text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Wikipedia/1

Wikipedia
Nominating with the presumption that this is not suitable for the Main Page. Two peer reviews which drew only a few comments: January 2005, March 2005. I think there are likely valid objections that have not been raised by peer review, but that the article is close enough that they can be resolved now. Self-nomination. 119 08:17, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. History section is inadequate, references section is really a notes section, and lead is too long. --mav 15:20, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The lead and History sections have been reworked. The References section lists works cited in an format which allows verifiability (and is commonly used); this objection is thus a style issue, and I do not think it is valid when neither Wikipedia nor FA criteria specifies a style. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The history section is still too a bit too small. I also don't feel any of us are objective enough on this topic to judge whether or not the article that covers it is FA quality. It also seems a bit unseemly to make this an FA. --mav
 * While acknowledging there may be conflict of interest for some users, I don't think everyone is incapable of judging the article nor that it is unseemly to ensure the article on Wikipedia is of featured quality. Can you please comment on references, above? In what areas do you think the history section is lacking? 119 04:22, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose for now. Comments follow. -- Jmabel | Talk 17:36, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The transition from the rather abstract statements by Andrea Ciffolilli and Larry Sanger to the concrete fact that "Tech author Jon Udell created a movie..." is a bit jarring, someone should find a different way to put this or different placement for that last sentence.
 * Reworked. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The section titled "authors" talks more about administrative matters than authorship. Also, it gives no discussion at all of the demographics of the authors (e.g. what evidence is there that any are expert), nor does it discuss what percentage of edits are made by, say, the 200 most active people (not that that fact in particular is needed, but some indication of the degree to which a core group exists.
 * Demographics are not available. Statistics on what percentage of edits are done by users are not available so far as I know. For the English Wikipedia only, statistics could perhaps come from top contributors lists, I will look further. That there are "very active" Wikipedians is now mentioned. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sure we can do better here. There should be academic studies of Wikipedia we can cite on some of this. Also, issues of authorship and of administration should certainly be separate sections. Admins and bureaucrats have no special privileges as authors. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:36, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Authors and Administration are now two sections. There are no studies on Wikipedia's demographics that I am aware of; I have looked through the Wikipedia in... pages and asked on the Reference Desk. I have made this omission explicit, and noted a statistic on anon views. Lack of formal qualifications has been expanded on a bit in the heading above Authors, and more in Evaluations. 119 08:30, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I did some further cleanup on this: bots are clearly authoring rather than admin; so is the issue of IPs for anons. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:48, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * "...Wikipedians use "talk" pages to discuss changes to articles rather than the articles themselves": unclear wording.
 * Reworked. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the policy against original research deserves more than a sentence. The borders around what constitutes original research vary with the subject matter domain.
 * Clarified. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it's still unclear. This gives little indication of what latitude is allowed. Both this and the discussion of NPOV could benefit from examples. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:00, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think examples would be more "how-to" than encyclopedia, especially when considering the long view. No original research has been expanded. 119 08:30, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Plenty of our articles give examples in areas that may be unfamiliar to the reader. I still think it would be useful to discuss what is meant by "original research": even a lot of our editors have trouble with the concept. Still, I'll withdraw the objection. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:48, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * "...after most participants of the Spanish Wikipedia were dissatisfied with Wikipedia" deserves to be fleshed out to indicate the nature of the dispute. Not a lengthy discussion, just a sentence or so.
 * I have not been able to find references. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't have references, but it should be possible to find someone who does. I think it was concern at one time about the possibility of Wikipedia commercializing itself. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:00, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I copied the explanation for their action found in the 18 December 2002 revision of Wikipedia. 119 07:26, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The chart on "language editions" has a legend that is way to small to read. There is no good reason for that, there is plenty of space at its upper left.
 * The image was created by Wikipedia's statistics application. I think the objection is extremely minor (the text is fine to me--obviously it would not be visible as a thumbnail, if you mean that) and it is not worth trying to make the image "perfect", whatever that is, when it is "good enough". 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe I've dealt with this one successfully myself. Unfortunately, a caching problem is preventing me from seeing the result of my own work! Let me know what you think. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:06, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay with me. 119 08:30, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Number of articles in each language edition should have an "as of".
 * Dated. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps mention that most major language editions do have an established way to request translations of articles from other languages?
 * Do most of the "major language editions" have translation pages? This would require substantiation. What would we consider a major language edition? 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not certain about "most". The interwikis from Translation into English list:
 * de:Wikipedia:Übersetzungen
 * el:&
 * fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:Traductions_en_cours
 * is:Wikipedia:Þýðingar
 * it:Wikipedia:Traduzioni
 * ja:Wikipedia:&
 * ro:Wikipedia:Articole de tradus
 * zh:Wikipedia:&
 * That certainly covers a lot of the biggies. Oddly, Spanish, Dutch, Polish, and Swedish are not listed. Not sure if they may have such pages and just not link them there. So it's at least half of the really major ones. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:47, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Spanish has es:Wikipedia:Traducciones solicitadas; I will add the interwikis. (That's one very good side effect of this!) -- Jmabel | Talk 03:51, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, see Language editions. 119 04:22, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Because the status of Wikipedia as an accepted reference may be in flux, the Philip Bradley and Ted Pappas quotes should probably indicate a date. Not that Pappas is likely ever to say differently, but Bradley might. Also (same paragraph) "Boyd": why no first name?
 * Dated. Dana Boyd. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps mention (or crib from) Researching with Wikipedia, which, besides discussing the usual criticisms of Wikipedia for serious research, mentions some unusual strengths (e.g., ability to query authors, ask for additional citations). Also perhaps the related IRC channels and the Reference Desk deserve mention? Partly dealt with, partly superseded by the one below beginning "Sorry to add one belatedly..."
 * I don't think the IRC channels are notable. Reference Desk is English-centric/non-notable unless an equivalent can be shown to exist on many other languages. Researching's points now noted. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Reference Desk exists at least in Spanish, Hindi, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, all interwiki-linked from English. Polish is also linked, but the page seems to be gone. I wouldn't be surprised if there are others that no one has linked, but these easily add up to the majority of the world's literate population (not that Hebrew makes a big contribution to that number). -- Jmabel | Talk 04:42, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Reference desks noted. 119 08:30, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * History section is, indeed, meagre. -- Jmabel | Talk 17:36, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Expanded. 119 20:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I still see this as a weak point. I think the history should extend past Wikipedia proper. I'd want to see some indication of how this fits in the history of encyclopedism, when came the key decisions that resulted in the shape it has (notability, no dicdefs), etc. I know I'm asking for a lot here, but I think that to be a featured article, this is appropriate. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:00, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Generally expanded, its fit in history noted, NPOV's implementation is noted. I don't think criteria of notability or the exclusion of dictionary definitions are sufficiently notable for the summary on Wikipedia, as they are not core principles. 119 09:39, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This is improving, but it still gives no clue why Wikipedia was started: what particular void in the world was intended to be filled, what were the initial expectations, how has reality compared (so far) to those expectations, why did these particular people want to start something like this. It's now to the point that I no longer have an active objection on this front, but I certainly won't support until this is stronger. -- Jmabel | Talk 17:33, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry to add one belatedly, but shouldn't there be some discussion of the extent to which Wikipedia has been cited in the press, in academic papers, etc.? -- Jmabel | Talk 21:12, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Have you seen the last paragraph under Free content? 119 21:29, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. I think I probably saw that when I looked at it a few days ago, but missed it on my recent re-skim. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:32, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

Is this worth continuing? While I think the article has improved during this process, and my specific objections have largely been met, it still seems not to have garnered any actual support to be a featured article. -- Jmabel | Talk 21:24, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm still confident any actionable objections can be met, so I think it's unfortunate this has received such little attention over five days. 119 04:29, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * support as not normally suitable for front page (10th anniversary?) well enough written / reasonably comprehensive / well referenced / makes resonable effort in NPOV direction. Mozzerati 17:08, 2005 Apr 3 (UTC)
 * Support this good collaborative effort. Sfahey 03:01, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Parthenius of Nicaea

Parthenius of Nicaea (Παρθένιος ὁ Νικαεύς) or Myrlea (ὁ Μυρλεανός) in Bithynia was a Greek grammarian and poet. According to the Suda, he was the son of Heraclides and Eudora, or according to Hermippus of Berytus, his mother's name was Tetha. He was taken prisoner by Helvius Cinna in the Mithridatic Wars and carried to Rome in 66 BC. He subsequently visited Neapolis, where he taught Greek to Virgil, according to Macrobius. Parthenius is said to have lived until the accession of Tiberius in 14 AD.

