongol terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Volscian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Yiddish terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
nyårsfyrverkeri

Noun

 * 1)  a New Year's Eve fireworks display, New Year's fireworks

title: nyårsfyrverkeri


text: Citations:sib

title: Citations:sib


text: nyårsfyrverkeriet

title: nyårsfyrverkeriet


text: Category:yur:Lagomorphs

title: Category:yur:Lagomorphs


text: nyårsfyrverkerier

title: nyårsfyrverkerier


text: nyårsfyrverkerierna

title: nyårsfyrverkerierna


text: nyårsfyrverkeris

title: nyårsfyrverkeris


text: nyårsfyrverkeriets

title: nyårsfyrverkeriets


text: nyårsfyrverkeriers

title: nyårsfyrverkeriers


text: nyårsfyrverkeriernas

title: nyårsfyrverkeriernas


text:
祝謝

Verb

 * 1)  to give thanks

title: 祝謝


text:
hlkeleekra'

Etymology
From the.

title: hlkeleekra'


text: sibber

title: sibber


text: Category:Mfumte terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:yur:Soricomorphs

title: Category:yur:Soricomorphs


text: Module:bg-common/documentation

title: Module:bg-common/documentation


text: Category:Carian terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Udihe terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Manchu terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Kermanic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Moabite terms with redundant script codes


text: noykwos

title: noykwos


text: Category:Vai terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Carrier terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Chakma punctuation marks

title: Category:Chakma punctuation marks


text: hotmon

title: hotmon


text: Category:yur:Baby animals

title: Category:yur:Baby animals


text: Category:Bats terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Ugaritic terms with redundant script codes


text: Category:Navajo terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Narragansett terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text: Category:Narragansett terms with redundant script codes


text:
wentokws

Etymology
Related to.

title: wentokws


text:
User:Chuterix/TemplatePKR

X

 * 1) X

title: User:Chuterix/TemplatePKR


text:
醜婦終須見家翁

Proverb

 * 1)  if one has an undesirable thing to do (e.g., revealing something embarrassing), one eventually still has to do it

title: 醜婦終須見家翁


text: 丑妇终须见家翁

title: 丑妇终须见家翁


text: 'echkwoh

title: 'echkwoh


text: greasing up

title: greasing up


text: greases up

title: greases up


text: greased up

title: greased up


text: மாண்புமிகு

title: மாண்புமிகு


text:
அண்ணாச்சி

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  elder brother

title: அண்ணாச்சி


text: cheycheyes

title: cheycheyes


text: Category:yur:Dipterans

title: Category:yur:Dipterans


text: 祝谢

title: 祝谢


text: chohkeeks

title: chohkeeks


text:
Module talk:bg-common/testcases

Monosyllabic stress for prefixes and suffixes
Hi @Benwing2,

I was hoping you could help me understand a couple of implementation details in Module:bg-common. I've been adding test cases for the module, and I've noticed that:
 * doesn't add stress to monosyllabic suffixes, but it does to monosyllabic prefixes;
 * doesn't remove stress from monosyllabic suffixes, but it does remove it from monosyllabic prefixes.

Since you authored the module, I was hoping you could tell me why that is. Also, looking at the code, I'd say it assumes inputs to be in NFD form, so that the acute accent is decomposed as a separate character in the string - is that correct?

