text:
Tanay

Tanay may refer to:

Given name

 * Tanay Chheda (born 1996), Indian actor
 * Tanay Gajjar (born 1973), Indian sound-recording engineer
 * Tanay Malhara, 2016 winner of Indian TV series Dance Plus

Surname

 * Emanuel Tanay (1928– 2014), American physician and Holocaust survivor
 * Bella Tanay, star of the 1979 Hungarian film The Fortress

Places

 * Tanay, Côte-d'Or, a commune in Dijon, Côte-d'Or, France
 * Tanay, Rizal, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Lac de Tanay, a lake in Valais, Switzerland
 * Tanay Nature Park, in Izmir, Turkey

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tanay


text:
Eric Server

Eric Server (born December 4, 1944 in Santa Monica, California) is an American television actor, best known for providing the voice of computer brain Dr. Theopolis in the 1979 TV series Buck Rogers in the 25th Century. From 1979 to 1981 he appeared as Lt. Jim Steiger in 17 episodes of B.J. and the Bear.

He guest-starred in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Circle" and in the Battlestar Galactica episode "The Magnificent Warriors". He also appeared as a police officer in the pilot episode of The Incredible Hulk. Server also appeared in two more episodes of The Incredible Hulk as a race car driver in the season 2 episode "Ricky" and as a thief in the Season 3 episode "A Rock and a Hard Place".

Starting in the early 1970s Server had guest roles in a number of network series. The shows he appeared in more than once include Ironside, Barnaby Jones, The Rockford Files, Police Story, The Streets of San Francisco, Hunter, Switch, Emergency!, Lou Grant, Simon & Simon, T.J. Hooker, Murder, She Wrote and L.A. Law.

title: Eric Server


text: User talk:66.142.239.248

title: User talk:66.142.239.248


text:
Cornus kousa

Cornus kousa is a small deciduous tree 8 - 12 m tall, in the flowering plant family Cornaceae. Common names include kousa, kousa dogwood, Chinese dogwood, Korean dogwood, and Japanese dogwood. Synonyms are Benthamia kousa and Cynoxylon kousa. It is a plant native to East Asia including Korea, China and Japan. Widely cultivated as an ornamental, it is naturalized in New York State.

Description
Like other Cornus, C. kousa has opposite, simple leaves, 4–10 cm long. The tree is extremely showy when in bloom, but what appear to be four, white petals are actually four spreading bracts below the cluster of inconspicuous yellow-green flowers. The blossoms appear in late spring, weeks after the tree leafs out.

It can be distinguished from the flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) of eastern North America by its more upright habit, flowering about a month later, and by the pointed rather than rounded flower bracts.

The fruit is a globose pink to red compound berry 2–3 cm in diameter, though these berries tend to grow larger towards the end of the season and some berry clusters that do not fall from the tree exceed 4 cm. It is edible, with a sweet and creamy flavour, and is a delicious addition to the tree's ornamental value. The fruit is sometimes used for making wine.

It is resistant to the dogwood anthracnose disease, caused by the fungus Discula destructiva, unlike C. florida, which is very susceptible and commonly killed by it; for this reason, C. kousa is being widely planted as an ornamental tree in areas affected by the disease.

Fall foliage is a showy red color.

Varieties, hybrids and cultivars
There are two recognized subspecies / varieties:
 * Cornus kousa F.Buerger ex Hance or Cornus kousa Hance subsp. kousa – Japanese dogwood, native to Japan and Korea.
 * Cornus kousa Hance subsp. chinensis (Osborn) Q. Y. Xiang – Chinese dogwood, native to China. This variety supposedly flowers more freely and produces larger flower bracts, with leaves that are also said to be larger than average. The validity of this variety, however, is questioned by some authorities.

Hybrids between C. kousa and C. florida (Cornus × rutgersensis Mattera, T. Molnar, & Struwe) and C. kousa and C. florida (Cornus × elwinortonii Mattera, T. Molnar, & Struwe) have been created by Rutgers University. Several selected for their disease resistance and good flower appearance have been named, patented, and released.

Cultivars include:

AGM cultivars
, the following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

 * 'John Slocock'
 * 'Miss Satomi'
 * 'Summer Fun'
 * 'Teutonia'
 * 'Wolf Eyes'
 * var. chinensis 'China Girl'
 * var. chinensis 'Wisley Queen'

Culinary and food usage
C. kousa has edible berries. The soft pulp is sweet with a similar flavour to a ripe persimmon but the presence of hard seeds that are well attached to the pulp can be inconvenient when eaten directly. The rind of the berries is usually discarded because it has a bitter taste, although it is edible. The seeds are usually not eaten, but could be ground into jam and sauces. While less popular than the berries, young leaves can also be consumed.

title: Cornus kousa


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bronx Bus Routes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete both articles. - Mailer Diablo 16:23, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bronx Bus Routes and Brooklyn Bus Routes
Unencyclopedic. Bus routes change like hot cakes. Could possibly be transwikied to wikitravel, but I suggest delete. —Markaci 2005-04-8 T 00:15 Z

Delete - my city has bus routes too, as does every town and city; definitely not encyclopaedic --AYArktos 01:58, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not every city has busses unfortunately... Sjakkalle 09:11, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * As I understand it noting can be transwikied to wikitravel, not encyclopedic, delete--nixie 03:30, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep (and remove the links implying articles for each one) or transwiki to Wikisource. Bus routes may change, but usually they keep the same name and general path. --SPUI (talk) 03:55, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Highly, highly trivial. If I wanted to know the bus routes, I'd check the city's DOT website. Sideline: how often do hot cakes change? Asriel86 05:36, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * And how many NYC transit officials does it take to change a hot cake? —Wahoofive | Talk 05:49, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete who'd look up a bus route in an encyclopedia? —Wahoofive | Talk 05:49, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Information not static and historical value of information is extremely limited.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 05:51, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If Wikipedia documented every bus route in the world that would be a wonderful thing. --Gene_poole 06:01, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The only thing that would be wonderful about it is that we'd hit our millionth article much faster. "We're pleased to announce that the English Wikipedia has reached one million articles with the creation of Barstow Transit Authority Routes 11-25. Delete.   [  +t,  +c  ] 08:03, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, bus routes are subject to too much changes, also it's something you shouldn't be looking up in an encyclopedia. Local public transport sites can do a much better job. Mgm|(talk) 08:13, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with the New York City bus system article. I voted delete on, and nominated two of, the articles for individual routes, but I will accept a condensed listing of them since they are an integral part of the network. Sjakkalle 09:09, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic, utterly trivial, and a bad thing Dsmdgold 09:57, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is not encyclopaedic content --Bucephalus 11:07, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bus routes change at least once a year where I live and I suspect it is the same in New York. Capitalistroadster 11:16, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete very unencyclopedic. WikiTravel wouldn't even want this. Radiant_* 15:55, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic. Bus routes change too rapidly for us to be noting them at wikipedia. Dave the Red (talk) 19:23, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic, impossible to maintain.  RickK 22:48, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep All Bus routes are encyclopedic for a truely great enecyclopedia which aspires to contain all human knowledge. Klonimus 01:30, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You must have us confused with some other encyclopedia. That is not Wikipedia's goal nor its mission.  RickK 21:50, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base. There's a link in New_York_City_Transit_Authority to the official transit authority page; they'll do a better job of keeping the information up to date than we ever could. Delete. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 23:34, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic; impossible to protect from vandalism. --Carnildo 23:05, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. -Sean Curtin 22:13, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not Encyclopedic; get rid of it. -Joe Philipson
 * Probably just under the threshold of necessary public transport coverage. Weak delete. Slac speak up!  00:28, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 11:45, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, too trivial, too likely to change and be rendered incorrect. -- Dcfleck 12:54, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopaedic. --G Rutter 16:15, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 00:42, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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The Wump World

The Wump World (1970) is a children's book by Bill Peet that takes place on an imaginary planet. It is about the near destruction of the only habitat of creatures known as Wumps. These Wumps look somewhat like a cross between a capybara (sometimes called a water hog) and a moose.

Plot
The story about these Wumps takes place on their own planet, hence the name The Wump World. It is a small version of Earth, containing only a few rivers and lakes, along with several grasslands and forests. A race of blue humanoids named the Pollutians, who have left their old worn out planet to search for a new home, arrive and overrun the Wump World, causing the Wumps to flee to the safety of caves. The Pollutians build great cities and colonize, dirtying the air, water, and plowing down entire forests and grasslands, which the Wumps rely on for food and water. The Pollutians reach trouble when the air becomes too polluted, and their leaders send scouts to search for another planet. One scout returns, claiming that he has found a bigger and better world (presumably Earth); upon hearing this news, the entire Pollutian populace leaves the planet, leaving their thickly polluted cities behind. When the world above grows quiet, the Wumps emerge to find a changed world, a deserted "concrete jungle". The Pollutians, having used up almost every natural resource, have left. Fortunately for the Wumps, they find a part of the world still filled with living plant life (including trees and grass) and a river. As time goes by, the pollution begins to clear up and the cities slowly begin to age and fall apart. Though the book ends with a message of hope about nature's ability to recover and a small plant sprouting up between the cracks of a sidewalk, and says that in time the planet will heal, it notes that the Wump World would never be quite the same.

The book is similar to Peet's previous work Farewell to Shady Glade. Dr. Seuss's The Lorax, another similar book, was also published the year after.

title: The Wump World


text:
Office of Community Development

The Office of Community Development (OCD) is a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Development activities. OCD operates community development programs and initiatives throughout rural America and provides technical support to USDA-Rural Development's community development staff in offices throughout the United States.

title: Office of Community Development


text: Category:Lake Victoria

title: Category:Lake Victoria


text:
Simon Commission

The Indian Statutory Commission, also known as the simon commission, was a group of seven members of the British Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The commission arrived in the Indian subcontinent in 1928 to study constitutional reform in British India. One of its members was Clement Attlee, who would later become the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1945 - 1951).

