text:
User:Theterrific

THE STEPWISE SUCCESSION OF AL-DAWAH AL-HADIYYAH AL-ALAVIYYAH THROUGH THE TRADITION OF ‘NAS’ (explicit designation of a successor by his predecessor) FROM THE LAST PROPHET OF ISLAM SAIYEDONA WA NABIYONA ABU AL-QASIM MOHAMMAD AL-MUSTAFA (S.A.W.A.) TO THE PRESENT 44TH AL-DAI’ AL-FATIMI

AL-MUTLAQ SAIYEDONA TAIYEB ZIYAUDDIN SAHEB (T.U.S.)

AL-KHAMSAT UL-ATHAAR (A.S):-

v    KHATM AL-MURSALEEN ABU AL-QASIM MOHAMMAD AL-MUSTAFA BIN

ABDULLAH(S.A.W.A)

Birth :- 2 Rabi’ al-Awwal, 1st’Am al-Feel. Monday. (Makkah)

Death :- 2 Rabi’ al-Awwal 11A.H. (Madina) – 27/5/632 A.D.

The period of Nubuwwat is 23 yrs.

v    SAIYED AL-WASIYEEN ABU AL-HASAN ‘ALI AL-MURTAZA BIN ABI TALIB (A.S.)

Birth :- 13 Rajab 30th ‘Aam al-Feel (Ka’ba, Makkah)

Death :- 21st Ramazan 40 A.H. (Najaf al-Ashraf) – 27/1/661 A.D.

The period of Wasaayat is 30 yrs.

v    KHAIRO NISAA AL-‘ALAMEEN FATIMA AL-ZAHRA BINT MOHAMMAD AL-MUSTAFA (A.S.)

Birth :- 20 Jamadi al-Akhar 45th ‘Aam al-Feel (Makkah)

Death :- 12 Jamadi al-Awwal 11 A.H. (Madina) – 4/8/632 A.D.

v    ABU AL-MOHAMMAD IMAM HASAN AL-MASMOOM BIN ‘ALI AL-MURTAZA (A.S.)

Birth :- 15th Ramazan 3 A.H. (Madina) - 624 A.D.

Death :- 29th Safar 49 A.H. (Madina) – 6/4/669 A.D.

Imaamat :- 9 yrs. 6 m.

v    SAIYED AL-SHUHADA ABU ‘ABDILLAH IMAM HUSAIN BIN ‘ALI AL-MURTAZA (A.S.)

Birth:- 3rd Shabaan 4 A.H. (Madina) - 625 A.D.

Death:- 10th Moharram 61 A.H. (Karbala) – 9/10/680 A.D.

Imaamat:- 11 yrs.

THE SUCCESSION OF THE FATIMI A’IMMAT al-MA’SUMEEN (A.S.) :-

1.      IMAM HASAN (A.S.)

2.      IMAM HUSAIN (A.S.)

3.      SAIYED AL-SAJEDEEN ABU MOHAMMAD IMAM ‘ALI ZAIN AL-ABEDEEN BIN IMAM HUSAIN (A.S.)

Birth :- 5th Shabaan 33 A.H. (Madina) - 654 A.D.

Death :- 18th Moharram 94 A.H. (Madina) – 23/10/712 A.D.

Imaamat :- 33 yrs.

4.      ABU JA’FAR IMAM MOHAMMAD AL-BAQIR BIN IMAM ZAIN AL-‘ABEDEEN (A.S.)

Birth :- 3rd Safar 57 A.H. (Madina) - 677 A.D.

Death :- 17th Zilhajj 114 A.H. (Madina) – 6/2/733 A.D.

Imaamat :- 20 yrs. 11 m.

5.      ABU ‘ABDILLAH IMAM  JA’FAR AL-SADIQ BIN IMAM MOHAMMAD AL-BAQIR (A.S.).

Birth :- 17th Rabi’ al-Awwal 83 A.H. - 702 A.D.

Death :- 29th Shawwal 148 A.H.(Madina) – 17/12/765 A.D.

Imaamat :- 34 yrs.

6.      ABU MOHAMMAD IMAM ISMA’IL AL-WAFI BIN IMAM JA’FAR AL-SADIQ (A.S.)

Birth: - Shawwal 100 A.H. - 719 A.D.

Death: - Died during the imamat of Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq in the year 138 A.H. (Appro.). - 756 A.D.

7.      ABU ‘ABDILLAH IMAM MOHAMMAD AL-SHAKIR BIN IMAM ISMA’IL (A.S.)

Birth :- 12th Rabi’ al-Awwal 128 A.H. - 746 A.D.

Death :- 11th Shawwal 193 A.H. (Farghana) – 27/7/809 A.D.

Imaamat :- 45 yrs.

8.      ABU AHMED IMAM ABDILLAH AL-MASTOOR AL-RAZI  BIN IMAM MOHAMMAD (A.S.)

Birth :- 22nd Shabaan 179 A.H. - 795 A.D.

Death :- 11th Zilhajj 212 A.H. (Salmiyya) – 1/3/828 A.D.

Imaamat :- 19 yrs.

9.      ABU AL-HUSAIN IMAM AHMED  AL-MASTOOR AL-TAQI BIN IMAM ‘ABDILLAH (A.S.)

Birth :- 12th Rajab 198 A.H. - 814 A.D.

Death :- 9th Ramazan 225 A.H. – 12/7/840 A.D.

Imaamat :- 13 yrs.

10.  ABU ‘ABDILLAH IMAM HUSAIN AL-MASTOOR AL-ZAKI  BIN IMAM AHMED (A.S.)

Birth :- 12th Shabaan 210 A.H. - 825 A.D.

Death :- 1st Rajab 262 A.H. (‘Askar al-Mukarram) – 30/3/876 A.D.

Imaamat :- 37 yrs.

11.  ABU MOHAMMAD IMAM  ABDULLAH  AL-MAHDI BIN IMAM  HUSAIN (A.S.)

Birth :- 12th Shawwal 260 A.H. - 874 A.D.

Death :- 15th Rabi’al-Awwal 322 A.H. – 4/3/934 A.D.

Imaamat :- 59 yrs.

12.  ABU  AL-QASIM IMAM MOHAMMAD AL-QAIM BI-AMRILLAH BIN IMAM AL-MAHDI (A.S.)

Birth :- 282 A.H. - 895 A.D.

Death :- 13th Shawwal 334 A.H. (Mahdiyya) – 17/5/946 A.D.

Imaamat :- 14 yrs.

13.  ABU AL-ZAHIR IMAM ISMA’IL AL-MANSOOR BILLAH BIN IMAM QAIM (A.S.)

Birth :- 302 A.H. - 915 A.D.

Death :- 28th Shawwal 341 A.H. (Mahdiyya) – 17/3/953 A.D.

Imaamat :- 7 yrs.

14.  ABU AL-TAMIM IMAM MA’AD AL-MO’IZ LI-DEENILLAH IMAM AL-MANSOOR (A.S.)

Birth :- 21st Ramzaan 319 A.H. - 931 A.D.

Death :- 11th Rabi’ al-Akhar 365 A.H. (Cairo) – 17/12/975 A.D.

Imaamat :- 24 yrs.

15.  ABU AL-MANSOOR IMAM NAZAAR AL-‘AZEEZ  BILLAH BIN IMAM AL-MO’IZ (A.S.)

Birth :- 14th Moharram 344 A.H. - 956 A.D.

Death :- 12th Ramzaan 386 A.H. (Cairo) – 17/9/996 A.D.

Imaamat :- 21 yrs

16.  ABU ‘ALI IMAM HAKIM BI-AMRILLAH BIN IMAM AL-‘AZEEZ (A.S.)

Birth :- 3rd Rabi’ al-Awwal 375 A.H. - 986 A.D.

Heavenly Ascendance on 27th Shawwal 411 A.H. - 12/2/1021 A.D.

Imaamat :- 25 yrs.

17.  ABU MA’AD IMAM ‘ALI AL-ZAHIR LI-I’JAZE DEENILLAH BIN IMAM  AL-HAKIM (A.S.)

Birth :- 3rd Ramzaan 395 A.H. - 1005 A.D.

Death :- 15th Shabaan 427 A.H. – 12/6/1036 A.D.

Imaamat :- 16 yrs.

18.  ABU AL-TAMIM MA’AD AL-MUSTANSIR BILLAH BIN IMAM AL-ZAHIR (A.S.)

Birth :- 16th Ramzaan 420 A.H. - 1029 A.D.

Death :- 18th Zilhajj 487 A.H. – 28/12/1094 A.D.

Imaamat :- 60 yrs.

19.  ABU  AL-QASIM IMAM AHMAD AL-MUSTA’ALI BILLAH BIN IMAM AL-MUSTANSIR (A.S.)

Birth :-20th Moharram 467 A.H. - 1076 A.D.

Death :- 17th Safar 495 A.H. – 10/12/1101 A.D.

Imaamat :- 7 yrs.

20.  ABU AL-‘ALI IMAM MANSOOR AL-AMIR BI-AHKAMILLAH BIN IMAM AL-MUSTA’ALI (A.S.)

Birth :- 13th Moharram 490 A.H. - 1097 A.D.

Death :- 4th Zilqaad 526 A.H. – 15/9/1132 A.D.

Imaamat :- 31 yrs.

21.  ABU AL-QASIM IMAM TAIYEB BIN IMAM AL-AMIR (A.S.)

Birth: - 4th Rabi’al-Akhar 524 A.H. – 16/03/1130 A.D.

 * Seclusion (Ghaibat) at the age of 4 yrs. from Cairo. Only some Ashaab were aware of the whereabouts of Imam(A.S.).

THE NAMES OF AL-DU’AAT AL-MUTLAQEEN (Q.R.) WHO WERE THE GUARDIANS OF AL-DA’WAT

AL-HADIYYAH AL-‘ALAVIYYAH AFTER THE GHAIBAT (SECLUSION) OF IMAM TAIYEB (A.S.): -

DU’AAT OF YEMEN.

1.      SAIYEDNA ZOEB BIN MOOSA (Qaddasallaho Ruhahu)

Death :- 10th Moharram 546 A.H.(Houshab). – 28/4/1151 A.D.

Period :- 14 yrs.

2.      SAIYEDNA IBRAHIM BIN HUSAIN AL-HAMEDI (Q.R.)

Death :- 16th Shabaan 557A.H.(Hamdaan). – 30/7/1162 A.D.

Period :- 11 yrs.

3.      SAIYEDNA HATIM  BIN  IBRAHIM AL-HAMEDI (Q.R.)

Death : - 16th Moharram 596 A.H.(Hisn-e-Hutaib). – 6/11/1199 A.D.

Period :- 38 yrs.

4.      SAIYEDNA  ALI BIN  SAIYEDNA HATIM (Q.R.)

Death :- 25th Zilqaad 605 A.H.(San’aa). – 30/5/1209 A.D.

Period :- 9 yrs.