Thanks,

Chernorizets (talk) 05:03, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @Chernorizets I am not actually sure why those functions add and remove stress to/from prefixes. Not doing it for suffixes is correct, but they probably shouldn't do it for prefixes either. This module was based on Module:ru-common and inherited this behavior from that module. I think maybe the reason I didn't add a special case for prefixes is that prefixes don't normally pass through these functions; the functions are used during conjugation and declension, and it doesn't really make sense to conjugate or decline a prefix. But I think you'll find that similar Romance-language modules do have special cases for prefixes, and I think we should do so here too. As for NFD form, it turns out that there are no precomposed Cyrillic characters involving acute accents, so it doesn't really matter. The corresponding Russian module Module:ru-common has a comment at the top that explicitly indicates that transliterations must be in NFD form, but Cyrillic need not be, and the functions in that module take care to correctly handle ѐ and ѝ, which have precomposed versions. It looks like this doesn't happen in the Bulgarian module because grave accents aren't touched at all. Benwing2 (talk) 05:19, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Benwing2 thanks for the context. Yeah I'm not sure why the ѝ test case for  works the way it does - I would've expected и́̀ or ѝ́, but neither of those is the outcome, even when I write it as и + combining grave accent rather than the precomposed character. Good to know about the acute accents - I was going by the fact that one of the first things we do in Module:bg-pronunciation is get the NFD form of the input. From your comments, it sounds like that step might be of little utility, since we end up having to re-compose breves (e.g. й), and the acute accent we use to indicate stress is not composed anyway. The only other "pronunciation" characters are the grave accent and the dot under, the latter of which I really wish we could ditch in favor of just using endschwa.
 * RE: expected callers - I'd feel a lot better if code that goes in a "common" module makes no assumptions about who's calling it; otherwise, I have to challenge whether it's truly common. I'm happy to make any reasonable changes to common utility methods to make sure they are caller-independent.
 * RE: "not doing it for suffixes is correct" - can you elaborate? I want to write documentation for the functions in this module (and, over time, the other BG modules), so I want to capture things like that.
 * Thanks,
 * Chernorizets (talk) 08:44, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Chernorizets The test case "works" because MediaWiki converts all text to NFC form upon saving the page, so ѝ gets turned into a single precomposed character even if you type it as two characters, and that precomposed character isn't listed among the set of vowels, so it doesn't get an accent added. The converting to NFD followed by recomposing is modeled after the corresponding step in Russian, which is done to handle acutes and graves in both Cyrillic and (especially) the Latin transliteration. See Module:ru-common and the comment below it. This is of less utility for Bulgarian because we don't currently support manual transliteration in Bulgarian (and maybe never well, since it's probably not necessary). Since the only grave-accented Cyrillic characters that are precomposed are ѐ and ѝ, it might make sense to rewrite the decompose/recompose functionality to just handle those two characters. As for treating suffixes specially, at least in Russian, some suffixes are habitually stressed, e.g., and some are never stressed, e.g. , and some can be either, e.g. or . This means that the stress mark is significant in suffixes, including monosyllabic ones, so we don't want to remove it or add it automatically. See also this comment from Module:ru-common:
 * -- Remove acute and grave accents in monosyllabic words; don't affect
 * -- diaeresis (composed or uncomposed) because it indicates a change in vowel
 * -- quality, which still applies to monosyllabic words. Don't change suffixes,
 * -- where a "monosyllabic" stress is still significant (e.g. -ча́т short
 * -- masculine of -ча́тый, vs. -́чат short masculine of -́чатый).
 * -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top.
 * I'm not sure whether the same thing applies to Bulgarian, but I expect it does.
