text:
Talk:Urbana, Illinois

Exactly what are we listing in the Media section?
What are we listing in the media section? Is it all stations that can be picked up in Urbana? If so then we should add 105.9 back to the list. Is it stations that broadcast from Urbana? That reduce the list to a size of 1 I believe (WRFU). Is it the stations heard in Urbana that broadcast from somewhere in Central Illinois? DavidGrayson (talk) 08:37, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

How about an Awards section?
Let's make an Awards section, with two sub-sections: Tree City USA and 10 Great Neighborhoods DavidGrayson (talk) 07:14, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Famous Urbanites
I just cleaned up the Famous Urbanites seciton because it had a sign on it that said it needed to be cleaned up. I think the section is good now, so I removed the sign. If you disgree, feel free to put the sign back up. The only major thing I did was remove some descriptions of Nobel prizes. This information is redundant because you can easily get it by clicking on the name of the Noel laureate. We have to give descriptions of ALL the nobel prizes or NONE, and in this case NONE is better. I also reworded things, sorted it alphabetically, added bunch of links, and made the wording/punctuation consistent. DavidGrayson (talk) 07:11, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

I think that Margaret Hamilton is actually from Ohio. 98.212.154.215 (talk) 01:36, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

POV
It seems to me that this article reads more like a pamphlet written by the Urbana Chamber of Commerce than an encyclopedia entry. It's terribly POV.

For example, "The best lunch place in Urbana is the cafe of Strawberry Fields..." Best according to whom? If there's some authoritative source for this like, say, a News-Gazette poll, there should be some indication of this. If it's the personal opinion of one editor, it should be removed.

I'm of the opinion that the "Eating in Urbana" and "Lincoln Square Mall" sections at the least should be eliminated. Eric 20:52, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree and will volunteer to find some alternative information. Agriculture 05:26, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

As an Urbana resident, I shall do my duty and add information about Urbana in a neutral point of view.

 * Though not a resident of Champaign-Urbana (I visited the city once however), I went ahead and attempted to clean up the article. If an Urbana resident sees that the article is indeed cleaned up, please remove the cleanup tag. Thanks. Pentawing 07:23, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Urbana High School information
I just added a section on the High School, mostly the architectural aspect. As a current student at UHS, I feel the architecture of UHS represents Urbana's history very well, or something like that.--DrumFreak 16:40, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Lincoln Square Mall
I don't know what was in this section before, but I'd think a discussion of the politics surrounding the building of the mall (and razing most of the former downtown, or so I've been told), would be a valuable addition to the article (but hard to keep NPOV). -- The Photon 03:41, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

You can still see pieces of the old downtown in Busey Woods, north of Carle Park. Visit the old staircase!

I the '50's the downtowns were dying. The idea was to put stores under a single roof, and increase parking. This worked for a while, but the the malls at the edge of town took over. The whole thing was driven by cheap gasoline. Today the Mall is converting to office space, and local business oriented toward serving the office workers.M dorothy

Television
There is a list of analogue television broadcasters. I thought the U.S. went totally digital. Kdammers (talk) 09:30, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Eleven years later, I second the comment made by Kdammers! The TV list is overdue for editing. Floridasand (talk) 05:04, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

History
It would be nice if some-one could put in some of the history of the city, e.g., about the founding, Champaign's break-away, and the railroad strikes of 1877. Kdammers (talk) 09:30, 25 November 2009 (UTC) Wik/en: Great Railroad Strike of 1877: "On July 24, rail traffic in Chicago was paralyzed when angry mobs of unemployed citizens wreaked havoc in the rail yards, shutting down both the Baltimore and Ohio and the Illinois Central Railroads. Soon, other railroads were brought to a standstill, with demonstrators shutting down railroad traffic in Bloomington, Aurora, Peoria, Decatur, Urbana and other rail centers throughout Illinois." 64.53.191.77 (talk) 19:43, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

Fire
I believe the fire that has just been added to the history section destroyed court-house records.Kdammers (talk) 00:22, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Map
The map should have the option "Show map of USA", like Regina, Saskatchewan has the option "Show map of Canada". Thanks. Mateussf (talk) 01:06, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Richard Powers's novel Plowing the Dark and the Electronic Visualization Laboratory
The article states, "In Powers' novel Plowing the Dark, the Realization Lab's 'Cavern' virtual reality machine seems to be set in the Electronic Visualization Laboratory at the University, where the CAVE environment was first developed. " However, the Electronic Visualization Laboratory lies not in the Urbana campus but in the Chicago campus. As such, the statement is not relevant to the article, so I am removing it. Thatsme314 (talk) 07:46, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urbana, Illinois


text:
White Rock Creek

White Rock Creek is a 30 mi creek occupying a chain of four sub-watersheds within the Trinity River watershed. From its source near Frisco, Texas at 33.13167°N, -96.78056°W, this creek runs south-by-south-east through suburban Dallas for 23.5 mi where it widens into White Rock Lake, then continues south for another 8 mi to its mouth on the Trinity River, of which it is a major tributary.

Despite running through one of the most populous areas of Texas, and flowing under many major roads and highways, its banks remain heavily wooded and undisturbed in many places and many local parks are situated within its watershed, which is generally considered to extend 2 mi to 2.5 mi either side of its path.

At least eight "White Rock Creeks" exist in the Dallas metro area; this article describes the White Rock Creek of Collin County and Dallas County, Texas which feeds into White Rock Lake.

Course

Intermittent in its upper reaches, the creek flows south, generally parallel to and between the Dallas North Tollway and Preston Road (State Highway 289). Its upper stretch flows from Frisco east of Preston, crossing under the Sam Rayburn Tollway State Highway 121. It crosses under Preston Road near Hedgcoxe Road in Plano.

Widening slightly as it flows south and crosses Legacy Drive, the creek continues a southerly course through Plano between Preston Road and the Dallas North Tollway, narrowing again as it crosses West Spring Creek Parkway. It next crosses under West Parker Road where it passes through the Gleneagles Country Club. A number of parks encompass the creek as it next crosses under West Park Boulevard (State Highway 544). Still following a course between Preston and the Dallas North Tollway, the creek crosses West Plano Parkway, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway tracks, President George Bush Turnpike, where it enters the City of Dallas. It continues past Frankford Road, runs through Preston Trail Golf Course, crosses under Keller Springs Road, Southern Pacific Railroad tracks, runs through Prestonwood Country Club where it is joined by McKamy Brook, then crosses Arapaho Road and Belt Line Road.

After crossing Belt Line, the creek cuts east under Preston but quickly returns to a south-easterly course. From here, the creek meanders further and further east of Preston, no longer following it (or rather, Preston no longer follows the creek). The creek crosses Hillcrest Road just north of Interstate 635, it then flows under Interstate 635 just east of Hillcrest, flows adjacent to Park Central drive and along the western edge of Medical City Dallas Hospital complex, where it widens, then flows under U.S. Highway 75 (North Central Expressway) south of Forest Lane. From Belt Line Road to White Rock Lake, the creek's lowland flood plain is a park and a popular bicycling and running venue for Dallas residents.

DART rail bridges the creek east of US 75, where Johnson Creek joins White Rock Creek. The creek crosses Royal Lane where, at this point, it has entered a more urban environment, crossing under Greenville Avenue and Walnut Hill Lane east of Presbyterian Hospital-Dallas. From here, Cottonwood Creek (containing Floyd Brook) joins White Rock Creek which soon enters (or creates) White Rock Lake, a man-made reservoir no more than 20 feet (6 m) deep serving the city of Dallas. After White Rock Lake, the creek flows south past Interstate 30 and U.S. Highway 175 (the C.F. Hawn Freeway) and merges with the Trinity River.

Geology and ecology
The creek (and the lake it feeds) takes its name from the weathered-white Austin Chalk which lines its bed and banks, thus revealing its place geologically within the Balcones Escarpment. In some places, this chalk becomes quite conspicuous as the creek cuts deep through canyon-like walls of rock and tree roots. Considered part of the Texas Blackland Prairie (locally White Rock Prairie) and Bottomland Forest ecosystems, the creek is host to multitudes of flora and fauna.

Wildlife includes river otter, mink, bobcats, coyotes, red fox, ducks, raccoons, skunks, opossum, armadillos, gray squirrels, mice, rats and eastern cottontails. Where the banks are muddy, crayfish make their conical-shaped homes. Many birds including great blue herons, great egrets and belted kingfishers make their homes along and eat from the creek, and double-crested cormorants, American white pelicans and American coots often visit the lake. Herpetofauna include lizards, water moccasins, salamanders, red-eared sliders and common snapping turtles. The most common fish are sunfish, largemouth bass, white crappie and channel catfish.

The most common trees are cedar elm, pecan and green ash. Forbs are encountered in the drier areas, whereas species more adapted to flooding are found where the banks are lower, such as cottonwood, black willow, American elm, sycamore, hackberry, chinquapin oak, and Texas buckeye. Berry-producing trees along the creek include yaupon holly, cherry laurel, fruiting mulberry, rusty blackhaw, and American sweetgum.