5.      SAIYEDNA ALI BIN SAIYEDNA MOHAMMAD BIN WALEED (Q.R.)

Death :- 27th Shabaan 612 A.H.(Hiraz). – 20/12/1215 A.D.

Period :- 6 yrs.

6.      SAIYEDNA ALI BIN HANZALA AL-WADE’I (Q.R.).

Death :- 12th Rabi’ al-Awwal 626 A.H.(Hamadan). – 7/2/1229 A.D.

Period :- 13 yrs.

7.      SAIYEDNA  AHMED BIN MUBARAK (Q.R.).

Death : 27th Jamadi al-Akhar 627 A.H.(Hamadan). - 11/5/1230  A.D.

Period :- 1yr. 3m.

8.      SAIYEDNA HUSAIN BIN SAIYEDNA  ALI AL-WALEED (Q.R.).

Death :- 20th Safar 667 A.H.(San’aa). – 28/10/1268 A.D.

Period :- 39 yrs.

9.      SAIYEDNA ALI BIN SAIYEDNA HUSAIN (Q.R.)

Death : - 13th Zilqaad 682 A.H.(San’aa). – 1/2/1284 A.D.

Period :- 15 yrs.

10.  SAIYEDNA ALI BIN HUSAIN BIN SAIYEDNA ALI (Q.R.).

Death :- 1st Safar 686 A.H.(San’aa). – 17/3/1287 A.D.

Period :- 3 yrs. 2m.

11.  SAIYEDNA IBRAHIM  BIN  SAIYEDNA  HUSAIN   AL-WALEED (Q.R.).

Death :- 10th Shawwal 728 A.H.(Hisn-e-Afedah). – 16/8/1328 A.D.

Period :- 42 yrs.

12.  SAIYEDNA MOHAMMAD BIN SAIYEDI HATIM (Q.R.).

Death :- 1st Zilhajj 729 A.H.(Hisn-e-Zamarmar). - 25/9/1329 A.D.

Period :- 1yr. 1m.

13.  SAIYEDNA ALI SHAMSUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA IBRAHIM (Q.R.)

Death :-18th Rajab  746 A.H.(Hisn-e-Zamarmar). – 13/11/1345  A.D.

Period :- 16 yrs.

14.  SAIYEDNA ABD AL-MUTTALIB NAJMUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA  MOHAMMAD (Q.R.).

Death :- 14th Rajab 755 A.H.(Hisn-e-Zamarmar). – 3/8/1354 A.D.

Period :- 8  yrs.

15.  SAIYEDNA  ABBAS BIN SAIYEDNA MOHAMMAD (Q.R.).

Death :- 8th Shawwal 779A.H.(Hisn-e-Afedah). – 6/2/1378 A.D.

Period :- 24 yrs.

16.  SAIYEDNA ABDULLAH FAKHRUDDIN BIN ALI (Q.R.).

Death :- 9th Ramzan 809 A.H.(Hisn-e-Zamarmar). - 16/2/1407 A.D.

Period :- 29 yrs.

17.  SAIYEDNA  HASAN BADRUDDIN BIN  SAIYEDNA  ABDULLAH (Q.R.).

Death :- 6th Shawwal 821A.H.(Mosque of Zamarmar) - 5/11/1418 A.D.

Period :- 12 yrs.

18.  SAIYEDNA ALI SHAMSUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA ABDULLAH (Q.R.)

Death :- 3rd Safar 832 A.H.(Hiraz). - 11/11/1428  A.D.

Period :- 10 yrs.

19.  SAIYEDNA IDREES ‘IMADUDDIN  BIN SAIYEDNA HASAN BADRUDDIN (Q.R.).

Death :- 19th Zilqaad 872 A.H.(Shibaam). – 9/6/1468 A.D.

Period :- 40 yrs.

20.  SAIYEDNA HASAN BADRUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA IDREES ‘IMADUDDIN (Q.R.).

Death :- 15th Shabaan 918A.H.(Hiraz). – 25/10/1512 A.D.

Period :- 45 yrs.

21.  SAIYEDNA HUSAIN HUSAMUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA IDREES ‘IMADUDDIN (Q.R.).

Death :- 10th Shawwal 933 A.H.(Hiraz). – 9/7/1527 A.D.

Period :- 15 yrs.

22.  SAIYEDNA ALI SHAMSUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA HUSAIN (Q.R.).

Death :- 21st Zilqaad 933 A.H.(Hiraz). – 18/8/1527 A.D.

Period :- 1m. 10 days.

23.  SAIYEDNA  MOHAMMAD ‘IZZUDDIN  BIN SAIYEDNA HASAN BADRUDDIN (Q.R.)

Death :- 27th Safar 946 A.H.(Zabeed). – 13/7/1539 A.D.

Period :- 12 yrs.

24.  SAIYEDNA YUSUF NAJMUDDIN BIN SULAIMAN (Q.R.)

Death :- 16th Zilhajj 974 A.H.(Hamadan). – 23/6/1567 A.D.

Period :- 28 yrs.

DU’AAT OF INDIA (GUJARAT)

Ahmedabad: -

25.  SAIYEDNA FAKHRUDDIN JALAL BIN HASAN (Q.R.)

Death :- 16th Rabi ‘al-Akhar 975 A.H. – 19/10/1567 A.D.

Period :- 4 months.

26.  SAIYEDNA DAWOODJI BURHANUDDIN BIN ‘AJABSHAH (Q.R.)

Death :- 27th Rabi’ al-Akhar 999 A.H. – 21/2/1591 A.D.

Period :- 24 yrs.

27.  SAIYEDNA DAWOODJI BURHANUDDIN BIN ‘QUTUBSHAH (Q.R.)

Death :- 15th Jamadi al-Akhar 1021 A.H. – 12/8/1612 A.D.

Period :- 22 yrs.

28.  SAIYEDNA SHAIKH ADAM SAFIYUDDIN BIN TAIYABSHAH (Q.R.)

Death :- 7th Rajab 1030 A.H. – 27/5/1621 A.D.

Period :- 9 yrs.

29.  SAIYEDNA ALI SHAMSUDDIN AL-SHAHEED BIN IBRAHIM BIN SAIYEDNA SHAIKH ADAM SAFIYUDDIN (Q.R.)

Death :- 23rd Zilqaad 1046 A.H. – 17/4/1637 A.D.

Period :- 16 yrs.

 * He was the First Da’i of ALAVI DA’WAT in India who gave his life for ‘Haqq’ and ‘Da’wat’ and was martyred.

30.  SAIYEDNA TAIYAB ZAKIYUDDIN BIN SHAIKH ADAM SAFIYUDDIN (Q.R.)

Death :- 13th Ramzan 1047 A.H. – 27/1/1638 A.D.

Period :- 9 m. 20 days.

31.  SAIYEDNA HASAN BADRUDDIN BIN WALI (Q.R.)

Death :- 19th Rabi’ al-Akhar 1090 A.H. – 29/5/1679 A.D.

Period :- 42 yrs.

Vadodara: -

32.  SAIYEDNA ZIYAUDDIN JIVABHAI BIN NUHJI (Q.R.)

Death : - 10th Zilqaad 1130 A.H. (Al Bustaan al-Badri). – 4/10/1718 A.D.

Period :- 40 yrs.

33.  SAIYEDNA MOIYYADUDDIN HEBATULLAH BIN SAIYEDNA ZIYAUDDIN (Q.R.)

Death :- 17th Rajab 1151 A.H. (Al-Bustaan al-Badri). – 30/10/1738 A.D.

Period :- 20 yrs.

34.  SAIYEDNA SHEHABUDDIN JALAL BIN NUHJI (Q.R.)

Death :- 14th Safar 1158 A.H. (Jannat al-Mu’meneen) - 17/3/1745 A.D. h :  - 13th Zilqaad 682 A.H.(San’aa). – 1/2/1284 A.D.

Period :- 15 yrs.

10.  SAIYEDNA ALI BIN HUSAIN BIN SAIYEDNA ALI (Q.R.).

Death :- 1st Safar 686 A.H.(San’aa). – 17/3/1287 A.D.

Period :- 3 yrs. 2m.

11.  SAIYEDNA IBRAHIM  BIN  SAIYEDNA  HUSAIN   AL-WALEED (Q.R.).

Death :- 10th Shawwal 728 A.H.(Hisn-e-Afedah). – 16/8/1328 A.D.

Period :- 42 yrs.

12.  SAIYEDNA MOHAMMAD BIN SAIYEDI HATIM (Q.R.).

Death :- 1st Zilhajj 729 A.H.(Hisn-e-Zamarmar). - 25/9/1329 A.D.

Period :- 1yr. 1m.

13.  SAIYEDNA ALI SHAMSUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA IBRAHIM (Q.R.)

Death :-18th Rajab  746 A.H.(Hisn-e-Zamarmar). – 13/11/1345  A.D.

Period :- 16 yrs.

14.  SAIYEDNA ABD AL-MUTTALIB NAJMUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA  MOHAMMAD (Q.R.).

Death :- 14th Rajab 755 A.H.(Hisn-e-Zamarmar). – 3/8/1354 A.D.

Period :- 8  yrs.

15.  SAIYEDNA  ABBAS BIN SAIYEDNA MOHAMMAD (Q.R.).

Death :- 8th Shawwal 779A.H.(Hisn-e-Afedah). – 6/2/1378 A.D.

Period :- 24 yrs.

16.  SAIYEDNA ABDULLAH FAKHRUDDIN BIN ALI (Q.R.).

Death :- 9th Ramzan 809 A.H.(Hisn-e-Zamarmar). - 16/2/1407 A.D.

Period :- 29 yrs.

17.  SAIYEDNA  HASAN BADRUDDIN BIN  SAIYEDNA  ABDULLAH (Q.R.).

Death :- 6th Shawwal 821A.H.(Mosque of Zamarmar) - 5/11/1418 A.D.

Period :- 12 yrs.

18.  SAIYEDNA ALI SHAMSUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA ABDULLAH (Q.R.)

Death :- 3rd Safar 832 A.H.(Hiraz). - 11/11/1428  A.D.

Period :- 10 yrs.

19.  SAIYEDNA IDREES ‘IMADUDDIN  BIN SAIYEDNA HASAN BADRUDDIN (Q.R.).

Death :- 19th Zilqaad 872 A.H.(Shibaam). – 9/6/1468 A.D.

Period :- 40 yrs.

20.  SAIYEDNA HASAN BADRUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA IDREES ‘IMADUDDIN (Q.R.).

Death :- 15th Shabaan 918A.H.(Hiraz). – 25/10/1512 A.D.

Period :- 45 yrs.

21.  SAIYEDNA HUSAIN HUSAMUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA IDREES ‘IMADUDDIN (Q.R.).

Death :- 10th Shawwal 933 A.H.(Hiraz). – 9/7/1527 A.D.

Period :- 15 yrs.

22.  SAIYEDNA ALI SHAMSUDDIN BIN SAIYEDNA HUSAIN (Q.R.).

Death :- 21st Zilqaad 933 A.H.(Hiraz). – 18/8/1527 A.D.