 * As for dot-under vs. endschwa, generally I actually prefer the former because the latter doesn't work well in multiword expressions, where a word somewhere in the middle may require endschwa and it gets awkward trying to specify which word using a separate param. This issue comes up in Russian, for example, where we have a separate gem param to indicate whether geminate consonants are pronounced geminate, non-geminate or optionally geminate, but it's problematic with multiple words or even with single words containing multiple geminate consonants.
 * As for expectations of callers, in Module:ru-common I expect callers to pass in decomposed text because otherwise every function would have to do the decomposition itself at the beginning, which would be expensive and wasteful (and it would also get quite complex if we want to be truly caller-independent and handle both decomposed and pre-composed text, because we'd have to detect whether the text is decomposed or composed, and in the former case do nothing but in the latter case we'd have to decompose, do the operation and recompose at the end). Many of the operations in Module:ru-common are complicated because they have to be able to do things like applying reduction, dereduction, destressing (which also converts ё to е), etc. not only to a Cyrillic word but to a combination of a Cyrillic word and its manual transliteration; for various reasons this often requires splitting up a word into its syllables, doing operations syllable-by-syllable in parallel with the Cyrillic and its transliteration, and pasting the results back together. These sorts of operations need to be done on decomposed text because they need to check for accents separately from the vowel they're attached to. These operations are simpler in Bulgarian without manual transliteration to worry about, but still I'd be wary of trying to make everything work with both decomposed and pre-composed text; easier just to require that callers decompose their text at the very beginning, and recompose if necessary at the end (however, since MediaWiki automatically converts text to NFC upon saving, it's often not necessary to recompose; this is only needed if you allow the operation in question to be used as part of some other operation that might do some additional processing on the text and expect it to be composed). Benwing2 (talk) 09:19, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Benwing2 thanks for the exhaustive answer! Manual transliteration is not needed for standard Bulgarian, although it may come up one day if we decide to give proper transliterations for e.g. pre-reform spellings of words. Prior to 1945, for example, all Bulgarian words with a word-final consonant would be written with a silent ъ (e.g. домъ instead of modern дом), and the current algorithm would transliterate the silent ъ as its full-pronounced counterpart.
 * RE: caller expectations - definitely agree on things like "assume the input is already decomposed"; I was referring more to things like "this function is (normally) only called by module X".
 * RE: suffixes - what I gather from your explanation is that the monosyllabic stress functions should be meaning-preserving and grammatical, i.e. their only effect is to (optionally) indicate stress that's already inherently there, vs introduce it where it doesn't belong, thereby either breaking a grammatical rule, or affecting semantics by adding it. Is that understanding correct? As for Bulgarian suffixes, I know that some could be either stressed or unstressed depending on word, and it's possible that some could be just one but not the other, although I don't have good examples OTOH. Either way, the same is likely true for prefixes, which bolsters the case that prefixes should probably also be excluded.
 * RE: MediaWiki doing a NFC step behind the covers - sneaky! :-) Never would've guessed that.
 * RE: grave accents - I'll likely take a closer look at how we handle orthographic grave accents (i.e. instances where it's required in Bulgarian text). In addition to ѝ, there is the version of по̀ (more) when used by itself, and not as the comparative prefix for adjectives, i.e. "той е по̀ човек от теб" (he's more of a human being than you are). I don't think the current translit module would handle this correctly, which I will verify when I get to its tests; fortunately it would be an easy fix. I'll likely also centralize our various regexes for "is a vowel", "is a consonant" etc for Bulgarian in the common module, along with a few other constants (notably pronunciation notation) we tend to copy-paste. Chernorizets (talk) 09:56, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Module talk:bg-common/testcases


