text:
Module:User:Benwing2/ca-verb

--[=[

This module implements and provides the underlying conjugation functions for (whose actual formatting is done in Module:ca-headword).

Authorship: Ben Wing

]=]

local export = {}

--[=[

TERMINOLOGY:

-- "slot" = A particular combination of tense/mood/person/number/etc. Example slot names for verbs are "pres_1s" (present indicative first-person singular), "pres_sub_2s" (present	 subjunctive second-person singular) "impf_sub_3p" (imperfect subjunctive third-person plural). Each slot is filled with zero or more forms.

-- "form" = The conjugated Catalan form representing the value of a given slot.

-- "lemma" = The dictionary form of a given Catalan term. For Catalan, always the infinitive. ]=]

--[=[

FIXME:

--]=]

local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("ca") local m_string_utilities = require("Module:string utilities") local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_table = require("Module:table") local iut = require("Module:inflection utilities") local com = require("Module:User:Benwing2/ca-common")

local force_cat = false -- set to true for debugging local check_for_red_links = false -- set to false for debugging

local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsplit = mw.text.split local rsub = com.rsub local u = mw.ustring.char

local function link_term(term, display, face) return m_links.full_link({ lang = lang, term = term, alt = display }, face) end

local front_vowel = "eèéiíï" local front_vowel_c = "[" .. front_vowel .. "]" local V = com.V -- vowel regex class local C = com.C -- consonant regex class local WORD_JOINER = u(0x2060) -- hack to prevent empty single-quoted strings from being interpreted as italics

--[=[

Irregular verbs:

-ldre/-ndre verbs:

infinitive	pres1s	pres3s	pres1p	impf1s	fut1s		pret1s		sub1s		sub1p		pp caldre		-		cal		[calent] calia	caldrà		calgué		calgui		-			calgut,- coldre		colc	col		colem	colia	coldré		colguí		colgui		colguem		colt,colta doldre		dolc	dol		dolem	dolia	doldré		dolguí		dolgui		dolguem		dolgut,dolguda moldre		molc	mol		molem	molia	moldré		molguí		molgui		molguem		molt,molta oldre		olc		ol		olem	olia	oldré		olguí		olgui		olguem		olgut,olguda -soldre		-solc	-sol	-solem	-solia	-soldré		-solguí		-solgui		-solguem	-solt,-solta (absoldre, dissoldre, resoldre) toldre		tolc	tol		tolem	tolia	toldré		tolguí		tolgui		tolguem		tolt,tolta romandre	romanc	roman	romanem	romania	romandré	romanguí	romangui	romanguem	romàs,romasa,romasos encendre	encenc	encén	encenem	encenia	encendré	encenguí	encengui	encenguem	encès,encesa,encesos fendre		fenc	fen/-fèn fenem	fenia	fendré		fenguí		fengui		fenguem		fes/-fès,fesa,fesos (defendre, ofendre) -pendre		-depenc	-pèn	-penem	-penia	-pendré		-penguí		-pengui		-penguem	-pès,-pesa,-pesos (dependre,despendre,expendre,suspendre) prendre		prenc	pren/-prèn prenem prenia prendré	prenguí		prengui		prenguem	pres/-près,presa,presos (aprendre, comprendre, desprendre, emprendre, reprendre, sorprendre) -tendre		-tenc	-tén	-tenem	-tenia	-tendré		-tenguí		-tengui		-tenguem	-tès,-tesa,-tesos (pres2s: atens, pres3p: atenen) (atendre, contendre, distendre, entendre, estendre, pretendre) vendre		venc	ven		venem	venia	vendré		venguí		vengui		venguem		venut,venuda (malvendre, revendre) fondre		fonc	fon		fonem	fonia	fondré		fonguí		fongui		fonguem		fos/-fós,fosa,fosos (confondre, difondre, infondre, refondre) enfondre	enfonc	enfon	enfonem	enfonia	enfondré	enfonguí	enfongui	enfonguem	enfús,enfusa,enfusos pondre		ponc	pon		ponem	ponia	pondré		ponguí		pongui		ponguem		post,posta,postos (compondre, correspondre, descompondre, respondre) tondre		tonc	ton		tonem	tonia	tondré		tonguí		tongui		tonguem		tos,tosa,tosos cerndre		cerno	cern	cernem	cernia	cerndré		cerní		cerni		cernem		cernut,cernuda

-ler verbs (mostly like -ldre verbs):

infinitive	pres1s	pres3s	pres1p	impf1s	fut1s		pret1s		sub1s		sub1p		pp caler (var. of caldre) doler (var. of doldre) soler		solc	sol		solem	solia	soldré		solguí		solgui		solguem		solgut,solguda valer/valdre valc	val		valem	valia	valdré		valguí		valgui		valguem		valgut,valguda (prevaler, equivaler)

other -dre/-tre verbs (regular except sometimes pp):

infinitive	pres1s	pres3s	pres1p	impf1s	fut1s		pret1s		sub1s		sub1p		pp batre		bato	bat		batem	batia	batré		batí		bati		batem		batut,batuda -metre		-meto	-met	-metem	-metia	-metré		-metí		-meti		-metem		-mès,-mesa,-mesos (ad-, co-, compro-, e-, entremetre's, mal-, o-, per-, pro-, read-, re-, retrans-, sot-, tra-, trans-) perdre		perdo	perd	perdem	perdia	perdré		perdí		perdi		perdem		perdut,perduda

-ure verbs

infinitive	pres1s	pres3s	pres1p	impf1s	impf1p	fut1s		pret1s		sub1s		sub1p		pp caure		caic	cau		caiem	queia	quèiem	cauré		caiguí		caigui		caiguem		caigut,caiguda (decaure, recaure) plaure		plac	plau	plaem	plaïa	plaíem	plauré		plaguí		plagui		plaguem		plagut,plaguda (complaure) raure		rac		rau		raem	raïa	raíem	rauré	raguí		ragui		raguem		ragut,raguda beure		bec		beu		bevem	bevia	bevíem	beuré		beguí		begui		beguem		begut,beguda (embeure) creure		crec	creu	creiem	creia	crèiem	creuré		creguí		cregui		creguem		cregut,creguda deure		dec		deu		devem	devia	devíem	deuré		deguí		degui		deguem		degut,deguda jeure		jec		jeu		jaiem	jeia	jèiem	jauré		jaguí		jegui		jaguem		jagut,jaguda (ajeure) lleure		-		lleu	[-]		llevia	-		lleurà		llegué		llegui		-			llegut,- seure		sec		seu		seiem	seia	sèiem	seuré		seguí		segui		seguem		segut,seguda (asseure) treure		trec	treu	traiem	treia	trèiem	trauré		traguí		tregui		traguem		tret,treta (abstreure, atreure, contreure, distreure, extreure, retreure, sostreure) veure		veig	veu		veiem	veia	vèiem	veuré		viu,veieres/veres, vegi	vegem		vist,vista,vists/vistos (entreveure, preveure, reveure)									veié/veu,veiérem/vérem riure		ric		riu		riem	reia	rèiem	riuré		riguí		rigui		riguem		rigut,riguda (somriure) (e)scriure	escric	escriu	escrivim escrivia escrivíem escriuré escriví/escriguí escrigui escriguem escrit,escrita (circumscriure, descriure, inscriure, prescriure, proscriure, subscriure, transcriure) viure		visc	viu		vivim	vivia	vivíem	viuré		visquí		visqui		visquem		viscut,viscuda (conviure, sobreviure) cloure		cloc	clou	cloem	cloïa	cloíem	clouré		cloguí		clogui		cloguem		clos,closa,closos (concloure, descloure, encloure, excloure, incloure, recloure) encloure	encloc	enclou	encloem	encloïa	encloíem enclouré	encloguí	enclogui	encloguem	enclòs,enclosa,enclosos coure		coc		cou		coem	coïa	coíem	couré		coguí		cogui		coguem		cuit/cogut,cuita/coguda moure		moc		mou		movem	movia	movíem	mouré		moguí		mogui		moguem		mogut,moguda (promoure) noure		noc		nou		noem	noïa	noíem	nouré		noguí		nogui		noguem		nogut,noguda ploure		-		plou	[plovent] plovia -		plourà		plogué		plogui		-			plogut,ploguda

-nyer verbs (regular except pp)

infinitive	pres1s	pres3s	pres1p	impf1s	fut1s		pret1s		sub1s		sub1p		pp atènyer		atenyo	ateny	atenyem	atenyia	atenyeré	atenyí		atenyi		atenyem		atès,atesa,atesos empènyer	empenyo	empeny	empenyem empenyia empenyeré	empenyí		empenyi		empenyem	empès,empesa,empesos estrènyer	estrenyo estreny estrenyem estrenyia estrenyeré	estrenyí estrenyi	estrenyem	estret,estreta estrènyer (constrènyer,restrènyer) fènyer		fenyo	feny	fenyem	fenyia	fenyeré		fenyí/fenguí fenyi		fenyem		fenyut/fengut,fenyuda/fenguda pertànyer	pertanyo pertany pertanyem pertanyia pertanyeré	pertanyí/pertanguí pertanyi	pertanyem pertanyut/pertangut,pertanyuda/pertanguda plànyer		planyo	plany	planyem	planyia	planyeré	planyí/planguí planyi	planyem		plangut/planyut,planguda/planyuda

-xer verbs (NOTE: pres2s in -xes)

infinitive	pres1s	pres3s	pres1p	impf1s	fut1s		pret1s		sub1s		sub1p		pp créixer		creixo	creix	creixem	creixia	creixeré	creixí/cresquí creixi	creixem		 crescut,crescuda (acréixer,decréixer) conèixer	conec	coneix	coneixem coneixia coneixeré	coneguí		conegui		coneguem	conegut,coneguda (desconèixer,reconèixer) merèixer	mereixo	mereix	mereixem mereixia mereixeré	mereixí/meresquí mereixi mereixem	merescut,merescuda néixer/		neixo/	neix/	naixem	naixia	naixeré		naixí/nasquí neixi/		naixem/nasquem nascut,nascuda nàixer		naixo	naix											 naixi (renéixer) parèixer	parec	pareix	pareixem pareixia pareixeré	pareguí		paregui		pareguem	paregut,pareguda (aparèixer,comparèixer,desaparèixer,reaparèixer) péixer		peixo	peix	paixem	paixia	paixeré		paixí		peixi		paixem		pascut,pascuda

misc. -er verbs

infinitive	pres1s	pres3s	pres1p	impf1s	impf1p	fut1s		pret1s		sub1s		sub1p		pp córrer		corro	corre	correm	corria	corríem	correré		correguí	corri		correm		corregut,correguda fúmer		fumo	fum		fumem	fumia	fumíem	fumeré		fumí		fumi		fumem		fumut,fumuda prémer		premo	prem	premem	premia	premíem	premeré		premí		premi		premem		premut,premuda (es-, re-) témer		temo	tem		temem	temia	temíem	temeré		temí		temi		temem		temut,temuda trémer		[regular] tòrcer		torço	torç	torcem	torcia	torcíem	torceré		torcí		torci		torcem		torçut,torçuda (des-)				[pres2s torces] vèncer		venço	venç	vencem	vencia	vencíem	venceré		vencí		venci		vencem		vençut,vençuda (con-, re-)			[pres2s vences] cabre/caber	cabo	cap		cabem	cabia	cabíem	cabré		cabí		càpiga		capiguem	cabut,cabuda [sub2s càpigues] haver		he/haig	ha		havem/hem havia	havíem	hauré		haguí		hagi		hàgim/haguem hagut,haguda [noimp]							[cond1s hauria/haguera; impsub2s haguessis/haguesses] poder		puc		pot		podem	podia	podíem	podré		poguí		pugui		puguem		pogut,poguda saber		sé		sap		sabem	sabia	sabíem	sabré		sabí		sàpiga		sapiguem	sabut,sabuda [imp2s sàpigues, imp2p sapigueu] voler		vull	vol		volem	volia	volíem	voldré		volguí		vulgui		vulguem		volgut,volguda ser/ésser	soc		és		som		era		érem	seré		fui			sigui		siguem		estat/sigut,estada/siguda [ger sent/essent]		[cond1s seria/fora] [pres: soc,ets,éts,som,sou,són; pret: fui,fores,fou,fórem,fóreu,foren; impsub: fos,fossis,fos,fóssim,fóssiu,fossin] [imp: sigues,sigueu] fer			faig	fa		fem		feia	fèiem	faré		fiu			faci		fem			fet,feta [pres3p fan] [pret: fiu,feres,feu,férem,féreu,feren]

]=] local all_persons_numbers = { ["1s"] = "1|s", ["2s"] = "2|s", ["3s"] = "3|s", ["1p"] = "1|p", ["2p"] = "2|p", ["3p"] = "3|p", }

local person_number_list = {"1s", "2s", "3s", "1p", "2p", "3p"} local imp_person_number_list = {"2s", "3s", "1p", "2p", "3p"} local neg_imp_person_number_list = {"2s", "3s", "1p", "2p", "3p"}

proclitic_non_elided_person_number_to_reflexive_pronoun = { ["1s"] = "em ", ["2s"] = "et ", ["3s"] = "es ", ["1p"] = "ens ", ["2p"] = "us ", ["3p"] = "es ", }

proclitic_elided_person_number_to_reflexive_pronoun = { ["1s"] = "m'", ["2s"] = "t'", ["3s"] = "s'", ["1p"] = "ens ", ["2p"] = "us ", ["3p"] = "s'", }

enclitic_non_elided_person_number_to_reflexive_pronoun = { ["1s"] = "-me", ["2s"] = "-te", ["3s"] = "-se", ["1p"] = "-nos", ["2p"] = "-vos", ["3p"] = "-se", }

enclitic_elided_person_number_to_reflexive_pronoun = { ["1s"] = "'m", ["2s"] = "'t", ["3s"] = "'s", ["1p"] = "'ns", ["2p"] = "-us", ["3p"] = "'s", }

local indicator_flags = m_table.listToSet { "no_pres_stressed", "only3s", "only3sp", "only3p", "noimp", "pp_inv", "irreg", "no_built_in", }