Background
The commission was constituted because at the time of introducing the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms in 1919, the British Government had declared that a commission would be sent to India after ten years to examine the effects and operations of the constitutional reforms and to suggest further reforms.

In November 1927, the British government appointed the Simon Commission two years ahead of schedule. The commission was strongly opposed by the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, and prominent Indian leaders including Nehru, Gandhi, and Jinnah, because it contained only British members and no Indians. However, it was supported by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and Chaudhary Chhotu Ram.

Prominent Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai led a protest against the commission in Lahore. He suffered a brutal police beating during the protest and died of his injuries eighteen days later on 17 November 1928.

The Government of India Act 1919 had introduced the system of diarchy to govern the provinces of British India. Indian opinion clamored for revision of this form of government, and the Government of India Act 1919 stated that a commission would be appointed after ten years to investigate the progress of the government scheme and suggest new steps for reform. The Secretary of State for India F.E Smith feared that the ruling Conservative government was facing imminent electoral defeat at the hands of the Labour Party, and hence feared that the commission would be filled by its members and sympathizers. Hence, the commission was appointed ahead of time, and seven MPs were selected to constitute the promised commission to examine the state of Indian constitutional affairs. He also ensured that there were no Indians in the commission, as he believed the Labour MPs and Indian members would join. The Viceroy of India Lord Irwin too supported the decision to exclude Indians as he too thought they would vote together with the Labour MPs but also because he thought the Indian representatives would fight each other.

Some people in India were outraged and insulted that the Simon Commission, which was to determine the future of India, did not include a single Indian member. The Indian National Congress, at its December 1927 meeting in Madras (now Chennai), resolved to boycott the Commission and challenged Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, to draft a constitution that would be acceptable to the Indian populace. A faction of the Muslim League, led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, also decided to boycott the commission.

In face of the opposition from the Congress, F.E Smith wanted to publicize the meetings of the commission with "representative Moslems" in order to "terrify the immense Hindu population by apprehension that the Commission is being got hold of by the Moslems and may present a report altogether destructive of the Hindu population."

However opinion was divided, with support for co-operation coming from some members of the Muslim League and also both Hindu Mahasabha and members of the Central Sikh League. An All-India Committee for Cooperation with the Simon Commission was established by the Council of India and by selection of the Viceroy, Lord Irwin. The members of the committee were: C. Sankaran Nair (chairman), Arthur Froom, Nawab Ali Khan, Shivdev Singh Uberoi, Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Hari Singh Gour, Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy, Kikabhai Premchand and Prof. M. C. Rajah.

In Burma (Now known as Myanmar), which was included in the terms of reference of the Simon Commission, there was strong suspicion either that Burma's unpopular union with India would continue, or that the constitution recommended for Burma by the commission would be less generous than that chosen for India; these suspicions resulted in tension and violence in Burma leading to the rebellion of Saya San.

The commission found that the education was being denied to the untouchables who were ill-treated in the name of caste.

Protests and death of Lala Lajpat Rai
The Simon Commission left England in January 1928. Almost immediately with Its arrival in Bombay on 3 February 1928, its members were confronted by throngs of protesters, although there were also some supporters among the crowds who saw it as the next step on the road to self-governance. A strike began and many people turned out to greet the commission with black flags on which was written 'Simon Go Back'. Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi led the demonstrations against Simon Commission in Patna. Similar protests occurred in every major Indian city that the seven British MPs visited.

One protest against the Simon Commission became infamous. On 30 October 1928, the Commission arrived at Lahore where it was met by protesters waving black flags. The protest was led by the Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai, who had moved a resolution against the Commission in the Legislative Assembly of Punjab in February 1928. The protesters blocked the road in order to prevent the commission members from leaving the railway station. In order to make way for the commission, the local police led by Superintendent James Scott began beating protesters. Lala Lajpat Rai was critically injured and died on 17 November 1928 due to the head injuries he had sustained.

Recommendations
The Commission published its 2-volume report in May 1930. The commission proposed to abolish the diarchy, an extension to autonomy of provinces by establishing representative government in provinces. However it allowed the British governors of provinces to retain much of their emergency powers, hence in practice very little autonomy was to be given to the provinces. Most notably the commission's report did not mention dominion status at all. The commission also recommended to retain separate electorates as long as inter-communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims remained.

Aftermath
In September 1928, ahead of the commission's release, Motilal Nehru presented his Nehru Report to counter its charges that Indians could not find a constitutional consensus among themselves. This report advocated that India be given dominion status with complete internal self-government. Jinnah declared the report as "Hindu Document" and presented Fourteen Points of Jinnah in response to the Nehru Report. The Fourteen Points consisted of Muslim's minimum demands from the British Rule.

By the time it was published the commission was already overshadowed by a declaration by the Viceroy of India Lord Irwin on 31 October 1929 which reinterpreted the 1917 declaration (which had led to the Mortagu-Chelmsford reforms) as the British government's final policy goal always being India's attainment of dominion status. He also called for a round-table conference in London regarding this. Although this remained controversial among many conservatives in London, in reality there was no change in British policy as the promise was very vague and far in the future.

The outcome of the Simon Commission was the Government of India Act 1935, which called for a "responsible" government at the provincial level in India but not at the national level—that is a government responsible to the Indian community rather than London. It is the basis of many parts of the Indian Constitution. In 1937 the first elections were held in the Provinces, resulting in Congress Governments being returned in almost all Provinces.

Clement Attlee was deeply moved by his experience on the commission and endorsed the final report. However, by 1933 he argued that British rule was alien to India and was unable to make the social and economic reforms necessary for India's progress. He became the British leader most sympathetic to Indian independence (as a dominion), preparing him for his role in deciding on Indian independence as British Prime Minister in 1947.

Members of the Commission

 * Sir John Simon, MP for Spen Valley (Liberal, chairman)
 * Clement Attlee, MP for Limehouse (Labour)
 * Harry Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham
 * Edward Cadogan, MP for Finchley (Conservative)
 * Vernon Hartshorn, MP for Ogmore (Labour)
 * George Lane-Fox, MP for Barkston Ash (Conservative)
 * Donald Howard, 3rd Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal

title: Simon Commission


text:
Valerie Brisco-Hooks

Valerie Brisco-Hooks (born Valerie Ann Brisco; July 6, 1960, in Greenwood, Mississippi) is an Olympian who won three gold medals as an Olympic track and field athlete at the 1984 Olympics at Los Angeles, California, making her the first Olympian to win gold medals in both the 200- and 400-meter races at a single Olympics.

Career
Brisco-Hooks' outstanding high school performance led her to the collegiate level of track and field at California State University, Northridge. She continued to excel, winning the 200-meter title at the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) Championships and earning a spot on the U.S. team for the 1979 Pan American Games, where she helped her 4 × 100-meter relay team win the gold medal.

Her 400 metres time of 48.83, set while winning the 1984 Olympics was at the time the Olympic record and still ranks her as the tenth fastest woman of all time. She also won a gold medal for the 4 × 400 m. Brisco competed in the 1988 Olympic Games, which took place in Seoul, South Korea, running on the American 4x400 meter-relay team, which finished in second place (but below the older record, also), behind the Soviet team that broke the 4x400 meter-relay world record. To this date, the American time possesses the second-fastest 4x400 relay of all time, behind only the Soviet winner of that race. She coached with Bob Kersee's group of athletes and at West Los Angeles College.

Achievements
3 x Olympic Games Gold medallist

1 x Olympic Games Silver medallist

1 x World Championships Bronze medallist

5 x Olympic Games finalist

1 x World Championships finalist

1 x Current NACAC Record holder - 4 × 400 m

Personal Bests
Event	Result	Wind	Venue	Date

50m individual	6.24		Rosemont (USA)	16.02.1986

100m	10.99	+1.3	Westwood (USA)	17.05.1986

200m	21.81	-0.1	Los Angeles (USA)	09.08.1984

200m indoor	22.83		New York (USA)	22.02.1985

300m	35.47		Seoul (KOR)	26.09.1988

400m	48.83		Los Angeles (USA)	06.08.1984

400m indoor	52.31		Fairfax (USA)	14.02.1988

4 × 400 m	3:15.51		Seoul (KOR)	01.10.1988

Television guest appearance
Brisco-Hooks guest-starred as herself in "Off to the Races," an episode from the second season of The Cosby Show. She ran against Cliff Huxtable (Bill Cosby) at the Penn Relays, filling in at the last minute for an injured member of a rival team during a relay race.

Personal life
Valerie Brisco-Hooks, who won three gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics, gained over 40 pounds during her pregnancy and did not resume training until well after her child was born in 1982.

She married NFL player Alvin Hooks in 1981. Their son is Alvin Hooks, Jr. (b. 1982) & Valerie's nephew, Amar Brisco, was a football cornerback in the 1990s at NCAA UNLV. Valerie Brisco-Hooks with her son Alvin Jr. at the 1984 Olympic trials.

