text:
User talk:Dr. Dyslexia

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Academic Challenger 04:26, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dr. Dyslexia


text: Category:560 BC deaths

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:560 BC deaths


text:
User talk:Nfrobinson

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 04:29, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright tags
Thanks for uploading Image:Burrow2.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Zzyzx11 | Talk 04:29, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Isham L. Burrow
I am going to have to tag the Isham L. Burrow article as a copyright violation since I can clearly see that is says "© 1998." on the Hendrix College web page. Posting copyrighted material without the express permission of the copyright holder is a violation of applicable law and of our policy. Please read Copyright for more information. Zzyzx11 | Talk 04:43, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nfrobinson


text: Category:613 BC deaths

title: Category:613 BC deaths


text: Category:579 BC deaths

title: Category:579 BC deaths


text: Category:570s BC deaths

title: Category:570s BC deaths


text:
User talk:Evandra

Surya Das image
Hello, Evandra! Welcome to Wikipedia, and thanks for your work so far. I wanted to ask you about the copyright status of the image of Lama Surya Das. Wikipedia can only use images that are in the public domain or are available under a free license, such as the GFDL or Creative Commons licenses. Does this apply to the Surya Das image? Please advise. - Nat Krause 04:31, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Evandra


text:
Wayne Rosing

Wayne Rosing (born 1946) is an American engineering manager.

Rosing was an engineering manager at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and Data General in the 1970s. He became a director of engineering at Apple Computer in 1980. There he led the Apple Lisa project, the forerunner to the Macintosh. He then went on to work at Sun Microsystems in 1985. After managing hardware development for products such as the SPARCstation, he became manager of Sun Microsystems Laboratories in 1990. From 1992 through 1996 he headed the spin-off First Person, which developed the Java Platform. He was then chief technology officer at Caere Corporation, which developed the optical character recognition product OmniPage.

Rosing served as vice president of engineering at Google from January 2001 to May 2005. In May 2005 he was appointed a senior fellow in mathematical and physical sciences at the University of California, Davis, and continued to serve as an advisor to Google.

As a hobby throughout his career, Rosing built telescopes, telescope control systems, and ground telescope mirrors. At Davis, Rosing consulted on the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope project.

In 2005, Rosing founded Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network. Rosing was CEO and chief engineer at the firm. The August 2007 edition of The Sky at Night covered Rosing at Las Cumbres.

In 2010, he partially endowed a professor in theoretical astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Barbara held by Lars Bildsten.

title: Wayne Rosing


text: Category:607 BC deaths

title: Category:607 BC deaths


text:
ColdHeat

ColdHeat was an American company founded to develop and market products using the proprietary graphite-like compound Athalite. The composite material is claimed by the manufacturer to have the unusual ability to conduct large amounts of heat and return to room temperature in a short amount of time.

Soldering iron

The first two products were soldering irons powered by alkaline batteries. The manufacturer claims this soldering iron is unique in that its Athalite tip undergoes a temperature change from ambient temperature to approximately 800 F and back to ambient within three seconds when the tip is removed from the work.

The tip of this apparatus is split into two sections that completes an electrical circuit when a low electrical resistance is placed across the tip; e.g. metallic contacts, or solder. With a current flowing, the resistance of both the solder and the tip produces enough heat to increase the temperature beyond the melting point of solder. For the light-duty work it was designed for, the Athalite tip heats just enough and can cool very rapidly; however, if applied to something with large thermal capacity such as a metal chassis, the tip can become extremely hot and can take over a minute to cool in an extreme case.

It is thought that the irons cannot be used indiscriminately for all work; the voltage across and current through the tip can damage electronic circuits being soldered. When not in contact with a joint, the split tip has 6 or more volts across it, enough to destroy semiconductor p-n junctions on contact if the iron accidentally touches multiple closely spaced pads. This is not static-electricity damage; any voltage over about 0.7V capable of delivering high current can destroy a semiconductor junction.

Criticism
The tip is reported to be very easily damaged mechanically. The unit does not have enough power for effective desoldering of many board- and chassis-mounted components. The design of the tip is incompatible with some soldering techniques such as dragging or continuous-flow soldering (a popular technique for hand-soldering high-pin-count SMT packages, based on the principles of wave soldering).

One thorough review of the ColdHeat soldering iron noted:
 * "For the electronics hobbyist, one particularly disconcerting side-effect of the Coldheat way of doing things is that localised arcing and sparking may be produced sporadically when the heating circuit opens or closes. ... sparks anywhere near a semiconductor are an anathema to the electronics enthusiast. High reverse voltages can be produced in inductive circuits as well. ..."

 * "The overall results of the soldering exercise were very disappointing. ... the test results on the PCB were of extremely mixed quality. ... The quality of the soldered joints was extremely inconsistent, due to the lack of temperature control and other variables that affect the finished joint. ... perhaps 20% of the finished joints being of a reasonably good standard... It was difficult to feed solder onto the joint at a consistent rate because the heating effect was variable. ...The dull crystalline appearance of many joints points to inadequate heating, caused by the heat not sinking throughout the joint sufficiently to melt the solder thoroughly, before the iron was removed. Although a grey crystalline joint will often form a sufficiently working joint for non-critical applications, the circuit might have an intermittent fault because of this. ..."

 * "There is ... no escaping the most fundamental principle of soldering: in order to make a good quality solder joint, all parts should be heated to the melting point of the solder so that it can flow properly. In the case of "cold-soldering" a PCB ... only one half of the joint can effectively be heated by the iron, e.g. a cropped resistor lead that you use to short out the electrodes to generate heat. Solder can then melt onto the hot leadout but it is then forced to flow onto the other component (the PCB copper pad) which is completely cold. Inadequate through-heating of components is the main cause of dry (gray) solder joints. What little heat there is, sinks away through the workpiece and the solder never flows properly. A crystalline, dull and brittle joint is formed. ...with our test circuit board... three PCB copper pads were damaged by excess heat, causing the copper track to lift away from the laminate altogether. ... Unfortunately we failed to finish and test our sample board successfully, due to the damage caused to three copper pads."

 * "... With just a little practice with an ordinary electric iron ...it is perfectly possible for any novice or hobbyist to produce good quality consistent results ...that are superior – and faster – than the Coldheat principle. ..."

 * "Unfortunately, I can’t recommend the Coldheat soldering iron to the average electronics constructor unless they are extremely accident-prone, lacking confidence or have a real need to go cordless: they should save money and buy an ordinary electric iron instead. ...Users stand a much better chance of producing a higher quality and more consistent solder joint with an ordinary iron using accepted techniques... ."

Athalite
Athalite is a highly malleable, yet fragile, composite material. The name is derived from "Accelerated THermal Action". It is most likely composed of graphite. It might also be formed by other materials containing semiconductive elements such as germanium or silicon, as stated in the patent application. A nickel-chromium or other resistive alloy is another possibility listed in the application, but is unlikely to have been used.

Other products
Prior to the website's closure, ColdHeat featured products other than the soldering tool that use the same technology, including a cordless hot-melt glue gun called Freestyle. It heats up much more quickly than others (but not instantly like the solder tool.) It comes with a built-in stand, a pack of mini glue sticks, rechargeable battery, battery charger with its AC adapter, and an instructional manual and a book with different project ideas. However, much like the soldering tool, the Freestyle also had quality issues, usually related to the battery charge, and the heating element. There is a model that runs on AA batteries, for those who prefer their convenience.

ColdHeat had recently released a cordless heated seat, as well as a selection of heated pet beds.

Current status
ColdHeat signed a licensing deal with Weller/Cooper Tools in November 2005. Weller sold the ColdHeat Pro as the Weller CHT100.

title: ColdHeat


text:
Talk:ColdHeat

This article name had 183,000 Yahoo! hits. --SuperDude 04:33, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This is not an ad, it is an article for curiousity. --SuperDude 05:15, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * There are some comments that sound kind of like an ad, but those are easy to clean up. Now that I'm at home, I'll take a crack at it. - Lucky 6.9 04:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Citations needed
These need citations of studies.

 * Unlike conventional soldering guns or irons, the ColdHeat soldering iron is less likely to cause accidental burn injuries since the tip is heated only when it comes in contact with the surface being soldered.
 * The reaction in electronics communities is mixed.
 * The company has announced that the technology of the soldering iron could be used for other purposes as well, and indeed it suggests the technology will reshape our household as we know it.
 * ColdHeat is proving popular with broadcast engineers for field work and for radio control hobbyists who frequently require a cordless iron as well.