-- Initialize all the slots for which we generate forms. local function add_slots(alternant_multiword_spec) -- "Basic" slots: All slots that go into the regular table (not the reflexive form-of table). alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic = { {"infinitive", "inf"}, {"infinitive_linked", "inf"}, {"gerund", "ger"}, {"pp_ms", "m|s|past|part"}, {"pp_fs", "f|s|past|part"}, {"pp_mp", "m|p|past|part"}, {"pp_fp", "f|p|past|part"}, }

-- Special slots used to handle non-reflexive parts of reflexive verbs in. For example, for a	-- reflexive-only verb like arrepentirse, we want to be able to use on arrepinta (which	-- should mention that it is a part of 'me arrepinta', first-person singular present subjunctive, and	-- 'se arrepinta', third-person singular present subjunctive) or on arrepentimos (which should mention that it	-- is a part of 'arrepentímonos', first-person plural present indicative or preterite). Similarly, we want to use -- on arrepentindo (which should mention that it is a part of 'se ... arrepentindo',	-- syntactic variant of arrepentíndose, which is the gerund of arrepentirse). To do this, we need to be -- able to map non-reflexive parts like arrepinta, arrepentimos, arrepentindo, etc. to their reflexive -- equivalent(s), to the tag(s) of the equivalent(s), and, in the case of forms like arrepentindo, -- arrepentir and imperatives, to the separated syntactic variant of the verb+clitic combination. We do this by	-- creating slots for the non-reflexive part equivalent of each basic reflexive slot, and for the separated -- syntactic-variant equivalent of each basic reflexive slot that is formed of verb+clitic. We use slots in this -- way to deal with multiword lemmas. Note that we run into difficulties mapping between reflexive verbs, -- non-reflexive part equivalents, and separated syntactic variants if a slot contains more than one form. To	-- handle this, if there are the same number of forms in two slots we're trying to match up, we assume the forms -- match one-to-one; otherwise we don't match up the two slots (which means won't work in this	-- case, but such a case is extremely rare and not worth worrying about). Alternatives that handle this "properly" -- are significantly more complicated and require non-trivial modifications to Module:inflection utilities. local need_special_verb_form_of_slots = alternant_multiword_spec.source_template == "ca-verb form of" and alternant_multiword_spec.refl

if need_special_verb_form_of_slots then alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_reflexive_verb_form_of = { {"infinitive_non_reflexive", "-"}, {"infinitive_variant", "-"}, {"gerund_non_reflexive", "-"}, {"gerund_variant", "-"}, }	else alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_reflexive_verb_form_of = {} end

-- Add entries for a slot with person/number variants. -- `verb_slots` is the table to add to. -- `slot_prefix` is the prefix of the slot, typically specifying the tense/aspect. -- `tag_suffix` is a string listing the set of inflection tags to add after the person/number tags. -- `person_number_list` is a list of the person/number slot suffixes to add to `slot_prefix`. local function add_personal_slot(verb_slots, slot_prefix, tag_suffix, person_number_list) for _, persnum in ipairs(person_number_list) do			local persnum_tag = all_persons_numbers[persnum] local slot = slot_prefix .. "_" .. persnum local accel = persnum_tag .. "|" .. tag_suffix table.insert(verb_slots, {slot, accel}) end end

-- Add a personal slot (i.e. a slot with person/number variants) to `verb_slots_basic`. local function add_basic_personal_slot(slot_prefix, tag_suffix, person_number_list, no_special_verb_form_of_slot) add_personal_slot(alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic, slot_prefix, tag_suffix, person_number_list) -- Add special slots for handling non-reflexive parts of reflexive verbs in. -- See comment above in `need_special_verb_form_of_slots`. if need_special_verb_form_of_slots and not no_special_verb_form_of_slot then for _, persnum in ipairs(person_number_list) do				local persnum_tag = all_persons_numbers[persnum] local basic_slot = slot_prefix .. "_" .. persnum local accel = persnum_tag .. "|" .. tag_suffix table.insert(alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_reflexive_verb_form_of, {basic_slot .. "_non_reflexive", "-"}) end end end

add_basic_personal_slot("pres", "pres|ind", person_number_list) add_basic_personal_slot("impf", "impf|ind", person_number_list) add_basic_personal_slot("pret", "pret|ind", person_number_list) add_basic_personal_slot("fut", "fut|ind", person_number_list) add_basic_personal_slot("cond", "cond", person_number_list) add_basic_personal_slot("pres_sub", "pres|sub", person_number_list) add_basic_personal_slot("impf_sub", "impf|sub", person_number_list) add_basic_personal_slot("imp", "imp", imp_person_number_list) -- Don't need special non-reflexive-part slots because the negative imperative is multiword, of which the -- individual words are 'no' + subjunctive. add_basic_personal_slot("neg_imp", "neg|imp", neg_imp_person_number_list, "no special verb form of") -- Don't need special non-reflexive-part slots because we don't want arrependendo mapping to arrependendo-me -- (only arrependendo-se) or arrepender mapping to arrepender-me (only arrepender-se). add_basic_personal_slot("infinitive", "inf", person_number_list, "no special verb form of") add_basic_personal_slot("gerund", "ger", person_number_list, "no special verb form of")

-- Generate the list of all slots. alternant_multiword_spec.all_verb_slots = {} for _, slot_and_accel in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic) do		table.insert(alternant_multiword_spec.all_verb_slots, slot_and_accel) end for _, slot_and_accel in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_reflexive_verb_form_of) do		table.insert(alternant_multiword_spec.all_verb_slots, slot_and_accel) end

alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic_map = {} for _, slotaccel in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic) do		local slot, accel = unpack(slotaccel) alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic_map[slot] = accel end end

local overridable_stems = {}

local function allow_multiple_values(separated_groups, data) local retvals = {} for _, separated_group in ipairs(separated_groups) do		local footnotes = data.fetch_footnotes(separated_group) local retval = {form = separated_group[1], footnotes = footnotes} table.insert(retvals, retval) end return retvals end

local function simple_choice(choices) return function(separated_groups, data) if #separated_groups > 1 then data.parse_err("For spec '" .. data.prefix .. ":', only one value currently allowed") end if #separated_groups[1] > 1 then data.parse_err("For spec '" .. data.prefix .. ":', no footnotes currently allowed") end local choice = separated_groups[1][1] if not m_table.contains(choices, choice) then data.parse_err("For spec '" .. data.prefix .. ":', saw value '" .. choice .. "' but expected one of '" ..				table.concat(choices, ",") .. "'") end return choice end end

for _, overridable_stem in ipairs { "pres_unstressed", "pres_stressed", -- Don't include pres1; use pres_1s if you need to override just that form "impf", "full_impf", {"pret_conj", simple_choice({"irreg", "ar", "er", "ir"}) }, "pret_base", "pret", "fut", "cond", "pres_sub_stressed", "pres_sub_unstressed", {"sub_conj", simple_choice({"ar", "er"}) }, "impf_sub", "pp", } do	if type(overridable_stem) == "string" then overridable_stems[overridable_stem] = allow_multiple_values else local stem, validator = unpack(overridable_stem) overridable_stems[stem] = validator end end

-- Useful as the value of the `match` property of a built-in verb. `main_verb_spec` is a Lua pattern that should match -- the non-prefixed part of a verb, and `prefix_specs` is a list of Lua patterns that should match the prefixed part of -- a verb. If a prefix spec is preceded by ^, it must match exactly at the beginning of the verb; otherwise, additional -- prefixes (e.g. re-, des-) may precede. Return the prefix and main verb. local function match_against_verbs(main_verb_spec, prefix_specs) return function(verb) for _, prefix_spec in ipairs(prefix_specs) do			if prefix_spec:find("^%^") then -- must match exactly prefix_spec = prefix_spec:gsub("^%^", "") if prefix_spec == "" then -- We can't use the second branch of the if-else statement because an empty returns the current position -- in rmatch. local main_verb = rmatch(verb, "^(" .. main_verb_spec .. ")$")					if main_verb then return "", main_verb end else local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, "^(" .. prefix_spec .. ")(" .. main_verb_spec .. ")$")					if prefix then return prefix, main_verb end end else local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, "^(.*" .. prefix_spec .. ")(" .. main_verb_spec .. ")$")				if prefix then return prefix, main_verb end end end return nil end end

--[=[

Built-in (usually irregular) conjugations.

Each entry is processed in turn and consists of an object with two fields: 1. match=: Specifies the built-in verbs that match this object. 2. forms=: Specifies the built-in stems and forms for these verbs.

The value of match= is either a string beginning with "^" (match only the specified verb), a string not beginning with "^" (match any verb ending in that string), or a function that is passed in the verb and should return the prefix of the verb if it matches, otherwise nil. The function match_against_verbs is provided to facilitate matching a set of verbs with a common ending and specific prefixes (e.g. ter and ater but not abater, etc.).

The value of forms= is a table specifying stems and individual override forms. Each key of the table names either a stem (e.g. `pres_stressed`), a stem property (e.g. `vowel_alt`) or an individual override form (e.g. `pres_1s`). Each value of a stem can either be a string (a single stem), a list of strings, or a list of objects of the form {form = STEM, footnotes = {FOONOTES}}. Each value of an individual override should be of exactly the same form except that the strings specify full forms rather than stems. The values of a stem property depend on the specific property but are generally strings or booleans.

In order to understand how the stem specifications work, it's important to understand the phonetic modifications done by combine_stem_ending. In general, the complexities of predictable prefix, stem and ending modifications are all handled in this function. In particular:

1. Spelling-based modifications (c/z, g/gu, gu/gü, g/j) occur automatically as appropriate for the ending. 2. If the stem begins with an acute accent, the accent is moved onto the last vowel of the prefix (for handling verbs  in -uar such as minguar, pres_3s 'míngua'). 3. If the ending begins with a double asterisk, this is a signal to conditionally delete the accent on the last letter of the stem. "Conditionally" means we don't do it if the last two letters would form a diphthong without the accent on the second one (e.g. in sair, with stem 'saí'); but as an exception, we do delete the accent in stems ending in -guí, -quí (e.g. in seguir) because in this case the ui isn't a diphthong. 4. If the ending begins with an asterisk, this is a signal to delete the accent on the last letter of the stem, e.g.  fizé -> fizermos. Unlike for **, this removal is unconditional, so we get e.g. 'sairmos' not #'saírmos'. 5. If ending begins with i, it must get an accent after an unstressed vowel (in some but not all cases) to prevent the two merging into a diphthong. See combine_stem_ending for specifics.

The following stems are recognized:

-- pres_unstressed: The present indicative unstressed stem (1p, 2p). Also controls the imperative 2p and gerund. Defaults to the infinitive stem (minus the ending -ar/-er/-ir/-or). -- pres_stressed: The present indicative stressed stem (1s, 2s, 3s, 3p). Also controls the imperative 2s. Default is empty if indicator `no_pres_stressed`, else a vowel alternation if such an indicator is given (e.g. `ue`, `ì`), else the infinitive stem. -- pres1: Special stem for 1s present indicative. Normally, do not set this explicitly. If you need to specify an    irregular 1s present indicative, use the form override pres_1s= to specify the entire form. Defaults to pres_stressed. -- pres_sub_unstressed: The present subjunctive unstressed stem (1p, 2p). Defaults to the infinitive stem. -- pres_sub_stressed: The present subjunctive stressed stem (1s, 2s, 3s, 1p). Defaults to pres1. -- sub_conj: Determines the set of endings used in the subjunctive. Should be one of "ar" or "er". -- impf: The imperfect stem (not including the -av-/-i- stem suffix, which is determined by the conjugation). Defaults to the infinitive stem. -- full_impf: The full imperfect stem missing only the endings (-a, -as, -am, etc.). Used for verbs with irregular imperfects such as ser, ter, vir and pór. -- pret_conj: Determines the set of endings used in the preterite. Should be one of "ar", "er", "ir" or "irreg". Defaults to the conjugation as determined from the infinitive. When pret_conj == "irreg", `pret` is used, otherwise `pret_base`. -- pret_base: The preterite stem (not including the -a-/-e-/-i- stem suffix). Defaults to the infinitive stem. Only used when pret_conj ~= "irreg". -- pret: The full preterite stem missing only the endings (-ste, -mos, etc.), e.g. 'fige', 'fo'. Only used for verbs with irregular preterites (pret_conj == "irreg") such as facer, poder, traer, etc. Defaults to `pret_base` + the conjugation vowel. -- fut: The future stem. Defaults to the infinitive stem + the conjugation vowel. -- cond: The conditional stem. Defaults to `fut`. -- impf_sub: The imperfect subjunctive stem. Defaults to `pret`. -- pp: The masculine singular past participle. Default is based on the verb conjugation: infinitive stem + '-ado' for -ar verbs, otherwise infinitive stem + '-ido'. -- pp_inv: `true` if the past participle exists only in the masculine singular. ]=]

local built_in_conjugations = {

--                                            -ar                                        --

-- Orthographic consonant alternations in endings are handled automatically in combine_stem_ending.

