text:
Turki bin Mohammed Al Saud (born 1979)

Turki bin Muhammad Al Saud (تركي بن محمد آل سعود; born 5 October 1979) is a Saudi Minister of State, a Member of The Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia, and a Member of the House of Saud.

Early life and education
Prince Turki was born on 7 October 1979 in Riyadh. His father, Prince Mohammed bin Fahd, is the former governor of the Eastern Province. He is the grandson of King Fahd who was the older brother of King Salman bin Abdulaziz. Prince Turki was raised by his grandfathers, King Fahd, and Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz.

Prince Turki received his primary, intermediate, and secondary education at the Dhahran School, an international K-9 institution owned and operated by the Saudi Aramco School District. He graduated from King Faisal University in 2002 earning a bachelor's degree in law.

Community service
Prince Turki is involved in his community in various ways: he is the vice-chairman of the Board of Trustees of Prince Mohammad University. Prince Turki chairs the executive committee of the Prince Mohammed bin Fahd Foundation for Humanitarian Development.

The Prince is the president of the Founding Committee of the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz College for the Visually Impaired, an initiative that fosters learning opportunities for people with this kind of disability. He is also the founder of an organization that provides opportunities for orphans.

Businesses
Prince Turki is chairman of the TAALEM Educational Services Company. He also serves as Vice Chairman of the Saudi Arabian Amiantit Company, which was founded in 1968 and is headquartered in Dammam. Together with its subsidiaries, the company has developed into a major diversified industrial group and manufactures and sells pipes and related products worldwide. The Group comprises 30 pipe system manufacturing plants, 6 technology companies, 4 materials suppliers, and 8 supply and engineering subsidiaries in a number of countries around the world. In addition, an extensive sales and service network caters to the needs of customers in more than 70 countries.

title: Turki bin Mohammed Al Saud (born 1979)


text: Talk:Minnesota State Capitol

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Minnesota State Capitol


text:
Dawit II

Dawit II (c. 1496 – 2 September 1540), also known by the macaronic name Wanag Segad (ወናግ ሰገድ, to whom the lions bow), better known by his birth name Lebna Dengel (ልብነ ድንግል, essence of the virgin), was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1508 to 1540, whose political center and palace was in Shewa.

A male line descendant of the medieval Amhara kings, and thus a member of the House of Solomon, he was the son of Emperor Na'od and Empress Na'od Mogesa. The important victory over the Adal's Emir Mahfuz may have given Dawit the appellation "Wanag Segad," which is a combination of Geʽez and the Harari terms.

Early reign
In contrast to previous emperors, Dawit had only one wife, Seble Wongel, whom he married around 1512–13. The couple had eight children: four sons and four daughters. Taking only one wife throughout his life was seen as a Christian act that fit with the ideals of the Church.

Although she was well into her seventies, the Empress Mother Eleni stepped in to act as her step-great-grandson's regent until 1516, when he came of age. During this time, she was aware that the neighboring Muslim states were benefitting from the assistance of other, larger Muslim countries like the Ottoman Empire.

Eleni sought to neutralize this advantage by dispatching the Armenian, Mateus to Portugal to ask for assistance. However, the Portuguese response did not arrive in Ethiopia until much later, when an embassy led by Dom Rodrigo de Lima arrived at Massawa on 9 April 1520. Traversing the Ethiopian highlands, they did not reach Dawit's camp until 19 October of that year. Francisco Álvares provided a description of the Emperor:

"We saw the Prester John sitting on a platform of six steps very richly adorned. He had on his head a high crown of gold and silver, that is to say, one piece of gold and another of silver from the top downwards, and a silver cross in his hand; there was a piece of blue taffeta before his face which covered his mouth and beard, and from time to time they lowered it and the whole of his face appeared, and again they raised it. The Prester was dressed in a rich mantle of gold brocade, and silk shirts of wide sleeves. From his knees downwards he had a rich cloth of silk and gold well spread out like a Bishop's apron, and he was sitting in majesty as they paint God the Father on the wall. In age, complexion, and stature, he is a young man, not very black. His complexion might be chestnut or bay, not very dark in color; he is very much a man of breeding, of middling stature; they said that he was twenty-three years of age, and he looks like that, his face is round, the eyes large, the nose high in the middle, and his beard is beginning to grow. In presence and state he fully looks like the great lord that he is."

A follower of his late father, the monk Gebre Andrias slayed Emir Mahfuz of Adal in 1517 about the same time a Portuguese fleet attacked Zeila, a Muslim stronghold, and burned it. Dawit would then proceed to ravage Adal and lay waste to Sultan Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din's residence in Dakkar. Contemporaries concluded that the Muslim threat to Ethiopia was finally over, so when the diplomatic mission from Portugal arrived at last, Dawit denied that Mateus had the authority to negotiate treaties, ignoring Eleni's counsels. After a stay of six years, the Portuguese at last set sail and left a governing class who thought they were securely in control of the situation. As Paul B. Henze notes, "They were mistaken."

According to Ethiopian chronicles, two decades into Dawit's ascension, a young man by the name Ahmed Ibrahim had rebelled against the Adal leaders and spread terror in the region. Dawit sent his general Delghan into Adal to confront him however the Abyssinian army was defeated at the Battle of Hubat by Ahmed's warriors.

Ethiopian–Adal war
With the death of Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad in 1520, a young general and imam, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, consolidated his hold on the Adal Sultanate, making his candidate Umar Din sultan. Shortly before this, the Ottoman Empire had conquered Mamluk Egypt and were looking to expand into the Red Sea region. The Ethiopians had previously stolen firearms from the Mamluks during the reign of Yeshaq I but had not put them to use. In the 1520s, Emperor Lebna Dengel bought two swivel-guns from the Portuguese, as well as fourteen muskets acquired from Turks, he was thus ill equipped for the Ottoman backed invasion in 1527 which included thousands of Turkish and Arab flintlocks and matchlocks. The Imam crossed the Awash River and entered Fatagar in 1528, looting and burning the town of Badeqe before Dawit could arrive with his army. He began to withdraw, retreating across the Samara, a tributary of the Awash.

The Imam's followers were accustomed to making lightning raids on Ethiopian territory, swiftly attacking and quickly returning home; they had no experience in pitched battles, and Ahmad Gragn struggled with numerous desertions.

The Emperor Dawit caught up with Imam Ahmad Gragn's forces, and they engaged in battle on either 7 or 9 March 1529, at the Battle of Shimbra Kure, but failed to destroy the Imam's army. Arab Faqīh states that many Somali on the left flank retreated from the battlefield, with the Ethiopians pursuing them and killing a large number of their men, but that the Harla and the Malassay on the right flank managed to hold their ground. While not a clear victory for the Imam, this battle still proved to the Imam's followers that they could fight and defeat the Ethiopian army.

Imam Ahmad Gragn spent the next two years preoccupied beyond the Awash, but returned to attack Ethiopia in 1531, where he scattered the army under the general Eslamu by firing the first cannon in the Horn of Africa. Dawit was forced to withdraw into the Ethiopian highlands and fortify the passes into Bet Amhara ("the House of Amhara"), leaving the territories to the east and south under the protection of his general Wasan Sagad. However, Wasan Sagad was slain near Mount Busat while fighting Ura'i Utman on 29 July (5 Nahase 1524 A.M.) and his army scattered.

The Imam surprised the Emperor at the Battle of Amba Sel on 27 October, where the Emperor was almost captured, a reversal, in the words of R.S. Whiteway, that left Lebna Dengel "never in a position to offer a pitched battle to his enemies." The Imam's followers poured into Bet Amhara, pillaging every church they found, including Mekane Selassie, Atronsa Maryam, Debre Nagwadgwad and Ganata Giyorgis. Emperor Dawit fell back behind the Abay River to the relative security of Gojjam. Only their failure to capture the royal compound at Amba Geshen slowed the Muslims down.

In April 1533, Ahmad once again assembled his troops at Debre Berhan to conquer—or at least ravage—the northern regions of Tigray, Begemder, and Gojjam.

Both Ethiopia and Dawit suffered heavily from these assaults. The Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion was destroyed, and the establishments on the islands of Lake Tana looted. Dawit's eldest son Fiqtor was killed at Zara in Wag by a lieutenant of Ahmad on 7 April 1537; another son, Menas, was captured on 19 May 1539, and later sent to Yemen.

Later life
During the years he lived as an outlaw in his own realm constantly hounded by Imam Ahmed's soldiers the Malassay, Dawit came to see Queen Eleni's wisdom in reaching out to Europe for help, and he dispatched João Bermudes, who had arrived in Ethiopia with Dom Rodrigo de Lima, to request for military assistance. Bermudez traveled to Lisbon, where he was honorably received by John III of Portugal. The king acknowledged his title of "Patriarch of Ethiopia", which had been officially approved by the Pope. John III also provided him with letters addressed to the Portuguese Viceroy in India, directing the immediate dispatch of ships along with four to five hundred soldiers to assist the Abyssinian king in combating the Muslims.

In 1539, Gragn sent an embassy to Dawit and asked for his daughter in marriage, and pointed out to him that if he refused to do so, there was no one left with whom he could take refuge. The king replied, "I will not give her to you for you are an unbeliever; it is better to fall into the power of the Lord, Whose majesty is as great as His mercy, than into yours." Gragn was furious, and began a pursuit of the king, who wandered from desert to desert in nakedness, suffering from hunger, exhaustion and sickness.

When Dawit was in Dembiya, the Malassay came and captured most his soldiers, and he was force to flee with a few loyal followers to the mountain of Tchelmefra in the country of Simien. Dawit found refuge in this location but was once again pursued by the Malassay. Upon reaching the Tekezé River, he successfully crossed it and reached Tabr. There, he succeeded in killing Ahmad al-Din, the Adalite governor of Tigray, who had been plundering churches. Shortly after, Dawit was stabbed to death in his bed by an unknown assailant at Debre Damo.