In June 2018, over one million gallons of untreated waste spilled into the creek. Construction was being done at a car dealership in Plano when they bored into a waste pipeline. As of 2018, it was not known what permanent ecological damage was done by the spill.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: White Rock Creek


text:
Bi-directional delay line

In mathematics, a bi-directional delay line is a numerical analysis technique used in computer simulation for solving ordinary differential equations by converting them to hyperbolic equations. In this way an explicit solution scheme is obtained with highly robust numerical properties. It was introduced by Auslander in 1968.

It originates from simulation of hydraulic pipelines where wave propagation was studied. It was then found that it could be used as an efficient numerical technique for numerically insulating different parts of a simulation model in each times step. It is used in the HOPSAN simulation package (Krus et al. 1990).

It is also known as the Transmission Line Modelling (TLM) from an independent development by Johns and O'Brian 1980. This is also extended to partial differential equations.

title: Bi-directional delay line


text:
Richard Seeber

Richard Seeber (born 15 January 1962 in Innsbruck) is an Austrian politician of the Austrian People's Party ÖVP who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2014. He is married and has four children.

Early life and education
Between 1968 and 1972, Seeber went to the elementary school in Haiming in Tyrol. From 1972 to 1980, he studied at the high school in Imst Tyrol specialising in scientific subjects.

In 1980, Seeber started to study laws at the University of Innsbruck. On June 30, 1984 he was awarded his doctor of law's degree. In the same period, Seeber was enrolled in economic studies at the University of Innsbruck and he completed his degree in 1988 with the title Mag. rer. soc. oec. During his studies, he took various language classes. Under those are English and French.

Career
Thanks to his excellent language skills, Seeber worked as cruise director on Romanian and Bulgarian ships plying the Danube and as tourist guide in Romania and at the Black Sea Coast during 1985 and 1989. From 1987 to the beginning of 1989, he worked for 13 months as barrister at the district court of Imst as well as at the regional court of Innsbruck. In 1990, he worked as trainee lawyer before taking up his new employment in the tourism department of the Tyrol Chamber of Commerce in 1991.

From 1992 to 1995, he was the first director of the newly established Europe Department at the Tyrol Chamber of Commerce. In his role as director, he contributed not only to the creation of the Europe Department, but also at its transformation into the EU-Info-Centre at the Tyrol Chamber of Commerce. In 1995, he was nominated as the first director of the newly established relay office of the Euregio Tyrol at the European Union in Brussels, Belgium. Furthermore, in 1999 he was elected as president of the Christian Democratic Europe Forum (CDEF), a think tank in Brussels.

At the European Parliament election in June 2004, Seeber was elected as Member of the European Parliament for the European People's Party and European Democrats EPP-ED. He was already member in the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and a substitute member in the Committee on Regional Development during his first legislative period at the European Parliament. In 2005 Richard Seeber was rapporteur of the European People's Party and European Democrats EPP-ED for bathing water. In 2007 the European Parliament appointed Richard Seeber as rapporteur for flooding and respectively for droughts and water shortage in 2008. In the period from 2004-2009 he was also member of the Committee on Petitions, and the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee, as well as the Delegation for the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

At the European Parliament election on 7 June 2009, Seeber was re-elected as a member of the European Parliament. Directly after that, the EPP-Group elected Richard Seeber to its co-coordinator for the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. In the current 7th period of legislation of the European Parliament, Seeber, moreover, was a member of the delegation to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly. Furthermore, he is a substitute member in the Committee on Regional Development as well as in the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee.

In his work Seeber specially focuses on the topic of water. In January 2010 he founded the first Intergroup on Water of the European Parliament. This Intergroup, in which he acts as President, is a broader platform for many members of the European Parliament, representatives of the European Commission as well as representatives from economy, environmental protection and regional development.

Further key elements of Seebers work are environmental protection, air quality and mountainous regions.

Career

 * Dr. iur. Innsbruck University (1984)
 * Studied economics, Mag. rer. soc. oec. Innsbruck University (1988)
 * Barrister and solicitor (1987–1990)
 * Tyrol Chamber of Commerce (1991–1995)
 * Director, Tyrol EU Office, Brussels (1995–2004)
 * Member of the European Parliament (2004–2014)

title: Richard Seeber


text:
All-4-One

All-4-One is an American male R&B and pop group best known for their hit singles "I Swear", "So Much in Love" and "I Can Love You Like That". The group is composed of Jamie Jones, Delious Kennedy, Alfred Nevarez, and Tony Borowiak, all from the Antelope Valley and Mojave, California areas.

Atlantic Records years (1993–1999)
All-4-One's hit "I Swear" won a Grammy Award in 1995 for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and enjoyed an eleven-week run at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as a six-week run at number one on the Australian Singles Chart and a seven-week run at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart. Other RIAA gold-certified hits by the group include remakes of "So Much in Love" (1993), "I Can Love You Like That" (1995), and "Someday" from the soundtrack to Disney's 1996 animated film The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

Post-Atlantic (2000–present)
A rift between their independent label, Blitzz Records, and their major label, Atlantic Records, led to the group leaving Atlantic as well as Blitzz Records after the release of the album On and On in 1999. The shift in labels left the group in limbo for a few years as they contemplated their next move. In 2001, the follow-up album, A41, was released on AMC Records and yielded "Beautiful as U", a top 20 hit on the Radio & Records Adult Contemporary chart. The group's 2004 album, Split Personality, was given an Asia-only release, and subsequently gave them Asian hits with "Someone Who Lives in Your Heart" and "I Just Wanna Be Your Everything". For much of the 2000s, All-4-One spent their time touring Asia, in cities such as Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Seoul, Bangkok, Shanghai and Sydney.

In 2009, All-4-One released No Regrets on the Peak Records/Concord Music Group label. The album was largely created in-house, with the group doing the writing for the album, and Jamie Jones' production company, the Heavyweights, doing a lot of the production work. The CD produced the Urban Adult Contemporary hit "My Child", co-written by Delious Kennedy and Jamie Jones.

In June 2015, Billboard premiered the first single, "Baby Love", from All-4-One's 20th anniversary album, Twenty+.

In February 2016, All-4-One joined the inaugural "I Love the 90's" Tour with their peers Salt-N-Pepa featuring Spinderella, Vanilla Ice, Coolio, Tone Loc, Color Me Badd, Rob Base, Kid N Play and Young MC.

Solo ventures
In 2004, Jones released the album Illuminate on Genesis Records.

Kennedy is the co-founder of the esteemed Catalina Film Festival, known as the West Coast's version of the Cannes Film Festival. The Catalina Film Festival is a destination festival located just off the coast of Los Angeles on Santa Catalina Island, California.

In 2012, Kennedy released a single he co-wrote titled "My Rose" which peaked at No. 44 on Billboard's Hot Dance/Club chart.

In 2016, Kennedy launched his talk show, Flashback Tonight, which interviews celebrities from the '80s, '90s and early 2000s. Guests have included Richard Marx, Rick Springfield, Taylor Dayne, Karyn White, Marla Gibbs, and Coolio.

Members

 * Jamie Jones (born November 6, 1974)
 * Delious Kennedy (born December 21, 1970)
 * Alfred Nevarez (born May 17, 1973)
 * Tony Borowiak (born October 12, 1972)

Discography
Studio albums
 * All-4-One (1994)
 * And the Music Speaks (1995)
 * On and On (1999)
 * A41 (2002)
 * Split Personality (2004)
 * No Regrets (2009)
 * Twenty+ (2015)

title: All-4-One


text:
Cecil Hepworth

Cecil Milton Hepworth (19 March 1874 – 9 February 1953) was a British film director, producer and screenwriter. He was among the founders of the British film industry and continued making films into the 1920s at his Hepworth Studios. In 1923 his company Hepworth Picture Plays went into receivership.

His works include Alice in Wonderland (1903), the first film adaptation of Lewis Carroll's children's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

History

Hepworth was born in Lambeth, in present-day South London. His father, Thomas Cradock Hepworth, was a famous magic lantern showman and author. Cecil Hepworth became involved in the early stages of British filmmaking, working for both Birt Acres and Charles Urban, and wrote the first British book on the subject in 1897. With his cousin Monty Wicks he set up the production company Hepworth and Co. (also known as "Hepwix" after the word mark in its trade logo), which was later renamed the Hepworth Manufacturing Company (officially: Hepworth Film Manufacturing Company), and then Hepworth Picture Plays. In 1899 they built a small film studio in Walton-on-Thames, Hepworth Studios. The company produced about three films a week, sometimes with Hepworth directing. He was associated with Percy Stow from 1901-1903 who specialized in trick films.

His film Rescued by Rover (1905), co-directed with Lewin Fitzhamon and starring a collie in the title role, was a huge financial success. The film is now regarded as an important development in film grammar, with shots being effectively combined to emphasize the action. Hepworth was also one of the first to recognize the potential of film stars, both animal and human, with several recurring characters appearing in his films.

By 1910, Hepworth was also the inventor of Vivaphone, an early sound on disk system for adding sound to motion pictures. The device used phonograph records to record and play back the sound. Hepworth's Vivaphone was distributed in Britain and also in the United States and Canada.

The company continued making popular films into the 1920s, despite Hepworth's now unchanging and increasingly old-fashioned film style. Boosted by the international success of Alf's Button (1919), the company went public to fund a large studio development. He failed to raise the necessary capital and, also suffering the box office failure of Comin' Thro the Rye (1923), the company went into receivership the next year. All of the original film negatives in Hepworth's possession were melted down by the receiver in order to sell the silver, and his feature films have been considered lost for many decades. However, an original 35mm. print of his 1920 film Helen of Four Gates was located in a film archive in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 2008.

