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Automatic train control

Automatic train control (ATC) is a general class of train protection systems for railways that involves a speed control mechanism in response to external inputs. For example, a system could effect an emergency brake application if the driver does not react to a signal at danger. ATC systems tend to integrate various cab signalling technologies and they use more granular deceleration patterns in lieu of the rigid stops encountered with the older automatic train stop (ATS) technology. ATC can also be used with automatic train operation (ATO) and is usually considered to be the safety-critical part of a railway system.

There have been numerous different safety systems referred to as "automatic train control" over time. The first experimental apparatus was installed on the Henley branch line in January 1906 by the Great Western Railway, although it would now be referred to as an automatic warning system (AWS) because the driver retained full command of braking. The term is especially common in Japan, where ATC is used on all Shinkansen (bullet train) lines, and on some conventional rail and subway lines, as a replacement for ATS.

Egypt
The accident report for the 2006 Qalyoub accident mentions an ATC system.

South Africa
In 2017, Huawei was contracted to install GSM-R partly to provide communication services to automatic train protection systems.

Japan
In Japan, the Automatic Train Control (ATC) system was developed for high-speed trains like the Shinkansen, which travel so fast that the driver has almost no time to acknowledge trackside signals. Although the ATC system sends AF signals carrying information about the speed limit for the specific track section along the track circuit. When these signals are received on board, the train's current speed is compared with the speed limit and the brakes are applied automatically if the train is travelling too fast. The brakes are released as soon as the train slows below the speed limit. This system offers a higher degree of safety, preventing collisions that might be caused by driver error, so it has also been installed in heavily used lines, such as Tokyo's Yamanote Line and some subway lines.

Although the ATC applies the brakes automatically when the train speed exceeds the speed limit, it cannot control the motor power or train stop position when pulling into stations. However, the automatic train operation (ATO) system can automatically control departure from stations, the speed between stations, and the stop position in stations. It has been installed in some subways.

However, ATC has three disadvantages. First, the headway cannot be increased due to the idle running time between releasing the brakes at one speed limit and applying the brakes at the next slower speed limit. Second, the brakes are applied when the train achieves maximum speed, meaning reduced ride comfort. Third, if the operator wants to run faster trains on the line, all the related relevant wayside and on-board equipment must be changed first.

Analogue ATC
The following analogue systems have been used:
 * ATC-1: ATC-1 is used on the Tōkaidō and Sanyō Shinkansen since 1964. The system used on the Tōkaido Shinkansen is classified as ATC-1A and ATC-1B on the Sanyō Shinkansen. Originally utilizing trackside speed limits of 0 ,, it was upgraded to utilize speed limits of 0, with the introduction of new rolling stock on both lines. Variants include ATC-1D and ATC-1W, the latter being used exclusively on the Sanyō Shinkansen. Since 2006, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen's ATC-1A system has been superseded by ATC-NS.
 * ATC-2: Used on the Tōhoku, Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen routes, it utilized 0, trackside speed limits. In recent years, ATC-2 has been superseded by the digital DS-ATC. The Japanese ATC-2 system is not to be confused with the Ansaldo L10000 ATC system (also more often known as ATC-2) used in Sweden and Norway, which is similar to the EBICAB 700 and 900 ATC systems used in some other parts of Europe.
 * ATC-3 (WS-ATC): Actually the first implementation of ATC in Japan, it was first used on Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line (together with ATO) in 1961 and later on the Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line. Stands for Wayside-ATC. Both lines converted to New CS-ATC (ATC-10) in 2003 and 2007 respectively. WS-ATC is also used on 5 Osaka Metro lines (the Midosuji Line, the Tanimachi Line, the Yotsubashi Line, the Chuo Line and the Sakaisuji Line).
 * ATC-4 (CS-ATC): First used on the Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line (interoperating with JR East Jōban Line) in 1971, CS-ATC (which stands for Cab Signalling-ATC), is an analogue ATC technology using ground-based control, and, like all ATC systems, used cab signalling. CS-ATC uses trackside speed limits of 0, 25, 40, 55, 75 and 90 km/h. Its use has extended to include the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line (CS-ATC introduced in 1993, changed to New CS-ATC), Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line (CS-ATC introduced in 1998), and most recently, the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line (CS-ATC enabled in 2008). It is also used on all Nagoya Municipal Subway lines and 3 Osaka Metro lines (the Sennichimae Line, the Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line and the Imazatosuji Line).
 * ATC-5: Introduced on the Sōbu Line (Rapid) and the Yokosuka Line from 1972 to 1976, it utilized trackside speed limits of 0, 25, 45, 65, 75 and 90 km/h. ATC-5 was deactivated on both lines in 2004 in favour of ATS-P.
 * ATC-6: Introduced in 1972, formerly used on the Saikyō Line, Keihin-Tōhoku Line/Negishi Line (introduced 1984) and Yamanote Line (introduced 1981). Some freight trains were fitted with ATC-6 as well. In 2003 and 2006, the Keihin-Tōhoku and Yamanote Lines replaced their ATC-6 systems with D-ATC. Saikyō Line replaced its ATC-6 system to ATACS in 2017.
 * ATC-9: Used on the Chikuhi Line (through service with Fukuoka City Subway Kūkō Line) in Kyushu.
 * ATC-10 (New CS-ATC): Developed from ATC-4 (CS-ATC), ATC-10 can be partially compatible with D-ATC and completely compatible with the older CS-ATC (ATC-4) technology. ATC-10 can be seen as a hybrid of analogue and digital technology, although ATC-10 is not recommended for use with D-ATC because of poor performance of the full-service brake during trial tests. It is used on all Tokyo Metro lines, the Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line, Tōkyū Tōyoko Line and Tsukuba Express.
 * ATC-L: Used on the Kaikyō Line (inclusive of the Seikan Tunnel section) along with Automatic Train Stop from 1988–2016. Replaced by DS-ATC following opening of the Hokkaido Shinkansen.

Digital ATC
The digital ATC system uses the track circuits to detect the presence of a train in the section and then transmits digital data from wayside equipment to the train on the track circuit numbers, the number of clear sections (track circuits) to the next train ahead, and the platform that the train will arrive at. The received data is compared with data about track circuit numbers saved in the train on-board memory and the distance to the next train ahead is computed. The on-board memory also saves data on track gradients, and speed limits over curves and points. All this data forms the basis for ATC decisions when controlling the service brakes and stopping the train.

In a digital ATC system, the running pattern creates determines the braking curve to stop the train before it enters the next track section ahead occupied by another train. An alarm sounds when the train approaches the braking pattern and the brakes are applied when the braking pattern is exceeded. The brakes are applied lightly first to ensure better ride comfort, and then more strongly until the optimum deceleration is attained. The brakes are applied more lightly when the train speed drops to a set speed below the speed limit. Regulating the braking force in this way permits the train to decelerate in accordance with the braking pattern, while ensuring ride comfort.

There is also an emergency braking pattern outside the normal braking pattern and the ATC system applies the emergency brakes if the train speed exceeds this emergency braking pattern.

The digital ATC system has a number of advantages:
 * Use of one-step brake control permits high-density operations because there is no idle running time due to operation delay between brake release at the intermediate speed limit stage.
 * Trains can run at the optimum speed with no need to start early deceleration because braking patterns can be created for any type of rolling stock based on data from wayside equipment indicating the distance to the next train ahead. This makes mixed operation of express, local, and freight trains on the same track possible at the optimum speed.
 * There is no need to change the wayside ATC equipment when running faster trains in the future.