- FrancisTyers 16:40, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Well, the second one is definitely true. How does that need a citation? Some people prefer safety (coldheat) and some prefer efficiancy (normal soldering iron). Ilikefood 17:56, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

ColdHeat name
It seems there is controversy over the proper spelling of the name.. is it ColdHeat or Cold Heat? According to the website it is ColdHeat; just to clear up any room for ambiguity, if you go to that site and copy and paste the text from the website, it is in fact ColdHeat. I've moved the article to reflect the proper spelling. Triddle 04:03, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

contradiction
The article appears to contradict itself: the bulk of the text describes the heating action as a result of current passing from the tip to the object to be soldered, while a comment from a "ColdHeat engineer" claims that this is a common misconception and that essentially no current passes through the object. This should be cleared up.

 * I think the way ColdHeat works is that it puts current from the batter to one tip half, through the join, the other tip half, and the battery. Due to the low resistance of the solder, it doesn't heat up much (power = I^2 R, but R is small for the solder). But the tip has higher resistance and therefore heats up. This heat is transferred to the tip, melting the solder. However, there would still be current flowing through the solder. Can anyone verify what I said? Iamthebob 15:46, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * HowStuffWorks did a fairly detailed analysis of one. DMacks 07:19, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've shorted solder across a couple of batteries, and it melts. Because of this, I thought the tip of the ColdHeat is made out of that conductive ceramic stuff so that it doesn't get hot and burn the user.  Also if the tip was the heat source, why would it pass the current though the stuff being soldered?  Just some thoughts. 66.114.93.6 (talk) 11:30, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Also I want to add that if I keep the idle temperature of my soldering iron just around 500 degrees, I can touch the tip for a 1/8th of a second without getting burned. I would think the selling point of the Coldheat of not getting burned from it - is rather pointless.  If you get burned too quickly, it is too hot!  And you burn up your work and tips anyway.  Coldheat's sales pitch seems to be praying on the first time solderers becuase they tend have a unregulated iron and let the temperature get way too high. 66.114.93.6 (talk) 11:52, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Well, either way, we have to figure out which explanation to keep and which one to ditch. Ilikefood 21:42, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Not really. Just make sure to cite both.  Wikipedia's job is actually to present all notable views and cite their sources.  It is up to the end user / reader to make that decision.  It is our job simply to strive for the neutrality to let them make that decision with as much information as possible.  Deciding which one is accurate would be OR.  --67.22.194.228 07:02, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think we need to figure out which one is correct, because the issue of ColdHeat is not a POV issue, but a factual one. Iamthebob 05:01, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Right. This is NOT a POV issue. It doesn't matter if I think the ColdHeat is powered by Unicorn's dreams. It's not. My opinion doesn't matter because this isn't a matter of opinion. There's one right answer.

Eureka!
I think that I've figured out whether the heat is made in the solder or the tip. It's obviously made by the resistance of the tip. If it was the resistance of the solder, the tip could be metal, instead of the carbon-y thingamabob. Does this make any sense? Thanks. :-) Ilikefood 21:50, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Functionality concern
I just tried to use this device in order to remove an unnecessary switch from a pet feeder, and when following directions, I could not get the solder to liquify. The batteries were in correctly, and the light did come on, but when solder was applied to connection and to the gun, nothing happened. Could this be my solder? This is my first attempt with 'ColdHeat', so I went back to my old soldering iron. It is dependable, albeit HOT. Really would like to know if I'm doing anything wrong. Thanx... 75.104.96.39 14:30, 15 June 2007 (UTC)Chief

It's kinda difficult sometimes. Just wiggle the tip around a bit or try touching the solder with different areas of the tip. Also, make sure the solder contacts both halves of the tip. User:Ilikefood

Batteries blow up?
I think this needs citation:

 * The device also does not work with rechargeable AA batteries. When directly shorted, as they are in this iron, such rechargeable batteries may explode, causing injury to the user.

I've used my ColdHeat a lot with Nickel Metal Hydride batteries, and they have never exploded. BFeely 22:16, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

20 volt to cause SD?
Someone added to the article "This statement is incorrect in that electro-static damage can occur at as little as 20V, and 6V is less than one order of magnitude smaller than 20V." In my experience, 12volts can cause ESD damage, and even lower in more modern electronics. Does anyone concur that 20V is a little high as a threshhold? 24.254.141.144 21:15, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

It doesn't solder
I bought it and tried it tonight. It doesn't solder at all. It will just heat up electronics and everything and damage them by roasting but never solder. William Ortiz 08:58, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

the review
The review quoted in the middle of this article - I am concerned that we take far too much copyrighted content from the cited source. A couple of sentences would be plenty, or listing criticisms and linking to that or other professional reviews? Moopet (talk) 14:43, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:ColdHeat


text:
District of Prizren

The Prizren District (Rajoni i Prizrenit, Призренски округ) is one of the seven districts of Kosovo. Its seat is in the city of Prizren. According to the 2011 Census, it has a population of 331,670 and an area of 2,024 square km (around 20% of the total area of Kosovo). Albanians form the majority of the district (85%). However, the district of Prizren is home to the biggest Bosniak and Turkish population in Kosovo, who make around 10% of the district's total population.

Municipalities
The district of Prizren has a total of 5 municipalities and 195 other smaller settlements.

Prizren Municipality

 * Atmaxhe
 * Bilush
 * Caparc
 * Dedaj
 * Dobrushte
 * Dojnice
 * Drajciq
 * Dushanove
 * Gerncar
 * Gornjasellë
 * Gorozhup
 * Grazhdanik
 * Gjonaj
 * Hoçë e Qytetit
 * Jabllanicë
 * Jeshkovë
 * Kabash
 * Kabash i Hasit
 * Karashëngjergj
 * Kobajë
 * Kojushë
 * Korishë
 * Krajk
 * Krushë e Vogël
 * Kushnin
 * Kushtendil
 * Landovicë
 * Leskovec
 * Lez
 * Lubinjë e Epërme
 * Lubinjë e Poshtme
 * Lubiqevë
 * Lubizhde
 * Lubizhdë e Hasit
 * Lukinaj
 * Lutogllave
 * Llokvicë
 * Malësi e Re
 * Manastiricë
 * Mazrek
 * Medvec
 * Milaj
 * Muradem
 * Mushnikovë
 * Nashec
 * Nebregoshtë
 * Novak
 * Novosellë
 * Petrovë
 * Piranë
 * Pllanejë
 * Pllanjan
 * Poslishtë
 * Pouskë
 * Prizren
 * Randobravë
 * Reçan
 * Romajë
 * Sërbicë e Epërme
 * Sërbicë e Poshtme
 * Skorobishtë
 * Smaç
 * Sredskë
 * Struzhë
 * Shkozë
 * Shpenadi
 * Trepetnicë
 * Tupec
 * Velezhë
 * Vërbiçan
 * Vërmicë
 * Vlashnjë
 * Zojz
 * Zym
 * Zhivinjan
 * Zhur

Suva Reka Municipality

 * Gjinoc

Languages
Next to the standard provincial Albanian, Serbian and Bosnian, Turkish is also an official language and widely spoken in this district. The municipality of Mamusha is home to around 5,000 Turkish-language speakers.

Ethnic groups
According to the 2011 census, the largest ethnic groups are Albanians. Other important ethnic groups are Bosniaks, Turks, Gorani, Roma and others.

title: District of Prizren


text: Category:595 BC deaths

title: Category:595 BC deaths


text:
Robert Sungenis

Robert A. Sungenis (born c. 1955) is an American Catholic apologist and advocate of the pseudoscientific belief that the Earth is the center of the universe. He has made statements about Jews and Judaism which have been criticized as being antisemitic, which he denies. Sungenis is a member of the Kolbe Center for the Study of Creation, a Catholic Young Earth creationist group.

Early life and education
Sungenis was brought up in a Roman Catholic household and converted to Protestantism as a young man. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in religion from George Washington University in 1979 and a Master of Arts in theology from Westminster Theological Seminary in 1982. He reverted to Roman Catholicism in 1992.

In 2006 he received a Ph.D. in religious studies from the Calamus International University, an unaccredited distance-learning institution incorporated in the Republic of Vanuatu. On CIU, see: * * *States have had lists of unaccredited institutions which include CIU. *Maine: *Michigan:  (no longer being maintained ) *Texas:

Catholic apologetics
After his conversion back to Roman Catholicism, Sungenis became a Traditionalist Catholic. He wrote Not By Faith Alone, a book of apologetics, explaining his view of the Catholic Church's doctrine of justification and his critique of the Protestant doctrine of salvation by faith alone.

Jews and Judaism
Sungenis' writings include antisemitic ideas, sources, and claims about the Jews and Judaism and have been criticized by fellow Catholics and by the Southern Poverty Law Center, as has the publishing company he founded and uses to publish his books, Catholic Apologetics International. In 2002, he said it was a fact that no one had ever proven that 6 million Jews were murdered during the Holocaust and that demographic statistics show no real difference in the number of Jews living before and after World War II (see Historical Jewish population comparisons). According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, he also "repeated a series of ancient anti-Semitic canards" and later wrote about the involvement of Jews and Israel in a Zionist Satanic conspiracy aimed at Satan ruling the world.