Period :- 1m. 10 days.

23.  SAIYEDNA  MOHAMMAD ‘IZZUDDIN  BIN SAIYEDNA HASAN BADRUDDIN (Q.R.)

Death :- 27th Safar 946 A.H.(Zabeed). – 13/7/1539 A.D.

Period :- 12 yrs.

24.  SAIYEDNA YUSUF NAJMUDDIN BIN SULAIMAN (Q.R.)

Death :- 16th Zilhajj 974 A.H.(Hamadan). – 23/6/1567 A.D.

Period :- 28 yrs.

DU’AAT OF INDIA (GUJARAT)

Ahmedabad: -

25.  SAIYEDNA FAKHRUDDIN JALAL BIN HASAN (Q.R.)

Death :- 16th Rabi ‘al-Akhar 975 A.H. – 19/10/1567 A.D.

Period :- 4 months.

26.  SAIYEDNA DAWOODJI BURHANUDDIN BIN ‘AJABSHAH (Q.R.)

Death :- 27th Rabi’ al-Akhar 999 A.H. – 21/2/1591 A.D.

Period :- 24 yrs.

27.  SAIYEDNA DAWOODJI BURHANUDDIN BIN ‘QUTUBSHAH (Q.R.)

Death :- 15th Jamadi al-Akhar 1021 A.H. – 12/8/1612 A.D.

Period :- 22 yrs.

28.  SAIYEDNA SHAIKH ADAM SAFIYUDDIN BIN TAIYABSHAH (Q.R.)

Death :- 7th Rajab 1030 A.H. – 27/5/1621 A.D.

Period :- 9 yrs.

29.  SAIYEDNA ALI SHAMSUDDIN AL-SHAHEED BIN IBRAHIM BIN SA

title: User:Theterrific


text:
Street Fighter II V

Street Fighter II V (ストリートファイターII V) is an anime series produced by Group TAC, loosely based on the 1994 fighting game Super Street Fighter II Turbo. The series is directed by Gisaburo Sugii, who also directed Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie, and aired in Japan from 10 April to 27 November 1995 on YTV.

Premise
The series stars Ryu and Ken, teenage martial artists who embark on a journey to improve their skills after experiencing brutal defeat at the hands of Guile. Along the way, they become acquainted with other Street Fighter characters, such as tour guide Chun-Li, martial arts movie-star Fei Long, Muay Thai champion Sagat, and Indian monk Dhalsim. Eventually, they find themselves in the crosshairs of the criminal syndicate Shadowlaw and their leader, the enigmatic M. Bison, after defeating Ashura, one of their subordinate organizations.

Among the agents of Shadowlaw are Russian bear wrestler and hired muscle Zangief, seductive British assassin Cammy, who is unaware of her employer's connection to Shadowlaw, and Interpol double agent Balrog. The Spanish nobleman Vega also appears as an antagonist, although he is not connected with Shadowlaw.

Unlike Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie, which stayed close to the original game's storyline, Street Fighter II V takes several liberties with its source material. It features redesigned versions of most of the game's characters, whose appearances, backstories, and personalities deviated greatly from their traditional depictions. While the show was set in 1995, the present year of its original airing, the ages of the characters were altered to make most of the cast younger than they were in the games. For example, Ryu's year of birth was changed from 1964 to 1977. Out of the seventeen characters featured in Super Street Fighter II Turbo,the latest game in the series at the time, only Blanka, Dee Jay, E. Honda, and T. Hawk do not appear in the show.

Akuma makes several cameo appearances during crowd scenes, but is not actively involved in the story. Street Fighter 2 V is a live-action[5] television adaptation by GMA Network of the Japanese anime television series Street Fighter II V that was produced by was first broadcast in the Philippines live-action adaptation through april 10 1995 Telesuccess Productions,and Capcom on GMA Network Directed by Mark A. Reyes V Encantadia and Voltes V: Legacy, war series to be serye Pulang Araw and Black Rider 2025

Character

 * David Licauco as Ryu
 * Voiced by: Kouji Tsujitani (Japanese), Brett Weaver and Tommy Drake (English ADV dub), Skip Stellrecht (English Animaze dub) Live Action Philippines
 * The main protagonist. He is a 17-year-old martial artist dedicated to the lifestyle of martial arts who strives to improve his fighting skills. He was raised in the Japanese countryside on the fictional island of Mikuni. His best friend and sparring partner is Ken Masters, whom he has trained in the same dojo since childhood, to perform moves such as the Shouryuuken and the Tatsumaki Senpukyaku. After Ken flirts with one of the women accompanying them, Guile's soldiers attack him and Ken. Although they defeat the soldiers, Guile shows up and beats Ryu and Ken. The encounter with Guile humbles and inspires them to go on a journey to improve their martial arts skills, in hopes of challenging Guile to a rematch. During their travels, Ryu learns how to use a Chinese ki-based power called Hadoukou in the form of the Hadouken. Unlike his in-game counterpart, Ryu wears prayer beads on his left hand and has short spiky hair. Additionally, unlike the games, in which he is stern and stoic, he is more upbeat and simple-minded, but always seeking a good challenge.

 * Ruru Madrid as Ken
 * Voiced by: Kenji Haga (Japan), Jason Douglas (English ADV dub), Stephen Apostolina (English Animaze dub)
 * Ryu's best friend, who is also 17 years old. He was born to a Caucasian-American father and Japanese mother, who he lives with in San Francisco in a mansion, and is the only son of the multi-billionaire Masters family. Ken's personality and backstory are mostly unchanged from the original game, as he loves to show off and be a womanizer. Unlike his in-game counterpart; Ken has red hair, like he did in Street Fighter: The Ultimate Battle (1994). Eventually, Ken learns to use the power of Hadoukou while Shadaloo is holding him captive. He and Ryu both master the Tatsumaki Senpukyaku and the Shouryuuken, but he later empowers the Shouryuuken to the Hadou Shouryuuken, and then shortens it to the Hadou Shouryuu. In the English dub, Ken calls the move the Shouryuuken, while Ryu calls it by its English translation.

 * Ejay Falcon as Guile
 * Voiced by: Tesshō Genda (Japan), Rob Mungle (English ADV dub), Kirk Thornton (English Animaze dub)
 * A 22-year-old sergeant in the United States Air Force, stationed in San Francisco. He and his partner, Nash, have served together for many years. He takes pride in both the Air Force and his men and goes out drinking with them whenever he can. He regularly works out and lifts weights, and has won a boxing tournament. Unlike his game counterpart, his hairstyle is a crew-cut fade and his uniform is a navy-blue tank-top and khaki-green workwear; he later wears the same clothes but with reversed colors, along with a bomb-specialist black-vest. As well, he does not have a wife and daughter. The martial arts style that he uses is loosely based on combatives of the U.S military. Like his live-action counterpart from Street Fighter, Guile has no ki-force and uses a powerless version of his signature Flash Kick; he also carries weapons and artillery. Following his encounter with Ryu and Ken in the bar, Guile is not seen again until the second half of the series, where he is sent to rescue Ken, Ryu, and Chun-Li after Shadaloo kidnaps them. After seeing Ryu and Ken defeat Bison, Guile is impressed and comes to respect them.

 * Barbie Forteza as Chun-Li
 * Voiced by: Chisa Yokoyama (Japan), Tamara Lo and Junie Hoang (English ADV dub), Lia Sargent (English Animaze dub)
 * A 15-year-old tour guide who Ken and Ryu hire upon their arrival in Hong Kong, who is seemingly 10 years younger than her game counterpart. She is the daughter of Dorai, the top inspector for the Hong Kong police who trains her in kung fu, both as self-defense and as part of her rearing. Like Ken, she comes from a wealthy and privileged background, although she is friendlier and more humble than him. She accompanies the pair throughout their journeys across Asia and Europe, but rarely engages in combat unless attacked or threatened. Ken becomes smitten with her to the point where he takes her on a shopping spree and buys her an expensive ring and clothes from various fashion houses. Despite this, it is never revealed if she reciprocates his feelings. She is not seen in her blue mini-qipao and white boots until the final season, where she is held captive at Bison's base. Changes to her outfit include the absence of her hair-bun covers as well as her pantyhose being replaced with kneepads. The only signature move that she uses from the game is her Yosokyaku.

 * McCoy de Leon as Fei Long
 * Voiced by: Kazuki Yao (Japan), Andrew Klimko (English ADV dub), Randy McPherson (English Animaze dub)
 * One of Dorai's best students, a 17-year-old up-and-coming martial arts movie star whose insistence on "making the fight real" results in damage and injuries. Ken volunteers to be his opponent in a fight scene while touring Hong Kong with Ryu and Chun-Li, but the destruction the fight causes forces the director to halt the filming. After learning of his master's supposed death, he becomes distraught with grief and seeks to avenge him. While visiting the hospital where Dorai is staying, the Chief of Interpol informs Fei Long of the charade. Fei Long identifies Balrog as the Shadowlaw operative who ordered the hit on Dorai, with the assistance of Cammy after a fight with her in Dorai's hospital quarters. The only move Fei Long uses from the game is his En Geki Shu, which was a basic attack in the game.

 * Brandon Vera as Sagat
 * Voiced by: Banjō Ginga (Japan), Andrew Klimko (English ADV dub), Peter Spellos (English Animaze dub)
 * The "King of Muay Thai". When he fought professionally, he was the champion of Thailand and was known as "Champ". After refusing to participate in a match for the Ashura syndicate, he is framed for selling drugs. One of the Ashura syndicate's men plants heroin in Ryu's luggage at the airport in Bangkok, leading to Ryu's imprisonment in the same facility as Sagat. While there, they gain each other's respect and learn more about Ashura. After Ashura's kingpin is arrested, Thai police discover evidence of Sagat's innocence and he is released from prison. Unlike his video game counterpart, Sagat does not work for Shadaloo, still has both eyes, and lacks a chest scar. Therefore, his rivalry with Ryu is more of a friendly one and not based on prior resentment. The only move Sagat uses from the game is his Tiger Knee.

 * Arthur Acuña as Dhalsim
 * Voiced by: Shōzō Iizuka (Japan), Mike Kleinhenz (English ADV dub), Steve Blum (English Animaze dub)
 * A monk who lives in a remote village in India. He is a practitioner of yoga who possesses psychic abilities and predicted the eventual arrival of Ryu and Ken prior to their births. Sagat had earlier instructed Ryu to seek Dhalsim for advice about the Ways of Hadou. Ryu and Ken are initially turned down, with Dhalsim describing them as "beasts", but he changes his mind after seeing them overcome the challenges within the village temple. However, he was unsuccessful in training Ryu to use the Hadouken, which is inadvertently triggered in his body during a lesson.