text:
សាទរ

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) (to be) enthusiastic
 * 2) (to be) respectful

Noun

 * 1) enthusiasm
 * 2) respect

title: សាទរ


text: hremige

title: hremige


text: hremge

title: hremge


text: ch'eeeyo'

title: ch'eeeyo'


text: Category:yur:Crickets and grasshoppers

title: Category:yur:Crickets and grasshoppers


text:
செல்லம்

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) opulence, prosperity, fortune
 * 2)  private treasury (as of a king)
 * 3)  amusement, pastime
 * 4)  indulgence
 * 1)  indulgence
 * 1)  indulgence

title: செல்லம்


text: scynost

title: scynost


text: hwittost

title: hwittost


text:
រីករាយថ្ងៃខួបកំណើត

Etymology
+ +.

Phrase

 * 1) happy birthday!

title: រីករាយថ្ងៃខួបកំណើត


text: Category:yur:Arachnids

title: Category:yur:Arachnids


text: gladost

title: gladost


text:
பெரியவர்

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) the great
 * 2) the aged
 * 3) ancestors
 * 1) ancestors

title: பெரியவர்


text: pue'nos

title: pue'nos


text: Category:yur:Beetles

title: Category:yur:Beetles


text: Category:yur:Myriapods

title: Category:yur:Myriapods


text:
bredbent

Adjective

 * 1) wide-legged (having the legs far apart)

title: bredbent


text: miseratoris

title: miseratoris


text: miseratores

title: miseratores


text: miseratoribus

title: miseratoribus


text: miseratore

title: miseratore


text: miseratorem

title: miseratorem


text: miseratori

title: miseratori


text: bredbenta

title: bredbenta


text: Citations:nosist

title: Citations:nosist


text: bredbente

title: bredbente


text: terwermers

title: terwermers


text:
ஐயன்

Etymology 1
, from.

Noun

 * 1) sage
 * 2) priest, teacher, preceptor
 * 3) a title of Smarta Brahmins
 * 4) father
 * 5)  superior person, man of dignity, of respectability
 * 6) master
 * 7) king
 * 1)  superior person, man of dignity, of respectability
 * 2) master
 * 3) king
 * 1) king

Proper noun

 * 1)  Brahman

Etymology 2
From

Noun

 * 1) elder brother
 * 2) god, deva
 * 1) god, deva

title: ஐயன்


text: microvibratomes

title: microvibratomes


text: microvoltages

title: microvoltages


text: tohtar'

title: tohtar'


text:
轉氣

Verb

 * 1)  to take a breather; to catch one's breath

title: 轉氣


text: 转气

title: 转气


text: wertpeet

title: wertpeet


text: bryttum

title: bryttum


text:
அடிகள்

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) deity
 * 2) sage, ascetic
 * 3) spiritual preceptor
 * 4) senior, elder
 * 5) queen, lady
 * 1) senior, elder
 * 2) queen, lady
 * 1) queen, lady

title: அடிகள்


text: bryttena

title: bryttena


text: 'werrp'

title: 'werrp'


text: onþracienne

title: onþracienne


text: onþraciende

title: onþraciende


text: onþracast

title: onþracast


text: onþracaþ

title: onþracaþ


text: 'wes

title: 'wes


text: onþracige

title: onþracige


text: þurhdrifende

title: þurhdrifende


text: þurhdrife

title: þurhdrife


text: þurhdraf

title: þurhdraf


text: urinröret

title: urinröret


text: þurhdrifenne

title: þurhdrifenne


text: þurhdrifst

title: þurhdrifst


text: þurhdrifþ

title: þurhdrifþ


text: urinrören

title: urinrören


text: þurhdrifaþ

title: þurhdrifaþ


text: þurhdrifon

title: þurhdrifon


text: 'yekwhl

title: 'yekwhl


text: þurhdrif

title: þurhdrif


text: urinrörs

title: urinrörs


text: todrifaþ

title: todrifaþ


text: todrifon

title: todrifon


text: urinrörets

title: urinrörets


text: todrifende

title: todrifende


text: todrifenne

title: todrifenne


text: bedrifende

title: bedrifende


text: bedrifenne

title: bedrifenne


text: urinrörens

title: urinrörens


text: fordrifaþ

title: fordrifaþ


text: fordrifon

title: fordrifon


text: fordrifenne

title: fordrifenne


text: fordrifende

title: fordrifende


text:
ஆழ்வார்

Etymology
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) title of Jain and Buddhist saints