In 2006 Sungenis campaigned against a sentence in the United States Catholic Catechism for Adults (USCCA) which at that time read, "Thus the covenant that God made with the Jewish people through Moses remains eternally valid for them." Sungenis believed it implied that the Jews can be saved without believing in Jesus, and people who read the forum began repeating his complaint to Catholic authorities. In the summer of 2008, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) voted to remove the sentence and replace it with a quote from the Epistle to the Romans: "To the Jewish people, whom God first chose to hear his word, belong the sonship, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the worship, and the promises; to them belong the patriarchs, and of their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ". Monsignor Daniel Kutys said that the sentence was not changed because of what Sungenis said, but because of the misunderstanding that Sungenis' blog had generated.

By 2008 his local bishop had instructed him to stop writing about Jews and to remove the name "Catholic" from his blog.

In 2014 Sungenis stated that he would no longer write about Jewish issues that are political in nature and that he would remove content about Jews and Judaism, but he still maintained that the Jews as an ethnic group do not have a covenant with God. In 2014, during an interview on the Christian Broadcasting Network about his geocentrism movie, he was asked about people describing him as denying the holocaust and being antisemitic. He said: "I had to make a public statement, and I made two separate statements -- 'I believe in the holocaust (you know), I love the Jewish people, I’m not an anti-semite.'"

Geocentrism
According to Sungenis, he became interested in geocentrism around 2002 after he read the book, Geocentricity by Gerardus D. Bouw. Sungenis became an advocate for the idea by 2006. He believes that the earth does not rotate and has offered $1,000 via his group, Catholic Apologetics International, to anyone who could prove that the Earth moves around the Sun.

By 2011, he was the leader of a small group of conservative Roman Catholics who were advocating for the Roman Catholic Church to go back to the stance it took in condemning Galileo and which viewed the heliocentric model as part of a conspiracy to undermine the authority of the church in society more generally. He self-published a three-volume book called Galileo Was Wrong and runs a blog called Galileo Was Wrong in which he promotes these ideas.

In 2014, Sungenis, along with Rick Delano, was an executive producer of The Principle, a documentary which advocates for his ideas about geocentrism. The movie features interviews with Lawrence Krauss, Michio Kaku, Max Tegmark, Julian Barbour, and George F. R. Ellis, and was narrated by Kate Mulgrew, and was briefly in the news in 2014 when Mulgrew and the physicists said that the filmmakers did not honestly explain the purpose of their film to them. The release date of the film was October 24, 2014 when it was screened at the Marcus Addison Cinema in Addison, Illinois, according to the distributor Rocky Mountain Pictures. As of April 30, 2015 the film had grossed $89,543.

title: Robert Sungenis


text:
Talk:Pope Clement IV

Saint-Gilles
There are several Saint-Gilles in France. Which one was Clement IV born in?

 * In the Saint-Gilles on the Rhone in the Camargue, part of the diocese of Nimes. --Wetman 05:01, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Fat
Clement IV, né Gui Faucoi le Gros (Engl. Guy Foulques the Fat or It. Guido le Gros) -From the article

What is the story behind this appellation?

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:53, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

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Talk:Hyam Maccoby

Academic training
As a minimum, a biography article on a scholar should provide his academic training and positions. User:96.231.75.177

Criticisms
The article should perhaps provide adequate criticism of Maccoby's work. He is commonly cited by proponents of the largely debunked Christ myth theory, and he sometimes appears in contemporary arguments between Jews and Christians. Much of his writing appears to be a mixture of rationalistic scholarship and an academic defense of traditional Jewish views on Christianity. ADM (talk) 03:58, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, some criticism (interspersed among his statements, criticism sections are discouraged) might be beneficial, but I don't believe the Christ myth theory is relevant, since he doesn't vindicate such a theory. Instead I believe his theories have been pretty influential also among Christian theologists. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 14:41, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The current criticism section is joke, being uniformly hostile. -- cheers, Michael C. Price talk 07:55, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

just want to agree with Michael 100%. it seems the "critical view" of his scholarship was written by some of the fellows taken out of maccobees movie the dispute from 1250 airegon, religious people with no training in academics and no capacity to make nonbaised judgments love slanting wiki articles unfortunately this is not one of the biggies like Dawkins so they will get away with slanting POV of this article — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.219.225.3 (talk) 23:04, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

POV tag
In the case of a controversial author advocating a theory on the fringes of the scholarly mainstream its reasonable to link reviews. Were ADM (talk) 03:58, 30 June 2009 (UTC) points followed up with actual insertion into the article of review points. Michael, your edits are preventing placing references to allow Wikipedia readers to judge the reception of Maccoby's 1986 book. For example it prevents the addition of Skarsaune (2002), referencing Maccoby's work, who writes that "Acts provides no evidence to substantiate this theory" ref Oskar Skarsaune In the shadow of the temple: Jewish influences on early Christianity "Some scholars speak of Paul as the second, or sometimes even the only, founder of Christianity. 3 They imply that Paul represents a Christianity totally different from that of the early community in Jerusalem. Paul is said to be a product of Hellenistic Judaism and Hellenistic Christianity, having minimal contact with the Aramaic-speaking community in Jerusalem and disregarding its theology and authority.4 | 4 A recent statement of this view is Hyam Maccoby, The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity.| Acts provides no evidence to substantiate this theory" ref In ictu oculi (talk) 08:02, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

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text:
Hahn Brewery

Hahn Brewery was established by Dr Charles Hahn in 1988 at an old factory site in the suburb of Camperdown in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Originally focussing on pale lagers, such as Hahn Premium and Hahn Premium Light, targeted at the mid-price sector of the market, the 1991-93 recession resulted in reduced demand, and led to the brewery being purchased by Australia's second largest brewer Lion in 1993. A lower cost beer called Sydney Bitter was produced, with reasonable success. It has launched two new beers since then: Hahn Super Dry in 2006 and Hahn Super Dry 3.5 in 2009.

Hahn was appointed as the Chief Brewer of Lion Co which, at the time, operated eight breweries in Australia and New Zealand and two in China. Production of Hahn beers was moved to the Tooheys brewery in Auburn. The Camperdown brewery itself was renamed to the Malt Shovel Brewery in honour of the 1st fleet convict turned Australia's first brewer, James Squire. To this day, Hahn still plays a key role in brewing the craft beers at the Malt Shovel Brewery.

In 2012, Hahn sponsored the beer television series The Beer Factor, which aired on 9Go! and the Nine Network.

title: Hahn Brewery


text: Category:1220s BC deaths

title: Category:1220s BC deaths


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File:Pool-of-Hezekiah.jpg

Source Date: 1873 so in public domain from: http://www.holoweb.net/~liam/pictures/oldbooks/SewardTravels/pages/635-Pool-of-Hezekiah/

title: File:Pool-of-Hezekiah.jpg


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Mathias Sandorf

Mathias Sandorf is an 1885 adventure book by the French writer Jules Verne first serialized in Le Temps in 1885. It employs many of the devices that had served well in his earlier novels: islands, cryptograms, surprise revelations of identity, technically advanced hardware and a solitary figure bent on revenge. Verne planned Mathias Sandorf as the Mediterranean adventure of his series of novels called Voyages extraordinaires. He dedicated the novel to the memory of Alexandre Dumas.

Overview
In Trieste in 1867, two petty criminals, Sarcany and Zirone, discover a carrier pigeon bearing a ciphered message. Locating the recipient of the cipher, they devise a plan to take advantage of their discovery. Sarcany tells Silas Toronthal, a corrupt banker, that he suspects the cipher is part of a plot to liberate Hungary from Habsburg-Austrian rule. Together they form a plan to unlock the cipher and deliver the evidence to the police in exchange for a reward. The three Hungarian conspirators, Count Mathias Sandorf, Stephen Bathory and Ladislas Zathmar (in their Hungarian form: Sándor Mátyás, Báthory István and Szatmári László) are arrested and sentenced to death. They plot an escape, but Zathmar is captured while trying to escape and Bathory is apprehended the next night. Both are executed. Sandorf flees the police and jumps into the Adriatic where he is assumed drowned.

Fifteen years later, Sandorf, who has survived and taken on the identity of Dr. Antekirtt, a renowned physician, sets out to avenge his friends. Enlisting the aid of two French carnival performers, Pescade and Matifou, he searches the Mediterranean for those who engineered the betrayal of his planned uprising. Wealthy and powerful, he rules an island fortress filled with advanced weaponry. He devotes his life to exacting justice from those whose greed brought his friends to their death.