To date, the following digital ATC systems are used:
 * D-ATC: Used on non-high speed lines on some East Japan Railway Company (JR East) lines. Stands for Digital ATC. Its main difference from the older analog ATC technology is the shift from ground-based control to train-based control, allowing braking to reflect each train's ability, and improving comfort and safety. The fact that it can also increase speeds and provide for denser timetables is important for Japan's busy railways. The first D-ATC was enabled on the section of track from Tsurumi Station to Minami-Urawa Station on the Keihin-Tohoku Line on 21 December 2003 following the conversion of the 209 series trains there to support D-ATC. The Yamanote Line was also D-ATC enabled in April 2005, following the replacement of all old 205 series rolling stock to the new, D-ATC enabled E231 series trains. There are plans to D-ATC enable the rest of the Keihin-Tohoku line and the Negishi line, pending conversion of onboard and ground-based systems. The ATC system on the Toei Shinjuku Line in use from 14 May 2005 is very similar to D-ATC. Since 18 March 2006, Digital ATC has also been enabled for Tōkaidō Shinkansen, the original Shinkansen owned by Central Japan Railway Company, replacing the old analog ATC system. D-ATC is used with the THSR 700T built for the Taiwan High Speed Rail, which opened in early January 2007.
 * DS-ATC: Implemented on Shinkansen lines operated by JR East. Stands for Digital communication & control for Shinkansen-ATC. It is used on the Tōhoku Shinkansen, Hokkaido Shinkansen, Joetsu Shinkansen and the Hokuriku Shinkansen.
 * RS-ATC: Used on the Tōhoku, Hokkaido, Hokuriku and Jōetsu Shinkansen at a fallback level from DS-ATC. RS-ATC is similar in principle to GSM-R in that radio signals are used to control the speed limit on trains, as compared to trackside beacons and/or transponders on other types of ATC.
 * ATC-NS: First used on the Tōkaidō Shinkansen since 2006, ATC-NS (which stands for ATC-New System), is a digital ATC system based on DS-ATC. Also used on the Taiwan High Speed Railway and the San'yō Shinkansen.
 * KS-ATC: Used on the Kyushu Shinkansen since 2004. Stands for Kyushu Shinkansen-ATC.

ATACS
ATACS is a moving block ATC system similar to CBTC, developed by RTRI and first implemented by JR East on the Senseki Line in 2011, followed by the Saikyō Line in 2017, and the Koumi Line in 2020. It is considered to be Japan's equivalent to ETCS Level 3.

South Korea
Several subway lines in South Korea use ATC, in some cases enhanced with ATO.

Busan
All lines use ATC. All lines are enhanced with ATO.

Seoul
Other than on Lines 1 and 2 (MELCO cars only), all lines use ATC. Line 2 (VVVF cars), Line 5 cars, Line 6 cars, Line 7 cars, and Line 8 cars have their ATC systems enhanced with ATO.

Denmark
Denmark's system of ATC (officially designated ZUB 123) is different from that of its neighbours. From 1978 until 1987, the Swedish ATC system was trialled in Denmark, and a new Siemens-designed ATC system was implemented between 1986 and 1988. In consequence of the Sorø railway accident, which occurred in April 1988, the new system was progressively installed on all Danish main lines from the early 1990s onwards. Some trains (such as those employed on the Øresundståg service and some X 2000 trains) have both the Danish and the Swedish systems, while others (e.g. ten of the ICE-TD trains) are fitted with both the Danish and the German systems. The ZUB 123 system is now considered by Banedanmark, the Danish railway infrastructure company, to be obsolete and the entire Danish rail network is expected to be converted to ETCS Level 2 by 2030.

The ZUB 123 system is however not used on the Copenhagen S-train commuter network, where another, incompatible safety system called HKT (da:Hastighedskontrol og togstop) had been in use from 1975–2022, as well as on the Hornbæk Line, which uses a much more simplified ATP system introduced in 2000. All aforementioned systems are gradually being replaced by the modern and worldwide CBTC signalling standard as of 2024.

Norway
Bane NOR—the Norwegian government's agency for railway infrastructure—uses the Swedish system of ATC. Trains can therefore generally cross the border without being specially modified. However, unlike in Sweden, the ATC system used in Norway differentiates between partial ATC (delvis ATC, DATC), which ensures that a train stops whenever a red signal is passed, and full ATC (FATC), which, in addition to preventing overshooting red signals, also ensures that a train does not exceed its maximum allowed speed limit. A railway line in Norway can have either DATC or FATC installed, but not both at the same time.

ATC was first trialled in Norway in 1979, after the Tretten train disaster, caused by a signal passed at danger (SPAD), occurred four years earlier. DATC was first implemented on the section Oslo S - Dombås - Trondheim - Grong between 1983 and 1994, and FATC was first implemented on the Ofoten Line in 1993. The high-speed Gardermoen Line has had FATC since its opening in 1998. After the Åsta accident occurred in 2000, the implementation of DATC on the Røros Line was accelerated, and it became operational in 2001.

Sweden
In Sweden the development of ATC started in the 1960s (ATC-1), and was formally introduced in the early-1980s together with high-speed trains (ATC-2/Ansaldo L10000). As of 2008, 9,831 km out of the 11,904 km of track maintained by Swedish Transport Administration—the Swedish agency responsible for railway infrastructure—had ATC-2 installed. However, since ATC-2 is generally incompatible with ERTMS/ETCS (as in the case of the Bothnia Line which is the first railway line in Sweden to exclusively use ERTMS/ETCS), and with the aim of Trafikverket to eventually replace ATC-2 with ERTMS/ETCS over the next few decades, a Special Transmission Module (STM) has been developed to automatically switch between ATC-2 and ERTMS/ETCS.

United Kingdom
In 1906, the Great Western Railway in the UK developed a system known as "automatic train control". In modern terminology, GWR ATC is classified as an automatic warning system (AWS). This was an intermittent train protection system that relied on an electrically energised (or unenergised) rail between, and higher than, the running rails. This rail sloped at each end and was known as an ATC ramp and would make contact with a shoe on the underside of the passing locomotive.

The ramps were provided at distant signals. A development of the design, intended for use at stop signals, was never implemented.

If the signal associated with the ramp was at caution, the ramp would not be energised. The ramp would lift the shoe on the passing locomotive and start a timer sequence at the same time sounding a horn on the footplate. If the driver failed to acknowledge this warning within a preset time, the brakes of the train would be applied. In testing, the GWR demonstrated the effectiveness of this system by sending an express train at full speed past a distant signal at caution. The train was brought safely to a stand before reaching the home signal.

If the signal associated with the ramp was clear, the ramp was energised. The energized ramp would lift the shoe on the passing locomotive and cause a bell to sound on the footplate.

If the system were to fail then the shoe would remain unenergised, the caution state; it therefore failed safe, a fundamental requirement of all safety equipment.

The system had been implemented on all GWR main lines, including Paddington to Reading, by 1908. The system remained in use until the 1970s, when it was superseded by the British Rail Automatic Warning System (AWS).

Canada
Starting in 2017, the Toronto Transit Commission began the implementation of ATC on to Line 1 Yonge–University, at a cost of $562.3million. Awarding the contract to Alstom in 2009, the TTC will be able to reduce the headway between trains on Line 1 during rush hours, and allow an increase in the number of trains operating on Line 1. Work would however not begin until the delivery of brand new trains with ATC compatibility and the retirement of older rolling stock that was not compatible with the new system. ATC was introduced in phases, beginning with a test on November 4, 2017 during regular service between Dupont and Yorkdale stations. It was first introduced in a permanent manner with the opening of the Toronto–York Spadina subway extension on December 17, 2017, between and  stations. Implementation of the system on to the remainder of the line was carried out during weekend closures and night time work when the subway would close. There were delays on the project, with deadlines for the complete conversion of Line 1 pushed back multiple times until 2022. ATC conversion was completed to Finch station on September 24, 2022. Converting all of Line 1 to ATC required the installation of 2,000 beacons, 256 signals, and more than one million feet of cable. ATC is also planned to be used on the soon to open Line 5 Eglinton line, however, Unlike on Line 1, the system on Line 5 will be supplied by Bombardier Transportation using its Cityflo 650 technology. The TTC plans to convert Line 2 Bloor-Danforth and Line 4 Sheppard to ATC in the future, subject to funding availability and being able to replace the current non-ATC compatible fleet on Line 2 with trains that are, with an estimated date of completion by 2030.

United States
ATC systems in the United States are almost always integrated with existing continuous cab signalling systems. The ATC comes from electronics in the locomotive that implement some form of speed control based on the inputs of the cab signalling system. If the train speed exceeds the maximum speed allowed for that portion of track, an overspeed alarm sounds in the cab. If the engineer fails to reduce speed and/or make a brake application to reduce speed a penalty brake application is made automatically. Due to the more sensitive handling and control issues with North American freight trains, ATC is almost exclusively applied to passenger locomotives in both inter-city and commuter service with freight trains making use of cab signals without speed control. Some high-volume passenger railroads such as Amtrak, Metro North and the Long Island Rail Road require the use of speed control on freight trains that run on all or part of their systems.

