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Chasqui

A chasqui (also spelled chaski) was a messenger of the Inca empire. Agile, highly trained and physically fit, they were in charge of carrying messages in the form of quipus, oral information, or small packets. Along the Inca road system there were relay stations called chaskiwasi (house of chasqui), placed at about 2.5 km from each other, where the chasqui switched, exchanging their message(s) with the fresh messenger. The chasqui system could be able to deliver a message or a gift along a distance of up to 300 km per day.

The Incas
The name chasqui is derived from the Quechua word chaski (plural chaskikuna) meaning "reception, acceptance, consent" and historically "postilion". According to Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, a Spanish-Inca chronicler in the 16th century, the Spanish−Inca chronicler and writer of the 16th Century, the word chasqui means "the one who exchanges". The name cacha (spelled kacha in modern Quechua), meaning messenger in Quechua, was not used, but rather it was used to mention ambassadors or personal messengers, "who personally went from one prince to another or from the lord to the subject."

Chasqui relay system
"These 'chasques' were employed in this kingdom. They were the sons of curacas [local chiefs] who were loyal. Each runner had a white feather sunshade on his head which he wore so that the next chasque would see him at a distance. The chasque also carried a trumpet called 'putoto' [shell] so that the next runner would be ready. The arms they carried were the 'champi' [a star-headed club] and a 'uaraca' [sling]. These chasques were paid by the Inca, and they got their food from his storehouses. Each 'churo chasque' [chasqui carrying a shell] was stationed at intervals of one-half league [2.5 km] so he could run the distance quickly. They say that they could bring a snail alive from the New Kingdom of Granada [northern part of south America] to the Inca in Cuzco."

The chasquis were used to carry the king's orders in short time to the provinces or to the army commanders and bring news and notices important for the kingdom, the war and the provinces to Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire.

Along the Inca roads relay stations were placed at half a league distance, where a league is about 5 km or an hour walking. At each station, four to six slim, fit and young chasquis would stand in wait, with a roof or a hut to protect them from the sun and the rain. They carried the messages in turns in one direction or the other. The waiting chasquis would constantly surveil the road to spot the incoming runner, the latter of which shouted within sight of the hut and played his seashell trumpet, in order to alert the new one to take his place. He gave his message, repeating it more than once, until the new chasqui understood it perfectly. This way the message was never lost.

The huts were light constructions and were always placed in an elevated position and in such a way that they could see each other. According to Inca Garcialso the distance was just one quarter of a league "because they said that that was what an Indian could run with lightness and breath, without getting tired"; other chroniclers report distances of half a league or a mile and a half.

The chasquis also carried other messages, in the form of quipus (from the Quechua word khipu meaning 'knot') which contained mainly numbers in an ordered form. Quipus could represente the amount of taxes to be paid by a village or a province or the amount of soldiers to be moved. There is no evidence that the chasquis could read the quipus, which was a delicate and difficult task carried out by khipukamayoq (experts in writing and reading quipu); in practice, it was not necessary for the chasquis to have access to the information they delivered.

In case of grave emergencies such as an invasion or an uprising, bonfires were used during the night and smoke columns during the day. According to Inca Garcilaso the Inca would receive the distress message "within two or three hours at the most (even if it was five or six hundred leagues [250 to 300 km] from the court)".

Origin of the chasqui service
According to the chronicle of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa the chasqui service was established by Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui who had extended his empire very much towards the north and who needed to have fresh daily reports from all the provinces of his vast kingdom, thus he ordered his brother and captain general, Capac Yupanqui, to establish the system.

On the other hand Juan de Betanzos states that it was Viracocha Inca, predecessor of Pachacuti who "ordered that there be markers of leagues on the royal roads" and "that all the royal roads be populated with chasques, in each league marker four chasques, so that with the mandates and provisions of the lnga, in a short time, they can run the earth"

Martín de Murúa states instead that it was Topa Inca Yupanqui Pachacuti's son, who ordered "to put couriers on all the roads, which they call chasques, with such order and concert that they admire, which were on the roads, at intervals each one about a crossbow shot, and sometimes closer, and others were at half a league distance"

Royal road
The Inca road system, known as Qhapaq Ñan (meaning "royal road" in Quechua) was the most extensive and advanced transportation system in pre-Columbian South America. As a whole it was about 40,000 km long The network was composed of formal roads carefully planned, engineered, built, marked and maintained; paved where necessary, with stairways to gain elevation, bridges and accessory constructions such as retaining walls, and water drainage systems. It was based on two north–south roads: one along the coast and the second and most important inland and up the mountains, both with numerous branches. The road system allowed for the transfer of information, goods, soldiers and persons, without the use of wheels, within the Tawantinsuyu or Inca Empire throughout a territory covering almost 2,000,000 km2 and inhabited by about 12 million people.

The roads were bordered, at intervals, with buildings to allow the most effective usage: at short distance there were chasquiwasi, relay stations for chasquis; at a one-day walking interval tambos allowed support to the road users and flocks of llama pack animals. Administrative centers with warehouses, called qullqas, for re-distribution of goods were found along the roads. Towards the boundaries of the Inca Empire and in newly conquered areas pukaras (fortresses) were found.