In the context of Verne's work
In the generation after Dumas, Jules Verne wrote a number of Wanderer adventures. Three of the most notable, Michael Strogoff, The Steam House (La Maison à vapeur) and Mathias Sandorf, are set in three of Europe's great Empires: the Russian, the British (in India), and the Austrian. Their plots and themes have a good deal in common, as Jean-Yves Tadié points out. Each one is about the empire's political troubles, each features a pursuer who is himself pursued, each has a trio of characters at its centre, and each eschews granting a major role to machinery, a common feature of Verne's novels.

Background of the novel
Verne's book begins on May 18, 1867, as preparations for the rising in Hungary are said to be almost complete. The date reflects historical events: on May 29, 1867, the Diet of Hungary ratified the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, shelving their demand for full independence from Austrian rule to gain instead considerable autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire..

Though the compromise is not mentioned, chronology suggests that the Hungarian conspirators aim to frustrate this ratification, seize control of Hungary's urban centers, and declare Hungary independent, gambling that Austria, enfeebled by its recent defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, would accept this fait accompli. Verne's readers would expect this conspiracy to fail in the novel's early chapters. The novel also provides a critique of imperial administration: the Austrian police act in complete secrecy to arrest, court-martial and execute the radical Hungarians. Verne said that Sandorf was modeled on his publisher, Pierre-Jules Hetzel, a former exile and a fervent patriot with a high moral sense. Dr Antekirtt appears based on Hetzel and his friend Nino Bixio. Others see similarities with the Hungarian freedom fighter Lajos Kossuth, who remained unreconciled to the 1867 compromise and Austrian prince Ludwig Salvator.

The action moves from Trieste down the Adriatic coast to Sicily and the shores of North Africa. Verne wrote: "I wish my readers to learn everything they should know about the Mediterranean, which is why the action transports them to twenty different places". Verne based some of the locations on own travels, including a rescue during a storm off Malta and visits to Catania and Mount Etna. Verne researched the Italian landscape by rereading some of Stendhal's works, notably Promenades in Rome and The Charterhouse of Parma. Verne may have first heard about the foiba beneath the Pisino Castle in Charles Yriarte's works Les Bords de l'Adriatique and Trieste e l'Istria. Yriatre described the old castle and a trip down into the gorge. He also mentioned a young nobleman, Count Esdorff, who lost his life trying to explore the underground parts of a river.

The first edition was dedicated to Alexandre Dumas. Dumas' son was so moved by the love expressed in the dedication that he wrote a letter to Verne: "I've been loving you for so long that I feel like your brother". He said that in literature Verne is Dumas' son more than he himself.

The steam yacht of doctor Antekirtt, Savarena, is an accurate portrait of Verne's own steam yacht, which he bought from the eccentric millionaire the Marquis de Préaulx for 60,000 F. The novel has inspired discussions of ciphers.

Verne also provided a critique of gambling, mocking those who engage in games of chance in Monaco and citing mathematical expertise against it.

Publication
The novel was serialized in 42 chapters in Le Temps, a Parisian daily, between 16 June and 20 September 1885.

The original French-language edition in a single volume included 111 illustrations by Léon Benett. It was published on 19 November 1885.

George Hanna produced the first English translation in 1889.

ROH Press, which specializes in adventure novels, published a revised version of Hanna's translation by Nico Lorenzutti in 2014.

Adaptations
Mathias Sandorf was adapted for the stage as a five-act play by William Bertrand Busnach, a French novelist and playwright who adopted several novels for the theater. It premiered at the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique on 27 November 1887.

A stage production was presented at The Boston Theatre in Boston in the fall of 1888 and at Niblo's Garden in New York City in August 1888, a production imported by impresario Bolossy Kiralfy. The New York Times reported: "The spirit and vigor and fancy of a Jules Verne romance are not easily reproduced on the stage, and in this case there has been no attempt to do more than furnish a vehicle for the display of spectacular effects." It employed the scenery, costumes, and effects of the Paris production.

A two-act stage musical in Hungarian was performed in 2022/23 under the Hungarian title Sándor Mátyàs at the Hungarian Opera of Cluj in Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

There have also been three film adaptations of Mathias Sandorf. Henri Fescourt directed a silent Mathias Sandorf in 1921. It starred Yvette Andréyor, Romuald Joubé, Jean Toulout, and in the US it was titled The Prisoner of Zorda. Under that title Verne's son Michel Verne created a novel based on the film. Georges Lampin directed another Mathias Sandorf in 1963 starring Louis Jourdan, Francisco Rabal, Renaud Mary and Serena Vergano.

An internationally co-produced television miniseries aired in 1979. Different versions divided the series into four or six episodes. Directed by Jean-Pierre Decourt it starred Hungarian actor István Bujtor as Mathias Sandorf, Ivan Desny as Zathmar, Amadeus August, Claude Giraud, Monika Peitsch, Sissy Höfferer, and Jacques Breuer.

title: Mathias Sandorf


text: User talk:18.19.0.40

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Talk:Hahn Brewery

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I'm not sure if we should put the Hahn beers under this, or under Tooheys. Any comments? - 3mta3 04:41, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No, I don't think so, because it was established as its own entity... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.111.144.45 (talk) 12:41, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

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This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 04:58, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hahn Brewery


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Fort Denison

Fort Denison, part of the Sydney Harbour National Park, is a protected national park that is a heritage-listed former penal site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the Royal Botanic Garden and approximately 1 km east of the Opera House in Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The island is also known as Mattewanye or Muddawahnyuh in the Eora language, and as Pinchgut Island.

The site contains time gun, navigational aids and tide gauge facilities. Correctional and military facilities were designed by George Barney and built from 1840 to 1862 by William Randle. The property is owned by the Office of Environment & Heritage, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. In 1978 the former fortress was listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate, and is currently used as a national park, nature reserve, tourist facility, and as a function space.

History
Prior to European settlement, the island had the Eora name Mattewanye (sometimes Mallee’wonya).

Prison
After the First Fleet arrived in 1788, Governor Phillip and his advocate-general used the name "Rock Island". In 1788, a convict named Thomas Hill was sentenced to a week on bread and water in irons there. The island came to be known as "Pinchgut". Once a 15 m high or higher sandstone islet, the rock was levelled by convicts under the command of Captain George Barney, the civil engineer for the colony, who quarried it for sandstone to construct nearby Circular Quay.

In late 1796 the Governor had installed a gibbet on Pinchgut. A convict to be hanged and then gibbeted there was Francis Morgan. In 1793, the British transported him to New South Wales for life as punishment for a murder. The authorities in NSW executed Morgan for bashing Simon Raven to death in Sydney on 18 October 1796. On 30 November 1796, Morgan was hanged; following his execution, his body was hung in chains (gibbeting) on Pinchgut. His skeleton was still hanging there four years after his execution. He said to the hangman that the only thing worth mentioning was the superb view of the harbour from his high elevation, and that he was sure there were no waters the world over to compare with it for beauty.

Military fortress
In 1839, two American warships entered the harbour at night and circled Pinchgut Island. Concern with the threat of foreign attack caused the government to review the harbour's inner defences. Barney, who had earlier reported that Sydney's defences were inadequate, recommended that the government establish a fort on Pinchgut Island to help protect Sydney Harbour from attack by foreign vessels. Fortification of the island began in 1841 but was not completed. Construction resumed in 1855 because of fear of a Russian naval attack during the Crimean War, and was completed on 14 November 1857. The newly built fort then took its current name from Sir William Thomas Denison, the Governor of New South Wales from 1855 to 1861.

The fortress features a distinctive Martello tower, the only one ever built in Australia and the last one ever constructed in the British Empire. It was constructed using 8000 t of sandstone from nearby Kurraba Point, Neutral Bay. The tower's walls are between 3.3 - 6.7 m thick at the base and 2.7 m thick at the top. However, developments in artillery rendered the fort largely obsolete by the time it was completed. The tower itself had quarters for a garrison of 24 soldiers and one officer. Fort Denison's armament included three 8 in muzzle loaders in the tower, two 10 in guns, one on a 360-degree traverse on the top of the tower and one in a bastion at the other end of the island, and twelve 32 lb cannons in a battery between the base of the tower and the flanking bastion.

Eventually all the guns were removed, except for the three 8 in muzzle-loading cannons in the gun room in the tower, which were installed before construction was complete. The passages within the tower are too narrow to permit these to be removed. However, from the beginning the three cannons were of limited utility. The embrasures for the cannons were too small to use the guns effectively and by the time a cannon was loaded the ship it was to fire on would have sailed past. Lastly, the guns' recoil was too powerful for the small room.

In 1906, a saluting gun (pictured below) was transferred from Dawes Point to Fort Denison.