The Cecil Hepworth Playhouse in Walton-on-Thames is named after him.

Selected filmography

 * The Egg-Laying Man (1897)
 * The Beggar's Deceit (1900)
 * How It Feels to Be Run Over (1900)
 * Explosion of a Motor Car (1900)
 * Rough Sea (1900)
 * Alice in Wonderland (1903)
 * A Day in the Hayfields (1904)
 * Rescued by Rover (1905)
 * Baby's Toilet (1905)
 * The Jewel Thieves Outwitted (1913)
 * David Copperfield (1913)
 * The Cloister and the Hearth (1913)
 * Dr. Trimball's Verdict (1913)
 * The Baby on the Barge (1915)
 * The Man Who Stayed at Home (1915)
 * Annie Laurie (1916)
 * Molly Bawn (1916)
 * The Marriage of William Ashe (1916)
 * The Cobweb (1917)
 * The American Heiress (1917)
 * City of Beautiful Nonsense (producer) (1919)
 * The Refugee (1918)
 * Broken in the Wars (1919)
 * The Forest on the Hill (1919)
 * Helen of Four Gates (1920)
 * The Narrow Valley (1921)
 * Tansy (1921)
 * The Tinted Venus (1921)
 * Wild Heather (1921)
 * Comin' Thro the Rye (1923)
 * Strangling Threads (1923)
 * Mist in the Valley (1923)

title: Cecil Hepworth


text:
Talk:Pius XV

Move this page?
Should this page be moved to Pius XV (Babylon 5) or something similar? I know it's early since the conclave hasn't even started yet. But depending on the outcome of the conclave and how long future Popes serve it could come within a relatively short period of time, or it may be centuries until a real Pius XV comes about. JesseG 20:54, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Article is too vague
This article should be removed because Pius XV does not appear as an actual character in the television series. Even if the name was mentioned once, this character doesn't have a strong presence to have any impact on the series. Technopaladin (talk) 04:17, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pius XV


text:
User talk:Hoverboard~enwiki

I am patrick.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hoverboard. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hoverboard~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Hoverboard~enwiki


text:
Talk:Afar language

Christian language sample?
I don't really like having a specifically christian language sample, considering that the article on Afar_people claims Afars are muslims. A muslim text would be better, but I'd much prefer to see a non-religious text. Any input? --81.233.90.182 20:34, 30 July 2006 (UTC) (the guy who forgot to sign his edit)

 * I fully agree. I think a short text from Didier (1997) would be very appropriate. For starters, I have pulled out the current example, the source of which is unclear apparently. — mark ✎ 07:15, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea, so you've got my support for putting it in there (I don't have any sources or knowledge myself, I only happened to stumble upon this issue by chance) --81.233.90.182 20:34, 30 July 2006 (UTC) (the guy who forgot to sign)

 * I have acces to some linguistic and ethnological sources on Afar, so I will try to fix it. — mark ✎ 17:42, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge this with Afar?
What do others think of the potential for expanding either this article or the Afar article? I'm wondering if they should be merged. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:55, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say no. This one certainly has potential, if only because it is a language spoken by one and a half million people across three countries. It's also interesting because it is (part of) a dialect continuum and because it has been linked with Beja, thought to constitute an Afro-Asiatic branch on its own. Above all, it has potential because languages are inherently encyclopedic.
 * Afar looks more like a geographic article at present; but it, too has potential — for example, there is virtually nothing on the Afar people themselves yet. We might even need Afar (people) in the end... — mark ✎ 21:41, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I hope we would end up with three good-sized articles! But somehow I thought, in their present state, the two existing articles could work as one.  Afar language didn't have a link to Afar (not that there's much to see, yet).  I added the link but I guess the merge idea stuck in my mind anyway. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 00:02, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The main problem is the disambiguation. Afar is an ethnic region of Ethiopia. It is also a language, not only spoken in the Afar region but also beyond it in two other countries. And then there is the Afar people, also not confined to the Afar region of Ethiopia alone. If we'd merge something, Afar people+Afar language might be a better idea. — mark ✎ 07:42, 13 Apr 2005

We could call it Afar culture and it would include Afar history as well. Aleksei 08:26, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * But still, Afar language is encyclopedic enough in its own right so I don't see any good reason for a merger. There are many articles on languages with considerably fewer speakers which are quite extensive nonetheless (e.g. Laal language, Chenoua language, Nobiin language, Nafaanra language, etc.). One day, Afar language will be a featured article. — mark ✎ 08:57, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I brought this up to begin with, but note that this was over six months ago, and I am now more supportive of the separate articles as Mark D. suggests. In fact, there are already articles on the language, the region, and the ethnicity. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 22:39, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Orthography
I if it is says “standard orthography" it is not correct to use the "c" for ʕ, "x" for ħ, and ”dh” for ɖ, because that is the Somali orthography. As Yom corrected it in the language name, the Afar orthography uses “q” for ʕ, and furthermore “c” for ħ (!) and “x” for  ɖ. For reference see “Hayward and Parker. 1985. An Afar-English-French Dictionary”. So if I think that should be corrected in the consonant chart. Driss 11:25, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that information. I knew that something was wrong with that table (it was pure Somali alphabet!). I remember reading an article saying that Afar chose unique orthography purposefully to distinguish it from Somali (and Oromo). I'll correct the data on the article if you haven't done so already. — ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 17:40, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, I saw it. I just discovered it in the refrence list. But Hayward should be added as author. Driss 22:23, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

An Afar orthography was just posted, but I am not sure what the first row is for. I presume the second row is the pronunciations of the letters in isolation. The first row lists "x", but that is not in the second row. What should be done? Pete unseth (talk) 22:45, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

Afar language template
If you are a native speaker of Afar then you can help translate this template into your own language:

--Amazonien (talk) 21:30, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120305143610/http://www.afarfriends.org/Dok%20t%20websida/aktivitet_i_Sv/STANDARDIZATION%20OF%20COMMON%20AFAR%20SCRIPT1.pdf to http://www.afarfriends.org/Dok%20t%20websida/aktivitet_i_Sv/STANDARDIZATION%20OF%20COMMON%20AFAR%20SCRIPT1.pdf

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Grammar
I feel like this article severely lacks information on the grammar of Afar. All it says is a single sentence about its word order. Given how it is spoken by nearly 2 million people (as of 5 years ago), I think the article would benefit from a substantial increase in information about grammar. Duckman Country (talk) 02:19, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

 * For this, someone would have to go through Bliese's grammar to pull out the relevant facts. LandLing 18:28, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Afar language


text:
User talk:SMeeds

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Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:55, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Barry spikings
I noticed that you put Barry spikings, an article you created, on Requested moves because you feel that the title is a typo. In this case, there is no need to list it there on Requested moves. All you need to do is go to the Barry spikings article, click on the "move" tag at the top of the page, and then enter the new title. See How to rename (move) a page for more. Thanks,

Zzyzx11 | Talk 21:00, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Nice to see a familiar name (I'm anonymous here, but I'm a B.G.S. Old Boy). I hope that you enjoy editing Wikipedia; beware — it can become a hopeless addiction. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry that I didn't reply before — I took a few days holiday, and things have been hectic ever since.
 * Yes, I supposed that you wouldn't take long to work out who I was — I don't go to ridiculous lengths to hide it, but I prefer to be anonymous if possible (aside from anything else, there are some peculiar people here; many of them give the impression of being mentally disturbed and violent, but even if you discount the adolescent males, there might still be someone out there who's prepared to take an editing dispute a step further).
 * I must have another look at the B.G.S. article and see if I can add anything useful. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:19, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Pentax
Do you have a reference for "Asahi bought the name "Pentax" ... because it brought with it the right to use the 42mm screw mount." ? I'm not saying it is wrong, but I've certainly never heard that before, and I would be very surprised if anyone managed to patent a 42 mm screw thread. Icd 23:47, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's any relationship between the name and the mount. Going to the 42 mm screw mount would be a logical progression for Pentax, as their previous cameras used a 37 mm screw mount and it would have been natural for them to be influenced by the German camera industry in this regard. However I agree there is significant confusion over the derivation of the name. I have updated the article and noted all three possible derivations that I am aware of, and dropped the question of the mount entirely. Information about the mount probably belongs on Asahi Pentax rather than Pentax anyway. I hope the edit is to your liking. Icd 05:52, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

The Mall
Please have a look at User talk:Arpingstone Thanks - Adrian Pingstone 22:07, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Barry Spikings
You should see some of the things I did when I started editing (many of them, fortunately, before I opened an account, so lost in the anonymity of various IP addresses). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:51, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

re:Matao Herrera
Thanks for the heads up, I reverted it back.--DDerby- (talk) 18:34, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Francis Drake
I've blocked the address for 48 hours (it's the second block for vandalims). If, when he comes back, he continues, let me know. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:56, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Re:Kylie Minogue
I honestly have no idea what you're talking about. --Hollow Wilerding 00:06, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I finally understood what you were attempting to point out to me — however I did not state that Minogue is European. I was stating that she is the best-selling European female solo artist, but I understand why you were unaware of my communication. I have switched the words around now; I'm positive you will understand what I mean this time around. Thanks for pointing it out. --Hollow Wilerding 00:51, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Pope John Paul II
Hi, SMeeds. With regard to changing "his" to "His", I think you've misread what I did. I changed "His" to "his". Many Christians (myself included) use "His" when referring to God, even when it comes in the middle of a sentence, but it isn't Wikipedia policy to do so, and I respect that. However, even for Catholics, it would be most unusual to write "His" when referring to the pope, so I changed it, to make it more consistent with written English standards. I very much doubt if that original "His" was put there deliberately. It may have originally been the beginning of the sentence, and then perhaps someone added something before it, and forgot to change it to lower case.