Dawit was succeeded by his son Gelawdewos, as his son Menas had been captured by Ahmad a year before Dawit died. His release was not secured until 1543, when Queen Seble Wongel exchanged him for the captured son of Bati del Wambara and Ahmed after the Battle of Wayna Daga.

One of Dawit II's younger sons, Yaqob, is said to have stayed behind to hide in the province of Menz in Shewa. Yaqob's grandson Susenyos I defeated his various second cousins in 1604 to become Emperor and started the Gondar line of the Solomonic dynasty. Another grandson started the Shewan line of the Solomonic dynasty.

title: Dawit II


text:
Zanthus train collision

The Zanthus train collision occurred at a crossing loop on the Trans-Australian Railway between Perth and Sydney on 18 August 1999. It is located 739 km east northeast of Perth and 202 km east of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, on the Nullarbor Plain.

Incident
On 18 August 1999 an eastbound freight train was waiting at the departure end of the crossing loop for the westbound Indian Pacific passenger train to pass through.

The second engineman was waiting at the control panel for the points for the opposing train to pass through. Out of habit he had the control panel box unlocked and opened. Unfortunately, out of habit, he pressed the button to operate the points at an inappropriate time, and the opposing train was diverted at a speed of about 40 km/h into the loop where it could not stop in time to avoid a head-on collision. The actual speed of impact as recorded by the locomotive data logger on NR 15 was 27 km/h.

Injuries and damage
Twenty-one passengers and crew from the Indian Pacific were airlifted by the Royal Flying Doctor Service to Kalgoorlie Hospital from the remote Coonana airstrip, 40 km from the crash site. Only two passengers were admitted for overnight observations. Westrail provided two Prospector railcars to transfer the remainder of the passengers back to Kalgoorlie.

All nineteen coaches of the Indian Pacific received varying degrees of damage, from minor internal damage to the write-off of luggage/smoking car HM311; some abandoned wrecked carriages are still at the site. At the time, Great Southern Rail estimated the damage to the coaches to be of the value of $5 million. National Rail Corporation estimated the damage to locomotives NR15 and NR51 at around $1 million.

Aftermath
Since the accident, the operation of the points at this and other crossing loops has been altered so that the point indicator lights will not operate until the access process is completed, and this gives all trains time to stop at the red point indicator lights.

The simplified overview of process is: All traffic then proceeds as directed.
 * 1) access box - 120-180 second delay all line points are/changed to red
 * 2) door opens
 * 3) 60-90 second delay until point control inputs are accepted, points can then be changed.
 * 4) close door/seal box, lights are changed to indicate point positions.

This accident happened because the points were not fully interlocked, and were merely a kind of power-assisted hand lever, with automatic normalisation.

title: Zanthus train collision


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Krossinc

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete.

Krossinc
I'm totally perplexed by this article, but I think it's just nonsense. — Sesel wa  04:53, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Entire text is "Someone who abuses their power, a dictator. Someone who has no sence of humour. Someone who dreams of commanding over a totalitarian state." No inbound wikilinks. The very few google hits for Krossinc prominently include webboard members; this sounds like an attack against one of them. Delete or speedy delete as no-context/attack page. Samaritan 05:05, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. No context, bordering on patent nonsense. android↔talk 05:17, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. No content, bordering on patent nonsense. And even if this was a real term, it's right now a mere dicdef and still doesn't belong here! Master Thief Garrett 06:55, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete—looks like a vanity page for a certain someone. Everyking 07:20, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Bandyup Women's Prison

Bandyup Women's Prison is located in the northeastern rural Perth suburb of West Swan, Western Australia. Prior to its construction, the female prisoners were at Fremantle Prison, which was overcrowded and offered women limited opportunities.

Bandyup Women's Prison holds sentenced and remand prisoners of all security classifications. It is run as a maximum security prison though only 10% of the women are categorised as maximum security. Bandyup Women's Prison is one of two prisons in the Perth Metropolitan area for women on remand or that have been sentenced. Melaleuca Women's Prison was built in 2016, as a standalone facility, built on what was previously Units 11 and 12 of Hakea Prison in Canning Vale, Western Australia. The prison is inspected every three years by the state Office for the Inspector of Custodial Services.

History
Women prisoners in Western Australia were housed at Fremantle Gaol until a Women's Rehabilitation Centre was opened in 1969. Bandyup Training Centre, the precursor to Bandyup Women's Prison, was opened in 1971. It was originally built to hold 68 women. In 1998, following civil society agitation, an urgency motion and debate was held in state parliament about the conditions at Bandyup. The prison was so overcrowded that women were sleeping on mattresses on the floor. A major refurbishment of the prison with the addition of new units, completed in 2003, brought the total design capacity to 180. Not long after, however, overcrowding again became an issue and continues to this day.

Overcrowding
Women were still sleeping on mattresses on the floor in 2019. Despite the Minister for Corrective Services assuring this was not the case in Parliament on 19 February, the prison would continue this practice while there was no cap on the number of women that could be held there. In early 2015, the Department of Corrective Services stopped using the phrase "operational capacity" and starting using the phrase "total capacity", which includes beds that have been added to the design capacity on an ad hoc basis. The total capacity published on the DCS website on 23 January 2015, was 321, though the total population at Bandyup on any one day was consistently higher than this. Bunk beds have been installed in various units and were planned to be installed in most cells of the prison, including cells designed for single occupancy. The beds added in unit 4 were so close to the ceiling that the occupant is not able to sit upright in bed and a ceiling light was about 10 cm away from the head of the bed. As there was no desk or chair in these units, these occupants are not able to sit down in the cell. The increase in beds came without a corresponding increase in other infrastructure, such as showering facilities, or services, such as nursing services or access to phones. While waiting for bunk beds, women had been sleeping on plastic-covered mattresses on the floor. In units 1 and 2, women that sleep on the floor would have their head next to the toilet. These units were occupied mostly by Aboriginal women.

In 2016 Melaleuca Remand and Reintegration Facility was opened, which was intended to reduce the pressure on Bandyup.

Notable inmates

 * Catherine Birnie
 * Brenda Hodge, until 1988

title: Bandyup Women's Prison


text:
File:Sublime-StandByYourVan.jpg

Licensing
Sublime - Stand by Your Van album cover

title: File:Sublime-StandByYourVan.jpg


text:
User talk:Nomorecorruptcops

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 04:56, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Well, we could start another dialog... but it looks like you'll get yourself blocked fairly quickly with this username. -- Curps 04:58, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The question remains... has any article ever been made better by anything you've done? Again, someone went to the trouble of getting Iraqi resistance changed to the more neutral Iraqi insurgency. What have you ever accomplished? -- Curps 05:03, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

In all honesty no. Nothing. Of course not. It is impossible to get anything done except scorched earth. Now I note the above example and that's very good but the fact that it was called resistance at all is pretty damning. I agree with the change of course, my title might have been Iraqi terrorists but insurgency is on the money. I know the point you are making and I accept its validity but you have seen Jurassic Park the film I assume and the notorious kitchen scene. With the raptors. That's what Viajero and his sock puppets (even including 14yo's no less) are like. THey move in for the kill, in a co-ordinated pack. Watch him in action some time. Nomorecorruptcops 05:15, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, we disagree there. It is possible to get plenty done.  It's always possible to take a break from political stuff and go edit some other topics.  I do that when I get sick of the bickering, which is actually most of the time.  People really interested in up-to-the-minute political topics will probably read blogs anyway, not the Wikipedia article.  Wikipedia's still a great source for obscure information about other topics. -- Curps 05:21, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes true.

That is one image page. read it and you'll see what I mean. on an image page! Nomorecorruptcops 05:25, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

what is wrong with these people? a "staged event"? what a sick joke

 * You're correct that the wording there was POV, I edited it. The caption should just stick to a basic neutral description of what's portrayed. -- Curps 05:33, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * But the point is, you need to patiently make things balanced, not go off the deep end and vandalize pages ("coin telephony professionals", etc). It doesn't accomplish anything. -- Curps 05:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Blah--Boothy443 | comhrÚ 05:38, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hohum Nomorecorruptcops 05:42, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

COINTELPRO has many meanings obviously. I didn't get involved in the coin telephony professionals edits although I support their right to free speech. If it's good enough for Ward Churchill, the fraudster it should be good enough for moi. Nomorecorruptcops 05:42, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

[User_talk:Nomorecorruptcops2]

 * Ah, come on. That was you, and you know it has nothing to do with "coin telephony".  Telling transparent lies with a straight face just hurts your credibility, just like crossing the line into vandalism also hurts credibility when admins wade in and assess the situation and just automatically revert. -- Curps 05:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The only thing you accomplish by disrupting articles like Ward Churchill is to get them frozen in a state that is the opposite of what you want; further, you get other users to circle the wagons and resist any change, making it difficult for any editors who try to project a more moderate image (the Tony Marvin persona) to make any changes either.

The question is, does it matter? Maybe Wikipedia isn't that important, or maybe it is, but either way the disruption doesn't make sense.

If Wikipedia isn't that important, then it makes no sense to spend extraordinary time and effort to try to disrupt it. The time could be more productively spent reading or contributing to blogs and message boards and online forums, writing letters to the editor, participating in real-world political grass-roots political activity, etc.

If Wikipedia is important enough to matter, then the last thing you want is for articles to be frozen in the "wrong" state and made more difficult to change, because the article in that state will get picked up by Google and various Wikipedia clones and mirrors.