The California State University Northridge alumna was inducted in the United States Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1995. Valerie Brisco-Hooks Sports Foundation Inc is located at 1138 E 71st St Los Angeles, California 90001. She became an advocate for drug-free schools and actively sought out opportunities to interact with students in the classroom to convey her message. She made time in her training and competition schedule because she felt so passionately about making a difference. It was not until meeting Jackie Joyner Kersee that she changed her work ethic

title: Valerie Brisco-Hooks


text: User talk:66.30.137.6

title: User talk:66.30.137.6


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 April 8


text:
European Public Prosecutor's Office

The European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) is an independent body of the European Union (EU) with juridical personality, established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 24 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation. The EPPO was established as a response to the need for a prosecutorial body to combat crimes affecting the financial interests of the European Union (EU). The idea of establishing the EPPO gained momentum with a legislative proposal put forth by the European Commission in 2013. After lengthy negotiations and discussions within the European Council, the European Parliament and Member States, Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 was adopted on October 12, 2017, formalizing the creation of the EPPO. The EPPO Regulation is the EPPO's legal basis, as it outlines the objectives, structure, jurisdiction, and operational procedures. Directive (EU) 2017/1371, also known as the PIF Directive, specifies the criminal offenses affecting the EU's financial interest falling under the EPPO's jurisdiction. The EPPO's primary mandate is to investigate and prosecute offenses such as fraud, corruption, and money laundering that harm the financial interests of the EU, as defined by the PIF Directive. The EPPO represents a significant step towards a more integrated and effective approach to combating transnational crimes within the EU, fostering collaboration and coordination among member states to protect the Union's financial resources. As an independent EU body, the EPPO plays a crucial role in ensuring the rule of law and safeguarding the integrity of the EU's financial system. The EPPO is based in Kirchberg, Luxembourg City alongside the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Auditors (ECA).

Early proposals
It was strongly backed by the former Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security, Franco Frattini as part of plans to strengthen the Eurojust agency. Frattini stated in August 2007 that he is "convinced that Europe will have its general prosecutor in the future" and suggested that the commission was just waiting for the treaty to come into force. He stated that a prosecutor "could prove useful" in areas "where important European interests are at stake", namely in dealing with financial crime, fraud and counterfeiting at European level.

The signing, in late 2007, of the Lisbon Treaty by all Member States of the European Union, which refers explicitly to the idea of creating a European Public Prosecutor's Office to combat crimes affecting the financial interests of the Union and, where appropriate, to combat serious crime with cross-border dimension, resulted in the conclusion of an International Seminar in Madrid to study the new institution and the possibilities of its implementation. The seminar was called by the Spanish Attorney General Cándido Conde-Pumpido, and was led by Prosecutors Jorge Espina and Isabel Vicente Carbajosa. The presentations, discussions and conclusions of the meeting were collected in a book, The future European Public Prosecutor's Office, in English and Spanish, and have served to date to guide the proposals and jobs that have been carried out in the implementation of this institution.

Following the short selling of certain euro-zone financial products in 2009 and 2010, Spain proposed the EU enact the European Public Prosecutor's Office provision so the post could co-ordinate legal action in retaliation. "Spain wants the European Union to use a planned public prosecutor's office for the region to protect the euro currency against speculators", Spanish attorney general Cándido Conde-Pumpido said in March 2010.

In March 2010 Eurojust cited the European Public Prosecutor's Office as a potential solution to the problem of cross border crime in the EU. Despite opposition from some member states seeing it as impinging on their sovereignty (partly due to the necessary harmonisation of legal codes), Eurojust set up a working group to study the idea.

Spanish Presidency draft for the implementation of the EPPO
In March 2010, during the Spanish Presidency, the Spanish Attorney General Cándido Conde-Pumpido officially launched a draft for the implementation of the European Prosecutor, pursuant to the provision of Article 86 of the Treaty of Lisbon. Conde-Pumpido, speaking with the President of the Commission of Justice and Home Affairs of the European Parliament, Juan Fernando López Aguilar, and the Spanish Secretary of State for the European Union (SEUE), Diego Lopez Garrido, presented a technical project, developed from the conclusions of the International Conference convened by the Spanish Prosecutor in 2008 and 2009, which would be discussed later in the Luxembourg Council.

The creation of this institution was subsequently discussed, according to the Spanish proposal, by the meeting of Ministers for Justice and Home Affairs held in Luxembourg on 27 April 2010, but its implementation was suspended until a new discussion in 2013.

Seminar of the Belgian Presidency and Eurojust in Bruges
On 21 and 22 September 2010, Eurojust, in co-operation with the Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, held a strategic seminar, "Eurojust and the Lisbon Treaty: towards more effective action", "Establishment of the European Public Prosecutor's Office from Eurojust?", at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium.

The goals of the seminar were the development of Eurojust in light of the Lisbon Treaty and the possible establishment of a European Public Prosecutor's Office from Eurojust under Article 86 TFEU.

Barroso Commission proposals
The European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said on 12 September 2012 in his speech to the European Parliament on the state of the Union, that the next presentation of a proposal for the creation of a European Public Prosecutor would come soon, based on "commitment to uphold the rule of law".

On 17 July 2013 the European Commission, at the initiative of Vice-president Viviane Reding and Commissioner Algirdas Semeta, proposed a regulation for the establishment of a, European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO).

The proposal was then discussed by the representatives of the EU Member States' experts under the specific procedure set by Article 86 of the Treaty. The following 3 main options were considered within the range of options concerning the scope of the initiative to tackle offences against PIF (protection of financial interests):

 * Doing nothing – criminal investigations of PIF offences are (still) conducted by Member State authorities exclusively;
 * Setting-up the EPPO with a limited mandate (PIF offences) – EPPO has priority competence to order investigations and direct prosecutions into PIF offences
 * Setting up the EPPO with an extended mandate (PIF offences and serious cross-border crimes) – EPPO has exclusive/shared competence to order investigations and direct prosecutions into PIF offences and other serious cross-border crimes (money laundering, corruption, accounting offences).

Besides these three options regarding scope, the Commission needed to consider a series of significant legal, institutional and organisational matters (relationship with Eurojust, OLAF, member state authorities, judicial review) which could be formulated as sub-options. Moreover, particular procedural issues (EP involvement, legislative process, what if unanimity requirements are not met, enhanced co-operation with which member states, etc.) needed to be considered in these options. In accordance with Article 86 the proposal could include one or more regulations covering different aspects of the setting up of an EPPO. Soft law instruments were not relevant as legislative measures were needed to address criminal offences and law enforcement.

Likely impacts will include a more effective, dissuasive and equivalent criminal law protection of the Union's financial interests. Irregularities affecting the European budget may reach or exceed €1 billion per year, from which around €280 million could be suspected EU fraud cases to be investigated within the EPPO's competence. This amount could be significantly reduced if the EPPO were to direct investigations and prosecutions throughout the EU, acting on all cases of PIF offences. Moreover, economies of scale might be achieved for the benefit of justice budgets of participating Member States, due to a streamlining of the judicial procedures involving EU financial interests across the EU.

Depending on how the relationship between the EPPO and the national authorities would be defined, the impact would be primarily on national police and judicial authorities, which would certainly have to cope with the new framework for investigations and prosecutions ordered by the EPPO. The administrative burden would depend on the new relations established between the EPPO and the national authorities, and whether the initiative would impose new information obligations on Member States.

Preparatory work, in particular the 2001 Green paper on the establishment of a European Prosecutor, was taken into consideration. Existing studies and evaluations, in particular the Criminal Justice Systems Study, the Euroneeds Study, the Pretrial investigative model rules, the Spanish Presidency Report, officially launched in Brussels in March 2010, etc. and studies regarding Eurojust, provided valuable input.

National and European Parliaments
In November 2013 the Commission concluded that the establishment of a European Public Prosecutor's Office complied "with the principle of subsidiarity" in a report addressing the issue, after it was raised by 14 national parliamentary chambers in 11 Member States. The European Parliament subsequently voted in favour of the commission's proposal to set up the body. On 23 September 2019, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union agreed on appointing Laura Codruța Kövesi as European Chief Prosecutor.

Role and structure
The role of the EPPO is to investigate and prosecute fraud against the budget of the European Union and other crimes against the EU's financial interests including fraud concerning EU funds of over €10,000 and cross-border VAT fraud cases involving damages above €10 million. Previously, only state authorities could investigate and prosecute these crimes and could not act beyond their borders. OLAF, Eurojust and Europol similarly had no ability to act. The body is intended to be decentralised, based around European Delegated Prosecutors located in each participating Member State. The central office consists of a European Chief Prosecutor supported by 22 European Prosecutors, as well as technical and investigatory staff. The EPPO may request a suspect's arrest, but this must be confirmed by the relevant state authority.

The EPPO has a two-tired structure and is described as a hybrid set-up. The European Chief Prosecutor heads the EPPO, represents it externally, and presides over its college. Two deputies assist the chief prosecutor and function as European Chief Prosecutor in the absence of the chief prosecutor. The determination of the working language of the EPPO is a decision-making matter of the College of the EPPO. Since 30 September 2020, Art. Paragraph 1 of the EPPO Decision 002/2020 stipulates that English is the working language for operational and administrative activities. According to Art. 1(2) of the same decision, the French language shall be used in conjunction with English in communications with the ECJ.

During the establishment of the EPPO, an interim director performed the duties pursuant to Art. 20 of the Regulation (EU) 2017/1939. According to Art. 20 para. 1 lit. a of the Regulation (EU) 2017/1939, an official of the commission was to be appointed as Interim Director after consultation of the council. He was responsible for the interim administrative apparatus and undertook, for example, recruitment (service contracts, etc.), see Art. 20 (2) of Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 and the provision of financial liquidity for the initial phase of the EPPO as well as the search for a suitable location in Luxembourg.

The College (Governing Body)
The College of the EPPO consists of the European Chief Prosecutor and one European Prosecutor per participating Member State – two of whom function as Deputies for the European Chief Prosecutor.

