text:
Metric dimension (graph theory)

In graph theory, the metric dimension of a graph G is the minimum cardinality of a subset S of vertices such that all other vertices are uniquely determined by their distances to the vertices in S. Finding the metric dimension of a graph is an NP-hard problem; the decision version, determining whether the metric dimension is less than a given value, is NP-complete.

Detailed definition
For an ordered subset $$W = \{w_1, w_2,\dots, w_k\}$$ of vertices and a vertex v in a connected graph G, the representation of v with respect to W is the ordered k-tuple $$r(v|W) = (d(v,w_1), d(v,w_2),\dots,d(v,w_k))$$, where d(x,y) represents the distance between the vertices x and y. The set W is a resolving set (or locating set) for G if every two vertices of G have distinct representations. The metric dimension of G is the minimum cardinality of a resolving set for G. A resolving set containing a minimum number of vertices is called a basis (or reference set) for G. Resolving sets for graphs were introduced independently by and, while the concept of a resolving set and that of metric dimension were defined much earlier in the more general context of metric spaces by Blumenthal in his monograph Theory and Applications of Distance Geometry. Graphs are special examples of metric spaces with their intrinsic path metric.

Trees
If a tree is a path, its metric dimension is one. Otherwise, let L denote the set of leaves, degree-one vertices in the tree. Let K be the set of vertices that have degree greater than two, and that are connected by paths of degree-two vertices to one or more leaves. Then the metric dimension is |L| − |K|. A basis of this cardinality may be formed by removing from L one of the leaves associated with each vertex in K. The same algorithm is valid for the line graph of the tree, and thus any tree and its line graph have the same metric dimension.

Properties
In, it is proved that:
 * The metric dimension of a graph $G$ is 1 if and only if $G$ is a path.
 * The metric dimension of an $n$-vertex graph is $n − 1$ if and only if it is a complete graph.
 * The metric dimension of an $n$-vertex graph is $n − 2$ if and only if the graph is a complete bipartite graph $K_{s, t}$, a split graph $$K_s+\overline{K_t} (s\geq 1, t\geq 2)$$, or $$K_s+(K_1\cup K_t) (s,t\geq 1) $$.

Relations between the order, the metric dimension and the diameter
prove the inequality $$ n\leq D^{\beta}+\beta$$ for any $n$-vertex graph with diameter $$D$$ and metric dimension $$\beta$$. This bounds follows from the fact that each vertex that is not in the resolving set is uniquely determined by a distance vector of length $$\beta$$ with each entry being an integer between 1 and $$D$$ (there are precisely $$D^{\beta}$$ such vectors). However, the bound is only achieved for $$D\leq 3$$ or $$\beta=1$$; the more precise bound $$ n\leq \left(\lfloor 2D/3\rfloor+1\right)^\beta+\beta\sum_{i=1}^{\lceil D/3\rceil}(2i-1)^{\beta-1}$$ is proved by.

For specific graph classes, smaller bounds can hold. For example, proved that $$n\leq(\beta D+4)(D+2)/8$$ for trees (the bound being tight for even values of $D$), and a bound of the form $$n= O(D^2\beta)$$ for outerplanar graphs. The same authors proved that $$n\leq (D\beta+1)^{t-1}$$ for graphs with no complete graph of order $t$ as a minor and also gave bounds for chordal graphs and graphs of bounded treewidth. The authors proved bounds of the form $$n= O(D\beta^2)$$ for interval graphs and permutation graphs, and bounds of the form $$n=O(D\beta)$$ for unit interval graphs, bipartite permutation graphs and cographs.

Decision complexity
Deciding whether the metric dimension of a graph is at most a given integer is NP-complete. It remains NP-complete for bounded-degree planar graphs, split graphs, bipartite graphs and their complements, line graphs of bipartite graphs, unit disk graphs, interval graphs of diameter 2 and permutation graphs of diameter 2, and graphs of bounded treewidth.

For any fixed constant k, the graphs of metric dimension at most k can be recognized in polynomial time, by testing all possible k-tuples of vertices, but this algorithm is not fixed-parameter tractable (for the natural parameter k, the solution size). Answering a question posed by, show that the metric dimension decision problem is complete for the parameterized complexity class W[2], implying that a time bound of the form nO(k) as achieved by this naive algorithm is likely optimal and that a fixed-parameter tractable algorithm (for the parameterization by k) is unlikely to exist. Nevertheless, the problem becomes fixed-parameter tractable when restricted to interval graphs, and more generally to graphs of bounded tree-length, such as chordal graphs, permutation graphs or asteroidal-triple-free graphs.

Deciding whether the metric dimension of a tree is at most a given integer can be done in linear time Other linear-time algorithms exist for cographs, chain graphs, and cactus block graphs (a class including both cactus graphs and block graphs). The problem may be solved in polynomial time on outerplanar graphs. It may also be solved in polynomial time for graphs of bounded cyclomatic number, but this algorithm is again not fixed-parameter tractable (for the parameter "cyclomatic number") because the exponent in the polynomial depends on the cyclomatic number. There exist fixed-parameter tractable algorithms to solve the metric dimension problem for the parameters "vertex cover", "max leaf number", and "modular width". Graphs with bounded cyclomatic number, vertex cover number or max leaf number all have bounded treewidth, however it is an open problem to determine the complexity of the metric dimension problem even on graphs of treewidth 2, that is, series–parallel graphs.

Approximation complexity
The metric dimension of an arbitrary n-vertex graph may be approximated in polynomial time to within an approximation ratio of $$2\log n$$ by expressing it as a set cover problem, a problem of covering all of a given collection of elements by as few sets as possible in a given family of sets. In the set cover problem formed from a metric dimension problem, the elements to be covered are the $$\tbinom{n}{2}$$ pairs of vertices to be distinguished, and the sets that can cover them are the sets of pairs that can be distinguished by a single chosen vertex. The approximation bound then follows by applying standard approximation algorithms for set cover. An alternative greedy algorithm that chooses vertices according to the difference in entropy between the equivalence classes of distance vectors before and after the choice achieves an even better approximation ratio, $$\log n+\log\log_2 n+1$$. This approximation ratio is close to best possible, as under standard complexity-theoretic assumptions a ratio of $$(1-\epsilon)\log n$$ cannot be achieved in polynomial time for any $$\epsilon>0$$. The latter hardness of approximation still holds for instances restricted to subcubic graphs, and even to bipartite subcubic graphs.

title: Metric dimension (graph theory)


text:
User:JonMoore/conlang

English Bengaa

air akea

altar uutna

angel zu

animal lusma

anvil use

arm tabeu

artist eutke

axe talepu

badger magse

bat eatu

bay uke

bear gema

beard laua

beast uleega

beautiful uunmu

beer epa

bird ege

black zaatua

blade da

blind adenu

blood nute

blue katme

book peemu

boy kue

bread ulazu

brown ela

bull sake

candle ngaza

candy eutu

castle bazae

cat mungau

cave adelu

cheese ubla

clothing daza

copper zekuu

crab ba

crawler bau

crimson duubele

curse apa

cutter sedua

dancer ngabe

death le

demon ete

dog aasu

dragon unaalgu

dwarf umuae

eagle adune

ear eetu

eel ubeta

elf akuau

eye uale

face aseusa

fire zasa

fish ebaua

fist tubuge

five ane

flesh zuukula

flower na

foe unge

foot upgu

four agaeza

gem taaka

ghost usa

gladiator epeme

goat alueza

goblin depaa

god unge

gold uedu

gray aluae

green deukea

hair nala

hammer dautaaza

hand tua

hate emuee

hawk aeumka

head elu

heterosexual gudeme

heron ame

home eamu

homosexual anuubu

horse elpu

house suu

hunting guube

impaler kezke

iron neede

island euna

ivory guedeazu

jewel euzne

kin ngau

king tuadune

knife mate

lake zae

land taenge

leather eze

library utda

light auuzbu

lightning umga

lizard aazpu

long telua

lord nu

love keaa

lover aatu

magic zaleme

man usuee

marble bebea

master puagbu

merchant zeadeu

monger su

monkey eeklu

moon lape

mountain setenge

oath ugeue

obsidian ngata

occult une

one epuua

opal saudanu

orchard etamu

owner enu

paper keku

perfume ale

pillow baukpu

place esa

plant nge

poison neagangu

property ne

purple eda

quiet aatne

rabbit epe

rat anga

razor ueze

red eknu

rice uaekne

river daakauda

robe kaegeu

sailor asle

ship buleu

scorpion aeku

sea ma

seed baamuu

shadow zesala

shield muzkangu

shooter uanzu

silent utuaza

silver aaela

skull apaa

sky se

slave ngenu

small muepne

snake enguaa

soldier leuna

star angauke

sun guaseke

sword aaable

tattoo kama

three apeebuete

thrower ngeda

toe mauna

tool utenga

tooth kapelu

tortise sumata

tortoise teastu

torturer guulna

two elaneke

viper eaznu

walker uluade

water upe

white deu

willow pepedu

wind tebu

witch manu

wizard keleme

wolf kua

woman eaku

wraith ueuzu

yellow gaeme

gee zau usuge gana epeza kue usange aku aule auku bae guge uangu uladela naue uznu aangu agu euzu luzangu auzu use nunee ungaau mezabu ke dunaeu eduza nazu apue amau zeupu nge eka saae azege emunguabe epese aapa subagu ugaaka naeza gamau anu amaue emuea uaga azba usate amu aane ulue etu deu uzuadu ngekea azuaa ukaau taluupu zapaa audauze zebudu angunga kemuate zepauu kangaue luelu uungenga elaeu aenu akuku gaeku ngamae

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:JonMoore/conlang


text:
Hanka

Hanka may refer to:

Name
A variation of the given name Hannah:
 * Hanka Bielicka (1915–2006), Polish singer and actress
 * Hanka Durante (born 1976), German volleyball player
 * Hanka G, Slovak singer
 * Hanka Kupfernagel (born 1974), German cyclist
 * Hanka Ordonówna (1902–1950), Polish singer, dancer and actress
 * Hanka Paldum (born 1956), Bosnian singer
 * Kali, also known as Hanka Weynerowski (1918–1998), Polish-born American painter

Surname

 * Angela Hanka (1891–1963), Austrian figure skater
 * Václav Hanka (1791–1861), Czech philologist

Places
In the Andes:
 * Gregorius and Mary Hanka Farmstead, Minnesota, US
 * Hanka Island, Antarctica
 * Herman and Anna Hanka Farm, Michigan, US
 * Chawpi Hanka (Chaupijanca), a mountain in Peru
 * Chawpi Hanka (Ancash-Huánuco), a mountain in Peru
 * K'uchu Hanka, a mountain in Peru
 * Puwaq Hanka mountain range, Peru
 * Puwaq Hanka mountain
 * Qullpa Hanka (Collpa Janca), a mountain in Peru

Other

 * Hanka (film), 1955 Yugoslav film

title: Hanka


text: User talk:222.153.12.12

title: User talk:222.153.12.12


text:
Oxenholme

Oxenholme is a village in England just south of the town of Kendal, with which it has begun to merge. It is best known for Oxenholme Lake District railway station on the West Coast Main Line. By strict English definition, Oxenholme is a hamlet rather than a village, as it does not have a church.