I was unaware that I was undoing more than one of your edits, and do not understand how I did not get an "edit conflict" message. While I was editing, I was unaware that you had changed "Catholic" to "Roman Catholic". I would certainly disagree that it's incorrect to use "Catholic" for the Church that retains union with the pope. See Catechism of the Catholic Church, not Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church. I do, however, acknowledge that "Roman" is often used, e.g. Roman Catholic Church, to which Catholic Church redirects. Dictionaries will give both the broader and the more specific definition. So it is certainly not incorrect to say "Catholic", even if some people prefer to use "Roman Catholic". And there are good reasons for preferring "Catholic", one reason being that it does not exclude Eastern Catholics who are united to the pope, e.g. the Byzantine Catholics. I prefer "Catholic". I can live with "Roman Catholic". I don't like "Roman Catholic" when it's repeated constantly throughout an article.

Since every Christian denomination opposed contraception until the Anglicans changed the constant teaching in 1930, I think it's correct to say that the opposition to contraception is long standing. (You might be surprised if you read what Luther and Calvin had to say about it.) And of course, that goes for abortion and homosexual activity as well, except that I can't give you the dates on which some Protestant churches decided to allow them. And even when the Anglicans gave in, many other Christian churches held out for a few more decades. So, if Christianity has existed for nearly 2,000 years, and has only allowed contraception (in some Christian Churches) for 75 years, I think that it's correct to say that the prohibition is a long-standing Christian teaching.

You say it's inconsistent to have Christian teachings at first, and (Roman) Catholic teachings later. I don't think so. The later section refers to cloning and stem cell research. Obviously we won't find any nineteenth-century Protestant writers condemning them!

I do think that perhaps I reverted you a bit too abruptly, and for that I apologize. I didn't intend a double revert, and my single revert was an instinctive reaction against the idea that these doctrines were not traditional Christian doctrines. Scott Hahn and his wife Kimberly became Catholics partly as a result of their discovery that every Christian denomination had opposed contraception up until 1930. It's a fact that few people are aware of, and I wouldn't like to see it obscured in the article. I'll take another look at it in the next few days. Regards. Ann Heneghan (talk) 01:57, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Mel Hague
_ _ Guilty, guilty, guilty! I dunno if i ignored the closing phrase, or parsed the sentence with incredible stupidity! _ _ I am inclined to regard apologies as too close to polite BS, but in this case IMO i do surely owe you one thing: a careful look at your work, and almost certainly more presumption in future that you know whereof you speak. You done good, i made a dumb mistake, your response was right on the money, and i shot from the hip (including not checking whether i might have erred) with my own response, and made a much bigger fool of myself even than before. And off the cuff, you look like a far more valuable colleague that i was giving you credit for. I'm embarrassed enough that you, at least, have earned an enormous presumption of innocense and good sense from me; i think it is unlikely you could ever again be the target of such bad behavior from me! _ _ I will acknowledge all this, also where i dissed you on the talk page of the article in question. Thank you for your courtesy and careful work, and shame on me. --Jerzy•t 02:07, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Contact
It occurred to me that I might not have contacted you recently, and so won't have given you my new e-mail address (some time ago the University suddenly changed my addresses, and it's caused me a huge headache). I'm mentioning it here because I can't get through to my University account at the moment; I'll drop you a line from my new address as soon as I can, so that you can change your address book. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Your message
Sorry for the delay — I've been so busy with real-life matters that I've been on the equivalent of a Wiki-break. You were obviously right to revert the changes; they were the sort of edits made frequently on school and other articles, and I very much doubt that you'll get a response from the anon, or see him again. I'll keep my eye on it, though. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:54, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

SMS
Thanks so much for your answer - I'd say that as a primary source who was actually there, you outrank a written reference! With your permission I'd like to reference your reply from the SMS article itself.

Thanks again,

Mswake 11:26, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Batemans Good Honest Ales
I should have expected to have seen you on this article... I tried and tried, but couldn't find an on-line tasting site; surely it can't be beyond the wit of the programmers? Perhaps a special head-set with a drinking tube? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:44, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Block
Thanks for letting me know. I've blocked the address; if they keep it up after the block expires, there'll be longer blocks. After that string of warnings, no more were needed.

You've reminded me; I must go back and see what more I can do with the Batemans article. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:16, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Trincomalee
Sorry not to have replied earlier. I "corrected" the piped link without looking into it very far; now that I have, I can see what you mean, and I've renamed the relevant article. --Mel Etitis ( Talk ) 13:04, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Boston
Hm, that's more than you had to do. It is very generous of you. Cheers! Willie Stark "Believe in Me!" 12:25, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

You stated that the Boston, Massachusetts article had no link to Boston (disambiguation) until you added one. You might be interested to know the link was present until somebody removed it 34 hours before your edit. — freak([ talk]) 04:56, Mar. 11, 2007 (UTC)

Message sent by private email, copied here by SMeeds to record communication - I recently posted a link to the Ted and Tess Diary blog in the Boston section of Wikipedia. For some reason you have taken exception to it -- deleting my last posting on the grounds that it is a  "random, non-notable bog." This is a purely subjective view, and not, as you appear to believe, a matter of fact. I stumbled across the blog and found it an entertaining and cynical slant on life in St Botolph's town which I think that others might like to see as well. Perhaps you could view it as a local contribution in the style of Private Eye, and let that co-exist with your own Guardianista offerings. "Live and let live" is a very good adage to adopt and I hope that you will be able to find some generosity of spirit and leave my contribution alone. User:Sugwell

 * I've reverted the edit, and left an explanation at the Talk page. With regard to the redirect, my own view is that it's silly not to make it redirect to the dab page, but my own attempt to change that some years ago failed, and I've learnt to put up with it (it's not the only case of that kind). --Mel Etitis  ( Talk ) 11:18, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Re:Hakusan
Hello,Mikawa Province is not town name but old prefecture name.And till Jan. 2005,Mikawa town exsited in Ishikwa Pref.,but some cities and towns,like Matsuto,merged and New city Hakusan was born at Jan.2005. And They continued the relationship between Boston and Hakusan. Ssudo2002

Links problem
I'd guess that the best place to take this is Village pump (technical). If you have no joy there, you could try asking at WP:AN. I'm afraid that I have no idea what to do in such a case... --Mel Etitis ( Talk ) 16:27, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Short Message Service
Good day, Mr Meeds. I've noticed your continuing contributions to the SMS article, and would appreciate comments on my proposed new technical section (mentioned in the talk page). At the moment, the link I've given contains hardly anything - a couple of visio pics of some call flows, and the messages involved. I intend to write a load of 'prose' around the call flows, describing roughly what goes on and when, but I don't want to waste my time doing it if people think it's too in-depth. I've already thought the call flows may be too technical, and may simplify them somewhat (the paging stuff and air interface isn't really necessary).

Anyway - comments appreciated, even if it's "don't bother"!

Cheers. Carre 19:56, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

BGS
Hi there. I made an edit to the BGS page, and I think you deleted it, but I can't be entirely sure. I was also blocked for using Google Web Accelerator, but I've cleared that up now. I currently attend the school, and I know what I added to the article to be fact, having discussed it with the management. If you think putting up the new info is not a good idea before the event, then that seems reasonable, as I take it you have some experience. However, I believe the conferderation deserves a small mention on the page. Any ideas? Jgristy 18:06, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

BGS Again

Hi. I see where you're coming from. Although technically the federation will start september 2007, my wording made it seem like there would be an immediate and complete merger of all operations. As soon as Mrs. McEvoy becomes executive head, the schools are deemed to be federated, as I believe a new governing body is to be created on the same date. The fact that the schools will continue to operate ostensibly as separate entities is a little misleading. However, a lot of this depends on one's definition of the word 'federated'. In this transitional perdiod, it is unclear as to what the status of both schools really is. As far as falling roles goes, that's as near to fact as anything in this whole business. In recent years three forms per year has been the average, where four would have been the average only five years before. I don't think it would be taking sides to suggest this is the reason for the federation. I realise that this is a contentious issue, but i don't think that just because this reason for the federation is denied by some groups that this information should be denied to wikipedia's users. Perhaps a qualifier, such as 'officially' would help to maintain the NPOV...? By the way, I changed the tense on your change of headship paragraph. Old John Neal doesn't leave until the start of the new school year, which is over a month away. Cheers Jgristy 23:03, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Toto.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Toto.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

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So, you were also a victim of User:Aspects
I would suggest that you upload [The image of Toto La Momposina] again. You already justified your reasons for having uploaded it in the first place, but that nitwit (or "asshat", as another fellow user has called him here) went ahead and summarily deleted it nonetheless. Obviously this "Tireless Destroyer" suffers from some kind of psychopathic condition, but that does not give give any rights to go around destroying other editors' valuable contributions. I wish there was a way for editors to stage a massive protest against such vandals, or vultures like him. Don't you agree? Regards, AVM (talk) 15:25, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello SMeeds! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 23:54, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Howie Watkins -

Proposed deletion of Howie Watkins

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Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited List of folk songs by Roud number, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page The Wedding Song. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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Nationality
Thought you might be interested to see this, just popped up on my watchlist. The originating editor is part of the Formula One car brigade, who gave themselves (via a 'local consensus' - they decided amongst their members) dispensation to allow flagicons in infoboxes contrary to MOS:INFOBOXFLAG. They claim the car racers represent their respective countries, as confirmed by hoisting flags and playing anthems after races, with no other evidence or reason. British Racing Green article states the British team colour compliance was phased out in 1970. rgds, --Rocknrollmancer (talk) 21:27, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

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title: User talk:SMeeds


text:
Streymoy

Streymoy (, Strømø) is the largest and most populated island of the Faroe Islands. The capital, Tórshavn, is located on its southeast coast. The name means "island of currents". It also refers to the largest region of the country that also includes the islands of Hestur, Koltur and Nólsoy.

