text:
Talk:Steamin' with the Miles Davis Quintet

Untitled
The text inserted by an anonymous user at 69.138.134.15 was a cut-and-paste job from the [All Music Guide], which is copyrighted. --Andrew Norman 10:31, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Miles Davis steamin.png
Image:Miles Davis steamin.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:53, 2 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Architecture description language

Architecture description languages (ADLs) are used in several disciplines: system engineering, software engineering, and enterprise modelling and engineering.

The system engineering community uses an architecture description language as a language and/or a conceptual model to describe and represent system architectures.

The software engineering community uses an architecture description language as a computer language to create a description of a software architecture. In the case of a so-called technical architecture, the architecture must be communicated to software developers; a functional architecture is communicated to various stakeholders and users. Some ADLs that have been developed are: Acme (developed by CMU), AADL (standardized by the SAE), C2 (developed by UCI), SBC-ADL (developed by National Sun Yat-Sen University), Darwin (developed by Imperial College London), and Wright (developed by CMU).

Overview
The ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 document, Systems and software engineering—Architecture description, defines an architecture description language as "any form of expression for use in architecture descriptions" and specifies minimum requirements on ADLs.

The enterprise modelling and engineering community have also developed architecture description languages catered for at the enterprise level. Examples include ArchiMate (now a standard of The Open Group), DEMO, ABACUS (developed by the University of Technology, Sydney). These languages do not necessarily refer to software components, etc. Most of them, however, refer to an application architecture as the architecture that is communicated to the software engineers.

Most of the writing below refers primarily to the perspective from the software engineering community.

A standard notation (ADL) for representing architectures helps promote mutual communication, the embodiment of early design decisions, and the creation of a transferable abstraction of a system. Architectures in the past were largely represented by box-and-line drawing annotated with such things as the nature of the component, properties, semantics of connections, and overall system behavior. ADLs result from a linguistic approach to the formal representation of architectures, and as such they address its shortcomings. Also important, sophisticated ADLs allow for early analysis and feasibility testing of architectural design decisions.

History
ADLs have been classified into three broad categories: box-and-line informal drawings, formal architecture description language, and UML (Unified Modeling Language)-based notations.

Box-and-line have been for a long time the most predominant means for describing SAs. While providing useful documentation, the level of informality limited the usefulness of the architecture description. A more rigorous way for describing SAs was required. Quoting Allen and Garlan (1997), "while these [box-and-line] descriptions may provide useful documentation, the current level of informality limits their usefulness. Since it is generally imprecise what is meant by such architectural descriptions, it may be impossible to analyze an architecture for consistency or determine non-trivial properties of it. Moreover, there is no way to check that a system implementation is faithful to its architectural design." A similar conclusion is drawn in Perry and Wolf (1992), which reports that: "Aside from providing clear and precise documentation, the primary purpose of specifications is to provide automated analysis of the documents and to expose various kinds of problems that would otherwise go undetected."

Since then, a thread of research on formal languages for SA description has been carried out. Tens of formal ADLs have been proposed, each characterized by different conceptual architectural elements, different syntax or semantics, focusing on a specific operational domain, or only suitable for different analysis techniques. For example, domain-specific ADLs have been presented to deal with embedded and real-time systems (such as AADL, EAST-ADL, and EADL ), control-loop applications (DiaSpec ), product line architectures (Koala ), and dynamic systems (Π-ADL )). Analysis-specific ADLs have been proposed to deal with availability, reliability, security, resource consumption, data quality and real-time performance analysis (AADL, behavioral analysis (Fractal )), and trustworthiness analysis (TADL ).

However, these efforts have not seen the desired adoption by industrial practice. Some reasons for this lack of industry adoption have been analyzed by Woods and Hilliard, Pandey, Clements, and others: formal ADLs have been rarely integrated in the software life-cycle, they are seldom supported by mature tools, scarcely documented, focusing on very specific needs, and leaving no space for extensions enabling the addition of new features.

As a way to overcome some of those limitations, UML has been indicated as a possible successor of existing ADLs. Many proposals have been presented to use or extend the UML to more properly model software architectures.

A 2013 study found that practitioners were generally satisfied with the design capabilities of the ADLS they used, but had several major concerns with them: they lacked analysis features and the ability to define extra-functional properties; those used in practice mostly originated from industrial development rather than academic research; they needed more formality and better usability.

Characteristics
There is a large variety in ADLs developed by either academic or industrial groups. Many languages were not intended to be an ADL, but they turn out to be suitable for representing and analyzing an architecture. In principle ADLs differ from requirements languages, because ADLs are rooted in the solution space, whereas requirements describe problem spaces. They differ from programming languages, because ADLs do not bind architectural abstractions to specific point solutions. Modeling languages represent behaviors, where ADLs focus on representation of components. However, there are domain specific modeling languages (DSMLs) that focus on representation of components.

Minimal requirements

The language must: ADLs have in common:
 * Be suitable for communicating an architecture to all interested parties
 * Support the tasks of architecture creation, refinement and validation
 * Provide a basis for further implementation, so it must be able to add information to the ADL specification to enable the final system specification to be derived from the ADL
 * Provide the ability to represent most of the common architectural styles
 * Support analytical capabilities or provide quick generating prototype implementations
 * Graphical syntax with often a textual form and a formally defined syntax and semantics
 * Features for modeling distributed systems
 * Little support for capturing design information, except through general purpose annotation mechanisms
 * Ability to represent hierarchical levels of detail including the creation of substructures by instantiating templates

ADLs differ in their ability to:
 * Handle real-time constructs, such as deadlines and task priorities, at the architectural level
 * Support the specification of different architectural styles. Few handle object oriented class inheritance or dynamic architectures
 * Support the analysis of the architecture
 * Handle different instantiations of the same architecture, in relation to product line architectures

Positive elements of ADL

 * ADLs are a formal way of representing architecture
 * ADLs are intended to be both human and machine readable
 * ADLs support describing a system at a higher level than previously possible
 * ADLs permit analysis and assessment of architectures, for completeness, consistency, ambiguity, and performance
 * ADLs can support automatic generation of software systems

Negative elements of ADL

 * There is no universal agreement on what ADLs should represent, particularly as regards the behavior of the architecture
 * Representations currently in use are relatively difficult to parse and are not supported by commercial tools
 * Most ADLs tend to be very vertically optimized toward a particular kind of analysis

Common concepts of architecture
The ADL community generally agrees that Software Architecture is a set of components and the connections among them. But there are different kind of architectures like:

Object connection architecture

 * Configuration consists of the interfaces and connections of an object-oriented system
 * Interfaces specify the features that must be provided by modules conforming to an interface
 * Connections represented by interfaces together with call graph
 * Conformance usually enforced by the programming language
 * Decomposition — associating interfaces with unique modules
 * Interface conformance — static checking of syntactic rules
 * Communication integrity — visibility between modules

Interface connection architecture

 * Expands the role of interfaces and connections
 * Interfaces specify both "required" and "provided" features
 * Connections are defined between "required" features and "provided" features
 * Consists of interfaces, connections and constraints
 * Constraints restrict behavior of interfaces and connections in an architecture
 * Constraints in an architecture map to requirements for a system

Most ADLs implement an interface connection architecture.

Architecture vs. design
Architecture, in the context of software systems, is roughly divided into categories, primarily software architecture, network architecture, and systems architecture. Within each of these categories, there is a tangible but fuzzy distinction between architecture and design. To draw this distinction as universally and clearly as possible, it is best to consider design as a noun rather than as a verb, so that the comparison is between two nouns.