While cab signalling and speed control technology has existed since the 1920s, adoption of ATC only became an issue after a number of serious accidents several decades later. The Long Island Rail Road implemented its Automatic Speed Control system within its cab signalled territory in the 1950s after a pair of deadly accidents caused by ignored signals. After the Newark Bay Lift Bridge Disaster the state of New Jersey legislated use of speed control on all major passenger train operators within the State. While speed control is used on many passenger lines in the United States, in most cases it has been adopted voluntarily by the railroads that own the lines.

Only three freight railroads, Union Pacific, Florida East Coast and CSX Transportation, have adopted any form of ATC on their own networks. The systems on both FEC and CSX work in conjunction with pulse code cab signals, which in the case of CSX was inherited from the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad on its single main line. Union Pacific's was inherited on portions of the Chicago and Northwestern east–west main line and works in conjunction with an early two aspect cab signaling system designed for use with ATC. On CSX and FEC more restrictive cab signal changes require the engineer to initiate a minimum brake application or face a more severe penalty application that will bring the train to a stop. Neither system requires explicit speed control or adherence to a braking curve. The Union Pacific system requires an immediate brake application that cannot be released until the train's speed has been reduced to 40 mph (for any train traveling above that speed). Then, the train's speed must be further reduced to no more than 20 mph within 70 seconds of the initial cab signal drop. Failure to apply the brakes for these speed reductions will result in a penalty application.

All three freight ATC systems provide the engineer with a degree of latitude in applying brakes in a safe and proper manner, since improper braking can result in a derailment or a runaway. None of the systems are in effect in difficult or mountainous terrain.

title: Automatic train control


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User talk:Manojaayes

hai i just started the editting the pages for mathrubhumi, if any mistakes please correct me and continue.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Manojaayes


text: User talk:81.215.54.222

title: User talk:81.215.54.222


text: User talk:81.153.231.50

title: User talk:81.153.231.50


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User talk:User142

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Create a User page.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
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If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks, Alphax τεχ 09:40, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Electrode
Welcome to WP, and thanks for editing. I looks like you're a diligent contributor.

One way to enhance your role here will be for you to carefully read Disambiguation. On reflection, i think you will realize that "Primary topic" dab is appropriate for the term "electrode", which is widely understood and of long standing. Subjecting the roughly 450 links to the electrical sense to an "Equal" Dab, for the sake of the dozen or so references to the new and very specialized Pokemon sense, is unacceptable, and i've put things back (with a slightly different format of top-of-page Dab that some of us prefer over the one you removed).

Thanks again, and i hope you keep at it! --Jerzy (t) 22:10, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)

Pokédex colors
Lately in many of your infoboxes you have created, you have missed the Pokédex color. The list can be found at List of Pokémon by color. All color data is gathered from Psypoke. Andros 1337 21:49, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dusclops
Hey there. Good work in this area! I just wanted to note though that you did an infobox for this character but there isn't an article. Why not just write a couple of sentences? I know that it might seem a bit dumb to say something as dull as "Dusclops is a Pokemon character. It's a level 2 whatsit" or whatever, but it brings the article into the whole Wikipedia family. Just a thought. Happy editing! Grace Note 06:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There's no need to be rude. You don't own the pages. I simply gave you a suggestion because I stumbled across the page. A lot of people are very negative about pages like that. Grace Note 11:34, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And the Pokemon project is just a subset of Wikipedia. I agree that "articles" that are just tables are insufficient--there are a number of people that will delete articles so lacking in content. If you want to 'do things your own way', I suggest getting a copy of the MediaWiki software and starting your own site. Otherwise, please keep in mind that you are working within a far larger project that has standards and conventions that were established by consensus years ago. Niteowlneils 21:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ability pages.
You might want to head over here before making any more Pokémon Ability pages and voice your opinon: Votes for deletion/Blaze (Pokémon). I think linking the Abilities from the Pokétaxobox is a great idea, but I also think they should be linked to sections in the large catch-all article Pokémon Abilities. The individual Abilities aren't notable enough to have their own articles, just like individual Pokémon types or Pokémon species types aren't. --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 07:02, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

Evolution chains in Pokémon articles
Hello there! It's good to see you are taking a interest in the Pokémon-themed articles. Kudos for linking Pokémon Abilities from the infoboxes to their main article - it is a good example of cross-referencing.

I notice you have been making minor edits in some Pokémon infoboxes so that the names before or after the Pokémon's name under its picture show its evolution chain (like you did in Umbreon.) However, this area is supposed to show the Pokémon before and after it in the National Pokédex, which do not always belong to the same evolutionary chain. (In Umbreon's case, that should be Espeon and Murkrow). Notice that this convention is followed even in Pokémon which do not evolve, such as Unown. Don't worry, the Pokémon's evolution chain can still be seen a few lines below in the infobox ("Evolves from"... "Evolves to"...), so you needn't make this kind of edits. Thanks, and keep up the contributions! Sinistro 17:59, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are correct. I have no satisfactory excuse; I got things mixed up. In short, I was mistaken. Thanks for being so swift in clearing this up for me and once again, my apologies. (I'd like to say that my comment was not meant as an accusation, though).Sinistro 15:42, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Evolves from/to"
Hi, and thanks for taking an interest in the Wikiproject Pokédex!Overall, your work has been good, but I've got one minor gripe: in the case of pokémon that don't have to/from evolutions (like Charmander, which has no From, and Charizard, which has no To), I believe it's pointless to add in a line with (none) written in it. Since there isn't anything below Basic, and nothing above Stage 2, it should be obvious to the reader that the pokémon doesn't evolve. I'd recommend commenting these lines out where necessary. CNash 23:21, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply, but it may be best to assume that the reader isn't completely stupid. If the line isn't there, the pokémon doesn't have an evolution in that "direction". I don't know about anyone else, but I find that an easy concept to grasp. Perhaps a link back to the Project page on each pokémon's entry, giving details on how the infobox works, would be pertinent? CNash 22:33, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Re: Rukario
Thanks... but I'm not the one who added the type. All I did was revert somebody's addition of the example.jpg to the article. Somebody else added Rukario's type. Just wanted to let you know that. --Chanting Fox 22:19, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The user you should thank is 129.120.22.141. He's the one who confirmed Rukario's type.  Problem is there's no activity beyond the two edits he made to Rukario. Just wanted to save you the trouble of having to go back and look through the article history yourself. --Chanting Fox 22:24, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Baby Pokémon.
Hello, User142. I noticed you've been making a lot of edits to the baby/pre-evo/younger versions of old Pokémon. You might want to weigh in on this discussion on that very subject. Thanks. :) --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 23:26, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

Dittoboy
Hi there. I've blocked dittoboy for a week, and I apologize for not doing it before. I really haven't had a whole lot of time for Wikipedia, and my access to the internet has been on for a couple minutes and off for half an hour.

I think that it's time to notify Bar-Ilan university about this. Like I said before, I don't have much time on my hands right now, but I'll send an email to their abuse contact about this over the next 24 hours and keep you posted. Of course, whether or not they take action is up to them, but hopefully they can do something about this guy. He claims that wikipedia autoblocks the entire university from editing wikipedia, which is quite possible. However, I haven't seen any autoblocks yet, so let's keep our fingers crossed. I'm sure this kind of thing has happened before, and I think that it's inappropriate to threaten like that. If it does end up affecting other people, then I unfortunately might have to shorten the block.

Hopefully the university will deal with him. It should be a lot easier for them to restrict his access.