Politics on Wikipedia is like politics in real life. It's frustrating and slow, and requires tremendous patience to accomplish relatively small things, but there are no shortcuts in real life either when dealing with people who you disagree with. Lashing out and losing your temper only hurts your own credibility and hampers the ability to get things done, not only for you but for anyone else trying to accomplish anything. -- Curps 06:17, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

your message
Hi, I removed your personal attack from my talk page.

I take it from your message, and your commentary here, that you object to being blocked. Let me remind you that you were blocked for vandalism; it is the responsibility of the administrators on this site to block vandals. This is not Usenet; this is not an internet opinion forum; this is not a place for flame-wars to push your agenda; this is an encyclopedia. The idea here is to work collaboratively with other editors, not confrontationally.

Listen to me, User:Nomorecorruptcops. We need good conservative editors here, just as we need editors of other political persuasions, since it is impossible to achieve true NPOV on political topics without having a mix of viewpoints among contributors. If you can get beyond making personal attacks and committing vandalism, we would welcome your contributions. There is a good deal of sense in what Curps has written above; please give it some thought. Thanks. Antandrus 15:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nomorecorruptcops


text:
1990 Stanley Cup Finals

The 1990 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1989–90 season, and the culmination of the 1990 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested by the Edmonton Oilers and the Boston Bruins. This was a rematch of the 1988 Finals, albeit with the notable absence of Wayne Gretzky who was traded from Edmonton to the Los Angeles Kings during the 1988 off-season. The Oilers once again defeated the Bruins, this time in five games, to win the Stanley Cup.

For the Oilers, it was their fifth Cup win in seven years, and the team's only championship after trading Gretzky. This was the last of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta and nine by a team from Western Canada (the Oilers appeared in six, the Calgary Flames in two, the Vancouver Canucks in one).

This was the last appearance in the Finals for the Bruins until 2011, where they would go on to end their 39-year Stanley Cup drought.

Paths to the Finals
Boston defeated the Hartford Whalers 4–3, the Montreal Canadiens 4–1 and the Washington Capitals 4–0 to advance to the Final.

Edmonton defeated the Winnipeg Jets 4–3, the Los Angeles Kings 4–0 and the Chicago Blackhawks 4–2.

Game summaries
In Game 1, Petr Klima scored at 15:13 of the third overtime period to give the Oilers a 3–2 win; this game remains the longest in Stanley Cup Finals history (see Longest NHL overtime games), edging both Brett Hull's Cup-winner in and Igor Larionov's game-winner in  by less than 30 seconds.

Though the Oilers ultimately won the series in five games, it was the Bruins who dominated play during the early part of the series. The Bruins had more chances to win the opener, and at one point had a 15-4 shot advantage in game two before the Oilers came back.

In Game 5 at the Boston Garden on May 24, the Oilers won 4–1, the first time they had ever clinched the Cup on the road. Edmonton won all three Finals games played at Boston Garden - in each their previous Finals wins, the Oilers only won one game away from Northlands Coliseum. Craig Simpson scored the game-winning goal. Oilers goaltender Bill Ranford, originally the backup who took over from Grant Fuhr for the remainder of the regular season and the entire playoffs, was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP. Game 5 was the last Stanley Cup Finals game ever played at the Boston Garden.

Mark Messier won his first Stanley Cup as a team captain, and his fifth overall. He won his sixth Stanley Cup as the captain with the New York Rangers four years later, and scored the Cup-winning goal, making him the only player to captain two different Cup-winning teams.

Ray Bourque did not reach the Stanley Cup Finals again until the Colorado Avalanche won in. As for the Bruins, they would not return to the Stanley Cup Finals until their championship season of. The Oilers did not reach the Finals again until, losing in seven games.

Team rosters
Years indicated in boldface under the "Finals appearance" column signify that the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.

Stanley Cup engraving
The 1990 Stanley Cup was presented to Oilers captain Mark Messier by NHL President John Ziegler following the Oilers 4–1 win over the Bruins in game five.

The following Oilers players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup

1989–90 Edmonton Oilers

Stanley Cup engravings
Neither player qualified for engravement on the Cup, but both players received Stanley Cup rings. Ruzicka was also included on the team winning picture.
 * Garnet "Ace" Bailey won seven Stanley Cups. His name was engraved on the Stanley Cup five times. He was engraved as Garnet Bailey in 1972, G. Bailey in 1970, 1985, 1987, and Ace Bailey in 1990. His name was left off the Stanley Cup, but he was awarded Stanley Cup rings in 1984, 1988.
 * #29 Vladimir Ruzicka (C/LW) joined Edmonton from Europe in January. Ruzicka played 25 games, but did not dress in the playoffs.
 * #19 Anatoli Semenov (RW) joined Edmonton from Europe in May. Semenov played two games in the Conference Final.
 * Grant Fuhr only played 21 games during the regular season due to injuries. Although he would miss the rest of the regular season and the entire playoffs, he qualified to be on the Cup by dressing for over 40 regular season games.

Members of all five Edmonton Oilers championships

 * Glenn Anderson, Grant Fuhr, Randy Gregg, Charlie Huddy, Jari Kurri, Kevin Lowe, Mark Messier (seven Players), Peter Pocklington, Glen Sather, John Mucker, Ted Green, Barry Fraser, Barry Stafford, Lyle Kulchisky (seven non-players)
 * Nine non-players were part of all five championships, but not all engraved each year: Garnet 'Ace' Bailey, Ed Chadwick, Lorne Davis, Matti Vaisanen, Gordon Cameron, Bill Tuele, John Backwell, Werner Baum, and Bob Freedman

Members of all five Edmonton Oilers championships and New York Rangers championship (1994)

 * Glenn Anderson, Kevin Lowe, and Mark Messier.

Broadcasting
In Canada, the series was televised on the CBC.

In the United States, the series aired nationally on SportsChannel America. However, SportsChannel America's national coverage was blacked out in the Boston area due to the local rights to Bruins games in that TV market. NESN televised games one, two, and five in the Boston area while WSBK had games three and four.

Aftermath
The Oilers’ cup win marked the beginning of the end of Canada’s dominance in the Stanley Cup Finals. After the 1990 Finals, American teams would take home the Stanley Cup in 32 of the next 33 editions of the Finals, with the sole Canadian Cup victory coming in 1993. The Oilers would return to the Stanley Cup Finals in 2006 and 2024, but they would lose both in seven games to the Carolina Hurricanes and Florida Panthers respectively.

This was the last Finals appearance for the Bruins until 2011, where they defeated the Vancouver Canucks in seven games to end a 39-year Cup drought.

title: 1990 Stanley Cup Finals


text:
File:Silurian2.jpg

A Silurian, a reptilian humanoid race that were the first intelligent lifeforms on Earth. From Doctor Who and the Silurians.

title: File:Silurian2.jpg


text:
Gelawdewos

Galawdewos (, 1521/1522 – 23 March 1559), also known as Mar Gelawdewos, was Emperor of Ethiopia from 3 September 1540 until his death in 1559, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. His throne name was Atsnaph Sagad I (Ge'ez: አጽናፍ ሰገድ). A male line descendant of medieval Amhara kings, he was a younger son of Dawit II and Seble Wongel.

Early reign
The son of Dawit II by his wife, Seble Wongel, after the death of his father Gelawdewos succeeded to the throne on 2 September 1540 at the age of 18. During Ahmed Gragn occupation of Abyssinia, Galawdewos initially took refuge in the province of Gafat. Despite his youth, over the next few months he made several successful attacks on the Adalite garrisons in northern Ethiopia. At the time of the Portuguese arrival in Ethiopia Gelawdewos was in northern Shewa leading a small guerrilla movement against the Muslim occupation. When he heard of the Portuguese arrival he marched northward to join them but the Portuguese have already started fighting Ahmad Gran in the province in of Tigray.

The young emperor was able to make his way back up north where he met with the Portuguese survivors of Wofla and his mother Queen Seble Wongel at the "Mountain of the Jews", which Whiteway identifies as Amba Sel. They soon discovered that Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was camped near the shores of Lake Tana and met him at the Battle of Wayna Daga on 21 February 1543, defeating and killing the Imam. With Ahmad's death, Gelawdewos was easily able to eject the leaderless Muslim forces from the highlands without encountering any significant resistance.

He then turned his attention to the numerous Ethiopians who had crossed over to the Imam's side, either to further themselves or out of self-preservation. While some presented themselves to Gelawdewos expecting to be pardoned only to be executed, to many others he granted his safe conduct, according to Miguel de Castanhoso, "for there were so many [who had joined Imam Ahmad] that had he ordered all to be killed, he would have remained alone."

Following his victory at Wayna Daga, Gelawdewos had to deal with João Bermudes, a Portuguese priest whom his father had sent as his ambassador to secure help from Portugal. Bermudes had represented himself in Europe as the Patriarch of Ethiopia, and once he returned to Ethiopia, he claimed he had been appointed by Pope Paul III as Patriarch. According to Bermudes' own account of his time in Ethiopia, early in the reign of Gelawdewos he was banished to Gafat, south of the Blue Nile.

In response to his arguments, Gelawdewos wrote his Confession of Faith, which defended the Miaphysitism of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. According to Richard Pankhurst, Gelawdewos' Confession helped his fellow Ethiopian Christians to remain "steadfast in their adherence to Sabbath observance, circumcision, and the prohibition against pork and other 'unclean' foods."