 * Ian Ignacio as Vega
 * Voiced by: Kaneto Shiozawa (Japan), Vic Mignogna (English ADV dub), Richard Cansino (English Animaze dub)
 * Full name Vega Fabio La Cerda, or Balrog Fabio La Cerda in the Japanese version; his video game counterpart does not have a full name. He is an aristocratic matador who resides in a large mansion in Barcelona, where he moonlights as a cage fighter for rich socialites. He is noted for his sadistic and ruthless personality, as he is shown drinking both his own blood and the blood of his opponents. He is also highly vain and lashes out at those who damage his face. When cage fighting, he wears a mask and wields a three-pronged clawed gauntlet. During a bullfight which Ken, Ryu, and Chun-Li attend, Vega develops an obsession for Chun-Li and plots to kill Ryu and Ken, whom he sees as rivals for her affections. Chun-Li is initially attracted to Vega, but becomes terrified of him because of his sadistic tendencies. He breaks into her hotel and uses a "love potion" drug on her; while under its influence, she watches Vega and Ken fight in a steel cage at Vega's mansion. Although Ken defeats Vega, he nearly dies from his injuries. Vega's fate is not shown, but after Guile and Nash go to investigate his mansion, it is abandoned, indicating that he is either hospitalized or fled. Unlike his in-game counterpart, Vega is not affiliated with Shadaloo or M. Bison, and the only signature move he uses is his Flying Barcelona Attack.

 * Sid Lucero as Balrog
 * Voiced by: Tomomichi Nishimura (Japan), Werner Richmond (English ADV dub), Joe Romersa (English Animaze dub)
 * An executive officer at Interpol working as an informant for Shadowlaw. After an Interpol conference in which Inspector Dorai is appointed to head the investigation into Shadowlaw, Balrog hires Cammy and orders her to assassinate him. He tells her that Interpol secretly ordered the hit and that Dorai is a double agent who replaces the drug cartels he shuts down with a new one, with himself as its leader. Suspicions are raised when it is suggested that only a senior Interpol officer would have known of his investigations into Shadowlaw. After it is revealed to Interpol Dorai is still alive, Balrog orders Cammy to finish the job. She visits Dorai in his hospital room, where she is attacked by an enraged Fei Long and eventually captured. Fei Long, with Cammy's help, discovers his secret after his cover story's inconsistencies are compared. Prior to his arrest, Cammy takes revenge against Balrog for giving her fraudulent reasons for the assassination. Unlike his in-game portrayal, Balrog is highly intelligent. Despite retaining his large build and intimidating stature, Balrog does not participate in any fights and only shows up in his boxing gear in the second version of the ending credits. He is known as M. Bison in the Japanese version.

 * Liezel Lopez as Cammy White
 * Voiced by: Yōko Sasaki (Japan), Carol Matthews and Shawn Taylor (English ADV dub), Debra Jean Rogers (English Animaze dub)
 * A former agent of MI6 who now makes a living as a mercenary assassin. Being a devout Catholic, she always prays for forgiveness before and after each hit. She takes pride in her work, and believes that when she is hired for a job, she must cause the death of her target, to the extent that she will protect them from harm until she is ready to strike. As well, as a matter of pride, she refuses to act on false pretexts for employment. Cammy's costume is altered from her appearances in other media, as she wears a black halter top, black leather pants, and a choker decorated with a crucifix concealing a retractable metal wire, which she uses to assassinate her victims. Her original costume, with a beret and pigtails, is briefly seen during her introduction in episode 17. Despite being British, Cammy speaks with an American accent. The signature moves that she uses from the game are Cannon Spike, Spiral Arrow, Flying Neck Hunt, and an aerial version of her Spiral Arrow called the Sniping Heel.

 * Andre Paras as Zangief
 * Voiced by: Yasuro Tanaka (Japan), (ADV dub John Swasey), Kevin Seymour (English Animaze dub)
 * A Russian bear wrestler who works as one of Shadaloo's strong men. He does not seem to have any particular desire or inclination to injure or kill anyone, although he will use his strength if his orders require him to do so. Unlike the games, he wears a loincloth-like shirt rather than a speedo. He also works for Shadaloo, despite being unaffiliated with them in the games. The only move he uses from the game is his Atomic Suplex.

 * Bong Revilla as M. Bison
 * Voiced by: Kenji Utsumi (Japan), Markham Anderson and Mike Kleinhenz (English ADV dub), Tom Wyner (English Animaze dub)
 * The enigmatic head of Shadaloo. In contrast to Ken and Ryu's Hadou, which is based in ki, Bison's powers are based on his rage and hatred, and are known as "Psycho Power". Using "Psycho Power" usually causes him to lose his ability to reason, as he nearly strangles Chun-Li to death, only to later regret his actions. He seeks world domination, and most of his activities are financed through underground operations, such as the Ashura syndicate. Bison has several bases throughout the world, and the final battle against him takes place in Barcelona. It is suggested that some of his actions may be the result of semi-telepathic influence originating from a silver idol shaped like an eagle's head. Unlike most characters, Bison's personality, appearance, and backstory do not deviate much from his in-game portrayals, though his uniform, which resembles the one he wore in Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, has a swapped color scheme. He is known as Vega in the Japanese version.

 * Zoren Legaspi as Inspector Dorai
 * Voiced by: Rokuro Naya (Japan), John Swasey (English ADV dub), Michael Forest (English Animaze dub)
 * Chun-Li's father, who was unnamed in the original games. He is the Vice Squad Captain for the Hong Kong Police Department and is routinely engaged in drug busts, sting operations, and various other police activities. His residence also functions as a temple and training ground, where he teaches his daughter and several other students, including Fei Long. Following the successful bust of a large cocaine-smuggling operation and the subsequent arrest of the Ashura kingpin behind it, he is called to Barcelona to attend an Interpol conference concerning the investigation of Shadowlaw. He is appointed to lead the investigation, but Cammy nearly kills him on Balrog's orders. The Chief of Interpol keeps his survival secret until the person who ordered the hit can be identified. Unlike his in-game counterpart, Dorai survives Shadaloo's attack.

 * Neil Ryan Sese as Charlie Nash
 * Voiced by Ryōichi Tanaka (Japan), Jay Hickman (English ADV dub), Dean Elliott (English Animaze dub)
 * Guile's best friend, who served alongside him in combat situations. Bison murders during the mission to rescue Ken, Ryu, and Chun-Li from Shadowlaw. Since the show was produced while Street Fighter Alpha: Warriors' Dreams was still under development, he bears no resemblance to his in-game counterpart. While Nash is known as "Charlie" in the English localization of the games, he retains his Japanese name for the English dub of the show. However, in episode 26, Guile calls him "Charlie" just before his death.

 * Jaime Fabregas as Zoltar
 * Voiced by Matsuo Matsuo (Japan), Milton James (English Animaze dub), Peter Errol (English ADV dub)
 * A loyal but spineless servant and chauffeur of M. Bison, who holds secondary command over Shadaloo. He appears to be one of M. Bison's top scientists, as he informs M. Bison of the details regarding the microchips used to control Ryu and Chun-Li. He usually remains at M. Bison's side, assists him in capturing evidence with a camera, and reports several major occurrences to him. Zoltar plays a similar role to Senoh from Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie, as they are both Bison's top scientists and are voiced by Milton James in the U.S. dub.

Music
Japanese
 * Opening Themes
 * 1) "Kaze Fuiteru" by Yuki Kuroda (eps 1–19)
 * 2) "Ima, ashita no tame ni" by Shuji Honda (eps 20–29)
 * Ending Themes
 * 1) "Cry" by Yuki Kuroda (eps 1–19)
 * 2) "Lonely Baby" by Shuji Honda (eps. 20–29)

The American and Australian release of the Manga/Animaze English dub uses untitled instrumental theme music by Mike Egan composed specifically for the dub. The ADV Films version kept the original Japanese intro and outro themes.

Development
The work on the anime was influenced by Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie.

Media
Two English adaptations of the series were produced. The first one was by the dubbing group Animaze and Manga Entertainment in 1996, and was released in Australia and North America as a series of VHS tapes in 1997–1998. Each tape included three episodes, and was released in both a dubbed version and a subtitled version (which was priced 5 US dollars more than the dubbed version). The US CLV Laserdisc was released between March and June 1998 on 10 discs. In 1997, ADV Films produced a second English dub exclusively for the UK market, also released on VHS. The Animaze/Manga dub had a DVD release on 29 April 2003 in a four disc set in North America and was then released on DVD in Australia.

In Japan, the anime was released via DVD box set on July 15, 2009.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Street Fighter II V


text:
User talk:Navins

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title: User talk:Navins


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User:Cryoboy/NForce3

The nForce 3 chipset was designed by NVIDIA for use with the AMD Athlon 64 processor. It is an MCP or Media and Communications Processor. It was intended for the creation and sharing of digital media.

Networking on the nForce3
Some nForce3 chipsets contain a Gigabit Ethernet connection and Media Access Control (MAC) technology. Other versions contain a 100/10BASE-T Ethernet connection.

title: User:Cryoboy/NForce3


text:
Talk:Europlug

rewirable europlugs?
I'm sure, I've seen suppliers selling rewirable europlugs, though I don't have a link handy right now. And you can definately buy flexes with europlugs at one end and bare wires the other. Plugwash 17:56, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * What designers and standards committees had originally in mind, and what the free market sells, are often two very different stories. I can buy USB A-A and B-B adapter cables in many shops, even though the USB standard explicitely forbids them, and there is really no sensible application for them. If the customer asks for it, someone will sell it, whether it technically makes sense or not. Markus Kuhn 10:22, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The Europlug is defined in EN 50075, it cannot, by definition, be rewirable, see clause 9.1. (Note, it is not necessarily a moulded plug - the two are not synonymous.) Deucharman (talk) 21:36, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Ive seen the plugs the OP refers to. Strictly speaking they are not "europlugs" as they don't conform with the standard. The ones I've seen are not even the correct shape (square rather than flared edges) so wouldn't even fit many sockets (particularly the recessed type). Just because they fit SOME europlug sockets doesn't make them "europlugs" Then again as there is apparently no defined standard for europlug sockets technically there is no such thing as a "europlug socket" either ! 2.123.240.251 (talk) 20:55, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Standard or not - Europlugs as a spare are available in most electric shops in at least Germany and Switzerland. Many years ago they were mostly for soldering while modern variants seem to use screw terminals. EN 50075 is quite explicit about the plug having t become unusable when trying to open or separate it from the cable.  A plug that can be attached once by whatever means but can not be separated again would be compliant. The language used in the German version is slightly more explicit on this.  While the English document used the term "non-wirable" the German version says "nicht-wiederanschließbar", "non-REwirable".  The French version is even clearer on this it says "non-démontable", non-removable.
 * Anyway, EN 50075 doesn't define the name Europlug or Eurostecker. I think it ok to use thie popular name less strictly than EN 50075. Or simply use Europlug and EN 50075 plug as synonyms with the added note that EN 50075 requires non-removability of the plug. Ralf.Baechle (talk) 16:17, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

Map showing usability of the Europlug
Dear FF-UK, I recently added a map from Commons showing the worldwide usability of the Europlug. Could you explain the reason this was removed from the article? Sauer202 (talk) 12:39, 5 April 2018 (UTC)
 * There is no source information given for this map. FF-UK (talk) 09:06, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Compatibility with Swiss sockets
The section on Swiss sockets claimed that the Europlug was designed to be used with all Swiss SN 441011 sockets.