History
Oxenholme station opened in 1847 as Kendal Junction and was renamed Oxenholme in 1860. The village grew around the station and is named after Oxenholme Farm. The station name had the suffix "Lake District" added in 1988.

Name
The village has always been called Oxenholme, after a farm whose name suggests a cow farm. The name is usually pronounced oxen-home, though pronounced ox-nome locally.

Governance
The village is part of the Kendal civil parish.

The village is in the Kendal South and Natland ward on South Lakeland District Council and is represented by the Liberal Democrat Jonathan Brook, Chris Hogg and Doug Rathbone. The village is in Cumbria but before 1974 was in Westmorland. On Cumbria County Council it is part of the Kendal South ward for which the councillor is Liberal Democrat Brenda Gray.

It is part of the Westmorland and Lonsdale constituency and the MP is Liberal Democrat Tim Farron.

Crime
Oxenholme has a low crime rate; only one crime, a minor theft, was reported in 2009.

Health
The village is part of the Cumbrian National Health Service area. Westmorland General Hospital, the local hospital, is located just outside the village.

Transport
Oxenholme station, located in the village, is a junction between the West Coast Main Line and the Windermere Branch Line. The A65 runs through the village and is close to the M6 motorway. The village has nine bus stops and is served by routes 41, 41A and 561.

The nearest airports are Leeds Bradford (62 miles) and Teesside International (70 miles) and Manchester (78 miles).

Media
The local newspaper covering the area is The Westmorland Gazette.

Local radio includes BBC Radio Cumbria, Heart North West and Smooth North West.

The village is covered by both the ITV Border and BBC North West TV regions.

Oxenholme in the news
Oxenholme appears in the news more often than a typical settlement of its size. Most of the news is to do with the railway.

 * On 10 February 1965 fugitive John Middleton shot two policemen while hiding in the waiting room at Oxenholme railway station. Carlisle policemen George Russell and Alex Archibald were shot, and Russell died in hospital a few hours later.
 * On 27 May 2006, a 19-year-old man was stabbed aboard a Glasgow-Paignton train as it was coming into the station. A 22-year-old man was jailed for 21 years for the murder in November 2006.
 * A Virgin Pendolino train derailed on 23 February 2007 close to nearby Grayrigg shortly after leaving Oxenhome station. The crash left one person dead, and 22 others injured.

title: Oxenholme


text:
Zaklików

Zaklików is a town in Poland, located in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in Stalowa Wola County (since 1999). It is located 113.1 mi SSE of Warsaw and 50 mi from Lublin. For about 300 years of its early history Zaklików was incorporated as a city, but it lost its city charter in punishment for the January Uprising against the imperial rule. It was reinstated as a city on 1 January 2014. Zaklików lies approximately 21 km north of Stalowa Wola and 82 km north of the regional capital Rzeszów.

It is located at an altitude of 593 feet (180 m). On the southside of Zaklików in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship the Pysznica Gmina is located. To the southwest is the town of Radomysl. The town is known for the production of sulfur; it also manufactures furniture and nuts & bolts.

History
Before the town existed, a Catholic parish was first established in Zdziechowice, a village 2 km distance on September 22, 1409. The town of Zaklików was founded on April 9, 1565, by the royal assent obtained by the Castellan Stanisław Zakliko from the King Zygmunt August, on the lands previously belonging to the village of Zdziechowice. The founding charter was based on the Magdeburg Law. The city took its name along with the coat of arms from its founder. In 1787 Zaklików had 130 houses and 800 inhabitants. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1793 the city became part of the Austrian Partition ruled by Austria-Hungary. It became part of the Russian Empire (Congress Poland) in 1815 after the shifting of borders at the Congress of Vienna.

Zaklików was controlled by the Lublin namestniks under the Russian Partition. The Jewish community was small. The Qahal had 192 members in 1790 at the time of the dismemberment of Poland. However, the Tsarist anti-Polish policies resulted in the rapid influx of refugees. By 1869 the number of inhabitants reached 2,080. In 1868 Joseph Lewinstein became the Rabbi of Zaklików, but he moved in 1875 to become rabbi of Serotzk in the governorate of Łomża. Zaklików remained in Russian hands until World War I. In 1914–15 the front passed through Zaklików three times. In the summer of 1915 the Russians were pushed out from Zaklików by the advance of the German and Austro-Hungarian armies. In November 1918, at the conclusion of war, Zaklikow again became part of sovereign Poland.

World War II
On September 13, 1939, the 14th army of the German Heeresgruppe Süd was advancing east and northwest in the course of Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland. Enemy forces in front of the Korps divided into two parts: Northern & Southern. The northern part was withdrawing across the San River into the woods around Zaklikow and Biłgoraj, last time spotted on the Janów – Frampol road. On September 14, 1939, the Polish Armoured Train Nr. 51 ("Marszałek I"), while covering the retreat of Polish forces near the village of Zaklików, the train managed to delay the advance of the German 4th Infantry Division units until the next day and prevented the Polish 94th Inf. Rgt. from being cut off from the Polish main forces.

Sometime in 1942, 20 partisans led by Gregori Korchinski, most of them Jews fighting against the Nazis in Poland, moved to the Zaklików area and set up a partisan base in the village of Ludmilovka. They recruited additional 15 local men. Among the Jews, there were unified groups commanded by Yaacov Freitag and Reuven Pintel.

The Holocaust
Germans occupied Zaklikow in mid September 1939 and immediately burned down the Jewish residential area and forced the Jewish population to assemble, killing several at random. Afterwards, they robbed and plundered the Jewish community and conscripted many for forced labor. There was a small forced labor camp for Jews in the nearby village of Lysaków.

In 1941, Zakilow became a destination for Jews in surrounding areas who had been forced to leave their own towns by the Nazi SS and Police Chief of Lublin in cooperation with the "Sub-Department of Population and Welfare" of the Governor of the district of Lublin, on the proposal of the local authorities. Officer Lenk, a subordinate of the District Chief of Janów-Lubelski, wrote to the SS-and-Police-Chief of Lublin asking for deportation of local Jews to a different locations in Poland. Zaklikow was mentioned with 1,500 Jews to be "evacuated".

Around October 15, 1942, the SS and their Ukrainian auxiliaries and the local police gathered all Jews in the marketplace. Hundreds, mostly children and the aged and ill, were murdered on the spot. The rest were taken to Belzec where they were immediately murdered. Two hundred or so had hidden from the roundup. After this, those who hid reemerged and Jews from other towns were forcibly brought to the ghetto including the entire Jewish population of the nearby town of Janów Lubelski, which included a few hundred Jews who had been deported there from Vienna in 1941. Jews of Krasik were also brought to Zaklikow. According to testimony of Nuchim Rozenel, from the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, on this month, the Hassidic rabbi of Turobin was in the Kraśnik Ghetto together with his son and the son's family, and they were all deported to Zaklikow.

On November 2 and 3, the 2000 Jews living in Zaklikow, including the rabbi and his family, were also sent to Belzec to be murdered.
 * June 25, 1943: From the archives of the reports of the Argentinian diplomatic missions about the racist policies of Germany and the occupied European countries (1933–1945), on this date, Luis Luti, the Commercial Attaché of Argentina in Germany sent a letter to Argentina's Minister of Foreign Relations and Culture, Segundo R. Storni, in which he points out that "the road in which the deported Jews and the Jewish inhabitants of Poland were pushed to their ruin and destruction by the Nazis". In this report, he mentions the Warsaw Ghetto uprising and refers to the Treblinka concentration camp. The letter, numbered as "Note #275", and written in Berlin, states that after the violent dissolution of the Warsaw ghetto, in which the SS troops also suffered losses, according to the "Pat" agency, the Germans put great effort into "liquidating" the ghettos of the small cities in the provinces from which the Jews were deported. In this publication, the following cities are mentioned: Kraśnik, Zaklików, Lublin, Zawichost, Biała Podlaska, Jedresejow, Łuków, Sokołów, and Rawa Ruska.

There were about 200 survivors among Zaklików's prewar population of 1400. Most of the survivors had fled to the Soviet occupied territory at the beginning of the war or had escaped to the forest and fought as partisans. For a short description of the operation of the Zaklikow ghetto, see the Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos.

Post-war
Based on the 1989 population survey about the social stratification in Eastern Europe, Zaklików had a population of 8,877. According to the coding of geographical units based on the Wykaz symboli terytorialnych wojewodztw, gmin i miast (Register of Territorial Codes for Voivodeships, Counties and Cities) of the Warsaw Glowny Urzad Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office) of 1992, the code for Zaklikow is 83721 and it is considered a rural county. Abbreviations for GPS are: ZKL, ZKLKW, ZAKLKW. In 2000, The Levi-Strauss Foundation donated US$2,400 to the Dom Pomocy Spolecznej in Zaklików, to renovate a 24-hour care center for mentally disabled women.