Campaigns
Following the Imam's death and defeat at Wanya Daga, the regions of Dawaro and Bali fell under the control of Vizier Abbas, the nephew of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim. Abbas then launched a fierce attack on a number of Christian towns in Shewa. The young Emperor, Gelawdewos, made his way to confront him and Abbas rushed with his army to meet the Emperor. Gelawdewos was victorious in this engagement and Abbas with all his captains were killed. Galawdewos decided to remain in Wej where he established his capital, stationed his royal court and built a palace there. Gelawdewos then conquered all of the Muslim provinces except for Adal. Among the provinces he conquered were Dawaro, Fetegar, Bali, and Hadiya. The Ethiopian king then focused on the southwestern side of Ethiopia. In early 1548, Gelawdewos led his army in campaign to the western fringes of the Empire, perhaps in Bizamo, beyond the province of Damot, which was then inhabited by pagans. Whilst Gelawdewos was campaigning in the west, the Adalites would launch an invasion of Dawaro. Gelawdewos's vassal Fanu'el succeeded in repulsing him. Gelawdewos later arrived in the region where he took the offensive, he marched into the region of Adal where he took much loot, slaves, gold and sliver and was said to have distributed it most generously among his subjects before returning six months later. The Emperor then ordered Fanu’el to advance "into the country towards Zayla" where he reportedly killed two prominent Muslim leaders, however Nur ibn Mujahid was able to escape.

In late 1549, Gelawdewos followed up with another large scale attack into Adal territory, and as the chronicler claims, “to ravage it like how the Muslims ravaged the Christian highlands”. He spent five months in this operation during which he freed numerous Christian slaves that had been taken during the Ethiopian-Adal War and in his turn enslaved many Muslim captives. He also captured ‘Abbas, one of the principal figures of Adal, although Emir Nur was able to escape once again.

After this campaign in the east, a number of revolts were suppressed, in Gumär, and Gambo provinces. During the Ottoman conquest of Habesh, the Ottomans under Özdemir Pasha attacked seized Massawa, Arqiqo and Dahlak. Gelawdewos relied on the resistance of the local population. In the area of Bur, the farmers killed many Turks and their commander, sending the latter's head to the Emperor.

In 1559, Nur ibn Mujahid invaded Fatagar again with a force comprising 1800 horsemen and 500 riflemen, and numerous sword and bow-wielding troops. To face that threat, Gelawdewos ordered Ras Hamalmal of Kambata and Ras Fasil to lead two armies against Harar, which they successfully took and killed Barakat ibn Umar Din, the last member of the Walasma dynasty. Galawdewos then led his own troops, hastily assembled. On 23 March 1559, the imperial army met Nur ibn Mujahid force in the Battle of Fatagar at a place named Nech Sar, where, according to a Harari chronicle, Gelawdewos was killed in battle. "Early in the engagement Galawdéwos was hit by a bullet, but continued to fight until surrounded by a score of Harari cavalry, who struck him fatally to the ground with their spears," according to Pankhurst. Galawdewos was surrounded by about twenty horsemen who pierced his loin with a lance

Emir Nur had the Emperor's head sent to the country of Sa'ad ad-Din II, then rode off to plunder Ethiopian territory before returning home. The explorer Richard Francis Burton tells a slightly different account, adding that Gelawdewos had been supervising the restoration of Debre Werq when he received a message from Emir Nur challenging him to combat. When the Emperor met the Emir, a priest warned that the angel Gabriel had told him Gelawdewos would needlessly risk his life—which caused most of the Ethiopian army to flee.

According to G. W. B. Huntingford, Gelawdewos' body was buried at Tadbaba Maryam near Sayint and his head, which was brought back to Ethiopia by some traders, was buried in Ensaqya (now in Antsokiyana Gemza) in the Tomb of Saint Gelawdewos.

Family
Gelawdewos had no sons, but had two daughters named Sabana Giyorgis and Mashihawit.

title: Gelawdewos


text:
Talk:Metro Nashville Skatepark

Opryland
The sad part is, most of the kids who use the skatepark don't remember Opryland and the "Wabash Cannonbowl" and "Angle Inn" carry no special meanings for them. Sad indeed.

Official park name
The skatepark doesn't seem to have an official name, although The Tennessean likes to refer to it as the "Metro Nashville Skatepark" (See "Skateboarders never look at weather report" 2007-02-08 for example). A lot of skateboarding sites call it "Concrete Wave Country", but this seems to be a nickname given to it by skaters. Maybe someone should suggest an official name for Metro to designate it as. Kaldari (talk) 01:43, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metro Nashville Skatepark


text:
Marilyn Crispell

Marilyn Crispell (born March 30, 1947) is an American jazz pianist and composer. Scott Yanow described her as "a powerful player... who has her own way of using space... She is near the top of her field." Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote: "Hearing Marilyn Crispell play solo piano is like monitoring an active volcano... She is one of a very few pianists who rise to the challenge of free jazz." In addition to her own extensive work as a soloist or bandleader, Crispell is also known as a longtime member of saxophonist Anthony Braxton's quartet in the 1980s and '90s.

Biography
Crispell was born in Philadelphia and, at the age of ten, moved to Baltimore, where she attended Western High School. She studied classical piano at the Peabody Conservatory beginning at age seven, and also began improvising at an early age, thanks to a teacher who required all her students to improvise regardless of their skill level. She later attended the New England Conservatory of Music, where she studied piano and composition, graduating in 1968. Crispell was not interested in jazz until 1975, when, while living on Cape Cod, she heard John Coltrane's A Love Supreme for the first time. She recalls: "The emotional and spiritual quality of it overpowered me... I can honestly say it's possibly the most overpowering experience I've ever had in my life. That one night of listening to A Love Supreme over and over and over just completely changed my life."

Crispell soon returned to Boston, where she studied jazz privately with Charlie Banacos for two years. According to Crispell, "I had to, like, really go from scratch. I had to do everything in twelve keys. I had to write out seven solos in every key on every piece. I had to listen to tons of stuff and transcribe it to be able to hear and understand what was happening, you know, within the confines of these time cycles and chord changes. How were people using the chords and the notes and the chords and the scales? Where did they go outside of them?"

While in Boston, she met saxophonist Charlie Mariano, who suggested she consider attending sessions at the Creative Music Studio in Woodstock, NY, founded by Karl Berger, Ingrid Sertso, and Ornette Coleman. In 1977, she visited the studio for a summer, and came into contact with musicians such as Cecil Taylor, Don Cherry, Roscoe Mitchell, Wadada Leo Smith, Anthony Davis, and Oliver Lake. Regarding her first encounter with Taylor, she recalled: "I remember the day I first met Cecil Taylor... He was playing pool, and there was a piano behind the pool room. So I sat at the piano and gave him an impromptu concert, hoping he'd listen. When I was finished he kissed my hand, and said, 'This lady can play!' I'm still flattered to hear my name mentioned in the same breath." (During this time, people frequently referred to her as "the female Cecil Taylor" due to her fiery approach to the piano and her tendency to play "lots of notes, all of the time. Continuously, without much of a break." ) Regarding her time at the Creative Music Studio, she stated: "It was and is a unique place in the world for the kind of music that we do... If it had taken place in New York City I don't think the feeling would have been the same. Here you were living and eating and hanging out with the guiding artists in this country motel setting. People would be up all night making bonfires and playing outside on the lawn with musicians from all over the world. It was a very important human experience and I met many of the people I ended up playing with." Upon completion of the session, Crispell quickly moved to Woodstock and has resided there ever since.

While at the Creative Music Studio, Crispell also met Anthony Braxton, who invited her to sit in with his group. She recalls: "At our first gig Anthony placed a beer in my hand and said, 'Relax, don't play so many notes.' I was playing like a thousand notes a minute, and he was the first person to make me think of space and breath and phrasing, as opposed to a constant barrage." She was soon invited to join Braxton's Creative Music Orchestra and his quartet, of which she was a member from 1983 to 1995, and which also featured bassist Mark Dresser, and drummer Gerry Hemingway. During this time, she made roughly a dozen recordings with Braxton, and also began releasing recordings under her own name. Regarding her tenure with the group, she stated: "[I]t was like a family. Playing with Anthony really taught me a lot about space, the use of space and silence and breath, and the use of composition in improvisation... Just being inside his compositions taught me a lot about composition... What really impressed me is that he was composing in a way that was very similar to contemporary classical musicians but with a lot more freedom, allowing interpretation.". Since then, silence and space have become known as a central part of her recordings. As she noted in an interview with PostGenre, Marilyn noted, "[W]hen I first started playing creative music, I don’t think I left much of any silence in my performances. I was focused heavily on playing into the energy and showing what I could do. That kind of thinking is very far away from my mindset now."

During the late 1970s and 1980s, she also worked and recorded with Reggie Workman, Roscoe Mitchell, Wadada Leo Smith, the Barry Guy New Orchestra, the European Quartet Noir (with Urs Leimgruber, Fritz Hauser, and Joëlle Léandre), and Babatunde Olatunji. In 1981 she performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival, held in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio.

In the early 1990s, her style began to evolve further when she visited Stockholm, where she heard a Swedish group that included bassist Anders Jormin. She recalls: "It just touched a nerve in me... it unlocked the door to the lyrical things that I would have liked to be doing and wasn't doing." "Some of this kind of beauty and Nordic sound and tenderness opened up something in me that I had really kept hidden because I was trying to be really strong all the time. Even when I played romantic things I played them with a lot of energy. So suddenly this other sound entered into my consciousness and it resonated with something in me that I had not allowed to be expressed." She soon performed and recorded with Jormin and his Bortom Quintet. In 1996, she recorded Nothing Ever Was, Anyway: Music of Annette Peacock with Gary Peacock, Paul Motian, and Annette Peacock, her first album for ECM. Regarding her ECM recordings, she stated: "A lot of the stuff I have been doing with ECM is more about an inner intensity rather than an outer one. I feel there is a connection between the two states - wild energy and extreme introversion - two sides of the same coin. I do both and feel like there is an organic connection between them - an integration between them. With the ECM recordings, I like the idea of playing things so slowly that you are almost suspended in time."