European Prosecutors
The European Prosecutors are distinct from the European Delegated Prosecutors and the European Chief Prosecutor. The European Prosecutors supervise the European Delegated Prosecutors, who conduct investigations on the ground in the participating Member States. At the end of July 2020, the first cohort of European Prosecutors were appointed by the Council of the EU. On 28 September 2020, the European Public Prosecutors were sworn in before the judge responsible at the European Court of Justice.

The decisions of the college are based on internal decision-making rules (Procedural Rules).

The Permanent Chambers of the EPPO
The Permanent Chambers of the EPPO each consist of three members. They are two European Prosecutors and, as chairperson, the European Chief Prosecutor or one of their deputies, or a European Prosecutor, cf. Art. 10 of the EPPO Regulation. The Chambers are responsible for controlling the investigations of the European Delegated Prosecutors. The Chambers decide above all on the filing of charges or the discontinuation of proceedings. The right of evocation of Art. 27 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 can also be ordered by the Chamber.

European Delegated Prosecutors (core of the EPPO's investigative work)
Looking at the EPPO's structure hierarchically, the European Delegated Prosecutors are below the Permanent Chambers. The European Delegated Prosecutors carry out their work locally, in their respective member states. In their work, they are independent, i.e. free from instructions by national authorities. At the member state level, the European Delegated Prosecutors are responsible for prosecuting PIF offences (see Brodowski for an overview). According to an internal EPPO agreement, there will be 140 European Delegated Prosecutors across the union.

The table below lists the number of candidates proposed and appointed per country (as of 2 August 2021): Source: EPPO News "European Delegated Prosecutors Overview per Country"

The Finnish Delay
When the EPPO launched its operations on 1 June 2021, Finland and Slovenia had failed to appoint their respective European Delegated Prosecutors. In Finland, the delay was due to a debate between the Finnish government wishing to only appoint part-time prosecutors because of a low expected workload, while European Chief Prosecutor Laura Kövesi insisted all European Delegated Prosecutors were to work on a full-time contract. A compromise was worked out in the beginning of June 2021 and the college appointed the Finnish European Delegated Prosecutor a month later.

The Janša Appointment Affair
Shortly before the repeatedly postponed but then set 1 June 2021 starting date of the EPPO, it emerged that Slovenia's acting head of government Janez Janša prevented the selection and nomination of two Slovenian European Delegated Prosecutors. In the wake of this, Slovenia's then Minister for Justice Lilijana Kozlovič resigned from her post on 27 May 2021. Kozlovič belongs to the smaller ruling party SMC, and had asked the independent Prosecutorial Council to appoint two suitable candidates. ORF and other media reported that Janša might have opposed the nomination of the two prosecutors because they had also been involved in investigations against him in the past. Zdravko Počivalšek, Slovenia's Minister of Economy and head of the coalition party SMC, also intervened in the dispute. Počivalšek considered the appointment of only one European Delegated Prosecutor from Slovenia by Janša – the compromise Didier Reynders, EU Justice Commissioner, had proposed as an interim solution – to be an overstepping of competence by the government, the government to which he himself belongs. Počivalšek criticised the EU for exerting pressure in the matter of the hasty appointment of the European Delegated Prosecutors and pointed out that participation in the EU authority was voluntary. The European Chief Prosecutor countered and referred to the very long preparation time. She considers the non-appointment or untimely appointment to be a bad omen, so to speak.

The issue gained prominence as it coincided with Slovenia taking over the rotating presidency of the Council of the EU on 1 July 2021, causing many Members of the European Parliament and even European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen to urge Janša to swiftly appoint the Slovenian European Delegated Prosecutors during a parliamentary plenary debate.

Legislative procedure through enhanced cooperation
The European Commission proposed a regulation on the establishment of a Public Procecutor's Office on 17 July 2013, based on a mandate in the Treaty of Lisbon to set up such an office. However, on 7 February 2017 the Council concluded that no consensus existed among the member states on the proposed regulation. As a result, 17 EU member states (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain) requested on 14 February 2017 that the proposal be referred to the European Council for their consideration. After no agreement was reached at the European Council on 9 March 2017, 16 members states (the prior 17 less Austria, Estonia and Latvia, plus Cyprus and Portugal) notified the European Parliament, the council and the commission on 3 April 2017 that they would proceed with establishing the EPPO by the use of enhanced cooperation. This was done under TFEU Article 86, which allows for a simplified enhanced cooperation procedure which does not require authorization from the council to proceed. The participating member states agreed on the legislative text to establish the EPPO on 8 June 2017. By this point, Latvia and Estonia had begun participating in the enhanced cooperation procedure. The proposal was approved by the European Parliament on 5 October 2017, and on 12 October 2017 the regulation was given final approval by the 20 participating member states, which had grown to include Austria and Italy. The EPPO did not have authority to begin investigating or prosecuting crimes until a decision of the Commission approved this, which per the terms of the Regulation could not take place until 3 years after the entry into force of the Regulation in November 2017. On 6 May 2021 the commission's decision launching operations was adopted, with a starting date of 1 June 2021.

EPPO members
24 EU member states participate in the enhanced cooperation. The original regulation was joined by 20 member states. Other member states, apart from Denmark which has an opt-out from the area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ), are permitted to join subsequently. (Ireland also has an opt-out from the AFSJ, but the form of its opt-out is more flexible, giving it the ability to opt-in on a case-by-case basis.)

Following the Rutte III Cabinet taking office the Netherlands officially requested to join the EPPO on 14 May 2018. Their participation was approved by the commission on 1 August 2018. Malta requested to join on 14 June 2018, and their participation was approved on 7 August 2018. Following the Tusk III Cabinet being installed as the government of Poland, it submitted an application to join on 5 January 2024 to the European Commission. The application was approved on 29 February 2024. On 13 November 2019 Stefan Löfven, Prime Minister of Sweden, declared that joining the EPPO was first among three EU policy objectives for his government. In March 2024 the Swedish government submitted a bill to parliament containing legislation to enable joining the EPPO, which was approved on 29 May. On 5 June 2024 the Swedish government notified its request to participate in the EPPO to the Council of Ministers and the EU Commission, which the EU Commission approved on 16 July 2024.

Members

 * Austria
 * Belgium
 * Bulgaria
 * Croatia
 * Cyprus
 * Czech Republic
 * Estonia
 * Finland
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Italy
 * Latvia
 * Lithuania
 * Luxembourg
 * Malta
 * Netherlands
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Slovakia
 * Slovenia
 * Spain
 * Sweden

Non-participants
 * Denmark (opt-out)
 * Hungary
 * Ireland (opt-out, with ability to opt-in)

Legal basis
The EPPO was provided for in Article 86 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union by the Treaty of Lisbon. The article states the following:

Establishment
 * The Council of the European Union, by a special legislative procedure, may establish a European Public Prosecutor's Office on the basis of Eurojust.
 * This must be done by unanimity in the council and with the consent of the European Parliament.
 * If the Council cannot reach unanimity, a group of at least nine member states may refer a draft to the European Council.
 * Those member states may also proceed to establish enhanced co-operation between themselves after informing Parliament, the council and the commission.

Role
 * The office shall, in liaison with Europol, be responsible for investigating, prosecuting and bringing to judgment those connected to offences against the EU's financial interests.
 * It shall exercise this function in the relevant national courts.
 * The regulations establishing the office shall determine rules governing how it performs its duties including the admissibility of evidence.
 * The European Council may amend the treaty, after consulting the commission and gaining the consent of Parliament, to extend its powers to include serious cross border crime.

Prospects for the future
So far, the limited mission of the EPPO is to investigate, prosecute and bring to judgement, before national courts, persons suspected of offences affecting the financial interests of the Union. The so-called 'PIF Directive' sets out what those offences are. But the mission of EPPO may also be extended in the future to cover other serious cross-border crimes. The functions of EPPO are carried out by European delegated prosecutors in the participating member states who have the same powers as national public prosecutors in addition to the powers conferred on them by Union law. For instance, the European delegated prosecutor can issue an EAW or request that a competent national judicial authority issues an EAW.

Budget and enlargment
In light of the acceleration of the disbursement of the EU recovery plan funds as well as the potential upcoming enlargement of EPPO to Poland and Sweden, in February 2024, EPPO formally asked for a €7.8 million increase of its 2024 budget, in order to reach a total of €79.7 million.

title: European Public Prosecutor's Office


text:
1922 papal conclave

The papal conclave held from 2 to 6 February 1922 saw Cardinal Achille Ratti elected to succeed Benedict XV, who had died on 22 January 1922. It took fourteen ballots for the 53 of the 60 cardinals assembled in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope. Ratti took the name Pius XI and immediately revived the traditional public blessing from the balcony, Urbi et Orbi ("to the city and to the world"), which his predecessors had eschewed since the loss of Rome to the Italian state in 1870.

The four non-European cardinals did not participate in the conclave. Three of them arrived too late and one did not attempt the journey. Three weeks after his election, Pius XI issued rules extending the time between the death of a pope and the start of the conclave in order to increase the likelihood that cardinals from distant locations could participate in the next conclave.

Background
The previous five conclaves had produced a seesawing between conservatives and liberals, from the conservative Gregory XVI in 1831 to the initially liberal Pius IX. By the time of his death in 1878 Pius IX had become a reactionary conservative and he was succeeded by the liberal Leo XIII, who on his death was succeeded by the populist conservative Pius X. In 1914 the liberal Benedict XV was elected.

At the death of Benedict XV there were 61 members of the College of Cardinals. Enrique Almaraz y Santos, the archbishop of Toledo, died the same day. Three of the remaining 60 cardinals did not attend the conclave for reasons of health: José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia, Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco, and Lev Skrbenský z Hříště. Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro knew he could not reach Rome in time for the conclave and did not attempt the journey. The other three non-European cardinals–William Henry O'Connell of Boston, Denis Dougherty of Philadelphia, and Louis-Nazaire Bégin of Québec City–did not arrive in time to participate in the conclave.