Notable people

 * Joseph Lewinstein, rabbi of Zaklikow from 1868 to 1875.
 * Fr. Jerzy (George) Kusy, born April 12, 1960, in Janów Lubelski, attended high school in Zaklików, Poland. On October 8, 1999, Bishop Anthony Pilla appointed him associate pastor of The Shrine Church of St. Stanislaus in Cleveland, Ohio.
 * Julio Broner: born in Zaklikow, August 28, 1921. Emigrated to Argentina during World War II, the president of the CGE (Confederación General Económica, General Economic Confederation), a human rights activist.
 * Michael Kuperwasser, born in Zaklikow, November 13, 1920. Rose to the rank of 2nd Lieutenant of the 1st Polish Army of the East, 13th Motorized Artillery, receiving the Krzyz Walecznych medal of valour for heroic acts against the German enemy invader. After World War II, he moved to New York. Like his childhood friend Julio Broner he later moved to South America; and became the Financial Director of Copacabana Palace Hotel and Intercontinental Coffee Company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
 * Samuel Klein (1923–2014), business magnate. Born in Zaklikow, after World War II he moved to São Paulo, Brazil, and founded the Casas Bahia chain of department stores in Brazil, building them into the top retailer in the country.

Historical figures

 * Zaklika of Miedzygorze, Chancellor of Poland some time in the 14th century.
 * Zaklika, who built hospitals in Queen Jadwiga's time.

Maps

 * Map of Zaklików with pictures of different streets

Photographs

 * Photographs and general information about Zaklików
 * Photographs entitled: Muzeum – Zaklików
 * Ehemals Jüdische Straße in Zaklików
 * Photographs of Zaklików
 * Portrait of Danuta Schapira while in hiding on the Gotner farm in Zaklików

title: Zaklików


text: User talk:217.43.162.234

title: User talk:217.43.162.234


text:
User talk:BentGalaxy

Just leave me a message

I'm going to assume that you didn't intend to make it look as though I had posted your comment at Votes for deletion/Clout, and that you were just inept in your editing. Don't let it happen again, though.

You have e-mailed me and asked what was necessary for the article on Clout to remain in Wikipedia. For the record, my reply was:

 * You need to do two things: first, create an article (preferably formatted and presented in the Wikipedia style) which presents the facts about the religion in a clear, neutral way appropriate to an encyclopaedia, and secondly, supply sources and references that show that it's both genuine and notable. You should create the article off-line, and when it's ready place it on your user page (as, say, User:Clout/Clout (religion)).  You can then ask for comments from other editors.  The history of the page is such that, if you try to create it directly in Wikipedia, it's likely to be deleted on sight whatever its contents.

Instead you have sent further e-mails to me, vandalised my user page, repeatedly recreated the same nonsense page, and sent messages from one of your accounts to another, and left cryptic, unsigned messages on Talk pages. This account, for example, has been used for no useful edits on Wikipedia articles. I can only assume that you in fact have no interest in creating this page — you merely want to make a nuisance of yourself. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:08, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:BentGalaxy


text:
Don Blanding

Donald Benson Blanding (November 7, 1894–June 9, 1957) was an American poet, sometimes described as the "poet laureate of Hawaii." He was also a journalist, cartoonist, author and speaker.

Early life
Blanding was born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. His father Hugh Ross Blanding was a judge and first commissioner for Indian Affairs, and his mother, Ida Kimble, helped found the Enid Public Library. Participating in the Cherokee Strip Land Run, his family moved to Enid, and then Lawton where he grew up alongside Lucille "Billie" Cassin (later known as Joan Crawford), later assisting her after she cut her foot on a broken milk bottle. Blanding would later make this incident the focus of a poem he wrote when the two met years later. He graduated from Lawton High School in 1912. He trained between 1913 and 1915 at the Art Institute of Chicago. Blanding pursued further art studies in 1920, in Paris and London, traveled in Central America and the Yucatan, and returned to Honolulu in 1921.

Military service
He enlisted (for a year, or the duration of World War I plus up to six months) in the Canadian Army's 97th ("American Legion") Battalion. He then trained with them for trench warfare for eight months in 1916, but left under unknown circumstances a few days before the unit shipped out for Europe. Blanding would omit reference to that service and training a year later when joining the U.S. military.

Blanding became fascinated by Hawaii and moved there in 1915, staying until his enlistment in the U.S. Army in December, 1917. Entering as an infantry private, he underwent officer training and was commissioned a 2nd lieutenant before being discharged in December, 1918, soon after the Armistice.

Blanding was strongly affected by U.S. entry into World War II, including the knowledge of his island paradise as a military target, the reactions of those he met on his lecture tours, and the fall of Bataan. Bataan surrendered April 9, 1942, while he was on tour, and he wrote "Bataan Falls", 16 emotional lines in response. On April 25, he enlisted in the U.S. Army as a private at the age of 47. He served eleven months in the 1208th Service Corps Unit, Infantry, and was discharged as a corporal. He wrote Pilot Bails Out about his experiences as a soldier.

Poetry career
Finding work as an artist in an advertising agency, he published poetry daily in the Honolulu Star Bulletin for an advertiser between 1921 and 1923. These featured local people and events, and became well-known and popular – whether because of or in spite of always mentioning the Aji-No-Moto brand of MSG.

The popularity of these ad-poems led Blanding to follow the advice of newspaper colleagues by publishing a collection of his poetry in 1923. When his privately published 2000 copies quickly sold out, he followed it with a commercially published edition the same year, and with additional verse and prose books. For his fifth book in 1928, he no longer used a local or West Coast publisher, but the New York publisher Dodd, Mead & Company. The result, Vagabond's House, was reviewed promptly by The New York Times, and was a great commercial success. By 1948 it went through nearly fifty printings in several editions that together sold over 150,000 copies.

Blanding was nicknamed in the press as the "Vagabond Poet" and the "Poet Laureate of Aji-No-Moto".

In 1929, Hawaiian House Representative John C. Anderson proposed an honorary poet laureate position for the state of Hawaii, but the bill was tabled after discussion.

In 1937, in the Enid Morning News, he was referred to as the poet laureate of Enid, Oklahoma. It is unclear who conferred upon Blanding the title of poet laureate of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1932 the Honolulu Star Bulletin refers to him as "Hawaii's Poet Laureate." In 1937 a letter to the Honolulu Star-Bulletin suggested that Blanding be officially named Poet Laureate of Hawaii.

However, in 1939, he was referred to in the Hawaii Tribune-Herald as the "unofficial poet laureate," and articles in the Honolulu Advertiser also named his contemporary Charles Eugene Banks as unofficial poet laureate of Hawaii.

His obituary in the Los Angeles Times refers to him as the "Poet Laureate of Honolulu."

On Tuesday, June 11, 1957, Hawaiian Congressman John A. Burns posthumously honored Blanding during congressional proceedings and referred to Blanding as the Poet Laureate of Hawaii.

"Vagabond's House"
He published his long poem "Vagabond's House" several times. (It was in the first, private, printing of Leaves from a Grass-House in 1923; the commercially published edition of the same book, later that year, included it with the title changed to "Aloha House". In 1928 he restored the original "Vagabond's House" title, making it the title poem of another collection.) Its detailed fantasy begins
 * When I have a house – as I sometime may –
 * I'll suit my fancy in every way.

then describes a home filled with the mostly exotic mementos its poet collected in years of wandering the world's seaports – or at least might have collected if his travels had not interfered – and closes by admitting
 * It's just a dream house anyway.

In 1939, Blanding wrote Drifter's Gold from his Carmel-by-the-Sea, California house, which he called "Vagabond's House." He penned many of his California books while living at Vagabond's House, located at Monte Verde Street and 6th Avenue. From 1938 to 1940, he also wrote a weekly column in the Carmel Pine Cone, called "From A Window In Vagabond's House." In February 1940, he wrote in his column that he had sold his Vagabond's House to Bob and Helen Spencer.

Blanding as an artist
Blanding's paintings often portray undersea views, flowers and branches. Underwater Scene, from c. 1927–30, demonstrates his use of sharp outlines and lack of shading. His ink drawings are a powerful part of his many literary publications. From 1938 to 1942, Don Blanding designed Hawaiian themed tableware for Vernon Kilns, near Los Angeles, California. The patterns he designed are Aquarium, Coral Reef, Delight, Ecstasy, Glamour, Hawaii, Hawaiian Flowers, Hilo, Honolulu, and Lei Lani.

Personal life
Blanding married socialite, Dorothy Binney Putnam, on June 13, 1940, and they lived together in Fort Pierce, Florida. They divorced in June 1947, leaving no descendants. Blanding died of a heart attack at his home in Los Angeles on June 9, 1957, at the age of 62.

Legacy
On May 1 each year, Hawaiians celebrate "Lei Day", first conceived in 1927 by Blanding. At the time, Blanding was employed by the Honolulu Star Bulletin, and he shared his idea with columnist Grace Tower Warren, who came up with the phrase, "May Day is Lei Day". The Hawaiian song, "May Day is Lei Day in Hawaii" was composed in 1927 by Ruth and Leonard "Red" Hawk.

The Don Blanding Poetry Society in Enid, Oklahoma is named after him. Blanding lived in Enid as a child from age 3 to 7.

Kingfisher, Oklahoma’s Don Blanding Avenue is named after the poet. In 1957 Kingfisher posthumously renamed Euclid Avenue after Blanding because he was born in a house at Euclid and Eighth.

title: Don Blanding


text:
Talk:Savoy

Comments
What is the reason for the NPOV tag? -- Beland 02:23, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It was inserted by anon user:210.187.74.140 with no explanation or other alterations to the article. I've removed the tag as I cannot see anything that appears to break the NPOV rule and left a note on the user's talk page asking them to explain any issues they have with the article here. Thryduulf 08:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why does the first line of this entry say something unintelligable about ice cream?