Parthenius was a writer of elegies, especially dirges, and of short epic poems.

He is sometimes called "the last of the Alexandrians".

Erotica Pathemata
His only surviving work, the Erotica Pathemata (Ἐρωτικὰ Παθήματα, Of the Sorrows of Love), was set out, the poet says in his preface, "in the shortest possible form" and dedicated to the poet Cornelius Gallus, as "a storehouse from which to draw material". Erotica Pathemata is a collection of thirty-six epitomes of love-stories, all of which have tragic or sentimental endings, taken from histories and historicised fictions as well as poetry.

As Parthenius generally quotes his authorities, these stories are valuable as affording information on the Alexandrian poets and grammarians.

Contents
The mythical or legendary characters whose stories are presented in Erotica Pathemata are as follows.

 * 1) Lyrcus
 * 2) Polymela
 * 3) Evippe
 * 4) Oenone
 * 5) Leucippus
 * 6) Pallene
 * 7) Hipparinus of Heraclea
 * 8) Herippe
 * 9) Polycrite
 * 10) Leucone, wife of Cyanippus
 * 11) Byblis
 * 12) Calchus
 * 13) Harpalyce
 * 14) Antheus, loved and killed by Cleoboea
 * 15) Daphne
 * 16) Laodice
 * 17) Cratea, mother of Periander
 * 18) Neaera
 * 19) Pancrato, daughter of Iphimedeia
 * 20) Aëro, daughter of Oenopion
 * 21) Pisidice of Methymna
 * 22) Nanis
 * 23) Chilonis
 * 24) Hipparinus of Syracuse
 * 25) Phayllus
 * 26) Apriate (see Trambelus)
 * 27) Alcinoe
 * 28) Clite
 * 29) Daphnis
 * 30) Celtine
 * 31) Dimoetes
 * 32) Anthippe (see Epirus)
 * 33) Assaon
 * 34) Corythus
 * 35) Eulimene
 * 36) Arganthone

Other works
In Parthenius' own time, he was not famous for his prose but his poems. These are listed below:

 * Arete
 * Dirge on Archelais
 * Aphrodite
 * Bias
 * Delos
 * Krinagoras
 * Leucadiai
 * Anthippe
 * Dirge on Auxithemis
 * Idolophanes
 * Herakles
 * Iphiklos
 * Metamorphoses
 * Propemptikon
 * A Greek original of Moretum

The surviving manuscript
Parthenius is one of the few ancient writers whose work survives in only one manuscript. The only surviving manuscript of Parthenius was called Palatinus Heidelbergensis graecus 398 (P), probably written in the mid-9th century AD. It contains a diverse mixture of geography, excerpts from Hesychius of Alexandria, paradoxography, epistolography and mythology.

Editions of Parthenius

 * 1531: Editio princeps, edited by Janus Cornarius. Basle, Froben.
 * 1675: Historiae poeticae scriptores antiqui, edited by Thomas Gale, Paris.
 * 1798: Legrand and Heyne, Göttingen.
 * 1824: Corpus scriptorum eroticorum Graecorum, Passow, Leipzig.
 * 1843: Analecta alexandrina, Augustus Meineke (ed.), Berolini sumptibus Th. chr. Fr. Enslini.
 * 1843: Mythographoi. Scriptores poetiace historiae graeci, Antonius Westermann (ed.), Brunsvigae sumptum fecit Georgius Westermann, pagg. 152-81.
 * 1856: Didot edition, Erotici scriptores, Hirschig, Paris.
 * 1858: Hercher, Erotici Scriptores Graeci, Leipzig.
 * 1896: Mythographi graeci, Paulus Sakolowski (ed.), vol. II, fasc. I, Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri.
 * 1902: Mythographi graeci, Edgar Martini (ed.), vol. II, fasc. I suppl., Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri.
 * 1916: S. Gaselee, Longus: Daphnis and Chloe and the love romances of Parthenius and other fragments, with English translation.
 * 2000: J.L. Lightfoot, Parthenius of Nicaea: the poetical fragments and the Erōtika pathēmata. ISBN 0-19-815253-1. Reviewed by Christopher Francese at The Bryn Mawr Classical Review
 * 2008: Michèle Biraud, Dominique Voisin, and Arnaud Zucker (trans. and comm.), Parthénios de Nicée. Passions d'amour. Grenoble: Éditions Jérôme Millon. Reviewed by Simone Viarre at The Bryn Mawr Classical Review

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Parthenius of Nicaea


text:
NFC North

The National Football Conference – Northern Division or NFC North is one of the four divisions of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Nicknamed the "Black and Blue Division" for the rough and tough rivalry games between the teams, it currently has four members: the Chicago Bears, Detroit Lions, Green Bay Packers, and Minnesota Vikings, with the latter three based within most definitions of the Upper Midwest. The NFC North was previously known as the NFC Central from 1970 to 2001. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers were previously members, from 1977, one year after they joined the league as an expansion team, until 2002 when they moved to the NFC South. The division was created in 1967 as the Central Division of the NFL's Western Conference and existed for three seasons before the AFL–NFL merger. After the merger, it was renamed the NFC Central and retained that name until the NFL split into eight divisions in 2002. The four current division teams have been together in the same division or conference since the Vikings joined the league in 1961. The Bears, Lions (known as the Portsmouth Spartans until 1934) and Packers have been in the same division or conference since the NFL began a conference format in 1933. Largely because the four teams have played each other at least twice a year, with the exception of the strike-shortened 1982 season, for more than 60 years (more than 80 years in the case of the Bears, Lions and Packers), the entire division is considered one very large rivalry.

The division has a total of five Super Bowl wins. The Packers have won four and the Bears one, with the most recent happening at the conclusion of the 2010 season. Of the ten NFL teams with the highest winning percentage throughout their respective franchise histories, three of them are in the NFC North (the Packers, the Bears, and the Vikings). Conversely, the Lions have one of the lowest winning percentages in the NFL, including the first winless 16-game season in NFL history, in 2008.

The Packers hold an overall regular season record of 790–590–38 (through the end of the 2022 season) with an overall playoff record of 36–25, four Super Bowl titles in five Super Bowl appearances, and nine pre-Super Bowl league titles. The Bears hold an overall regular season record of 786–624–42 with an overall playoff record of 17–20, one Super Bowl title in two Super Bowl appearances, and eight pre-Super Bowl league titles. The Vikings hold an overall regular season record of 516–425–11 with an overall playoff record of 21–31, no Super Bowl titles in four Super Bowl appearances, and one league title. The Lions hold an overall regular season record of 579–702–34 with an overall playoff record of 7–13, and four pre-Super Bowl league titles. They have yet to appear in a Super Bowl.

In recent years, the division has been less successful in the playoffs compared to others, holding the second-longest active Super Bowl drought (only ahead of the AFC South) and a 1–9 record in conference championships since 2007, with the only win being the Packers over the Bears in 2010. They have clinched two Super Bowl berths in the 21st century, compared to the other NFC divisions which each have six or more.

The division earned the moniker "Black and Blue Division" due to its intense rivalries and physical style of play, and this nickname is still used regularly today. It is also known as the "Frostbite Division" as all teams played home games in late season winter cold until the mid-1970s. The division is also humorously called the "Frozen North", although Detroit has played its home games indoors since 1975, and Minnesota also did so from 1982 to 2013 and returned to indoor home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in 2016.

ESPN sportscaster Chris Berman often refers to this division as the "NFC Norris" because of its grittiness and its geographical similarity to the National Hockey League's former Norris Division, although in a twist of irony the NHL dropped the Norris name in favor of Central almost a decade before the NFL dropped the Central name in favor of North.