Two-thirds of the non-Italian cardinals and some of the Italians wanted to delay the start of the conclave until at least one of the Americans arrived. Cardinal János Csernoch of Hungary told the other cardinals that "America is a vital part of the Church. It will be calamitous to deny her participation in the election of the Pontiff. It will have a grave reaction among the American people; it will wound their pride and dignity." Cardinal Friedrich Gustav Piffl opposed proceeding without the Americans "for the sake of a technicality". The 53 cardinals who entered the conclave on 2 February, the eleventh day following the death of Benedict XV as required, were 31 Italians, five French, four Spanish, three German, 3 British, 2 Polish, 2 Austrian, one Hungarian, one Belgian and one Dutch.

During his time as Apostolic Delegate to United States, Archbishop Giovanni Bonzano sent $210,400.09 to the Holy See to ensure the conclave could occur.

Balloting
The 1922 conclave was the most divided conclave in many years. While two of the previous three conclaves had lasted three days or less, the 1922 conclave lasted for five days. It took fourteen ballots for Achille Ratti, the archbishop of Milan, to reach the two-thirds majority needed for election. He had been made a cardinal and appointed archbishop of Milan just eight months earlier after a long academic career and less than three years in the diplomatic service of the Holy See.

At the conclave, the College of Cardinals was divided into two factions. One conservative faction known as the "irreconcilables", and "integrationists" led by the secretary of the Holy Office, Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, favored the policies and style of Pope Pius X. The other more conciliatory faction favoring the style and policies of Benedict XV was led by the Cardinal-Camerlengo Pietro Gasparri, who had served as Benedict's secretary of state.

No ballots were taken on the first day. Four ballots were taken on each of the succeeding days, two in the morning and two in the afternoon. Gasparri approached Ratti before voting began on the third day and told him he would urge his supporters to switch their votes to Ratti, who was shocked to hear this. When it became clear that neither Gasparri nor del Val could win, the cardinals approached Ratti, thinking him a compromise candidate not identified with either faction. Cardinal Gaetano de Lai approached Ratti and was believed to have said: "We will vote for Your Eminence if Your Eminence will promise that you will not choose Cardinal Gasparri as your secretary of state." Ratti is said to have responded: "I hope and pray that among so highly deserving cardinals the Holy Spirit selects someone else. If I am chosen, it is indeed Cardinal Gasparri whom I will take to be my secretary of state." As anticipated, Gasparri's recognition that he could not be elected and his consequent support of Ratti allowed him to remain secretary of state until he retired in 1930.

Ratti was elected pope on the conclave's fourteenth ballot on 6 February reportedly receiving 38 votes. The Cardinal Dean Vincenzo Vannutelli, the protopriest Michael Logue and the protodeacon Gaetano Bisleti approached Ratti and Cardinal Vannutelli asked if he accepted his election. Ratti replied: "It is God's will." When pressed for a more explicit answer he replied "As it is God's will, it cannot be refused. Since it is the will of God I must obey." Vannutelli asked the new pope by what name he would be called. Ratti chose "Pius XI", explaining that Pius IX was the pope of his youth and Pius X had appointed him head of the Vatican Library. According to The New York Times, Ratti also told the cardinals he chose the name Pius because "he wanted a Pius to end the Roman question which had begun under a Pius".

Shortly afterwards white smoke rose from the Sistine Chapel chimney and at around 12:30 p.m. Gaetano Bisleti, the cardinal-protodeacon appeared on the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and announced the election of Ratti as Pope Pius XI.

Blessing
As his first act as pope, Pius XI revived the traditional public blessing from the balcony, Urbi et Orbi, ("to the city and to the world"), abandoned by his predecessors since the loss of Rome to the Italian state in 1870. This suggested his openness to a rapprochement with the government of Italy. He had earlier given indication of this to the cardinals at the conclave when he explained his choice of name ("a Pius to end the Roman question which had begun under a Pius") and his informing them that he would give the blessing in public from the central balcony. When some of the more conservative cardinals tried to persuade him not to give the blessing from the external balcony, he listened to their arguments for a while and overruled their objections by saying: "Remember, I am no longer a Cardinal. I am the Supreme Pontiff now". Also, at Pius XI's first appearance, the banner draped on the balcony displayed the arms of Pius IX—the pope who lost Rome to Italy—rather than the arms of his immediate predecessor, Benedict XV.

Shortly after the blessing was imparted, Prince Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere, the Marshal of the Conclave, issued a statement by order of the secretary of the conclave: "His Holiness, Pope Pius XI, while making every reservation in favor of the inviolable rights of the Church and of the Holy See, which rights he has sworn to defend, has given his first blessing from the exterior balcony overlooking the Square of St. Peter's in the special intention that his blessing should be addressed not only to those present in the square, and not only to those in Rome and Italy, but to all nations and all peoples and should bring to the whole world the wish and announcement of that universal pacification we all so ardently desire.'"

It was rumoured that immediately after the election, he decided to appoint Pietro Gasparri as his cardinal secretary of state. The contemporary report by The New York Times on the following day 7 February appears to confirm this as it reported that Gasparri, who had served as Benedict XV's secretary of state, was reappointed by the new pope and the reappointment was announced almost immediately after the new pope assumed his pontificate. The Pope also received the diplomatic corps and the Papal aristocracy in an audience later in the afternoon.

Pius XI was crowned on 12 February. Unlike his immediate predecessor, who had his coronation in the Sistine Chapel, Pius' coronation took place in the dais in front of the high altar in Saint Peter's Basilica.

New rule for scheduling a conclave
Immediately following the conclave, the fact that the cardinals had disputed delaying the conclave to await the arrival of the Americans was openly discussed. On 8 February, four French cardinals, Louis Luçon of Rheims, Louis-Ernest Dubois of Paris, Pierre Andrieu of Bordeaux, and Louis-Joseph Maurin of Lyon, asked for changes to church law to allow for an indefinite delay to ensure participation by cardinals for North and South America. And Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, who had led the Italians in opposition to a delay, expressed support for some modification of the schedule.

On 28 February Pope Pius met with Cardinal O'Connell and said: "There will be no more racing 5,000 miles in a vain endeavor to reach Rome in time for a Conclave. The United States is too important to be ignored as she has been. I shall see to it that what happened at the last Conclave shall not occur again."

Pius XI issued new regulations in Cum Proxime on 1 March 1922. He noted the experience of the conclave that elected him and that cardinals had requested modifications. He set the start of the conclave at ten to fifteen days from the death of the pope and allowed the cardinals to extend that to as long as eighteen days. It had taken the American cardinals from fifteen (6 February) to eighteen days (9 February) to arrive in Rome.

For the 1939 papal conclave, the college waited the maximum eighteen days.

title: 1922 papal conclave


text:
User:CosmicEngine

I've been a wiki user since the very beginning... I used to go by the name of gh05t, but I was pretty young when I registered that /nick and l33t stuff was cool then. Anyway, I fell in love with this project from the instant I laid eyes on it, and I truly believe that this endeavor is one of humankind's greatest. I really admire the folks who keep this place running, and if you're a contributor I'd like to thank you as well. I think we're doing important work here. I enjoy contributing, although I don't do so nearly as often as I wish I did - I hesitate because I know that what I'm changing is someone else's hard work - probably many peoples' - and what I'm adding must be as perfect as possible, because someone like myself is likely to find the page while doing research. You see, one of my favorite pastimes is to simply read wikipedia. I hit the main page or do a search trying to gain a better understanding of something I've found in other media and go from there, sometimes with so many tabs open that I lose track of what it was I was doing in the first place. I have a habit of reading about everything I stumble across. I feel as though wiki has taught me a lot, and I'd like to give back. I will start editing more...

I started the Gerald Hege article though! That was lots of fun.

title: User:CosmicEngine


text:
Rural Housing Service

The Rural Housing Service (RHS) is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Located within the Department's Rural Development mission area. RHS operates a broad range of programs to provide moderate- low- and very-low-income Americans in rural communities with:
 * homeownership options to individuals, including direct home loans and mortgage guarantees;
 * housing rehabilitation and preservation funding;
 * grants to non-profits who organize self-help housing services in rural communities (see detail on Section 523 loans page);
 * rental assistance to tenants of RHS-funded multi-family housing complexes;
 * farm labor housing;
 * help to developers of multi-family housing projects, like assisted housing for the elderly and disabled, or apartment buildings; and
 * community facilities, such as libraries, child care centers, schools, municipal buildings, veterans shelters and firefighting equipment to Indian groups, nonprofit organizations, communities and local governments. This program is adminisgtered by the Community Facilities Program

RHS administers direct loans, loan guarantees and grants. Direct loans are made and serviced by USDA staff; loan guarantees are made to banks or other private lenders, and grants are made directly to a person or organization.

RHS works with other federal agencies, and a number of both nonprofit and private organizations nationally, in order to pool resources to help America's rural residents most effectively.

The RHS National Office is located in Washington, D.C., and is responsible for setting policy, developing regulations, and performing oversight. In the field, RHS operations are carried out through the USDA's state and local Rural Development offices and service centers, several of which are located in each state and Puerto Rico. (Four multistate offices exist in addition to local offices within the states -- Vermont/New Hampshire; Massachusetts/Connecticut/Rhode Island; Maryland/Delaware; and Florida/Virgin Islands.) The Customer Service Center, located in St. Louis, Missouri, provides loan origination and servicing directly to RHS Single-Family Housing borrowers.