Design is the abstraction and specification of patterns and organs of functionality that have been or will be implemented. Architecture is a degree higher in both abstraction and granularity. Consequentially, architecture is also more topological in nature than design, in that it specifies where major components meet and how they relate to one another. Architecture focuses on the partitioning of major regions of functionality into high level components, where they will physically or virtually reside, what off-the-shelf components may be employed effectively, in general what interfaces each component will expose, what protocols will be employed between them, and what practices and high level patterns may best meet extensibility, maintainability, reliability, durability, scalability, and other non-functional objectives. Design is a detailing of these choices and a more concrete clarification of how functional requirements will be met through the delegation of pieces of that functionality to more granular components and how these smaller components will be organized within the larger ones.

Oftentimes, a portion of architecture is done during the conceptualization of an application, system, or network and may appear in the non-functional sections of requirement documentation. Canonically, design is not specified in requirements, but is rather driven by them.

The process of defining an architecture may involve heuristics, acquired by the architect or architectural team through experience within the domain. As with design, architecture often evolves through a series of iterations, and just as the wisdom of a high level design is often tested when low level design and implementation occurs, the wisdom of an architecture is tested during the specification of a high level design. In both cases, if the wisdom of the specification is called into question during detailing, another iteration of either architecture or design, as the case may be, may become necessary.

In summary, the primary differences between architecture and design are ones of granularity and abstraction, and (consequentially) chronology. (Architecture generally precedes design, although overlap and circular iteration is a common reality.)

Examples

 * ArchiMate
 * Architecture Analysis & Design Language
 * C4 model (software)
 * Darwin (ADL)
 * EAST-ADL
 * Wright (ADL)

Approaches to Architecture

 * Academic approach
 * focus on analytic evaluation of architectural models
 * individual models
 * rigorous modeling notations
 * powerful analysis techniques
 * depth over breadth
 * special-purpose solutions
 * Industrial approach
 * focus on wide range of development issues
 * families of models
 * practicality over rigor
 * architecture as the big picture in development
 * breadth over depth
 * general-purpose solutions

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Architecture description language


text:
Kothanalloor

Kothanalloor is a village located in Vaikom Taluk of Kottayam District of Kerala, India. It is situated on the Kottayam-Ernakulam (Cochin) highway, 17.5 kilometers from Kottayam and 49.1 kilometers from Ernakulam. The nearest railway station is at Kuruppanthara, which is 3.9 kilometers away.

History
Kothanalloor is mentioned in Unnineeli sandhesham (14th century AD) and annals of Synod of Diamper (AD 1599).

Demography
The latest census is ongoing in 2021.

Religion
Hinduism and Christianity are both practiced in Kothanalloor.But Christianity is the prominent religion in Kothanalloor village.The main places of worship are the Devi Temple (Vana Durga Devi), Mar Sapor and Mar Proth Forane Catholic Church and St.Mary's Knanaya Catholic Church. Kothanalloor is now widely known to foreign lands in the name of "Twins Meet" conducted on 18th of June every year by St.Gervasis and St.Prothasis Forane Church in connection with the feast of 'Kandesangal',the twin saints.Twins belonging to all religions in Kerala are participating in the Twins Meet

Mar Sabor and Mar Proth Forane Church, now known as St.Gervasis & Prothasis Church is one of the most ancient churches in India, established in 826AD.

Education
Emmanuel's Higher School Kothanalloor began as the 'Mudappa Vernacular (Secondary) School' in 1919 under the management of St.Gervasis and Prothasis Forane Church which is earlier called as Mar Sapor and Mar Proth Church. It has over 2500 students and employs more than 100 people.

title: Kothanalloor


text:
Talk:Relaxin' with the Miles Davis Quintet

Untitled
The text inserted by an anonymous user at 69.138.134.15 was a cut-and-paste job from the [All Music Guide], which is copyrighted. --Andrew Norman 10:31, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Composer/lyricist or Lyricist/composer?
Should songwriter credits be consistent throughout, either composer then lyricist or (more general practice) lyricist then composer? For this track listing it is first one way then the other. And how is it possible to list tracks and musicians on an album without violating copyright (for records less than 50 years old)? OK, the picture illustrating the cover will probably always be copyright, but not the track/performer listing, surely?

Sweetalkinguy 01:34, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Miles Davis relaxin.png
Image:Miles Davis relaxin.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:52, 2 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Workin' with the Miles Davis Quintet

Untitled
The text inserted by an anonymous user at 69.138.134.15 was a cut-and-paste job from the [All Music Guide], which is copyrighted. --Andrew Norman 10:31, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Miles Davis workin.png
Image:Miles Davis workin.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:55, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

What does 'heavily accented VERDICT on it' mean?
Perhaps it's because I'm not a native speaker, but I can't make sense of the sentence. 189.217.11.7 (talk) 15:26, 3 May 2022 (UTC)


text:
Vazhithala

Vazhithala is a village in Idukki district in the state of Kerala, India.

title: Vazhithala


text:
Jim Gold

James A. Gold (born January 12, 1947) is the singer-songwriter/guitarist of the 1970s soft rock band Gallery, best known for their 1972 song "Nice to Be with You", written by Gold. Several years later, the group's name was changed to Jim Gold & Gallery.

Gold grew up in Detroit, Michigan and started performing music with his friends around his hometown during his teenage years.

title: Jim Gold


text:
Flintshire County Council

Flintshire County Council is the unitary local authority for the county of Flintshire, one of the principal areas of Wales. It is based at County Hall in Mold.

Elections take place every five years. The last election was on 5 May 2022.

History
Flintshire County Council was first created in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, which established elected county councils to take over the administrative functions of the quarter sessions. That county council and the administrative county of Flintshire were abolished in 1974, when the area merged with neighbouring Denbighshire to become the new county of Clwyd. Flintshire was unusual in retaining exclaves right up until the 1974 reforms. The contiguous part of the county was split to become three of the six districts of Clwyd: Alyn and Deeside, Delyn, and Rhuddlan. The county's exclaves of Maelor Rural District and the parish of Marford and Hoseley both went to the Wrexham Maelor district.

Under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Clwyd County Council and the county's constituent districts were abolished, being replaced by principal areas, whose councils perform the functions which had previously been divided between the county and district councils. The two districts of Alyn and Deeside and Delyn were merged to become a new county of Flintshire, which came into effect on 1 April 1996. The Flintshire County Council created in 1996 therefore covers a smaller area than the pre-1974 county, omitting the Rhuddlan district, which went to the new Denbighshire county, and omitting the pre-1974 exclaves, which form part of Wrexham County Borough.

Political control
The council has been under no overall control since 2012. Following the 2022 election Labour formed a minority administration with informal support from the Liberal Democrats.

The first election to the new council was held in 1995, initially operating as a shadow authority before coming into its powers on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1996 has been held by the following parties:

Leadership
The leaders of the council since 1996 have been:

Composition
Following the 2022 election, the composition of the council was: As at July 2023, of the 30 independent councillors, 26 sit together as the "Independents Group", three form the "Eagle Group" and one is not aligned to any group. The next election is due in 2027.

Elections
Since 2012, elections have taken place every five years. The last election was 5 May 2022. Party with the most elected councillors in bold. Coalition agreements in notes column.

By the May 2017 elections the Labour Group held 34 seats on the council and held the same number after the election results came in, though they had gained seats in some wards (for example Llanfynydd) and lost in others (e.g. Bagillt East). Fourteen (13 Lab & 1 Ind) of the seventy seats were elected unopposed.