Division lineups
Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team.
 * The NFL Western Conference was divided into the Coastal and Central divisions. The Packers had won Super Bowl I in 1966 in the NFL Western Conference.
 * Starting in the 1970 season, the division became the National Football Conference - Central Division (or NFC Central for short), after the AFL–NFL merger.
 * Tampa Bay moved from the AFC West in 1977
 * For the 2002 season, the league realigned to have 8 four team divisions. Division adopts current name. Tampa Bay moves to the NFC South.

Division champions
+ A players' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games, so the league used a special 16-team playoff tournament just for this year. Division standings were ignored; Green Bay had the best record of the division teams.

Wild Card qualifiers
+ A players' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games, so the league used a special 16-team playoff tournament just for this year.

Total playoff berths as members of the NFC Central/North
(1967–2023 seasons)

To sort table above, click button to right of heading.

(1)Does not include Green Bay's 1966 season Super Bowl I win

(2)Does not include Tampa Bay's 1976 season (AFC West) and 2002+ seasons (NFC South)

Total playoff berths in team history
(1920–2023 seasons)

To sort table above, click button to right of heading.
 * 1 From 1966 to 1969, this means winning both the NFL Championship game AND the Super Bowl. Hence, the Vikings' NFL Championship victory in 1969 isn't counted. The Packers had 2 NFL titles during this time frame and also won Super Bowl I and II.

Season results

 * 2002: The NFC Central was realigned for 4 members and was renamed the NFC North. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers moved to the newly formed NFC South.

title: NFC North


text:
East Farleigh railway station

East Farleigh railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England, located to the south-west of Maidstone and close to the village of East Farleigh, on the opposite (south) bank of the River Medway, though the station is actually located in Barming parish. It is 42 mi down the line from London Charing Cross via Paddock Wood. The station and all trains that serve the station are operated by Southeastern.

East Farleigh station is about 50 yards from the medieval East Farleigh Bridge taking foot and road passengers across the river, one of only four such bridges between Maidstone and Tonbridge.

The station has two platforms, staggered to either side of a level crossing.

On the southbound platform is a signal box which remains to control the level crossing. The old ticket office, located in a wooden building on the southbound platform, closed in 1989; this was APTIS-equipped from 1987 until closure. This building then remained disused for many years though in good condition. In 2007, a PERTIS permit to travel ticket machine was installed at the entrance to the southbound platform, which is behind the signal box.

Facilities on the northbound platform are limited to a waiting shelter. A footbridge spans the tracks and is accessed from the northbound platform.

Services
All services at East Farleigh are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood via Maidstone West
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

title: East Farleigh railway station


text:
Wateringbury railway station

Wateringbury railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England, serving the villages of Wateringbury and Nettlestead. It is 39 mi down the line from London Charing Cross via Paddock Wood and is situated between Yalding and East Farleigh. The station and all trains that call are operated by Southeastern.

The station building, regarded as one of the finest Tudor-style stations in the country, was listed at Grade II in 1985.

The APTIS-equipped ticket office in this building (on the northbound platform) closed in 1989; the building has remained disused for many years, though is in reasonable condition. In 2007, a PERTIS permit to travel ticket machine was installed at the entrance to the northbound platform.

The signal box, which was Grade II listed in 2013 remains to control the level crossing.

Services
All services at Wateringbury are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood via Maidstone West
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

title: Wateringbury railway station


text:
USS Ellis

USS Ellis may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Ellis (1862), a gunboat of the Confederate Navy acquired by the US Navy in 1862; she was grounded and blown up that same year.
 * USS Ellis (DD-154), Wickes-class destroyer launched in 1918. She served as a convoy escort in World War II and was sold in 1947.

title: USS Ellis


text:
Wikipedia talk:List of encyclopedias in Google Print

Would it be possible to have descriptions added to each of the references please. I know this may take some time for people to gather, but if we know about: reliability; comprehensiveness; quality of references provided; particular biases if any etc. this will help in knowing which to use. Mozzerati 06:59, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)


text:
Yalding railway station

Yalding railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England, serving the village of Yalding. It is 38 mi down the line from London Charing Cross via Paddock Wood and is situated between Beltring and Wateringbury. The station and all trains that call are operated by Southeastern.

History
The station opened on 25 September 1844 when the South Eastern Railway opened the line between Paddock Wood and Maidstone West. The line was originally single track but was doubled in 1846. In 1897 there were two platforms joined by a footbridge, a signal box and sidings both sides of the running lines. The goods yard was able to accommodate most types of goods including live stock and was equipped with a 1¼ ton crane. A camping coach was positioned here by the Southern Region from 1962 to 1967, from 1963 onwards it was a Pullman camping coach.

Facilities
Yalding station is unstaffed. The station is fitted with a self-service ticket machine as well as modern help points on the platforms. Seated areas are available on both platforms and train information screens are provided for running information. The station has a small free car park located outside the station as well as a small cycle storage area. There is a level crossing on the road outside the ststion.

The station used to have an APTIS-equipped ticket office (on the southbound platform) but this closed in 1989 and the building was then used for commercial purposes but has recently become disused.

No regular buses stop outside the station although Arriva Southern Counties routes 6 & 6X to Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells (including both Tunbridge Wells Hospital and Maidstone Hospital) stop a short walk away on Maidstone Road in Nettlestead Green.

Services
All services at Yalding are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood via Maidstone West
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

title: Yalding railway station


text:
Talk:Ant colony

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Duffy20t.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:24, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled

 * The colony was estimated to comprise of 306 million worker ants and 1 million queen ants living in 45,000 interconnected nests over an area of 2.7 km². In 2002 a super-colony of connected nests was found to stretch nearly 6000 km across Europe, and another, measuring approximately 100 km wide, was found beneath Melbourne, Australia in 2004.

How does anyone know these ant colonies are interconnected? By analysing the ants' DNA? -- Toytoy 06:59, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

While I can believe the former, I cannot believe the latter two before some verifiable sources are quoted. A colony can fork another colony nearby and with abundance of food they might cooperate instead of competing, and thus interconnect. So it is plausible. OTOH how can work together ants 6000 km apart as it would take more than their lifespan to travel that far. -- Goldie (tell me) 07:03, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Wow, that passage was there for an awful long time. I just removed the whole thing as simply unverfiable. There is a lesson here: if you come across something that is too good to be true, and no-one can find evidence for it: REMOVE IT. Now we have tens of thousands of websites claiming that there is an ant colony in Europe 6000 km accross. Always remember that false/unproven claims are just as bad as vandalism, if not worse. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 21:09, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Difficult Reading
Based on following section "The researchers claim that this case of unicoloniality cannot be explained by loss of their genetic diversity due to the genetic bottleneck of the imported ants."

I am really hoping that this be rewritten so that everyone can understand it. This seems like a cut&paste job from somewhere else, the imported ants reference leaves no clues as to which colonies they stem from and how these were imported. Nevertheless given some minor clarifications this could be a very good article, also not to be underestimated in terms of importance.

(talk) Nov-14-2009, 10:24:00 (EST) 68.227.219.170 (talk) 03:25, 15 November 2009 (UTC)68.227.219.170 (talk) 03:28, 15 November 2009 (UTC)aNTaLIENTsareAMONGus

Merge from ant-hill
I propose that ant-hill be merged here. It is a very short and rather vague stub that would fit in nicely. For the moment the bulk of the article is a gallery of ant-hills. Much of the material in that article is already covered here anyway. Explanations about the construction and maintenance of ant-hill should be added. If there are no oppositions I will carry out the merge in a week or so. Iron C hris |  (talk) 04:39, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Some suggested changes
From what I understand, a 'colony' refers to the group of ants rather than where they dwell. Even so, not all ants live underground. Thus, it would be preferable to change the definition. Also, it would be good to include other types of ant nests, such as those "constructed" by ants in the genus Eciton, and Oecophylla. BeefRendang (talk) 11:37, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. There are several known species of arboreal ants that construct colonies solely in treetops (eg: Weaver ant).--Vaihead (talk) 03:28, 24 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm on board, too. A colony is the basic family unit.  I'll make some edits based on Holldobler and Wilson.