Geography
The island is oblong in shape and stretches roughly in northwest–southeast direction with a length of 47 km and a width of around 10 km. There are two deeply-indented fjords in the southeast: Kollafjørður and Kaldbaksfjørður. The island is mountainous (average height is 337 meter ), especially in the northwest, with the highest peak being Kopsenni (789 m). That area is dominated by over 500 m cliffs. The area is known as Vestmannabjørgini, which means Cliffs of Vestmanna. The beaches of Tórshavn, Vestmanna, Leynar, Kollafjørður, Hvalvík (meaning Whale Bay) and Tjørnuvík are officially approved grind beaches for whaling.

Like the rest of the Faroe Islands there are numerous short streams and minor lakes. The main vegetation is grass, with no trees. Some of the villages have planted trees inside or just outside the village. These parks need to have fences around them in order to keep sheep out.

Streymoy is separated from the nearby Eysturoy, the second-largest island of the Faroe Islands, by the sounds of Sundini and Tangafjørður. To the west lies the island of Vágar, and to the south the island of Sandoy, separated by the Vestmannasund and Skopunarfjørður respectively. Three additional smaller islands are situated around the southern tip of Streymoy and belong to the Streymoy sýsla: Koltur, Hestur and Nólsoy; all of which are incorporated into Tórshavn Municipality.

Important bird area
The north-east coastline of the island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its significance as a breeding site for seabirds, especially northern fulmars (75,000 pairs), European storm petrels (2500 pairs), European shags (150 pairs), great skuas (120 pairs), black-legged kittiwakes (9000 pairs), Atlantic puffins (20,000 pairs) and black guillemots (300 pairs).

Population
There are about 24,682 inhabitants on the island (January 2020), which represents more than 45% of the whole population of the Faroe Islands. The majority of them reside in the capital Tórshavn, which has a population of about 21,000 in the municipality, of whom 13,089 live in Tórshavn, 3,956 in Hoyvík, and 2,110 in Argir. Hoyvík and Argir are suburbs of Tórshavn, but they have grown together. Around 1,202 people live in Vestmanna, and 789 in Kollafjørður. Besides being the seat of the government, Tórshavn is also the chief port, the seat of the university and the commercial centre of the islands.

Towns and villages
The other important towns include: Vestmanna, the former ferry port in the west, Kollafjørður at the centre and the picturesque villages of Saksun and Tjørnuvík in the north. From a historic point of view the village of Kirkjubøur near the southern tip of the island is very important as it was an episcopal center during the Middle Ages.

List of villages

 * Tjørnuvík
 * Haldarsvík
 * Langasandur
 * Nesvík
 * Streymnes
 * Hvalvík
 * Saksun
 * Hósvík
 * Kollafjørður
 * Signabøur
 * Leynar
 * Kvívík
 * Vestmanna
 * Kaldbaksbotnur
 * Kaldbak
 * Sund
 * Norðradalur
 * Hvítanes
 * Hoyvík
 * Tórshavn
 * Argir
 * Syðradalur
 * Velbastaður
 * Kirkjubøur

Transportation
All the settlements are connected by surfaced roads. The main entry road to Tórshavn passes through a 2.8 km long tunnel. The connection to the island of Eysturoy is via Streymin Bridge over the Sundini sound. Since 2002, the almost 5 km long Vágar Tunnel has connected Streymoy to Vágar, thereby completing the road connections of the three "mainland" islands. Since December 2020, the Eysturoyartunnilin has connected southern Streymoy to Eysturoy. One undersea tunnel is currently under construction: the Sandoyartunnilin connecting Streymoy to Sandoy (due to open in 2023).

Streymoy is connected by regular ferry service to the island of Sandoy from the ferry port of Gamlarætt near Kirkjubøur, and to the islands of Suðuroy and Nólsoy from the ferry port in Tórshavn. A scheduled ferry connects Tórshavn with Hirtshals in Denmark and Seyðisfjörður in Iceland. The closest airport is Vágar Airport on Vágar island (35 minutes by car); it is the only airport in the Faroe Islands.

title: Streymoy


text:
Talk:Afar

Should this article and Afar language be merged together? Also posted at Talk:Afar language. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:56, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ...and replied there — mark ✎ 21:50, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Can we find a map that is not Ethipia specific? Trollderella 16:04, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the same article is about both the Afar people and the Afar Region. All the Ethiopian Region articles include a map, along with the template at the bottom. Mark's comments above at Talk:Afar language are correct, this really should be split into "Afar (ethnicity)" and "Afar Region." (For that matter, is there an Afar Region or Province in Eritrea? That's another article.) So yes, for the purposes of an "Afar (ethnicity)" article, it would be great to use a map showing their distribution in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti (though I've seen them much further away from the Afar Region, in Sodere). -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 16:27, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Aha, so we should split this into Afar (region) and Afar (ethnicity)? Trollderella 16:58, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes we should :) — mark ✎ 17:29, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Done, although they could both now do with a bit of copyediting, and I would love some help fixing some of the 'what links here'! Trollderella 17:59, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Afar


text: Category:Nuclear warheads

title: Category:Nuclear warheads


text:
User:MariuszR

My page on polish wikipedia.

title: User:MariuszR


text:
Ursula Stenzel

Ursula Stenzel (born 22 September 1945 in Leopoldstadt, Vienna) is an Austrian politician who was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1996 to 2006. Until September 2015, she was a member of the Austrian People's Party. She is also a former member of the bureau of the European People's Party, and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs.

She is also chair of the delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula, a member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, and a substitute for the Committee on Budgetary Control and the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

Stenzel has been Bezirksvorsteherin (district mayor) of Innere Stadt, Vienna's 1st district and old town, from 2005 until she stepped down in 2015. Her successor as district mayor is Markus Figl (ÖVP).

Family
Stenzel was born in a Catholic family of Jewish descent. Her father was engineer of the North railway, Stenzels mother was the daughter of a hazzan and granddaughter of a rabbi, both from the synagogue in the Rotensterngasse in Leopoldstadt, the second municipal district of Vienna.

Career

 * Studied journalism, political science and modern history
 * Journalist and presenter at ORF (1972–1999)
 * Member of the European Parliament
 * Delegation member, EU-Poland Joint Parliamentary Committee (1997–2002)
 * Delegation Chair, EU-Czech Republic Joint Parliamentary Committee (2002–2004)
 * Schuman Prize

Protests against about fixed closing hours
Stenzel has been criticised by local and national artists for her conservative positions, most notably for her outspoken support of the introduction of a closing time in Vienna's 1'st district ("Innere Stadt"). In answer to Stenzels proposal, a number of Viennese club owners and deejays created a cover version of the Duck Sauce hit single "Barbra Streisand" which also included a satirical video titled Ursula stress ned (Ursula don't stress). The single became widely popular within days and the video quickly went viral on YouTube.

Switch to Austrian Freedom Party
Shortly before the Viennese municipal election of 2015, the Viennese regional administration of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) decided that it would not endorse Stenzel as district mayor for another term. In reaction, Stenzel left the Christian democratic and conservative ÖVP to join the right-wing populist and national-conservative Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). However, as the ÖVP managed to keep her relative majority in the first district (despite losing 12,27% of their voters from the elections in 2010) and the FPÖ only coming in third, Stenzel had to step down as district mayor and was succeeded by Markus Figl from the ÖVP.

title: Ursula Stenzel


text: Category:480 BC births

title: Category:480 BC births


text:
User:Jtatum

From Orlando, Florida, born September 15 1978. I work in the Computer storage industry.

title: User:Jtatum


text:
Grodna

Grodna can refer to
 * Grodno, a city in Belarus
 * Grodna (Blake) the mythological character from the writings of William Blake
 * Grodna, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)

title: Grodna


text:
Write once, compile anywhere

Write once, compile anywhere (WOCA) is a philosophy taken by a compiler and its associated software libraries or by a software library/software framework which refers to a capability of writing a computer program that can be compiled on all platforms without the need to modify its source code. As opposed to Sun's write once, run anywhere slogan, cross-platform compatibility is implemented only at the source code level, rather than also at the compiled binary code level.