Yours faithfully,

Frazzydee|✍ 20:27, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Pokemon colors
Hi there! The template color issue is being discussed on Pokeprosal, and it turns out that the majority of users find colored words rather annoying to read when used in the middle of text. Please contribute there. Yours, Radiant_* 11:56, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Re: Poké Wiki
Thanks for the heads up. I'll head over there and see what I can do. We could also consider Bulbapedia. Sinistro 30 June 2005 18:57 (UTC)

Thanks for pointing me to it. However, I am more likely to contribute to articles here, and to Bulbapedia for more specialist srticles. Sonic Mew June 30, 2005 19:00 (UTC)

Expanding and improving the Pokémon articles
I saw your name on the WikiProject Pokédex rollcall. The Pokémon Adoption Center is improving, expanding, cleaning up, and reorganizing the Pokémon-related articles, and I wanted to invite you back to help. Some of the Pokémon species stubs still need to be adopted, and we're still building consensus on how to structure tools like categories and lists, designing new infoboxes, and writing a new Pokémon article style guide. If you're interested, take a look at our new Wikiportal, and come and contribute to the discussion at WP:PAC. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 23:10, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:PokemonHoenn
Template:PokemonHoenn has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at Templates for deletion. Thank you. Because, sorry, but it does nothing. Spriteless 02:16, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

TFD nomination of color templates
You'll probably want to visit Templates for deletion. Since these are only used in one article, and people generally don't like colored text, I don't think we need them. -- Netoholic @ 22:01, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

List of Pokémon by name
Hi there! I apologise in advance for being the bearer of bad news. I've nominated an article you have heavily contributed to for deletion, specifically the List of Pokémon by name. I wanted to let you know, so you can weigh in on the discussion here and also so you can save this list to your computer in case it does get deleted, as I can tell you've put some considerable effort into compiling this list.  hoopydink Conas tá tú? 18:24, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

If you are interested in Pokémon articles, you may like to join the Pokémon Collaborative Project, a group of editors who work together to improve Pokémon articles. You can help with our current collaborations (which are Pokémon and Makuhita) and find out more information on editing articles, as well as discuss Poké-related information. We hope to see you there! If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on my talk page, cheers M  inun    (Spiderman)  08:21, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Entei
your disambiguation of Entei is appreciated, however for future reference it's often better to move the page rather than cut/paste it, see WP:MOVE. To sum it up, at the top of every article is a "Move" tab which essentially deletes the previous page (in this case Entei) and creates a new page (Entei (Pokémon)) already filled with the old content. The benefit to this is that the page history also gets moved to Entei (Pokémon) and then you can recreate Entei as a dab w/out the old history connected to it. While admins are capable of merging histories, it is a cumbersome step that can easily be avoided. Thanks again! -Zappernapper 13:28, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:BelowHoennAboveSpecial
A tag has been placed on Template:BelowHoennAboveSpecial requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

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Speedy deletion of Template:BelowSpecialAboveType
A tag has been placed on Template:BelowSpecialAboveType requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Entei for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Entei is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Entei until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Bryn (talk) (contributions) 00:44, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:User142


text:
Shangri-La City

Shangri-La is a county-level city in northwestern Yunnan province, China, named after the mythical land depicted in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon. It is the capital and largest city of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. It is bordered by the city of Lijiang to the south and Sichuan province to the northwest, north, and east.

Name
The city was originally a county named Zhongdian ; the Tibetan population referred to the area by its traditional name Gyalthang, meaning "royal plains". On 17 December 2001, the Chinese government renamed the county "Shangri-La", after the fictional land of Shangri-La in the 1933 James Hilton novel Lost Horizon. This renaming, along with the county's upgrade to a county-level city on 16 December 2014, was part of an effort by the Chinese government to promote tourism in the area. The Chinese name of the county seat, Jiantang, reflects a Mandarin transliteration of Gyalthang.

History
In the early morning of 11 January 2014, a fire broke out in the 1,000-year-old Dukezong Tibetan neighborhood. About 242 homes and shops were destroyed and 2,600 residents were displaced. About half of the old town was destroyed by the fire, while the other half was spared. After the fire, residents were allowed back to their homes and shops. By the end of 2014 rebuilding had started and tourism started to return. Tourism was generally not affected by the fire, since the main sights in the old town, such as the prayer wheel and temples, were not damaged. Many of the other main sights are located outside of the old town.

Demographics and languages
The southern half of the city is inhabited by the Naxi people, who speak the Naxi language, a Lolo-Burmese language separate from the Tibetic languages. The northern half is inhabited by the Khampas, who speak the southern variety of Khams Tibetan. Southwestern Mandarin is spoken by the Han Chinese throughout the city.

Administrative divisions
Shangri-La city has 4 towns, 6 townships and 1 ethnic township.

Climate
Shangri-La has either a dry-winter, warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwb), or a dry-winter subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwb), both of which are unusually cool by Yunnan standards due to the high elevation, which ranges between 2700 and 3500 m. Winters are chilly but sunny, with a 24 January-hour average temperature of −2.3 °C, while summers are cool, with a 24 July-hour average temperature of 13.9 °C, and feature frequent rain; more than 70% of the annual precipitation is delivered from June to September. The annual mean is 6.32 °C. Except during the summer, nights are usually sharply cooler than the days. Despite the dryness of the winter, the small amount of precipitation is generally sufficient to cause major transportation dislocations and isolate the area between November and March.

National park

 * Pudacuo National Park, the first national park in China to meet IUCN standards, is part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas World Heritage Site.

Transport

 * Shangri-La railway station on Lijiang–Shangri-La railway opened on 26 November 2023. It takes 1h 20min to reach Lijiang by train, and about 5h to the provincial capital Kunming.
 * The city's airport is Diqing Shangri-La Airport. Covering an area of 225 hectares, it is one of the biggest airports in the northwest of Yunnan. There are flights to Kunming, Chengdu, Lhasa, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.
 * Taking a long-distance bus is also a major means to get to Shangri-La. It takes about four hours to get to Shangri-La from Lijiang by bus. Tourists who rent a car for the trip can also visit the Tiger Leaping Gorge (Hutiaoxia, 虎跳峡) and the First Bend of Yangtze River on the way.
 * Many travelers use the county town as a gateway into Tibet, either travelling many days overland by jeep to Lhasa, or by flying from the city's airport. However, the town itself is a tourist destination, primarily due to the nearby Gandan Sumtseling Monastery, Ganden Sumtsen Ling, 松赞林寺 Sōngzànlín Sì), Pudacuo National Park, and Tiger Leaping Gorge.
 * China National Highway 214

title: Shangri-La City


text: User talk:84.12.25.243

title: User talk:84.12.25.243


text:
Talk:Atlantic puffin

Breeding
Added by Moomoop2: "The Atlantic Puffin is sexually mature at age 5-6 and breeding occurs for approximately 3 years. This bird incubates by holding the egg up to its brood patch with its wing." (1) Sexually mature at 5-6, yes, sure. (2) Breeding occurs for 3 years??? What does that mean? It's nonsense - they often live into their 20s. Deleted. (3) holds the egg against the brood patch with its wing? Sounds like nonsense. Any evidence? Meanwhile, I have deleted it. Gnusmas 13:00, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * well done - it really was moo poop! jimfbleak 13:51, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I need to rewrite the entire thing. Some truths, much rubbish, with half-baked additions coming along frequently, and mostly very badly written. I guess it's a species with a high nonsense-attraction factor! It needs more than mere editing... I'll get around to it and do a complete new article soon. Gnusmas 07:45, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Map
I'd like to see a map of the Atlantic puffin's range. Unfortunately, I have no experience in making that kind of map. --Gray Porpoise 03:07, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed it would be great. Here the IUCN map as a base, for anybody with the time and skills. -- ELEKHHT 20:01, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Atlantic Puffin Exhibits?
Is it worth mentioning in the article that there are Atlantic Puffins on display at places like the National Aquarium in Baltimore (see here)? --Amanojyaku (talk) 20:57, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * No, unless a zoo collection is of particular importance, eg working on saving a highly threatened species, it's just another animal in another zoo  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  19:36, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