Crispell has continued to perform and record extensively as a soloist and leader of her own groups, as well as with the Evan Parker Trio, an all-female trio led by Denmark’s Lotte Anker, Tisziji Munoz, Ivo Perelman, Scott Fields, the Copenhagen Art Ensemble, Trio Tapestry with saxophonist Joe Lovano and drummer Carmen Castaldi, Trio 3 (Reggie Workman, Oliver Lake, Andrew Cyrille), the Dave Douglas Trio, Tyshawn Sorey, and many other musicians. She has also performed and recorded music by contemporary composers such as John Cage, Pauline Oliveros, Robert Cogan, Pozzi Escot, Manfred Niehaus, and Anthony Davis (including his opera X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X with the New York City Opera).

She has taught improvisation workshops and given lecture/demonstrations across the world and has collaborated with poets, dancers, filmmakers, and videographers. She has been the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in Music Composition (2005-2006), a Mary Flagler Cary Charitable Trust composition commission (1988-1989), and three New York Foundation for the Arts fellowship grants (1988-1989, 1994-1995 and 2006-2007). In 1996, Crispell was presented with an Outstanding Alumni Award by the New England Conservatory, and in 2004, was named as being one of their 100 most outstanding alumni of the past 100 years. She is the author of the instructional DVD "A pianist's guide to free improvisation: keys to unlocking your creativity" (2002, Homespun Video).

In 2000, Crispell appeared in the French film Women in Jazz by Gilles Corre. In 2005–2006, she performed and recorded with the NOW Orchestra in Vancouver, and was co-director of the Vancouver Creative Music Institute and a faculty member at the Banff Centre International Workshop in Jazz. She also created and directed a multi media production entitled Cy Twombly Dreamhouse, with choreography by Savia Berger. In 2017, she collaborated with Jo Ganter, visual artist, and Raymond MacDonald, saxophonist, both from Scotland, on Drawing Sound, an exhibition of graphic scores at the Kleinert/James Gallery, Woodstock, NY.

As side musician

 * with Lotte Anker and Marilyn Mazur
 * Poetic Justice (Dacapo, 2001)

 * with Clint Bahr
 * Puzzlebox (Moonjune, 2022)

 * with Thurman Barker
 * The Way I Hear It (Uptee Productions, 1998)

 * with Anthony Braxton
 * Composition 98 (hatART, 1981)
 * Six Compositions (Quartet) 1984 (Black Saint, 1985)
 * Quartet (London) 1985 (Leo, 1985 [1988])
 * Prag 1984 (Quartet Performance) (Sound Aspects, 1984 [1990])
 * Quartet (Birmingham) 1985 (Leo, 1985 [1991])
 * Willisau (Quartet) 1991 (hatART, 1991)
 * Quartet (Coventry) 1985 (Leo, 1985 [1993])
 * (Victoriaville) 1992 (Victo, 1993)
 * Twelve Compositions: Recorded Live in July 1993 at Yoshi's in Oakland California (Music & Arts, 1994)
 * Creative Orchestra (Köln) 1978 (hatART, 1978 [1995])
 * Quartet (Santa Cruz) 1993 (hatART, 1993 [1997])
 * The Coventry Concert (Bootleg / Unauthorized, 2006)
 * Orchestra (Paris) 1978 (Bootleg / Unauthorized, 2011)
 * Quartet (New York) 1993 - Set 1 (Bootleg / Unauthorized, 2011)
 * Quartet (New York) 1993 - Set 2 (Bootleg / Unauthorized, 2011)
 * The Complete Remastered Recordings on Black Saint & Soul Note (C.A.M. Jazz, 2011)
 * Quartet (Karlsruhe) 1983 (live, archival) (New Braxton House, 2012)
 * Quartet (Mulhouse) 1983 (live, archival) (New Braxton House, 2012)
 * CMS Archive Selections, Volume 2 (Planet Arts, 2015)

 * with Andrea Centazzo
 * Stolen Moment (Ictus, 2020)

 * with Agustí Fernández
 * River Tiger Fire  (Fundacja Słuchaj!, 2015)

 * with Scott Fields
 * 48 Motives, January 11, 1996 (Cadence, 1996)
 * Five Frozen Eggs (Music & Arts, 1997)
 * Stephen Dembski – Sonotropism (Music & Arts, 1997)

 * with John Geggie and Nick Fraser
 * Geggie Project (Ambiances Magnétiques, 2008)

 * with The Glasgow Improvisers Orchestra and Evan Parker
 * Parallel Moments Unbroken (FMR, 2018)

 * with Barry Guy
 * Blue Horizon. Barry Guy@70 [Live At The Ad Libitum Festival 2017] (Fundacja Słuchaj!, 2018)

 * with Barry Guy London Jazz Composer's Orchestra
 * Three Pieces for Orchestra (Intakt, 1997)
 * Double Trouble Two (Intakt, 1998)

 * with Barry Guy New Orchestra
 * Inscape–Tableaux (Intakt, 2001)

 * with Guy-Gustafsson-Strid Trio
 * Gryffgryffgryffs: The 1996 Radio Sweden Concert (live) (Music & Arts, 1997)

 * with Barry Guy and Paul Lytton
 * Odyssey (Intakt, 2001)
 * Ithaca (Intakt, 2004)
 * Phases of the Night (Intakt, 2008)
 * Deep Memory (Intakt, 2016)

 * with Francois Houle
 * Any Terrain Tumultuous (Red Toucan, 1995)

 * with Anders Jormin
 * In Winds, In Light (ECM, 2004)

 * with Henry Kaiser
 * Eternity Blue (Shanachie, 1995)

 * with Steve Lacy
 * Five Facings (FMP, 1996)

 * with Joelle Leandre
 * Joëlle Léandre Project (Leo, 2000)
 * Stone Quartet: DMG @ The Stone Volume 1: December 22, 2006 (DMG/ARC, 2008)
 * Stone Quartet: Live at Vision Festival (Ayler, 2011)

 * with Urs Leimgruber, Joelle Leandre and Fritz Hauser
 * Quartet Noir (Victo, 1999)
 * Quartet Noir Lugano (Victo, 2005)

 * with Joe Lovano
 * Trio Tapestry (ECM, 2019)
 * Garden of Expression (ECM, 2021)
 * Our Daily Bread (ECM, 2023)

 * with Raymond MacDonald
 * Parallel Moments  (Babel, 2014)
 * Songs Along the Way (Babel, 2018)

 * with Raymond MacDonald and Pierre Alexandre Tremblay
 * Two Duos : Three Trios (Bruce's Fingers, 2016)

 * with The Roscoe Mitchell Creative Orchestra
 * Sketches from Bamboo (Moers, 1979)

 * with Michael Moore and Gerry Hemingway
 * MGM Trio (Ramboy, 1996)

 * with Tisziji Munoz
 * Auspicious Healing! (Anami, 2000)
 * Breaking the Wheel of Life and Death (Anami, 2000)
 * Heart to Heart (Anami, 2013)
 * Beautiful Empty Fullness (Anami, 2014)
 * The Paradox of Independence (Anami, 2014)

 * with NOW Orchestra
 * Pola (Victo, 2005)

 * with Larry Ochs
 * The Secret Magritte (Black Saint, 1996)

 * with Parker-Guy-Lytton Trio
 * Natives and Aliens (Leo, 1997)
 * After Appleby (Leo, 2000)

 * with Ivo Perelman
 * En Adir (Music & Arts, 1997)
 * Sound Hierarchy (Music & Arts, 1997)
 * Brass and Ivory Tales (Fundacja Słuchaj!, 2021)

 * with Nelly Pouget
 * Le Voir (Minuit 5 Regards, 1998)

 * with Michele Rabbia and Vincent Courtois
 * Shifting Grace (CAM Jazz, 2006)

 * with Gunhild Seim and David Rothenberg
 * Grenseland (Drollehala, 2018)

 * with Gunhild Seim & Time Jungle
 * Elephant Wings (Drollehala, 2012)

 * with Wadada Leo Smith
 * Budding of a Rose (Moers, 1979)

 * with Reggie Workman
 * Synthesis (Leo, 1986)
 * Images (Music & Arts, 1990)
 * Altered Spaces (Leo, 1993)

 * with Bobby Zankel
 * Human Flowers (CIMP, 1996)

 * performing works of John Cage
 * Works for Piano, Toy Piano & Prepared Piano, Vol. III (Wergo, 1991)

 * performing works of Robert Cogan, Pozzi Escot and Manfred Niehaus
 * Stellar Pulsations / Three Composers (Leo, 1994)

Filmography

 * "Rising Tones Cross" (1985) dir. Ebba Jahn
 * Femmes du Jazz / Women in Jazz (2000) by Gilles Corre
 * The Songpoet (2019) by Paul Lamont
 * Motian in Motion (2020) by Michael Patrick Kelly
 * ECM50 | 2000 - Marilyn Crispell (episode in a series of 51 short films on ECM, 2020) by IJ.Biermann

Additional sources

 * Crispell, Marilyn. 2000. "Elements of Improvisation: For Cecil Taylor and Anthony Braxton." In Arcana: Musicians on Music, ed. John Zorn, 190-192. New York: Granary Books/Hips Road.

title: Marilyn Crispell


text:
SS Yarmouth Castle

SS Yarmouth Castle, built as Evangeline, was an American steamship whose loss in a disastrous fire in 1965 prompted new laws regarding safety at sea.

The ship was the second of two identical ships built by the William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company for the Eastern Steamship Lines for service on the New York City – Yarmouth, Nova Scotia route, operating in practice out of Boston as well.

During World War II, Evangeline was turned over to the War Shipping Administration, which operated all oceangoing vessels for the United States, and was used primarily as an army troop transport. Eastern Steamship Lines resumed control of the ship on July 1, 1946.