Following the elections in 2012 the council was governed by a coalition between Labour and a group of some of the Independents. Labour was the largest political group within the council with 34 members, followed by the Independent Alliance (14), Conservatives (6), Independents (6), the Liberal Democrats (5), and the New Independents (5).

Premises
The council is based at County Hall on Raikes Lane in Mold, which was built in 1967 for the original Flintshire County Council. Between 1974 and 1996 the building had been the headquarters of Clwyd County Council. When Flintshire was re-established as an administrative area in 1996 the new council inherited County Hall and the relatively new offices (built 1992) of Alyn and Deeside Borough Council at St David's Park in Ewloe in the community of Hawarden. The building at Ewloe was leased to Unilever for some years and was renamed Unity House. By 2018, County Hall was proving very costly to maintain, while Unilever's lease of Unity House had ended and the council had tried to sell it without success. The council therefore decided to move several departments to Unity House, which it renamed Ty Dewi Sant. The rear wings of County Hall were then demolished in 2020, retaining only the front part of the building which includes the council chamber and some office space. County Hall therefore continues to serve as the council's official headquarters and meeting place, but many of the council's staff are now based at Ty Dewi Sant. The council also has an area office at Chapel Street in Flint called County Offices (formerly Delyn House) which it inherited from Delyn Borough Council.

Electoral divisions
Since the 2022 elections, the county has been divided into 45 wards, returning 67 councillors.

Few communities in Flintshire are coterminous with electoral wards. The following table lists the wards as existed prior to 2022 along with the communities and associated geographical areas. Communities with a community council are indicated by *:

title: Flintshire County Council


text:
Steaming (film)

Steaming is a British drama film directed by Joseph Losey, released in 1985, the year after his death. The last film that Losey directed, it was adapted by Nell Dunn and Patricia Losey from Dunn's play of the same name. The film was screened out of competition at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival. The story is about the women who meet regularly in a Russian-style Steam bath and decide to fight its closure. The cast was headed by Vanessa Redgrave, Sarah Miles and Diana Dors. It was the last film appearance by Dors, who died in 1984.

The film has no overall plot and is a series of conversations between the women involved. The unifying issue is the announcement that the baths are to be closed to build a leisure centre.

Plot
Three female frequenters of a steam room decide to fight its closure.

Cast

 * Vanessa Redgrave as Nancy
 * Sarah Miles as Sarah
 * Diana Dors as Violet
 * Patti Love as Josie
 * Brenda Bruce as Mrs. Meadows
 * Felicity Dean as Dawn
 * Sally Sagoe as Celia
 * Anna Tzelniker as Mrs. Goldstein

title: Steaming (film)


text:
List of Delaware railroads

The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of Delaware.

Common freight carriers

 * Conrail Shared Assets Operations
 * CSX Transportation (CSXT)
 * Delmarva Central Railroad (DCR)
 * East Penn Railroad (ESPN)
 * Maryland and Delaware Railroad (MDDE)
 * Norfolk Southern Railway (NS)
 * Wilmington and Western Railroad (WWRC)
 * Lehigh Eastern RailRoad (LHEN)

Passenger carriers

 * Amtrak (AMTK)
 * SEPTA: Wilmington/Newark Line
 * Wilmington and Western Railroad (WWRC)
 * Delaware Valley RailRoad (DVRR)

title: List of Delaware railroads


text:
Chaosphere

Chaosphere is the third studio album by Swedish extreme metal band Meshuggah. It was released on 9 November 1998 by Nuclear Blast, and is the only studio album to feature bassist Gustaf Hielm. Chaosphere's sound shows the band toning down some of the thrash style of their previous releases in favor of the technical, polyrhythmic, groove-oriented sound they would continue to explore on subsequent albums. A video was made for "New Millennium Cyanide Christ".

The Japanese version of the album contains a bonus song, titled "Unanything", as track 9. This song was also included on the promotional card-sleeve CD as track 6. On both this and the standard album release, after "Elastic" there is a period of silence then an unlisted and unindexed track where four of the album's songs are played at once, with volume changes making each song somewhat dominant and recognisable in the mix at different times.

The "Reloaded" re-release features five of the six tracks from The True Human Design EP.

Meshuggah

 * Jens Kidman – vocals
 * Fredrik Thordendal – lead guitar, keyboards
 * Mårten Hagström – rhythm guitar
 * Gustaf Hielm – bass
 * Tomas Haake – drums, vocals (on "Sane" and "The Exquisite Machinery of Torture")

Production

 * Daniel Bergstrand – recording, mixdown
 * Fredrik Thordendal – recording, mixdown
 * Peter in de Betou – mastering (at Cutting Room, Stockholm, Sweden)
 * Tomas Haake – artwork, design
 * Meshuggah – art direction
 * John Norhager – band photo

title: Chaosphere


text: Talk:Pui Ching Middle Schools

title: Talk:Pui Ching Middle Schools


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abak Ahmed Hussain

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – Rich Farmbrough 18:19, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Abak Ahmed Hussain
No Google hits for 'Abak Hussain +Bhutergoli'. Unverifiable. Delete. Angela. 10:41, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 11:41, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Quale 05:06, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. Zzyzx11 | Talk 05:07, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Chaosphere

Fair use rationale for Image:Meshuggah-Chaosphere.jpg
Image:Meshuggah-Chaosphere.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:14, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Meshuggah-Chaosphere.jpg
Image:Meshuggah-Chaosphere.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 15:02, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Chaosphere RELOADED?
WHat about "Chaosphere RELOADED"? --130.243.148.186 (talk) 12:32, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * What about it? Add some sourced info if you think it's worth mentioning. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 01:56, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:54, 15 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Meshuggah chaosphere reissue.webp

title: Talk:Chaosphere


text:
Talk:South Star

Future South pole stars
Reference: http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/moonkmft/Articles/Precession.html

I don't consider the reference to be 100% reliable, but right now there's very little information on the Web about future south pole stars. Independent verification of this information is recommended. --  B.d.mills  (Talk) 10:41, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Do to precession, the pole traces a circular path along the celestial sphere, 23 and a half degrees in radius and centered on the ecliptic pole. Any bright star which falls on or close to this circular path will become pole star at some time.Roo60 22:43, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Star


text:
Talk:Law of total probability

Gibberish for anyone wanting to learn
The only people who could possibly get anything out of this, already know.

mistake?
"because \Pr(A\mid B_n)\, is finite." Shouldn't that be 0/0, infinite, or undefined? 128.163.8.202 (talk) 10:40, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

Statement
I like the statement of the definition of total probability. It is readable and specialist terms are well referenced which enable the lay reader to gain some understanding of what is meant. Is there a good example of this proposition working in practice? Blueawr (talk) 19:04, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Notations
I read somewhere that $$P(A|B):=\frac{P(A\cap B)}{P(B)}$$ in which case the two "different" notions of total probability would be aequivalent, since obvisously

$$P(A\cap B_n)=P(A\mid B_n)P(B_n)$$ for $$n=1,2,3,\ldots$$

Note however that i have very little knowledge of the whole domain, so maybe i just missed the point...

--lu 10:42, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is good. The article really should related to this. Jackzhp (talk) 15:55, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

conditional probability
The conditional probablity of A given B is only defined if the probability of B is non-zero. This is really unsatisfactory in this context, since you end up having to partition the space, avoiding zero-measure sets.