In 1913 a lighthouse beacon built in Birmingham, England, and shipped to Sydney, replaced the 10 in gun on the roof of the tower. The light is called Fort Denison Light, which is still in use. In May 1942, three Japanese two-man midget-submarines attacked Sydney Harbour. When the US Navy cruiser USS Chicago (CA-29) fired on the Japanese, some of its 5 in shells hit Fort Denison, causing the tower minor damage which remains visible.

Explosive prank
In October 1900, as the Boer war raged in Africa, the White Star Line ship SS Medic (1899) sailed into Sydney Harbour and dropped anchor in Neutral Bay. One night, the fourth officer, Charles Lightoller and two shipmates rowed to Fort Denison and climbed the tower with a plan to fool locals into believing a Boer raiding party was attacking Sydney. They hoisted a makeshift Boer flag on the lightning conductor and fired a harmless wad of cotton waste from one of the 8-inch cannons. The blast shattered a few of the fort's windows but caused no other damage. Lightoller was never apprehended but confessed to his company's superiors and related the whole story in an autobiography. He was transferred to the Atlantic route and went on to be the second officer of the RMS Titanic and the most senior officer to survive the 1912 sinking of the ship. He was a key witness at both the British and American inquiries into the disaster.

Recent restorative works
Since 1992, the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, which manages the site, has spent around A$2m conserving and upgrading the facilities. EnergyAustralia also made a significant contribution for the work via the Foundation for National Parks and Wildlife.

Following publication of a conservation plan, further renovation commenced in 1999 and was completed in 2001. The conservation and adaptive re-use of the island was awarded the NSW Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) Conservation Award; a Commendation in the National RAIA Awards; and a National Trust Heritage Award in 2001.

Increased harbour traffic has already destroyed the slipway. Furthermore, the porous sandstone drinks in the salt right down to the fort's foundations. In 2007 the government announced a $1.5 million rescue package. Fort Denison is now home to more than 100 birds.

Fort Denison is now a museum, tourist attraction, restaurant, and popular location for wedding receptions and corporate events. The tourist facility contains an exhibition of the island's history from Aboriginal times. Access to Fort Denison is via a ferry that departs Wharf 6 at Circular Quay every 45 minutes, 7 days a week. The price of the ferry ticket includes the landing fee. Guided tours of the island, including the Martello tower are at an additional cost. NSW National Parks & Wildlife Services conducts the tours.

In 2004 the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service restored the lighthouse beacon, which is still in use and supports operation of a Harbour Navigational Facility, with tide gauge, navigation channel markers, foghorn and beacon, established in the mid-19th century. The Bureau of Meteorology operates a weather facility from the island and publishes observations at half-hourly intervals on its website.

The custom of firing a gun daily at 1pm began in 1906 to enable sailors to set their ship's chronometers correctly. The daily gun continued until World War II when the authorities stopped it for fear of alarming residents. The practice recommenced in 1986.

Restaurant on the Island
The Fort Denison Restaurant was opened on the island in 2006, although the restaurant lease expired in June 2017 and is yet to be renewed. Throughout the years since it has been voted in the top five waterfront restaurants worldwide by The Sydney Morning Herald, and was open for lunch seven days a week year round, dinners on a Sunday, and for special events and occasions which can be found on their website. Bookings for major occasions, such as New Year's Eve, were coveted.

Popular culture
Fort Denison was the location of the 1959 film The Siege of Pinchgut, released in the United States as Four Desperate Men. Directed by Harry Watt, written by Jon Cleary and starring Aldo Ray, the production was the final Australian film of the British-based Ealing Studios. The island also featured as the base of operations for Neville Savage in the sixth episode of the Australian children's television show Mission Top Secret. Fort Denison was often seen in the television series Water Rats. One episode in season two of the show, End of the Line, featured a party on the island.

Description
Fort Denison on Sydney Harbour is within the visual catchment of the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Royal Botanic Garden and the Sydney Harbour Naval Precinct. Fort Denison is the only Sydney Harbour island which is no longer described as an island. Even Garden Island, now visually part of the mainland (and anything but a garden) is still known as an island. The island known as Mattewanye (small rocky island) to Aborigines and Rock Island to the first settlers, is now popularly known as Fort Denison and viewed as a built artefact rather than an island.

From a distance no evidence of its original island character is apparent, except perhaps scattered rocks at low tide. However, on close inspection the sandstone bedrock visible below the south west battery reveals part of the rock of the island, particularly when combined with the pictorial evidence provided by drawings such as that by Barrington in 1802.

Three major elements comprise the strong horizontal section of the fort; the battery and bastion, the barracks and terrace. The terrace is open and not defensive in nature, as it faces away from the open sea and potential attack. It currently has a bitumen surface and several small planted garden beds. Garden beds were constructed on this terrace during the 20th century as part of the domestication of the fort by the Sydney Harbour Trust and later Maritime Services Board caretakers. Two sewerage treatment units which service the toilets are concealed in the garden beds at either end of the barracks. An external cannon is on the Eastern Terrace. A tall flag pole with side spars runs three permanently flown flags on this terrace.
 * The Fort : The visual impact of the fort is a combination of the strong vertical mass of the Martello tower and the equally strong horizontal lines of the low barrack and battery buildings. The two distinct building forms reflects the history of the staged Fort construction; which progressed from the original horizontal form of the battery, and later construction of the barracks and Martello tower. The tower, which only lost its dominant role in marking the water entrance to the city with the construction of the Sydney Opera House, was built with an open gun platform (terreplein) which surmounted two internal levels. A section through the tower, shows the navigational light which replaced the upper cannon in 1913. The lower internal level contained rooms for the storage of gunpowder and provisions and the middle level still houses the three original cannons. Internal tower circulation is via a spiralling staircase that connects the three tower levels. External access to the tower is through a single external door from the upper terrace level battery and bastion.
 * Gun Battery and Bastion : The outward facing defensive side of the fort known as the gun battery and bastion confronted incoming ships. It is constructed out of the island's sandstone bedrock. The battery consists of an open working area which services a series of nine gun placements and corresponding slanted firing openings which are equally positioned along the raised parapet wall of the battery. An underground water tank has been cut into the bedrock of the battery. The bastion located at the southern end of the battery was constructed to house a single cannon set behind a raised stone parapet. The cannon was located on a raised circular revolving mount to maximise the cannon's aim of fire.
 * Wet Ditch and Breakwater : A wet ditch and breakwater formed by sandstone blocks separates the fort from the open harbour channel. Beyond this is a breakwater which surrounds the whole island which moderates the wave action against the stone fabric of the fort.
 * Barrack : The main single storey building is the barrack, its eight chimneys indicate its original accommodation purpose. The barracks are built into cut back bedrock and contain a row of single rooms used for military bunk-style accommodation for the lower ranks as well as accommodation for two separate officers' quarters. A central breezeway and vault covered staircase allows access from the barracks and lower terraces to the upper terrace battery, bastion and Martello tower. The two end rooms adjoining the barracks, known as the Tide Gauge Room to the north and the West Room to the south, were constructed soon after the completion of the barracks. The loopholes, or angled openings, were designed to enable the defensive fire whilst defending against enemy attack.
 * Terrace : The lower north west facing terrace is constructed on the same level as the barracks. It was probably built on rubble fill which is contained by a low stone wall.
 * Plantings : A Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) planted in one raised garden bed on the terrace's western side and a fruiting fig tree (Ficus carica cv.) at the south-west base of the Martello Tower are the only trees on Fort Denison.

Condition
As at 26 May 2014, the physical condition is excellent. Archaeological potential is high. Published material on such towers in the English speaking world suggests that this may well be the most intact tower.

Modifications and dates
The following modifications have been made to Fort Denison:
 * 1840–1842 – construction of battery
 * 1856–1858 – construction of battery, barrack and tower and bastion
 * 1858–1862 – construction of terrace, west room and tide gauge room
 * 1917 – construction of slipway

Heritage listing
Fort Denison was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Tide gauge
Tides have been measured at Fort Denison since 1857 on completion of the fort, initially using a bench mark cut into the stonework of the Martello Tower. From 1867 successive instruments were used as tide measuring technology developed. (The measurements since 1914 are graphed by Bureau of Meteorology).

The Fort Denison photographs below show float activated tide gauge instruments in a cabinet and the system's stilling well. A wire connected to the upper drum mechanism passes out through the bottom right of the cabinet and runs over a pulley to drop down to the float system in the large pipe in the well. This system is now obsolete at Fort Denison but maintained as a museum exhibit. To the right of the large pipe in the well is an enclosed pipe which rises to the active modern system.