title: ஆழ்வார்


text: oferdrifenne

title: oferdrifenne


text: oferdrifaþ

title: oferdrifaþ


text: oferdrifon

title: oferdrifon


text: oferdrifende

title: oferdrifende


text: bescan

title: bescan


text: bescine

title: bescine


text: bescinst

title: bescinst


text: bescinþ

title: bescinþ


text: bescinaþ

title: bescinaþ


text: bescinon

title: bescinon


text:
注射死刑

Noun

 * 1) lethal injection

title: 注射死刑


text: scinenne

title: scinenne


text: scinende

title: scinende


text: gescinen

title: gescinen


text: ceoselstane

title: ceoselstane


text: ceoselstanas

title: ceoselstanas


text: ceoselstana

title: ceoselstana


text: ceoselstanum

title: ceoselstanum


text: ceoselstanes

title: ceoselstanes


text: mylenstanes

title: mylenstanes


text: mylenstane

title: mylenstane


text: mylenstanum

title: mylenstanum


text: mylenstana

title: mylenstana


text: mylenstanas

title: mylenstanas


text: eþellandes

title: eþellandes


text: eþellande

title: eþellande


text: eþellanda

title: eþellanda


text: eþellandum

title: eþellandum


text:
Talk:edtwt

RFV discussion: September 2023
Hot word from August 2021, slang for "eating disorder twitter". This seems to still be in use on the-site-formerly-known-as-twitter, and perhaps also on Reddit, but I can't find anything durably archived in the past year. Can anyone help? Cnilep (talk) 01:44, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Cited. Einstein2 (talk) 09:10, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
 * RFV passed. Cnilep (talk) 10:27, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:edtwt


text: snawhwite

title: snawhwite


text: snawhwitre

title: snawhwitre


text: snawhwitum

title: snawhwitum


text: snawhwitra

title: snawhwitra


text: snawhwita

title: snawhwita


text: snawhwitan

title: snawhwitan


text: meolchwitne

title: meolchwitne


text: meolchwites

title: meolchwites


text: meolchwitum

title: meolchwitum


text: meolchwite

title: meolchwite


text: meolchwitre

title: meolchwitre


text: meolchwitra

title: meolchwitra


text: meolchwita

title: meolchwita


text: meolchwitan

title: meolchwitan


text:
轉流

Verb

 * 1)  to have a change of tide

title: 轉流


text: 转流

title: 转流


text:
轉輪

Verb

 * 1)  to move up and down, left and right
 * 2)  to recover consciousness

title: 轉輪


text: 转轮

title: 转轮


text:
சித்தர்

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) supernals inhabiting the intermediate region between Earth and the Sun
 * 2) perfected ones

title: சித்தர்


text: Category:English links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Links with ignored alt parameters by language


text: Category:Old English links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Italian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Polish links with ignored alt parameters


text:
நாயனார்

Etymology
Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) lord, master
 * 2) title of canonized Shaiva saints
 * 1) title of canonized Shaiva saints

Proper noun

 * 1) God
 * 2) Shiva
 * 3) Father
 * 1) Father

title: நாயனார்


text: Category:French links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Sumerian terms with non-redundant manual script codes


text:
பூசாரி

Noun

 * 1) priest of a village deity
 * 2) exorcist

title: பூசாரி


text: Category:Hungarian links with ignored id parameters


text: Category:Links with ignored id parameters by language


text: Category:Romanian descendants to be fixed in desctree


text: Category:North Wales English

title: Category:North Wales English


text: Category:Korean links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Korean links with ignored id parameters


text: Category:Spanish links with ignored id parameters


text: Category:English links with ignored id parameters


text: Category:Macedonian links with ignored id parameters


text: Category:Translingual links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:German links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Icelandic links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Hungarian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Scottish Gaelic links with ignored alt parameters


text:
கவிஞன்

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) poet

Proper noun

 * 1) Venus

title: கவிஞன்


text: Category:Bulgarian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Greek links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Japanese links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Persian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Vietnamese links with ignored alt parameters


text:
უმეტესწილად

Adverb

 * 1) mostly
 * 2) most of the time

title: უმეტესწილად


text: Category:Russian links with ignored alt parameters


text:
უმეტესად

Adverb

 * 1) mostly

title: უმეტესად


text: Category:North Levantine Arabic links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Norwegian Bokmål links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Norwegian Nynorsk links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Tagalog links with ignored alt parameters