After a short period in service, the ship was laid up, and then sold in 1954 and put under Liberian registry, operating from Boston to Nova Scotia, then to the Caribbean. In 1963 Evangeline was sold again, put under Panamanian registry and renamed Yarmouth Castle; the ship was operated by Yarmouth Cruise Lines between Miami and Nassau, Bahamas, from 1964 until the disaster on November 12, 1965.

Construction and early service
Evangeline was built for a new service between New York City and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. The ship was laid down at William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company in Philadelphia as hull number 524 on May 1, 1926. On February 12, 1927, the ship was launched and christened Evangeline, with completion in September and delivery on October 4, 1927.

The ship was a twin-screw, steam-turbine-driven vessel of, 378 ft on waterline, 365.5 ft registered length, 55.7 ft beam and 26.7 ft depth, with a crew of 141. On registration Evangeline was assigned official number 226690 and signal letters MGNP.

Evangeline had five decks, the upper three devoted to passengers with one cargo deck specially designed for automobiles. The ship had a glassed-in promenade deck, two social halls, a library, a dancing saloon and a verandah cafe. Six boilers provided steam to two Parsons turbines developing 7,500 shaft horsepower for a speed of 18 knots.

In actual operation Evangeline served on both the Boston and New York routes with seasonal variation.

World War II troop transport
On January 6, 1942, Evangeline was delivered to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) at New Orleans for wartime service. The ship had been evaluated for use as an Army hospital ship, and considered better than several actually converted, but was never converted nor used as a hospital ship. The ship was allocated to Army transportation requirements and operated by Alooa Steamship Company under an Army Transportation Corps time charter agreement until placed under a general WSA agreement with Eastern Steamship on March 25. On August 1, 1942, the ship was delivered at Norfolk, Virginia, for operation under bareboat charter by the War Department (Army) for operation as a United States Army Transport. The transport operated during the first half of 1942 out of New Orleans to Curaçao, Trinidad, Jamaica, Haiti, Panama and San Juan, Puerto Rico. After repair and conversion in Galveston, Texas, during September and October 1942, Evangeline began operations out of New York in November to Oran, Casablanca, Algiers, Bizerte and other North African ports, supporting operations after the landings in North Africa on November 8, 1942. The transport made one trip to the United Kingdom after return to New York in August 1943, and in January 1944 departed for service in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) for operations.

Evangeline called at Bora Bora, Milne Bay and Noumea before a voyage repair period in Honolulu and then extensive repairs at San Francisco from April to June 1944. The ship went from San Francisco to Seattle from which the ship returned to SWPA and Espiritu Santo, Milne Bay, Oro Bay, Finschhafen, Townsville, and Brisbane. The Army assigned Evangeline the local fleet number X-18 for those operations and the ship was shown as part of the SWPA fleet until July 1945. The ship returned on December 25, 1944, to Honolulu, and in January 1945 to San Francisco, where the Navy took over jurisdiction briefly until April. On April 20, 1945, Evangeline was again under the Army and returned to SWPA until returning to Los Angeles in December 1945. In January 1946, Evangeline sailed in ballast to arrive at Boston on February 7, 1946, for delivery to WSA for disposition. On February 19, 1946, the ship was returned to Eastern Steamship Lines for operation under WSA agreement until permanent return on July 1, 1946.

Postwar commercial service
After being refitted and refinished at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation's shipyards at a cost of US$1.5 million, she returned to passenger service in May 1947. Fire safety was considered during the refit. Since an upgrade of the ship to the then-current construction standards was not viable, the United States Coast Guard allowed the wooden construction to remain but mandated several improvements, including the installation of a ship-wide sprinkler system.

She operated on the New York City – Bahamas run for less than a year, and was then laid up from 1948 to 1953, save for a two-month period in 1950. The ship was sold to a Liberian company called the Volusia Steamship Company in 1954. She was given an overnight run from Boston to Nova Scotia, and resumed service to the Caribbean in 1955.

The ship was sold in 1963 to the Chadade Steamship Company, and her name was changed to Yarmouth Castle that year. She offered service from New York City to the Bahamas for Caribbean Cruise Lines, which went bankrupt that same year. By the end of 1964, Yarmouth Castle was operated by Yarmouth Cruise Lines. The ship ran pleasure cruises on the 186-mile stretch between Miami and Nassau. She was under Panamanian registry.

Fire
Yarmouth Castle departed Miami for Nassau on November 12, 1965, with 376 passengers and 176 crew members aboard, a total of 552 people. The ship was due to arrive in Nassau the next day. The captain on the voyage was 35-year-old Byron Voutsinas.

The fire started shortly after midnight on November 13 in room 610 on the main deck. At the time of the fire, the room was being used as a storage space and contained mattresses, chairs and other combustible materials. No sprinkler head was installed in the room. The source of the fire could not be determined; it may have been caused by jury-rigged wiring, sparks entering through the ventilation or by carelessness.

A watchman did a security patrol between 12:30 and 12:50 a.m. but failed to systematically check all areas of the ship and detect the fire. At some point between midnight and 1:00 a.m. crew and passengers began noticing smoke and heat and started searching for a fire. When they discovered it in room 610 and the toilet above, it had already begun to spread and attempts to fight the fire with fire extinguishers were not effective. Attempts to activate a fire alarm box were also unsuccessful. The bridge was unaware of the fire until about 1:10 a.m. By this time, Yarmouth Castle was 120 miles east of Miami and 60 miles northwest of Nassau.

At 1:00 a.m. the engine room alerted the bridge that smoke was coming through the ventilation system. The captain was summoned to the bridge, instructed the crew to sound the alarm, and departed to locate the fire. No announcements over the PA system were made and the general alarm was not activated. The general alarm would have sounded alarm bells throughout the ship, alerted the passengers, and summoned off-duty personnel to the emergency stations.

After about five minutes, the captain returned to the bridge and at 1:20 a.m. ordered the ship stopped. The radio officer could not send a distress call because of flames and smoke in the radio room. The fire forced the crew to leave the bridge, and the captain gave order to abandon ship at about 1:25 a.m. At this point the general alarm could no longer be sounded and they were unable to issue the complete "abandon ship" signal using the ship's whistle.

The captain proceeded to the lifeboat containing the emergency radio, but could not reach it. He and several crew members launched another lifeboat and abandoned ship at about 1:45 a.m. The captain later testified that he wanted to reach one of the rescue vessels to make an emergency call.

The remaining crew proceeded to alert passengers and attempted to help them escape their cabins. Some passengers tried to escape through cabin windows but found them difficult or impossible to open due to improper maintenance. The sprinkler system activated but was largely ineffective due to the severity of the fire. Crew members attempted to battle the flames with hoses, but were hampered by low hydrant pressure. The investigation later determined that more valves were open than the pumps could handle.

While some lifeboats burned and others could not be launched due to mechanical problems, half of the ship's boats made it safely away. Passengers near the bow could not reach the lifeboats, but some were later picked up by boats from rescue vessels.

The Finnish freighter Finnpulp was just eight miles ahead of Yarmouth Castle, also headed east. At 1:30 a.m., the ship's mate noticed that Yarmouth Castle had slowed significantly on the radar screen. Looking astern, he saw the glowing flames and notified the captain, John Lehto, who had been asleep. Lehto immediately ordered Finnpulp turned around. The freighter radioed Nassau three times but got no reply. At 1:36 a.m., the Finnpulp successfully contacted the Coast Guard in Miami. It was the first distress call sent out.

The passenger liner Bahama Star was following Yarmouth Castle at about twelve miles distance. At 2:15 a.m., Captain Carl Brown noticed rising smoke and a red glow on the water. Realizing that this was Yarmouth Castle, he ordered the ship ahead at full speed. Bahama Star radioed the U.S. Coast Guard at 2:20 a.m.

Finnpulp was the first ship on the scene, aiding the first lifeboat, which carried the Yarmouth Castle 's captain. After picking up the passengers and some crew from that boat, the freighter turned to rescue further passengers from the burning ship. Finnpulp also launched its own boats to rescue passengers.

By this time, Bahama Star had arrived on the scene. The ship stopped 100 yards from Yarmouth Castle and launched lifeboats, which lined up against the starboard side of the burning ship. Some people jumped into the water and climbed aboard the lifeboats. Others descended ropes and rope ladders. Finnpulp lowered a motorboat, which towed some of the boats to Bahama Star.

Starting about 2:30 a.m. the U.S. Coast Guard began sending planes and later helicopters to assist in the rescue. The airborne operations would continue throughout the following day.

All survivors had been pulled aboard Finnpulp and Bahama Star by 4:00 a.m. Yarmouth Castle capsized onto her port side just before 6:00 a.m., and sank at 6:03 a.m.

The wreck has not been located but is thought to rest 10,800 feet below the Atlantic.

Aftermath
Fourteen critically injured people were taken by helicopter from Bahama Star to Nassau hospitals. Bahama Star rescued 240 passengers and 133 crew. Finnpulp rescued 51 passengers and 41 crew. Both ships arrived in Nassau on November 13.

Eighty-seven people went down with the ship, and three of the rescued passengers later died at hospitals, bringing the final death toll to 90. Of the dead, only two were crew members: stewardess Phyllis Hall and ship's physician Lisardo Diaz-Toorens. While some bodies were recovered, most were lost with the ship.

The Yarmouth Castle fire was the worst disaster in North American waters since the SS Noronic burned and sank in Toronto Harbour with the loss of up to 139 lives in 1949.

Investigation
An investigation into the sinking was launched by the U.S. Coast Guard, which issued a 27-page report on the disaster in March 1966.