Tide heights and times at Fort Denison are the primary base referent for published tide information for other places in the state of New South Wales.

title: Fort Denison


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Indiana Supreme Court

The Indiana Supreme Court, established by Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution, is the highest judicial authority in the state of Indiana. Located in Indianapolis, the Court's chambers are in the north wing of the Indiana Statehouse.

In December 1816, the Indiana Supreme Court succeeded the General Court of the Indiana Territory as the state's high court. During its long history the Court has heard a number of high-profile cases, including Lasselle v. State (1820). Originally begun as a three-member judicial panel, the Court underwent major reforms in 1852 and 1971, as well as several other reorganizations. Court reforms led to a majority of Supreme Court cases being delegated to lower courts, an enlarged panel of justices, and employment of a large staff to assist as its caseload increases.

Organization and jurisdiction

In 2008, the Court consisted of one chief justice and four associate justices, the constitutional minimum. However, the Indiana General Assembly may increase the number of associate justices to a maximum of eight for a total of nine court justices. A board of five commissioners assists the Court in its administrative duties. Commissioners are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the governor. The Court offices and chambers are located on the third floor in the north wing of the Indiana Statehouse. The Court maintains a large legal library on the third floor that is open to the public.

The Court has no original jurisdiction in most cases, meaning that it can only hear cases appealed to the Court after having been previously heard in lower courts. Most cases begin in local circuit courts, where the initial trial is held and a jury decides the outcome of the case. The circuit court decision can be appealed to the Indiana Court of Appeals or the Indiana Tax Court, who can hear the case or enforce the lower court's decision. If the parties still disagree with the outcome of the case, they can appeal the decision to the Indiana Supreme Court. The Court can choose to hear the case and possibly overturn the previous judgment, or it can decline to accept the case and uphold the decision of the lower courts.

The Indiana Supreme Court has original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas, including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the state. When the Court accepts a case, it reviews the documentation of the trials in the lower court and sometimes allows oral arguments before making a decision. In some cases the justices will issue a decision without hearing arguments from either side and will base their decision solely on evidence submitted in the lower courts. The Court can order a new trial to take place in the local court, overturn the decision of lower courts and enforce its own decision, or uphold the decision of lower courts.

The Court appoints three commissions to assist it in its exclusive jurisdiction over the practice of law in Indiana. The role of the Board of Law Examiners is to "inquire into and determine the character, fitness, and general qualifications to be admitted to practice law as a member of the bar of the Indiana Supreme Court". The Disciplinary Commission is responsible for investigating grievances filed against members of the bar for misconduct and making disciplinary recommendations to the Supreme Court. The Commission for Continuing Legal Education administers, develops, and regulates continuing legal education requirements, mediation training standards, and attorney specialization programs.

The Judicial Nominating Commission is responsible for recruiting and interviewing applicants to fill vacancies on the Indiana Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, and the Tax Court. It then sends three nominees for each vacancy to the governor. The Judicial Qualification Commission investigates complaints of judicial misconduct and files charges where appropriate. Both commissions have the same members and are chaired by the chief justice.

The entire Court takes part in the annual Judicial Conference of Indiana, which is attended by all of the state's judges, and recommends improvements to the Court and state judiciary. The Court is also responsible for implementing all laws passed by the Indiana General Assembly that affect the judiciary. The Division of Supreme Court Administration is staffed by clerks who oversee the fiscal management of the courts, including payroll and expenses. In addition, the division is responsible for maintaining the Court's records and assists in its administrative functions.

Terms and elections
Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution governs the term length of Supreme Court Justices. When there is a vacancy on the Court, a new justice is nominated using a variation of the Missouri Plan. First, the Judicial Nominating Commission submits a list of three qualified nominees to the governor. The governor then selects the new Justice from the list. If the governor fails to choose a replacement within sixty days, the chief justice or the acting chief justice must do so. The Judicial Nomination Commission Chief Justice selects the chief justice from the sitting associate justices for a five-year term. The chief justice presides over the Court. When the position of chief justice becomes vacant, the most senior member of the Court serves as the acting chief justice until a new one is chosen by the Judicial Nominating Commission. The chief justice also serves as chairman of the Judicial Nominating Commission.

Justices are appointed to a term that could potentially last for ten years. Once a new justice is chosen, he may serve for two years before being subjected to a retention election held during the first statewide election following the completion of the justice's second year in office. The justice is listed on the ballot with the option to be retained or to be rejected from the Court. If retained, the justice may serve the remainder of their ten-year term. When a term is completed, the justice must be reappointed with the same process originally used to appoint them to remain on the Court. A majority vote of both houses of the Indiana General Assembly may impeach a justice for misconduct. It is mandatory for a justice to retire at age seventy-five, even if their term is incomplete.

Qualification
Eligibility requirements to be nominated as a justice of the Supreme Court are established in Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution. The candidate must be a citizen of the United States and reside within the state of Indiana before being considered for the office. The candidate must also have been admitted to the practice of law in Indiana for at least ten years prior to their candidacy or must have served as a judge of a circuit, superior, or criminal court of Indiana for five years. The candidate cannot be under an indictment in any court in the United States with a crime punishable as a felony. The Judicial Nominating Commission must also ensure that they are the "most highly qualified public candidates" available.

History

The Indiana Supreme Court was established in 1816 when Indiana was granted statehood. The new Court replaced the General Court of the Indiana Territory, which consisted of a three-member panel. Housed in a three-room building it shared with the Indiana legislature, the Court held its first session in Corydon on May 5, 1817. Under the state constitution of 1816, the governor appointed justices with the state senate's "advice and consent" for a term of seven years.

In December 1816, Jonathan Jennings, Indiana's first governor, nominated John Johnson of Vincennes in Knox County; James Scott of Charlestown in Clark County; and Jesse Holman of Aurora in Dearborn County, to serve as the first panel of judges on the Indiana Supreme Court. Johnson became the Court's first chief justice. When Johnson died in 1817, Jennings named Isaac Blackford to replace him. Blackford became the second chief justice of the Court and was the longest serving justice in the Court's history, serving 36 years, 3 months, and 24 days. Blackford recorded all of the Court's early decisions in a multivolume work titled Blackford's Reports that served for many years as a foundational text on the interpretation of state laws.

In 1824, the Supreme Court relocated to Indianapolis with the rest of the state's government. Initially the Court shared space on the second floor of the Marion County Courthouse, before moving to the third Indiana Statehouse. In 1865 the Court was given its own building on lot number one in Indianapolis, where it remained until 1888, moving to its present location in the fifth Indiana Statehouse. , the Court occupies the entire north wing of the third floor of the Indiana Statehouse.

In the early history of the state, the court relied heavily on English common law for precedence. This continued to be the case until the passage of the Practice Act in the late 1840s which changed the system for pleadings and caused many earlier precedents to become invalid.

In 1851, the Supreme Court was reorganized under the new state constitution. The position of justice was changed from an appointed position to an elected one. Judicial terms were changed to six years and the Court's size was set to a minimum of three members and not more than five. The Court's judges quickly became overwhelmed by an ever-increasing caseload. In 1853, the minimum was increased to four members and in 1872, it was increased to five. The Court has remained at a minimum of five justices since that time. In 1867, the general assembly transferred all the law books in the Indiana State Library to the Court to create a Supreme Court Law Library. The library grew to become the primary legal library for the state and includes more than seventy-thousand volumes.

The Court's caseload continued to grow over time. In 1881, the general assembly approved the creation of a five-member panel of commissioners to assist the justices in administrative tasks. Even this was not enough to handle the load. In 1891, the Appellate Court of Indiana was created to handle cases of lower importance. At first the appellate court only took a small portion of the Supreme Court's caseload, but its responsibility gradually increased.

In 1970, state constitutional amendments reorganized the Court. The constitution renamed the Appellate Court the Indiana Court of Appeals. With the formation of the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court could choose which cases it would hear and which cases it would leave to the lower courts. Constitutional amendments also lengthened judicial terms to ten years and changed the limits on the size of the Court to a minimum of five members and a maximum of nine. The method of selecting justices was changed from statewide election to appointment by the governor. The amendment also provided for a Judicial Nominating Commission to choose candidates. Justices also became subject to a retention election. In addition, the office of chief justice became permanent. Previously the title rotated among the justices. In 2004, the Indiana General Assembly created the Supreme Court Division of Administration, legalizing and expanding the role of the clerks of the Court.