{		-- aguar: --  pres agúo, agúes, agúa, agüem, agüeu, agúen --  pres_sub aguï, aguïs, aguï, agüem, agüeu, aguïn -- contrast a more typical verb in -guar, enaiguar: --  pres enaiguo, enaigües, enaigua, enaigüem, enaigüeu, enaigüen --  pres_sub enaigüi, enaigüis, enaigüi, enaigüem, enaigüeu, enaigüin match = "^aguar", forms = { pres_stressed = "agú", pres_sub_stressed = "aguï", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- anar; highly irregular match = "^anar", forms = { fut = "anir", pres_1s = "vaj", -- will be converted to 'vaig'; 'vaig' gets converted to 'vaic' pres_2s = "vas", pres_3s = "va", pres_3p = "van", pres_sub_stressed = "vagi", imp_2s = "ves", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- dar match = "^dar", forms = { pres_1s = {form = "do", footnotes = {"[obsolete]"}}, pres_2s = {form = "das", footnotes = {"[obsolete]"}}, pres_3s = {form = "da", footnotes = {"[obsolete]"}}, pres_3p = {form = "dan", footnotes = {"[obsolete]"}}, pres_sub_1s = {form = "de", footnotes = {"[obsolete]"}}, pres_sub_2s = {form = "des", footnotes = {"[obsolete]"}}, pres_sub_3s = {form = "de", footnotes = {"[obsolete]"}}, pres_sub_3p = {form = "den", footnotes = {"[obsolete]"}}, pret_1s = "di", -- regular except for lack of accent pret_3s = "da", -- regular except for lack of accent impf_sub_1s = "des", -- regular except for lack of accent impf_sub_3s = "des", -- regular except for lack of accent irreg = true, }	},	{		-- estar; highly irregular match = "^estar", forms = { pres_2s = "estàs", pres_3s = "està", pres_3p = "estan", g_infix = "estig", imp_2s = "estigues", imp_2p = "estigueu", pp = "estad", }	},

--                                          -er/-re                                      --

-- Regular verbs not needing entries here: --	-- rebre, concebre, decebre, percebre -- rompre -- fúmer, prémer, témer, trémer -- perdre, batre, botre, fotre, retre -- tòrcer, vèncer -- etc.

--- -ldre/-ler --

{		-- caldre, doldre, condoldre's, oldre match = match_against_verbs("ldre", {"ca", "do", "^o"}), forms = { -- g_infix implies irreg = true -- g_infix adds -g to pres_1s, sub, pret and pp stems; combine_stem_ending changes final -g to -c g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- caler match = "caler", like = "caldre", },	{		-- doler and compounds match = "doler", like = "doldre", },	{		-- valer, equivaler, prevaler, sobrevaler match = "valer", forms = { -- see above for g_infix effects fut = "valdr", g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- valdre and compounds match = "valdre", like = "valer", },	{		-- coldre, moldre, absoldre, dissoldre, resoldre, toldre match = "oldre", -- this must follow doldre/oldre rule above forms = { -- see above for g_infix effects g_infix = "+", pp = "olt", }	},	{		-- soler match = "^soler", forms = { -- see above for g_infix effects fut = {}, pret = {}, impf_sub = "solgué", -- regular, but we disabled the preterite, which would normally disable impf_sub too g_infix = "+", pp = {}, noimp = true, }	},	{		-- voler, malvoler match = "voler", forms = { fut = "voldr", pres_1s = "vull", pres_sub_stressed = "vulgui", pres_sub_unstressed = "vulgue", g_infix = "+", imp_2s = "vulgues", imp_2p = "vulgueu", }	},

- -ndre

{		-- romandre; write it this way so there's a prefix with a vowel to prevent against the accent in the pp -- from being removed while still removing it in the feminine. match = match_against_verbs("mandre", {"^ro"}), forms = { -- see above for g_infix effects g_infix = "+", pp = "màs#", }	},	{		-- encendre, atendre, contendre, desentendre's, distendre, entendre, estendre, -- pretendre match = match_against_verbs("endre", {"enc", "t"}), forms = { pres_3s = "én#", -- remove final accent without prefix with vowel; also removed when adding a suffix -- see above for g_infix effects g_infix = "+", pp = "ès#", -- see above for effect of final # }	},	{		-- vendre, malvendre, revendre match = "vendre", forms = { pres_3s = "vèn#", -- see above for effect of final # -- see above for g_infix effects g_infix = "+", pp = "venud", -- g_infix would normally make it vengud }	},	{		-- fendre, defendre, ofendre, dependre, despendre, expendre, suspendre, prendre, -- aprendre, comprendre, desprendre, emprendre, reprendre, sorprendre match = "endre", -- this must follow previous -endre rules above forms = { pres_3s = "èn#", -- see above for effect of final # -- see above for g_infix effects g_infix = "+", pp = "ès#", -- see above for effect of final # }	},	{		-- enfondre; write it this way so there's a prefix with a vowel to prevent against the accent in the pp -- from being removed while still removing it in the feminine. match = match_against_verbs("fondre", {"^en"}), forms = { -- see above for g_infix effects g_infix = "+", pp = "fús#", }	},	{		-- pondre, compondre, correspondre, descompondre, despondre's, respondre match = "pondre", forms = { -- see above for g_infix effects g_infix = "+", pp = "post", }	},	{		-- fondre, confondre, difondre, infondre, refondre, tondre match = "ondre", -- this must follow previous -ondre rules above forms = { -- see above for g_infix effects g_infix = "+", pp = "ós#", -- see above for effect of final # }	},

- -nyer

{		-- atènyer; write it this way so there's a prefix with a vowel to prevent against the accent in the pp -- from being removed while still removing it in the feminine. match = match_against_verbs("tènyer", {"^a"}), forms = { pp = "tès#", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- empènyer, espènyer match = match_against_verbs("pènyer", {"^em", "^es"}), forms = { pp = "pès#", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- estrènyer, constrènyer, destrènyer, restrènyer match = match_against_verbs("strènyer", {"^e", "con", "^de", "^re"}), forms = { pp = "stret", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- fènyer match = "fènyer", forms = { pp = {"fengud", "fenyud"}, irreg = true, }	},	{		-- júnyer match = "júnyer", like = "junyir", },	{		-- plànyer, complànyer, pertànyer match = match_against_verbs("ànyer", {"pl", "pert"}), forms = { pp = {"angud", "anyud"}, irreg = true, }	},

- -aure

{		-- caure, decaure, recaure match = "caure", forms = { -- stem ending in -ai and imperfect in -ia causes special stressed imperfect logic to take effect; we get -- impf1s queia, impf1p quèiem (preceding vowel changed to è and attached to initial consonant using			-- combine_stem_ending, which changes c- to qu-) stem = "caie", -- i dropped by g_infix before u			-- g_infix implies irreg = true -- g_infix adds -g to pres_1s, sub, pret and pp stems; combine_stem_ending changes final -g to -c -- g_infix sets pres_stressed to end in -u, removing a preceding -i or -v g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- plaure, complaure match = "plaure", forms = { stem = "plae", -- ï in impf1s -aïa gets generated automatically by combine_stem_ending g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- raure match = "^raure", forms = { stem = "rae", -- ï in impf1s -aïa gets generated automatically by combine_stem_ending g_infix = "+", pp = {"ragud", "ras"}, }	},

- -eure

{		-- beure, embeure, deure, lleure match = match_against_verbs("eure", {"b", "d", "ll"}), forms = { stem = "eve", -- v dropped by g_infix before g and u			g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- creure, seure, asseure match = match_against_verbs("eure", {"cr", "s"}), forms = { stem = "ee", pres_unstressed = "eie", -- affects pres_1p, pres_2p, gerund, imperfect (see caure) g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- jeure, ajeure match = "jeure", forms = { fut = "jaur", -- affects future and cond stressed_stem = "jee", -- affects stressed forms, which get g added by g_infix by added except for -- pres_stressed, which gets u added (controls pres_3s, pres_2s, pres_3p) unstressed_stem = "jae", -- affects unstressed_stem, which get g added by g_infix pres_stressed = {"jeu", "jau"}, pres_unstressed = "jaie", -- affects pres_1p, pres_2p, gerund, imperfect (see caure) pres_1s = {"jec", "jac"}, impf1 = "jei", -- otherwise we'd get impf_1s '#geia' etc.			impf2 = "jèi", g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- treure, abstreure, atreure, bestreure, contreure, detreure, distreure, -- extreure, retreure], [[retrotreure, sostreure		match = "treure",		forms = {			-- like jeure except for irregular pp			fut = "traur",			stressed_stem = "tree",			unstressed_stem = "trae",			pres_stressed = {"treu", "trau"},			pres_unstressed = "traie",			pres_1s = {"trec", "trac"},			g_infix = "+",			pp = "tret",		}	},	{		-- veure, entreveure, preveure, reveure		match = "veure",		forms = {			stem = "veie",			-- impf1s veia, impf1p vèiem (preceding vowel changed to è)			pres_stressed = "veu",			pres_1s = "vej", -- will be converted to 'veig'; 'veig' gets converted to 'veic'			pres_sub_stressed = "vegi",			pres_sub_unstressed = "vege",			pret = {"veié", "vé"},			pret_1s = "viu",			pret_3s = {"veié", "veu"},			impf_sub = "veié",			pp = "vist",			imp_2s = "veges",			imp_2p = {"vegeu", "veieu"},			irreg = true,		}	},

- -iure

{		-- escriure, circumscriure, descriure, inscriure, prescriure, proscriure, -- subscriure, transcriure match = "scriure", forms = { stem = "scrivi", -- v dropped by g_infix before g and u; pres_1p/pres_2p have -ir endings g_infix = "+", pret = {"scriví", "scrigué"}, pp = "scrit", }	},	{		-- riure, somriure match = "riure", -- must follow rule for 'scriure' forms = { stem = "rie", -- impf1s reia, impf1p rèiem (preceding vowel changed to è) g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- viure, conviure, desviure's, sobreviure match = "viure", forms = { stem = "vivi", -- v dropped by g_infix before g and u; pres_1p/pres_2p have -ir endings g_infix = "visc", -- applies to pres1s, sub, pret, pp		} },

- -oure

{		-- cloure, concloure, descloure, encloure, excloure, incloure, recloure match = "cloure", forms = { stem = "cloe", -- ï in impf1s cloïa gets generated automatically by combine_stem_ending g_infix = "+", pp = "clòs#", -- remove final accent without prefix with vowel; also removed when adding a suffix }	},	{		-- coure "to cook" match = "coure", var = "cook", forms = { stem = "coe", -- ï in impf1s coïa gets generated automatically by combine_stem_ending g_infix = "+", pp = "cuit", }	},	{		-- coure "to sting" match = "coure", var = "sting", forms = { stem = "coe", -- ï in impf1s coïa gets generated automatically by combine_stem_ending g_infix = "+", -- pp regular 'cogud' }	},	{		-- moure, promoure, remoure, somoure, ploure match = match_against_verbs("oure", {"m", "pl"}), forms = { stem = "ove", -- v dropped by g_infix before g and u			g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- noure match = "noure", forms = { stem = "noe", -- ï in impf1s -aïa gets generated automatically by combine_stem_ending g_infix = "+", }	},

- -xer

{		-- conèixer, desconèixer, reconèixer match = "conèixer", forms = { g_infix = "coneg", }	},	{		-- créixer, acréixer, decréixer, recréixer, sobrecréixer match = "créixer", forms = { pret = {"creixé", "cresqué"}, pres_sub_unstressed = {"creixe", "cresque"}, pp = "crescud", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- merèixer, desmerèixer, irèixer-se match = match_against_verbs("rèixer", {"me", "^i"}), forms = { pret = {"reixé", "resqué"}, pres_sub_unstressed = {"reixe", "resque"}, pp = "rescud", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- néixer/nàixer, renéixer/renàixer, sobrenéixer/sobrenàixer, péixer/pàixer match = match_against_verbs("éixer", {"n", "p"}), forms = { stem = "aixe", fut = "aixer", pres_stressed = {"eix", "aix"}, pres_1s = "eixo", pret = {"aixé", "asqué"}, pres_sub_stressed = "eixi", pres_sub_unstressed = {"aixe", "asque"}, pp = "ascud", irreg = true, }	},	{		match = "àixer", like = "éixer", },	{		-- parèixer, aparèixer, comparèixer, desaparèixer, reaparèixer match = "parèixer", forms = { g_infix = "pareg", }	},

- misc

{		-- cabre match = "cabre", forms = { pres_sub_stressed = "càpiga", pres_sub_unstressed = "capigue", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- caber match = "caber", like = "cabre", },	{		-- saber match = "saber", forms = { fut = "sabr", pres_1s = "sé", pres_sub_stressed = "sàpiga", pres_sub_unstressed = "sapigue", imp_2s = "sàpiga", imp_2p = "sapigueu", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- poder match = "poder", forms = { fut = "podr", pres_1s = "puc", pres_sub_stressed = "pugui", pres_sub_unstressed = "pugue", g_infix = "pog", imp_2s = "pugues", imp_2p = "pugueu", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- córrer, acórrer, concórrer, decórrer, descórrer, discórrer, encórrer, -- escórrer, incórrer, ocórrer, recórrer, socórrer, transcórrer match = "córrer", forms = { pret = "corregué", pres_sub_unstressed = {"corre", "corregue"}, pp = "corregud", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- metre, admetre, arremetre, cometre, comprometre, demetre, descomprometre, -- emetre, entremetre's, escometre, malmetre, manumetre, ometre, permetre, -- prometre, readmetre, remetre, retransmetre, sotmetre, trametre, transmetre match = "metre", forms = { pp = "mès#", irreg = true, }	},

--                                            -ir                                        --