I am aware that (uniquely) Swiss three phase sockets are designed to accept the corresponding sized single phase plug and that the Europlug's pin configuration allows it to fit both 10 amp and 16 amp single phase sockets, and hence the three phase versions as well.

However, I do not believe that the Europlug was specifically designed to fit any Swiss socket. After all, why would Europe design a plug to fit the sockets of a country who is not a member of the EU? The live and neutral pins of the Swiss 10 Amp single phase plug are spaced similarly to single phase sockets used throughout most of the European Union but they are, nevertheless, thinner. The earthing arrangements are unique to Switzerland.

Because the pins are the same size as the Europlug (4 mm) and because the pin spacing is close enough to the pin spacing of the Europlug (less than half a millimetre difference once straightened out), the Europlug comfortable fits the 4.5 mm socket holes. The extra half a millimetre means that the Europlug still has converging pins when inserted, but is splayed sufficiently to give a good contact.

The geometry of the 16 Amp socket similarly allows the Europlug to mate with enough splaying of the converging pins to give a good contact.

Owing to the Swiss design for single phase plugs being able to mate with three phase sockets, the article can correctly claim that the Europlug is compatible all four Swiss type sockets (which it unquestionably is). However, if anyone wishes to claim that the Europlug was designed as part of its design goal to mate with all four types, then that requires a reliable source in support.

I have heard it said that the widest part of the Europlug's hexagon shape was made the same as the widest part of the Swiss plug's heptagon. There is no evidence that this is the case and anyway they are not the same size, but they are close (the Europlug being smaller). The Europlug's elongated hexagon was dictated by the requirement to fit into the width of the slots of the German Schuko (type F) socket and the recess of the French type E while at the same time its elongated shape was dictated by not fouling the earth pin of the type E. It may be that the Swiss heptagon recess might have been designed with the Europlug in mind, but I can find no evidence to support such a hypothesis even though it is a perfectly reasonable design goal. -RFenergy (talk) 13:37, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Further research has suggested that the Europlug design preceded the introduction of the current recessed Swiss socket design by about ten years. If so this would mean the Europlug could not possibly have been designed to fit the Swiss socket. It would also suggest that the Swiss sockets may have been designed to accept the Europlug rather than the other way around. However, I have not been able to definitively find a supporting source for this hypothesis either. -RFenergy (talk) 13:28, 15 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Here some history for you: The EU is quite a young reality (When did they found it?!)! And of course, Switzerland was and is "always" part of Europe and therefore also a member of the IEC. The predecessor of the IEC, the ECC, was a European body including Switzerland, of course. Besides, IEC's HQ is in Geneva (www.iec.ch)!
 * Further, the |type 11 plug has been specified since 1952, the recessed type 13 socket since 1953. The Europlug, however, was not specified before 1963. So you can easily imagine that the requirements of all participating members took part for the specification of the CEE 7/16 Alternative II in 1963. As the Europlug article says "The dimensions of the Europlug were chosen for compatibility and safe use, such that with continental European domestic power sockets". This included with no doubt Switzerland's requirements. -- ZH8000 (talk) 16:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your response. I had managed to figure out much of what you supplied. The timing of the developments, would certainly suggest that the Europlug could have been designed to fit the Swiss sockets as the article claimed before I removed it. However: without a definitive source to support the assertion it remains original research. After all, it just might have been a lucky coincidence as it is with Italian sockets. The strict untoleranced dimensions of both the Swiss sockets and the Europlug certainly suggest that this is the case as it is only the tolerances that allow mating. But again: this is original research.

 * Incidentally: Switzerland although enclaved by the European Union is not a member. It's not even a member of the European Economic Area (EAA). -RFenergy (talk) 18:32, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Again ("The EU is quite a young reality ..." sic!), the history about (household) plugs and sockets has nothing to do with, neither, the EU, nor the EAA! Why are you repeating this? Fact is that Switzerland is a full and active member of IEC/CEE since 1911. All things relating standardisation of electric household devices are and have been decided by the members of ICE's TC23 and in particular by the members of SC23B–and the corresponding CENLEC committees. Whether Switzerland is a member of the EU/EAA does not matter at all in this context!! The decisions about the accepted standardisation is always a "compromise" by its active members and a result of several developing steps and member votes (70% of the voting members have to accept the proposals, i.e. the working documents).
 * That the shape of the Europlug (and of the IEC60906-1 standard, besides) is derived/inspired from the Swiss T11 plug and T13 socket is widely known among experts–especially of a certain age–since obvious (expecting requirements by the then Swiss member during its standardisation process). And yes, there are currently no publicly available documents available "proving" this, since we would have to dig into the deep history of ICE/CEE's document archives–if available at all–, | but they are only available to their members.

 * Nevertheless, we could mention this quite widely supported assumption as such and challenge it with a e.g. -template instead of deleting it completely–in the very sense of WP:BOLD. That's the way it is done in other wikis, such like the German one. Fact is that the Europlug is |officially compatible with SEV1011. You could also buy the |corresponding historic document from 1963 at IEC's shop to prove it. -- ZH8000 (talk) 14:08, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopaedia. We do not put inferences of this type into any article as all material must be sourced to reliable and verifiable sources. Per WP:BRD, the claim has been removed, therefore it is up to anyone restoring it to prove that is correct (See WP:BURDEN). An alternative is to start a discussion (which is this thread), and obtain a consensus to include it, though I wouldn't hold your breath waiting for it. That it is 'widely known among experts' is not an acceptable source. Experts are widely known to be wrong. The {cn} tag is a short term temporary measure giving others the opportunity to reference a disputed claim, but you have claimed above that there are no available documents proving the claim.

 * The IEC specification isn't actually the specification to which Swiss plugs and sockets must conform. That is a Swiss standard, SN 441011. The IEC 60906 was published in response to a madcap EU idea of adopting a single plug and socket system throughout the entire EU (officially 'harmonisation of AC plugs and sockets' after they had harmonised the voltage - which they actually had not). The committee that was given the job of implementation, in typical EU fashion, decided to settle on a plug and socket design and power distribution requirements before bothering with the more mundane issue of considering the feasibility of the project. As it happened, the committee decided that none of the existing systems in the EU met their requirements (which they didn't) and that the current Swiss plug and socket system did meet all their requirements.  This was an unusually wise decision for such a committee, given that the Swiss design is actually a very good plug and socket system. IEC 60906 was more or less a straight cut and paste of SN 441011, at least as far as the technical aspects are concerned (though, as ever, the translation to other EU languages vary wildly).

 * The project faltered once the feasibility was considered. Every socket and plug (except Europlugs) was going to have to be replaced and every building in most countries was going to have to be rewired for the new system. It was going to cost north of €1,000,000,000 (at the time of the exercise). Building owners were likely to resist fielding the cost themselves. It was going to create an estimated 1,000,000 tonnes of electrical waste (mostly plugs, sockets, cable and distribution units not including the recoverable metals - the recovery cost of which was not included in the up front cost price). Finally, it was going to take not far short of a century to fully execute the task, by which time the requirements for electrical plugs and distribution was likely to change (the current objective of many governments to phase out diesel and petrol cars is going to have a considerable impact on electrical generation and distribution that these governments have not considered).

 * Why did you include a (sic!) at the beginning of your post? You haven't quoted anything to identify that any error was in the quote. -RFenergy (talk) 17:17, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

 * First of all, the EU exists since November 1993, so please stop referring to it in a context before that date! Thanks.

 * Of course, an expert's meaning is a valid source, as soon it has been published. LOL. But, seriously, the respective issue has been published, I currently just have no access to it. Or you have to pay for it.
 * I have not the slightest intention to discuss the background of IEC 60906-1, except that it was not initiated by the EU (but again, see above). It is just an example. Besides: WP:NOTBLOG.

 * The issue here, however, is the history of the CEE 7/16 Alternative II, and its relation to T11 of SV1011, so before 1963, period. -- ZH8000 (talk) 16:25, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

A European organisation existed long before 1993. It's changed its name a few times and has expanded its remit since 1951 when it really came into being though not resembling the current organisation until 1953.

The predecessor organisations have been harmonising much in Europe since at least the 1960's. The harmonisation of plugs and sockets idea was hatched in 1985 with the IEC 60906 being commissioned the following year though no decision was taken at that time to adopt the design. It was not until 1991 that consideration was once again considered in earnest, but vested interests from constituent countries prevailed and by 1995 no progress had been made and the idea put on hold though it had been realised that it was going to be expensive. In 2012, the now European Union once again resurrected the idea and this time, after another three years, in 2015 the IEC 60906 plug and socket was finally adopted as the best candidate. In 2017, the feasibility study was eventually done as part of the EU's Regulatory Fitness and Performance (REFIT) programme. It quickly realised that the whole ridiculous idea was totally infeasible for the reasons that I gave above and the idea was finally abandoned after consuming 30 years of effort.

Expert's opinions are not valid unless published in reliable peer reviewed sources.

If you are not prepared to discuss the issue then fine. It just means that I will not be troubled with having to refute your obvious lack of knowledge on the subject or of how Wikipedia works. -RFenergy (talk) 17:36, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

are there power strips with europlugs?
Or is there a technical limitation preventing europlugs from being used to supply power strips?

does the europlug really not have a socket?
i highly doubt that, as there's europlug sockets on a power strip i have The motan (talk) 19:50, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Of course it doesn't, that's its whole purpose. It fits a number of pre-existing sockets, and it fits them overall better than a dedicated plug for one would fit the other sockets it's not intended for. To make "Europlug sockets" would be to add yet another format of socket into the mix, making things even worse.
 * So, of course, several makers have gone right ahead and done just that.
 * There's no standard for this socket. There's no 'CEE 7/16 Alternative II' socket. The regulatory status of such sockets is unclear. But of course, they're still going to be made, sold and used. Andy Dingley (talk) 23:08, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Europlug


text:
File talk:Life expectancy in some Southern African countries 1958 to 2003.png

This graph does not agree with data from the World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org). For example WB shows life expectancy for South Africa in 2003 was 52, vs ~47 in this graph. Should this graph not be replaced with data from the WB? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.181.122.128 (talk) 14:19, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

This graph showing average life expectancy in Africa is misleading because it does not have a base of zero. By zooming in on the curved part of the graph, it gives a visual impression of the lines swinging wildly. The shape of the lines is far more dramatic than it would be if the graph started at zero.

AIDS in Africa has had a positively horrifying effect, but this graph distorts the information.

This is from a textbook, "Visual Communication" by Paul Lester: "A serious problem with charts can be the misleading visual representation of data. Although omitting part of a scale to save space is acceptable (as indicated by the zigzag line at the bottom of many charts), constructing a chart from a y-axis point other than zero can dramatically change the visual message and is not acceptable. As printed in a newspaper and reproduced using the Excel program (center), the [changes in the price of oil from '98 to '99] appears dramatic with the zero point set at ten. But with the zero point set at zero, the infographic is more accurate and less visually alarming."