Landmark cases
The Court has heard several cases that have had a major impact on Indiana as well as others that have set nationwide precedents. The first of these cases, Lasselle v. State (1820), where the Court overturned a circuit court decision that tested slave ownership in the new state by stating "the framers of our constitution intended a total and entire prohibition of slavery," and resulted in all slaves in Indiana being freed. In the Fall Creek Massacre case (1823), State v. Hudson, the Court upheld a lower court's finding that crimes committed against Native Americans were punishable under American laws. This decision lead to the first execution of a white man for crimes against natives. In the Falkenburg v. Jones case (1854), Indiana became the first state to establish the right for a defendant to obtain court records free of charge. The 1909 case of Woessner v. Bullick established that the Court could invalidate a governor's veto if proper veto procedures were not followed, in effect ruling the pocket-veto as unconstitutional. In 1917, the state was among the first to adopt an Exclusionary rule, established in the case of Callendar v. State, which prevented illegally obtained evidence from be submitted in court. In Williams v. Smith, a case heard in 1921, the Court overturned Indiana's eugenics laws, the first of their kind in the nation.

title: Indiana Supreme Court


text:
Chaitin's algorithm

Chaitin's algorithm is a bottom-up, graph coloring register allocation algorithm that uses cost/degree as its spill metric. It is named after its designer, Gregory Chaitin. Chaitin's algorithm was the first register allocation algorithm that made use of coloring of the interference graph for both register allocations and spilling.

Chaitin's algorithm was presented on the 1982 SIGPLAN Symposium on Compiler Construction, and published in the symposium proceedings. It was extension of an earlier 1981 paper on the use of graph coloring for register allocation. Chaitin's algorithm formed the basis of a large section of research into register allocators.

title: Chaitin's algorithm


text: User talk:69.235.163.39

title: User talk:69.235.163.39


text:
Kharia people

The Kharia are an Austroasiatic tribal ethnic group from east-central India. They originally speak the Kharia language, which belong to Austroasiatic languages. They are sub-divided into three groups known as the Hill Kharia, Delki Kharia and the Dudh Kharia. Amongst them, the Dudh Kharia is the most educated community.

History
According to linguist Paul Sidwell, Munda languages arrived on the coast of Odisha from Southeast Asia about 4000–3500 years ago. The Austroasiatic language speaker spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.

Social divisions
The Kharia comprise three tribes, the Dudh Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, and Hill Kharia. The first two speak an Austroasiatic language, Kharia, but the Hill Kharia have switched to an Indo-Aryan language, Kharia Thar. There has not been any language development efforts made for Kharia Tar.

The Dudh Kharia and Dhelki Kharia formed together one compact tribe. These Kharia people were attacked by an Ahir chief and then moved on to the Chota Nagpur Plateau.

In Odisha, the Hill Kharia are mainly found in Jashipur and Karanjia Blocks of Mayurbhanj district. A few villages are also found in Morada block. In Jharkhand, they are concentrated in East Singhbhum, Gumla, Simdega districts. Though widely found in this district, Musabani, Dumaria and Chakulia Blocks are the blocks where they live in large numbers. And in West Bengal, they are in West Midnapur, Bankura and Purulia districts. The majority are in Purulia.

The Hill Kharia are also called Pahari (meaning “Hill”) Kharia, Savara/Sabar, Kheria, Erenga, or Pahar. Outsiders call them Kharia but they call themselves as Sabar. They are called “Pahari (Hill) Kharia” because they live in the midst of forest and depend upon forest produces.

The Hill Kharia community encompasses various gotras (clans), including Alkosi, Baa, Bhunia, Bilung, Dhar, Digar, Dolai, Dungdung, Gidi, Golgo, Kerketta, Kharmoi, Khiladi, Kiro, Kotal, Kullu, Laha, Nago, Pichria, Rai, Sal, Saddar, Sandi, Sikari, Soreng, Suya, Tesa, Tete, and Tolong. Among these, the Bilung clan appears to hold prominence.

Distribution
They mainly inhabit Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal, Maharashtra. In Tripura. Few families can be found in Assam and Andaman islands. According to 1981 census, their population in Bihar (now mostly Jharkhand) is 141,771, in Odisha it is 144,178, and in Madhya Pradesh it is 6892.

Lifestyle
The Kharia who were under zamindars during British rule are now land owning farmers in independent India. All Kharia speak their traditional dialect. The Language spoken by them is a part of the Munda Languages, which are part of the Austroasiatic languages. They are very close to the nature and culture of the tribe is influenced by its ecological and cultural surroundings.

Dress
The Hill Kharia have preserved their traditional dress pattern and rest of the Kharia have been influenced by the modern contacts and changed their dressing style. Traditionally, they wear Dhoti called Bhagwan. women wear saree falling up to the ankles. A part of the saree covers their bosom. The traditional dress is nowadays going out of use. Both men and women wear ornaments generally made of Brass, Nickel, Aluminium, Silver and rarely of Gold. Dudh Kharia women prefer Gold ornaments.

Economy
Different levels of economic developments on sectional basis exist among Kharia. The Hill Kharia is a food gathering, hunting and labourer community. The Dhelkis are agricultural labourers and agriculturalists, while Dudh Kharia are exclusively agriculturists in their primary economy.

Kharia people are skilled in cottage industries.

Religion
According to the 2011 Census on Kharias in all states of India, 46.1% are Christians, followed by 43.4% Hindus. Minor populations follow Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and other religions.

Dances
Kharia are said to be the great dancers. Youth of both sexes dance together. sometimes they form two groups each of males and females and sing one after the other. It is like a conversation is going on between boys and girls in the form of the song.

The following dance patterns are prevalent among Kharias: Hario, Kinbhar, Halka, Kudhing and Jadhura.

Notable people

 * Gladson Dungdung, tribal right activist
 * Sylvanus Dung Dung, hockey player
 * Rose Kerketta, writer
 * Telanga Kharia, freedom fighter
 * Jyoti Sunita Kullu, hockey player
 * Archana Soreng, Activist
 * Salima Tete, hockey player

title: Kharia people


text: Category:1390s BC births

title: Category:1390s BC births


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wifflehouse

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:53, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Wifflehouse
Obvious advertising/vanity. Not notable. --Dmcdevit 04:43, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 07:32, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, promo/ad. Now I've seen everything. Wiffle as a suffix? Master Thief Garrett 03:03, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is already appropriately mentioned in the wiffleball article as the host of championship games.  As a stand alone article it's just an advert.Tobycat 01:14, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Entrée

Salad Picture
To someone who doesn't know what an appetizer is, a picture of a salad is very misleading. Maybe a steak? While the caption explains the salad, the picture is needlessly confusing and out of place in this article (also, most people don't read captions). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.243.110.128 (talk) 03:33, 22 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I think the whole point of showing a salad is to indicate that outside the US an entrée is more likely to resemble what would be considered an appetizer in the US - a steak is exactly the wrong thing to show, as traditionally an entrée would precede a meat dish. Outside North America "entrée" is rarely used to describe the main course or a substantial meat dish (although the article suggests the American-style use of the word is now accepted in the UK, it is rarely used this way on menus or in conversation, and most British people would still be confused by the use of the term to describe something like a steak unless they were very familiar with American English). Someone glancing at the pictures would probably get the accurate impression that the word entrée can cover quite a wide range of different types of dishes, so I see no need to change it. --missdipsy (talk) 08:24, 7 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Wrong, completely wrong. Traditionally, entrées were ONLY meat dishes, and tournedos (slices of tenderloin larger than filet mignon) were the entrée par excellence through much of the 19th century: tournedos Rossini, tournedos Henri IV, tournedos Lucullus—the list is long. Contrary to 20th-century practice (post World War I), butcher's meat (beef, veal, mutton, and lamb) always preceded fowl and feathered game.  Birds were considered the finest and most delicate and therefore most appropriate meat to serve as the climax of the meal.  The modern taste for steak as the main course would have been viewed with suspicion in past centuries. Salad is not and really cannot be an entrée, even in modern lingo.  A first-course salad is a cold hors d'oeuvre, and even that is a new, very American introduction to table service; it originated in California and was a recent trend when Amy Vanderbilt mentioned it her 1957 Complete Book of Etiquette, p. 340.  Even in France, where entrées are no longer confined to meat, a salad would be an unlikely choice.  The crudités that often start a meal are cold hors d'oeuvres, just as in the US. MonteGargano (talk) 23:00, 10 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I disagree: not completely wrong at all! MonteGargano, while you have given us the historical background (and very interesting it is), Missdipsy was talking (accurately, in my view) about how the term is used in most of the world today -- and that is surely what needs to come first in any Wikipedia article.
 * I feel I must also take issue with you regarding your statement that Even in France ... a salad would be an unlikely choice [of entrée]. The French Wikipedia article entitled Entrée (cuisine) gives as its first illustration an image captioned Une salade telle que celle-ci peut constituer une entrée (A salad like this may constitute an entrée). -- Picapica (talk) 09:18, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

Broader Dialect Groupings
I've changed British and Australian to Commonwealth because I believe this is the use in all non-North American dialects. I've also changed American to North American because the term is also so used in Canada. - Jim 22Apr05
 * You have introduced a contradiction since Canadian English is included in Commonwealth English. As a side note, the use of entrée for the main course is not universal across North America. In particular, in the mostly French-speaking province of Quebec, the local English population uses the term entrée in the same way as that the French and non-North American English speakers do. Kilrogg 23:11, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Ambiguity deleted. --JackLumber 22:36, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Whilst I have NOT changed the content of the page this discussion is attached to. I do question the term North American English, surely it should be North American or English. Better still North American or Commonwealth English because I am sure no member of the Commonwealth (in recent years) would regard the American language as the same as the English language; they have become different.