{		-- acudir; NOTE: Separation by meaning does not occur in DCC, DIEC, DEIEC, and DCVB says the distinction -- is geographical and makes no mention of distinction by meaning. OTOH ca.wikt does say that the pronominal -- sense "to occur" tends to conjugate non-inchoative. match = "acudir", forms = { eix_infix = {{ form = "+", footnotes = {'[especially in the sense "to turn up, to be present"]'} }, {				form = "-", footnotes = {'[especially in the pronominal sense "to occur"]'} }}		}	},	-- afegir: -- non-inchoative in Valencia, inchoative elsewhere {		-- ajupir -- buixir -- bullir, rebullir -- cruixir, escruixir (Routledge says this is inchoative but DIEC, DEIEC and DCC all disagree; note		--  pres_2s 'cruixes', handled automatically) -- dormir, adormir -- funyir -- grunyir -- munyir, esmunyir -- pudir -- punyir -- retrunyir -- sentir, pressentir, ressentir-se; not consentir, with can be either non-inchoative or		-- inchoative, and not assentir or dissentir, which are only inchoative match = match_against_verbs("ir", {"ajup", "buix", "bull", "cruix", "dorm", "funy", "gruny", "muny", "pud",										  "puny", "retruny", "^sent", "pressent", "^ressent"}), forms = { eix_infix = "-", }	},	{		-- arrupir-se; -- brunzir; -- consumir, resumir, presumir (not sumir, assumir, subsumir, which are regular) -- mentir, desmentir -- percudir; cf. also acudir, which to some extent has separate conjugations per meaning -- consentir match = match_against_verbs("ir", {"arrup", "brunz", "consum", "^resum", "presum", "ment", "percud",										  "consent"}), forms = { eix_infix = {"+", "-"}, }	},	-- cenyir: -- non-inchoative or inchoative in Balearics, inchoative elsewhere {		-- cobrir, descobrir, encobrir, recobrir, redescobrir match = "cobrir", forms = { pp = "cobert", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- collir, acollir, escollir, recollir match = "collir", forms = { stressed_stem = "culli", eix_infix = "-", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- complir, acomplir, incomplir match = "complir", forms = { pp = {"complert", "complid"}, irreg = true, }	},	{		-- cosir, descosir, recosir match = "cosir", forms = { stressed_stem = "cusi", eix_infix = "-", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- eixir, deseixir-se, reeixir, sobreeixir; not teixir or entreteixir, so we have to		-- list them individually match = match_against_verbs("eixir", {"^", "des", "^re", "sobre"}), forms = { stressed_stem = "ixi", eix_infix = "-", irreg = true, }	},	-- engolir: -- non-inchoative in Valencia, inchoative elsewhere {		-- escopir match = "escopir", forms = { stressed_stem = "escupi", eix_infix = "-", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- establir, preestablir, restablir match = "establir", forms = { pp = {"establert", "establid"}, irreg = true, }	},	-- ferir: -- non-inchoative in Balearics, inchoative elsewhere -- fregir: -- non-inchoative in Valencia, inchoative elsewhere {		-- fugir, confugir, defugir, enfugir-se; pres sing fujo, fuges, fuig handled by		--  combine_stem_ending; can't be handled by rule above that lists many non-inchoative verbs because the --  prefix would be 'fug' and the front-back alternation code doesn't apply to prefixes. match = "fugir", forms = { eix_infix = "-", }	},	{		-- imprimir, reimprimir, sobreimprimir; not any other verbs in -primir; write it this way so		-- there's a prefix with a vowel to prevent against the accent in the pp from being removed while still -- removing it in the feminine. match = match_against_verbs("primir", {"im"}), forms = { pp = "près#", irreg = true, }	},	-- llegir: -- non-inchoative in Valencia and Minorca, inchoative elsewhere {		-- lluir: regular inchoative in the figurative meaning "to display (something), to be showy" also in the -- legal meaning "free from a pecuniary obligation, such as a land-based tax (emphyteusis)"; irregular in the -- literal meaning "to shine"; use  to get regular conjugation. In the regular conjugation, -- umlauts appear in the following forms: pres_1p/pres_sub_1p/imp_1p lluïm, pres_2p/pres_sub_2p/imp_2p lluïu, -- impf_1s/impf_3s lluïa, impf_2s lluïes, impf_3p lluïen, pret_2s lluïres, pret_3p lluïren, -- impf_sub_2s lluïssis, impf_sub_3p lluïssin, throughout the pp: lluït, lluïda, lluïts, lluïdes. IN the -- irregular conjugation, umlauts appear in the same places as well as elsewhere in the present subjunctive: -- pres_sub_1s/pres_sub_3s/imp_3s lluï, pres_sub_2s lluïs, pres_sub_3p/imp_3p lluïn. Notably, they do *NOT* -- appear in the gerund lluint, the infinitive lluir, or anywhere in the future or conditional. Note that -- verbs.cat lists additional irregular forms pres_1s -- lluu, and alternative impf_sub forms in -e- instead of -i- (lluïsses, lluíssem, lluísseu, lluïssen), but -- these are nonstandard or dialectal per both Routledge and DEIEC. match = "^lluir", forms = { eix_infix = "-", pres3s = {"lluu", "llu"}, -- generates pres_2s, imp_2s irreg = true, }	},	{		-- entrelluir "to be half-seen", relluir "to shine", traslluir-se "to be translucent"; either -- inchoative or non-inchoative, not distinguished by meaning; note, deslluir and enlluir are regular -- inchoative verbs. match = match_against_verbs("lluir", {"entre", "^re", "tras"}), forms = { eix_infix = {"+", "-"}, pres3s = {"llueix", "lluu", "llú"}, -- generates pres_2s, imp_2s; note, pres_2s will end in -es due to											   -- combine_stem_ending irreg = true, }	},	{		-- morir, premorir; but not atemorir match = match_against_verbs("morir", {"^", "pre"}), forms = { eix_infix = "-", pp = "mort", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- obrir, entreobrir, reobrir; not cobrir and derivatives, not empobrir, so we have to list -- them individually match = match_against_verbs("obrir", {"^", "entre", "^re"}), forms = { eix_infix = "-", pp = "obert", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- oferir; but not proferir match = "^oferir", forms = { pp = {"ofert", "oferid"}, irreg = true, }	},	-- oir, desoir, entreoir: -- per Routledge, non-inchoative or inchoative normally but only -- non-inchoative in Valencian; but all dictionaries disagree and say it is a regular inchoative-only verb. -- It has the same umlauts as lluir (and corroir, another regular inchoative verb). {		-- omplir, desomplir-se, reomplir; not complir and derivatives, so we have to list them -- individually match = match_against_verbs("omplir", {"^", "des", "^re"}), forms = { eix_infix = "-", pp = {"omplert", "omplid"}, irreg = true, }	},	-- penedir-se: -- non-inchoative in Balearics, inchoative elsewhere {		-- pruir "to itch": same umlauts as in lluir. match = "^pruir", forms = { eix_infix = "-", pres3s = {"pruu", "pru"}, -- generates pres_2s, imp_2s irreg = true, }	},	{		-- reblir match = "^reblir", forms = { pp = {"reblert", "reblid"}, irreg = true, }	},	-- renyir: -- non-inchoative in Valencia, inchoative elsewhere {		-- sofrir match = "^sofrir", forms = { pp = {"sofert", "sofrid"}, irreg = true, }	},	{		-- sortir, ressortir, sobresortir; but not assortir, which is regular inchoative match = match_against_verbs("sortir", {"^", "^res", "sobre"}), forms = { stressed_stem = "surti", eix_infix = "-", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- suplir match = "^suplir", forms = { pp = {"suplert", "suplid"}, irreg = true, }	},	-- teixir, entreteixir: -- non-inchoative in Valencia, inchoative elsewhere {		-- tenir but not any compounds; highly irregular match = "^tenir", forms = { fut = "tindr", pres_stressed = "ten", pres_3s = "té", imp_2s = {"té", "ten", "tingues"}, imp_2p = {"teniu", "tingueu"}, g_infix = "ting", }	},	{		-- abstenir-se, atenir-se, captenir-se, cartenir, contenir, detenir, entretenir, -- mantenir, menystenir, obtenir, retenir, sostenir, viltenir; highly irregular match = "tenir", forms = { fut = "tindr", pres_stressed = "ten", pres_3s = "té", imp_2s = {"tén", "tingues"}, imp_2p = {"teniu", "tingueu"}, g_infix = "ting", }	},	{		-- tindre: variant of tenir match = "tindre", like = "tenir", },	-- tenyir, destenyir: -- non-inchoative in Valencia, but retenyir inchoative or non-inchoative in -- Valencia? (per Routledge); regular inchoative elsewhere {		-- tossir "to cough" match = "^tossir", forms = { stressed_stem = "tussi", -- pres_2s gets 'tusses' pres_3s = "tus", -- note, pres_3s (a single form override) not pres3s (a stem override, which also affects							 -- pres_2s; but imp_2s is physically copied from pres_3s, so imp_2s correctly gets 'tus') eix_infix = "-", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- venir but not any compounds; highly irregular match = "^venir", forms = { fut = "vindr", pres_stressed = "ven", pres_3s = "ve", imp_2s = "vine", g_infix = "ving", }	},	{		-- compounds of venir: advenir, avenir, contravenir, convenir, desavenir-se, -- desconvenir, entrevenir, esdevenir, intervenir, obvenir, pervenir, prevenir, -- reconvenir, revenir, sobrevenir, subvenir; but not enjovenir or rejovenir; -- highly irregular match = match_against_verbs("venir", {"^ad", "^a", "contra", "con", "desa", "entre", "esde", "inter", "ob",											 "per", "pre", "^re", "sobre", "sub"}), forms = { fut = "vindr", pres_stressed = "ven", pres_3s = "vé", imp_2s = "vén", g_infix = "ving", }	},	{		-- vindre: variant of venir match = "vindre", like = "venir", },	-- vestir, desvestir, revestir, maybe transvestir: non-inchoative in Valencia, inchoative or	-- non-inchoative in the Balearics; regular inchoative elsewhere; but not envestir or investir, which are -- regular inchoative everywhere {		-- fer, contrafer, desfer, estrafer, perfer, refer, satisfer; highly irregular match = "fer", forms = { fut = "far", pres_1s = "faj", -- will be converted to 'faig'; 'faig' gets converted to 'faic' pres_2s = "fàs#", pres_3s = "fà#", pres_3p = "fan", pres_unstressed = "fe", impf1 = "fei", impf2 = "fèi", pres_sub_stressed = "faci", pres_sub_unstressed = "fe", pret = "fé", pret_1s = "fiu", pret_3s = "feu", impf_sub_1s = "fés#", -- regular except for base form fes, lacking an accent impf_sub_3s = "fés#", -- same imp_2s = "fés#", pp = "fet", irreg = true, }	},	{		-- dir, adir-se, desdir, entredir, interdir, maldir, predir, redir; behaves -- like an -er/-re verb match = match_against_verbs("dir", {"^", "^a", "des", "entre", "inter", "mal", "pre", "^re"}), forms = { stem = "die", g_infix = "+", imp_2s = "digues", imp_2p = "digueu", pp = "dit", }	},	{		-- dur, endur-se; behaves like an -er/-re verb match = "dur", forms = { stem = "due", g_infix = "+", pres3s = {"duu", "du"}, -- generates pres_2s, imp_2s impf1 = "dui", impf2 = "dúi", pp = "dut", }	},	{		-- ser; highly irregular match = "^ser", forms = { pres_1s = "soc", pres_2s = "ets", pres_3s = "és", pres_1p = "som", pres_2p = "sou", pres_3p = "són", impf1 = "er", impf2 = "ér", pres_sub_stressed = "sigui", pres_sub_unstressed = "sigue", pret = "fó", pret_1s = "fui", pret_3s = "fou", impf_sub_1s = "fos", -- regular except for lack of accent impf_sub_3s = "fos", -- same cond = {"serí", "fór"}, imp_2s = "sigues", imp_2p = "sigueu", pp = {"estad", "sigud"}, gerund = {"sent", "essent"}, irreg = true, }	},	{		-- ésser; variant of ser match = "^ésser", like = "ser", },	{		-- haver as auxiliary; highly irregular match = "^haver", var = "aux", forms = { pres_1s = "he", pres_2s = "has", pres_3s = "ha", pres_1p = "hem", pres_2p = "heu", pres_3p = "han", fut = "haur", cond = {"haurí", "haguér"}, pres_sub_stressed = "hagi", pres_sub_unstressed = "hàgi", noimp = true, g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- haver as full verb; highly irregular match = "^haver", var = "full", forms = { pres_1s = {"hec", "hac"}, pres_stressed = {"heu", "hau"}, fut = "haur", pres_sub_stressed = "hegui", g_infix = "+", }	},	{		-- heure; variant of full verb haver match = "^heure", like = "haver", likevar = "full", },	{		-- haure; variant of full verb haver match = "^haure", like = "haver", likevar = "full", }, }

local function skip_slot(base, slot, allow_overrides) if not allow_overrides and (base.basic_overrides[slot] or		base.refl and base.basic_reflexive_only_overrides[slot]) then -- Skip any slots for which there are overrides. return true end

if base.only3s and (slot:find("^pp_f") or slot:find("^pp_mp")) then -- diluviar, atardecer, neviscar; impersonal verbs have only masc sing pp		return true end

if not slot:find("[123]") then -- Don't skip non-personal slots. return false end

if base.nofinite then return true end

if (base.only3s or base.only3sp or base.only3p) and (slot:find("^imp_") or slot:find("^neg_imp_")) then return true end

if base.only3s and not slot:find("3s") then -- diluviar, atardecer, neviscar return true end

if base.only3sp and not slot:find("3[sp]") then -- atañer, concernir return true end

if base.only3p and not slot:find("3p") then -- caer cuatro gotas, caer chuzos de punta, entrarle los siete males return true end

return false end

local function add_stem_ending(stem, ending) if ending == "" then return stem end if stem:find("#$") then -- remove final accent when adding a suffix stem = com.remove_accents((stem:gsub("#$", "")), "final syllable only") end return stem .. ending end

local function process_stem(stem, fn) if stem:find("#$") then local stem_no_pound_sign = stem:match("^(.*)#$") return fn(stem_no_pound_sign) .. "#"	else return fn(stem) end end