Introduction
There are many languages that follow the WOCA philosophy, such as C++, Pascal (see Free Pascal), Ada, Cobol, or C, on condition that they don't use functions beyond those provided by the standard library. Languages like Go go even further in as far that no system specific things are used, it should just work, and for system-specific elements a system of platform-specific files is used. A computer program may also use cross-platform libraries, which provide an abstraction layer hiding the differences between various platforms, for things like sockets and GUI, ensuring the portability of the written source code. This is, for example, supported by Qt (C++) or the Lazarus (Pascal) IDE via its LCL and corresponding widgetsets.

Today, we have very powerful desktop computers as well as computers in our phones, which often have sophisticated applications such as word processing, Database management, and spreadsheets, that can allow people with no programming experience to, sort, extract, and manipulate their data. and create documents (such as PDF files) showing their now organized information, or printing it out. Before 2000, some of these were not available, and prior to 1980, almost none of them were.

From the start of computer automation in the early 1960s, if you wanted a report from data you had, or needed to print up invoices, payroll checks, purchase orders, and other paperwork businesses, schools and governments generated, you typed them up on a physical typewriter, possibly using pre-printed forms. Otherwise, if you did have information stored in a computer, and wanted it sorted, manipulated, or printed, it required someone to write a program to do so. In some cases, the person needed information that professional programmers either could not understand how to provide a program to do what they wanted; the available programmers could not produce something in a reasonable amount of time; or there weren't any programmers they could use, caused some non-programming professionals to learn some programming skills, at least to know how to manipulate and print out information they needed from their data.

Whether the work was done by a professional programmer, or an end-user writing a program to provide them information for their own use, the means to do this in either case is the same. Write a program, submit it to a compiler (another program that converts written programs into instructions the computer can understand), fix any errors, then repeat until the program worked.

While this helped fix part of the problem, it created a new one. People who wrote programs, or hired someone to write them (purchasing software was not a thing until the 1970s or 1980s), discovered when their employer or school bought a new computer, their programs no longer worked.

Development of high-level programming languages
To combat these problems, various high-level languages were developed that were usable for general purpose application program development, but could be used to provide reports and information for people with specialized requirements.

These include:
 * BASIC, a simplified programming language which could be used to build "real world" complex applications, as well as simple programs to solve a problem, and was very accessible for amateur programmers. Its ease of use made BASIC well suited as an introductory computer programming class in many colleges.
 * C, a general-purpose programming language often suitable for writing programs which would otherwise require assembly language.
 * Cobol, a general-purpose programming language which tended to be used for developing business applications.
 * Fortran, a general-purpose programming language which is well suited for scientific and engineering problems.
 * Pascal, a general-purpose programming language, which tended to be targeted toward use in schools as an introductory class to teach programming as an alternative to BASIC. Pascal became commonly used for hobbyist programmers in the 1970s and 1980s due to them being part of an integrated development environment allowing a person to edit, compile, and run their programs, providing immediate results. Programs such as UCSD Pascal and Turbo Pascal opened up the world of programming to millions of people,
 * RPG, a domain-specific programming language designed to take the contents of data files, manipulate data and do calculations, then produce printed reports, similar to the way a person can use a spreadsheet to organize data and create PDF files today.

While compilers and interpreters of all of these languages, and dozens of others, were available for different machines and different vendors, often each manufacturer would develop proprietary enhancements which made programing on that machine easier, but again, made programs difficult to port (move the program to a different type of computer or a different vendor's computers), and increased vendor lock in. Something had to change.

Standardization
Starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s, efforts came into play to create standards and specifications of how machine-independent programs could be written using compilers from any vendor. Standards-making organizations, like the International Standards Organization (ISO), and ANSI, among others, in cooperation with large users of computers and software (like governments, financial institutions and manufacturers), and computer manufacturers, to create standardized specifications to provide a description of how each specific language should be implemented.

Computer manufacturers could still have their own proprietary extensions to a programming language, but if they wanted to be able to claim compliance with the standard, they had to specify the differences in the reference manual, so that a program written according to the standard able to compile and operate on their machine would also operate, without further change, on a different manufacturer's computer whose compiler also followed the standard. The requirements of the standard were enforced by large software buyers, such as military, government, and manufacturing companies, by refusing to buy such computing equipment if the vendor only offered a compiler for the programming languages they used which wasn't compliant with the standard,

Results
Currently, there are more than a dozen programming languages that have standards describing how programs in the language are supposed to be written, including Ada, APL, BASIC, C++, COBOL, ECMAScript (the generic name for JavaScript), Forth, FORTRAN, Pascal, PL/I, Ruby and SQL. Many of these are still in use, in some cases, because customers were able to take their source code to a different manufacturer's computer, where it was recompiled, often without change, because of the standardization of programming languages.

While the standards helped, the WOCA philosophy works only when the makers of compilers ensure that they follow the standard.

title: Write once, compile anywhere


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John Willison

John Willison (1680 – 3 May 1750) was an evangelical minister of the Church of Scotland and a writer of Christian literature.

Life
His father was laird of a small property near Stirling, where John Willison was born. He was inducted to the parish of Brechin as minister in 1703. In 1718 he moved to a charge in Dundee.

His treatise on the sanctification of the Lord's day was in response to the policies of James VI and the Episcopal clergy. It provoked a reply from James Small, an Episcopalian, which was answered by Willison in his Letter from a Parochial Bishop to a Prelatical Gentleman. After this, he wrote a devotional work: A Sacramental Directory. Small replied to his earlier Letter, upon which Willison published An Apology for the Church of Scotland. He then moved on to political topics with A Letter to an English Member of Parliament.

After the ejection of Ebenezer Erskine and his fellow-ministers for opposition to patronage, Willison attacked their exclusion in a sermon to the Synod of Angus and Mearns in 1733 (published as "The Church's Danger"). He tried to win them back and a majority was gained in the General Assembly of 1734 as a healing measure. As a result, Willison was sent to London as part of a deputation to labour for the repeal of patronage, but they were only successful insofar as they gained some important concessions. Erskine and his colleagues were not satisfied and formed a separate presbytery in 1739 (see United Presbyterian Church of Scotland for Seceders history).

In 1737 he wrote one of his most famous and most reprinted works The Afflicted Man's Companion, and also an explanation of the Shorter Catechism called An Example of Plain Catechising. Other catechetical pieces published by Willison at different times were The Mother's Catechism (a famous and much used young children's catechism) and The Young Communicant's Catechism.

In 1742 he published another much printed work, The Balm of Gilead which includes twenty-four discourses, twelve of them relating to The Lord's Supper. In 1744 there followed his Fair and Impartial Testimony on the state of the Church of Scotland.

During the Jacobite rebellion of 1745, having published in the same year Popery Another Gospel, he was threatened by soldiers of the Highland army while conducting service in the church building and for a few weeks had to preach in private houses.

His last publication was Sacramental Meditations and Advices (1747).

Selected writings

 * Treatise Concerning the Sanctification of the Lord's-Day (1712 or 1713)
 * A Letter from a Parochial Bishop to a Prelatical Gentleman in Scotland, concerning the Government of the Church(1714)
 * A Sacramental Directory: or, a Treatise concerning the Sanctification of a Communion-Sabbath (1716)
 * An apology for the Church of Scotland : against the accusations of prelatists and Jacobites, particularly the reflections of J.S. late incumbent at Forfar (1719)
 * A letter to an English member of Parliament : from a gentleman in Scotland, concerning the slavish dependencies, which a great part of that nation is still kept under, by superiorities, wards, reliefs, and other remains of the feudal law, and by clanships and tithes (1721)
 * The Church's danger, and the minister's duty declared, in a sermon preach'd at the opening of the Synod of Angus and Mearns (1733)
 * The Afflicted Man's Companion (1737)
 * An Example of plain Catechising upon the Assembly's Shorter Catechism (1737)
 * The balm of Gilead, for healing a diseased land  (1742)
 * A fair and impartial testimony : essayed in name of a number of ministers, elders, and Christian people of the Church of Scotland, unto the laudable principles, wrestlings and attainments of that Church; and against the backslidings, corruptions, divisions, and prevailing evils, both of former and present times (1744)
 * Sacramental meditations and advices for the use of communicants : in preparing their hearts, and exciting their affections, on sacramental occasions ; and a Christian directory, consisting of forty scripture directions, proper for all those intending heaven (1747)

title: John Willison


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Smoo Cave

Smoo Cave is a large combined sea cave and freshwater cave in Durness in Sutherland, Highland, Scotland. The cave name is thought to originate from the Norse 'smjugg' or 'smuga', meaning a hole or hiding-place.

Geology
Smoo Cave was formed within Early Ordovician dolomites of the Durness Group (also known as the Durness Limestone). The cave has formed along the boundary between the light grey Sangomore Formation and the dark grey, mottled Sailmhor Formation (sometimes called Leopard Rock), both of which form part of the Durness Group succession. These horizons close to the formation boundary are characterised by large and abundant chert nodules which can be found all along the inner stream chamber where they have been left behind after dissolution of the surrounding dolomite.