For all Rural Development programs, the rural area definition was revised by the 2014 Farm Bill. Specifically, the Farm Bill allows some areas with populations up to 35,000 to remain eligible until receipt of the 2020 decennial census. Effective February 2, 2015, areas with populations greater than 35,000 no longer qualify for Rural Housing Program assistance.

Any area classified as “rural” or a “rural area” prior to October 1, 1990, and determined not to be “rural” or a “rural area” as a result of data received from or after the 1990, 2000, or 2010 decennial census, and any area deemed to be a “rural area” at any time during the period beginning January 1, 2000, and ending December 31, 2010, shall continue to be so classified until the receipt of data from the decennial census in the year 2020, if such area has a population in excess of 10,000 but not in excess of 35,000, is rural in character, and has a serious lack of mortgage credit for lower and moderate-income families.

An exception to the rural eligibility requirements is the Farm Labor Housing Program]l (Section 514/516), which is the only federal program available for development of housing for farm workers. This program is available in both rural and urban areas.

title: Rural Housing Service


text:
Liaoning Flying Leopards

The Liaoning Flying Leopards, also known as the Liaoning Shenyang Sansheng Flying Leopard Club or Liaoning Bengang , are a Chinese professional basketball team based in Hunnan District, Shenyang, Liaoning, which plays in the Northern Division of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA).

The team used to play their home games at the Benxi Gymnasium in Benxi, but relocated to Shenyang in the 2017–18 season. The biopharmacy company 3SBio Inc. is the club's corporate sponsor. The team plays at the Liaoning Gymnasium.

Founded in 1953, Liaoning became a fully professional organization and member of the CBA in 1995, and since then they have won four championships. Liaoning also won the Asian continental title after winning the FIBA Asia Champions Cup in 1990, and were runners-up in 1988, 1992 and 1999.

History
The club's history dates back to 1953, when the Northeast Sports Training Class Basketball Team was formed, which later became the Liaoning Provincial Basketball Team. Liaoning won the national basketball championship in 1985, as well as in 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1992. During the late 1980s and 1990s, Liaoning represented China in the ABC Champions Cup and won a title in 1990.

Following the establishment of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) in 1995, the club was officially founded as a professional team as Liaoning Hunters.

During the 2004–05 CBA season, Liaoning finished in first place in the North Division, but lost in the quarter-finals of the CBA Playoffs to the South Division's Yunnan Bulls. The team would then go on to place seventh and fourth, respectively, over the next two years, before advancing to the CBA Finals following the 2007–08 CBA season. Although Liaoning eventually lost to the Guangdong Southern Tigers, the club did win the fourth game of the series. This was the team's first victory in the CBA Finals, despite multiple appearances. After finishing in fifth place in the 2009–10 CBA season, Liaoning would miss both the 2010–11 and the 2011–12 CBA playoffs.

In 2011, Liaoning Scale Industry took over sponsorship from the Liaoning Panpan Group Co., Ltd.

Before the 2012–13 CBA season began, the roster received a massive upheaval. Liaoning made multiple changes including the signings of Josh Akognon and Alexander Johnson. Meanwhile, veteran Bian Qiang retired, and many local players were either transferred or loaned out to other CBA teams. One of the most significant player transactions that occurred was the decision to let go of Zhang Qingpeng. It would later be revealed that this move was made in the interest of developing sharpshooter Guo Ailun. On December 2, 2012, the Flying Leopards beat the Tianjin Gold Lions 100–81. This was Liaoning's sixth straight home victory against Tianjin.

In 2013, the team started to receive sponsorship from Benxi Steel Group.

The Flying Leopards have since become regular contenders for the CBA title again, powered by such players as Guo, Han Dejun, and multi-time CBA International MVP Lester Hudson. Liaoning lost to the Beijing Ducks in six games in the 2015 CBA Finals, and to Sichuan Blue Whales in five games in the 2016 CBA Finals. After Game 3 of the 2016 Finals, a brawl broke between players from the visiting Liaoning Flying Leopards and fans of the Sichuan Blue Whales.

In the 2017–18 CBA season, Liaoning defeated Zhejiang Lions in the finals (4–0) and won their first CBA league title. The team relocated their home stadium from Benxi to Shenyang during the play-offs semi-finals.

In 2019, 3SBio Inc. officially took the sponsorship, and changed the team name. In the 2020–21 season, former national team player Yang Ming became the new head coach. Under his guidance, the Flying Leopards won three consecutive CBA championships (2021–22, 2022–23 and 2023–24), and also swept their opponents 4–0 in the finals on all three occasions.

Retired numbers

 * #12 – Yang Ming (basketball) (PG; 2004–2019); retired on 4 November 2019

Honours

 * Chinese Basketball Association (CBA)
 * Winners (4): 2017–18, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24
 * Runners-up (8): 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2007–08, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2019–20, 2020–21
 * Chinese National Basketball Championship
 * Winners (5): 1985, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992
 * Asian Basketball Club Championship
 * Champions (1): 1990
 * Runners-up (3): 1988, 1992, 1999

Notable players

 * 🇨🇳 Guo Shiqiang (1990s)
 * 🇨🇳 Li Xiaoyong (1990s)
 * 🇨🇳 Wang Zhidan (1990s)
 * 🇨🇳 Wu Naiqun (1990s)
 * 🇨🇳 Wu Qinglong (1990s)
 * 🇨🇳 Zhang Qingpeng (2001–2014)
 * 🇺🇸 Eric Riley (2002–2003)
 * 🇺🇸 Ernest Brown (2003–2004, 2006–2008)
 * 🇨🇳 Li Xiaoxu (2005–present)
 * 🇺🇸 Jamal Sampson (2007–2008)
 * 🇺🇸 Awvee Storey (2008–2009)
 * 🇺🇸 Keith Closs (2009)
 * 🇺🇸 Lorenzen Wright (2009)
 * 🇳🇬 Olumide Oyedeji (2009–2010)
 * 🇺🇸 Chris Richard (2010–2011)
 * 🇺🇸 Donta Smith (2010–2011)
 * 🇨🇳 Han Dejun (2010–present)
 * 🇨🇳 Guo Ailun (2010–present)
 * 🇺🇸 Rodney Carney (2011–2012)
 * 🇺🇸 Josh Powell (2011–2012)
 * 🇺🇸 Shavlik Randolph (2011–2012, 2015–2017)
 * 🇨🇳 Liu Zhixuan (2012–2022)
 * 🇳🇬 Josh Akognon (2012–2013)
 * 🇺🇸 Alexander Johnson (2012–2013)
 * 🇺🇸 Solomon Jones (2013)
 * 🇺🇸 Vernon Macklin (2013)
 * 🇺🇸 Dominique Jones (2013–2014)
 * 🇺🇸 Hakim Warrick (2013–2014)
 * 🇨🇳 Zhao Jiwei (2013–present)
 * 🇺🇸 Lester Hudson (2014–2015, 2015–2019)
 * 🇺🇸 Brandon Bass (2017–2020)
 * 🇺🇸 Lance Stephenson (2019)
 * 🇺🇸 O. J. Mayo (2020–2021)
 * 🇺🇸 Jonathon Simmons (2020–2021)
 * 🇨🇳 Zhang Zhenlin (2020–present)
 * 🇺🇸 Kyle Fogg (2021–present)
 * 🇺🇸 Jeremy Tyler (2021)
 * 🇺🇸 Eric Moreland (2021–present)
 * 🇺🇸 JaKarr Sampson (2022–2023)

title: Liaoning Flying Leopards


text:
Cynic Guru

Cynic Guru is a progressive rock band fronted by classically trained violinist Roland Hartwell.

Early years: 1991-1996
Cynic Guru started in Los Angeles as three-piece known as Where Is My Hair. This featured Roland Hartwell (guitar, vocals), Stefan Örn (bass), and Steef Van Oosterhout (drums).

In 1993, another phase of the band, SkotLaPop, was born. This incarnation of the band had Roland Hartwell (guitar, vocals, violin) and new members Marc Thomas (lead guitar), Chris Sampson (vocals, guitars), and Matt Matson (drums).

In 1996, the SkotLaPop became Cynic Guru. Chris Sampson left the band and was replaced by Mike Constantini (guitars, vocals) and Vince Varquez (bass).

Midlife: 1996-2000
Hartwell, a classically trained violin player, got offered a job touring with the Iceland Symphony Orchestra on the East Coast of the US sometime in the late 1990s. They liked him so much, that they eventually offered him a full-time position within the group. After enough commuting back and forth from Iceland, Hartwell decided to accept the offer, leaving Cynic Guru with him.

Iceland: 2001–2006

Soon Roland Hartwell reformed Cynic Guru in Reykjavik, Iceland, adding members Ricky Korn (bass), Einar Jóhannsson (lead guitar and backing vocs), Óli Hólm (drums), and John Mono (backing vocals and keyboards).

About three years later, Cynic Guru signed to SENA, the largest record label/entertainment group in Iceland. This paved the way for Iceland- Cynic Guru's debut album. Although many of the songs on Iceland had already been included in past EPs, most were either rearranged or rerecorded. After nearly a year in production, Iceland was released on September 26, 2005. The first single from Iceland, Drugs, made it to the number one spot on X-FM 97.7 in Reykjavík, beating out Queens of the Stone Age, Papa Roach, Green Day, Audioslave, The Transplants, Used/My Chemical Romance, and Nine Inch Nails.

Iceland spawned two other radio singles: Catastrophe, written about 9/11; and Digging the Holes. Videos were made for Drugs and Catastrophe, which were directed by Icelandic artist Bardi Johannsson, of Bang Gang.