I also question " In North American English, an entrée is the main course, following now-obsolete French usage". Who said the French usage was now-obsolete, certainly I do not believe it was the French - or the (Commonwealth) English for that matter. Another reason to differentiate between American and English (or Commonwealth English) perhaps. – Mark (half French, half English), 3rd January 2006.

 * In restaurants in France today, "entrée" means the first course, served before the "plat principal" and after the "hors d'oeuvre" or "amuse-bouche" if any. I do not believe it ever means the main course nowadays.  However, it has meant that in the past (sorry, I don't have my French dictionaries handy here).  --Macrakis 16:07, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm a member of the Commonwealth, and I regard the American language as a dialect of English. English language describes 'English' as "a West Germanic language that is spoken in Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, the United States, and many other countries." See also American English, which refers to "the dialect of the English language used mostly in the United States of America".

 * Describing it as "totally different" to Commonwealth English is hyperbole at best. There are certainly differences (for instance, American English has preserved certain older spellings that Commonwealth English abandoned), but speakers of one dialect have little difficulty making themselves understood by the other. --Calair 01:27, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

To Macrakis: Could you please provide evidence that "entrée" in older french was used for the main course? The etymology suggests that it was meant to mean "starter" or "opening dish" from the beginning. Thanks. --tonis1 06:35, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "Entrées" meant the "first dishes of the meal" in the 16th century and possibly earlier, then again in the 20th century. In between, they were not the first dishes, nor were they small dishes. In the 18th century, they were more or less equal to other parts of the meal, such as roasts and entremets.  By the early 19th century, entrées had become the main part of the meal, with later courses, including the roast, being very dainty dishes and not substantial at all.  All culinary terminology became fuzzy around the year 1900, and the two World Wars overturned almost all the old ways of doing things.  MonteGargano (talk) 14:09, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

usage of entree / urban myth
is there anything to substantiate that the usage of entree in the US describing the main course has to do with the fact that the portions are so big that after the entree there is no desire for the main course?

Noserider (talk) 14:16, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, there are sources in the early 19th century that make this very claim. I had planned to add that material to this article at some point, but that sort of detail is apparently outside the scope of a proper Wikipedia article.  MonteGargano (talk) 17:38, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I have finally had time to add some 19th-century sources that unequivocally state that the entrées were the principal dishes of the meal. That is the basis of the use of the term in the US, as further discussed by Dan Juraksy in an essay footnoted in the article.  MonteGargano (talk) 16:14, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

Disambiguation
It's also an acronym for European Network for Training and Research in Electrical Engineering. How do we do disambiguation? - Tony

Contradiction (UK usage)
The first paragraph says this course is called a starter in the UK; the next section says it's called a starter (among other things) in the US and an entrée elsewhere.

I live in the UK and "starter" is the generally accepted term here. "Entrée" isn't widely used in my experience, and would probably be regarded as pretentious in many circumstances (akin to saying "Pommes Frites" when you mean chips). This term may be used at more expensive restaurants, but certainly not at the typical curry house, a steak house or a Chinese restaurant that the average Brit would dine out in. 217.155.20.163 (talk) 19:53, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Sharing an entree -- rude or not?
In the July 15, 2008 Nintendo Wii Everybody Votes Channel results, 81.4% of Americans believe it isn't rude to share an entrée. Other countries may have different views, but which ones??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.214.244.25 (talk) 12:39, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction (US usage)
The first paragraph correctly says that in North America (at least the English-speaking part), the course that the French call an entrée is called a first course, appetizer, or starter. (In my experience, the most common U.S. usage is "appetizer," though the other two terms are also used. In Britain, "starter" is the most common.) However, in the third paragraph of the "Origins" section, it's repeatedly said (without attribution) that in American usage the course is called the hors d'oeuvre. This is quite wrong; in the U.S., hors d'oeuvres are much the same as they are in France: not the first course of the meal, but small bites preceding a meal, usually passed by waiters or laid out on a buffet, though conceivably but rarely presented at the table itself. Wbkelley (talk) 02:40, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. In the U.S., "appetizer" is the most common term for what is called an "entrée" in French. "Starter" is gaining popularity. "Hors d'oeuvres" is never used for a substantive first course.

Qualification Required
I added some qualifications to the first paragraph since this term has become very common in advertising for mass-market restaurants, frozen food, and even pet food, but it is still, I am glad to say, not universal in North America. It is rarely heard in speech, and not even used in many upscale restaurants. Lee1999 (talk) 04:28, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

In Canada?
It seemed a little bizarre to me that "entree" apparently refers to the meal itself rather than the meal that comes before the main course. I live in Southern Ontario and I've only really heard people use "entree" to refer to the food that comes before the main course. In restaurants, waiters and waitresses will sometimes ask if a person wants an "entree" before their meal. I guess I'm wondering if the description of "English Canada" using the same references for an entree as the United States is accurate or merely regional. I find different areas in Canada are far more Americanized than others, e.g. Alberta, British Columbia, and parts of Ontario. Celynn (talk) 06:01, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

Remaining contradiction
"The term entrée is rarely used for an hors d'oeuvre, also called the first course, appetizer, or starter. In France, however, the term "entrée", a French word which means an entrance or beginning, always describes a first course, not the main course."

This seems to take the American perspective, because far from being a 'rare' usage, that is the ordinary usage seemingly everywhere but the USA. Of course I am too lazy to edit this myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.184.11 (talk) 14:35, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Unnecessary trivia
Under the section "Use": "In Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, chapter 40, bills of fare for a grand dinner for eighteen, January 1887, follow two kinds of fish and two kinds of soup with four entrées: Ris de Veau, Poulet à la Marengo, Côtelettes de Porc and a Ragoût of Lobster. Guests were not expected to eat of each dish, of course, for the entrées were followed by a Second Course and a Third Course, of game and fruit."

Why is this information included here? It's not very informative or concise for inclusion in this section, and it seems like it should be in "History" instead, for example. 72.199.147.169 (talk) 06:55, 3 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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False information
I have removed a paragraph that discussed an "entrée procession" and an image of a 15th-century miniature that purported to show such a procession. None of the text was based on any primary documentation or current research on this topic. It is no surprise that no sources were cited since the information has no basis. The word entrée was not even used in a culinary sense in the 15th century. There were processions at high-status meals, but these were conducted for every "course" of the meal, most spectacularly for the service of the roasts, not the preceding courses. The miniature painting that I removed appears to depict the roast course. Regardless, none of this is germane to this article. MonteGargano (talk • contribs) 17:43, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Add the Castilian article to the language links
Primer plato - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre Brauxljo (talk) 01:45, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Entrée


text: User talk:210.145.26.254

title: User talk:210.145.26.254


text:
User:Andrewmears

When I visit wikipedia I often click on 'Random page'. Then, if I see something that needs to be fixed, I try to fix it.

title: User:Andrewmears


text: User talk:203.220.157.23

title: User talk:203.220.157.23


text:
Newport Music Hall

Newport Music Hall is a music venue located in the University District of Columbus, Ohio, across the street from the Ohio Union of the Ohio State University. It is "America's Longest Continually Running Rock Club".

History
Newport Music Hall opened in 1921; it was then known as the State Theater. In the 1970s, it became known as the Agora Ballroom. The hall seats 2,000 and most of the original decor is intact. It is one of the many music venues on High Street in Columbus, and the oldest continually running venue. In the past, they have had indoor and outdoor events. Tickets are sold at the Newport box office (open at noon on show days).

Newport was the last American venue at which John Lee Hooker performed before his death in 2001.

The Newport was purchased by PromoWest in 1984, reopening as the Newport Music Hall. Located next to the campus of the Ohio State University, Newport Music Hall maintains the preservation of its historical ballroom architecture and the legacy of its past and present performers. With a 2,000 person capacity and hosting over 150,000 guests a year, the Newport Music Hall has become one of the most famous rock clubs in the country.

In 2020, the building that houses Newport was put up for sale by its owners, but this will not directly affect the venue.

title: Newport Music Hall


text: User talk:67.181.92.35

title: User talk:67.181.92.35


text: File:Humanconditionsashcroft.jpg

title: File:Humanconditionsashcroft.jpg