The cave was formed along two geological lines of weakness by a combination of erosion from the sea and an inland underground stream which has formed the innermost chambers. Upstream of the Allt Smoo which runs into the cave, impermeable quartzites have been faulted against the Durness Limestone, causing the stream to sink down into the carbonate rock soon after it has crossed the contact between the two different rock types.

Physical description
The cave is unique within the UK in that the first chamber has been formed by the action of the sea, whereas the inner chambers are freshwater passages, formed from rainwater dissolving the carbonate dolomites. Partway through the cave the waters of Allt Smoo also drop in as a 20 m high waterfall. This is mainly due to the nearby dolomite–quartzite geological boundary where the Allt Smoo stream crosses the impermeable quartzites and sinks on meeting the permeable dolomites.

The cave can be thought of as two caves formed by different mechanisms that have joined together over time. The cave is composed of three main sections: a large sea cave entrance chamber, a waterfall chamber and a short freshwater passage which leads to a terminal sump chamber with some flowstone formations at the rear.

The cave entrance and main chamber have been considerably enlarged by sea action to approximately 40 m wide and 15 m high, the largest sea cave entrance in Britain. The entrance is located at the end of a 600 m long tidal gorge (Geodha Smoo) which was once part of the cave, now collapsed. Several remnant pillars can be seen along the eastern side of the Geodh along with a large section of the previous roof which has been partly buried by the grassy slope (normally covered by rocks spelling out the names of visitors to the cave). The sea rarely enters the sea cave nowadays (only during spring tides) as the area has undergone isostatic uplift.

The present-day cave is 83 m long up to the terminal sump at the rear of the third chamber/passage. The cave travels further, however, as an active stream of notable size resurges here at all times. Previous dye-testing has linked an underwater passage to an initial sink point in the Allt Smoo stream about 100 m upstream from the main waterfall, implying that the cave system is at least twice as long as once thought.

Cave divers from the Grampian Speleological Group have dived this sump for a distance of about 40 m, although large volumes of silt and peat in the water have prevented further exploration. It is worth noting that the main waterfall is often dry and will only become active once this upstream sink overflows.

Archaeology
Archaeological investigations in 1995 turned up Neolithic, Norse and Iron Age artifacts but the majority of the artifacts from the cave were related to Viking/Norse or medieval activity. Fish bones, marine shells, plant remains and mammal and bird bones indicated the processing and consumption of marine and terrestrial foods. Iron slag and boat nails led the archaeologists to surmise that boats were repaired in the sheltered inlet. Four radiocarbon dates from Smoo Cave and Glassknapper's Cave provide evidence for use of these sites between the eighth and 11th centuries AD. The cave complex is protected as a scheduled monument.

Tourism
The cave is located 2 km east of the village of Durness and is presently served by a car park, toilets, stairs and walkways. Plans are being considered for access improvements for the estimated 40,000 visitors it receives annually. Tours of the cave also operate during the summer, taking visitors to the inner chamber by boat.

title: Smoo Cave


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Kalo Chorio, Lasithi

Kalo Chorio (Καλό Χωρίο, "good village") is a village in the municipality of Agios Nikolaos, Lasithi, Crete, Greece. Kalo Chorio village has a population of around 900, nestled in the midst of a verdant hilly landscape, where olive groves, abundant and colorful mediterranean shrubs and plants reach all the way down to the sea. Over the past years, naturally with tourism, part of the village has grown nearer to the beach. Istro has many archaeological points of interest. The new village of Istro sits on the site of the ancient town of Istron, remains of which are still being uncovered to date. Because of this, the land closest to the sea has a conservation order and no new building may take place, which leaves the beaches uncrowded and unspoiled. The beaches of Istro Bay are regularly awarded a Blue flag for cleanliness. Kalo Chorio has a village atmosphere away from the sprawling concrete covered resorts usually found in Crete, making it popular amongst tourists who wish to enjoy Crete as it once was.

Beaches in Kalo Chorio
Kalo Chorio has three main beaches all within 1 kilometer of the village. With clean and pristine waters, from golden sands, silver sands to a quiet and long pebble beach, all beaches in Kalo Chorio have modern facilities including cafes, sunbed rentals and bathrooms. Within a 10 kilometer radius of Kalo Chorio are at least another 10 blue flag awarded beaches, all accessible by cheap and regular bus services from the numerous bus stops in Kalo Chorio. It is also possible to choose to explore and discover private and sheltered coves along the coastline of Kalo Chorio.

Shopping and Nightlife
Due to its status as a working village Kalo Chorio is not a heavily developed tourist resort. It has only three large hotels, and a few smaller apartment style accommodation facilities. This undeveloped status has helped Kalo Chorio maintain its traditional feel. It is a small village and resort with a dozen tavernas and half a dozen bars, snack bars and cafes (all with internet access), there is also a fairly new aqua pool with bar and restaurant located near Golden Beach. These establishments cater for tourists, the growing ex-pat community and locals alike.

Weather in Kalo Chorio
The climate of Kalo Chorio, and surrounding areas, is primarily temperate. The atmosphere in Kalo Chorio can be quite humid at times due to the proximity to the sea, but it is not un-pleasant like in many other resorts around the Mediterranean, while winter is fairly mild. During the Cretan summer, average temperatures in Kalo Chorio reach the high 20s-low 30s Celsius (mid 80s to mid 90s Fahrenheit), though the maximum temperature of Kalo Chorio can reach the upper 30s-mid 40s though during August.

Archaeology
This area contains several ancient archaeological sites going back to 3000 BC. Among them are Priniatikos Pyrgos, Vrokastro, and Vasiliki, Lasithi. There's an Archaeological Museum in nearby Agios Nikolaos, Crete.

Football in Kalo Chorio
Kalo Chorio is represented at the local football by the Athlitikos Omilos Pyrgos Kalou Choriou ( Tower of Kalo Chorio Athletic Club ). The team takes part in the 1st Division of the local Lasithi Football League. The club uses the local communal football grass field for training and its league matches.

title: Kalo Chorio, Lasithi


text: Administrative divisions of Khakassia

title: Administrative divisions of Khakassia


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Sensitive compartmented information facility

A sensitive compartmented information facility (SCIF ), in United States military, national security/national defense and intelligence parlance, is an enclosed area within a building that is used to process sensitive compartmented information (SCI) types of classified information.

SCIFs can be either permanent or temporary and can be set up in official government buildings (such as the Situation Room in the White House), onboard ships, in private residences of officials, or in hotel rooms and other places of necessity for officials when traveling. Portable SCIFs can also be quickly set up when needed during emergency situations.

Because of the operational security (OPSEC) risk they pose, personal cell phones, smart watches, computer flash drives (aka, "thumb drives"), or any other sort of personal electronic device (PED), cameras (analog or digital) other than those that are U.S. Government property and which are used only under strict guidelines, and/or any other sort of recording or transmitting devices (analog or digital) are expressly prohibited in SCIFs.

Access
Access to SCIFs is normally limited to those individuals with appropriate security clearances. Non-cleared personnel in SCIFs must be under the constant oversight of cleared personnel and all classified information and material removed from view to prevent unauthorized access. As part of this process, non-cleared personnel are also typically required to surrender all recording, photographic and other electronic media devices. All of the activity and conversation inside is presumed restricted from public disclosure.

Construction
Some entire buildings are SCIFs where all but the front foyer is secure. A SCIF can also be located in an air, ground or maritime vehicle, or can be established temporarily at a specific site. The physical construction, access control, and alarming of the facility has been defined by various directives, including Director of Central Intelligence Directives (DCIDs) 1/21 and 6/9, and most recently (2011) by Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 705, signed by the Director of National Intelligence. ICD 705 is a three-page capstone document that implements Intelligence Community Standard (ICS) 705-1, ICS 705-2 and the Technical Specifications for Construction and Management of Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities or "Tech Specs." The latest version of the Tech Specs was published in March 2020 (Version 1.5).

Computers operating within such a facility must conform to rules established by ICD 503. Computers and telecommunication equipment within must conform to TEMPEST emanations specification as directed by a Certified TEMPEST Technical Authority (CTTA).

Officials documented to have had a SCIF set up in their private residences include:
 * President George W. Bush at his Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas (which he used as his Western White House)
 * Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at her Washington, D.C., and Chappaqua, New York, homes
 * President Donald Trump at both Trump Tower in New York City, and at his Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida


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Sprecher

Sprecher is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ben Sprecher, Broadway producer and theater owner
 * Jeffrey Sprecher (born 1955), American businessman
 * Jill Sprecher, American film director
 * Lorrie Sprecher, novelist, poet, and punk musician
 * Robert Arthur Sprecher (1917–1982), United States federal judge
 * Samuel Sprecher, Wittenberg University president from 1849–1874

title: Sprecher


text:
User:HowardLeeHarkness

I am Howard Lee Harkness, and I reside in Plano, Texas. I am currently on temporary assignment in Raleigh, NC, until around the end of the year (2014). I may be reached by email at howard@howardleeharkness.com. I joined Wikipedia on April 12th, 2005.

I plan to contribute articles on the physics of music and musical instruments. I might contribute on other topics, as well, since I'm interested in nearly everything.

title: User:HowardLeeHarkness


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Visvaldas Mažonas

Visvaldas Marijus Mažonas (born August 25, 1941, in Šiauliai) is a controversial figure of the radical right-wing political movement in Lithuania. He was a leader of a branch of the Lithuanian Patriotic Union (Lietuvos patriotų sąjunga) in Kaunas and participated in the 2004 election to the Seimas (Lithuanian Parliament).