¶ I would like to see some comment regarding the similarities (and the relation of Natural Selection) of the various penguins and puffins. The penguins, of course, are in the region of the South Pole and the puffins in the region of the North Pole but they have striking similarities that suggest parallel development. For example, the black backs and white chests enable them to hunt for fish by swimming -- their white chests tend to give them camouflage against the sky to fish that look upward at them, the black backs camouflage against the water to seabirds such as pelicans that look downward at them. The puffins can fly but not the penguins, although the penguins have this remarkable ability to leap out of the water. I wonder if anyone ever tried to interbreed them. Sussmanbern (talk) 06:16, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Fratercula
Fratercula means "little brother".--Wetman (talk) 22:17, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Capitalisation
It seems to me that when this bird is mentioned in the text as just a "puffin" (rather by its full name), the word should be lower-cased. As in, for example, the article Bald Eagle, which uses "eagle" throughout when not using the full name. Colonies Chris (talk) 16:12, 27 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't disagree with you, but having brought the article to FA and having been made to capitalise all the uses of the word puffin on the way, I think it best to leave them capitalised. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 20:49, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Cereal
There is an American cereal line called Puffins that comes in several flavors. Is that worth mentioning? Brutannica (talk) 18:15, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I suppose it could be added (properly referenced) to the "In culture" section but I am not enthusiastic! Cwmhiraeth (talk) 18:32, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
 * What would that addition tell us about Atlantic Puffins? - absolutely nothing. Make additions that improve the article - we don't need trivia.  Richerman    (talk) 19:44, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

Wild Scotland
An editor (Paul venter) has added some information to the article Atlantic puffin derived from a TV documentary, referencing it to the TV show webpage although the facts referred to are not mentioned on the webpage. I removed this new information as being insufficiently cited but it has been replaced. The claim is about an unusual behaviour involving puffins and ravens, and I think it should only be included in the article if supported by a reliable source such as a research study. Other views on this would be welcome. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:15, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Tricky. We do accept videos and TV programmes as sources, but I agree that it would be better if we could reference the behaviour to an academic source. The reference is inadequate as presented anyway. This sort of reference should give the episode and timing within the episode. It may be worth having a search to see if a better ref can be found, but I don't think it's currently acceptable without the required additional info. leave it for a day or two and I'll see what I can find. If it can't be verified, and the info isn't improved, I'll revert I'll revert Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  11:09, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

File:Papageitaucher Fratercula arctica.jpg to appear as POTD
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WP:URFA/2020
I have several concerns before marking this Satisfactory at WP:URFA:
 * This is a 2002 source, and begs for an update or at least an as of date: They are still caught and eaten in Iceland and the Faroe Islands,[64]
 * updated to 2021 Jimfbleak - talk to me?  14:48, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

 * This source says it is not the latest assessment: is an update needed?
 * updated Jimfbleak - talk to me?  14:48, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

 * This is a 2011 source, is it current? ... but calls have been made for an outright ban on hunting them in Iceland because of concern over the dwindling number of birds successfully raising chicks.[65]
 * Still permitted, tweaked to use same ref as for first bullet Jimfbleak - talk to me?  14:55, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

 * And ... what happened? In August 2007, the Atlantic puffin was proposed as the official symbol of the Liberal Party of Canada by its deputy leader Michael Ignatieff, ...
 * no sign that it happened, amended Jimfbleak - talk to me?  14:48, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

 * There are incomplete citations and some WP:OVERLINKing.
 * , could you take care of this? LittleJerry (talk) 00:13, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Sandy Georgia (Talk)  17:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Perhaps could fix this? LittleJerry (talk) 23:12, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
 * , I'll have a look, but it may be next week before I get time, very busy in RL at present Jimfbleak - talk to me?  08:31, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I've fixed the specific queries regarding old sources and updates, and removed a few bits of unsourced or inadequately sourced minor points. Jimfbleak - talk to me?  13:24, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

, I think the major issues have been addressed. LittleJerry (talk) 19:06, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Another one on my list, will get to it ... as soon as I can :) Sandy Georgia (Talk)  22:01, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

marking satisfactory at URFA, but this citation is incomplete (needs a correct title, trans-title, lang and publisher): Sorry for the delay! Best regards, Sandy Georgia (Talk)  18:35, 3 December 2021 (UTC)
 * "LPO". Retrieved 31 August 2013.
 * , I don't think that's necessary since we are merely citing the main page of the charity so we can see the logo. I removed mention of it anyway. LittleJerry (talk) 20:46, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I'm proposing merging Faroese puffin into this article. That article is about Atlantic puffins as food and contains only a few pieces of information that are not already in this article's section on hunting or elsewhere in this article. Additionally, "Faroese puffin" does not appear to be a widely attested name for puffins as food. D loaf (talk) 04:46, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Support - I think this article already contains the info we need about the subject (and I'm saying that as probably one of the few editors here who has actually tasted it). FunkMonk (talk) 13:41, 28 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment - I have no objection to the merger as long as it is carefully done so as not to lower the quality of the larger article. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 14:06, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
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title: Talk:Atlantic puffin


text:
Wear (disambiguation)

Wear is surface erosion or deformation by friction.

Wear may also refer to:
 * Wearing clothes
 * Wear (journal), in materials science
 * Wear (surname), includes a list of people
 * River Wear, in northeast England
 * WEAR-TV, a T.V. station in Florida, U.S.
 * World Engineering Anthropometry Resource, (WEAR), a global non-profit
 * Wearing ship or jibe, a sailing maneuver

title: Wear (disambiguation)


text: Template:Flag country

title: Template:Flag country


text:
Talk:Girona

Name
I have reverted Gerona back to Girona (someone had decided to change to the former without no explanation). Girona is the original catalan name, while Gerona is a spanish version. Girona is the only official name nowadays and I see no reason why an English encyclopedia should use a translation of a name into Spanish instead. 82.41.76.211 09:49, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Because the original name of the Roman citadel is Gerunda, it seems only logical that the more proper Spanish name of Gerona (with "e") should be used here. The proper English term is, according to the OED, "Gerona." 22:47, 12 June 2005 (UTC -5)

Bibliotecario en Cataluña cambia y corrige algunos detalles del texto para que la mayoría del mundo angloparlante e hispanohablante entienda mejor. Citados: Diccionario Moliner, Enciclopedia Historia Española, Diccionario Merriam-Webster, New York Times. El catalán y la denominación "Girona" no están de acuerdo con el uso mundial. User:192.168.1.46 15:03, 14 June 2005 (UTC)

 * The name thing in most Catalan-related articles is contentious due to political issues (basically Spaniards being in perpetual denial of their own cultural circumstances), but having somebody who cannot even write in English trying to lecture anyone on what is the proper name of the city (or the country for that matter) is preposterous. Therefore I am changing this back to its proper form until the next vandal comes along.

 * For reference, in the territory of the present-day Autonomous Community of Catalonia (Comunitat Autònoma de Catalunya), the only official place names are the Catalan forms, except in Val d'Aran where it is the Aranese form (only) Llei 1/1998, de 7 de gener, de política lingüística, Section 18. Although not applicable here, it should be noted by the way that the same applies in the Balearic Islands Llei 3/1986, de 29 d’abril, de normalització lingüística a les Illes Balears, Section 14.

 * Aside from the legal considerations, it should be noted that only a handful of Catalan landmarks are referred by other than their native names in Spanish--from memory, they would be the cities of Barcelona (same spelling, different pronunciation), Girona (Spanish: Gerona), Lleida (Lérida), and Perpinyà (Perpiñán?). This is the same case as for any other foreign territories from a linguistic point of view: e.g., Spanish has Londres but not *Gúolverjanton. Outside of specific situations however, (typically, either informal or very formal use in a non-official context) choosing to use a Spanish or Spanish-sounding name for a Catalan place is widely regarded as making a political statement.

 * In summary, edits that somehow try to imply that Spanish names for Catalan cities and other places have any form of a) official standing or, b) acceptance amongst the local population, or c) relevance in a non-Spanish language article, are untruthful, misleading, and possibly tendentious. I'm willing to accept that some of them might be done in good faith by the ignorant, but the impression I get is that it is often an attempt to introduce NPOV and push agendas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.12.117.91 (talk) 23:49, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with the above and have removed (not for the first time, apparently) the references to the Spanish name which some ignoramus seems to have decided to reintroduce, without the courtesy of informing him, her, or itself first or leaving a note in this talk page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.151.39.74 (talk) 04:14, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Beauty
Some of the most beautiful women in the world are from Girona. (Anonymous)
 * This is irrefutably true. As original personal research, however, I can't add it to the main page. 78.115.157.45 (talk) 15:35, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

"...the fourteen original countships of Catalonia..."
The precision afforded by the number fourteen makes a very impressive statement. Barcelona, Ausona, Urgel, Ampurdán, Perelada, Besalú, Gerona... are there exactly seven more? If there are, that would make a useful subsection at Catalonia. --Wetman 11:11, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

St. Maximus
St. Maximus redirects to quite another Saint Maximus. This Saint Maximus being imaginary, I'm unable to repair the confusion. --Wetman 18:09, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Wrong names
Somebody are writing all the names (people and sites) with a wrong orthography. Vilallonga 18:50, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Girona not Gerona
I have reverted almost all Geronas to Girona again. Some people think that catalan shouldn't exists since Catalonia is in Spain. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Iru9k (talk • contribs) 11:11, 10 April 2007 (UTC).