This article talks about the several largest ant colonies found. I'd like to see comment or discussion on what a more typical ant colony size is? Do they normally run in the thousands of worker ants or hundreds etc? Or is there no such thing as typical? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.169.30.5 (talk) 14:12, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

It's hard to define what a typical ant colony is: there is HUGE variation within and between species. (see the newly added bit about colony size evolution) However, most known species usually have a "mature" size of over 100 and less than a million workers. But that's hard to quantify. Antdoctor (talk) 22:37, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

Unicoloniality v. Supercoloniality
Hi, all. I'm finding it very hard to understand the difference between the two colony structures as written in the current paragraph:

Most commonly, ants from different nests exhibit aggression towards each other. However, some ants exhibit the phenomenon called unicoloniality: worker ants may freely mix between different nests. Another organization is supercoloniality. The group of nests where ants do not exhibit mutual aggression is called supercolony, while ants from different supercolonies of the same species do exhibit mutual aggression. Populations in supercolonies do not necessarily span a contiguous area.

Can someone clarify?

JamestownArarat (talk) 19:10, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

 * According to Holldobler and Wilson, unicoloniality and supercoloniality are the same thing. It's simply the condition of a local population of ants constitutes a single vast colony.  May I suggest we strike this section and replace it with some definitions that describe some of the different social phenomena found in different colonies? (i.e. monogyny, polygyny, oligogyny, monodomy, polydomy...)

Myrmedon (talk) 04:56, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

Termite hills - Hydrology in Ancient India
An authoritative book titled "Hydrology in Ancient India" published as India's contribution to International Hydrology Programme (IHP), by the National Institute of Hydrology, Jal Vigyan Bhavan, Roorkee 247 667, India has, in the Chapter 5 on Ground Water, dealt with the knowledge of ground water divining with the help of termite mounds.Extracts from this book have been included in the article--Nvvchar (talk) 14:46, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Ant Hill vs Termite Mound
In the latter part of the article there's a bit about how termite mounds are called ant hills in large parts of Africa. However using the term intermixed seems confusing for people from the rest of the world; opinions? However, this can not be right: "The ants that build these are termites which are photosensitive so it is safe to dig into their hills without them attacking anyone." because termites =/= ants, simply not the same thing. So is the picture of the extremely large hill built by ants or termites? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.45.203.62 (talk) 15:24, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Boozam?
Is this serious? The article says queens have “a larger boozam and genital area…”. If it’s true, why isn’t boozam a word in Wikipedia? Why is there no apparent source for this statement? --X883 (talk) 00:28, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
 * In fact, a meta-dictionary search returns nothing. Seems like someone’s idea of a joke. It could easily be true, but I think I’ll remove this statement until it has a better source. --X883 (talk) 00:30, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the word should have been “gaster”? --X883 (talk) 01:47, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

"Citation needed" in introductory sentence
It looks really strange that the first, simple definition of this common word needs a "citation needed". Shouldn't we either find a citation for this claim, or just reword it? 106.188.30.67 (talk) 02:39, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

External link myrmedrome not working
http://www.emiliano.cristiani.name/myrmedrome/main_en.html is what I am unsuccessfully trying to access through the external link section. It works when pasted into my browser.

I'm not sure if this should go on a discussion board or remain on the article talk page-- if someone can figure this out, it would be greatly appreciated. Icebob99 (talk) 16:59, 24 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this up. I've fixed the link, it didn't work because it had a trailing slash in the URL. Regarding where to post this type of messages: generally on the talk page of the article, but on low-activity pages like this one it's likely that no-one would see the message, which is why we also have Teahouse/Questions for asking questions (the help pages for new editors are a mess on WP; the community tried to improve them a few years ago, but in my opinion they just became even more confusing... ) Cheers, jonkerz ♠talk 19:50, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Ant colony. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150909081830/http://www.emiliano.cristiani.name:80/myrmedrome/main_en.html to http://www.emiliano.cristiani.name/myrmedrome/main_en.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:04, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ant colony


text:
USS Ericsson

USS Ericsson has been the name of three warships in the United States Navy. They are all named for John Ericsson, the designer of USS Monitor and a torpedo that was cable-powered by an external source. More recently, a support ship in the Military Sealift Command has been designated by his full name.

 * USS Ericsson (TB-2), a torpedo boat, served from 1897 until 1912.
 * USS Ericsson (DD-56), an O'Brien-class destroyer, served in the navy from 1915 until 1922. Transferred to the United States Coast Guard where she served from 1925 until 1932 as CG-5.
 * USS Ericsson (DD-440), a Gleaves-class destroyer, served from 1941 until 1946.
 * MS John Ericsson the Swedish American Line trans Atlantic passenger ship MS Kungsholm 1928–1941 was requisitioned by the US Government in 1942, renamed John Ericsson, and operated by the War Shipping Administration as a troop transport until returned to the line after the war and then sold to other lines.
 * USNS John Ericsson (T-AO-194), a Henry J. Kaiser-class replenishment oiler underway replenishment oiler operated by the Military Sealift Command to support ships of the United States Navy.

title: USS Ericsson


text:
User:Zuhairi

Zuhairi Bin Zainal was born in Sungai Petani, Kedah. He grew up in Muar, Johor. to contact him, please send your email to: zuhairi@gmail.com

title: User:Zuhairi


text:
Beltring railway station

Beltring railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England, serving the village of Beltring. It is 36 mi down the line from London Charing Cross via Paddock Wood and is situated between Paddock Wood and Yalding. The station and all trains that call are operated by Southeastern.

History
Beltring station opened later than the others on the line (which had been opened in 1844): its opening date was 1 September 1909. The halt originally had platforms built of wooden sleepers. It originally had a freight siding; used for the forwarding of farm produce until 5 June 1961. The station was then named Beltring and Branbridges Halt. It consists of concrete platforms with shelters. It serves a predominantly rural area: the nearest settlements being the small villages of Beltring, Branbridges, Laddingford and East Peckham.

Facilities
Beltring station is unstaffed and facilities are limited. The station is fitted with a self-service ticket machine as well as modern help points on the platforms. Seated areas are available on both platforms and train information screens are provided for running information.

No regular buses stop outside the station although Arriva Southern Counties routes 6 & 6A to Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells and Go-Coach route 208 to Tonbridge both stop a short walk away on Branbridges Road.

Services
All services at Beltring are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood via Maidstone West
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

Plans mooted in the mid-2000s to close Beltring station, or at least replace the existing services with a token service (such as one train a week in each direction) have been withdrawn.

title: Beltring railway station


text: Category:273 deaths

title: Category:273 deaths


text:
USS Farenholt

Two ships of United States Navy were named USS Farenholt for Admiral Oscar Farenholt.
 * The first USS Farenholt (DD-332) was commissioned in 1921 and decommissioned in 1930.
 * The second USS Farenholt (DD-491) was commissioned in 1942 and decommissioned in 1946.

title: USS Farenholt


text:
User talk:Mel Etitis Is A Jerk

Blocked indefinitely. Inappropriate user name and vandalism. SlimVirgin (talk) 07:08, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mel Etitis Is A Jerk


text: File:Eyjafjallajökull.jpeg

title: File:Eyjafjallajökull.jpeg


text:
World Coming Down

World Coming Down is the fifth studio album by the American gothic metal band Type O Negative. Released on September 21, 1999, it is considered to be the darkest of the band's releases, having been written after a series of deaths in frontman Peter Steele's family, combined with the desire to break away from the sexually charged themes of the previous albums. It was also the band's first album to reach the Top 40 on the Billboard 200.

Music and lyrics
As with the band's previous album, October Rust, this album also has a 'joke intro': in this case, "Skip It", 11 seconds of staccato band noise meant to sound as if the listener's CD player is skipping. Contrary to common belief, Cassette versions did not have the noise of a tape being 'eaten' by the tape player, it was actually the same as in CD version. However, 2019 released None More Negative vinyl box set re-issue and 2020 released stand-alone vinyl version begins as if the record is damaged and stuck in a locked groove during the intro of "White Slavery". The track ends with the band's guitarist, Kenny Hickey, shouting "Sucker!"

The first song, "White Slavery", deals with cocaine addiction. Discussing his dalliance with the drug and inspiration behind the song in a 1999 Kerrang! interview, Steele recalled: "There were a handful of times that were fucking horrible, but one night in particular was really bad, and that's when I stopped doing it. I was really depressed and homesick, and the worst part is when you're coming down from it. It's five in the morning and there's no one to talk to, you're on a tour bus doing 80mph and you look out the window and it looks like you're on Mars. All I could think about was jumping out of the bus while it was moving, but that would have made too many people happy."