It's also explained pretty well here with figures 2 and 6. Mr. Billion 17:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As Impi pointed n Talk:AIDS in Africa, demanding a zero point for the axis representing life expectancy is non-sensical because life expectancy has never been zero for as long as mankind has been around. I'm removing the NPOV tag because of this. — mark ✎ 19:43, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't buy this argument. The zero point is required not because it's a possible value, but because it makes it easy to see what fraction of the total lifespan is being lost to AIDS.  Looking at the graph now, the impression is that half the average lifespan in South Africa is being lost, when the actual value is more like a third.  Still horrifying, but not misleadingly so.  Ideogram 17:01, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Whoops. I guess I got so caught up in thinking about this one thing that I completely neglected something else that should be perfectly obvious. Sorry about that. Mr. Billion 20:43, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

According to this graph, the life expectancy in Botswana has gone from about 60 to about 40 over roughly the past 20 years. During that same 20 years, the actual population has gone from 1.1 million to 1.9 million (approx.) Kind of a curious fact. 198.59.188.232 21:35, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Hold on a second, if its from a textbook, how it is free? --Rory096 18:19, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The quote, not the image, is from a textbook InvictaHOG 03:17, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Another reason to change the intersection point of a Y-Axis is to 'zoom in' the graph to get a better look at the details. If this graph were represented with a y-intersection point of 0, the subtle differences in the values would be lost, especially when viewed as a thumbnail (as it will be in the articles). While I appreciate the idea that 'the medium is the message', and that visual representations can be manipulated to create a false impression, I think that in this case, the intent was not to exaggerate, but to make the data as usable as possible when viewed as a thumbnail graph. I vote to remove the NPOV tag. Thoughts? Phidauex 22:06, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Life Expentancy in Botswana seen in the graph and another article in Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Botswana#Life_expectancy_at_birth in the source i just pointed out it shows a life expentancy of 60/61 years (2007 est.) Now whats wrong? I doubt the change during 4 years to come in the graph. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.48.172.23 (talk) 00:32, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

My problem: the filename
I feel that this image's filename is misleading and POV. Even though it produces a synopsis of the caption and the intended use of the graph, it doesn't actually describe usefully what's plotted on the graph: African life expectancy vs. time. A filename similar to "African life expectancy 1958 to 2003.gif" would be more accurate and so more useful and NPOV. --Jacj 15:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, now that you mention it. I would support a move if you'd like. After that, I think that the NPOV tag could be removed (I don't think that it is POV otherwise) InvictaHOG 17:09, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Moved to Image:Life expectancy in some Southern African countries 1958 to 2003.gif; POV tag removed. Also sourced now. — mark ✎ 10:55, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for moving it. It's better now. InvictaHOG 18:01, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Uganda
The Uganda map is probably misleading a bit. The reason that life expectancy starts dropping before the other countries is mostly due to Idi Amin - the Ugandan dictator of this period. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.178.3.163 (talk) 23:17, 7 December 2008 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Lota (vessel)

Merge?
I'm suggesting that Lotah be merged with this article as they seem to be talking about the same thing. - Technostalgia 18:12, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

There doesn't seem to be much controversy about this move...I'm sure someone would have discused it further if so. I think I'll merge the two in 24 hours. DoodoggyDoodoggy 01:18, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

The merge article should then be moved, and this turned into a da page. Lota is also the name of a Brisbane, Queensland suburb. Alex Law 08:12, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Redirect lotah, lotaa to lota

'Lota' is the dictionary spelling - 'Lotah' and 'Lotaa' should be redirected to 'Lota'. --Zybez13 07:11, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Bonojohn 17:03, 18 April 2006 (UTC) Was redirected by me

Please do not revert the external link from the page. It is an honest poll and not vandalism. you can contact me at http://halai.blogspot.com if you have questions. Sep 27th, 2006

Unnecessary and Inaccurate Description
Removed:

Cleaning is accomplished by holding the lota in the right hand and pouring water on the area to be cleansed, while the left hand is used to clean the area as the water comes down. The assignment of tasks to each hand is important, as the use of lotas is derived from Islamic traditions where the right hand is usually used to start most everyday tasks (such as eating or drinking) and thus should not make contact with the area to be cleaned. In most South Asian and Middle Eastern countries, the use of lotas is considered to provide a more thorough cleaning than simply using toilet paper.

I took the last sentence and added it once again in an appropriate place, simply because this is one of the most recognizable uses of the term for Muslims around the world. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 8.8.38.2 (talk) 16:38, 11 September 2008 (UTC) Sarega 02:34, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Deleted
Deleted "Transwikied to Wiktionary" tag to enable re-transwiki-in. Sarega 02:35, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Copper lota.JPG
Image:Copper lota.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 12:16, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Improving the article
Suggestions for improving the article are welcome. Have been thinking along these lines:

 * History: references to the first use of the object - lota and the first use of the word lota to describe the object; descriptions in text on the use of lota for rituals, if any.
 * Variety: Different types of lotas
 * Culture: Dramas, use as derogatory term, mention in Charles Eames' report and any other cultural references with lota

Links I've found so far:
 * Mint
 * Mumbai Mirror - drama

Source

 * Secrets of the Muslim bathroom The lota has torn apart relationships and embarrassed first-generation kids like me. So what is it? Let me explain salon.com, Jul 10, 2012. Nemissimo (talk) 20:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lota (vessel)


text: User:Trainweb Fan

title: User:Trainweb Fan


text:
Talk:Morningstar, Inc.

Citation Edit
[34] isn't found and there's no archive either: https://web.archive.org/web/20190915000000*/http://www.morningstar.com/content/marketing/global/company/message-from-ceo.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.158.247.178 (talk) 22:39, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

VfD
On April 11, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Morningstar, Inc. for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 17:59, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions for future expansion
Unfortunately, I don't really know enough about this to expand it, but I'd like to see a few things added.

1) How reliable the Morningstar ratings have been historically.

2) The Morningstar methodology on rating funds (provided that it is publicly known)

3) A more detailed explanation of the Morningstar stylebox.

--Joe056 15:31, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Response to Requests Above
2. The Morningstar Rating methodology can be found here: http://corporate.morningstar.com/US/documents/MethodologyDocuments/MethodologyPapers/MorningstarFundRating_Methodology.pdf

3. The Morningstar Style Box methodology can be found here: http://corporate.morningstar.com/US/documents/MethodologyDocuments/MethodologyPapers/MorningstarStyleBox_Methodology.pdf

62.190.147.3 12:16, 31 May 2007 (UTC)Krista, Morningstar

Morningstar investment philosophy
Anyone with easily accessible information on Morningstar's investment philosophy? I know Joe Mansueto is a huge fan of Warren Buffett, and Morningstar is notable for using DCF models to estimate the "intrinsic" values of companies as well as the idea of the moat. Exeunt (talk) 04:31, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Morningstar Rating
Could anybody add some information about Morningstar Fund rating? I see it everywhere, but am not knowledgeable enough to write about it myself. Cristiklein (talk) 12:27, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

Inconsistent tense
The article is written inconsistently in past and present tense. 2603:7080:A544:D941:54DF:E72F:2046:A020 (talk) 16:26, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morningstar, Inc.


text: Talk:Roastnear

title: Talk:Roastnear


text:
Talk:Albin Countergambit, Lasker Trap

Why Lasker trap?
Does anyone know why this trap was given Emanuel Lasker's name? According to the Oxford Companion to Chess the trap was first noted by Dubois in 1872. The Albin Counter Gambit was introduced by Cavallotti in 1881, but takes its name from Lasker–Albin, New York 1893. --Quale 19:13, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * funny thing, i looked up the 1893 lasker vs albin game, and strangely enough, the game does not feature the trap at all. perhaps it had been pointed out by lasker in a later analysis of the game, but the game itself is not the lasker trap.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.142.234.1 (talk) 17:53, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * There is a game in the Chessbase database that Lasker played (with black) in 1899 in Moscow against Blumenfeld, Boyarkow and Falk in consultation which went: 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 d4 4.e3 Bb4+ 5.Bd2 dxe3 6.Qa4+ Nc6 7.Bxb4 Qh4 8.Ne2 Qxf2+ 9.Kd1 Bg4 10.Nbc3 O-O-O+ 11.Bd6 cxd6 12.e6 fxe6 13.Kc1 Nf6 14.b4 d5 15.b5 Ne5 16.cxd5 Nxd5 17.Qc2 Nb4 18.Nd1+ Nxc2 19.Nxf2 Rd1 White resigns.

 * Lasker played several other games with the Albin, but this is the only one in the DB where White played 4.e3. I assume, therefore, that it is the reason the trap bears Lasker's name, but I don't know for sure. --Camembert 22:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that's interesting. I'll add that to the article. --Quale 02:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Tartakower (Die hypermoderne Schachpartie, p.386) writes: "This all (the variation) has already been given by Dr. Lasker in 1893." So it seems that Lasker annotated (but where?) his famous game against Albin (1893) when the Counter gambit was for the first time played on tournament level. --DaQuirin 13:52, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Variation
Why does the article claim that Black wins after 6.Qa4+? Black must play 6...Nc6 to get out of check and protect the bishop at b4. Now White can respond with 7.fxe3, effectively getting out of the trap. While the resulting position is by no means favorable for White, it is not obvious that it's a winning position for Black. Can someone elaborate?

 * I think that after 6.Qa4+? Nc6 7.fxe3 Qh4+ 8.g3 Qe4 will win White's king rook and his kingside will be indefensible. For example, 9.Bxb4 Qxh1 10.Ne2 Bh3. 66.188.128.107 07:19, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * @^ Why should White play 8. g3. Why shouldn't he simply move his King instead? I think someone with more Chess expertise needs to elaborate why White wins after 6. Qa4+. 117.97.126.71 (talk) 04:23, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Something like 6. Qa4+ Nc6 7. fxe3 Qh4+ 8. Kd1 Bg4+ 9. B or Ne2 0-0-0 perhaps. Black has a huge lead in development and White has doubled isolated pawns. I wouldn't claim Black has already won, but he is clearly much better. 213.249.135.36 (talk) 18:23, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Why not take the now defenseless bishop with 7. Bxb4?--2A00:1028:83D6:8E56:4161:3A38:8A:C6A3 (talk) 00:02, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Stockfish agrees that this is winning for Black, and after 7. Bxb4 gives variations leading to the win of either the Rh1 or the Bb4, with a large material advantage and continuing issues for White, who has no development and an unsafe king. Mkkuhner (talk) 16:22, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albin Countergambit, Lasker Trap


text:
Talk:Tantrum

A
A list of terms for Tantrumand any connotations for those terms might be useful (eg "hissy fit" - which does have specific associations).