Before plunging into politics, Mažonas held various jobs as a policeman, driver, security guard, and construction worker. He entered the political scene after the impeachment of Rolandas Paksas, former President of Lithuania. During the impeachment, Mažonas supported Paksas, attended various protest meetings, and vowed to "maintain order". During one incident, when he attempted to "keep order", Mažonas hit a high school student, who opposed Paksas. The event attracted media attention and Mažonas faced criminal charges (eventually reduced to misdemeanor). Paksas did not immediately distance himself from Mažonas.

Mažonas is known for disorderly conduct, provocations, insulting speeches, threats to overthrow the government, and displaying stylized Nazi swastikas. He and his supporters often wear black uniforms. During the trial of the suspected Holocaust perpetrator Algimantas Dailidė, Mažonas held signs supporting Dailidė. In another incident, he protested a monument to Danielius Dolskis, a Lithuanian Jew. Mažonas often collaborates with another extremist, Mindaugas Murza.

title: Visvaldas Mažonas


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User talk:MrFiver

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! If you need any help editing, just get off your a** and come next door! --InShaneee 21:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I DARE someone to put something here. The above post does in fact not count because it was here before this message. --01000100 01100101 01100001 01101110 00100000 01001110 01100101 01101001 01101100 01101100 01111001

I'll take that dare, Mr. Doesn't-Sign-His-Posts! --InShaneee 15:48, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

I shouldn't need to sign my posts if they are on MY talk page. --01000100 01100101 01100001 01101110 00100000 01001110 01100101 01101001 01101100 01101100 01111001

Oh don't you....VANDAL!!!!!! --InShaneee 16:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

There, are you happy? I put a signature... --01000100 01100101 01100001 01101110 00100000 01001110 01100101 01101001 01101100 01101100 01111001

 * Your signature is further proof that you're a vandal, Mr. Vandal. And by the way, I roll twenties, you, as I remember, fall in pits and have difficulty getting back out again. --InShaneee 05:20, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, that was one time, ok? I realize that I can't roll well that often.  Hell I can't roll well period.  I'm pretty sure it was you who described my life, and I quote here, as "an endless symphony of pain".  But that doesn't mean we can't keep this between just you and me.  On my user page I can at least pretend I roll well.  It's the disillusion that keeps me going...  --01000100 01100101 01100001 01101110 00100000 01001110 01100101 01101001 01101100 01101100 01111001

title: User talk:MrFiver


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Funeral of Pope John Paul II/archive1

Funeral of Pope John Paul II
The article is very clear, with lots of pictures and text. All of the requirements for a FA are there, and I think that Gerald Farinas and others have done a great job. It covers the entire ceremony, which is probably going to be a real important historical event. Bratsche talk random 21:07, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

I am astonished at the breadth and depth of this article, written so quickly after the actual event. Only the internet community and the Wikipedia editing process could create something, as beautifully composed as this article, in so short a time. Thank you all of you. Having the whole homily here is likely a bad idea. That is what Wikisource is for. An abridged summary along with background would be better. Also, where are the inline citations? An FA requirement is to use them appropriately. None is not appropriate, IMO. They should be used after every quote and after every fact that will likely be disputable. Not having any makes confirming the information in an article this size needlessly difficult. --mav 16:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Comment was made by user 172.153.159.122.  Bratsche talk  random 20:37, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Summarized homily, and kept a final quote from Cardinal Ratzinger. Bratsche talk  random 19:53, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)


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Campeonato Gaúcho

The Campeonato Gaúcho (English: Gaúcho Championship), officially named as Campeonato Gaúcho de Futebol Série A and commonly known as the Gauchão or the Gauchão Ipiranga for sponsorship reasons, is the state football league of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has been contested since its founding in 1919, being an amateur competition until 1940 when the league became professional. Twelve teams contest in the Campeonato Gaúcho, typically from January to April, for the state championship title.

The rivalry of two of the better-known Brazilian teams (Grêmio and Internacional) have a significant impact in the history of the tournament. Since 1940, the Grenal duo did not win the title on just four occasions: the defunct Renner was champion in 1954, Juventude almost 44 years later in 1998, Caxias, in 2000, under Tite's command, and Novo Hamburgo in 2017. Internacional is the biggest winner of the competition, with 45 titles, followed by Grêmio with 42 titles and Guarany of Bagé with two titles.

Format
The Campeonato Gaúcho is held by the Federação Gaúcha de Futebol (Rio Grande do Sul Football Federation) in the beginning of the year from January until April. Throughout its history, the Gauchão had various formats of competition, with almost regular changes to the format of the competition. Currently, the competition has a single group of 12 teams with a single round-robin system: where each team plays against the other only once. The eight best ranked clubs advance to the knockout phase, formed by a single-game quarter-finals, the semifinals, and the finals, which both are decided in a home-and-away series.

In addition to the main title, there is the Campeonato do Interior Gaúcho (English: Gaúcho Interior Championship), created as a prize for the best team outside the Grenal duo, the usual winners of the competition. According to the formula adopted from 2012, the award is given to the best ranked team in the championship, as long as it is not Grêmio or Internacional and has not played in the final of the competition. Despite the name, the prize doesn't need to be necessarily given to only teams from the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, but also from the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre or even Porto Alegre itself.

Qualification for competitions
The best placed of league qualify for the next year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série D, excluding the teams having already qualified for the Série A, Série B, Série C or Série D by other means. The worst placed are relegated to the Campeonato Gaúcho Série A2.

The winner of the Campeonato Gaúcho faces the winner of the state cup Copa FGF at the super cup Recopa Gaúcha.

Clubs
2023 First Division

Titles by team
Teams in bold still active.

Most appearances
Below is the list of clubs that have more appearances in the Campeonato Gaúcho.

 * SER Caxias includes the participations of "Associação Caxias de Futebol" (1972–1975), when GE Flamengo and EC Juventude were merged.

title: Campeonato Gaúcho


text:
Gabriel synthesis

The Gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines. Traditionally, the reaction uses potassium phthalimide. The reaction is named after the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel.

The Gabriel reaction has been generalized to include the alkylation of sulfonamides and imides, followed by deprotection, to obtain amines (see Alternative Gabriel reagents).

The alkylation of ammonia is often an unselective and inefficient route to amines. In the Gabriel method, phthalimide anion is employed as a surrogate of H2N−.

Traditional Gabriel synthesis
In this method, the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is N-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding N-alkylphthalimide.

Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing–Manske procedure, involving reaction with hydrazine. This method produces a precipitate of phthalhydrazide (C6H4(CO)2N2H2) along with the primary amine:
 * C6H4(CO)2NR + N2H4 → C6H4(CO)2N2H2 + RNH2

Gabriel synthesis generally fails with secondary alkyl halides.

The first technique often produces low yields or side products. Separation of phthalhydrazide can be challenging. For these reasons, other methods for liberating the amine from the phthalimide have been developed. Even with the use of the hydrazinolysis method, the Gabriel method suffers from relatively harsh conditions.

Alternative Gabriel reagents
Many alternative reagents have been developed to complement the use of phthalimides. Most such reagents (e.g. the sodium salt of saccharin and di-tert-butyl-iminodicarboxylate) are electronically similar to the phthalimide salts, consisting of imido nucleophiles. In terms of their advantages, these reagents hydrolyze more readily, extend the reactivity to secondary alkyl halides, and allow the production of secondary amines.

title: Gabriel synthesis


text:
Zülpich

Zülpich (Zöllech) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany between Aachen and Bonn. It belongs to the district of Euskirchen.

History
The town is commonly agreed to be the site with the Latin name of Tolbiacum, famous for the Battle of Tolbiac, fought between the Franks under Clovis I and the Alemanni; the traditional date is 496, corrected in many modern accounts to 506. The battle is commemorated in the names of the Rue de Tolbiac and the Tolbiac Métro station in Paris.

On 1 January 1969, the former municipalities of Bessenich, Dürscheven, Enzen, Langendorf, Linzenich-Lövenich, Merzenich, Nemmenich, Oberelvenich, Rövenich, Sinzenich, Ülpenich, Weiler in der Ebene, and Wichterich were incorporated into the borough of Zülpich. On 1 January 1972, Bürvenich, Füssenich, and Schwerfen (part of Veytal) were added.

Sights

 * Zülpich Castle
 * Wassersportsee Zülpich

Twinnings

 * 🇫🇷 Blaye, France
 * 🇫🇮 Kangasala, Finland
 * Elst, Netherlands

Notable people

 * Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, (1744-1805), Grand Master of the Order of Malta
 * Theodor Weber, (1836-1906), bishop
 * Theo Breuer (born 1956), author and editor
 * Silke Rottenberg, (born 1972), former national football player, grew up in Zülpich
 * Oliver Krischer, (born 1969), biologist and politician (The Greens), Member of Bundestag since 2009, lives in Düren

title: Zülpich


text:
User:Lipis

Lipiridis Panayiotis (Λυπηρίδης Παναγιώτης, nick: Lipis), was born on 8 July 1982 in Tbilisi, Georgia and since August 1993 he and his family moved to Thessaloniki, Greece.

title: User:Lipis