Two other songs, "Everyone I Love Is Dead" and "Everything Dies", touch on the difficulties of watching family members and loved ones die. Another track, "Who Will Save the Sane?", which deals with mental illness and psychiatry, incorporates Steele reciting the number pi to 9 decimal places (3.141592653).

The album contains three "soundscape" tracks, which are named after internal organs, as segues between songs. Each of these songs is intended to suggest the possibilities of the deaths the members of the band may have suffered at the time: "Sinus" as death from cocaine use, "Liver" as death through alcohol abuse and "Lung" as death from smoking. In an ironic foreboding, Steele once told a close friend that he could not bear to listen to "Sinus" after it was mixed and completed, because the sound of the heartbeat escalating to its furious pace after the cocaine-snorting sound effect actually drove him to the point of an anxiety attack because of its realism.

Also included at the end of the album is a cover song, a medley of three Beatles songs. In the liner notes to the album's 2020 vinyl reissue, Hickey stated "All four of us are Beatles freaks" but added ruefully: "Being four idiots and not knowing anything, we didn't realise that The Beatles charge $35,000 per song. They were the most expensive songs in the music industry that you could get rights to for a cover - and we did a medley, so it was three songs! It came out great, but the record company was like, 'This is gonna cost $75,000! You guys are outta your minds! Who's gonna pay it? Not us!'" Keyboardist and producer Josh Silver eventually convinced the label to foot the bill.

An additional song recorded during the album sessions, "12 Black Rainbows," was issued as the B-side for the "Everything Dies" single; later, it was included on the compilation album The Least Worst Of with two other unreleased tracks from the same sessions ("It's Never Enough" and "Stay Out of My Dreams").

The reversed vocal technique of backmasking is used in several places on the album; some segments are more audibly apparent than others. In particular, backmasking during the intro section of "Creepy Green Light", which was originally titled "Spooky Green Light", refers to a third-person "spell" of a friend's intention to be reunited with a dead spouse.

Following its release the members of Type O Negative had mixed opinions about the music on World Coming Down. Keyboardist and producer Josh Silver felt that the music was strong, while Steele said the songs were too strongly connected to an uncomfortable period in his life. Live shows performed since the initial tour to support World Coming Down usually had very few, if any, selections from the album in the set list. However, the band often played the song "World Coming Down" in its entirety during the Dead Again tour.

The album cover features a photo of the Brooklyn Bridge.

Critical reception
World Coming Down received mostly positive reviews. AllMusic critic Steve Huey gave the album a 4-out-of-5 star rating. Adam Wasylyk of Chronicles of Chaos gave World Coming Down a very positive review: "An album that won't be ignored, it's my favourite album of 1999. Hands down." Christopher Thelen of The Daily Vault called the album "a great listen" and wrote that "for the most part", World Coming Down "suggests that" Type O Negative "is doing things right".

The Washington Post's Mark Jenkins wrote that Type O Negative "...shows some unexpected warmth" on the album, adding that "Much of the album thuds and growls, but the refrain of "Pyretta Blaze" is genuinely catchy." Writing for the Daily Herald (Arlington Heights), Jeff Pizek awarded the album three-and-a-half stars out of a possible four, asserting that with the album “the self-proclaimed Drab Four have found a dour medium between tenebrous melody and Sabbathy bad vibes.” Pizek paid special attention to a number of songs; he described “White Slavery” and “All Hallow’s Eve” as perfect bookends for the record and as “definitive Type O Negative songs, [that encompass] all the gloom, rage and tranquillity of their paradigm." He goes further, writing that “Pyretta Blaze” and “Creepy Green Light” showcase the varying sides of the band's personality by boasting crushing doom riffs and poppier sensibilities akin to October Rust, respectively. Pizek later added in his review that “In a just world, this would be the album that breaks Type O Negative, but that remains to be seen.”

In 2021, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1999 by Metal Hammer magazine.

Track listing
All songs written by Peter Steele, except where noted.

Credits

 * Peter Steele – lead vocals, bass, additional guitars and keyboards
 * Kenny Hickey – guitars, backing vocals, co-lead vocals (on "World Coming Down" and "All Hallows Eve")
 * Josh Silver – keyboards, synthesizers, sound effects, electronic and drum programming, backing vocals
 * Johnny Kelly – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Additional Musicians

 * Paul Bento – sitar, tamboura (on "World Coming Down" and "Day Tripper (Medley)")
 * Richard Termini – additional keyboards (on "Pyretta Blaze")

Production

 * Michael Marciano – recording engineer
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Vincent Soyez – photography
 * Mike Curry – design
 * Noel Wiggins – design

title: World Coming Down


text:
Santa Cruz Sentinel

The Santa Cruz Sentinel is a daily newspaper published in Santa Cruz, California, covering Santa Cruz County, California, and owned by Media News Group, which is controlled by Alden Global Capital.

History
Ottaway Community Newspapers, a division of Dow Jones & Company bought the paper in 1982 from the McPherson family. Community Newspaper Holdings bought the Sentinel in late 2006 from Ottaway, but quickly sold it, February 2, 2007, to MediaNews Group. The MediaNews Group formed Digital First Media in 2013 when it merged with Journal Register Company. The company is controlled by the hedge fund Alden Global Capital.

Staff

 * Publisher/Editor: Steve Bressoud
 * Director of Operations and Advertising: Steve Bennett
 * Managing Editor: Tom Wright

title: Santa Cruz Sentinel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BestBdultService.com

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Mackensen (Votes for deletion/BestBdultService.com)

BestBdultService.com
Advertising, non-notable (website says "Total - 7"), article's title is misspelt. —Markaci 2005-04-20 T 07:15 Z
 * Speedy delete if possible as both link spam and a copyvio. - Lucky 6.9 07:20, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete copyvio spam. This IP has a history of spamming. Gazpacho 08:46, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Nothing but spam. David Johnson [ T|C ] 21:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as spam. --Carnildo 22:53, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete spam spam spam. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 23:06, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, 1983–1987

This is a list of members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1983 to 1987.

 * CLP member Paul Everingham resigned on 22 October 1984 to contest the House of Representatives seat of Northern Territory; CLP candidate Rick Setter won the resulting by-election on 15 December 1984.
 * CLP member Jim Robertson resigned on 27 March 1986; CLP candidate Eric Poole won the resulting by-election on 19 April 1986.
 * CLP member Ian Tuxworth was sacked from the Country Liberal Party on 9 December 1986. He spent two weeks as an independent member before announcing on 23 December that he would be joining the new Northern Territory Nationals party and serving as their leader.


text: User talk:65.43.156.234

title: User talk:65.43.156.234


text:
USS Frolic

USS Frolic is a name used more than once by the United States Navy, and may refer to:

 * USS Frolic (1813), a sloop of war in active service during 1814 until captured by the British during the War of 1812
 * USS Frolic, a side wheel steamer in commission as USS Advance (1862) from 1864 to 1865 and as USS Frolic from 1865 to 1869, from 1869 to 1870, from 1872 to 1874, and from 1875 to 1877
 * USS Frolic (1892), a patrol yacht in commission in 1898, from 1900 to 1906, and from 1906 to 1907
 * USS Frolic (SP-1336), a schooner in non-commissioned service from 1917 to 1918

title: USS Frolic


text: Category:178 deaths

title: Category:178 deaths


text:
Broadcast license

A broadcast license is a type of spectrum license granting the licensee permission to use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum in a given geographical area for broadcasting purposes. The licenses generally include restrictions, which vary from band to band.

Spectrum may be divided according to use. As indicated in a graph from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), frequency allocations may be represented by different types of services which vary in size. Many options exist when applying for a broadcast license; the FCC determines how much spectrum to allot to licensees in a given band, according to what is needed for the service in question.

The determination of frequencies used by licensees is done through frequency allocation, which in the United States is specified by the FCC in a table of allotments. The FCC is authorized to regulate spectrum access for private and government uses; however, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration of the Commerce Department allocates spectrum for use by the federal government (including the military).