2005 started off with a bit of a jolt. Cynic Guru was picked up by a British label, Fat Northerner Records, and a Japanese label, Westwood Records, for distribution, and Mono left the band.

Cynic Guru first toured the UK in June 2006.

Iceland
Released September 26, 2005

1. DYFWIWTYWLF (Did You Find What It Was That You Were Looking For) 2. Catastrophe 3. Drugs 4. Death of a Guitarist 5. Digging the Holes 6. Ballistic 7. Ice Cream 8. Scab 9. Belly 10. Texas 11. Yellow Bag 12. V.P. 13. Dick

"Drugs"
Released June 2006

1. Drugs 2. Dick

title: Cynic Guru


text:
Tanay, Rizal

Tanay, officially the Municipality of Tanay, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 139,420 people.

Tanay is located 37 km from Antipolo and 54 km from Manila. It contains portions of the Sierra Madre Mountains and is bordered by Antipolo in the north-west, Baras, Morong and Teresa in the west, General Nakar (Quezon Province) in the east, and Pililla, Santa Maria (Laguna province) as well as the lake Laguna de Bay in the south.

It is the epicenter of the Tanay Tagalog dialect, which has the deepest modern Tagalog words in the Tagalog language and is the only endangered Tagalog dialect.

History
Tanay was settled by early Austronesian people. Shortly after the conquest and subjugation of Manila by the Spaniards and the surrounding lake areas by Juan de Salcedo in 1570–1574, Franciscan missionaries arrived to Christianize the inhabitants of what is now the Morong-Pililla area. In 1583, both Morong and Pililla were created as separate towns with Tanay forming part of Pililla.

Tanay was founded as a separate pueblo (town) in 1606 under the name "Monte de Tan-ay". In 1620, administration was moved to San Antonio (now called Inalsan or Pantay) and Tandang Kutyo. In 1638, the town was burned during an uprising of Chinese living in the area, and the town was rebuilt in 1640 at the present day location.

In 1747, the town of Tanay consisted of only eight barangays, namely Nuestra Senora del Rosario, Sa Josep, San Ildefonso de Tanay, San Francisco de Maytubig, San Pedro de Alcantara, San Lucas y San Antonio, San Apostol, and San Agustin de Balugbog.

In 1853, a new political subdivision was formed. The town of Tanay together with Morong, Baras, Pililla, Angono, Binangonan and Jalajala form the Province of La Laguna, with the capital at Morong. This district was later changed to Distrito Politico-Militar de Morong after four years.

Tanay became a Municipality in 1894 as an effect of the Spanish Maura Law. The first election of Public Office took place in 1895–1898 and 1898–1900 under the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.

Tanay members of the Katipunan fought valiantly during the Revolution against Spain. The town was the headquarters of the second military area of the Philippine Revolutionary Government under General Emilio Aguinaldo. And for a brief period between 1899 and 1900, Tanay served as the capital of the then Morong Province after Philippine–American War broke out and the American forces invaded the lake towns and captured Antipolo.

In 1900–1901, Tanay as was under the Government appointed by the American Military under Taft Commission. From 1903 to 1934 the town leadership was under the American rule then in 1934 Tanay was under the Commonwealth of the Philippines as the Tydings–McDuffie Act was approved on March 24, 1934, until the Philippines fell to the hands of the Japanese during the Second World War in 1942.

In 1942–1945 the Mountains of Tanay served as the Guerrilla base for 'Marking's Fil-American Guerrillas, beginning the Liberation of Tanay in March 1945 a very decorated by the Filipino soldiers of the 4th and 42nd Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army, 4th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary and the recognized guerrillas against the Japanese occupation forces during World War II. General Agustin Marking is buried in a private cemetery by the road overlooking his son's farm in Sampaloc.

On June 19, 1959, Republic Act No. 2336, also known as "An Act Establishing a Summer Resort in Sampaloc, Municipality of Tanay, Province of Rizal" was approved whereas there is hereby established a summer resort in Sampaloc. The Commission on Parks and Wildlife shall issue such rules and regulations for the establishment of such resort is taken place.

In October 2003, deposed Philippine president Joseph Estrada was transferred to a rest home in Sampaloc, a mountain barangay. He remained under house arrest until he was given executive clemency by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

During the Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) on September 26, 2009, Tanay was one of the hardest hit towns due to the rising of Laguna Lake and the flooding of Tanay River.

Barangays
Tanay is politically subdivided into 20 barangays (10 urban, 10 rural). Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

• Cayabu

• Cuyambay

• Daraitan

• Katipunan-Bayani (Pob.)

• Kay Buto (Poblacion)

• Laiban

• Mag-Ampon (Poblacion)

• Mamuyao

• Madilay-dilay

• Pinagkamaligan (Poblacion)

• Plaza Aldea (Poblacion)

• Sampaloc

• San Andres

• San Isidro (Poblacion)

• Santa Inez

• Santo Niño

• Tabing Ilog (Poblacion)

• Tandang Kutyo (Poblacion)

• Tinucan

• Wawa (Poblacion)

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Tanay, Rizal, was 139,420 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

The majority of the population consists of Tagalogs who live near Laguna de Bay, though there is also a significant percentage of mountain-dwelling people living in the northern portions of the municipality. The town's major trades consist of fishing, agriculture and regional commerce.

The roots of the Sambalic languages can be traced back to Tanay, where the etymologically similar Sinuana or Remontado Dumagat is still spoken in villages in the Sierra Madre mountains between Sampaloc and General Nakar, Quezon.

Economy
Tanay’s economy has been boosted by its natural resources and nature’s allure. There are various activities to try in Tanay, Rizal. There are adventure camps, glamping campsite, staycation sites, cafe and restaurants with beautiful sceneries, and aesthetic photography sites. To mention some of them, here are the Different Tourist Spots in Tanay:

 * 1) Regina Rica – most Filipinos are Catholics, and this place is one of the best places to go if one want to appreciate the Mother Mary statue and different activities like candle-lighting and pilgrim sites. Most visitors find the place worth the visit and emotional.
 * 2) Mount Daraitan and Tinipak River – this tourist spot is for the adventurous ones who love to trek and hike. The place is also for the nature-wanderers because it features clean waters and majestic sceneries.
 * 3) Treasure Mountain – it is a spot to appreciate the Sierra Madre Mountain Range and with the right-timing the famous Sea of Clouds of Tanay. To top it all up, visitors don’t need to hike to go here. Tents may also be used here for overnight glamping.
 * 4) Ridges and Clouds Nature Camp – with the right-timing during sunrise, the ridges here can also be seen with a blanket of clouds. This is a perfect place to reflect and reconnect to nature but not for work-away-from-home because there is no mobile data or WIFI signal here.
 * 5) Calinawan Cave – this is a historical place in Tanay where Filipinos take refuge during colonization in the past. Tanay is most commonly known for its mountain ranges but this spot is different. Calinawan Cave is for the adventurous tourists who also want to enjoy the waters.

Local government
The Municipal Council approved the P80+ million budget for the construction of the new municipal building of Tanay. The lending company will be the Landbank of the Philippines, Tanay Branch. Certain issues and debates from different sectors and influential names about the construction arose, and still now under public consultation and hearing.

Tanay Rodeo Festival
To promote and market the town's cattle and agri-eco tourism not only within the municipality but also in the Calabarzon region, the Municipal Government of Tanay holds Tanay Rodeo every third week of January each year. The festival is also in line with the celebration of Tanay Town Fiesta. It is participated by professionals and rodeo enthusiasts, and veterinary/animal science students from renowned universities in the country.

title: Tanay, Rizal


text:
Talk:Crédit Mobilier scandal

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Drake University supported by WikiProject Politics and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 15:26, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Initial messages
Ummmmm.... im workin on a school project... and frankly i don't get it *sweatdrop* — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.198.39.86 (talk) 00:27, 8 April 2005 (UTC)

hmm. Who is James Brooks? uberblue 03:27, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Crédit Mobilier of America scandal - Donald Trump?
Donald Trump involved in Crédit Mobilier of America scandal? 170.141.68.2 (talk) 19:46, 11 January 2008 (UTC)Jerms

 * That is called vandalism. Like some punk spray painting your car.  Just remove it.

"railroad to nowhere"
Additionally, words and statements like "railroad to nowhere" need to be cited. I doubt that this phrase existed in the 1800s. This is a contemporary phrase, in the last 20-years, and thus it being the article smacks of WP:OR and WP:POV.

Who said this in the 1860s:

 * "that the project had no regard for trying to create a worthwhile and profitable transportation enterprise, when it was completed."

????

And in regards to this:

 * "replaced as head of the firm"

Which firm? UP or CMofA? > Best O Fortuna (talk) 22:32, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Aftermath
There needs to be an "Aftermath" section.

What happened as a result of this? Was legislation or corporate law changed in any way? Did anybody go to jail? Did anybody get their money taken away or given back? What was the short-term and long-term fallout? > Best O Fortuna (talk) 22:32, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * This is an important topic. The tragedy is that no one, as far as I know, ever went to jail over this massive government fraud, just reputations damaged.  It is unknown whose hands the millions of dollars it went into, possibly Jim Fisk. Cmguy777 (talk) 04:22, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Credit Mobilier of America scandal--Reason for revisions
The paragraph that had a possible neutrality problem was removed due to its contents of opinion and speculation with no known and respectable source. As for the Aftermath topic I have added a "Outcome" section to wrap up the scandal.