Flag?
Is it just me or doesn't the flag look very much like the Dannebrog. Does anyone know how come? Schweden 19 Feb 2006

Légitimité
Whoever wrote this article included a lot of incorrect facts (I had to fix the entire section on the plebiscite when it first was written). I agree that the article overstates the current level of separatism present in the region. However I'm currently researching the history of the annexation itself (I'm a historian) and it is true that public opinion was divided in 1859-1860 and identity conflict continued to occur in the area well into the late 19th century. I think it would be a good idea to soften the tone of the article, while noting that support for regionalism (in the sense of Savoy's having its own région similar to Alsace or Aquitaine rather than being part of Rhône-Alpes) attracts far broader support than the splinter, and very marginal, independence groups. Feel free to contact me if you want further particulars... Mole2 (talk) 00:29, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Je ne suis malheureusement pas en mesure de corriger cet article, mais il présente la situation historique et actuelle de la Savoie de manière très orientée, sans aucune réalité. Le mouvement indépendantiste est composé d'un nombre très réduit de personnes, peu soutenus, et se basant sur des arguments peu appréciés.

I think this article was largely writen by a Savoysien (Savoy nationalist) and is totaly disconnected from Savoy's reality (a region I'm begining to be personally familiar with). Regionalism in Savoy is particularly weak in cities, up the mountains that may be a different story but that's still neglectible. Matthieu 16:27, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

As I understand Savoy, it's long history was due to the fact it straddled the alps. The son of the very first Count of Savoy, Hubert, married the Countess of Suse and Turin. For the next 800 years Savoy was a country that saddled the alps, and of course in later years, the capital was Turin. The Savoy family eventually went on to become the ruling family of the Kingdom of Italy, initially from the same capital of Turin. In achieving that aim, they gained support from France by ceding the territory on the French side of the alps. From then on, and still today, the border was the water divide. In that context, it seems strange that Savoy is described as being ceded to, or annexed to, France. Most Savoy territory, including the Capital since 1563, remained under the Savoy family and became part of Italy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.247.186.130 (talk) 19:24, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

I do believe that this article was written by a "Savoysien" because of the big part "Annexation and opposition" but according to my researches it is not at all far from reality. They probably overrated figures but historically and legally this text is right about facts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.202.177.219 (talk) 19:26, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem I see here is, after reading that article, is that I have the sensation Savoy is occupied against its will by France. Is that correct? If not then there is a problem of bias. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.80.19.3 (talk) 16:46, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * If you go to Savoy yourself and ask if people think they are occupied by France you'll be surely laughed at. I mean come on, the independantist party won something like one seat on 23 in 1998 and that's it... Matthieu (talk) 14:59, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The problem is that today there are more French in Savoy than Savoyans. If you go to Savoy and ask people if their parents are from Savoy eight out of ten will say no. Because of this situation many savoyans will not acknowledge that they favour independence so as not to alienate the French population and the authorities. Independence is a taboo. Also Swiss are not allowed to vote in Savoy unlike French. That is why there is a bias in favour of pro-French politicians against regionalists closer to Switzerland.--Percht (talk) 01:03, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Legally France has violated the treaty of annexation several times, Savoy is not badly treated by France, but culturally, historically and legally Savoy is still a different country from France, and France does not respect international rights. Nonetheless, this article overrates figures. And the problem is that history of Savoy is written by France, it is like Lettonia and Russia, or China and Tibet, you can't trust French nor inhabitants of Savoy everyone has his own aspect of History. In fact it is not only a French problem but an international problem. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.202.183.191 (talk) 22:54, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

NPOV
Hi, excuse for my english, i contribute on wikipedia.fr and I note that this article is not objective. It takes again only the vision of a minority political party in the search of an independence... Thanks Benoît

Bonjour Benoît, pour la plupart je suis d'accord avec vous; cependant il faut reconnaître qu'au moment de l'annexion, il existait une partie assez forte des liberaux Savoyards qui opposaient l'annexion (parmi eux François Buloz). Mais cela a très peu à faire avec les indépendantistes actuels, même s'ils essayent de s'appuyer sur l'histoire. Mole2 (talk) 00:29, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

How come so little is said about the Holy Roman Empire? A reader must virtually guess it was part of it for close to 900 years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.70.144.72 (talk) 00:16, 23 November 2007 (UTC)
 * That's because it is taboo. The empire was renamed in 1512 the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. According to Nazi propaganda it was the First Reich. Never say that in Savoy, or you'll be lynched.

--Percht (talk) 11:51, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Valdot
A quote from this article:

"On September 13, 1793 the combined forces of Savoy, Piedmont and Valdot fought against and lost to the occupying French forces at the Battle of Méribel (Sallanches)."

I asked at Funtrivia: Where was (or is) Valdot, and I got this answer:

"Well, I wish I could give a definite answer. I am of the opinion that this is one of the bits that creep into Wikipedia, and that Valdot has taken on an existence as a result. Searching for 'valdot savoy' (or piedmont) all I could find was regurgitations of the phrase you quote in your question. Or translations thereof. I conclude, therefore, that we have a Bern Williams here, or perhaps a Lt Kije. Whichever, a non-existent entity. It has reached the Czech language in translation - fairly exact translation. The only other Valdots I can find are a soul label, an Irish company or a word in Lithuanian. It is not in the gazeteer of my atlas."

So, indeed, does this place exist? Did it ever exist? Antipoeten 16:31, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Are we talking about the historical country of Savoy or the french region in this article? Perhaps there should be two articles with the french regional Savoy taking over from 1860 onwards. The article virtually ignores Turin, and Geneva. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.44.72.31 (talk) 21:07, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

I realize that this is an old discussion, but here's my speculative suggestion... and now I've just checked and it's what the article currently reflects, so just adding this as a summary for anybody coming late and reading comments, "Valdot" probably is a misspelling of Val d'Aosta, neighboring region, part of historical Savoy 98.13.244.125 (talk) 17:14, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

The "Flag"
Caption: "Flag of Savoy, was also the flag of the Holy Roman Empire from 1200 to 1350." How was there an "official" flag? Where was it shown during that period? Can we get a footnote?--Wetman (talk) 07:36, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Savoisian?
"Savoisian" is not an historic word. It is a bad translation of the French word "savoisien" promoted by ill-informed Savoyan secessionists since the mid 90s. And "savoisien" is not either the historical English word, as implied in the previous revision, it is a French word. The historical English word is "Savoyan" and it is not obsolete. It is on the contrary commonly used by advertising agencies to promote holidays in Savoy.

Example :

Between Lyon and Geneva, in mountain ranges of the Savoyan Alps, German forces were crossing the Rhone. The New York Times, June 24, 1940

In the station, the walls were emblazoned with colossal shields, alternating the devices of Savoyan cross and Prussian eagles. The New York Times, November 6, 1898

New chalet in Savoyan tradition, facing south and offering an exceptional view HomeAway.co.uk, November 5, 2011

Very nice renovated apartment in an old Savoyan farmhouse HomeAway.co.uk, November 7, 2011

 --Percht (talk) 21:38, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

The map is rubbish too. Bresse, Dombes, Bugey were ceded to France in 1601 Traité de Lyon. That is the beginning of the XVII century. On the map they are already French. Moreover, the map confuses the Duchy of Savoy with the States of the House of Savoy. Here is a map of Savoy from the XVII century: Sabaudia Ducatus. And here a map of the States of Savoy (Duchy of Savoy, Principality of Piedmont, Duchy of Montferrat, etc.). --Percht (talk) 22:02, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
I propose that Savoy States be merged with Savoy. I think that the content in the Savoy States article can easily be explained in the context of Savoy, and the Savoy article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Savoy States  will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned.

Kondavarsha (talk) 18:56, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Savoy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070316085457/http://www.regionsavoie.com/fichiers/CDP_du_031105.pdf to http://www.regionsavoie.com/fichiers/CDP_du_031105.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:56, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:38, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Flag of South Azerbaijan.svg

Mysterious sentence
At the end of the Introduction it says "It returned in 1982." What returned and from where to and to where? Did Savoy return to an independant state? I am confused? ChilternGiant (talk) 14:25, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:54, 2 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Flag of Balochistan.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:55, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Flag of South Azerbaijan.svg

title: Talk:Savoy


text:
Edaran Otomobil Nasional

Edaran Otomobil Nasional Berhad (Malay for National Automobile Distributions Limited, d.b.a. EON) is one of Malaysia's largest conglomerates which was established in 1984 to distribute Proton cars - Malaysia's first national car. The principal shareholders of the company are DRB-HICOM, Khazanah Nasional Berhad.

Through one of its wholly owned subsidiary, Automotive Conversion Engineering, it undertakes modifications on the Proton range of cars, converted Perdana and Waja model to executives model and a limousine model. It also assembles the classic sports roadster, TD2000 for TD Cars (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd.

Euromobil, another wholly owned subsidiary of the company, was incorporated on 23 October 2002 to import, distribute and market Audi and Volkswagen vehicles and related spare parts, accessories as well as servicing of these vehicles in Malaysia.

EON Automart is another wholly owned subsidiary of the company, which distributing other makes of Mitsubishi. As a re-seller for Mitsubishi makes, it offers various range of Mitsubishi models such as Colt, Evolution range, Grandis and other popular Mitsubishi models. EON Automart also provides after-sales and service of all Mitsubishi models.

Other vehicles made, Suzuki, Hyundai and Inokom are distributed by EONMobil, another wholly owned subsidiary of the company. The company also undertakes the after-sales servicing of the above marque.

Akademi Saga is another subsidiary which provides education on Motor vehicle maintenance and servicing.

title: Edaran Otomobil Nasional


text:
Barbara Williams (actress)

Barbara Williams (born October 19, 1953) is a Canadian-American actress. Williams has starred in the 1984 Paramount film Thief of Hearts, the 1988 film Watchers and the 1992 film Oh, What a Night. She garnered a Genie Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the 21st Genie Awards for Love Come Down.