In some cases (e.g. CB radio, Wi-Fi), the public may use spectrum without a license. Commercial users (such as television, AM/FM radio, and some types of two-way communications) will receive an FCC assignment to a portion of spectrum, which may be a single frequency or a band of frequencies. In issuing broadcast licenses the FCC relies on "comparative hearings", whereby the most qualified user will be granted use of the spectrum to best serve the public interest; researchers have pointed out that this procedure favors incumbents.

Violation of the terms of a license (due to technical fault or illegal content) may result in fines or revocation of the license. Licenses have also been jeopardized by misrepresentation on the part of the holder or failure to keep a public file (in the U.S. and Canada). Unlicensed broadcasting refers to legal devices allowed to transmit at low power without a license and pirate stations, which violate the law.

Economics
In the U.S. broadcast licenses were issued for only a nominal payment, but economist Ronald Coase challenged the FCC's approach. Coase proposed that, as for other resources (land, metal, etc.), the market should regulate the use of radio spectrum. This proposition is based on the Coase theorem: with well-defined property rights, the free market will allocate resources to their most efficient use if transaction costs are low. Coase's theory indicated that broadcast licenses in a spectrum that was limited had high economic value, which should be paid on the open market. Licenses are increasingly offered via spectrum auctions; however, this fails to consider non-commercial educational users (who are shut out of the process for economic reasons).

Licensing is conducted by a broadcasting authority (a government agency) to manage the radio-frequency spectrum and implement public policy, such as that regarding the concentration of media ownership. In the U.S. the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) does not assign licenses to exclusive users, instead permitting qualified users to apply for a license. The Radio Act of 1927 established the regulatory premise that the spectrum belongs to the public, and licensees have no property rights to use it. Although the spectrum is licensed to bidders, its purchase does not entail ownership or rights but the privilege of using that portion of the spectrum.

Process
The process of obtaining a new broadcast license may be lengthy. A broadcast engineer first determines an available frequency, which may be unavailable in a crowded media market (such as a metropolitan area). If a frequency is available, an engineering study is submitted with an application to the broadcasting authority, to demonstrate that the licensee will not cause RF interference to existing stations. There is a limited term for the license, once acquired. According to the United States Government Printing Office in 1997, the term could exceed 8 years; however, this has been shortened to five years or less (depending on whether the FCC requires further evaluation).

A construction permit is first issued, with the license receiving approval when the station certifies that the permit has been executed (after testing to ensure that all parameters are within allowable tolerances). Once a facility is built and operational, it may be allowed to operate under program test authority until the license is issued (or denied). Where a station is close to an international border, a license may also need to be approved by the foreign country's broadcasting authority for frequency coordination. This is done even if the border is outside of a station's predicted broadcast range, since radio propagation sometimes causes stations to be heard outside their service area.

Existing stations apply for permits and license amendments when making changes to their facilities (such as relocation to another site, changing the radio antenna height, making changes to a directional antenna's radiation pattern, or when adding—or converting to—digital broadcasting). Other situations (such as a change in the city of license) are covered in rulemaking proceedings in the U.S., which may be a prerequisite to moving a station a significant distance (leaving its original community outside its new coverage area). Temporary situations are covered by special temporary authority (STA) to operate at a variance from the license or permit or a Restricted Service Licence (RSL) to operate for a fixed period at reduced power. While these are FCC and Ofcom terms, respectively, other countries have similar regulations.

In the U.S., court cases can prolong the process when mutually exclusive applications are received. The FCC opens application window periods of about a week. Some applications have been pending for years; others end up in administrative law courts or arbitration, sometimes with one applicant seeking a buyout of another.

Technical specifications
Management of technical specifications (such as those in broadcast television systems) is normally undertaken as a part of broadcast licensing in each country. Radio bands carry signals (such as video and audio, digital and analog, narrowband, broadband and content), and are licensed differently.

The broadcast license typically specifies the following minimum information:
 * Geographic coordinates, with exact latitude and longitude
 * Carrier frequency and bandwidth
 * Modulation type[s]
 * Effective radiated power (ERP)
 * Height above average terrain (HAAT)
 * Directional antenna radiation pattern, specified at several azimuths

Additionally, it often specifies:
 * Operating hours (for mediumwave and shortwave)
 * Transmitter power output (TPO) (before any attenuation or gain)
 * Broadcast auxiliary services (BAS) linking studio and transmitter sites
 * Antenna brand and model
 * Height above mean sea level (AMSL) and above ground level (AGL)
 * Backup facilities (which may have separate licenses)
 * Additional service authorizations (subcarriers, digital radio)

Some countries (such as the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in Canada) specify radio format or the genre of television programming, to ensure diversity. Community stations (such as class A television service and LPFM stations in the U.S.) may be required to broadcast local content each week. U.S. broadcast translator licenses prohibit local content on FM, while LPTV stations can choose, except those tied to a DTV station as a fill-in translator or booster to overcome the shortcomings of the ATSC system mandated by the FCC.

Sharing
In some cases, two stations may share the same frequency in the same area, or even the same facility. Time sharing has on occasion been used when two applicants have an equal number of points, mainly with LPFM stations. In FCC auction 1000 for the 600 MHz band, TV stations were paid to leave the air in crowded markets (to facilitate repacking of stations on TV channels 38 to 51 into those already using 2 to 36), but are allowed to move the license to another existing station, keeping their virtual channel numbers and must-carry rights. Each licensee is responsible for the content on their own channels, while both are jointly responsible for the technical operation of the transmitter, antenna, and tower.

In the city of New York, 89.1 MHz is reserved for the United Nations; however, it is used instead by WNYU-FM and WNYU-FM1, unless the U.N. should ever apply to use it.

Renewal
Licensing requirements differ for public radio and television and for community radio and television compared to commercial applicants. Licensees must be aware of deadlines, from original application to renewal, which vary by state and include license expiration and dates for renewals. The form for renewal of a broadcast license in the United States is FCC Form 303-S. While the Form 303-S License Application consists of yes-or-no questions and certifications, the process of renewing the license is complex; the FCC requires that licensees certify that they were in compliance with all rules and regulations during the prior license term. If a license has been acquired in the middle of a term, the licensee will be evaluated from that point to the end of the license term. Misrepresentation to the FCC may lead to the loss of a license.

title: Broadcast license


text:
DMX Krew

DMX Krew is the recording name of the musician Edward Upton. Upton's other aliases include 101 Force, Asylum Seekers, Bass Potato, Chester Louis III, Computor Rockers, David Michael Cross, Ed DMX, EDMX, House of Brakes, Michael Knight, and Viet Cong. He has released six full albums on Aphex Twin's label Rephlex Records and numerous singles/EPs for both Rephlex and his own label Breakin'. DMX Krew's sound spans several electronic music genres, mostly being rooted in early electro-pop/ breakbeat type music. The Collapse of the Wave Function EPs take a more experimental direction.

Discography
Albums
 * Sound of the Street (1996)
 * Ffressshh! (1997)
 * Nu Romantic (1998)
 * We are DMX (1999)
 * The Collapse of the Wave Function LP (2004)
 * Many Worlds (The Collapse Of The Wave Function Volume 4) (2005)
 * The Transactional Interpretation (The Collapse Of The Wave Function Volume 5) (2005)
 * Kiss Goodbye (2005)
 * Wave:CD (2005)
 * Wave Funk (2009)
 * The March to the Stars (2010)
 * Kiss Goodbye (2010)
 * East Side Boogie (2012)
 * Shape Shifting Shaman (2014)
 * Reith Trax (2014)
 * Standing Stones (2015)
 * There Is No Enduring Self (2015)
 * You Exist (2016)
 * Escape-MCP (2016)
 * Strange Directions (2017)
 * Glad to Be Sad (2019)
 * Libertine 12 (2019)
 * Opal Beats (2020)
 * Ghost Bubbles (2020)
 * Loose Gears (2021)
 * We Are DMX (2021 Expanded Reissue) (2021)
 * Party Life (2022)