 * This should not be an issue of whether Catalan should or shouldn't exist, and it should not be an issue of preference between the Spanish and Catalan spellings. The spelling should be the most common spelling that English language sources use, although I'd have to check to see which one is more common in English. Kman543210 (talk) 14:04, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
 * This the English version of Wikipedia not the Catalan one. Despite that, English users looking up Gerona now end up on Girona, people looking up Lerida now end up on Lleida but isn't it curious how people looking up Rome end up on Rome; it has not been changed to Roma by some Italian linguistic fanatic. I am all in favour of Catalan being promoted but some contributors, especially ones who come out with emotive phrases like Some people think that catalan shouldn't exists (sic) go too far and in my opinion it amounts to vandalism when anyone systematically goes through a page erasing every single English or Spanish variant to leave only the Catalan. Ant501UK (talk) 16:11, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

More jews?
I've been reading and it seems like many other important jews were born in Girona, and should be worth mentioning.

I don't see why we are singling out any religion without mentioning any other religious influences on this city. What exactly is the agenda here? Yes, Judaism is present in Girona and has been for a long time, apparently. But so have other religions. Please let's stop going out of our way to make one minority special interest feel validated. This is not meant to be a "religious history of Girona" article. And if it were, this random tangent about one specific religion would be woefully inadequate in satisfying that multi-faceted topic.

Webs
Recently 217.126.2.180 is adding some external links which imho don't satisfy the conditions of WP:EL. This is not a directory and we must control that the external links section contains just the necessary links.--Xtv - (my talk) - (que dius que què?) 19:10, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

spelling
Is the spanish spelling correct? I thought that in spanish "g" is always pronounced as in "get". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.165.6.168 (talk) 17:17, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

You are absolutely right. According to the Orthography 2010 (page 106) of the Spanish Royal Academy (RAE), «en español, tanto la j como la g (ante e, i) representan siempre el fonema /j/». It means that in Spanish language the letter g before e and i always sounds like ch in Scottish loch [lɒχ], so Gerona must be pronounced [khayroanah]. If you want to speak and write perfect Spanish, you should never use Girona [yeeroanah], because it is not a Spanish word, but Catalonian, and this trend is only based on political reasons.188.76.177.9 (talk) 16:08, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

In Spanish, G has 2 pronunciations: as in "get" before-a, -o, -u,-ue, -ui (gato (cat), gordo (fat), gusano (worm), guerra (war), guisantes (peas)) and as a sound non-existent in English but similar to your H always before -e, -i (Gerona (Girona), gitano (gipsy))--83.58.118.226 (talk) 20:21, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * However, Girona is not a Spanish name, but Catalan. In Catalan, G sounds like "get" before -a, -o, -u,-ue, -ui (like in Spanish), and like "giant" before -e, -i. --Traduim (talk) 19:24, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Cases de l'Onyar image
Re the image of colourful houses in this section, there are many more colourful photos of the exact same view (and some other angles) of the same row of houses, such as this one which is already in Wikimedia Commons: File:Girona riverside HDR.jpg, or this (possibly copyright) https://www.eltemps.cat/article/9785/bescano-i-girona, which better displays the white house mentioned in the text. Does anyone know, are the latter in realistic colour, in which case one such should replace the image here as more representative, or are they 'photoshopped'?--D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 12:55, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

 * "Girona riverside HDR.jpg" has obviously been manipulated and I don't think we should use it. A better choice would be the non-manipulated version at or the one from El Temps, but neither one is licensed in such a way that we can use it. GA-RT-22 (talk) 00:37, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Girona


text:
Haddington, East Lothian

The Royal Burgh of Haddington (Haidintoun, Baile Adainn) is a town in East Lothian, Scotland. It is the main administrative, cultural and geographical centre for East Lothian. It lies about 17 mi east of Edinburgh. The name Haddington is Anglo-Saxon, dating from the sixth or seventh century AD when the area was incorporated into the kingdom of Bernicia. The town, like the rest of the Lothian region, was ceded by King Edgar of England and became part of Scotland in the tenth century. Haddington received Burgh status, one of the earliest to do so, during the reign of David I (1124–1153), giving it trading rights which encouraged its growth into a market town.

Today, Haddington is a small town with a population of about 10,000 people, but during the High Middle Ages it was the fourth-biggest town in Scotland (after Aberdeen, Roxburgh and Edinburgh). In the middle of the town is the Haddington Town House, completed in 1745 based on a plan by William Adam. When first built, it contained markets on the ground floor, and an assembly hall on the first floor to which improvements were made in 1788, and a spire was added in 1831. Nearby is the corn exchange (1854) and the county courthouse (1833). Other notable nearby sites include: the Jane Welsh Carlyle House; Mitchell's Close; and a building on the High Street that was the birthplace of the author and government reformer Samuel Smiles and is marked by a commemorative plaque. John Knox was probably born in Haddington and Knox Academy, the local high school, is named after him.

Economy
Haddington is located predominantly on the left bank of the River Tyne, and was once famous for its mills. It developed into the fourth-largest town in Scotland during the High Middle Ages, and later was at the centre of the mid-eighteenth century Scottish Agricultural Revolution.

In 1641, an Act was passed by the Parliament of Scotland to encourage the production of fine cloth, and in 1645 an amendment went through stating that the masters and workers of manufactories would be exempt from military service. As a result of this, more factories were established; these included the New Mills. This factory suffered during the Civil War with the loss of its cloth to General Monck. A new charter was drawn up in May 1681, and major capital invested in new machinery, but the New Mills had mixed fortunes, inevitably affected by the lack of protectionism for Scottish manufactured cloth. The Scots Courant reported in 1712 that New Mills was to be "rouped" (auctioned). The property was sold on 16 February 1713 and the machinery and plant on 20 March. The lands of New Mills were purchased by Colonel Francis Charteris and he changed their name to Amisfield. As the county town of East Lothian, Haddington is the seat of East Lothian Council with offices located at John Muir House behind Court Street. This building occupies the site of Haddington's twelfth century royal palace and adjoins the former Sheriff Court complex. The town centre is home to a wide range of independent retailers including: a bookshop, a sports shop, a saddlery and country goods specialist, two butchers, a hardware shop, cookware shop and several gift shops alongside several pubs, restaurants and cafés. Nationwide retailers with a presence in Haddington include: Tesco, Home Bargains, Boots, Aldi and Co-op Food. Besides retail and administration, the town is also home to various law firms and has industrial capacity in the works beside the Tyne at the Victoria Bridge (PureMalt), and around the site of the old station (Lemac), and various smaller industrial units and garages. Haddington is also home to the offices of the local newspaper the East Lothian Courier. There is a farmers' market held on the last Saturday of the month in Court Street.

Historic core
The town centre largely retains its historic street plan with Court Street, High Street, Market Street and Hardgate defining the edges of the original open triangular medieval market place, divided by a central island of buildings developed from the 16th century onwards on the site of market stalls. To the north and south the medieval rigg pattern of burgage plots can still be observed with narrow buildings fronting the main streets and long plots behind stretching back, originally to the line of the old town walls, accessed by small closes and pends. The historic importance of the town's relatively unaltered medieval plan and significant survival of historic buildings was recognised as early as the 1950s, with Haddington subject to an Improvement Scheme, Scotland's earliest, which saw many period properties rehabilitated by the Town Council (under the leadership of Frank Tindall as Director of Planning) and a pioneering town colour scheme developed, resulting in the distinctive and colourful townscape seen today.