Early life
Williams was born in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, the daughter of Simone and Jack Williams, a tugboat skipper and logger. She is the widow of social and political activist Tom Hayden.

title: Barbara Williams (actress)


text:
User:Yu Ninjie~enwiki/Transliteration

Yang province

 * 會稽 Kuaiji

Western Regions

 * 婼羌 Er-Qiang
 * 鄯善 Shanshan
 * 且末 Jumo
 * 小宛 Xiao-Yuan
 * 精絕 Jing
 * 戎盧 Ronglu
 * 扜彌 Wumi
 * 渠勒 Jule
 * 于闐 Yutian
 * 皮山 Pishan
 * 烏秅 Wucha
 * 西夜 Xiye (Xiyi)
 * 蒲 Pu
 * 依耐 Yinai
 * 無雷 Wulei
 * 難兜 Nan or No; dou or ke
 * 罽賓 Jibin
 * 烏弋山離 Wuyishanli
 * 安息 Anxi
 * 大月氏 Da-Yuezhi
 * 康居 Kangju
 * 大宛 Da-Yuan
 * 桃槐 Taohui
 * 休循 Xiuxun
 * 捐毒 Juandu
 * 莎車 Shaju
 * 疏勒 Shule
 * 尉頭 Weitou
 * 龜茲 Qiuci
 * 姑墨 Gumo

Other

 * 天竺 Tianzhu

title: User:Yu Ninjie~enwiki/Transliteration


text:
A Call to Arms (EP)

A Call to Arms is the 2001 debut EP by Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution, a musical collective headed by Tomas Kalnoky (of Streetlight Manifesto and early Catch 22). It was released by Kalnoky's record label, Pentimento Music Company, in 2001, and quickly garnered critical acclaim.

title: A Call to Arms (EP)


text:
Rhombic enneacontahedron

In geometry, a rhombic enneacontahedron (plural: rhombic enneacontahedra) is a polyhedron composed of 90 rhombic faces; with three, five, or six rhombi meeting at each vertex. It has 60 broad rhombi and 30 slim. The rhombic enneacontahedron is a zonohedron with a superficial resemblance to the rhombic triacontahedron.

Construction
It can also be seen as a nonuniform truncated icosahedron with pyramids augmented to the pentagonal and hexagonal faces with heights adjusted until the dihedral angles are zero, and the two pyramid type side edges are equal length. This construction is expressed in the Conway polyhedron notation jtI with join operator j. Without the equal edge constraint, the wide rhombi are kites if limited only by the icosahedral symmetry. The sixty broad rhombic faces in the rhombic enneacontahedron are identical to those in the rhombic dodecahedron, with diagonals in a ratio of 1 to the square root of 2. The face angles of these rhombi are approximately 70.528° and 109.471°. The thirty slim rhombic faces have face vertex angles of 41.810° and 138.189°; the diagonals are in ratio of 1 to φ2.

It is also called a rhombic enenicontahedron in Lloyd Kahn's Domebook 2.

Close-packing density

The optimal packing fraction of rhombic enneacontahedra is given by
 * $$ \eta = 16 - \frac{34}{\sqrt{5}} \approx 0.7947377530014315 $$.

It was noticed that this optimal value is obtained in a Bravais lattice by. Since the rhombic enneacontahedron is contained in a rhombic dodecahedron whose inscribed sphere is identical to its own inscribed sphere, the value of the optimal packing fraction is a corollary of the Kepler conjecture: it can be achieved by putting a rhombicuboctahedron in each cell of the rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb, and it cannot be surpassed, since otherwise the optimal packing density of spheres could be surpassed by putting a sphere in each rhombicuboctahedron of the hypothetical packing which surpasses it.

title: Rhombic enneacontahedron


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/North Central college

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 01:11, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

North Central college
College vanity. Evil Monkey∴Hello 02:31, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Cleanup, expand. Colleges are inherently notable. This one just got off to a poor start, article-wise. Also, once vfd is done, move to North Central College. -- 8^D gab 04:39, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree completely with above. Asriel86 05:29, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep now. Evil Monkey∴Hello 05:32, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Same thoughts as above. --Fuzzball! (talk) 05:53, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth.--Gene_poole 06:02, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it. N-Mantalk 12:19, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, move to North Central College, and expand. --BaronLarf 14:52, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, since the vfd nominator has changed his vote to keep, I believe we can speedy keep it, and remove the vfd tag - is this correct? -- 8^D gab 15:00, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * No. Let the process run to completion normally.  Let's reserve speedy keeping for bad faith nominations, which this was not.  Don't close a discussion 13 hours after it was opened.  Look to Votes for deletion/Aaron Dunlap and bear it in mind.  Come back to this discussion when the lag time is up, and if it's still a unanimous "keep", close it as keep. Uncle G 18:15, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * True. In retrospect, pages on vfd that are really worth keeping tend to get a lot more positive attention while they're listed here. -- 8^D gab 20:09, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename North Central College. RickK 22:50, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest move rather than rename - some people might look for under this name. -- 8^D gab 05:54, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * Well, that was what I meant. :)  RickK 21:45, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Plainfield, Illinois and delete - Skysmith 06:59, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move + redirect to North Central College. Needs expansion. -- Lochaber 16:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.68.210.141

title: User talk:68.68.210.141


text:
Chinese Software Developer Network

The "Chinese Software Developer Network" or "China Software Developer Network", (CSDN), operated by Bailian Midami Digital Technology Co., Ltd., is one of the biggest networks of software developers in China. CSDN provides Web forums, blog hosting, IT news, and other services. CSDN has about 10 million registered users and is the largest developer community in China.

Services offered

 * Web forums with a ranking system and similar topics
 * Blog hosting, with 69,484 bloggers at April 7, 2005
 * Document Center, a selection of blog articles
 * IT News
 * IT job hunting and training  services
 * Online bookmark service

Web Forum
The CSDN community website is where Chinese software programmers seek advice. A poster describes a problem, posts it in the forum with a price in CSDN points, and then waits for replies. On some popular boards, a poster will get a response in a few hours, if not minutes. Most replies are short but enough to point out the mistake and give possible solutions. Some posts include code and may grow to several pages. The majority of posts are written in Simplified Chinese, although Traditional Chinese and English posts are not uncommon. .

Topics are mainly IT related and focused on programming, but political and life topics are also active. The forums were closed for two weeks in June 2004. This was likely for political reasons, because many political words, such as the names of political leaders and organizations, have been banned in posts since then. However, political discussions with intentional misspellings are still active.

Blog
The site hosts many IT blogs, but the large number of bloggers makes the server slow. In December 2005, Baidu rated CSDN as one of the top Chinese blog service providers.

Collaboration with Microsoft
CSDN started cooperation with Microsoft in 2002, and several Microsoft technical support staff have provided their support in CSDN forums since then. CSDN is also a major source of Chinese Microsoft Most Valuable Professionals.

Criticism
Some people have complained about the CPU-consuming XML page format of the web forum. Other have complained about its unfriendly interface in browsers other than Internet Explorer. Nevertheless, the website receives 1.3 million hits every day, according to Alexa.

User information leakage
In December 2011, the information of 6,000,000 CSDN users was reported to be leaked. This serious security problem was caused by storing users' passwords in clear text without any hashing/encryption in the CSDN database.

title: Chinese Software Developer Network


text:
Talk:Blacksburg, Virginia

page link
Why does http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia ≠ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg%2C_Virginia ? Can someone link these pages? Eag (talk) 23:38, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

European colonization, founding (1671–1771)
The first paragraph of the current section does not make sense geographically. Pearisburg is west of Blacksburg, and while explorers could have come from Pearisburg to Blacksburg, it is not clear which ridge they would have come over to reach Stroubles Creek. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:5C0:C280:E3B0:583B:6C5A:C2E:1F78 (talk) 15:38, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

massacre
Of all history to be named of blacksburg, why is the massacre all that's notable, or notable at all?

---

>> When I checked on May 30, 2012, the virginia tech shooting wasn't mentioned on the Blacksburg page at all, as if the most notable event in the history of the town never happened. I understand that many people wish it never happened, but Wikipedia is not a place to sweep unwelcome historical facts under the carpet.

is Lee hall really tallest in Blacksburg? i thought it is Slusher Tower; which has 12-floor

Isn't there some hill that's even higher? Can't think of the name of it at the moment. --Aciel 18:35, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think the Hill Municipal Golf Course is the highest point in Blacksburg. You can see the roofs of buildings on campus from the pro shop.

Slusher tower is definatly not the highest point in blacksburg it is 12 stories so it is probably 120 feet tall and the elevation of that point is 2040 feet. That adds to 2160 feet, obviously this approximate because I do not know the exact height of slusher tower. My house in on Locust ave is 2200 feet which is taller than the top of slusher tower. The golf corse is 2300 feet tall. Those are just two places in town that are definatly taller than slusher tower, I'm sure there are many more. I changed it to say that slusher tower is the tallest building instead of the highest point. I got the information from TopoZone.com. I am going to the Tech library to look at an actual USGS Topo map and I will locate the highest point. I think Aciel may be right, I also remeber in history class in elementry school learning about Prices Mountain or something that is the tallest point in Blacksburg. --Xlax999999 17:42, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Lee Hall is the highest point on campus.

Removed the statement that Va Tech is the largest population university in Virginia, as Virginia Commonwealth University has between 29,000 and 31,000.

I believe George Mason is the largest (# of students) university in the state.

---

changed "are the three principal cities of the" to "are the three principal jurisdictions of the", as Blacksburg and Christiansburg are towns, not cities.

--- On April 16, 2007, 33 people were killed on the Virginia Tech campus, including the gunman. This was the highest death count for a school shooting in U.S. history.

Remove VT massacre sentence from first paragraph
I think the sentence that reads: "On April 16, 2007 an unidentified person opened fire on the campus killing 32 and wounding 20 before commiting suicide. [1]." In the first paragraph ought to be removed. It doesnt belong in the first paragraph. Though it was a significent event, this is an awkward place for it. The section in the middle of the article is sufficient.

I will delete it. If someone feels strongly against this, go ahead and put it back. W/e. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bobbyschultz (talk • contribs) 03:13, 17 April 2007 (UTC).

I don't really think that the shooting event needs to be mentioned as much if only just a link to the main article. Information about the town itself doesn't need to have the details predominately displayed about the shooting. Virginia Tech is in the town of Blacksburg but they are two separate entities. 1987olds442 20:30, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Merging BEV article with town article
After doing some minor research and examining the Blacksburg Electronic Village article (which is currently a stub,) I suggest that the BEV article should just be made an extra part of the History section. It is a significant part of the town's history. It has been noted as one of the most important assets that Blacksburg has besides Virginia Tech itself and was what most people considered the town to be famous for in its pre-4/16 days (Blacksburg Electronic Village: About Us.) I also want to mention that in 1998, Blacksburg, Virginia was chosen by Guinness World Records as the "Most Wired Community" (Clinton and Pammy's Net connection.)  Of course, if it were not for the BEV, it would be doubtful that the town could have achieved such a record.