EPs and singles
 * Got You on My Mind (1994)
 * Cold Rockin' with the Krew (1996)
 * DMX Bass/Rock Your Body (1997)
 * You Can't Hide Your Love (1997)
 * You Can't Hide Your Love Remixes (1997)
 * Adrenalin Flow (1998)
 * Party Beats (1998)
 * Showroom Dummies (1998)
 * 17 Ways to Break My Heart (1998)
 * Smash Metal (1999, Double-7" with Chicks on Speed)
 * Back to the Bass (1999)
 * Seedy Films (2002)
 * Soul Miner (2002)
 * The Collapse of the Wave Function Volume 1 (2004)
 * The Collapse of the Wave Function Volume 2 (2004)
 * Body Destruction (2005)
 * Snow Cub (2007)
 * Ionospheric Exploration (2008)
 * SH101 Triggers MS10 (2008)
 * Bass Drop (2008)
 * Bongard Problems (2009)
 * Come to Me (2009)
 * Wave Funk Volume 1 (2009)
 * That Was Harder Than I Expected (2010)
 * Do It All Nite / Worm Hole (2010)
 * The Game (2011)
 * Funky Dancer / That Wild & Freaky Robot Funk (2011)
 * Broken SD140 (2011)
 * Cosmic Awakening EP (2011)
 * Decaying World EP (2012)
 * Galaxy Love / Didn't I? (2012)
 * East Side Boogie (2012)
 * Broken SD140 Part II (2013)
 * Cities in Flight (2013)
 * Micro Life (2013)
 * Hot Punch / My Metro (2013)
 * A New Life (2014)
 * Electro Worm (2014)
 * Tha Bump! (2015)
 * Dogg Fungk (2015)
 * 5 Ways 2 Jack (2015)
 * RAM Expansion (2015)
 * ZSAGI (2015)
 * Funk Steps (2015)
 * Mini-Owner (2016)
 * Space Cucumbers (2016)
 * Sludge (2017)
 * Peripheral Visions (2017)
 * Generic Wizard (2017)
 * The Wiggly Worm (2017)
 * Synthe Sound EP (2017)
 * Artificial Gravity EP (2017)
 * 7777 013 (2017)
 * What Happened to Peace? (2018)
 * Stellar Gateway EP (2018)
 * Traditions 07 (2018)
 * Don't You Wanna Play? (2019)
 * Computor Heart (2019)
 * Sweatisfaction (2019)
 * Malekko Phase Mod (2019)
 * Turn It On (2020)
 * Dread It A Go EP (2020)
 * Panic Stations EP (2020)
 * Modern Body E.P. (2020)
 * Wave Funk Volume 2 (2020)
 * Wave Funk Volume 3 (2020)
 * Mentosse (2020)
 * Overseer (2021)
 * On the Beach (2021)
 * Peripheral Visions (2021)

title: DMX Krew


text:
USS Fox

USS Fox may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * A schooner Fox was listed as a United States naval vessel in the period 1817–1821, but no information concerning such a ship is contained in the official manuscript records
 * USS Fox (1822), was a schooner commissioned early in 1823
 * USS Fox (1859), was a schooner built in 1859
 * USS Fox (TB-13), was a torpedo boat commissioned 8 July 1899
 * USS Fox (DD-234), later AG-85, was commissioned 17 May 1920
 * USS Fox (DLG-33), later CG-33, was commissioned 28 May 1966

title: USS Fox


text: User talk:213.197.252.149

title: User talk:213.197.252.149


text: Category:152 deaths

title: Category:152 deaths


text:
Talk:Odeon Records

Untitled
Odeon was actually very succesful in northern Europe during the sixties, as they were releasing alot of Beatles records (at least in Germany and Denmark).

Odeon survived in Argentina and Brazil at least until the mid 1980

Origine of name and logo
"The label's name and logo come from the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe in Paris." The Théâtre de l'Odéon doesn't look like the logo at all.

title: Talk:Odeon Records


text: Category:141 deaths

title: Category:141 deaths


text:
User:Alan.berry

♥♥♥♥ Hi Honey ♥♥♥♥

L♥veeeeeee you!

title: User:Alan.berry


text:
User:Fritz9000

Fritz9000 Fritz Schwenzzle is a 49 year old living in Boston, Massachusetts. He is descended from German immigrants who came to America in the late 1840s.

About Fritz
Fritz married his wife Amanda on June 21, 1984. Together, they have had four children: Mackenzie (14), Jordan (11), Adam (6), and Ruth (18 months).

Religiously, Fritz, his wife Amanda, and all four of his children are strong believers in Jesus Christ and are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Biography of Fritz
Born in Riggins, Idaho, Fritz's father was an elementary school teacher. His father and mother instilled a great sense of faith in Fritz, which has remained to this day. Throughout much of his childhood, his mother encouraged her son to be creative. She helped him learn how to play piano, sing, and also first gave him an interest in theater. In High School, Fritz played Football and Baseball, spending the winters preforming plays and skits as part of his High School drama club, which he was elected as Treasurer from sophomore year on. In his senior year, he took his would-be wife to the prom.

A graduate of Brigham Young University in 1978, Fritz went on to seek a law degree at the University of Oregon. Since passing the bar in 1983 Fritz has been practicing copyright law.

Hobbies

 * Watching Football
 * Politics (Republican)
 * Movies. I have a personal collection of nearly 150 DVD's and probably over 400 VHS tapes since I started buying and taping films in the late 1980s. (Charlie Chaplin, John Wayne, Gene Hackman, et...)
 * Acting. I am an active member of a LDS Drama Organization in Boston. It is strongly affiliated with my church.
 * Spending time with his lovely wife and wonderful children. Jesus Christ gave me such an unbelievable family, I'm going to spend as much time as I can with them!!!

Peevs

 * Unauthorized editing of other people's biographies.
 * Arrogance. I cannot stand it when people act like they are better than everyone, or anyone, else. In my book, everyone deserves to be treated equally. The Golden Rule is the greatest rule in my opinion, and if all of mankind perscribed to it, there truly would be no pain or suffering.
 * People who let their dogs lick them. That is so disgusting. Dogs lick themselves to become clean. I do not care that they have certain chemicals in their mouths; you are still getting a Dog's privates germs on your face.
 * Rap Music. The lyrics in much of todays rap is so offensive and crude that it deserves to be ruled as obscenity. "Artists" like Ludacris and JayZ are terrible role-models for todays youth, and I do not allow my sons to listen to their music.

title: User:Fritz9000


text: Category:129 deaths

title: Category:129 deaths


text:
USS Flusser

Several ships of United States Navy were named USS Flusser for Charles Williamson Flusser:
 * The first USS Flusser (1864) was captured in 1864 and sold in 1865.
 * The second USS Flusser (DD-20) was a Smith-class destroyer, commissioned in 1909 and sold in 1919.
 * The third USS Flusser (DD-289) was a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1920 and scrapped in 1930.
 * The fourth USS Flusser (DD-368) was a Mahan-class destroyer, commissioned in 1936 and decommissioned in 1946.

title: USS Flusser


text:
User talk:Ignat

File:Garabaldi1.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Garabaldi1.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 20:15, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ignat


text: User talk:67.127.97.166

title: User talk:67.127.97.166


text: Category:118 deaths

title: Category:118 deaths


text:
Cataño Ferry

The Cataño Ferry (Lancha de Cataño) is a single-route ferry service between Cataño and San Juan, Puerto Rico. The ferry is an icon in Puerto Rican culture.

History
The Cataño Ferry started operating in 1853, when the Cataño Steam Company used a small boat to transport cargo and passengers to San Juan. During its history, the ferry was managed by Férrea del Oeste and Compañía Popular de Transporte. According to passengers, the old boat was "a wooden boat; they called it the turtle because it was a small boat". In 1960, the Puerto Rico Ports Authority acquired the franchise, building a new terminal and buying five new ships.

The ferry covers a single route from San Juan's dock to Cataño's ferry terminal. Since most people who used the service start their trips in San Juan, it became known as "La Lancha de Cataño", because it is believed that people use the service mostly to travel from San Juan to Cataño.

Despite notable decreases in its use, the service is widely known on the island and popular with Puerto Ricans and tourists. Since the services are carried out from Old San Juan to Cataño and vice versa, their relative closeness to San Juan hotels makes the service approachable to tourists. It is also popular with Puerto Rican and American soldiers who are based at nearby Fort Buchanan.

During the 1960s, service on La lancha cost only five cents one way. The ticket prices began to rise; however, by the 1980s, they cost ¢25, and they later rose to ¢50 as of July 2024.