text:
უმეტეს შემთხვევაში

Adverb

 * 1) most of the time, on most occasions

title: უმეტეს შემთხვევაში


text:
უმრავლეს შემთხვევაში

Adverb

 * 1) most of the time, on most occasions

title: უმრავლეს შემთხვევაში


text:
ხშირ შემთხვევაში

Adverb

 * 1) often, as a rule, most of the time, on most occasions

title: ხშირ შემთხვევაში


text:
უმეტეს დროს

Adverb

 * 1) most of the time, on most occasions

title: უმეტეს დროს


text: Category:Demotic links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Hindi links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Macedonian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Indonesian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Old Armenian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Chinese links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Spanish links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Chichewa links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Armenian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Old Javanese links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Urdu links with ignored alt parameters


text:
როგორც წესი

Adverb

 * 1) as a rule

title: როგორც წესი


text:
შემთხვევაში

Adverb

 * 1) in case of

title: შემთხვევაში


text: Citations:hell-realm

title: Citations:hell-realm


text: Category:Tamil links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Latin links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Czech links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Ancient Greek links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Balinese links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Ottoman Turkish links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Malay links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Javanese links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Nupe links with ignored alt parameters


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rьvьnostь

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ardency, zeal
 * 2) jealousy

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rьvьnostь


text:
სასაათო ზოლი

Noun

 * 1) time zone

title: სასაათო ზოლი


text:
სასაათო სარტყელი

Noun

 * 1) time zone

title: სასაათო სარტყელი


text: Category:Malecite-Passamaquoddy links with ignored alt parameters


text: სასაათო სარტყლები

title: სასაათო სარტყლები


text: სასაათო ზოლები

title: სასაათო ზოლები


text: Category:Portuguese links with ignored alt parameters


text: ცხვირები

title: ცხვირები


text: Category:Old Swedish links with ignored alt parameters


text: სახეები

title: სახეები


text: პირები

title: პირები


text: პიროვნებები

title: პიროვნებები


text: ინდივიდები

title: ინდივიდები


text: Category:Maltese links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Catalan links with ignored alt parameters


text:
დროითი სარტყელი

Noun

 * 1) time zone

Usage notes
While and  are mainstream terms, in that order,  and  are much more rare and nonstandard, yet occasionally used in the colloquial language, likely due to English influence.

title: დროითი სარტყელი


text: Category:Welsh links with ignored alt parameters


text:
დროითი ზოლი

Noun

 * 1) time zone

Usage notes
While and  are mainstream terms, in that order,  and  are much more rare and nonstandard, yet occasionally used in the colloquial language, likely due to English influence.

title: დროითი ზოლი


text: Category:Galician links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Proto-Indo-European links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Proto-Slavic links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Swahili links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Proto-Indo-Iranian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Proto-Georgian-Zan links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Proto-West Germanic links with ignored alt parameters


text:
იმ შემთხვევაში, თუ

Conjunction

 * 1) if, in case of, in case, in the event, in the event that
 * 2) just in case

title: იმ შემთხვევაში, თუ


text: Category:Turkmen links with ignored alt parameters


text:
ყოველი შემთხვევისთვის

Conjunction

 * 1) just in case

title: ყოველი შემთხვევისთვის


text: αστυνομοκρατίας

title: αστυνομοκρατίας


text: αστυνομοκρατιών

title: αστυνομοκρατιών


text: Category:Swedish links with ignored alt parameters


text: αστυνομοκρατίες

title: αστυνομοκρατίες


text: Category:Dutch links with ignored alt parameters


text:
მხოლოდ იმ შემთხვევაში, თუ

Conjunction

 * 1) if and only if

title: მხოლოდ იმ შემთხვევაში, თუ


text: Category:Yiddish links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Yoruba links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Belarusian links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Irish links with ignored alt parameters


text: Category:Ukrainian links with ignored alt parameters


text:
άστυφτος

Adjective

 * 1) unsqueezed, not wrung

title: άστυφτος


text: ασύγνωστος

title: ασύγνωστος


text:
ασύγγνωστος

Adjective

 * 1) unforgivable, inexcusable

title: ασύγγνωστος


text:
རིས་མེད

Adjective

 * 1) impartial

title: རིས་མེད


text:
мікрочастинка

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) microparticle

title: мікрочастинка


text:
རིས

Noun

 * 1) pattern, figure, form, design
 * 2) painting or other art

title: རིས


text:
inläsning

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) concentrated study
 * 2) reading recording of written material read out loud, for example to produce an audio book
 * 3)  loading, scanning