--Patrick (talk) 19:19, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Filling the time gap in the History section
One obstacle that I think is keeping this article from having A-class is the gap of time in the History. Right now I have been able to add a detailed history up to the town's founding in 1798. There is nothing else until the 1970s, over 170 years of Blacksburg's history missing from the second most reliable source listed as a result on Google. Basically, if anyone out there wants there to be some place on the World Wide Web where we can look at a comprehensive and thorough history of Blacksburg, please do what you can to fill the time gap. Pmcginty (talk) 02:51, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Guess what? It appears that I took care of it single-handed!  HOORAY FOR ME! Pmcginty (talk) 01:11, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Units
Someone please put some contemporary units for the temperature. Who understands Fahrenheit these days? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.11.6.140 (talk) 16:37, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Who understands Fahrenheit these days? What are you, some kind of moron? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.119.76.185 (talk) 09:15, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

"Spanish-Indian Wars"
In § European discovery, founding (1671–1771), ¶ 3 is
 * By the 1740s, the Wood's River Land Company, represented by Col. James Patton, gained a large tract of land within present-day southwest Virginia. Part of the tract became Montgomery County and Pulaski County and was sold to Virginian, Anglo-Irish, Scots-Irish, and English settlers as a reward for their services during the Spanish-Indian Wars and other wars. The Draper and Ingles families were among those who built their homes between present location of the campus and the subdivision of Hethwood. This came to become known as Draper's Meadow by 1748.

What are the "Spanish-Indian Wars"? The mention was added at by an IP editor who has contributed nothing else. There is no such page on WP and almost no occurrence of that phrase, and very little of the kind to be found in a Google search. The timeline implied by the paragraph could fit with King George's War (1744–1748) or the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748) (see French and Indian Wars), but the former did not involve Spain, and the latter was conducted almost entirely in the Caribbean and on the coasts of present-day Panama and Colombia. The closest thing I can find to Spanish and Indian involvement is the Invasion of Georgia (1742) from the Spanish colony of Florida, in which the defending British land forces consisted of "900 Soldiers, militia & Indians" (quoting the infobox).

I've posted a mention and link to this comment on the WikiProject Virginia talk page, requesting that discussion be put here. To discuss this, please me. --Thnidu (talk) 03:58, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Blacksburg, Virginia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100711141130/http://www.smithfieldplantation.org:80/history.html to http://www.smithfieldplantation.org/history.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110406170022/http://spec.lib.vt.edu/mss/rpreston/rtpintro.htm to http://spec.lib.vt.edu/mss/rpreston/rtpintro.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100510073553/http://blacksburgpres.org:80/history.shtml to http://blacksburgpres.org/history.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:03, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Blacksburg, Virginia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2009/CBSA-EST2009-01.xls
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:56, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Blacksburg, Virginia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/6FKNFD823?url=http://www.southernpigskin.com/ACC/view/around-the-college-town-blacksburg to http://www.southernpigskin.com/ACC/view/around-the-college-town-blacksburg
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140626102833/http://www.blacksburg.gov/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=3465 to http://www.blacksburg.gov/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=3465

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:27, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Climate - Low Temperatures
New editor here so apologies if this is not consistent with the talk page norms.

The number of days below 0 is currently listed as an average of nine per year. In fact, in Blacksburg’s entire period of record from 1951, they’ve exceeded nine days per year only once with 10 days in 1962-1963. The long-term average, as well as the 1981-2010 average, is approximately two days per year.

I believe the climate low temperature should be revised to an average of two days per year below 0, or, what I believe was the original intent of that statement, was nine days per year below 10 degrees F.

Both of these figures can be confirmed with the ACIS NOAA data tool.

Alstarck (talk) 19:36, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blacksburg, Virginia


text: User talk:24.179.201.253

title: User talk:24.179.201.253


text:
User:Pimbercrombie

http://www.spreadfirefox.com/?q=user/register&r=86240

title: User:Pimbercrombie


text:
Zagorka

Zagorka is a Bulgarian beer brand from the city of Stara Zagora. It is brewed at the Zagorka Brewery.

The company was founded in 1902, in the Czech tradition, by a doctor who returned from Prague. The current brewery was opened in 1958 and since 1994 is owned by Heineken. The company produces three Bulgarian brands (Zagorka, Ariana and Stolichno) and four licensed brands (Heineken, Birra Moretti, Amstel and Desperados).

The "Zagorka" brand has three variants – Zagorka Special (lager, 5% ABV) and two artisan beers – Zagorka Reserve (dark, flavoured with berries, 6% ABV, since 2011) and Zagorka Fusion (Light, flavoured with grapes, 2% ABV, since 2012).

Historically, Zagorka had several other variants, including Zagorka Light (Загорка Светло), and Zagorka Gold (both until the early 2000s). The label was originally written in Cyrillic, with a period of overlap in the late 1990s ("Light" having Cyrillic labels and "Special" having Latin ones), and it is currently written mostly in Latin.

title: Zagorka


text:
DRB-HICOM

DRB-HICOM Berhad (myx: 1619) is one of Malaysia's leading corporations, involved in the automotive manufacturing, assembly and distribution industry through its involvement in the passenger car and four wheel drive vehicle market segment, the national truck project and the national motorcycle project. DRB-HICOM is the majority shareholder of Malaysia's national car company, Proton, with China's Zhejiang Geely Holding Group the other shareholder since an equity sale in 2017. The Group also owns national motorcycle company Modenas, with Japanese two-wheeler giant Kawasaki as its partner. DRB-HICOM assembles cars in Malaysia for Tata Motors, Honda, Isuzu, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, with plans for expansion. The Group also retails various brands such Audi (via Euromobil Sdn Bhd), Mitsubishi (via EON Auto Mart Sdn Bhd) and Volkswagen (via HICOM Auto Sdn Bhd).

Besides automotive concerns, DRB-HICOM's core business focuses are in the services (postal, banking, vehicle inspections) and property & infrastructure sectors. These are conducted via several companies such as Pos Malaysia, Bank Muamalat, and Puspakom. It is also the owner of two education institutions, namely DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia and Akademi Saga in Pekan, Pahang. The latter is a vocational training centre that produces trained mechanics.

The Group also has a significant presence in the defence industry. Through DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies, it designs, develops, manufactures and supplies armoured and logistics vehicles for military and homeland security use. It supplies mainly to the Government of Malaysia.

History
HICOM was incorporated on 11 March 1910 under The Companies Enactment 1897 as The New Serendah Rubber Company Limited. The name of the company was changed to The New Serendah Rubber Company Berhad on 15 April 1966. Subsequently, on 16 December 1993, it changed its name to HICOM Holdings Berhad pursuant to a restructuring exercise. It was incorporated in 1980 as the Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia Berhad (HICOM).

Diversified Resources Berhad (DRB) was incorporated in 1990 as Peerless Assets Sdn Bhd. It was changed to DRB in September 1991, and listed itself on Malaysia's main bourse in September the following year.

In 1996, both companies merged to form the biggest conglomerate in Malaysia. DRB-HICOM was listed on the Main Board of the KLSE on 4 September 1992 and assumed its present name on 11 May 2000.

Within the manufacturing capabilities of DRB-HICOM is CTRM, a specialist composites products manufacturer, and counts Airbus, Boeing and Learjet as their aviation customers. The plant in Melaka houses 12 autoclaves, the largest number of autoclaves in a facility in ASEAN.

On 8 March 2018, the Group announced a major shift in the direction of their property sector. In a cash plus land swap deal with companies owned by their majority shareholder, DRB-HICOM announced the sale of several plots of land and all its hospitality assets. This shift will see DRB-HICOM exiting the hospitality industry with the sale of Glenmarie Golf & Country Club, Holiday Inn Glenmarie KL and Vivanta by Taj at Rebak Island Marina. This transaction was completed on 31 December 2020.

Five months later, on 1 August 2018, DRB-HICOM announced the sale of their waste management company Alam Flora Sdn Bhd (AFSB) to Malakoff Corporation Berhad. Included in the deal valued at RM1.0b was DRB-HICOM Environmental Services Sdn Bhd (DHES), a unit of AFSB. After several extensions of time, the deal was finally completed on 5 December 2019.

Subsidiaries

 * PROTON Holdings Berhad – DRB-HICOM is a majority shareholder of PROTON, with Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Limited owning 49.9% equity in the national car company.
 * Pos Malaysia Berhad – Malaysia's national post services provider. Pos Malaysia is listed on Bursa Malaysia.
 * Bank Muamalat Malaysia - Bank Muamalat is an Islamic bank that offers a variety of products that are compliant with Shariah law.
 * CTRM - a Batu Berendam, Melaka-based composites specialist that supplies to the global aviation industry.
 * Motosikal Dan Enjin Nasional Sdn Bhd (Modenas)  equity of 81% – Motorcycle manufacture and related components.
 * HICOM Automotive Manufacturers Malaysia Sdn Bhd (formerly known as Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd) - Assembly of Volkswagen passenger vehicles.
 * Deftech – Defence vehicles manufacturer based in Pekan, Pahang.
 * Edaran Otomobil Nasional (EON) - a multi-brand dealer of vehicles, covering PROTON, Audi (Euromobil Sdn Bhd), Volkswagen (HICOM Auto Sdn Bhd, Mitsubishi (EON Automart Sdn Bhd)
 * Automotive Corporation Malaysia Sdn Bhd (ACM) – Authorised dealer for Isuzu Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
 * DRB-HICOM Auto Solutions Sdn Bhd
 * HICOM Diecastings Sdn Bhd - Casting and Machining company incorporated in 1985.
 * Puspakom Sdn Bhd – Vehicle inspection centre.
 * DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia
 * PHN Industry Sdn Bhd - An automotive component manufacturing group of companies which consist of PHN Industry Sdn Bhd and its subsidiaries Oriental Summit Industries (OSI) Sdn Bhd and DRB-HICOM Mechatronics Sdn Bhd (DHMSB).
 * HICOM-TECK SEE Manufacturing (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd – Equity of 51%. Manufacturer of automotive plastics components.