On January 1, 2000, the Puerto Rican Government passed ownership of all legal passenger ship services to the Puerto Rican Maritime Transport Authority. While this was made mostly to enhance service between Culebra, Fajardo and Vieques, the deal also included the "Lancha de Cataño" service.

In 2004, slightly more than 1.1 million passengers were transported by the ferry service.

Operations
Although the service is heavily used by tourists, its primary purpose is to serve as a transportation hub for those who live nearby Cataño but work in San Juan to complement the AcuaExpreso. The ferry crosses the San Juan Bay, with its services running from mornings to evenings seven days a week as the weather and maritime conditions permit. At its route's southwestern end is the AcuaExpreso Cataño Terminal in Cataño, while at its northwestern end is the AcuaExpreso San Juan Terminal, located at Pier 2 of the San Juan Port in Old San Juan.

The ferry is operated by ships with two levels for passengers. Round-trip services leave both Catano and San Juan's terminals every 15 minutes. The "Lancha de Catano" may take passengers on a trip around the El Morro Castle before arriving at its actual destination.

title: Cataño Ferry


text:
USS Foote

Three ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Foote, named in honor of Rear Admiral Andrew Hull Foote.

 * USS Foote (TB-3), was the lead ship of Foote-class torpedo boat launched in 1896 and sold in 1920
 * USS Foote (DD-169), was a Wickes-class destroyer, launched in 1918. In 1940 the ship was transferred to the United Kingdom and recommissioned as HMS Roxborough (I07). In 1944 she was transferred to the Soviet Union and recommissioned as Zhostkyi. She was returned to Great Britain in 1949 and scrapped in 1952
 * USS Foote (DD-511), was a Fletcher-class destroyer, launched in 1942 and struck in 1972

title: USS Foote


text:
User talk:Sibleydc

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 07:27, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Sibleydc


text:
Talk:Prosh (University of Western Australia)

I think it worth pointing out that other universities in Australia have a "Prosh". Whilest not necessarily quite the same concept as UWA - indeed a quick google suggests both Adelaide and Melbourne spend their "Prosh week" performing pranks for charity (no mention of a paper I could see) - I think this article needs to be expanded to explain Prosh-Australia-wide and list UWA, Adelaid, Melbourne and any others. To above: I didn't know of any other Prosh like activities, but if you could direct the students from those universities to write something about their Prosh day maybe we could further organise the article into what you suggested. As yet, no mention of them so I won't bother massacring the page :) - Serephine Somehow there is content that relates to Prosh at other unis at a user's sandbox - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Yeti_Hunter/Sandbox  I have no idea how to amalgamate that info into this article: can someone more knowledgeable do what is necessary? (i.e. contact Yeti Hunter??) Ian Page 12:37, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Prosh at the University of Adelaide
I've done some more work on Yeti's Prosh page User:Ozdaren/personal sandbox Ozdaren 17:40, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Prosh (University of Western Australia)
I've created a page Prosh (University of Adelaide) and moved this page Prosh to Prosh (University of Western Australia). Ozdaren 15:03, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Prosh 2005.jpg
Image:Prosh 2005.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:33, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Prosh 2006.jpg
Image:Prosh 2006.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:34, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Prosh 2005.jpg
Image:Prosh 2005.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:16, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Prosh 2006.jpg
Image:Prosh 2006.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:18, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Prosh and the University of Adelaide - Origins
This article erroneously states that the origin of the word "PROSH" is derived from the University of Adelaide. There is a reference attached to that statement that does not prove the statement itself, yet Wikipedia will not allow me to alter or remove the offending sentence.

All actual evidence retrieved, such as from p.28 of "Student Days" (a history of the UWA Student Guild) indicates that the term is indigenous to UWA, contracted from "Procession" and has no apparent link to it's use in Adelaide. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.95.100.32 (talk) 03:05, 3 April 2008 (UTC)


text:
Thian Hock Keng

Thian Hock Keng ( or the Tianfu Temple, literally "Palace of Heavenly Happiness"), is a temple built for the worship of Mazu, a Chinese sea goddess, located in Singapore. It is the oldest and most important temple of the Hokkien (Hoklo) people in the country. Another shrine at the back is Buddhist dedicated to Guanyin, the Mahayana Buddhist bodhisattva of mercy.

Thian Hock Keng was gazetted as a national monument on 6 July 1973.

History
The temple originated as a small joss house first built around 1821–1822 at the waterfront serving the local Hokkien community, where seafarers and immigrants gave thanks to the sea goddess Mazu for a safe sea passage on their arrival to Singapore. The temple is located on Telok Ayer Street and originally faced the sea; the Telok Ayer Street used to be situated along the coastline before land reclamation work began in the 1880s.

Starting in 1839, the temple was rebuilt with funds collected over the years and donations from the community, the largest of which was from Tan Tock Seng, a Hokkien businessman. The building materials of the temple and a statue of Mazu was brought over from China, and the statue enshrined in the main hall of the temple in 1840. Some of the building materials, such as stone for the columns, timber as well as tiles were recycled from ballasts in ships. The local Indian community of Chulia Street also helped build the temple, and a statue of a man who appears to be an Indian holding a beam up at the ceiling was placed in the right wing as a reminder and gesture for their contribution. The temple was completed in 1842 at a cost of 30,000 Spanish dollars.

In 1840, the clan association Hokkien Huay Kuan serving the Hokkien community was formed within the temple ground of Thian Hock Keng. In 1849, the Chung Wen Pagoda and Chong Boon Gate were added to the right of the main temple. The building was renovated in 1906, and some 'western-style' features were added, such as a wrought-iron gate from Glasgow and dado tiling. A scroll and plaque were presented to the temple by Guangxu Emperor to the temple in 1907. The Chong Hock Pavilion was built in 1913, and was once used by the Chong Hock Girls' School established in the temple.

The temple was gazetted as a National Monument in 1973. A major renovation of the temple was initiated in 1998 and completed in 2000 at a cost of US$2.2 million. The renovation received an honourable mention from the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation in 2001.

Architecture
Thian Hock Keng, built on a square site, is of traditional Chinese design whereby a group of buildings or pavilions cluster around the main courtyard. It has the standard layout of three halls that are commonly found in such temples, with an entrance hall, a main hall, and a rear hall. The temple is constructed in the temple architecture style commonly found in Fujian. The main halls are of single-storey beam-frame structures with brackets supporting curving roofs with wide eaves. Dragons and other decorative motifs are placed on the roofs of the entrance hall as well as the main hall.

The entrance hall has one main door and two side doors, with a high step in front. The side entrances are decorated with coloured tiles with peacocks, roses, and the Buddhist swastika motif that symbolises good luck, eternity and immortality. Guarding the doors are the traditional sentinels of Taoist temple – stone lions and Door Gods. The temple is richly decorated with coloured tiles, red, black and gold lacquered wood, as well as figures of dragons and phoenix, with embellished and gilded beams, brackets, and ceilings.

The entrance leads directly into main courtyard. Overlooking the courtyard is the temple proper where the shrine of Mazu is located. On either side of the temple are pagodas with octagonal base – the one on the left is a shrine of Confucius while the one on the right houses the ancestral tablets of Hokkien immigrants who founded the temple. Behind the main shrine is another courtyard where a smaller altar dedicated to Kuan Yin may be found. Down either side of the temple are aisles leading to the monks quarters.

Worship
The main deity worshiped in the temple is Mazu (媽祖婆, "Ma Cho Po" in the local dialect), a 10th-century Fujianese shamaness deified as a Chinese Sea Goddess. Early immigrants to Singapore offered incense to the Goddess to give thanks for a safe passage across the sea from China. Today's worshippers come to the temple to pray for peace, protection and good health.

A smaller shrine dedicated to Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy, is located at the back. Other deities worshiped in the temple include the God of Medicine and Health (保生大帝, Baosheng Dadi), Holy Emperor Lord Guan (關聖帝君, Guansheng Dijun, worshipped for spiritual protection), the Sacred Duke Kai Zhang (伽藍菩薩, Qie Lan Pu Sa) and the City God (城隍爺, Cheng Huang Ye). Confucius is also venerated in the temple.

News articles

title: Thian Hock Keng


text: Category:82 deaths

title: Category:82 deaths


text: User talk:82.148.97.67

title: User talk:82.148.97.67