There must be a way around this tecnicallity. Or is it necessary? --67.103.110.175 02:55, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

OK, self, the statement should run more like, given Bi, mutually exclusive, whose probabilities sum to one ... Mathworld So you can ignore that part of the space with zero probability, or include it, according to the situation. All that is important is that the part of the space with positive probability be covered. --67.103.110.175 02:55, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It is absolutely necessary to be able to condition on continuous random variables. That entails conditioning on events of probability zero and getting nonzero conditional probabilities. Michael Hardy 21:52, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for reverting and keeping the page accurate. However, in this case, it is a vanity and disservice not to mention that P(A|B) will not be defined for P(B)=0, in the discrete case. As for the continuous case, these are going to be a countable collection of events covering the space, so zero probability events remain insubstantial. Ozga 00:02, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

They are not at all insubstantial in the continuous case. When one finds E(Pr(A | X)). where X is a continuous random variable, the event on which one conditions always has probability 0. Michael Hardy 01:04, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * As in E(Pr(A | X))=Pr(A), as one reintegrates up the slices of A? --Ozga 17:28, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

I find this sentence confusing: "In the discrete case, the statements above are equivalent to the following statement, which also holds in the continuous case and is not the same as the law of alternatives." I think it should be reworded. Also, it is rather tricky to define the conditional probability of an event given the value of a continuous random variable. I think it is more or less
 * $$\mathrm{Pr}(A|X=x) = \lim_{\epsilon\rightarrow 0} \frac{\mathrm{Pr}(A\cap \{x-\epsilon < X < x+\epsilon\})}{\mathrm{Pr}(\{x-\epsilon < X < x+\epsilon\})},$$

provided that the density function of X is continuous at x, but take that with a grain of salt. --130.94.162.64 23:48, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed, it can be considered "tricky", since probably most people who grasp the idea intuitively do not know the Radon-Nikodym theorem, on which one of the usual definitions relies. But nonetheless perfectly doable. Michael Hardy 00:56, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I still find that sentence confusing. From reading the entire article, I get the impression that the "law of total probability" has a perfectly unambiguous meaning that can be applied in a consistent way to both the discrete and continuous cases.  The disclaimer that "nomenclature is not wholly standard" seems both a little unnecessary and rather foreboding to me.  Perhaps instead, one could mention (in the beginning of that section) that in the discrete case it is also called the "law of alternatives".  Also, the article should have references. --130.94.162.64 18:46, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that's exactly what we should do. MisterSheik 22:34, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

conditional probability no2
The text states: "The law of total probability can also be stated for conditional probabilities. Taking the $$B_n$$ as above, and assuming $$X$$ is not mutually exclusive with $$A$$ or any of the $$B_n$$". Note that is assumes that $$X$$ is not mutually exclusive with any of the $$B_n$$. Doesn't this imply that $$X$$ is the sample space if each $$B_i$$ has a single event? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.58.253.57 (talk) 08:06, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Definition
From my user talk page 83.67.217.254 14:39, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Your edit was horribly wrong. We DO NOT want to condition on the event's actually occurring; we DO want to allow general random variables and not just indicator variables of events; and the fact that we sometimes condition on events of probability 0 and therefore need to talk about densiety functions in order to apply the result to those cases in no way means the identity is wrong. Michael Hardy 14:27, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Hey, thanks for the flowers Michael! :-) You were referring to this edit, which you reverted with a charming and welcoming comment. I'll be back later. 83.67.217.254 14:39, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * In the meantime you may want to reflect on the fact that the definition of conditional probability does not involve random variables, but events. In other words, in the definition of P(A|B), both A and B are events, not random variables. 83.67.217.254 14:44, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You are writing nonsense. The definition there is the definition of conditional probability given an event.  There is also such a thing as conditional probability given a random variable.  That is the concept needed here.  I have a Ph.D. in statistics and I know this material. Michael Hardy 17:02, 28 September 2007 (UTC)]

 * And I repeat: the edit I reverted was horribly horribly wrong. Michael Hardy 17:04, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree the definition is inconsistent —Preceding unsigned comment added by 221.47.185.2 (talk) 01:54, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

OK, I've got a minute or two and I will elaborate (barely): Michael Hardy 18:01, 28 September 2007 (UTC) PS: The word definition that you've chosen as a heading is wrong. Concepts have definitions; propositions have statements. This is a proposition, not a concept. If you don't even know such elementary things, you shouldn't be acting that way you are. Michael Hardy 18:02, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The conditional probability of an event given another event is just a number, not a random variable, so there would be no sense in evaluating its expected value, as this law does.
 * To say that this is true of any event is clearly nonsense because almost any specific concrete example you pick would be a counterexample proving that the proposed law is in fact false. And I would claim that that is trivial and obvious.
 * This law is found in many many many textbooks. Look it up.  Don't insist on making a complete crackpot of yourself.

 * I have now added a new section to conditional probability that I hope will clear up the confusion on this point. Michael Hardy 19:47, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

I find it very interesting that your new definition almost exactly replicates my original edit. While I'm glad you are starting to understand, conditional probability given a continuous random variable is still not covered (unsurprisingly) by this novel definition of yours. Therefore, as I was suggesting in my edit comment, the definition of the law of total probability for continuous variables is still ill-defined. Horribly horribly yours, 83.67.217.254 13:01, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It comes nowhere near replicating your edit, since you wrote of the conditional probability given an event, not about the conditional probability given a random variable, and your statement was clearly erroneous: you didn't need to understand what the law of total probability says in order to see that the statement as you wrote it was wrong, since virtually any example you picked would be a counterexample. I have not given any new definition in this article.  I added a new section to a different article.  There is nothing "novel" in the definition I gave.  It is standard.  I did not give the case of continuous random variables.  The case I did give should make the idea clear.
 * Do not speak of "the definition of the law". One defines concepts; one states propositions.  This law is a proposition, not a concept.
 * It is becoming apparent that you are here only to have fun arguing and you're dishonest. Michael Hardy 20:47, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It is becoming apparent that you are here only to have fun arguing and you're dishonest. Michael Hardy 20:47, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It is becoming apparent that you are here only to have fun arguing and you're dishonest. Michael Hardy 20:47, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Other editors can judge for themselves whether or not your definition of conditional probability given a (discrete) random variable is equivalent to my edit on this article. You are entitled to your opinion and I am no longer interested in this aspect.
 * Since this definition of probability given a random variable is standard, you should have no problems referencing it (with page numbers if possible) and extending it (with references) to continuous variables. Until then, the current definition of the law of probability will not cover continuous variables.
 * By the way, as a minor point, I inform you that, despite your insistence to the contrary, I will keep writing about the "definition of the law", as opposed to, I suppose, the "statement of the law", since I find no ambiguity and you seem to understand what I mean perfectly well.
 * As for your accusation of "fun arguing"; I don't know what your concept of "fun" is, but I can assure you that your groundless and repeated personal attacks are not. In particular, I'd be interested to know when exactly I have been dishonest.
 * Also, in my user page you accuse me of "cowardice" for editing Wikipedia "anonymously". Firstly, I am not editing any more anonymously than you are. Wikipedia does not require the user names to correspond to real names, and provides no way to anybody to verify whether that is the case. If by "anonymous" you mean "unregistered", I'll have you know that I have been a happy unregistered user for quite some time, that Wikipedia welcomes unregistered users (and so should its editors) and that edits by unregistered users should not be discriminated against. This means by the way that you are not assuming good faith. Anyway, if you think I am a "coward" for not registering under my real name, I beg to differ and put to you that I find it foolish for anybody to register under their real name and run the risk (for some users apparently higher than for others) to have a permanent public record of being incompetent and behaving like a dick.
 * Finally, can I ask you to kindly rein in your use of bold and italics? It makes you look hysterical and desperate, and it's not conductive to a civil discussion. Thanks. 83.67.217.254 12:32, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Definition of the law? The definition of a law, proposition or theorem makes as much sense as the definition of a sentence.  Would you say, "The first sentence of the Gettysburg Address has 40 words, one main clause, one adverbial phrase, two adjectival phrases, . . ."?  No, you would say, "The first sentence of the Gettysburg Address is, 'Four score and seven years ago . . .'"  What you are calling the definition of the law is the law.  What you see is what you get.  Robert O'Rourke (talk) 04:37, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