The board of inquiry found that the proximate cause of the disaster was the failure to detect the fire early on. Contributing to this were the inadequate security patrol and the lack of a sprinkler head in room 610. The construction of the ship, which contained excessive flammable material, allowed the fire to quickly spread out of control.

The high death toll was attributed to the fact that the general alarm and PA system were not immediately used to alert passengers and crew. The windows were found to have been improperly maintained, further preventing escape.

The report blames the captain and officers on the scene for not taking "firm and positive" action to organize firefighting and evacuation of passengers. It describes the captain's abandonment of the ship as "negligent" and an "overall failure to approach and cope with the difficulties." The board noted that while the ship's firefighting procedures were adequate, they were not properly implemented by the crew.

The report determined that Yarmouth Castle sank because the doors between the watertight compartments had not been sealed, allowing water to flow freely from the firefighting and sprinkler systems. This caused Yarmouth Castle to list and allowed more water to enter through open bulkheads.

Yarmouth Castle had passed a safety check and fire drill three weeks before the sinking. Although it did not need to conform to American safety regulations since it was registered under the Panamanian flag, it had to conform to the Safety of Life at Sea or SOLAS, and was regularly inspected by the U.S. Coast Guard.

The Yarmouth Castle disaster prompted updates to the Safety of Life at Sea law, or SOLAS. The updated law brought new maritime safety rules, requiring fire drills, safety inspections, and structural changes to new ships. Under SOLAS, any vessel carrying more than 50 overnight passengers is required to be built entirely of non-combustible materials such as steel. Yarmouth Castle 's largely wooden superstructure was found to be the main cause of the fire's rapid spread.

Legacy
Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote a song based on the tragedy. Called "Ballad of Yarmouth Castle," it was released on his fifth United Artists album, Sunday Concert, in 1969. That album, along with Lightfoot's other UA releases, was re-released in a three-CD compilation, The Original Lightfoot: The United Artists Years, in 1992. The ballad was not Lightfoot's only shipwreck-themed song; in 1976, he released his album Summertime Dream, which included the song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald," based on the sinking of the American-flagged Great Lakes freighter Edmund Fitzgerald in an early November gale in 1975.

The Evangeline appears in the 1962 James Bond movie Dr. No. It can be seen in the background during a scene where Bond meets Quarrel at the Nassau boat docks.

title: SS Yarmouth Castle


text:
Pollara

Pollara Strategic Insights is a Canadian public opinion and market research firm. Founded as Insight Canada Research in 1985 by Chairman Michael Marzolini, the company name was changed in 1997 to Pollara. In 2007, the company was re-branded as Pollara Strategic Insights, although it is still commonly referred to as Pollara.

Pollara is a full-service research firm active in all sectors and disciplines. It provides custom quantitative and qualitative research as well as a suite of proprietary research models and syndicated studies.

Pollara was the pollster to the Liberal Party of Canada in its majority government winning election campaigns in 1993, 1997 and 2000.

title: Pollara


text:
Bonini's paradox

Bonini's paradox, named after Stanford business professor Charles Bonini, explains the difficulty in constructing models or simulations that fully capture the workings of complex systems (such as the human brain).

Statements
In modern discourse, the paradox was articulated by John M. Dutton and William H. Starbuck: "As a model of a complex system becomes more complete, it becomes less understandable. Alternatively, as a model grows more realistic, it also becomes just as difficult to understand as the real-world processes it represents."

This paradox may be used by researchers to explain why complete models of the human brain and thinking processes have not been created and will undoubtedly remain difficult for years to come.

This same paradox was observed earlier from a quote by philosopher-poet Paul Valéry (1871–1945): "Ce qui est simple est toujours faux. Ce qui ne l’est pas est inutilisable". ("If it's simple, it's always false. If it's not, it's unusable." )

Also, the same topic has been discussed by Richard Levins in his classic essay "The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology", in stating that complex models have 'too many parameters to measure, leading to analytically insoluble equations that would exceed the capacity of our computers, but the results would have no meaning for us even if they could be solved.

Related issues
Bonini's paradox can be seen as a case of the map–territory relation: simpler maps are less accurate though more useful representations of the territory. An extreme form is given in the fictional stories Sylvie and Bruno Concluded and "On Exactitude in Science", which imagine a map of a scale of 1:1 (the same size as the territory), which is precise but unusable, illustrating one extreme of Bonini's paradox.

Isaac Asimov's fictional science of "Psychohistory" in his Foundation series also faces with this dilemma; Asimov even had one of his psychohistorians discuss the paradox.

title: Bonini's paradox


text:
Westmoor High School

Westmoor High School is a public high school in Daly City, California, United States. It serves grades 9 through 12 as part of the Jefferson Union High School District (JUHSD). It generally serves the residents of Daly City, Pacifica, and Colma. It was recently selected as a California Distinguished School.

History
Westmoor High School was established in 1956 as the primary high school to serve the new Westlake neighborhood on the west side of Daly City.

In the school years of 2004, 2005, and 2006, Westmoor became eligible for California Distinguished School status, but was not awarded the designation until 2009. In recent years, its California Standardized Test scores have risen to an 8/10.

Throughout the years, numerous individuals, such as participants in the Civil Rights Movement and numerous California politicians, have visited Westmoor. In 2004, Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry made a campaign stop at Westmoor, speaking publicly in the main gymnasium.

Campus
The original campus building, designed by architect Mario J. Ciampi, attracted national acclaim due to its modern design elements. The building was sometimes called the "Glass Palace" due to the extensive use of architectural glass in its design. Ciampi received an honor award from the American Institute of Architects in 1959 for his work on Westmoor. The campus is built on what was previously a pig farm and ranch.

Westmoor's main building was renovated and extended during the 2000–01 school year, and most of its original architectural and glass features were destroyed.

Demographics
According to U.S. News & World Report, 94% of Westmoor's student body is "of color", with 40% of the student body coming from economically disadvantaged households, determined by student eligibility for California's Reduced-price meal program.

Curriculum
In addition to offering the standard English, science, social science and mathematics courses, Westmoor offers Advanced Placement courses: English Language, English Literature, U.S. History, Statistics, Calculus AB, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Studio Art, Spanish, American Government, Economics, Psychology, and European History. Westmoor's curriculum includes a variety of art and music programs such as fabric arts, ceramics, drawing and painting, general art, graphic design, as well as band, chorus, and theater arts. The foreign language department offers Spanish and French. In addition, Westmoor offers several elective courses in business, computer, and industrial art fields. The AVID program serves to assist students, where they prepare for college and learn fundamental skills that will guide them to academic success.

Semester grading system
In the 2004–05 school year, Westmoor and other schools in the Jefferson Union High School District changed their grading periods from four quarters in two semesters per year to simply two semesters. Student progress reports are issued each third of a semester.

Sustained Silent Reading
Westmoor began the Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) program in 2001. On a normal schedule, a twenty-minute period is designated for SSR on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. Starting in the 2005–06 school year, this period recurs on a rotating basis at the beginning of the 1st through 6th periods. During SSR, students and teachers are excluded from classwork, reading textbooks, or writing. Westmoor believes that giving students 17 minutes a day to read instead of giving them a homeroom period or study hall will improve their productivity as a student.

Clubs and organizations
Westmoor High School is home to more than 20 active clubs. All clubs are required to submit an updated Club Information Sheet to the Associated Student Body Executive Board at the beginning of the school year. The following list includes all clubs found on their website, although it is not current.

Anime Club, Anti-Bullying Club, Auto Safety Club, Bible Club, Bicycle Club, Broadcasting Club, buildOn, Burmese Club, California Scholarship Federation (CSF), Ceramics Guild, Chess Club, Dance Nation (Project A.C.E), Drama Club, Eco-Hero, Fashion Club, Future Business Leaders of America, Feminism Club, Filipino Barkada, Film Club, French Club, Key Club, Los Hermanos, Moving Mindfulness, Polynesian Club, Pride Club, Red Cross Club, Service Commission (Green Hats), Sonshine Club, SPCA Club, Speech and Debate Club, Swim Club, UNICEF Club, and Westmoor High Artistically Talented (W.H.A.T).

Student journalism/yearbook
The Rampage is the official school-sponsored newspaper at Westmoor. It is written and published by the students of the Publications class, which also works on the school yearbook. It is generally regarded as a high-quality publication with engaging articles and interviews with Westmoor staff and students. Articles often include relevant topics, such as recent school events and world news, as well as pieces on pop culture and debate topics in which two writers with differing opinions on certain subject matters write side by side opinion pieces. It is published on the school website. The Rampage produced its first and only issue of the 2004–05 school year in October 2004, although it had several more issues planned that were never published before the end of the school year. In the 2013-2014 year, however, it published five issues, more than any years previous, due to a change in editing staff.

Athletics
Westmoor is a member of the Central Coast Section (CCS) and competes in the Peninsula Athletic League (PAL). The school was a member of the North Coast Section from 1957 to 1965, when the Central Coast Section was created. They competed in the Peninsula League from 1957 to 1961, along with more established schools in San Mateo County such as Aragon, Burlingame, Capuchino, Hillsdale, Mills, Jefferson, San Mateo, and South San Francisco. From 1961 to 1995, Westmoor competed in the North Peninsula League (NPL), along with El Camino, Half Moon Bay, Jefferson, Oceana, Serramonte, South San Francisco, and Terra Nova. In 1996, the NPL and PAL merged, making the PAL a super-league. However, PAL is split into two divisions: Bay and Ocean.

The school once fielded boys football, girls softball, girls gymnastics, and boys golf.

Football
The football program at Westmoor was dropped in April 1996 by then Principal Gary Johnson due to financial hardships and low participation. At the end of the 1995 season, the team did not have a winning season in 10 years and had not beaten their rival, Jefferson High, in 13 years. The team made two CCS playoff appearances in 1972 and 1982, and won the league title in 1972.