Some comprehensive redevelopment did occur, chiefly around Newton Port and Hardgate to allow for widening of these narrow streets to improve motor traffic flow. This included the demolition of Bothwell Castle and its dovecote in 1955, the land now forming part of Hardgate Park. Today the whole town centre is a conservation area with a high proportion of listed buildings, some dating back to the C16th, and the redevelopment and infill schemes undertaken since the 1950s have largely been in a sympathetic vernacular style which has maintained the town's historic character.

Notable landmarks

The town has a number of notable buildings but the Abbey of St Mary and 16th Century town defences have left little to see on the ground. They are being researched by Haddington's History Society. St Martin's Kirk also remains one of the towns oldest and most prominent buildings.

Amisfield House
Amisfield House was located east of Haddington, south of the River Tyne. Designed by architect Isaac Ware and built of Garvald red freestone for Colonel Francis Charteris, it was described in The Buildings of Scotland as "the most important building of the orthodox Palladian school in Scotland." John Henderson built the walled garden in 1783, and the castellated stable block in 1785. The park in front of the house, possibly landscaped by James Bowie, is today entirely ploughed. A victim of dry rot, the house was demolished in 1928.

All that remains of Amisfield today are the summer house, walled garden, ice house, chapel, and gates.

The world's earliest surviving records of a lodge of free gardeners come from Haddington, in 1676.

Lennoxlove House
Lennoxlove House, a historic thirteenth-century house and estate, lies 1/2 mi south of Haddington. Built by the Giffards of Yester, it was originally named Lethington. It was once home to the Maitland family, notably Sir Richard Maitland, and his son William Maitland of Lethington, Secretary of State to Mary, Queen of Scots'. The Maitlands left Lennoxlove in the seventeenth century, and it is now the seat of the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon.

St Mary's Collegiate Church

The Parish Church of St Mary's is today part of the Church of Scotland, but includes an Episcopalian chapel, the Lauderdale Aisle, containing the mausoleum of the Maitland Earls of Lauderdale. It is the longest parish church in Scotland and is in regular use for worship and musical events. It is directly adjacent to the River Tyne, beside the twelfth century Nungate Bridge.

The present building (built with red sandstone from nearby Garvald) was started in 1375 (an earlier St Mary's Church having been destroyed by the English in 1356), and consecrated in 1410, despite building work not being finished until 1487. The church was partially destroyed during the 1548-49 Siege of Haddington that followed the Rough Wooing of Henry VIII, and on the advice of John Knox, it was restored "frae the tower to the West door". Thus the nave became the church and the choir and transepts were left ruined until the whole church was restored in the 1970s. The Lammermuir pipe organ was built in 1990.

A set of eight bells hung for full change ringing was installed for the Millennium.

Haddington War Memorial stands at the west entrance to the churchyard.

Hailes Castle
Hailes Castle is a mainly fourteenth-century castle about 5 mi east of Haddington. This castle, which has a fine riverside setting, belonged to the Hepburn family during the most important centuries of its existence. Since 1926, it has been the subject of a state-sponsored guardianship agreement, which is now under the auspices of Historic Scotland. It is open to the public without charge at all reasonable times.

Sport and leisure
Haddington is home to East Lothian Amateur Boxing Club, the East of Scotland football club Haddington Athletic, Haddington cricket club who are in east of Scotland division 3 and Haddington RFC, currently playing in Scotland Premiership division 3.

At the end of March 2012, the town's library relocated to the John Gray Centre in Lodge Street, an extensively reconstructed and restored complex of historic buildings including the town's former granary. In addition to the lending library the Centre comprises East Lothian Council's Historical Archives, Local History Collections and Reading Room, a new museum of East Lothian (with a temporary exhibition gallery), a computer suite and community room. The Centre is named after a local minister whose bequest of books and money in 1717 gave the town one of the earliest community libraries in Scotland.

Transport

Haddington sits 1 km south of the A1 dual carriageway linking Edinburgh to London. The town is currently served by the bus companies Borders Buses, Prentice Coaches, Eve Coaches and East Coast Buses. These buses facilitate travel to Edinburgh, Berwick-upon-Tweed, and several other towns and villages in East Lothian. Since the withdrawal of many First Scotland East services in June 2012, the contracts for the 121 Haddington to North Berwick and the 123 Gifford Circle passed back to the Haddington-based firm Prentice Coaches. The nearest rail station is at Drem, 4 mi to the north, which is served by regular Edinburgh to North Berwick trains. Haddington was once served by its own railway branch line which carried passengers for over a century from 1846 to 1949. There have been proposals to reopen or extend a railway line to Haddington to ease road congestion, but nothing has come to fruition in regards to this.

The Railway
The Haddington railway line was a branch from the East Coast Main Line at Longniddry and terminated at Haddington railway station and freight depot in the area between West Road and Hospital Road. The line was 4+13/16 mi in length and had stations at Coatyburn Siding and Laverocklaw Siding before terminating in Haddington. The line was opened on 22 June 1846. The branch had only a single track, though bridges and embankments were built to allow for a double track. Passengers from Haddington were required to alight at Longniddry and change trains in order to travel to Edinburgh.

The Haddington branch line and station were damaged during the flood of 1948 and though both passenger and freight services were reinstated, British Rail opted to remove rail services to the public due to competition from bus services and dwindling passenger numbers. Passenger services ended on 29 December 1949. The use of the railway line for freight continued until March 1968. The larger Victorian station building was demolished; a smaller older building, parts of the platform structure, and embankment walls remain. These are recognisable by their distinctive red-brick appearance, and can be seen from West Road, Somnerfield Court, and the industrial area south of Hospital Road.

The land occupied by Haddington's railway line is owned by East Lothian Council and is used by walkers, cyclists and horse-riders in the section of the line between Longniddry station and the St Lawrence area of Haddington. The eastern terminus of the line is occupied by industrial units and scrub vegetation. A campaign to reopen Haddington's railway service is led by the group RAGES (Rail Action Group East of Scotland). Since the closure of the station in the 1940s (isolated as it then was at the western extremity of Haddington), the town has since expanded significantly. Between 1951 and 1981, the population of the town grew by 54%. It remains to be seen whether further expansion of the town will lead to a reinstatement of Haddington's railway line, since there are congestion issues on both the East Coast Main Line and at Edinburgh Waverley railway station.

History
An account of the parish of Haddington was drawn up by the Rev. Dr. Barclay, and published by the Society of Scottish Antiquaries in 1785. James Miller published Lamp of Lothian a history of Haddington in 1844. A new edition was reprinted in 1900 under the name Lamp of Lothian: or, the history of Haddington, in connection with the Public Affairs of East Lothian and of Scotland, from the earliest records to 1844. A goat appears on the seal and on the coat of arms of Haddington. John Martine wrote Reminiscences of the royal burgh of Haddington and old East Lothian agriculturists in 1883.