It's starting to become apparent that you are a retired lawyer with a lot of time on his hands. Now you're trying to make it appear that I said it's cowardly to edit Wikipedia anonymously. You know that I said I have nothing against anonymous editing and that I sometimes edit anonymously myself. I never said you're a coward simply for editing anonymously. I said that your behavior is that of a coward and that in your case it is out of cowardice that you edit anonymously. Michael Hardy 16:19, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Can you prove this accusation? Or are you just failing to assume good faith? Actually, don't answer that, please let's stick to the more important issue at hand. 83.67.217.254 16:28, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

I think I can prove that in some of your comments you acted as if the accusation is true. Michael Hardy 23:34, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * So you can't prove your accusation(s). 83.67.217.254 00:26, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

As I said, it's becoming apparent that you're a retired lawyer with time on his hands. Michael Hardy 02:40, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Michael Hardy. The edit was clearly wrong and the reversion was necessary.  You can't change the definition of a term in a proposition and expect it to remain true.  In this case it is untrue.  If N is an event, Pr(A|N) is a number.  The expectation of a number is the number, so E[Pr(A|N)]=Pr(A|N).  The law now states that Pr(A|N)=Pr(A), which isn't always true. Robert O'Rourke (talk) 22:27, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Another problem with the edit is its recommendation for bringing in the conditional density function.  An authority in probability theory recommends an alternative approach:  "We have now defined a conditional expectation E(Y|X) in terms of a conditional distribution, and this is quite satisfactory as long as one deals only with one fixed pair of random variables X, Y.  However, when one deals with whole families of random variables the non-uniqueness of the individual conditional probabilities leads to serious difficulties, and it is therefore fortunate that it is in practice possible to dispense with this unwieldy theory.  Indeed, it turns out that a surprisingly simple and flexible theory of conditional expectation can be developed without any reference to conditional distributions."  .  He goes on to define condtional expectation given a sigma-algebra and conditional expectation given one or more random variables as the conditional expectation given the sigma algebra they generate.  With condtional expectation defined, condtional probability can be defined as the conditional expectation of an indicator function.  Robert O'Rourke (talk) 03:29, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

Law of total probability, conditional probability and conditional expectation
As per discussion above, the description currently given does not cover continuous random variables. I am no expert in this subject, but I suspect that the definition of the law currently suggested by this article cannot be extended to continuous variables without introducing the concepts of Borel sets, sigma field generated by a variable and the conditional expectation (as opposed to conditional probability) of a variable given that sigma field (see e.g. Mikosch 1998, sections 1.4.2--1.4.3).

I also suspect that the unreferenced definition of conditional probability given a random variable is original research. I believe that the "law of alternatives" reported in a separate section of the article is a better description covering discrete random variables. Incidentally, I think that contrary to what the article currently states, the partition defined by a discrete random variable is indeed a special case of a generic partition of the probability space.

Thanks for any insights. 83.67.217.254 23:09, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It is not original research; it is found in many textbooks. I'll dig one out and cite it.  For the most general definition, some measure-theoretic stuff is needed.  Maybe I'll add them when I'm feeling more ambitious.  But I think the very simplest example, which is the only one I gave, fully conveys what the concept is supposed to accomplish. 23:33, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, you do need to introduce Borel sets and sigma-algebras. To paraphrase Harry Truman, if you can't stand the integral, get away from the law of total probability.

 * It is a problem that Conditional expectation only goes as far as defining the conditional probability given a Borel sigma-algebra. Here  is a definition of conditional probabability given a random variable as the condtional probability given the Borel sigma-algebra generated by the random variable.  With this definition, the proof is simple. Robert O'Rourke (talk) 22:52, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Please do not be overly ambitious if this is not your area of expertise. Hopefully this request will attract an expert third opinion. 83.67.217.254 00:21, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

The discrete version doesn't require sigma-algebras; the most general versions do. Michael Hardy (talk) 23:24, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:03, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Pr(A) vs. P(A)?
Why does this article use "Pr(A)" rather than "P(A)" as most articles (and references) do? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.46.205.49 (talk) 14:14, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

"Law" or "Theorem"
I suppose there is a tradition in mathematics teaching that a proposition is called a "law" if establishing it as a theorem or a definition is less important that drilling into students heads. However, since this is a topic in mathematics, it would be appropriate to have a section that indicates a proof of this theorem. It seems to me that any coherent discussion of mathematical probability should mention probability spaces and probability measures, although it need not do so in the introduction.

The content of mathematical articles in Wikipedia is schizophrenic. Some are detailed and formal. Some, like the current article are informal; they treat the topic in a Platonic sense, as if the subject is a physically real phenomena and the mathematics is merely an observer's description instead of a definition. To a non-specialist the Platonic view is more useful than the formal view. However, mathematical articles should acknowledge the basic organization of mathematics - definitions, assumptions, theorems, even if they choose not to present a lot of formal detail.

I see no reason for the current article to describe the "law" of total probability with the more general term "proposition" if the specific term "theorem" is appropriate.

Tashiro~enwiki (talk) 08:42, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

the alternative 'these terms are simply omitted from the summation'
ok so events of zero probability can partition like for a continuous random variable Y, the events (Y=k), for k in the range of Y actually partition Y's probability space's sample space

but how would you use the 'alternative' to compute P(A), for some A (an event i.e. an element of Y's probability space's sigma-algebra)? Thewriter006 (talk) 22:54, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

the law of total probability for conditional probabilities doesn't need to assume independence
In the original article the derivation assumes independence, but you don't need to assume any independence to arrive at the original equation. Having the independence comment makes it seems like the derivation is only valid with the assumption.

$$ \begin{aligned} P(A|C) & = \sum_{n}P(A|C \cap B_n)P(B_n) \\ & = \sum_{n} \frac{P(A \cap C \cap B_n)P(B_n \cap C)}{P(C \cap B_n)P(C|B_n)} \\ & = \sum_{n} \frac{P(A \cap C \cap B_n)\cancel{P(B_n \cap C)}}{\cancel{P(C \cap B_n)}P(C|B_n)} \\ & = \sum_{n} \frac{P(A \cap C \cap B_n)}{P(C|B_n)} \\ & = \sum_{n} \frac{P(B_n)P(C|B_n)P(A|C \cap B_n)}{P(C|B_n)} \\ & = \sum_{n} \frac{P(B_n)\cancel{P(C|B_n)}P(A|C \cap B_n)}{\cancel{P(C|B_n)}} \\ & = \sum_{n} P(B_n)P(A|C \cap B_n) \end{aligned} $$ 71.178.191.95 (talk) 00:24, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Law of total probability


text: User talk:203.167.171.95

title: User talk:203.167.171.95


text:
2000 Naka-Meguro derailment

The Naka-Meguro train disaster occurred in Japan on 8 March 2000. Five people were killed and 63 were injured when a derailed TRTA Hibiya Line train was sideswiped by a second train near Naka-Meguro Station.

Accident
At around 9 a.m. on 8 March 2000, the rearmost car of an eight-car TRTA Hibiya Line (now Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line) train from Kita-Senju to Kikuna derailed on the tight curve immediately before Naka-Meguro Station. The derailed car was then hit by the fifth and sixth cars of an eight-car Tobu Railway train travelling in the opposite direction from Naka-Meguro to Takenotsuka.