Autism as intellectual disability?
In the tantrum article, the writers refer to autism as an intellectual disability. It is in fact a neurological condition and does not affect the intellect primarily. --Bronwyn Gannan 06:58, 11 April 2006 (UTC).
 * Someone seems to have reverted that edit. I just changed it from "intellectual disability" to "mental illness," since it's listed in the DSM. --grant 21:08, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

autism isent an itellectual disability or mental illnes it is the absence of social proggraming in the brain, it has some genetic factor to it and isent actually conected to low intellect, infact einstien had a rare form of autism called aspergers, autistics are more prone to tantrums due to pure confusion when faced with a social situation (its like a space alien trying to get you to use alien technology if your an autistic in a social situation) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.201.197.61 (talk) 10:11, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

I broadly agree and have removed specific mention of Autism. An Autistic meltdown is not the same thing as a tantrum in a non-Autistic but this gets into specialist stuff. It might look like that but there are fundamental differences. An effect caused by temper and an effect caused by involuntary overload possibly caused by third parties are not the same thing. Moreover there is a tacit blame which is plain wrong for Autism: implied they are just being bad when that is not the case. The literature is poor on all this, we still in the stone age. Putting this another way: someone without the social concept and without the usual concept of other people and without the same here and now cannot be classed with the majority. In my view the best move is keep silent, there is no need to name. Feel free to discuss this. Tchannon (talk) 02:40, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

 * These are common but ignorant attitudes toward autism; only Tchannon's comment is enlightening. Suffice it to say that some autistic people can have an intellectual disability, but most do not.  Is autism a mental illness?  The term "mental illness" does not appear in either the Autism article (which is a featured article) or in the Autism spectrum disorder article.  I don't think autism should be highlighted in the tantrum article any more than any other disorder should be, otherwise it's POV. Midtempo-abg (talk) 21:41, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Unsourced info
"Usually tantrums are seen in children of the ages of 3-6 but sometimes 7-9; this is a very clear case of emotional disinhibition caused by immature forebrain development." This needs a reliable source, such as a textbook or journal article. Otherswise it should be removed as original research. I have seen tantrums by those older and certainly younger than the specified age range, and manifestations of anger are likely to originate in parts of the brain other than the forebrain. Edison 16:19, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed, I have see my sister who is 12 perform spectacular tantrums.--86.157.2.58 15:22, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And all those above-18 spoiled whores on tv we all worship and give money to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.122.63.142 (talk) 20:15, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I boldly removed this original research. DavidSJ (talk) 16:55, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

In infants, it is important to differentiate between developmental etiologies of tantrums as fostered by environment versus temperamental etiologies of tantrums as determined by innate organic idiosyncrasies. - This sentence made me laugh... any chance it could be rewritten for the layman? 65.30.125.243 (talk) 00:30, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Major Edit
I've just chopped this article substantially, for what I hope are good reasons. The majority of this article made rather wide-ranging 'psychological' claims that have seemingly remained uncited since 2007. The language was also unnecessarily verbose and dense. FergusRossFerrier (talk) 18:29, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Etymology?
Possibly indian?--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 06:33, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Googling "tantrum etymology" doesn't throw up any ready answers. Are you suggesting it could be the singular of "tantra"? ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 00:35, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

narcissistic rage
narcissistic rage is closely related to temper tantrums. Needs to be covered. I'll just put in a See also link for now. --Penbat (talk) 09:21, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

Expand?
In looking at the Examples from media section, should this be expanded with things such as perhaps notes regarding: Veruca Salt? (and I'm sure there are a host of others available) — Ched : ?  14:43, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

My angry son joey
My son just gets upset all because he asked for things but he doesn’t ask them kindly he just throws an epic temper tantrum is there anything I can do for that 2600:6C4C:667F:83B1:7876:7774:A7F9:D1BB (talk) 02:15, 31 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello. I am sorry that you are having trouble with your son. But this page is for the purpose of discussing improvements to the article Tantrum. We cannot give any medical or legal advice. Good luck to you. Cullen328 (talk) 02:21, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

To redirect an Autistic Meltdown to Tantrum is Akin to redirecting Black lives Matter to Blue lives Matter
An Autistic Meltdown is neurological condition linking it to Tantrum is like linking a grand mal seizures to hysterical fainting Its abusive disabilty hatred beyond words!! 82.6.88.43 (talk) 15:19, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tantrum


text: Talk:Tenderfoot

title: Talk:Tenderfoot


text:
Ateji

In modern Japanese, ateji (当て字, 宛字 or あてじ) principally refers to kanji used to phonetically represent native or borrowed words with less regard to the underlying meaning of the characters. This is similar to man'yōgana in Old Japanese. Conversely, ateji also refers to kanji used semantically without regard to the readings.

For example, the word "sushi" is often written with its ateji "寿司". Though the two characters have the readings 'su' and 'shi' respectively, the character '寿' means "one's natural life span" and '司' means "to administer", neither of which has anything to do with the food. Ateji as a means of representing loanwords has been largely superseded in modern Japanese by the use of katakana (see also Transcription into Japanese), although many ateji coined in earlier eras still linger on.

Usage
Ateji today are used conventionally for certain words, such as '寿司' ('sushi'), though these words may be written in hiragana (especially for native words), or katakana (especially for borrowed words), with preference depending on the particular word, context, and choice of the writer. Ateji are particularly common on traditional store signs and menus. For example, "tempura" may be written as '天麩羅'. The Japanese loanword for "coffee" is generally written using the katakana 'コーヒー', but on coffee shop signs and menus it may be written with the Chinese word "珈琲", which is then pronounced irregularly to their normal Japanese reading (their kun'yomi). In particular, Ateji are frequently employed in manga and song lyrics by pairing kanji with furigana for creative effect and to add layers of meaning.

Many characters have gained meanings derived from ateji usage. For example, ateji were once widely utilized for foreign place names; such as in the ateji "ajia" (亜細亜) used to write "Asia". The original ateji word is now considered archaic, but the character '亜' has gained the meaning "Asia" in such compounds as "tōa" (東亜), even though '亜' originally meant "sub-par" (and continues to). From the ateji "Amerika" (亜米利加), the second character was taken, resulting in the semi-formal coinage "Beikoku" (米国), which literally translates to "rice country" but means "United States of America"; however, "アメリカ" remains in far more common use in modern Japanese. Major natural gas companies in Japan use the ateji "gasu" (瓦斯) in their company names, but use the katakana "ガス" in their trade names.

Phono-semantic matching
When using ateji to represent loanwords, the kanji are sometimes chosen for both their semantic and phonetic values, a form of phono-semantic matching. A stock example is '倶楽部' ("kurabu") for "club", where the characters can be interpreted loosely in sequence as "together", "fun" and "place". Another example is '合羽' ("kappa") for the Portuguese capa, a kind of raincoat. The characters can mean "wings coming together", as the pointed capa resembles a bird with wings folded together.

History
The ad hoc usage of Chinese characters for their phonetic values dates nearly to the introduction of Chinese characters to Japan. Two widespread uses of ateji came out of this. On one front, scholars and monks used kanji characters as translation aids between the lines of Chinese texts. On the other, poets simply used kanji phonetically to write in Japanese. Many different characters were used with the same sound values. This system of characters is called man'yōgana (万葉仮名), "alphabet of myriad leaves". The kana of modern Japanese, hiragana and katakana developed as organic simplifications of man'yōgana that were eventually codified.

Ateji are primarily used today for historical terms – in historical order, these are primarily Sanskrit terms dating from the introduction of Buddhism to Japan, Portuguese terms from the 16th and 17th centuries, and Dutch terms from the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Ateji found some use in the Meiji period and in the 20th century, but has largely been superseded by katakana.

Sanskrit
In Buddhist Japanese, Sanskrit terms used in some chants also derive from ateji but were not called such. These Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese (in a Literary Chinese style) in China long ago. The translation rule for mantras was not to translate the mantra, but instead to represent it phonetically with Chinese characters. For the sutras, they were translated into Chinese Literary Language (Wenyan). The terms prajñāpāramitā (hannya-haramitta (般若波羅蜜多)) and samyaksaṃ-bodhi (sanmyakusanbodai (三藐三菩提)), or "perfection of wisdom" and "fully enlightened", both appear in the Heart Sutra, but are written using ateji.

Related concepts
Kun-yomi (訓読み) ("Japanese-origin" readings) should not be confused with ateji. Whereas ateji are characters used to represent Japanese or borrowed words without regard to the meaning of those characters, kun'yomi are readings, typically words, of Japanese origin that have been officially applied to the borrowed Chinese characters, similar to Latin-Germanic origin synonyms in English.

When a native Japanese word is written as a compound by meaning only, and this spelling is established in the language, as in otona (大人), the word is the semantic variety of ateji, and is known specifically as jukujikun (熟字訓).

Intentional improvised use of irregular kanji spellings (as opposed to spelling mistakes) are known as gikun (義訓), and generally require furigana (notational reading characters) to be read properly. Many jukujikun may have started out as gikun. A loanword example is reading shukuteki (宿敵) as the English-derived word raibaru, or "rival".

While standardized ateji use okurigana, as in kawaii (可愛い) having the suffix 〜い in order to inflect as kawai-katta (可愛かった) for the past tense, gikun only intended for one-off usage need not have sufficient okurigana. For example, kara-i (辛い) ("spicy, salty") is an adjective requiring the suffix 〜い, but may also be spelt as, for example, ka-rai (花雷) (both legitimate on'yomi of the characters) on a poster, for example, where there is no intention of inflecting this spelling.

Single-character loan words
Most ateji are multi-character, but in rare cases they can be single-character, as in kan (缶) (simplification of '罐', for which kan is the Chinese-derived pronunciation), used for "can, metal tin" ('罐' originally meaning "metal pot, iron teakettle"). This is classified as ateji.

In some rare cases, an individual kanji has a loan word reading – that is, a character is given a new reading by borrowing a foreign word – though most often these words are written in katakana. The three most notable examples are pēji (頁, ページ), zero (零, ゼロ), and dāsu (打, ダース). Botan (釦/鈕, ボタン) (from the Portuguese botão, "button") and mētoru (米, メートル) are marginally understood or used in some settings, but most are obscure – see list of single character loan words for more.

These are classed as kun'yomi of a single character, because the character is being used for meaning only (without the Chinese pronunciation), rather than as ateji, which is the classification used when a loanword term is using existing sounds only (as in 天麩羅 "tempura"), or alternatively as a compound with meaning only (as in 煙草 – the sound タバコ tabako cannot be broken down into readings of individual characters). In principle these could be considered as 1-character meaning-only ateji, but because the reading corresponds to a single character, these are considered readings instead. Note that while kun'yomi are generally written as hiragana when writing out the word in kana instead of kanji (being native Japanese), these gairaigo kun'yomi are generally written as katakana (being foreign borrowings). See single character gairaigo for further discussion.

Note that numerically, most of these characters are for units, particularly SI units, in many cases using new characters (kokuji) coined during the Meiji period, such as kiromētoru (粁, キロメートル) from 米 "meter" + 千 "thousand"; this character is obscure and not in common use.