-- Add the `stem` to the `ending` for the given `slot` and apply any phonetic modifications. -- WARNING: This function is written very carefully; changes to it can easily have unintended consequences. local function combine_stem_ending(base, stem, ending, is_full_word, dont_include_prefix) -- Include the prefix in the stem unless dont_include_prefix is given (used in construct_stems). if not dont_include_prefix then stem = base.prefix .. stem end

-- A * at the beginning of the ending is a signal to remove a stressed accent from the stem. This may feed any of -- the following rules. if ending:find("^%*") then ending = ending:gsub("^%*", "") stem = com.remove_accents(stem, "final syllable only") end

-- If ending begins with s and stem ends in a sibilant, we need an e in between; cf. pres_2s 'apareixes' of -- aparèixer, pres_2s 'torces' of tòrcer, pres_2s 'fuges' of fugir, pres_2s 'brunzes' of brunzir. -- This may feed the next rule. if ending:find("^s") and rfind(stem, "[çjsxz]$") then ending = "e" .. ending end

-- By default, stems are in their "back" (standalone) form. Before a front vowel, convert the final consonant to -- its "front" form so the pronunciation doesn't change. if rfind(ending, "^" .. front_vowel_c) then -- adequar -> adeqües -- enaiguar -> enaigües -- pegar -> pegues -- arranjar -> arranges -- marcar -> marques -- abraçar -> abraces stem = com.back_to_front(stem) end

-- Ending beginning in -i after diphthong ending in V + i compresses the two i's into one (cf. pret_1s 'desmaí' and	-- pres_sub_1s 'desmaï' of desmaiar). This rule doesn't apply after pseudo-vowel u in gu/qu; cf. pret_1s 'guií' -- of guiar and contrast pret_1s 'cruí' of cruiar. This may feed the next rule. if rfind(ending, "^[iíï]") and rfind(stem, V .. "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[gq][uü]i$") then stem = stem:gsub("i$", "") end

-- If ending begins with i (not í), it must get a diaeresis after a true vowel (not gu/qu, cf. pres_1p 'delinquim'	-- of delinquir, not '#delinquïm'; also not a diphthong ending in u, cf. pres_sub_1s 'apreui' of apreuar	-- not '#apreuï') to prevent the two merging into a diphthong. Note that ü -> u before ï, but to simplify things -- we leave the double umlauts in place and remove the first one during postprocessing, in fix_double_umlauts. -- Cf.: -- * impf_1s 'raïa' of raure; -- * pres_sub_1s 'creï' of crear; -- * pres_sub_1s 'associï' of associar; -- * impf_1s 'cloïa' of cloure; -- * pres_1p 'lluïm' of lluir; -- * pres_1p 'arguïm' of argüir. if ending:find("^i") and rfind(stem, "[aeiouü]$") and not stem:find("[aeiogq]u$") then ending = ending:gsub("^i", "ï") end

local retval = add_stem_ending(stem, ending) if retval:find("#$") then -- remove final accent if no vowels in prefix retval = retval:gsub("#$", "") if not rfind(base.prefix, V) then retval = com.remove_accents(retval, "final syllable only") end end if is_full_word then -- Devoice final voiced obstruent (cf. pres_2s 'caps', pres_3s 'cap' of cabre). But not after a consonant -- (cf. pres_2s 'perds', pres_3s 'perd' of perdre), except for g -> c, which operates even after a -- consonant (pres_1s 'resolc' of resoldre, pres_1s 'tinc' of tenir). retval = retval:gsub("g(s?)$", "c%1") retval = rsub(retval, "(" .. V .. ")([bdj])(s?)$", function(before, voiced, after)			local devoice = {				b = "p",				d = "t",				j = "ig", -- pres_3s 'fuj' of fugir -> 'fuig'			}			return before .. devoice[voiced] .. after		end) end

return retval end

local function add3(base, slot, stems, endings, footnotes, allow_overrides) if skip_slot(base, slot, allow_overrides) then return end

local function do_combine_stem_ending(stem, ending) return combine_stem_ending(base, stem, ending, "is full word") end

iut.add_forms(base.forms, slot, stems, endings, do_combine_stem_ending, nil, nil, footnotes) end

local function insert_form(base, slot, form) if not skip_slot(base, slot) then iut.insert_form(base.forms, slot, form) end end

local function insert_forms(base, slot, forms) if not skip_slot(base, slot) then iut.insert_forms(base.forms, slot, forms) end end

local function add_single_stem_tense(base, slot_pref, stems, s1, s2, s3, p1, p2, p3) local function addit(slot, ending) add3(base, slot_pref .. "_" .. slot, stems, ending) end addit("1s", s1) addit("2s", s2) addit("3s", s3) addit("1p", p1) addit("2p", p2) addit("3p", p3) end

local function map_general(stemforms, fn) return iut.map_forms(iut.convert_to_general_list_form(stemforms), fn) end

local function flatmap_general(stemforms, fn) return iut.flatmap_forms(iut.convert_to_general_list_form(stemforms), fn) end

-- Given a stem ending in a conjugation vowel -a/-e/-i/-ï, split into stem base and conjugation vowel, converting the -- stem base to "back" form if the conjugation vowel is front (hence 'torce' of tòrcer splits into 'torç' and 'e', -- and 'fugi' of fugir splits into 'fuj' and 'i'). local function split_conj_vowel(stem) local stem_base, conj_vowel = rmatch(stem, "^(.*)([aeiï])$") if not stem_base then error(("Internal error: Stem '%s' doesn't end in conjugation vowel a/e/i"):format(stem)) end if conj_vowel == "ï" then -- To simplify handling of ï, convert to i. It will be converted back to ï as necessary in -- combine_stem_ending. conj_vowel = "i" end if rfind(conj_vowel, front_vowel_c) then stem_base = com.front_to_back(stem_base) end return stem_base, conj_vowel end

local function construct_stems(base) base.output_stems = {} local stems = base.output_stems local bst = base.input_stems

local function combine(stem, ending) return combine_stem_ending(base, stem, ending, false, "dont include prefix") end

stems.irreg = bst.irreg or bst.g_infix -- NOTE: Some stems end in a conjugation or similar vowel, specifically: -- * `stem` (ends in conjugation vowel -a/-e/-i); -- * `stressed_stem` (likewise); -- * `unstressed_stem` (likewise); -- * `pres_unstressed` (which assumes the form of the gerund minus the -nt; note that `pres_stressed` does *NOT*	--  end in a conjugation vowel, but assumes the stem form; the value of pres_3s will be derived by adding -a for	--   -ar verbs and otherwise adding an -e prop vowel when required, as in cobrir, and otherwise adding no	--   vowel); -- * `pres_sub_stressed` (which assumes the form of pres_sub_3s and hence usually ends in -i, occasionally -a); -- * `pres_sub_unstressed` (which assumes the form of pres_sub_1p minus the -m, hence ends in -e or -i).

-- Save stem for use in add_categories_and_annotation for determining the conjugation class. stems.stem = bst.stem or base.stem local eix_infix_stem if base.conj_vowel == "i" then -- Save eix_infix value for use in add_categories_and_annotation for determining whether consonant -- alternations exist. stems.eix_infix = bst.eix_infix or bst.g_infix and "-" or "+" eix_infix_stem = flatmap_general(stems.eix_infix, function(form)			if form == "+" then				return map_general(stems.stem, function(form) local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form) return combine(stem_base, "eixe") end)			elseif form == "-" then				return stems.stem			else				return form			end		end) end

local stressed_stem = bst.stressed_stem or eix_infix_stem or stems.stem local unstressed_stem = bst.unstressed_stem or stems.stem

-- Add the 'g' that is characteristic of g-infix verbs. We remove a stem-final v, e.g. beure with stem 'beve' -- becomes 'beg'. local function add_g(stemforms) return map_general(stemforms, function(form)			local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form)			stem_base = stem_base:gsub("v$", "")			return combine(stem_base, "g")		end) end -- Add the 'u' of the pres_3s that is characteristic of g-infix verbs (and conjugation vowel 'e', later removed). -- We remove a stem-final v, as well as i as part of a diphthong, e.g. beure with stem 'beve' becomes 'beue' -- and veure with stem 'veie' becomes 'veue' (but riure with stem 'rie' becomes 'riue' not '#rue'). We -- don't add -u after a consonant, e.g. doldre with stem 'dole' becomes 'dole' not '#dolue'. local function add_u(stemforms) return map_general(stemforms, function(form)			local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form)			if stem_base:find("v$") then				stem_base = stem_base:gsub("v$", "")			else				stem_base = rsub(stem_base, "(" .. V .. ")i$", "%1")			end			-- Add u after vowel but not after another u, so we get pres_3p 'duen' of dur not '#duuen'.			if rfind(stem_base, V .. "$") and not stem_base:find("u$") then				return combine(stem_base, "u")			else				return stem_base			end		end) end

local stressed_g_infix, unstressed_g_infix, g_infix_pres_stressed if bst.g_infix then local function flatmap_g_infix(default) return flatmap_general(bst.g_infix, function(form)				if form == "+" then					return default				else					return form				end			end) end

stressed_g_infix = flatmap_g_infix(add_g(stressed_stem)) unstressed_g_infix = flatmap_g_infix(add_g(unstressed_stem)) g_infix_pres_stressed = add_u(stressed_stem) end

stems.pres_unstressed = bst.pres_unstressed or unstressed_stem stems.pres_stressed = -- If no_pres_stressed given, pres_stressed stem should be empty so no forms are generated. base.no_pres_stressed and {} or		bst.pres_stressed or		g_infix_pres_stressed or		map_general(stressed_stem, function(form)			local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form)			return stem_base		end) stems.pres1s = -- If no_pres_stressed given, pres1s stem should be empty so no forms are generated. base.no_pres_stressed and {} or		stressed_g_infix or		map_general(stems.pres_stressed, function(form)			return combine(form, "o")		end) stems.pres3s = -- If no_pres_stressed given, pres3s stem should be empty so no forms are generated. base.no_pres_stressed and {} or		bst.pres3s or		map_general(stems.pres_stressed, function(form)			if base.conj_vowel == "a" then				return combine(form, "a")			elseif rfind(form, C .. "[lr]$") and not rfind(form, V .. "ll$") then				return combine(form, "e")			else				return form			end		end) stems.pres3p = -- If no_pres_stressed given, pres3p stem should be empty so no forms are generated. base.no_pres_stressed and {} or		map_general(stems.pres_stressed, function(form)			return combine(form, "en")		end)

local function compute_impf_stem(with_accent) return map_general(stems.pres_unstressed, function(form)			local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form)			if conj_vowel == "a" then				return combine(stem_base, with_accent and "àv" or "av")			elseif stem_base:find("i#?$") then				form = form:gsub("i#?$", "")				return combine(rmatch(stem_base, "^(.-)" .. V .. "*$"), with_accent and "èi" or "ei")			else				return combine(stem_base, with_accent and "í" or "i") -- i -> ï after a vowel			end		end) end stems.impf1 = bst.impf1 or compute_impf_stem(false) stems.impf2 = bst.impf2 or compute_impf_stem(true) stems.pret = bst.pret or		unstressed_g_infix and map_general(unstressed_g_infix,			function(form) return combine(form, "é") end		) or		map_general(unstressed_stem, function(form)			local accent_conj_vowel = {				a = "à",				e = "é",				i = "í",			}			local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form)			return combine(stem_base, accent_conj_vowel[conj_vowel])		end) stems.fut = bst.fut or base.inf_stem stems.cond = bst.cond or map_general(stems.fut, function(form) return combine(form, "í") end) stems.pres_sub_stressed = bst.pres_sub_stressed or		stressed_g_infix and map_general(stressed_g_infix, function(form) return combine(form, "i") end) or		map_general(stressed_stem, function(form)			local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form)			return combine(stem_base, "i")		end) stems.pres_sub_unstressed = bst.pres_sub_unstressed or		unstressed_g_infix and map_general(unstressed_g_infix, function(form) return combine(form, "e") end) or		map_general(unstressed_stem, function(form)			local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form)			return combine(stem_base, conj_vowel == "i" and conj_vowel or "e")		end) stems.impf_sub = bst.impf_sub or map_general(stems.pret, function(form)		local stem_base = rmatch(form, "^(.*)à$") -- already in "back" form, no need to convert		if stem_base then			return combine(stem_base, "é")		else			return form		end	end)

stems.pp = bst.pp or		unstressed_g_infix and map_general(unstressed_g_infix,			function(form) return combine(form, "ud") end		) or		map_general(unstressed_stem, function(form)			local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(form)			-- use combine so we get 'abduïd' from 'abdu-' of abduir, 'seguid' from 'seg-' from seguir, etc.			return combine(stem_base, (conj_vowel == "e" and "u" or conj_vowel) .. "d")		end) end

local function a_to_e(base, stems, suffix) return map_general(stems, function(form)		local stem_base = form:match("^(.-)a$")		if stem_base then			suffix = "e" .. suffix		else			stem_base = form		end		return combine_stem_ending(base, stem_base, suffix, "is full word")	end) end

local function add_present_indic(base) local stems = base.output_stems local function addit(slot, stems, ending) add3(base, "pres_" .. slot, stems, ending) end

addit("1s", stems.pres1s, "") insert_forms(base, "pres_2s", a_to_e(base, stems.pres3s, "s")) addit("3s", stems.pres3s, "") insert_forms(base, "pres_1p", a_to_e(base, stems.pres_unstressed, "m")) insert_forms(base, "pres_2p", a_to_e(base, stems.pres_unstressed, "u")) addit("3p", stems.pres3p, "") end

local function add_present_subj(base) local stems = base.output_stems local function addit(slot, stems, ending) add3(base, "pres_sub_" .. slot, stems, ending) end