Factors
It is generally the case that if the distance between tracks is less than the width of the carriages this only allows about 600 mm clearance, so that if a train derails on the same side as the other track, it will almost certainly obstruct the other track, making a collision inevitable. Track circuits detect the presence of a train via electric current passed through the rails, which is shorted by a train car's axle or a physical break in the rails. If a derailment on an adjacent track, that doesn't cause a physical break in the other track, won't cause the track circuit to 'short' resulting in a stop signal. In this situation, a train crew member must either warn railway signal staff of the derailment, stop other trains using a handheld signal, such as a red flag, or manually short the track circuit using a specialized equipment, such as a track circuit operating clip.

Similar accidents

 * 1995 Ais Gill rail accident - A 1995 UK railway accident, where a landslide derailed one train across both tracks of a double track route, which was then struck a train on the other track, heading the opposite direction.
 * Big Bayou Canot rail accident - 1993 USA railway accident, where a train derailed at a bridge struck by a ship. The rails were forced out of alignment, but did not separate, which resulted in the track circuit not indicate a track fault.

title: 2000 Naka-Meguro derailment


text:
Chinatown, Oakland, California

The Chinatown neighborhood in Oakland, California, is traditionally Chinese which reflects Oakland's diverse Chinese American, and more broadly Asian American community. It is frequently referred to as "Oakland Chinatown" in order to distinguish it from nearby San Francisco's Chinatown. It lies at an elevation of 39 feet (12 m).

Chinese were the first Asians to arrive in Oakland in the 1850s, followed by Japanese in the 1890s, Koreans in the 1900s, and Filipinos in the 1930s and 1940s. Southeast Asians began arriving in the 1970s during the Vietnam War. Many Asian languages and dialects can be heard in Chinatown due to its diverse population.

Chinatown is located in downtown Oakland, with its center at 8th Street and Webster Street. Its northern edge is 12th Street, and its southern edge is Interstate 880 (located approximately at 6th Street). It stretches from Broadway on the west to the southern tip of Lake Merritt in the east. Due to a combination of factors, some more broad-based related to difficult circumstances for Oakland itself, while other factors are more specific to this neighborhood, Oakland's Chinatown faces a struggle for survival.

Geography
Chinatown is located in Downtown Oakland, bounded by Broadway to the west, Interstate 880 to the south, Fallon Street and Laney College to the east, and 12th Street to the north, although the City of Oakland considers the northern edge to be 14th Street. The historic commercial core of the neighborhood lies along Webster (between 7th and 9th) and 8th (between Franklin and Harrison).

Many Chinatowns in America have added a formal entry gate (Paifang) since 1970, marking the entrance to the district, but Oakland has not; aside from the architecture, bilingual street signs are distinctive features of the neighborhood. The northern portals of the Posey and Webster Street Tubes, which carry traffic underneath the estuary between Oakland and Alameda, are on the edge of Chinatown. Unlike

The neighborhood can be roughly divided into two distinct areas: Though most commercial activity is south of 10th Street, there are nonetheless many retail shops, stores, and restaurants north of 10th Street and in other parts of Downtown Oakland which are owned by Chinese and Korean merchants. In particular at the edge of Chinatown, 14th street between Webster and Harrison is a block which features numerous Korean restaurants and businesses, especially on the north side of the block.
 * 1) The western half, between Broadway and Harrison Street, is the commercial area, with busy streets lined with markets, restaurants, banks, and other businesses.
 * 2) The eastern half, east of Harrison Street, is more residential in character with more apartments and condominiums, less crowded sidewalks, and a mix of retail stores that are more service and product oriented, with fewer groceries and restaurants.

Recent immigrants have also moved south into "New Oakland Chinatown" in the San Antonio neighborhood along International Boulevard (formerly East 14th Street) and Eastlake business district on East 18th Street. Owing to a combination of multifactorial issues, some more generally tied to socioeconomic difficulties afflicting Oakland itself, while other factors are more specific to this neighborhood, Oakland's Chinatown faces a struggle for survival and is shrinking.

Notable landmarks

 * Bill Louie's Corner - 8th and Franklin

Chinese Community United Methodist Church
The Chinese Community United Methodist Church (CCUMC), which was initially the Chinese Methodist Church was founded in 1887. The church was established as part of a chain of Methodist Chinese Missions by the Rev. Dr. Otis Gibson. The two primary missions of this ministry was schools and refuge for women escaping slavery and prostitution. This church has close connections with the Women's Missionary Society of the Pacific Coast in San Francisco. In the early days, the Chinese Methodist Church held worship service and Sunday School. Then to serve the needs of the growing Chinese community, an English school for immigrants, and a Chinese school for the American-born Chinese also operated. The early days of the church was sustained by courageous workers, both Chinese- and American-born as there were strong anti-Chinese sentiments in California at this time.

The church was located at several sites in Oakland Chinatown. Chan Hon Fun was the pastor from 1900 to 1909 and established the church's current location in 1905 at 321 8th Street Oakland, CA 94607. In 1913, a fire devastated the building and a new building was erected. But by the 1940s, the church outgrew even this building. Under the leadership of Rev Edwar Lee, a new church and the current main sanctuary was built in 1952. With more growth, more space was needed, and a new social hall and classrooms annex was built in 1970.

Today, the Chinese Community United Methodist Church conducts both a Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin) language worship service and English worship service on Sundays.

Pacific Renaissance Plaza
A mixed use complex built by Hong Kong investors in 1993, this plaza with a central fountain with seating is often viewed as the center of Oakland Chinatown. The first and second floors are mixed retail/office/civic spaces; it consists of many restaurants, jewelry store, banks, ice creamery, and other retail and health services as well as the Asian Branch Library and Oakland Asian Cultural Center. There are also residential condos/rentals on three sides of the plaza above the second floor: a 13-story residential building on the west side and two 4 story buildings on the south and east side. Underneath is a 3 level parking lot.

Parks
There are three city parks in Chinatown, all east of Harrison and occupying one block each:
 * Chinese Garden Park (bounded by Harrison, Alice, 6th, and 7th). This formerly was named Harrison Railroad Park, which displayed Southern Pacific 2467 and several historic cars for thirty years until 1990. The building was designed by Henry Chang Jr.
 * Lincoln Square Park (bounded by Harrison, Alice, 10th, and 11th). The mural on the recreation center was painted by LuQman.
 * Wilma Chan Park (bounded by Jackson, Madison, 8th, and 9th). This was formerly Madison Park, renamed in 2022 for Alameda County supervisor Wilma Chan, who died after being hit by a driver while walking her dog.

Early days
Oakland Chinatown dates back to the arrival of Chinese immigrants in the 1850s, making it one of the oldest Chinatowns in North America. By 1860, the census of Oakland included 96 "Asiatics" among a total of 1,543 (6.2% of the city's population). More Chinese arrived to help build the Central Pacific Railroad western portion of the First transcontinental railroad during the Coolie slave trade during the 1860s.

The Chinese immigrants first settled in shrimp camps on the estuary of Oakland at 1st Street and Castro in the 1850s, near the Point in West Oakland which was referred to as "Chinese Point", and at 4th and Clay streets. The Chinese settlement at Telegraph between 16th and 17th streets burnt down in 1867 and was relocated at the San Pablo Avenue Chinatown between 19th and 20th streets; it is now known as Oakland's Old Uptown Chinatown. Other areas with prominent Chinese populations included 14th Street between Washington and Clay, and the Charter line (22nd Street) between Castro and Brush Streets.