Associated companies

 * Honda (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd – equity of 34%
 * Mitsubishi Motors Malaysia Sdn Bhd – Equity of 48%.
 * Isuzu HICOM Malaysia - Assembly of lights/heavy duty trucks, bus and passenger cars. Equity of 49%.
 * Isuzu Malaysia Sdn Bhd – Equity of 49%.
 * Suzuki Malaysia Automobile Sdn Bhd – Equity of 40%
 * Suzuki Motorcycle Malaysia Sdn Bhd – Motorcycle engines & components
 * HICOM-Yamaha Manufacturing (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd – Equity of 45%. Manufacturer of Yamaha motorcycle engines and components. Incorporated 1983.
 * Pos Logistics Berhad – Logistics, Warehousing, Distribution, Automotive, Freight Forwarding & Haulage Services. Equity of 61.6%.

title: DRB-HICOM


text:
Handel & Hendrix in London

Handel Hendrix House (previously Handel & Hendrix in London) is a museum in Mayfair, London, dedicated to the lives and works of the German-born British baroque composer George Frideric Handel and the American rock singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix, who lived at 25 and 23 Brook Street respectively.

Handel made his home in London in 1712 and eventually became a British citizen in 1727. Handel was the first occupant of 25 Brook Street, which he rented from 1723 until his death there in 1759. Almost all his works after 1723, amongst them many of his best-known operas, oratorios and ceremonial music, were composed and partially rehearsed in the house, which contained a variety of keyboard instruments, including harpsichords, a clavichord and a small chamber organ.

The museum comprises a carefully restored set of period rooms on the first and second floors of 25 Brook Street together with exhibition rooms in number 23, the adjacent house on the terrace. In 2016 the museum expanded to incorporate the upper floors of 23 Brook Street, home of Jimi Hendrix in the late 1960s.

History
The museum was opened in 2001 by the Handel House Trust following four decades of tireless and dedicated hard work. The idea first sparked in 1958 when Leslie Sparey, a dentist from the Lake District, made arrangements with Viyella, who occupied 25 Brook Street at the time, for a special visit with his family. A year later musicologist and Handelian Stanley Sadie had the same idea when he attended a commemoration held there for the bicentenary of Handel's death.

Sparey’s quest for a Handel Museum started when he began writing letters to a few eminent musicians, most of this early correspondence now lost apart from a letter from Sir Keith Faulkner, Director of the Royal College of Music, written on 18 April 1972 in response to a letter he had received from Sparey on 11 April. Sir Keith apologised for not being able to meet during Sparey’s recent visit to London, commented that no one appeared to be willing to take action, and further apologised for having no time to take on the project himself. In January 1983 Sparey drew up a detailed memorandum on the subject of Handel’s house in which he mentioned that despite being a Grade 1 listed building, planning permission had been sought in 1982 for the demolition of five Grade 2 listed buildings, substantially affecting several listed buildings including Handel’s house. Sparey noted that although planning permission had been refused, he understood that the Co-operative Insurance Society, who had acquired 25 Brook Street in 1971, intended to appeal. His memorandum also mentioned that a few years earlier he had helped set up a committee specifically for promoting a Handel museum, with representatives from the Royal College of Music, the Royal Academy of Music, the Arts Council and interested others; having noted that the project had been shelved, Sparey finished his memorandum by pointing out the urgent need in ensuring the permanent preservation of Handel's House. When he mailed the memorandum to a number of prominent musicians and personalities, the following responded favourably: Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Charles Groves, Christopher Hogwood, Neville Marriner, Richard Baker and Edward Heath.

By 1983 the idea of forming The Handel Museum Trust Fund had been mooted, and as a result of a meeting with the Charity Commissioner a draft statement was issued in January 1984, setting out the objects and aims which involved creating a Handel museum in which articles of musical and personal interest from the period would be available for public display, organising events including exhibitions, seminars and concerts, creating scholarships, bursaries and fellowships, and raising funds for making all these aims possible.

In April 1984 Sparey received a letter from Handel scholar Anthony Hicks, secretary of the Provisional Council for a Handel Institute. In his letter Hicks explained that the Institute consisted of a group of musical  scholars, one of them Stanley Sadie, who wished to form a group in order to promote and support Handel studies with the aim of increasing public knowledge of Handel’s life and music. Hicks further explained that although their concept of a Handel Institute wasn’t dependent on a specific location, they were interested to hear about the proposal to turn the upper floors of 25 Brook Street into a Handel Museum, whilst hoping to explore with the developers the possibility of the Institute administering or making use of the premises. In Sparey's reply he informed Hicks that the Cooperative Insurance Society Ltd were appealing against the rejection of their development plan for the area, but with the assurance that if they won their case they would be interested in the idea of creating a Handel Museum. Hicks responded by sharing the Provisional Council’s plans, pointing out that should a Handel Museum materialise at 25 Brook Street, it should incorporate articles of musical and personal interest connected to the life and times of Handel; he also mentioned that if it were to be a centre for Handel studies it would need equipment out of keeping with an elegant Georgian interior, such as microfilm readers, filing cabinets, a xerox machine and tape and disc playing facilities. A compromise, he added, would be use of the first floor as a public exhibition and the upper floors for study and administration. Finally, Hicks stated that in view of the uncertainty concerning plans for the area and that the Handel house would not be available before 1989 at the earliest, the Provisional Council would focus on their own plans without associating with a particular location.

Sparey's response to Hicks in June 1984 stressed his sense of urgency in exploring the matter as thoroughly as possible despite the uncertainty regarding plans and the length of time before Handel’s house would become available, and having expressed surprise that nothing had been attempted before, he emphasized the need for a few eminent Handel experts to meet and consider the whole concept in depth.

In the early 1990s Stanley Sadie and his wife Anne set up the Handel House Trust, the charity which eventually oversaw the conversion of the house into a museum. Having raised funds through a Heritage Lottery Fund grant they were able to purchase the lease of 25 Brook Street from the Co-operative Insurance Society, who had held the freehold since 1971. Following a long period of extensive renovation work, 25 Brook Street finally opened its doors as the Handel House Museum on 8 November 2001.

The Museum
The house has been restored to look as it did during Handel's 36 year occupancy from 1723 to 1759. A typical early 18th century London terrace house, it comprises a basement, three main storeys and an attic, and Handel was the first occupant. The attic was later converted into a fourth full floor. The ground floor is a shop not associated with the Museum, and the upper floors are leased to a charity called the Handel House Trust, and have been open to the public since 8 November 2001.

The interiors have been restored to the somewhat spartan style of the Georgian era, using mostly architectural elements from elsewhere, since, apart from the staircase, few of the original interior features survived.

The Handel House Collection Trust has assembled a collection of Handel memorabilia, including the Byrne Collection of several hundred items, which was acquired in 1998.

History of 25 Brook Street

Handel acquired 25 Brook Street in the summer of 1723, shortly after having been appointed by George II as composer to the Chapel Royal, for which he was paid £400 per annum. The house had been newly built with Nos. 23, 27/29 and 31 by George Barnes as part of the planned extension of Brook Street, linking Hanover Square with Grosvenor Square, between 1717 and 1726. Originally, as a foreign national, Handel was not eligible to buy or take long-term leases on property in London; and even when he acquired British nationality in 1727, Handel continued renting the property on short-term leases. The fact that he remained there for the rest of his life, almost 40 years, is remarkable, since opera composers at the time were rarely of fixed abode; prior to that, Handel had been lodged in the homes of friends and patrons. At the age of 38, Handel had become accepted within the higher echelons of British society, with whom he freely mixed. His immediate neighbours on either side were from the upper middle classes and initially included the Member of Parliament, John Monckton, who later became the first Viscount Galway in 1727. The layout of the rooms followed the conventions for a modest Georgian townhouse: the basement contained the kitchens; on each of the three floors above, there was a front room and a smaller back room with an adjacent closet; under the roof were garrets for servants.

The larger front first room was used for rehearsal and probably contained a harpsichord and a small house chamber organ. The museum currently contains a reproduction of a period harpsichord of the Flemish firm Ruckers; a reproduction of a period chamber organ, based on the designs of the organbuilders Richard Bridge and Thomas Parker, was made for the Handel House Trust in 1998 and can be seen in Handel's parish church, St George's, Hanover Square, round the corner from Brook Street.

From the 1730s onwards there are many references to rehearsals of operas and oratorios at Brook Street by Handel's friends and fellow musicians. Listening to a rehearsal of Alcina with the soprano Anna Maria Strada, Mrs Pendarves commented, "Whilst Mr Handel was playing his part, I could not help thinking him a necromancer in the midst of his enchantments." Messiah was also rehearsed there; the lead violinist Abraham Wilson recounted to the musicologist Charles Burney "how civilly he had been attended by him [Handel] to the door, and how carefully cautioned, after being heated by a crowded room and hard labour, at the rehearsal in Brook-street, not to stir without a [Sedan] chair."

The adjacent room at the rear of the house was Handel's composing room and probably contained Handel's clavichord, an instrument Handel used when composing, portable enough to be taken on journeys and which, according to an anecdote oft-repeated by his biographers, he secretly played as a child in the garret of his house, in defiance of his father. Handel's clavichord was built in 1726 by the Italian instrument maker Annibale Traeri from Modena; it is now in the Maidstone Museum & Art Gallery in Kent.

The remaining rooms on the second floor comprised a main bedroom containing a full tester bed dressed in crimson harateen, connected to a dressing room and closet in the back. The servants, three or more in number, occupied the garret rooms on the floor above.

Handel used his house not only for entertainment, composition and rehearsal, but also for business: in the late 1730s the scores of Alexander's Feast and other works could be purchased directly there. His home also contained an extensive art collection, and by the end of his life Handel possessed over 80 paintings and prints, including works by Watteau, Teniers and Poussin.