-- Regular -ar verb: amar: ami, amis, ami, amem, ameu, amin -- Regular -re verb: batre: bati, batis, bati, batem, bateu, batin (same as -ar verb) -- Regular -ir verb, no -eix- infix: dormir: dormi, dormis, dormi, dormim, dormiu, dormin -- Regular -ir verb, -eix- infix: imprimir: imprimeixi, imprimeixis, imprimeixi, imprimim, imprimiu, imprimeixin -- Stem changing in 123s/3p vs. 12p: -- * -eix- infix (-eix- in all stressed forms: 123s/3p of pres ind/sub, 2s imp) -- * collir: culli, cullis, culli, collim, colliu, cullin (cull- in all stressed forms) -- * cabre: càpiga, càpigues, càpiga, capiguem, capigueu, càpiguen (also different endings)

addit("1s", stems.pres_sub_stressed, "") insert_forms(base, "pres_sub_2s", a_to_e(base, stems.pres_sub_stressed, "s")) addit("3s", stems.pres_sub_stressed, "") addit("1p", stems.pres_sub_unstressed, "m") addit("2p", stems.pres_sub_unstressed, "u") insert_forms(base, "pres_sub_3p", a_to_e(base, stems.pres_sub_stressed, "n")) end

local function add_finite_non_present(base) local stems = base.output_stems local function add_tense(slot, stem, s1, s2, s3, p1, p2, p3) add_single_stem_tense(base, slot, stem, s1, s2, s3, p1, p2, p3) end

add_tense("impf", stems.impf1, "a", "es", "a", nil, nil, "en") add_tense("impf", stems.impf2, nil, nil, nil, "em", "eu", nil)

-- pret_1s ends in -í regardless of the normal vowel of the stem. insert_forms(base, "pret_1s", map_general(stems.pret, function(form) local stem_base, conj_vowel = rmatch(form, "^(.*)(" .. V .. ")$")		if not stem_base then error(("Internal error: Preterite stem '%s' doesn't end in vowel"):format(form)) end if rfind(conj_vowel, front_vowel_c) then stem_base = com.front_to_back(stem_base) end -- Use combine_stem_ending to handle back-to-front conversions, e.g. pegà -> peguí for pegar and ensure -- that the prefix gets added. return combine_stem_ending(base, stem_base, "í", "is full word") end)) -- * at the beginning of the ending means to remove an accent from the last vowel of the preterite stem. add_tense("pret", stems.pret, nil, "*res", "", "rem", "reu", "*ren")

-- * at the beginning of the ending means to remove an accent from the last vowel of the imperfect subjunctive stem. add_tense("impf_sub", stems.impf_sub, "s", "*ssis", "s", "ssim", "ssiu", "*ssin") add_tense("fut", stems.fut, "é", "às", "à", "em", "eu", "an") add_tense("cond", stems.cond, "*a", "*es", "*a", "em", "eu", "*en") end

local function add_non_finite_forms(base) local stems = base.output_stems local function addit(slot, stems, ending, footnotes) add3(base, slot, stems, ending, footnotes) end

insert_form(base, "infinitive", {form = base.orig_verb}) -- Also insert "infinitive + reflexive pronoun" combinations if we're handling a reflexive verb. See comment below -- for "gerund + reflexive pronoun" combinations. if base.refl then for _, persnum in ipairs(person_number_list) do insert_form(base, "infinitive_" .. persnum, {form = base.orig_verb}) end end -- Gerunds don't have an umlaut over the i in cases like 'abduint' of 'abduir' (not '#abduïnt'). local pres_unstressed_no_umlaut = map_general(stems.pres_unstressed, function(form)		return rsub(form, "ï$", "i")	end) addit("gerund", pres_unstressed_no_umlaut, "nt") -- Also insert "gerund + reflexive pronoun" combinations if we're handling a reflexive verb. We insert exactly the -- same form as for the bare gerund; later on in add_reflexive_or_fixed_clitic_to_forms, we add the appropriate -- clitic pronouns. It's important not to do this for non-reflexive verbs, because in that case, the clitic -- pronouns won't be added, and will wrongly consider all these combinations as possible -- inflections of the bare gerund. Thanks to User:JeffDoozan for this bug fix. if base.refl then for _, persnum in ipairs(person_number_list) do addit("gerund_" .. persnum, pres_unstressed_no_umlaut, "nt") end end addit("pp_ms", stems.pp, "") if not base.pp_inv then addit("pp_fs", stems.pp, "a") -- make_plural handles the complexities of e.g. 'vist' of veure -> 'vistos'/'vists' and 'romàs' of -- romandre -> 'romasos'. We need to use flatmap_general because make_plural may return more than one -- plural, and we need to use map_general on the result, applying combine_stem_ending, to ensure that -- prefixes get properly added and plurals like 'amads' of stem 'amad' of amar get converted to 'amats'. insert_forms(base, "pp_mp", map_general(flatmap_general(stems.pp, function(form)			-- Remove any # indicating that an accent will be dropped; it will be dropped in any case by make_plural.			form = form:gsub("#$", "")			return com.make_plural(form, "m")		end), function(form) return combine_stem_ending(base, form, "", "is full word") end)) addit("pp_fp", stems.pp, "es") end end

local function add_imperatives(base) if base.noimp then return end -- Copy pres3s to imperative since they are almost always the same. insert_forms(base, "imp_2s", iut.map_forms(base.forms.pres_3s, function(form) return form end)) -- Copy pres2p to imperative plural since they are almost always the same. insert_forms(base, "imp_2p", iut.map_forms(base.forms.pres_2p, function(form) return form end)) -- Copy subjunctives to imperatives. for _, persnum in ipairs({"3s", "1p", "3p"}) do local from = "pres_sub_" .. persnum local to = "imp_" .. persnum insert_forms(base, to, iut.map_forms(base.forms[from], function(form) return form end)) end end

local function fix_double_umlauts(base) for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do		for _, form in ipairs(forms) do			form.form = form.form:gsub("üï", "uï") end end end

local function process_slot_overrides(base, filter_slot, reflexive_only) local overrides = reflexive_only and base.basic_reflexive_only_overrides or base.basic_overrides for slot, forms in pairs(overrides) do		if not filter_slot or filter_slot(slot) then add3(base, slot, forms, "", nil, "allow overrides") end end end

local function link_clitic(clitic) return (clitic:gsub("([^ %-]+)", "%1")) end

-- Prefix `form` with `clitic`, adding fixed text `between` between them. Add links as appropriate unless the user -- requested no links. Check whether form already has brackets (as will be the case if the form has a fixed clitic). local function prefix_clitic_to_form(base, clitic, between, form) if base.alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinkverb then return clitic .. between .. form else local clitic_pref = link_clitic(clitic) .. between if form:find("%[%[") then return clitic_pref .. form else return clitic_pref .. "" .. form .. "" end end end

-- Suffix `form` with `clitic`. Add links as appropriate unless the user requested no links. Check whether form already -- has brackets (as will be the case if the form has a fixed clitic). local function suffix_clitic_to_form(base, clitic, form) local autolink = not base.alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinkverb if base.alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinkverb then return form .. clitic else local clitic_suf = link_clitic(clitic) if form:find("%[%[") then return form .. clitic_suf else return "" .. form .. "" .. clitic_suf end end end

-- Add a reflexive pronoun or fixed clitic (FIXME: not working), as appropriate to the base forms that were generated. -- `do_joined` means to do only the forms where the pronoun is joined to the end of the form; otherwise, do only the -- forms where it is not joined and precedes the form. local function add_reflexive_or_fixed_clitic_to_forms(base, do_reflexive, do_joined) for _, slotaccel in ipairs(base.alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic) do		local slot, accel = unpack(slotaccel) local persnum if slot:find("[123]") then persnum = slot:match("^.*_(.-)$") else persnum = "3s" end local function get_proclitic(form) --if not do_reflexive then --	return base.clitic if form:find("^[aeiouh]") then return proclitic_elided_person_number_to_reflexive_pronoun[persnum] else return proclitic_non_elided_person_number_to_reflexive_pronoun[persnum] end end local function get_enclitic(form) --if not do_reflexive then --	return base.clitic if rfind(form, C .. "$") or rfind(form, V .. "[iu]$") and not form:find("[gq]ui$") then return enclitic_non_elided_person_number_to_reflexive_pronoun[persnum] else return enclitic_elided_person_number_to_reflexive_pronoun[persnum] end end

if base.forms[slot] then if do_reflexive and slot:find("^pp_") or slot == "infinitive_linked" then -- do nothing with reflexive past participles or with infinitive linked (handled at the end) elseif slot:find("^neg_imp_") then error("Internal error: Should not have forms set for negative imperative at this stage") else local slot_has_suffixed_clitic = slot:find("infinitive") or slot:find("gerund") or slot:find("^imp_") -- Maybe generate non-reflexive parts and separated syntactic variants for use in -- . See comment in add_slots above `need_special_verb_form_of_slots`. -- Check for do_joined so we only run this code once. if do_reflexive and do_joined and base.alternant_multiword_spec.source_template == "ca-verb form of" and -- Skip personal variants of infinitives and gerunds so we don't think arrependendo is a -- non-reflexive equivalent of arrependendo-me. not slot:find("infinitive_") and not slot:find("gerund_") then -- Clone the forms because we will be destructively modifying them just below, adding the reflexive -- pronoun. insert_forms(base, slot .. "_non_reflexive", mw.clone(base.forms[slot])) if slot_has_suffixed_clitic then insert_forms(base, slot .. "_variant", iut.map_forms(base.forms[slot], function(form) return prefix_clitic_to_form(base, get_proclitic(form), "... ", form) end)) end end if slot_has_suffixed_clitic then if do_joined then -- Add clitic after form. for _, form in ipairs(base.forms[slot]) do							form.form = suffix_clitic_to_form(base, get_enclitic(form.form), form.form) end end elseif not do_joined then -- Add clitic before form. for _, form in ipairs(base.forms[slot]) do						form.form = prefix_clitic_to_form(base, get_proclitic(form.form), "", form.form) end end end end end end

local function handle_infinitive_linked(base) -- Compute linked versions of potential lemma slots, for use in. -- We substitute the original lemma (before removing links) for forms that -- are the same as the lemma, if the original lemma has links. for _, slot in ipairs({"infinitive"}) do insert_forms(base, slot .. "_linked", iut.map_forms(base.forms[slot], function(form) if form == base.lemma and rfind(base.linked_lemma, "%[%[") then return base.linked_lemma else return form end end)) end end

local function generate_negative_imperatives(base) if base.noimp then return end -- Copy subjunctives to negative imperatives, preceded by "no". for _, persnum in ipairs(neg_imp_person_number_list) do local from = "pres_sub_" .. persnum local to = "neg_imp_" .. persnum insert_forms(base, to, iut.map_forms(base.forms[from], function(form) if base.alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinkverb then return "no " .. form elseif form:find("%[%[") then -- already linked, e.g. when reflexive return "no " .. form else return "no " .. form .. "" end end)) end end

-- Process specs given by the user using 'addnote[SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'. local function process_addnote_specs(base) for _, spec in ipairs(base.addnote_specs) do		for _, slot_spec in ipairs(spec.slot_specs) do slot_spec = "^" .. slot_spec .. "$"			for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do				if rfind(slot, slot_spec) then -- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms. for _, form in ipairs(forms) do						form.footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(form.footnotes, spec.footnotes) end end end end end end

local function add_missing_links_to_forms(base) -- Any forms without links should get them now. Redundant ones will be stripped later. for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do		for _, form in ipairs(forms) do			if not form.form:find("%[%[") then form.form = "" .. form.form .. "" end end end end

local function conjugate_verb(base) construct_stems(base) add_present_indic(base) add_present_subj(base) add_finite_non_present(base) add_non_finite_forms(base) fix_double_umlauts(base) -- do non-reflexive non-imperative slot overrides process_slot_overrides(base, function(slot)		return not slot:find("^imp_") and not slot:find("^neg_imp_")	end) -- This should happen after process_slot_overrides in case a derived slot is based on an override -- (as with the imp_3s of dar, estar). add_imperatives(base) -- do non-reflexive positive imperative slot overrides process_slot_overrides(base, function(slot)		return slot:find("^imp_")	end) -- We need to add joined reflexives, then joined and non-joined clitics, then non-joined reflexives, so we get -- arrepéndete but no te arrependas. if base.refl then add_reflexive_or_fixed_clitic_to_forms(base, "do reflexive", "do joined") process_slot_overrides(base, nil, "do reflexive") -- do reflexive-only slot overrides add_reflexive_or_fixed_clitic_to_forms(base, "do reflexive", false) end -- This should happen after add_reflexive_or_fixed_clitic_to_forms so negative imperatives get the reflexive pronoun -- and clitic in them. generate_negative_imperatives(base) -- do non-reflexive negative imperative slot overrides -- FIXME: What about reflexive negative imperatives? process_slot_overrides(base, function(slot)		return slot:find("^neg_imp_")	end) -- This should happen before add_missing_links_to_forms so that the comparison `form == base.lemma` -- in handle_infinitive_linked works correctly and compares unlinked forms to unlinked forms. handle_infinitive_linked(base) process_addnote_specs(base) if not base.alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinkverb then add_missing_links_to_forms(base) end end

local function parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec) -- Store the original angle bracket spec so we can reconstruct the overall conj spec with the lemma(s) in them. local base = { angle_bracket_spec = angle_bracket_spec, user_basic_overrides = {}, user_stems = {}, addnote_specs = {}, }	local function parse_err(msg) error(msg .. ": " .. angle_bracket_spec) end local function fetch_footnotes(separated_group) local footnotes for j = 2, #separated_group - 1, 2 do			if separated_group[j + 1] ~= "" then parse_err("Extraneous text after bracketed footnotes: '" .. table.concat(separated_group) .. "'") end if not footnotes then footnotes = {} end table.insert(footnotes, separated_group[j]) end return footnotes end