Present location
Fears of the Yellow peril and local exclusion laws forced the Chinese population to resettle to its current location centered at 8th Street and Webster Street in the 1870s.

The first Chinese in Oakland fished in the San Francisco Bay for shrimp similarly to the Chinese at China Camp near San Rafael. In 1868, Chinese laborers built the Temescal Dam in Oakland providing water for the East Bay as well as the Lake Chabot Dam in 1874–75. They worked in canneries, cotton mills and fuse and explosive factories as well as farms.

In the 1880s, discriminatory laws made it difficult for Chinese immigrants to own land or even find work. They found work as laundry workers, cooks, gardeners, houseboys, or as vegetable peddlers. The Chinese Exclusion Act severely limited the further immigration of Chinese in 1882. By 1900, the Chinese in Oakland numbered less than 1,000.

Settlers from other Asian countries began arriving after the Chinese Exclusion Act. Japanese immigrants began settling in Oakland in the 1890s mostly in West Oakland around Market Street. Later, hundreds were living in the section between Harrison and Oak streets south of 8th Street. They owned several stores in Chinatown. After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, all Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps. The Masuda family had posted a large "I Am An American" sign outside their Oakland grocery store, Wanto Company, at 8th and Franklin streets which was photographed by Dorothea Lange. Many did not return to Oakland after the war ended. The Buddhist Church of Oakland is one of the few institutions remaining of Oakland's Japantown.

Filipinos immigrated to the area in the early 1900s. Oakland Chinatown was the center of commerce and community gathering for Filipinos in the East Bay during 1940–1960.

Earthquake alternative
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire destroyed most of San Francisco's Chinatown and more than 4,000 Chinese survivors found refuge in Oakland. Even while San Francisco Chinatown was rebuilding, many stayed in Oakland, bringing the Chinatown population to about 2,500. Because of continuing immigration restrictions barring Chinese women and children, a bachelor society was created.

In the 1920s, Oakland Chinatown grew from 10th Street to the waterfront from Broadway to Harrison. Even in 1940, the Chinatown population grew only to about 3,000. With the United States involvement in World War II and the fact that China was an ally, the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed in 1943, however the immigration quota was maintained at 105 immigrants per year.

Post-war growth
In 1950, Chinatown had grown to a population of 5,500, but local housing was lost due to the construction of Interstate 880, which runs through 8 blocks between 5th and 6th streets and serves as a transportation artery for some of Chinatown's commercial activity, Laney College (8 blocks) and later in the late 1960s, the Bay Area Rapid Transit headquarters and Lake Merritt station (2 blocks) and Oakland Museum of California (4 blocks).

Oakland Chinatown was economically stagnant for many years, especially after multigenerational Chinatown residents began moving to the suburbs in the late 1960s.

Contemporary pan-Asian center
Chinatown saw much steady development during the 1980s and 1990s as Chinese American merchants relocated from San Francisco to Oakland, and due to increased immigration from mainland China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. During this time period, many ethnic Chinese Vietnamese and Chinese Cambodians began opening new small businesses, essentially replacing many of the older Taishanese-dominated businesses. Also, investors with Hong Kong backgrounds constructed the Pacific Renaissance Plaza in the early 1990s. Chinatown still retains the traditional aspects and characteristics of an older Chinatown. Oakland's Chinatown also includes a historic and still thriving fortune cookie factory. However, Oakland's Chinatown is now shrinking and faces an existential threat to it survival, due to macroeconomic ills afflicting Oakland as a whole, in addition to its aging infrastructure and residential inhabitants.

People and culture
The residents of Oakland Chinatown include Chinese, Hispanic and Latino Americans, African Americans ,Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Cambodian, Laotian, Mien, Thai, Polynesian and others. Consequently, many languages and dialects can be heard, including Cantonese, English, Spanish, Chiu-Chow, Ilocano, Japanese, Khmer, Khmu, Korean, Lao, Malay, Mien, Tagalog, Taiwanese, Thai, Toishan, and Vietnamese.

The Oakland Asian Cultural Center offers cultural programs including performances, workshops, festivals, school tours, classes, and exhibitions.

Annual cultural events and fairs

 * Chinese New Year (also known as Lunar New Year or Vietnamese Tết)
 * Dragon boat races are held annually at Jack London Square or Treasure Island, California.
 * The Oakland Chinatown StreetFest has been held on the 4th weekend of August annually since 1988.
 * Mid-Autumn Festival (also known as Moon Festival or Vietnamese Tết Trung Thu)

Performing arts
Chinese opera was one of the first traditional Chinese art forms in Oakland. In 1907, a Chinese Theater at 9th and Franklin streets opened which could seat 500 people and had a company of 30 full-time actors from China. Today, three styles of Chinese opera clubs are active in Oakland: Cantonese opera, Beijing opera, and Kunqu.

Libraries
The Asian Branch Library is one of many of Oakland Public Library's branches and is located in Chinatown's "Pacific Renaissance Plaza." The Asian Library is unique among public library branches in the United States as it houses eight Asian languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai, Cambodian, Tagalog and Laotian) in major reference titles and general subject titles, an Asian Studies collection, in addition to an English-language Asian American collection.

The Asian Community Library was founded in 1975 as part of a Federal Library Services Construction Act grant to create a model library serving the Asian community in Oakland with multilingual staff and collections. It shared space with the Park Boulevard Branch at 1934 Park Blvd which was 1.5 miles from Chinatown. To improve access to Asian patrons it operated the Asian Bookmobile in Chinatown and Berkeley. In 1978, it moved to the Main Library about 0.5 miles from Chinatown. In 1981, it moved to a storefront among Chinatown shops and food stores in the 15 story City Center Plaza condos building at 449 9th Street at Broadway becoming the Asian Branch Library. The current location in the Pacific Renaissance Plaza opened in 1995.

Notable natives and residents

 * Amy Tan, author
 * Ben Fong-Torres, journalist, author, radio personality
 * Bruce Lee, martial artist, actor
 * Dong Kingman (1911–2000), watercolorist, created paintings for Flower Drum Song and The World of Suzie Wong
 * Dr. Charles Goodall Lee (1881–1973), dentist, first licensed Chinese dentist who financed the lodge building of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance in Oakland
 * Frank Chin, writer
 * Fred Korematsu resisted, and then challenged in court, the forced internment of Japanese Americans during World War II (See Korematsu v. United States for more information.)
 * Lew Hing (1858–1934), tycoon, founded successful cannery building an empire in banking, shipping, and real estate
 * March Fong Eu, politician
 * Matt Fong, politician
 * Maxine Hong Kingston, writer of The Woman Warrior and China Men
 * Joe Shoong, founder of the National Dollar Stores and philanthropist
 * Derrick Soo, homeless advocate; 2022 Oakland mayoral candidate
 * Rodney Yee, yoga instructor
 * Wendy Yoshimura, watercolor artist
 * William Wong, journalist and author

Representatives

 * United States Senate represented by Laphonza Butler and Alex Padilla
 * United States House of Representatives District 13 represented by Barbara Lee
 * California State Assembly District 18 represented by Mia Bonta
 * California State Senate District 9 represented by Nancy Skinner
 * Alameda County District 3 (Chinatown, Jack London, Fruitvale, and San Antonio portions of Oakland, Alameda, San Leandro, San Lorenzo, Hayward Acres) represented by Lena Tam.
 * Oakland City Council District 2 (Grand Lake-Chinatown) represented by Nikki Fortunato Bas.
 * Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao.

Police and fire
The Oakland Police Department's Administration Building is located at 455 Seventh St.