{Kimmy Askelson (talk) 17:41, 20 November 2011}

 * Kimmyroo, I reverted your edit:

 * 1) Please put new topics on discussion pages at the bottom, not the top. SEE: Talk page guidelines

 * 2) With headings in Wikipedia, you do not capitalize any words after the first word unless they are proper nouns. SEE: MOS:HEAD

 * 3) Don't remove taglettes unless you satisfy the requirement (s) of why they are there. "Refimprove" means just that, improve references. Not delete the taglette and move on.  (SEE: Resolving Content Disputes)

 * 4) Please, use the "Edit summary" please to explain your edits.

 * 5) And most important: Please, please, please, do not remove references. We should be adding references, not removing them.

 * There are rules for this playground. Stay out of the rough. > Best O Fortuna (talk) 23:58, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, it might be more helpful for Kimmy (not "Kimmyroo," unless you perhaps know her in real life?) if your comments, especially the last one, were a little less condescending. I'm sure it was all done in good faith. Jtodsen (talk) 02:52, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Plagiarism
The third paragraph, under "Background" sounds almost exactly like the wording in Steven Ambrose's book. The book is listed under the references, but the wording is not in quotations, nor is credit given to Ambrose for the phrasing. I know some words are changed, but this is not enough, IMHO, to justify such obvious "borrowing" from another's work. 98.170.214.134 (talk) 01:08, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Garbled explanation of finances
This article doesn't make any sense. The government paid $94,650,287 to Union Pacific and $50,720,959 to Credit Mobilier of America (CMA), generating a profit of the difference of those two? It doesn't make any sense. Also, selling stock at par is very different from selling bonds at par. Maybe the explanation of what happened should be made as much as possible with contemporary terminology. I'm going to fix the article up to at least make basic logical sense.Eujin16 (talk) 19:20, 30 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Greetings fellow Wikipedians ... I agree this is a tough article to follow. Partly because there isn't a separate article on CMA itself. I would propose retitling the article to Credit Mobilier of America (CMA) and making the "scandal" a section of it. At the very least developing another article on CMA itself and its ties to the Union Pacific Railroad. I agree with Eujin16 that the financial posed by CMA were very complex for the 19th century and need to be developed. I also think the conflict of interest and self-dealing issues need to be addressed as well as part of the broader 19th-century accounting crises that the railroad industry faced. Cheers ... Risk Engineer (talk) 15:11, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 13 February 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) samee  converse  16:07, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

Crédit Mobilier of America scandal → Crédit Mobilier scandal – Per WP:COMMONNAME, Google Scholar demonstrates that "of America" is superfluous. Only six articles use it, vs. 508 which use "Crédit Mobilier scandal".--TM 19:01, 13 February 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. B dash (talk) 00:12, 21 February 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. B dash (talk) 13:04, 1 March 2019 (UTC)
 * OPPOSED: I am ok with the idea of a move to "Crédit Mobilier" but not to a scandal. Yes, there was a financial scandal but there was also more than just the scandal. I would suggest a new main article with that title "Crédit Mobilier scandal" referenced inside the current article. Many thanks for your edits Namiba. Cheers Risk Engineer (talk) 14:08, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Looking at the results on Google Scholar, it seems highly likely that both the scandal and the company are notable. With that being said, this article is definitively about the scandal, so the discussion should be about whether to include "of America" or not.--TM 23:19, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Clear common name for this historical event. I doubt whether a standalone article could be written about the company apart from the scandal. The company in itself is the scandal. Mackensen (talk) 14:19, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comment. I made these notes earlier and I think there is more than just the scandal. ...
 * "I agree this is a tough article to follow. Partly because there isn't a separate article on CMA itself. I would propose retitling the article to Credit Mobilier of America (CMA) and making the "scandal" a section of it. At the very least developing another article on CMA itself and its ties to the Union Pacific Railroad. I agree with Eujin16 that the financial posed by CMA were very complex for the 19th century and need to be developed. I also think the conflict of interest and self-dealing issues need to be addressed as well as part of the broader 19th-century accounting crises that the railroad industry faced." Cheers Risk Engineer (talk) 14:59, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Also, the construction company does not appear to be notable in and of itself. Only the scandal is notable. That's what all the sources appear to be about. So that's all we should have the article be about. I'm open to being convinced there are sufficient sources about the company independent of the scandal to warrant a separate article about the company, but as of right now I don't see it. --В²C ☎ 23:32, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Poorly done
The article is poorly done and misleading. The Credit Mobilier was not a fraud --it successfully built one of the world's great railroads and opened up new farm lands that have paid lots of $$$ in federal and state taxes. The Union Pacific did not cost the Federal government of the taxpayer anything. (Washington loaned US bonds to the RR, which it paid back with interest.) It ignores its own sources: "The scandal caused intense excitement throughout the country, and the Mobilier Company met with almost universal execration; but subsequent investigation has shown that the charges were greatly exaggerated, and were at least never conclusively proved." says New Intl Ency. Maury Klein, Union Pacific has the fullest treatment. He says (p 300) no fraud but some bribery of Congress. Rjensen (talk) 13:09, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crédit Mobilier scandal


text:
Peter Fitzgerald-Moore

Peter Fitzgerald-Moore (28 May 1919 – 5 May 2004) was a British geologist, environmentalist and political activist.

Education
He earned a Master's degree from Cambridge University. He was a member of the Faculty of General Studies at the University of Calgary until 1998 when he retired as an Adjunct Associate Professor.

He was a Senator of the University of Calgary for three years.

Military history
In World War II, he served with the Royal Artillery. He received the Military Cross while serving in Italy as a Forward Observation Officer with the Eighth Indian Division.

Career
He worked for the Royal Dutch Shell companies in various countries for 39 years, after the war. For part of that tenure he worked as Chief Geologist for Shell Canada Ltd.

After retirement, he contracted for the Geological Survey of Canada.

Politics & Activism
He was elected mayor of Bowness, Alberta in 1958. He was a founding member of the Calgary Eco Centre. He (co?) founded the Western Affairs Committee. He was Director of the Pensador Institute.

The trilobite species Pseudodechenella petermoorei ormiston is named for him.

title: Peter Fitzgerald-Moore


text:
Bhili languages

The Bhil languages are a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken by around 10.4 million Bhils in western and central India as of 2011. They constitute the primary languages of the southern Aravalli Range in Rajasthan and the western Satpura Range in Madhya Pradesh, northwestern Maharashtra, and southern Gujarat. According to the 52nd report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Bhili is the most commonly spoken language of the district of Dadra and Nagar Haveli constituting 40.42% of its total population. Bhili speakers are also significant in the states of Gujarat (4.75%), Madhya Pradesh (4.93%) and Rajasthan (4.60%).

Relationship
The Bhil languages form a link midway between the Gujarati language and the Rajasthani–Marwari languages.

Grouped geographically, the Bhil languages are the following:

 * Northern Bhil
 * Bauria
 * Wagdi (perhaps central: reportedly highly intelligible with Adiwasa, Patelia, and other varieties of Bhil proper)
 * Bhilori (Noiri, Dungra)
 * Magari (Magra ki Boli; incl. under Bhili proper in Ethnologue)
 * Central Bhil
 * Bhili proper (Patelia), Bhilodi, Adiwasa & Rajput Garasia [mutually intelligible; some intelligible with Marwari]
 * Bhilali (Rathawi)
 * Chodri
 * Dhodia–Kukna
 * Dhanki
 * Dubli
 * Eastern Bhil (Bareli)
 * Palya Bareli
 * Pauri Bareli
 * Rathwi Bareli
 * Pardhi
 * Kalto (Nahali)

Other Bhil languages include Gamit (Gamti) and Mawchi. Vasavi is spoken by ethnic Bhils, but may be closer to Gujarati. Similarly, Malvi and Nimadi may be closer to Rajasthani. The recently described Vaagri Booli may also be a Bhil language.

title: Bhili languages


text:
Talk:John Woolman

Quaker Wikiproject
Hello, if anyone is interested, I just started a Quaker WikiProject, which can be found at WP:WQ or WikiProject Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Zach 00:29, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Picture
I just noticed that the portrait of John Woolman in this article is the same as the one representing George Fox, the founder of the Quaker movement, in a related article. Perhaps someone familiar with the likenesses of each can rectify this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.121.34.84 (talk) 00:29, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Good point, they do appear to be the same picture. The version used for Fox appears to be better sourced, so I'll remove this one, and comment on the WikiCommons image page. --Ahc (talk) 03:48, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Wiki Quote
Is there anyone who could set up a Wikiquote page for John Woolman and link it to Wikipedia. It is way beyond my level of knowhow at the moment. Here is a good quote to begin with.

"I find that to be a fool as to worldly wisdom, and to commit my cause to God, not fearing to offend men, who take offence at the simplicity of truth, is the only way to remain unmoved at the sentiments of others." John Woolman. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ruskin (talk • contribs) 04:38, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

Expansion Needed
John Woolman was kicked out of his meeting. This is extremely significant. Woolman's devotion to abolition even in conflict with his meeting, and him being a birthright Quaker, must be reported in an encyclopedia article about him. Georgenancy (talk) 02:52, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * It would be useful for you to provide a date for this event and further content about the context, plus a reliable source (RS) for this assertion, including: author, title, publisher, location of publication, date, and page of citation. Thanks.Parkwells (talk) 19:33, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

This looks kinda wrong?
"John Woolman Was goddamn bird murder and a total asshole" line 1 ? oh no - its ok now, sorry

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Not a vegetarian
Woolman was not a vegetarian. The article needs to be corrected and updated. Also see related discussion

"There is no evidence that Woolman ever became fully vegetarian like Lay, Evans, and Benezet"

"Woolman did not become a strident vegetarian, but in other respects his perspective on animal life resembled the views of Tryon and Evans".

"Woolman was not a complete vegetarian". Psychologist Guy (talk) 01:39, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Woolman