local inside = angle_bracket_spec:match("^<(.*)>$") assert(inside) if inside == "" then return base end local segments = iut.parse_balanced_segment_run(inside, "[", "]") local dot_separated_groups = iut.split_alternating_runs(segments, "%.") for i, dot_separated_group in ipairs(dot_separated_groups) do		local first_element = dot_separated_group[1] if first_element == "addnote" then local spec_and_footnotes = fetch_footnotes(dot_separated_group) if #spec_and_footnotes < 2 then parse_err("Spec with 'addnote' should be of the form 'addnote[SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'") end local slot_spec = table.remove(spec_and_footnotes, 1) local slot_spec_inside = rmatch(slot_spec, "^%[(.*)%]$") if not slot_spec_inside then parse_err("Internal error: slot_spec " .. slot_spec .. " should be surrounded with brackets") end local slot_specs = rsplit(slot_spec_inside, ",") -- FIXME: Here, Module:it-verb called strip_spaces. Generally we don't do this. Should we? table.insert(base.addnote_specs, {slot_specs = slot_specs, footnotes = spec_and_footnotes}) elseif indicator_flags[first_element] then if #dot_separated_group > 1 then parse_err("No footnotes allowed with '" .. first_element .. "' spec") end if base[first_element] then parse_err("Spec '" .. first_element .. "' specified twice") end base[first_element] = true elseif first_element:find("^var:") then if #dot_separated_group > 1 then parse_err(("Can't attach footnotes to 'var:' spec '%s'"):format(first_element)) end base.var = first_element:match("^var:(.*)$") elseif first_element:find(":") then local colon_separated_groups = iut.split_alternating_runs(dot_separated_group, "%s*:%s*") local first_element = colon_separated_groups[1][1] if #colon_separated_groups[1] > 1 then parse_err("Can't attach footnotes directly to '" .. first_element .. "' spec; attach them to the " ..					"colon-separated values following the initial colon") end if overridable_stems[first_element] then if base.user_stems[first_element] then parse_err("Overridable stem '" .. first_element .. "' specified twice") end table.remove(colon_separated_groups, 1) base.user_stems[first_element] = overridable_stems[first_element](colon_separated_groups,					{prefix = first_element, base = base, parse_err = parse_err, fetch_footnotes = fetch_footnotes}) else -- assume a basic override; we validate further later when the possible slots are available if base.user_basic_overrides[first_element] then parse_err("Basic override '" .. first_element .. "' specified twice") end table.remove(colon_separated_groups, 1) base.user_basic_overrides[first_element] = allow_multiple_values(colon_separated_groups,					{prefix = first_element, base = base, parse_err = parse_err, fetch_footnotes = fetch_footnotes}) end else parse_err("Unrecognized spec '" .. first_element .. "'") end end

return base end

-- Reconstruct the overall verb spec from the output of iut.parse_inflected_text, so we can use it in -- Module:accel/ca. function export.reconstruct_verb_spec(alternant_multiword_spec) local parts = {}

for _, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do		table.insert(parts, alternant_or_word_spec.user_specified_before_text) if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then table.insert(parts, "((") for i, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do				if i > 1 then table.insert(parts, ",") end for _, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do					table.insert(parts, word_spec.user_specified_before_text) table.insert(parts, word_spec.user_specified_lemma) table.insert(parts, word_spec.angle_bracket_spec) end table.insert(parts, multiword_spec.user_specified_post_text) end table.insert(parts, "))") else table.insert(parts, alternant_or_word_spec.user_specified_lemma) table.insert(parts, alternant_or_word_spec.angle_bracket_spec) end end table.insert(parts, alternant_multiword_spec.user_specified_post_text)

-- As a special case, if we see e.g. "amar<>", remove the <>. Don't do this if there are spaces or alternants. local retval = table.concat(parts) if not retval:find(" ") and not retval:find("%(%(") then local retval_no_angle_brackets = retval:match("^(.*)<>$") if retval_no_angle_brackets then return retval_no_angle_brackets end end return retval end

-- Normalize all lemmas, substituting the pagename for blank lemmas and adding links to multiword lemmas. local function normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec, head)

-- (1) Add links to all before and after text. Remember the original text so we can reconstruct the verb spec later. if not alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinktext then for _, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do			alternant_or_word_spec.user_specified_before_text = alternant_or_word_spec.before_text alternant_or_word_spec.before_text = com.add_links(alternant_or_word_spec.before_text) if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do					for _, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do						word_spec.user_specified_before_text = word_spec.before_text word_spec.before_text = com.add_links(word_spec.before_text) end multiword_spec.user_specified_post_text = multiword_spec.post_text multiword_spec.post_text = com.add_links(multiword_spec.post_text) end end end alternant_multiword_spec.user_specified_post_text = alternant_multiword_spec.post_text alternant_multiword_spec.post_text = com.add_links(alternant_multiword_spec.post_text) end

-- (2) Remove any links from the lemma, but remember the original form --    so we can use it below in the 'lemma_linked' form. iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)		if base.lemma == "" then			base.lemma = head		end

base.user_specified_lemma = base.lemma

base.lemma = m_links.remove_links(base.lemma) local refl_verb = base.lemma local verb, refl = rmatch(refl_verb, "^(.-)%-(se)$") if not verb then verb, refl = rmatch(refl_verb, "^(.-)('s)$") end if not verb then verb, refl = refl_verb, nil end base.user_specified_verb = verb base.refl = refl base.verb = base.user_specified_verb

local linked_lemma if alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinkverb or base.user_specified_lemma:find("%[%[") then linked_lemma = base.user_specified_lemma elseif base.refl then -- Reconstruct the linked lemma with separate links around base verb, reflexive pronoun and clitic. linked_lemma = base.user_specified_verb == base.verb and "" .. base.user_specified_verb .. "" or "" .. base.user_specified_verb .. "" linked_lemma = linked_lemma .. (refl and "-" .. refl .. "" or "") else -- Add links to the lemma so the user doesn't specifically need to, since we preserve -- links in multiword lemmas and include links in non-lemma forms rather than allowing -- the entire form to be a link. linked_lemma = com.add_links(base.user_specified_lemma) end base.linked_lemma = linked_lemma end) end

local function detect_indicator_spec(base) if (base.only3s and 1 or 0) + (base.only3sp and 1 or 0) + (base.only3p and 1 or 0) > 1 then error("Only one of 'only3s', 'only3sp' and 'only3p' can be specified") end

base.forms = {} base.input_stems = {} base.basic_overrides = {} base.basic_reflexive_only_overrides = {} base.orig_verb = base.verb -- in case of a 'like = "..."' redirect if not base.no_built_in then local function match_built_in_spec(verb, built_in_spec) local prefix, non_prefixed_verb if type(built_in_spec.match) == "function" then prefix, non_prefixed_verb = built_in_spec.match(verb) elseif built_in_spec.match:find("^%^") and rsub(built_in_spec.match, "^%^", "") == verb then -- begins with ^, for exact match, and matches prefix, non_prefixed_verb = "", verb else prefix, non_prefixed_verb = rmatch(verb, "^(.*)(" .. built_in_spec.match .. ")$")			end return prefix, non_prefixed_verb end

local function find_built_in(verb, var) for _, built_in_spec in ipairs(built_in_conjugations) do				local prefix, non_prefixed_verb = match_built_in_spec(verb, built_in_spec) if prefix then if not built_in_spec.var then if var then error(("Can't specify a variant spec 'var:%s' with verb '%s'"):format(var, verb)) end return prefix, non_prefixed_verb, built_in_spec elseif not var then local possible_vars = {} for _, built_in_spec in ipairs(built_in_conjugations) do							local prefix, non_prefixed_verb = match_built_in_spec(verb, built_in_spec) if prefix then table.insert(possible_vars, built_in_spec.var) end end error(("For verb '%s', must specify a variant using 'var:...'; possible values are %s"):format( verb, table.concat(possible_vars, ", "))) elseif built_in_spec.var == var then return prefix, non_prefixed_verb, built_in_spec end end end return nil end

local prefix, non_prefixed_verb, built_in_spec = find_built_in(base.verb, base.var) if prefix then -- we found a built-in verb if built_in_spec.like then -- we found a redirect to another verb that has the same conjugation, just a different infinitive base.verb = prefix .. built_in_spec.like local new_prefix, new_non_prefixed_verb, new_built_in_spec = find_built_in(base.verb, built_in_spec.likevar) if new_prefix then -- redirected to another built-in verb base.prefix = new_prefix base.non_prefixed_verb = new_non_prefixed_verb built_in_spec = new_built_in_spec else built_in_spec = nil end else base.prefix = prefix base.non_prefixed_verb = non_prefixed_verb end end

if built_in_spec then -- we found a built-in verb, possibly redirecting to another built-in verb for stem, forms in pairs(built_in_spec.forms) do				if type(forms) == "function" then forms = forms(base, base.prefix) end if stem:find("^refl_") then stem = stem:gsub("^refl_", "") if not base.alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic_map[stem] then error("Internal error: setting for 'refl_" .. stem .. "' does not refer to a basic verb slot") end base.basic_reflexive_only_overrides[stem] = forms elseif base.alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic_map[stem] then -- an individual form override of a basic form base.basic_overrides[stem] = forms else base.input_stems[stem] = forms end end end end

-- Override built-in-verb stems and overrides with user-specified ones. for stem, values in pairs(base.user_stems) do		base.input_stems[stem] = values end for override, values in pairs(base.user_basic_overrides) do		if not base.alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic_map[override] then error("Unrecognized override '" .. override .. "': " .. base.angle_bracket_spec) end base.basic_overrides[override] = values end

base.prefix = base.prefix or "" base.non_prefixed_verb = base.non_prefixed_verb or base.verb local inf_stem, suffix = rmatch(base.non_prefixed_verb, "^(.*)(re)$") if not inf_stem then inf_stem, suffix = rmatch(base.non_prefixed_verb, "^(.*)([aeiu]r)$") end if not inf_stem then error("Unrecognized infinitive: " .. base.verb) end -- Remove accents from e.g. parèixer, córrer. inf_stem = com.remove_accents(inf_stem) -- Save full infinitive stem for use in future and conditional. base.inf_stem = (inf_stem .. suffix):gsub("e$", "") local stem = inf_stem if suffix == "re" then -- verbs in -ldre, -ndre have stem without the d		stem = stem:gsub("([ln])d$", "%1") elseif suffix == "ur" then stem = stem .. "u" end base.conj_vowel = (suffix == "re" or suffix == "ur") and "e" or suffix:gsub("r$", "") -- If the stem is followed by a front vowel, convert it to its "back" form before calling combine_stem_ending, -- which expects the "back" form of the stem and may convert it back to the "front" form. Don't do this conversion -- for ï so we leave arguïr (underlyingly 'argüïr') as 'argu' ("back" form), which becomes 'argü' ("front" form) -- before front vowel ï and we end up with base.stem containing the underlying form 'argüï'. We remove the first of -- two umlauts in a row in a postprocessing step (fix_double_umlauts). if rfind(suffix, "^[ei]") then stem = com.front_to_back(stem) end -- Use combine_stem_ending so we get ï if necessary. base.stem = combine_stem_ending(base, stem, base.conj_vowel, false, "dont include prefix")

-- Propagate built-in-verb indicator flags to `base` and combine with user-specified flags. for indicator_flag, _ in pairs(indicator_flags) do		base[indicator_flag] = base[indicator_flag] or base.input_stems[indicator_flag] end end

local function detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec) -- Propagate some settings up; some are used internally, others by Module:pt-headword. iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)		-- Internal indicator flags. Do these before calling detect_indicator_spec because add_slots uses them.		for _, prop in ipairs { "refl", "clitic" } do			if base[prop] then				alternant_multiword_spec[prop] = true			end		end		base.alternant_multiword_spec = alternant_multiword_spec	end)

add_slots(alternant_multiword_spec)

iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)		detect_indicator_spec(base)		-- User-specified indicator flags. Do these after calling detect_indicator_spec because the latter may set these		-- indicators for built-in verbs.		for prop, _ in pairs(indicator_flags) do			if base[prop] then				alternant_multiword_spec[prop] = true			end		end	end) end

local function add_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, base, multiword_lemma) local function insert_ann(anntype, value) m_table.insertIfNot(alternant_multiword_spec.annotation[anntype], value) end

local function insert_cat(cat, also_when_multiword) -- Don't place multiword terms in categories like 'Catalan verbs ending in -ar' to avoid spamming the -- categories with such terms. if also_when_multiword or not multiword_lemma then m_table.insertIfNot(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, "Catalan " .. cat) end end

if check_for_red_links and alternant_multiword_spec.source_template == "ca-conj" and multiword_lemma then for _, slot_and_accel in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.all_verb_slots) do			local slot = slot_and_accel[1] local forms = base.forms[slot] local must_break = false if forms then for _, form in ipairs(forms) do					if not form.form:find("%[%[") then local title = mw.title.new(form.form) if title and not title.exists then insert_cat("verbs with red links in their inflection tables") must_break = true break end end end end if must_break then break end end end

map_general(base.output_stems.stem, function(stem)		local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(stem)		local need_no_eix_infix = true		if conj_vowel ~= base.conj_vowel then			insert_ann("conj", "mixed conjugation")			insert_cat("mixed conjugation verbs")		elseif conj_vowel == "a" then			insert_ann("conj", "first conjugation")			insert_cat("first conjugation verbs")		elseif conj_vowel == "e" then			insert_ann("conj", "second conjugation")			insert_cat("second conjugation verbs")		elseif conj_vowel == "i" then			insert_ann("conj", "third conjugation")			insert_cat("third conjugation verbs")			need_no_eix_infix = false			map_general(base.output_stems.eix_infix, function(form) if form == "+" then insert_ann("eix_infix", "with -eix-") insert_cat("third conjugation verbs with -eix-") elseif form == "-" then insert_ann("eix_infix", "without -eix-") insert_cat("third conjugation verbs without -eix-") end end)		else			error(("Internal error: Stem '%s' doesn't end in conjugation vowel a/e/i and split_conj_vowel didn't catch it"				):format(stem))		end		if need_no_eix_infix then			insert_ann("eix_infix", "no infix")		end	end)

if base.input_stems.g_infix then insert_ann("g_infix", "with velar infix") insert_cat("verbs with velar infix") else insert_ann("g_infix", "no infix") end

if base.output_stems.irreg then insert_ann("irreg", "irregular") insert_cat("irregular verbs") else insert_ann("irreg", "regular") end

if base.only3s then insert_ann("defective", "impersonal") insert_cat("impersonal verbs") elseif base.only3sp then insert_ann("defective", "third-person only") insert_cat("third-person-only verbs") elseif base.only3p then insert_ann("defective", "third-person plural only") insert_cat("third-person-plural-only verbs") elseif base.no_pres_stressed then insert_ann("defective", "defective") insert_cat("defective verbs") else insert_ann("defective", "regular") end