Some non-kanji symbols or Latin character abbreviations also have loanword readings, often quite long. A common example is '%' (the percent sign), which has the five kana reading パーセント (pāsento), while the word "centimeter" is generally written as "㎝" (with two half-width characters, so occupying one space) and has the seven kana reading センチメートル (senchimētoru). It can also be written as 糎, as with kilometer above, though this is very rare. Many borrowed measurement terms may be written as tiny abbreviations stuffed into a single character space called kankyō-izon-moji ("Platform-dependent Characters"): ㌢ (for centimeters; senchi), ㌔ (for kilo; kiro), amongst others.

In a few cases, the etymology of a word is unclear, and hence whether the term is a borrowing or not cannot be determined.

Kanbun
There are occasional spellings which derive from kanbun (Japanese form of literary Chinese), where the kanji form follows literary Chinese, but the pronunciation follows Japanese. An example of this is writing 不〜 (fu-, "no, not") before a kanji for a verb, corresponding to the verb inflection 〜ず (-zu) – for example, writing 不知 for 知らず shi-razu "not knowing". The word 不知 is read as shirazu (as if it were a native Japanese verb), though in this case 不知 is also a Sino-Japanese word (a noun), read as fuchi, meaning "ignorance". These are primarily found in older literature, but are occasionally used in variant spellings of everyday words, such as.

title: Ateji


text:
H. K. Edgerton

Harold Kenneth Edgerton (born February 18, 1948) is an American neoconfederate activist, known for his advocacy of Southern heritage and the Confederate flag. An African-American member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, Edgerton formerly served as president of the Asheville, North Carolina, chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and is currently on the board of the Southern Legal Resource Center.

Early life
Edgerton was born in North Carolina on February 18, 1948, the son of Roger Roland Edgerton (1917-1994), a Protestant minister.

Career
Edgerton worked for improving racial issues through the Asheville chapter of the NAACP, where he was elected as president. Before becoming a president of his local NAACP, he had been an activist in support of Confederate heritage and had attended rallies supporting display of the Confederate flag. He was suspended from the NAACP in 1998 for non-compliance with the organization's rules after his Asheville branch fell into debt. He has been accused by some groups of "Neo-confederate revisionism", after meeting with Kirk Lyons, a lawyer who has taken to defending the neo-Confederate cause.

By 2000, Edgerton was appointed the chairman of the board of directors of the Southern Legal Resource Center, headed by Kirk Lyons, who has defended Confederates in court. In a 2000 interview, Skip Alston, Executive Director of the North Carolina NAACP had questions about Edgerton's stand. Alston said that he had been considered "a true activist standing for what is right. I've often wondered what could cause him to do such things."

In 2009, Edgerton threatened a lawsuit regarding newly elected Asheville City Council Member Cecil Bothwell, on the basis that Bothwell's atheism rendered him ineligible to serve in North Carolina public office.

In events to publicize his positions, Edgerton has made solo walks: in 2002 from North Carolina to Texas to build awareness of Southern heritage; and in January 2009, when he walked from North Carolina to Washington, DC seeking "official U.S. government recognition of the Confederate battle flag as a symbol of Southern heritage" from the new administration. He is perceived by some as being heroic as an African-American member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, which features him at events.

He has had a number of failed political campaigns for Asheville mayor and councilman.

In popular culture
In May 2006, Edgerton advanced his theories about reparations on Penn and Teller's show Bullshit!.

title: H. K. Edgerton


text:
Talk:List of literary movements

VfD
On April 16, this article was nominated for deletion. The discussion can be found at Votes for deletion/Literary movements. The result was keep. — Xezbeth 18:02, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions for further expansion
As currently constituted, this list contains descriptions of each movement. These descriptions are tricky because so short and hence rather vague--I'm particularly uncomfortable with the current def. of modernism. Here is a list of future possible inclusions. If we're prepared to dump the descriptions and just have a list, I'll put a bunch in. If not, we'll have to do them one at a time.
 * Literary movements, culled (heavily) from Literature Online:

Aesthetic Movement American Romanticism Beat poets Black Arts Movement Black Mountain School Cavalier Poets Chicago Renaissance Cockney School Confederation Poets Confessional Poets Decadent Movement Feminist Writers First World War Poets Gonzo —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.26.235.14 (talk) 04:17, 14 July 2009 (UTC) Gothic Novel The Group Harlem Renaissance Imagism Lake Poets Lesbian/Gay Writing Lost Generation Metaphysical Poets The Movement Naturalism Neoclassicism Objectivism Postcolonialism Pre-Raphaelitism Primitivists Stream of Consciousness Surrealism Symbolism Transcendentalism Daunting, isn't it? We can start with the big ones. Chick Bowen 23:43, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It certainly is a daunting list, but I do think including short descriptions of each movement will make it a better entry. --~jared~ 19:37, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I added naturalism but I feel it's description and list of notable authors needs some work (Dreiser was the only naturalist I could think of). Feel free to work on it.--HistoricalPisces 17:44, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Benjamin Rosenbaum Cyberpunk, anyone? :-)

An extremely interesting list, needs to be handled with objectivity
This list mixes movements which created, defined and named themselvels with others we have created in order to insinuate that our own game of literary history has always been plaid.

One should bring the list into a chronological sequence and note who defined these movements. The "Augustans" make Swift and Pope form a "group" under very strange ideals. Both would have never done this. The metaphysical poets - no idea when this label appeared... --Olaf Simons 06:48, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with you about objectivity, and I've added a sort of disclaimer based on your comment to the top of the list. As for individual entries, the consensus has been that the annotations should be as short as possible (see the original deletion vote, linked above, as well as User talk:Chick Bowen and User talk:Dwbird2)—originally they were too much like mini-essays.  Yes, they should be in chronological order; I'll get to that at some point, but feel free to do it (just make sure the first instance of a linked term remains the one that's linked). Incidentally, the term "metaphysical poets" was originally used by Samuel Johnson, though he meant a somewhat different group; the modern definition is ascribed to T. S. Eliot. Chick Bowen 15:25, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Chronological order is a good point that I failed to think about. I did this entry rather quickly and only wrote about the limited number of literary movements I was familiar with.  Chick Bowen aptly said that writing the short descriptions was tricky, and I tried my best to be objective, noting who defined the movements is an idea I wholeheartedly support.  I'll try my best to help and continue editing the article, but I suspect that as it develops I'll have less too contribute.  After all, I'm only seventeen and still a high school student. --~jared~ 19:37, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Herr Professor Simon's point is well made. I do think, though, that we must resist the temptation to expand this list too much. Detail and provenance of specific terms are the bailiwick of the relevant main articles, not this list; this list is, it seems to me, a quick reference rather than a survey.Dave1898 21:21, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Could, perhaps, this list be chronologically ordered instead of alphabetically?

About Surrealism
When I first wrote the entry I debated as to whether or not I should add surrealism as a literary movement. When I couldn't think of any surrealist writers I decided against it. A look at the surrealism article provides a few good examples of surrealism. I don't see how a surrealistic novel could be put together though. You can have weird experiences or an odd phot and say, "wow, that's surreal", but the structures necessary to make a novel readable don't seem to mesh well with the almost-gibberish concept of surrealism. Just my two cents worth... --~jared~ 01:40, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * In literature, surrealism is primarily a poetic movement, but there are certainly examples of surrealist novels, mostly in French. In English, Virginia Woolf's Orlando is generally considered surrealist, as are some of the stories in Dylan Thomas's Adventures in the Skin Trade.  I'll add it to the list. Chick Bowen 03:55, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

As it happens, there is quite a bit of surrealist literature in Latin America during the 20th century. While surrealism mustn't be confused with magical realism, there are novels like Ernesto Sabato's On Heroes and Tombs or the Nobel winner Miguel Angel Asturias's Mr President that are distinctly surrealist in construction. Obviously it's hard for a linguistic artifact like a story or a novel to be surreal, because of the intrinsic linearity of language--that's why surrealism in literature tends to stick to poetry. But Spanish-language literature does indeed include surreal prose. I applaud Jared's caution in applying the term, though, because as he rightly points out the term "surreal" has become rather generic, now not always pointing to "surrealism" that Dali, Bunuel, or Magritte would recognize.Dave1898 21:13, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

English

 * These are movements either drawn from or influential for literature in the English language.

So this article lists only English language literary movements? Then it should be at: List of English language literary movements. — goethean ॐ 20:54, 31 May 2006 (UTC) he had amassive back side

 * Have added Indonesian and Russian. DayakSibiriak (talk) 03:28, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Anyone know enough to complete this?
This list is woefully incomplete. It leaves out so much literature like science fiction and immigrant lit that has shaped this century and the one before it. I am not knowledgeable enough on the subject to do the page justice, but if there is someone who can, it would be much obliged. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.93.190.114 (talk) 23:01, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Aestheticism developed into the Decadent Movement. The Aethetes should include Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, Rennell Rodd, Max Beerbohm, E.F. Benson, Aubrey Beardsley and James A. McNeill Whistler. It merged with the Decadents, Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, and Jean Genet. Aestheticism was heavily influenced by Plato and the Pre-Raphaelites, and it had close ties with the Symbolist Movement. hicks142

Globalize and reorganize
The most important literary movements aren't confined within national boundaries. There would be merit in creating lists of movements for the literature of a particular language (some of the more obscure and minor things might not belong in this main list), but since literary movement redirects here, we should start with a brief explanation of what a "literary movement" is. I deleted the cautionary sentence that the list deals primarily with English-language literature, because that isn't entirely true and that isn't the real problem. The real problem is that it isn't global.

Also, alphabetical order is just about the most useless way that such a list could be organized. The list should be chronological, so that movements can be seen to grow out of or react to what came before, or to mark a deliberate break. A chronological order would also show what was going on at the same time in different literatures, when the list is properly globalized. Cynwolfe (talk) 15:14, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Better, the unlimited list of global as well as nitable national movs with national subschools of the glibal. No so much them. DayakSibiriak (talk) 03:42, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Spiralism
Noticed Spiralism was the only movement in the list without an article page - currently working on it Springskies (talk) 06:12, 23 March 2019 (UTC)

Consistency
Many of the currents shown are avant-garde (a subtype of currents). The qualification is bad and some references are scarce to *make valid* some current *new* of antiquity. Victor Gibby (talk) 19:54, 9 August 2019 (UTC)

21st century literature
Literary movements are a way to divide literature into categories of similar philosophical, topical, or aesthetic features, as opposed to divisions by genre or period. Like other categorizations, literary movements provide language for comparing and discussing literary works. 2001:4455:14F:D900:89BE:820A:1FD0:6D08 (talk) 11:36, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Time
Would someone be so kind and add an extra column with all the dates. Great addition to the article if you ask me Tiedren1 (talk) 06:38, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of literary movements


text:
Talk:Placidus Timmons

VfD
On April 11, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Bro. Larry Timmons for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:03, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Placidus Timmons