 *  Before 1139 - Haddington granted burgh charters, transferred to Ada de Warenne, as a marriage portion, by her father-in-law David I in that year.
 * 1178 – Cistercian abbey of St Mary founded by Countess Ada. St Martin's Kirk in the Nungate built around or before this year; the oldest standing building in Haddington today.
 * 1198 – King Alexander II of Scotland is born in Haddington.
 * 1216 – Haddington is burnt by the English under King John. Scottish royal family vacate the Palace of Haddington.
 * 1242 - Murder of Padraig, Earl of Atholl following a tournament in the town, by members of Clan Bissett.
 * 1244 – Haddington is burnt again. Barclay relates that on "the same night in which Haddington was burned, Stirling, Roxburgh, Lanark, Perth, Forfar, Montrose, and Aberdeen, all underwent the same fate."
 * 1282 – First mention of a bridge spanning the Tyne.
 * 1297 - Haddington burnt by the retreating Scots army.
 * 1356 - The town is sacked by the army of Edward III of England. It is now known as the burnt Candlemas.
 * 1358 – Flood reportedly washes away the Nungate.
 * 1375 – Work begins on rebuilding St Mary's – in Garvald red sandstone.
 * 1429 – King's Wall surrounding town is mentioned. Implies early if not continuous fortification of the town.
 * 1462 – Work on the building of St Mary's Church is completed.
 * 1548-49 – Siege of Haddington. The town was occupied by English forces as a part of the Rough Wooing and then besieged by Scottish and French troops.
 * 1548 – 7 July – Signing of the Treaty of Haddington. This was a treaty made during the English occupation of the town. The Scottish Parliament convened in the Abbey and agreed to transport Mary Queen of Scots to France for her marriage to the French heir.
 * 1598 - Haddington burnt again. This time by a careless maidservant drying clothes overnight by a fire.
 * 1676 – The 'Ancient Fraternity of Gardeners of East Lothian' is established – the oldest such fraternity known.
 * 1688 – John Gray founds a town library.
 * 1748 – Haddington Town House is built; to a design of William Adam
 * 1770 – Holy Trinity Episcopal Church built in Church Street.
 * 1775 – 4 October – Tyne reportedly rises seventeen feet above its ordinary level.
 * 1817 – Building of the Waterloo Bridge near the Poldrate Mill. The foundation stone was laid on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo, hence the naming of the bridge.
 * 1830 – Spire added to the tower of Haddington Town Hall.
 * 1831 – First outbreak of cholera asphyxia in Scotland recorded at Haddington
 * 1846 – 22 June – Haddington's railway station opens to the public.
 * 1854 – Building of the Corn Exchange. This is reputedly the second largest Corn Exchange in Scotland, after Edinburgh.
 * 1862 – Catholic church of St. Mary is built to a design of E. W. Pugin.
 * 1941 – 3 March – German bombers damage town.
 * 1948 – 6 to 12 August – Flood damages town. Much of the town underwater.
 * 1949 – 5 December – Closure of Haddington's railway station to the public.
 * 1973 – Completion of the re-roofing of the choir & renovation of St Mary's Church. This part of the church was damaged during the siege of Haddington (1547–1549) and left ruinous when the church was restored following the siege.

On 5 September 1618 a debt collector from Edinburgh, Thomas Allan, was attacked by Isobel Addington and 60 or 80 other women who beat him and then dragged him by the feet out of her house.

Notable people

 * Alexander II (1198–1249), King of Scotland from 1214 until 1249
 * Walter Bower (1385–1449), abbot of Inchcolm Abbey and early historian (author of Scotichronicon; completed in 1447)
 * John Brown of Haddington (1722–1787), theologian and author of The Self-interpreting Bible (known as 'Brown's Bible') and A Dictionary of the Holy Bible. Became minister in Haddington in 1751 and is buried in the churchyard of St Mary's.
 * Samuel Morison Brown (1817–1856), chemist and writer, grandson of John Brown, born in Haddington.
 * Finlay Calder (born 1957), Scottish rugby player born in Haddington
 * Jim Calder (rugby player) (born 1957), Scottish rugby player born in Haddington
 * Jane Welsh Carlyle (1801–1866), wife of the writer Thomas Carlyle, daughter of a local doctor. She was buried next to her father in the choir of St Mary's Church, at that time still ruined.
 * James Carmichael (1542/3-1628) minister, schoolmaster, latin scholar and collector of Scots proverbs.
 * Sir Richard Cockburn of Clerkington (c.1565–1627), senior government official during the reign of King James VI.
 * John Cook Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1866.
 * Margaret Cunnison (1914 –2004), Scottish aviator and the first Scottish woman flying instructor. She was one of the first women to join the Air Transport Auxiliary.
 * John Currie, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1709.
 * Fish (born 1958), rock musician, lives in Haddington after leaving Marillion in 1988.
 * William George Gillies (1898–1973), painter born in the High Street. Student and later principal of the Edinburgh College of Art, several of his works are in the Talbot Rice Gallery in the University of Edinburgh.
 * John Gray (1646–1717), preacher, scholar and book collector, was born and died in Haddington. He assembled an important library of early printed books which was sold to the National Library of Scotland in 1961.
 * Anne Gunn (née Young, 1756 – ?1813), music teacher and inventor.
 * Bruce Robert Howard (born 1961), better known as Dr. Robert of 1980s pop band The Blow Monkeys, born in Haddington
 * John Knox (1505, 1513 or 1514–1572), great Protestant reformer born (probably in Nungate on the east bank of the River Tyne, opposite St Mary's) and educated in the town
 * James Lauder (d.1696), M.A., Sheriff-Clerk, Provost, Commissioner to Parliament, and Commissioner to the Convention of Burghs, and M.P., for Haddington
 * David de Lindsay of the Byres, 13th-century Scottish crusader
 * Robert Lorimer (1765-1848), ministered for over 50 years in Haddington.
 * John Mair (also known as Haddingtonus Scotus) (1467–1550), Scottish philosopher, friend of Erasmus and teacher of Calvin, Ignatius Loyola, John Knox, and other Scottish Protestant Reformers including the Protestant martyr Patrick Hamilton and the humanist and Latin stylist George Buchanan. He held many university and government positions.
 * Adam Skirving (1719–1803), songwriter, author of the famous Jacobite song Hey, Johnnie Cope, Are Ye Waking Yet?, was born in Haddington, farmed at Garleton, and was buried at Athelstaneford. Also his grandson Robert Scot Skirving who became an eminent physician in Australia.
 * Samuel Smiles (1812–1904), social reformer and author of Self Help (1859), lived in the High Street.
 * Ada de Warenne, Countess of Northumbria and Huntingdon (1120–1178), Mother of Malcolm IV and William the Lion, Kings of Scots. Founded the Nunnery for which the Nungate is named.
 * Willie Wood (born 1938), bowls player who took part in a record seven Commonwealth Games and won two gold medals was born in Haddington and grew up in nearby Gifford.
 * Thomas Wright (philanthropist) (1789–1875), prison philanthropist

Freedom of the Burgh
People who have received the Freedom of the burgh of Haddington include:
 * Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister, on 20 September 1902.

Churches
There are several churches in the town. These include:

Church of Scotland

 * St. Mary's Parish Church
 * Haddington West Parish Church

Roman Catholic

 * St Mary's

Other churches

 * Haddington Community Church
 * Holy Trinity Episcopal Church
 * Haddington Elim Church

Governance
Kenny MacAskill, Depute Leader of the Alba Party has served as the MP for East Lothian since 2019. Paul McLennan of the Scottish National Party has served as the MSP for East Lothian since 2021. There are four councillors for Haddington and Lammermuir.

Education
Haddington has three state primary schools; the first being Haddington primary school,the second being St. Mary's RC Primary School and third being Letham mains primary school. Both HPS and saint marys located adjacent to Neilson Park at the southern edge of the town centre and Letham mains in the Letham estate on the Edinburgh outskirts. Prior to October 2012, Haddington Infant School was two separate buildings; the main building (built in 1897) and the annex (built in 1965) was located at Victoria Road/Meadowpark and the old St. Mary's Primary School was located at Tynebank Road. Following the discovery of structural defects at the old St Mary's RC Primary School in early-2009, the pupils temporarily attended makeshift classrooms at King's Meadow Primary School until the building was deemed safe again around mid-2009. In April 2011, East Lothian Council decided to build an entirely new school, because both schools would still be left with major problems even after substantial upgrades. A third primary school started construction at Letham Mains in April 2019, to serve the large number of new houses that have been built on the west side of the town from 2016 onwards. Secondary school pupils attend Knox Academy at Pencaitland Road. The Compass School, an independent fee-paying primary school and nursery, is located on the West Road.

Historically, the Burgh schools mostly had a good reputation, an exception being under Rev. William Whyte who retained his office despite reports of violence and even death due to his brutal discipline. Thomas Donaldson is recorded as being a Jacobite prisoner.

Art
Art and artists associated with Haddington include:

Stephen Baillie, John Guthrie Spence Smith, William Darling McKay, Colin Thoms, William George Gillies, Daisy R. Sharp Robert Noble, Shirley M. Maud, Walter Dexter, and Haugh.

On film
Films which have shots of Haddington include:
 * Lothian Landscape (1974) 21 mins, colour. Narrated by Gordon Jackson and
 * Lothians Part II, the: Industries and Towns (1956+) silent.

title: Haddington, East Lothian


text:
Imperial Gardens

Many imperial gardens exist in Asia including:

 * the old name of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing, China, also known as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness
 * the Beihai Park and Zhongnanhai in Beijing, China
 * the Tokyo Imperial Palace in Tokyo, Japan

title: Imperial Gardens