The team played its last season in the 1995 and finished 2–7 overall, 1–5 in league play. Throughout the season, the team struggled, losing players due to injuries and grades, resulting in an average of 20 players suiting up each game.

Westmoor's football team had only four coaches in its history. Pete Matisi coached the team from its beginning from 1957 to 1981, when he retired. Ken Cook took over the program 1982–1988, coming over from the closure of Serramonte High School. Dan Ramirez coached the team in 1989 and Mike Williams coached the team in 1990 and 1991. Darryl Kennedy coached the last three years of the program from 1992 to 1995.

Westmoor's main football rival was Jefferson High School. Their game was dubbed by newspapers as the Daly City Bowl or the Greater Daly City–Colma Chamber of Commerce Trophy Game. Jefferson won the first meeting between the two teams in 1957, 32–12. Westmoor took the trophy from 1958 to 1967 and from 1969 to 1977. Jefferson won the annual game from 1978 to 1981, 1983 to 1986, and 1988 to 1995. There were two ties in the 39-year history: in 1968 and 1987. Westmoor still holds the overall lead in the rivalry with a record of 20–17–2.

Notable alumni

 * Greg Adams, known as an original member of the Tower of Power
 * Brett Barron, member of the 1984 US Olympic judo team
 * Bren Bataclan, Cambridge-based visual artist
 * Leo Biedermann, former NFL player for the Cleveland Browns
 * Efrain Burgos Jr., professional soccer player for Chalatenango
 * Michael Guingona, 1980, four-term Mayor of Daly City
 * DJ Apollo, turntablist who pioneered turntablism with the Invisibl Skratch Piklz
 * H.P. Mendoza, known for Colma: The Musical
 * Mix Master Mike, turntablist, DJ for the Beastie Boys
 * Ed Montague, MLB umpire
 * Dave Pelzer, author, known for A Child Called "It"
 * Tom Torlakson, California State Senator
 * Scott Swanson, Deputy Chief of Police, Santa Rosa Police Department

title: Westmoor High School


text:
Case School of Engineering

The Case School of Engineering is the engineering school of Case Western Reserve University, a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio. It traces its roots to the 1880 founding of the Case School of Applied Science. The school was endowed by Leonard Case, Jr. in 1877 and became the Case Institute of Technology in 1947 until merging with Western Reserve University in 1967. It was officially named the Case School of Engineering in 1992.

Departments

 * Biomedical Engineering
 * Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
 * Civil And Environmental Engineering
 * Computer & Data Sciences
 * Electrical, Computer And Systems Engineering
 * Macromolecular Science & Engineering
 * Materials Science & Engineering
 * Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering

title: Case School of Engineering


text:
User talk:Thorell

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Thorell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Greek Fest

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:24, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Greek Fest
I don't really know that this article is of value here, so I'm putting it here to see what the Wiki community thinks. Potentially POV and vanity, but I'm not sure, and it doesn't bear the telltale "we"/"us"/etc. that most self-written vanity sections have. Master Thief Garrett 05:06, 2005 Apr 23 (according to history Uncle G 13:56, 2005 Apr 23 (UTC))
 * Delete unless it can be made encyclopedic, but I don't really see how. Vegaswikian 06:11, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I read the latest changes and my previous position is basically unchanged. Drop the last part and you have a wikitonary entry not a wikipedia one.  The disambig suggested below somehow needs to be addressed. Vegaswikian 05:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A Greek Fest is a festival attended by Greeks, amongst others. Apart from telling us where it is held, this article tells us nothing about the festival at all.  This article comprises no more, and indeed somewhat less, than what one would find on a paper flyer pinned at the roadside advertizing such a festival.  Burning Man this isn't.  It's not even Saint Sophia's Greek Fest, The Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church's annual Greek Fest, the Charleston Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity Greek Fest or (saving the domain name owner until last) the Greek Orthodox Community of St. George's GreekFest.  As it currently stands, Delete. Uncle G 13:56, 2005 Apr 23 (UTC)
 * Don't those links and others like them suggest that there's something to have an article about?
 * yeah I sort of also don't understand the logic behind using those links as evidence of NOT keeping it... they are just the opposite, evidence that the article should stay and be expanded Argyrios Saccopoulos 04:58, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Gazpacho 03:11, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or disambig between frat party and Greek culture festival, neither of which probably exists. --SPUI (talk) 15:56, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep at Greek festival. Orthodox churches all over the US have annual Greek Fests, and call them that. Gazpacho 19:15, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, replace with redirect to festival. Radiant_* 10:52, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect it maybe that sounds ok Yuckfoo 00:55, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to what? Kingturtle 07:22, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. So what if it is a stub now. give it time. Kingturtle 07:22, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep again. This happens alot?  Maggie311 09:17, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Why you gotta hate on the Greeks? Seriously though, I've been to a couple of these and there is no excuse for deleting such an article, even if it is a stub atm. Argyrios Saccopoulos 18:05, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep It's encyclopedic. STUBS SHOULD NOT BE DELETED BUT EXPANDED. --Eleassar777 22:11, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:66.108.59.141

title: User talk:66.108.59.141


text:
Masters of Harmony

Founded in 1985 with just a few dozen men, the Masters of Harmony is a 110-member men's chorus, based in Greater Los Angeles, California. Winner of eight consecutive gold medals (1990–2011) in international barbershop chorus competitions, the group possesses a diverse repertoire encompassing not only barbershop music but also classical, jazz, patriotic, sacred, standards and Broadway pops, and sings for various groups and organizations throughout the greater Los Angeles, California metropolitan area. The chorus won another barbershop international competition in 2017, bringing their total gold medal count to nine.

History
The Masters of Harmony began in the mid-1980s when a small group of barbershop singers from the Pasadena, California Chapter of the Barbershop Harmony Society (SPEBSQSA, Inc.) decided to break away and start a new chapter "dedicated to musical excellence," a phrase that became its slogan. The group obtained a chapter license in the spring of 1985 and then its charter at the Far Western District barbershop singing convention in October 1985. The chapter's original name, Foothill Cities, was derived from the series of towns that ran along the southern base of the San Gabriel Mountains, an area where most of the organizers then lived. In 1987 the chapter relocated its rehearsals to the Town Center in the City of Santa Fe Springs, California, and in 1998 changed its official name to that of the Santa Fe Springs Chapter. This relationship ended in 2019 and the chapter has now changed its official name to the Greater Los Angeles Chapter. Over the course of its existence, the chorus has been led by four primary music directors: Dr. Greg Lyne (1987–1996), Jeff Oxley (1998–1999), Mark Hale (2000–2012), and Justin Miller (2012–2019). The chorus is currently in the process of searching for their next permanent musical director.

Contest successes
Under the directorship of Dr. Lyne, in October 1988 the Masters of Harmony won the Far Western District chorus contest, thus qualifying for the Society-wide annual competition the following year. In July 1989 the chorus placed fourth at the international contest held in Kansas City, Missouri. The next year, in July 1990 in San Francisco, the chorus won the international chorus championship in a dramatic tiebreaker against the Louisville Thoroughbreds. In July 1993, when the chorus was next eligible to compete, it again won the international championship, this time in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Three years later, in July 1996 in Salt Lake City, Utah, the chorus achieved its third international chorus championship.

At the 1999 international competition in Anaheim, California, the Masters of Harmony, now directed by Jeff Oxley, won its fourth consecutive chorus championship. On April 1, 2000, Mark Hale was appointed the new music director and led the chorus to four more consecutive victories: 2002 (Portland, Oregon), 2005 (Salt Lake City, Utah), 2008 (Nashville, Tennessee), and 2011 (Kansas City, Missouri).

In early 2012, Hale announced that he would retire as director following the chorus's performances as reigning champion at the July 2012 international convention in Portland, Oregon, and in August of that year Justin Miller was appointed the new director of the Masters of Harmony.

The chorus next competed at the July 2014 International Chorus Contest in Las Vegas, Nevada, finishing in second place under the direction of Justin Miller. The silver-medal performance scored 2854 out of a possible 3000 points (95.1%) and ranks among the best in the history of the chorus.

At the July 2016 International Chorus Contest in Nashville, Tennessee, the chorus earned third-place under the direction of Justin Miller. The bronze-medal performance scored 2783 out of a possible 3000 points (94.0%). The following year in Las Vegas, the chorus earned first place with a score of 2893 (96.4%), only 8 points more than their closest competitor.

At the 2022 International Chorus Contest in Charlotte, North Carolina, the chorus competed and placed sixth.

Quartet successes
On three occasions, quartets consisting of four active chorus members of the Masters of Harmony won the International Quartet Championship: Nightlife (1996), OC Times (2008), and Masterpiece (2013). Three other International Champion Quartets won while some of their members were also active with the chorus: Revival (1998), Michigan Jake (2001), and Gotcha! (2004). On two occasions the International College Quartet Championship was won by quartets consisting of young men who were all active members of the Masters of Harmony: The Vagrants (2009) and The Newfangled Four (2013), and many other chorus members have sung in quartets which have won District championships

Community outreach
Since 2001, the Masters of Harmony have organized and sponsored an annual "Young Men's Harmony Festival" that brings together nearly 200 young men from high schools throughout Southern California for a day-long clinic and rehearsal, followed by an evening performance for the public.

This program has been endorsed by the Southern California Vocal Association (SCVA), a professional organization of choral music teachers that serves the Southern California area. Mark Freedkin has been the driving force for this activity since 1995. As a result of his efforts, the SCVA created the new position of "VP of Barbershop Harmony Festivals" and named Freedkin to serve in that role.

title: Masters of Harmony