After Handel's death in 1759, his musical instruments passed to John Christopher Smith and his son of the same name: the father had been summoned from the continent by Handel to act as his copyist when Handel first arrived in London; and his son had acted as amanuensis and assistant when Handel's blindness prevented him from writing and conducting in his later years. The tenancy of the house and Handel's clothing passed to his servant John Du Burk. The detailed inventory, a transcript of which is now stored in the British Library, gives a clear guide as to how the house was decorated and used. Apart from the conversion of the garrets into a fourth storey in the 1830s, the house remained largely unchanged until 1905, when C. J. Charles converted the house into a shop, removing the original façade and the internal dividing walls. It was subsequently occupied by interior decorators and antiques dealers. In 1971 it was acquired by the Co-operative Insurance Society and the Handel House Trust has leased the upper storeys of the property since 2000.

Restoration
2 pr Stairs foreward a bedstead with whole teaster Crimson haritten furniture a feather bed bolster 2 pillows a White Mattress three blanketts & a Quilt 3 pr of Red Window Curtains & Rods a Stove Tongs & Poker. 6 Old Matted Chairs a Round Close Stool & white pann a Wicker Fire Screen a Glass in Wall'd frame

When the Handel House Trust leased 25 Brook Street in 2000, it had already been decided that Handel's rooms on the first and second floors would be restored to their prior eighteenth century state as far as possible. This was justified by the fact that it was only Handel's occupancy that had led to the classification as a Grade I listed building and by the presence of an internal period staircase in near perfect condition. Later partition walls were removed to restore the original Georgian room plans. The refurbishment of the interior, including panelling, shutters, window seats and cornices, was based primarily on period details from the adjacent house at 27/29 Brook Street. Three marble Georgian fireplaces, formerly in Russell Street, Covent Garden, were installed in the first floor rooms and bedroom. The floorboards were replaced with old wood, treated with lime and wax, and the ceilings refinished with lime plaster.

Careful research revealed samples of the original 1720s paint on woodwork on the staircase and surviving second floor door, which in its history had been painted 28 times. The original colour was lead grey throughout the house and No. 27/29; the door had been subsequently painted chocolate brown, a colour popular in Georgian times for concealing grime. These are the colours that have been used to redecorate the house, with more grey on the first floor to indicate its importance.

The detailed two page inventory from August 1759, made after more valuable items had been removed, gave a guide to the furnishings of the house. The paired curtains mentioned in the inventory, although in vogue in the 1720s, had fallen out of fashion by the 1750s. On the first floor the curtains would have been of green silk, but are listed only for the back room; possibly there were none in the rehearsal room in the front for acoustic reasons.

Most of the furniture was in walnut with a few tables in oak. Although none of Handel's original furniture has been found, pieces have been placed in the rooms which adhere as closely as possible to the inventory. The large full tester bed with it crimson harateen hangings has been reconstructed, using a period bed; the woven wool fabric and silk braid for the upholstery and curtains were prepared based on a full tester bed at Hanbury Hall, Worcestershire. The bed linen, pillows and quilt mentioned in the inventory have been recreated using items from the Historic Royal Palaces.

Permanent collection
In 1998 the Handel House Collections Trust acquired the Byrne Collection, a large collection of several hundred objects connected with Handel. These include:

 * correspondence of Handel,
 * original manuscripts,
 * a copy of one of the first biographies of Handel by John Mainwaring, with marginal comments by his friend and librettist Charles Jennens,
 * early editions of operas and oratorios
 * prints,
 * paintings
 * sculptures.

Around the same time the trust also bought two paintings of Jennens (by Thomas Hudson) and the opera singer Faustina Bordoni (by Bartolomeo Nazari).

25 Brook Street
In 2022 it was reported that Handel & Hendrix in London had embarked on a £3 million project to open all of Handel's house to the public for the first time.

The following rooms have been open to the public.

Rehearsal and performance room
On the first floor at the front of the house, this was used as a rehearsal room by Handel from the 1730s onwards. It contains portraits of contemporary singers and a reproduction of a two manual harpsichord by the Flemish firm Ruckers. The harpsichord is used for concerts and is also available for rehearsals by musicians from the general public.

Composition room
On the first floor at the back of the house, this is believed to be the room in which Handel composed some of his most celebrated works, including Messiah. It contains portraits of Handel and Charles Jennens, Handel's friend and librettist of Messiah.

London room
On the second floor at the rear of the house, this served as Handel's dressing room and was originally connected to a small closet.

Bedroom
On the second floor at the front of the house, this is probably the room where Handel died. A complete inventory was made within months of his death. Amongst the furniture, it describes a large canopied tester bed similar to the one now in the room.

23 Brook Street
The museum incorporates the upper floors of its neighbour at 23 Brook Street, which was the home of American rock singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix in 1968–1969. These rooms were used for temporary exhibitions and events, but after fundraising, these and the rest of the rooms from the Hendrix apartment were opened to the public in February 2016 as "Handel and Hendrix in London". One exhibit permanently on display here is a collection of Hendrix's old records. Both houses have blue plaques for their respective occupants.

Opening hours and events
The house is open to the public five days a week, Wednesday-Sunday. The museum has a lively events programme including live music, changing exhibitions, lectures and children's educational events. Several performances of baroque music are staged each month, recitals are sometimes during opening hours, but more usually in the early evening for a separate charge.

title: Handel & Hendrix in London


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steve trezvant

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:31, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Steve trezvant
Non-notable high-school sports coach. Delete. - Marcika 02:37, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN Asriel86 05:28, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN. --Fuzzball! (talk) 05:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 10:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 00:45, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sagger

Sagger may mean:

 * AT-3 Sagger, NATO reporting name of 9M14 Malyutka, a Soviet anti-tank missile
 * Sagger, a misspelling of saggar, a protective casing of fire clay in which delicate ceramic articles are fired
 * Sagger, someone who wears his pants very low, revealing an undergarment or buttocks, see sagging (fashion)

title: Sagger


text:
Princeton AlumniCorps

Princeton AlumniCorps is an American nonprofit organization that promotes civic leadership and the development of solutions to problems that affect the public interest. It was established in 1989 as Princeton Project 55.

Its membership includes alumni and current students at Princeton University as well as others.

AlumniCorps activities include:

 * Matching recent graduates with fellowships in public service organizations
 * providing mentors and professional development
 * supporting alumni from other universities engaged in similar initiatives
 * collaborating with on-campus programs to raise the profile of civic engagement among current undergraduates

History
Princeton AlumniCorps was founded in 1989 by the Princeton Class of 1955 and their spouses.

The AlumniCorps's Fellowship Programs have placed more than 1,100 students and recent Princeton graduates in paid fellowships and internship programs around the country. More than 20 other colleges and universities have developed similar programs based on its model and are supported by the project's outreach initiative, "The Alumni Network".

AlumniCorps is led by a board of directors consisting of Princeton alumni in classes ranging from 1955 to 2013.

Public Interest Program
The Public Interest Program places recent Princeton graduates in yearlong fellowships in six locations:

 * New York
 * Boston
 * Chicago
 * San Francisco,
 * Connecticut
 * Washington, DC.

In each location, an all volunteer area committee exposes fellows to various issues in their community through regular seminars. The area committee also works to provide opportunities for professional development and access to a network of mentors.

Possible fields for fellowships include community development, education, employment and welfare, environmental issues, advocacy, health and medicine, housing, women's issues, and youth services.

title: Princeton AlumniCorps


text: User talk:24.5.100.99

title: User talk:24.5.100.99


text:
Harold Tafler Shapiro

Harold Tafler Shapiro (born June 8, 1935) is an economist and university administrator. He is currently a professor of economics and public affairs at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. Shapiro served as the president of University of Michigan from 1980 to 1988 and as the president of Princeton University from 1988 to 2001.

Biography
Born to a Jewish family in Montreal, Quebec, Shapiro attended Lower Canada College, a prestigious independent school in Montreal which was at that time boys-only. He earned his B.Comm., with honors, from McGill University in 1956 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1964, both in the field of economics. His doctoral dissertation was titled "The Canadian monetary sector: an econometric analysis."

Shapiro's parents owned the famous Ruby Foo's in Montreal. After his father's untimely death, the restaurant was passed down to him and his twin brother, Bernard, who would later become the first Ethics Commissioner of Canada and 14th principal of McGill University. Shapiro managed the restaurant while studying economics at McGill University, where he also began graduate school until he moved to Princeton University.

He joined the faculty of the University of Michigan as assistant professor of economics in 1964. He held a variety of academic and administrative appointments, including as chairman of its department of economics and vice-president for academic affairs, until his selection as president of that university in 1980. He was president of Michigan until he left to become president of Princeton University in 1988. As Princeton's president, Shapiro oversaw the largest increase in the university endowment in the history of the school. Shapiro was elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990. He announced his retirement from the presidency of Princeton in fall 2000 to take effect in June 2001. Shirley Tilghman, his successor, took office on June 15 of the following year.

Shapiro continues to live in Princeton, and is professor emeritus in the departments of economics and public policy at the university. He is trustee emeritus of the Institute for Advanced Study. His present academic interests include bioethics, on which he writes extensively. Shapiro chaired the National Bioethics Advisory Commission during President Bill Clinton's second term. He also sits on the boards of a number of prominent ventures, including the for-profit HCA (founded by the Frist family, which donated the Frist Campus Center to Princeton), and the non-profit Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. He is a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution. He also served on the United States Olympic Committee for a number of years, and was a director of Dow Chemical Company.

His fields of specialization in economics include econometrics, science policy, and the evolution of postsecondary education. He is author of several books, including A Larger Sense of Purpose: Higher Education and Society (Princeton University Press, 2005). In 2000, Shapiro received the Council of Scientific Society Presidents Citation for Outstanding Leadership. In 2008, he was awarded the Clark Kerr Medal for Distinguished Leadership in Higher Education, presented annually by the University of California-Berkeley Academic Senate. He also received the William D. Carey Award for leadership in Science Policy from the American Association for the Advancement of Science..

Personal life
Shapiro has been married to Vivian Shapiro for 53 years. Together they have four children: Anne, Marilyn, Janet and Karen. They also have 11 grandchildren. Vivian was a practicing psychologist and earned her PhD. His daughter, Janet, is a professor of psychology and the dean of the Graduate School of Social Work at Bryn Mawr College. His daughter, Karen, is the chief administrative officer of the Rutgers School of Health Professions.

title: Harold Tafler Shapiro