--if base.clitic then --	insert_cat("verbs with lexical clitics") --end

if base.refl then insert_cat("reflexive verbs") end

local stem_base, conj_vowel = split_conj_vowel(base.stem) local cons_alt if conj_vowel == "i" and base.output_stems.eix_infix == "+" then -- no alternations in verbs like afligir because all endings are front elseif stem_base:find("ç$") then cons_alt = "ç-c" elseif stem_base:find("c$") then cons_alt = "c-qu" elseif stem_base:find("g$") then cons_alt = "g-gu" elseif stem_base:find("gu$") then cons_alt = "gu-gü" elseif stem_base:find("j$") then cons_alt = "j-g" elseif stem_base:find("qu$") then cons_alt = "qu-qü" end

if cons_alt then local desc = cons_alt .. " alternation" insert_ann("cons_alt", desc) insert_cat("verbs with " .. desc) else insert_ann("cons_alt", "non-alternating") end end

-- Compute the categories to add the verb to, as well as the annotation to display in the -- conjugation title bar. We combine the code to do these functions as both categories and -- title bar contain similar information. local function compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec) alternant_multiword_spec.categories = {} local ann = {} alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = ann ann.conj = {} ann.g_infix = {} ann.eix_infix = {} ann.irreg = {} ann.defective = {} ann.cons_alt = {}

local multiword_lemma = false for _, form in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms.infinitive) do		if form.form:find(" ") then multiword_lemma = true break end end

iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)		add_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, base, multiword_lemma)	end) local ann_parts = {} local conj = table.concat(ann.conj, " or ") if conj ~= "" then table.insert(ann_parts, conj) end local eix_infix = table.concat(ann.eix_infix, " or ") if eix_infix ~= "" and eix_infix ~= "no infix" then table.insert(ann_parts, eix_infix) end local irreg = table.concat(ann.irreg, " or ") if irreg ~= "" and irreg ~= "regular" then table.insert(ann_parts, irreg) end local g_infix = table.concat(ann.g_infix, " or ") if g_infix ~= "" and g_infix ~= "no infix" then table.insert(ann_parts, g_infix) end local defective = table.concat(ann.defective, " or ") if defective ~= "" and defective ~= "regular" then table.insert(ann_parts, defective) end local cons_alt = table.concat(ann.cons_alt, " or ") if cons_alt ~= "" and cons_alt ~= "non-alternating" then table.insert(ann_parts, cons_alt) end alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = table.concat(ann_parts, ", ") end

local function show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec) local lemmas = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.infinitive alternant_multiword_spec.lemmas = lemmas -- save for later use in make_table

local reconstructed_verb_spec = export.reconstruct_verb_spec(alternant_multiword_spec)

local function transform_accel_obj(slot, formobj, accel_obj) -- No accelerators for negative imperatives, which are always multiword and derived directly from the -- present subjunctive. if slot:find("^neg_imp") then return nil end if accel_obj then accel_obj.form = "verb-form-" .. reconstructed_verb_spec end return accel_obj end

local props = { lang = lang, lemmas = lemmas, transform_accel_obj = transform_accel_obj, slot_list = alternant_multiword_spec.verb_slots_basic, }	iut.show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, props) alternant_multiword_spec.footnote_basic = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.footnote end

local notes_template = [=[ {footnote} ]=]

local basic_table = [=[ {description} Conjugation of {title} {\op}| style="width:100%;background:#F0F0F0;padding:.3em" data-toggle-category="inflection" ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0;" | infinitive ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0;" | gerund ! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | past participle ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | masculine ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | feminine ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | singular ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | plural ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#e2e4cb;" | person ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4cb;" | singular ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4cb;" | plural ! style="background:#e2e4cb;width:12.5%;" | first ! style="background:#e2e4cb;width:12.5%;" | second ! style="background:#e2e4cb;width:12.5%;" | third ! style="background:#e2e4cb;width:12.5%;" | first ! style="background:#e2e4cb;width:12.5%;" | second ! style="background:#e2e4cb;width:12.5%;" | third ! rowspan="6" style="background:#c0cfe4;" | indicative ! style="background:#c0cfe4;" | ! style="background:#c0cfe4;" | <> ! style="background:#c0cfe4;" | <> ! style="background:#c0cfe4;" | < >/< > <> ! style="background:#c0cfe4;" | < > <> ! style="background:#c0cfe4;" | < > <> ! style="background:#c0cfe4;" | < >/< > <> ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4;" | present ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4;" | imperfect ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4;" | future ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4;" | preterite ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4;" | conditional ! style="background:#c0e4c0;" rowspan="3" | subjunctive ! style="background:#c0e4c0;" | ! style="background:#c0e4c0;" | <> ! style="background:#c0e4c0;" | <> ! style="background:#c0e4c0;" | < >/< > <> ! style="background:#c0e4c0;" | < > <> ! style="background:#c0e4c0;" | < > <> ! style="background:#c0e4c0;" | < >/< > <> ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0;" | present ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0;" rowspan="1" | imperfect ! rowspan="3" style="height:3em;background:#e4d4c0;" | imperative ! style="background:#e4d4c0;" | ! style="background:#e4d4c0;" | — ! style="background:#e4d4c0;" | <> ! style="background:#e4d4c0;" | <> ! style="background:#e4d4c0;" | < > ! style="background:#e4d4c0;" | < > <> ! style="background:#e4d4c0;" | <<vostès>> ! style="height:3em;background:#e4d4c0;" | affirmative ! style="height:3em;background:#e4d4c0;" | negative (<<no>>)
 * colspan="5" | {infinitive}
 * colspan="5" | {gerund}
 * colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" |
 * colspan="2" | {pp_ms}
 * colspan="2" | {pp_fs}
 * colspan="2" | {pp_mp}
 * colspan="2" | {pp_fp}
 * {pres_1s}
 * {pres_2s}
 * {pres_3s}
 * {pres_1p}
 * {pres_2p}
 * {pres_3p}
 * {impf_1s}
 * {impf_2s}
 * {impf_3s}
 * {impf_1p}
 * {impf_2p}
 * {impf_3p}
 * {fut_1s}
 * {fut_2s}
 * {fut_3s}
 * {fut_1p}
 * {fut_2p}
 * {fut_3p}
 * {pret_1s}
 * {pret_2s}
 * {pret_3s}
 * {pret_1p}
 * {pret_2p}
 * {pret_3p}
 * {cond_1s}
 * {cond_2s}
 * {cond_3s}
 * {cond_1p}
 * {cond_2p}
 * {cond_3p}
 * {pres_sub_1s}
 * {pres_sub_2s}
 * {pres_sub_3s}
 * {pres_sub_1p}
 * {pres_sub_2p}
 * {pres_sub_3p}
 * {impf_sub_1s}
 * {impf_sub_2s}
 * {impf_sub_3s}
 * {impf_sub_1p}
 * {impf_sub_2p}
 * {impf_sub_3p}
 * —
 * {imp_2s}
 * {imp_3s}
 * {imp_1p}
 * {imp_2p}
 * {imp_3p}
 * —
 * {neg_imp_2s}
 * {neg_imp_3s}
 * {neg_imp_1p}
 * {neg_imp_2p}
 * {neg_imp_3p}
 * {\cl}{notes_clause} ]=]

local function make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) local forms = alternant_multiword_spec.forms

forms.title = link_term(alternant_multiword_spec.lemmas[1].form, nil, "term") if alternant_multiword_spec.annotation ~= "" then forms.title = forms.title .. " (" .. alternant_multiword_spec.annotation .. ")" end forms.description = ""

-- Format the table. forms.footnote = alternant_multiword_spec.footnote_basic forms.notes_clause = forms.footnote ~= "" and m_string_utilities.format(notes_template, forms) or "" local table_with_pronouns = rsub(basic_table, "<<([^<>|]-)|([^<>|]-)>>", link_term) local table_with_pronouns = rsub(table_with_pronouns, "<<(.-)>>", link_term) return m_string_utilities.format(table_with_pronouns, forms) end

-- Externally callable function to parse and conjugate a verb given user-specified arguments. -- Return value is WORD_SPEC, an object where the conjugated forms are in `WORD_SPEC.forms` -- for each slot. If there are no values for a slot, the slot key will be missing. The value -- for a given slot is a list of objects {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}. function export.do_generate_forms(args, source_template, headword_head) local PAGENAME = mw.title.getCurrentTitle.text local function in_template_space return mw.title.getCurrentTitle.nsText == "Template" end

-- Determine the verb spec we're being asked to generate the conjugation of. This may be taken from the -- current page title or the value of |pagename=; but not when called from, where the -- page title is a non-lemma form. Note that the verb spec may omit the infinitive; e.g. it may be "<i-e>". -- For this reason, we use the value of `pagename` computed here down below, when calling normalize_all_lemmas. local pagename = source_template ~= "ca-verb form of" and args.pagename or PAGENAME local head = headword_head or pagename local arg1 = args[1]

if not arg1 then if (pagename == "ca-conj" or pagename == "ca-verb") and in_template_space then arg1 = "paliar<í,+>" elseif pagename == "ca-verb form of" and in_template_space then arg1 = "amar" else arg1 = "<>" end end

-- When called from, determine the non-lemma form whose inflections we're being asked to -- determine. This normally comes from the page title or the value of |pagename=. local verb_form_of_form if source_template == "ca-verb form of" then verb_form_of_form = args.pagename if not verb_form_of_form then if PAGENAME == "ca-verb form of" and in_template_space then verb_form_of_form = "ame" else verb_form_of_form = PAGENAME end end end

local incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = false if arg1:find("^<.*>$") then -- missing lemma if head:find(" ") then -- If multiword lemma, try to add arg spec after the first word. -- Try to preserve the brackets in the part after the verb, but don't do it			-- if there aren't the same number of left and right brackets in the verb -- (which means the verb was linked as part of a larger expression). local refl_clitic_verb, post = rmatch(head, "^(.-)( .*)$") local left_brackets = rsub(refl_clitic_verb, "[^%[]", "") local right_brackets = rsub(refl_clitic_verb, "[^%]]", "") if #left_brackets == #right_brackets then arg1 = iut.remove_redundant_links(refl_clitic_verb) .. arg1 .. post incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = true else -- Try again using the form without links. local linkless_head = m_links.remove_links(head) if linkless_head:find(" ") then refl_clitic_verb, post = rmatch(linkless_head, "^(.-)( .*)$") arg1 = refl_clitic_verb .. arg1 .. post else error("Unable to incorporate <...> spec into explicit head due to a multiword linked verb or " ..						"unbalanced brackets; please include <> explicitly: " .. arg1) end end else -- Will be incorporated through `head` below in the call to normalize_all_lemmas. incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = true end end

local function split_bracketed_runs_into_words(bracketed_runs) return iut.split_alternating_runs(bracketed_runs, " ", "preserve splitchar") end

local parse_props = { parse_indicator_spec = parse_indicator_spec, -- Split words only on spaces, not on hyphens, because that messes up reflexive verb parsing. split_bracketed_runs_into_words = split_bracketed_runs_into_words, allow_default_indicator = true, allow_blank_lemma = true, }	local alternant_multiword_spec = iut.parse_inflected_text(arg1, parse_props) alternant_multiword_spec.pos = pos or "verbs" alternant_multiword_spec.args = args alternant_multiword_spec.source_template = source_template alternant_multiword_spec.verb_form_of_form = verb_form_of_form alternant_multiword_spec.incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma

normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec, head) detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec) local inflect_props = { slot_list = alternant_multiword_spec.all_verb_slots, inflect_word_spec = conjugate_verb, -- We add links around the generated verbal forms rather than allow the entire multiword -- expression to be a link, so ensure that user-specified links get included as well. include_user_specified_links = true, }	iut.inflect_multiword_or_alternant_multiword_spec(alternant_multiword_spec, inflect_props)

-- Remove redundant brackets around entire forms. for slot, forms in pairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms) do		for _, form in ipairs(forms) do			form.form = com.strip_redundant_links(form.form) end end

compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec) return alternant_multiword_spec end

-- Entry point for. Template-callable function to parse and conjugate a verb given -- user-specified arguments and generate a displayable table of the conjugated forms. function export.show(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent.args local params = { [1] = {},		["noautolinktext"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["noautolinkverb"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["pagename"] = {}, -- for testing/documentation pages ["json"] = {type = "boolean"}, -- for bot use }	local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parent_args, params) local alternant_multiword_spec = export.do_generate_forms(args, "ca-conj") if type(alternant_multiword_spec) == "string" then -- JSON return value return alternant_multiword_spec end show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec) return make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) .. require("Module:utilities").format_categories(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, lang, nil, nil, force_cat) end

return export

title: Module:User:Benwing2/ca-verb