title: inläsning


text: inläsningen

title: inläsningen


text: inläsningar

title: inläsningar


text: inläsningarna

title: inläsningarna


text: inläsnings

title: inläsnings


text: inläsningens

title: inläsningens


text: inläsningars

title: inläsningars


text: inläsningarnas

title: inläsningarnas


text: розглянуть

title: розглянуть


text: розгляне

title: розгляне


text: розглянув

title: розглянув


text: розглянула

title: розглянула


text: розглянуло

title: розглянуло


text: розглянули

title: розглянули


text: розгляну

title: розгляну


text: розглянеш

title: розглянеш


text: розглянете

title: розглянете


text: розглянем

title: розглянем


text: розглянемо

title: розглянемо


text:
inringare

Etymology
From. .

Noun

 * 1) caller person making a phone call

title: inringare


text: inringaren

title: inringaren


text: inringarna

title: inringarna


text: inringares

title: inringares


text: inringarens

title: inringarens


text: inringarnas

title: inringarnas


text:
ഇലക്കണം

Etymology
Likely. Cognate to 🇨🇬. .

Noun

 * 1) symptom
 * 2) the higher grammatical dialect

title: ഇലക്കണം


text: розглянутий

title: розглянутий


text:
dörrknackning

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) door-knocking
 * 2) the act of going door-to-door

title: dörrknackning


text: dörrknackningen

title: dörrknackningen


text: dörrknackningar

title: dörrknackningar


text: dörrknackningarna

title: dörrknackningarna


text: dörrknacknings

title: dörrknacknings


text: dörrknackningens

title: dörrknackningens


text: dörrknackningars

title: dörrknackningars


text: dörrknackningarnas

title: dörrknackningarnas


text: розглянуто

title: розглянуто


text: розгляньмо

title: розгляньмо


text: розглянь

title: розглянь


text: розгляньте

title: розгляньте


text: розглянувши

title: розглянувши


text: б'є

title: б'є


text: б'ють

title: б'ють


text: б'ю

title: б'ю


text: б'єш

title: б'єш


text: б'ючи

title: б'ючи


text:
load out

Verb

 * 1) To load or load up in preparation for, or as an aspect of, heading out.

title: load out


text: Category:English links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Links with redundant alt parameters by language


text:
обчислювальний

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) computing
 * 2) computational

title: обчислювальний


text: Category:Hebrew links with redundant alt parameters


text:
fold-up

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) Able to be folded up; especially, easy to fold up.

Noun

 * 1) A piece of furniture that is easily folded up for storage or transport.

title: fold-up


text: Category:Afrikaans links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Basque links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Catalan links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Czech links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Dutch links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Finnish links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:German links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Italian links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Norwegian links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Norwegian Nynorsk links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Polish links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Slovak links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Spanish links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Swahili links with redundant alt parameters


text: Category:Swedish links with redundant alt parameters


text: слідчі

title: слідчі


text: fold-ups

title: fold-ups


text:
Aulia

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * , b. 1991
 * , b. 1991

title: Aulia


text:
ܟܐܠ ܚܡܝܡܘܬܐ

Noun

 * 1) thermometer apparatus used to measure temperature

title: ܟܐܠ ܚܡܝܡܘܬܐ


text:
ܟܐܠ ܚܝܠܐ

Noun

 * 1) dynamometer device used to measure mechanical power or force

title: ܟܐܠ ܚܝܠܐ


text:
веселощі

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) merriment, glee, mirth, jocundity
 * 2) merriment, fun, revelry

title: веселощі


text:
dominanttiseptimisointu

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1)  dominant seventh chord

title: dominanttiseptimisointu


text: Category:Esperanto links with redundant alt parameters