Chinatown is in Oakland Police Department's Beat 3X. The Community Services Section hosts the Asian Advisory Committee on Crime and the Asian Youth Services Committee.

The Chinatown Neighborhood Crime Prevention Council for beat 3x, a neighborhood community-policing board meets monthly. Meetings are conducted in Cantonese and are open to all.

Oakland Fire Department, Fire Station No. 12 is located at 822 Alice Street at 9th Street. Fire Engine 12 is assigned to this fire station. The citizens of Oakland and the Oakland Fire Department will remember the service and sacrifice of Oakland Engine Company No. 12. Hoseman Tracy Toomey who died in the line of duty on January 10, 1999 in a 2-story building collapse after responding to a 6-alarm fire on upper Broadway.

Transportation
Located at the crossroads of the 880 freeway, the tubes linking Alameda and Oakland, and downtown, Oakland Chinatown bears a significant burden imposed by automobile traffic that dates back to the 1950s. The traffic on I-880 exceeds 100,000 cars per day. Weekday and everyday commerce in the area creates thousands of peak period private automobile trips daily and resulting air pollution adversely affects the health of the neighborhood's elderly residents. Over 20,000 shoppers and tourists use its sidewalks every weekend.

The neighborhood is connected to I-880 at an off-ramp (at 6th and Oak) and a corresponding on-ramp (at 5th and Oak); it also is connected to I-980 at off-ramps (at 6th & Broadway and 5th & Jackson) and an on-ramp (at 6th and Jackson). Oakland's Public Works Agency reconfigured travel lanes on Jackson Street to separate traffic travelling south on Jackson from traffic merging into Jackson from the slip lane of eastbound 7th Street. This effectively eliminated any possibility of the lost art of the alternating "zipper" merge, initially through signs and later updated with flex posts added around 2014.

The volume of automobile traffic travelling away from the core of Chinatown on 7th Street towards these freeway connections remains heavy and unrelenting, resulting in numerous instances of drivers striking pedestrians. In fact, Chinatown has the highest concentration of automobiles colliding with pedestrians and bicycles in the City of Oakland; 30% of Chinatown's streets are on Oakland's High Injury Network, defined as the 6% of streets city-wide that see 63% of severe and fatal crashes.

A safety campaign resulted in the first pedestrian scramble system in Alameda County, implemented in 2002 at the intersection of 8th and Webster to reduce pedestrian fatalities and injuries; it subsequently was expanded to four intersections (8th/9th and Webster/Franklin) in 2004. In addition, the I-880 Oakland Alameda Access Project, sponsored by the Alameda County Transportation Commission (CTC), is intended to improve connectivity between I-880/I-980 and Alameda, via the Posey and Webster Street Tubes. Currently, motorists must travel along busy Chinatown streets between the tubes and the freeway, and a more direct connection will reduce conflicts between cars and pedestrians. Caltrans and Alameda CTC propose to remove and reconfigure the freeway off-ramps in the area to reconfigure traffic flows.

Until recently, California Auto Insurance company actuarial models charged higher rates to residents in the Chinatown's zip code under a practice known as territorial rating, or zip code profiling. The insurance actuarial theory behind this market practice purports that drivers residing or "principally garaging" their cars in a certain area face a greater loss and accident ratio. This practice was outlawed by California voters in 1988 by Proposition 103 on the statewide ballot. The law made its way through the courts for 18 years before several insurance companies settled with California Insurance Commissioner John Garamendi in 2006 to put an end to the practice.

Chinatown residents are twice as likely to take transit as residents city-wide, and 38% of households do not have access to a private motor vehicle. Many visitors to the neighborhood also use nearby mass transit connections. Oakland Chinatown is served by several AC Transit bus lines which run on 7th, 8th, 11th, 12th, Broadway, and Franklin Streets, including Line 1T (Tempo) bus rapid transit service along 11th/12th, with Chinatown stops straddling Madison, Harrison, and Broadway. The neighborhood has two BART stations nearby: 12th Street Station on its northwest corner, and Lake Merritt Station at its eastern edge.

Public schools
Residents of Chinatown are zoned to schools in the Oakland Unified School District. Zoned schools include :
 * Lincoln Elementary School (K-5)
 * Westlake Middle School
 * Oakland Technical High School

American Indian Public Charter School II, a charter school campus of the American Indian Model Schools system, is located in Chinatown. It caters to students living in the Chinatown and Lake Merritt areas. In 2008 it shared a campus with Oakland Charter Academies (now Amethod Public Schools).

The Lighthouse Community Charter School was established in Oakland's Chinatown in the 2004 – 2005 school year with grades K-2 and 6–8 and later expanded to serve grades K – 12. In the 2009–2010 school year, the school relocated to a facility close to the Oakland airport.

Yu Ming Charter School, a Mandarin immersion charter school, currently serves grades K through 4. It will eventually grow to K through 8 by adding a grade every year. Formerly located at 321 10th Street, the school moved to 1086 Alcatraz Avenue in February 2013.

Colleges and universities

 * Laney College is a community college located at the south end of Chinatown. Course offerings include Asian and Asian American Studies, Chinese language, Japanese language, and Chinese Opera (Music Department). It is a part of the Peralta Community College District.
 * Cal State East Bay has the Oakland Professional Development and Conference Center at Broadway and 11th Street. Continuing education courses includes a certificate program in Teaching Chinese as a Heritage or Other Language.

Other education services

 * The Mun Fu Yuen "Chinese school" has after school and weekend classes in Cantonese and Mandarin to promote the Chinese language and culture at the Shoong Family Chinese Cultural Center on 9th Street at Harrison. The Center was established in 1953 by philanthropist Joe Shoong with the support of the Oakland Chinese community.  It is the original and longest established Chinese school in Oakland with graduates that have contributed much towards the welfare of our Oakland community.

Healthcare Services and Options
A source of healthcare for the surrounding community include Asian Health Services. Since 1974, they have provided the densely populated Asian community with health services including mental health, dental care, advocacy and opportunities to participate in community leadership. "To serve and advocate for the medically underserved, including the immigrant and refugee Asian community...", is an integral part of their mission statement.

There are several Asian Health Services buildings in Chinatown, centered on 8th and Webster, including:
 * Chenming & Margaret Hu Medical Center (818 Webster)
 * Rolland & Kathryn Lowe Medical Center (835 Webster)
 * ARC Clinic (817 Harrison)
 * Main Dental Clinic (345 9th)
 * Mental Health (310 8th)

Books

 * Collins, Willie R. (Ed.) (1994). Chinese traditional arts and folklore in Oakland. City of Oakland Cultural Arts Division's Traditional Arts Program.
 * Ma, Eve Armentrout and Ma, Jeong Huei (1982). The Chinese of Oakland: Unsung Builders Oakland Chinese History Research Committee.
 * National Park Service History. A History of Chinese Americans in California. Retrieved June 7, 2005.
 * Wa Sung Community Service Club. Oakland Chinatown Community Directory 2005.
 * Wong, William (2004). Oakland's Chinatown (Images of America: California). Arcadia Publishing ISBN 0-7385-2925-7 AsianWeek review San Francisco Chronicle review
 * Fong Torres, Ben (1994). The Rice Room: Growing up Chinese-American—From Number Two Son to Rock 'n' Roll. ISBN 0-452-27412-5
 * Fong Torres, Ben (1994). The Rice Room: Growing up Chinese-American—From Number Two Son to Rock 'n' Roll. ISBN 0-452-27412-5

Websites

 * Shoong Family Chinese Cultural Center: Chinatown, Oakland
 * Shoong Family Chinese Cultural Center: Chinatown, Oakland

title: Chinatown, Oakland, California