Tambo
The tambos were perhaps the most important buildings in the operations of the road network. They were constructions of varied architecture and size whose function was mainly the lodging of the travellers and the storage of products for their supply. For this reason, they were located at a day's journey interval, although irregularities were identified in their distances probably linked to various factors such as the presence of water sources, the existence of land with agricultural produce or the presence of pre-Inca centers. Tambos were so frequent that many Andean regional place names include the word tambo in them.

Garcilaso de la Vega underlines the presence of infrastructure (tambos) on the Inka road system where lodging posts for state officials and chasquis were ubiquitous across the Inca empire; they were well spaced and well provisioned. Food, clothes and weapons were stored and ready also for the Inka army marching through the territory.

The chaskiwasis (sometimes spelled chasquihuasi and meaning house of chasqui in Quechua) were relay stations and accommodations for the chasquis: the buildings were of small dimensions having an architecture probably linked to local traditions. Even if they were more frequent than tambos, there is little evidence and research on them. A research published in 2006 under the 'Qhapaq Ñan Project' of the National Institute of Culture in Peru, based on surveys along the Inca road system, revealed that chaskiwasis were not present on all the Inca roads. It is not yet defined if this was a planned decision, because that road part was not useful for information transfer, or simply there is no current evidence of them due to their poor construction. The chaskiwasis were an integral part of the routes and defined some of the most characteristic aspects of the operation of the road network that called the attention of the first Spaniards that was reflected in the chronicles, as was the speed in the transmission of messages and small goods for the Inka.

According to several chroniclers (e.g. Garcilaso de la Vega, Guaman Poma de Ayala, Juan de Betanzos, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa ) the average distance between two chaskiwasi was half a league that means about 2.5 km as in the case of tambos the distance must have been determined by the environment, keeping into account the soil characteristics, the climate, and the elevation above sea level. Polo de Ondegardo states that the distance was one and a half league meaning about 7.5 km which D'Altroy takes as a reference writing that the distance was 6 to 9 km.

The minimum manpower of a chaskiwasi was four runners, a couple resting and the others waiting as sentinels for an incoming chasqui. The chasqui patrol was exchanged for a fresh one every month. The chasqui service was active 24 hours a day and its speed was even faster than the European message services in the same historical period and until the invention of the telegraph.

The Peruvian architect Santiago Agurto Calvo –professor and rector of the National University of Engineering in Lima– cites Von Hagen's experiment along the Inca road in the Mantaro Valley between Jauja and Bonbón which demonstrated that young Quechuas, having no special training, could run the distance of 1 km in about 4 minutes and keep this pace for about 5 km. This means that in 1 hour 15 to 20 km could be covered, summing up to 360 to 480 km per day. For the Inca emperor, getting fresh fish in Cusco was really possible.

Guaman Poma de Ayala
Guaman Poma de Ayala in his manuscript "Primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno", preserved in the Copenhagen Royal Library mentions and depicts the chasquis twice.

The first is drawing 138 at folio 351 (see above) It describes the chasquis operations and adds that: "These chasques were under the authority of Inca princes, auquicona, [royal princes, plural of awki] in the kingdom so no mistakes would be made. This Inca would visit the chasques to make sure they did nothing wrong and that they had sufficient food. As has been stated, the chasques were authorized to take provisions from the Inca’s storehouses. These chasques were not replaced by others because they had to be faithful, sons of well-known curacas, not be lazy, and able to fly like a deer or a hawk. Their wives and children were protected because the runners had to be on call day and night. They had chacras (fields or farms) and livestock in the same place, and everything they needed. They were not to be missing over one hour"

The second one is drawing 306 at folio 825.

"It has to be known that the Ynga king had two kinds of runners in this kingdom. The first one is named churo mullo chasque (postilion that brings snail) or major runner who could bring [sea] snails from more than 500 leagues, since mulo is the sea snail of the new kingdom. They were placed at a distance of half a league. And the lesser runner was named caro chasque (messenger of snail) was placed at a day distance [to carry] heavy things. And these runners must be sons of chiefs, of loyal and proved knights, as fast as a deer these were paid and equipped by the Inca as lord and king. And he (the chasqui) was wearing on his head a big feather sunshade that covered his head in order to be seen form far away and a trumpet that was called uaylla quipa (the snail horn). They (the chasquis) were shouting very loud and playing their trumpet and as a weapon they carried a chanbi (fighting club) and a sling. And this is how the land was managed by this runners. They and their wives and sons, father, mother, brothers and sisters were free form anything that there was [taxes and services for the Inca]. He never stopped day and night. In each chasqui (house) there were four diligent Indians in this kingdom. The mentioned king's runners chasque shall have their salary from his majesty of the royal road."

Garcilaso Inca de la Vega
In his Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas, published in 1609 (chapter VII), Garcilaso describes the chasquis and their operations. Most of the description of operation are taken from this book.

Juan de Betanzos
He supports the speed of the chasquis by stating: "They asked me how many months it would take to go from there to Cuzco; I told them that there were two roads from there to Cuzco, and that one went along the sea coast and the other went through the mountains, and I told them that if the Indians walked from there to Cuzco, it would take three or four months, going little by little, and if they went through the posts (the chsquis) in five or six days the news of what they wanted to let him know would reach the Ynga."

Martín de Murúa
Murúa confirms that "When the Inga wanted to eat fresh fish from the sea, since it was seventy or eighty leagues [350 to 400 km] (from the coast) to Cuzco, where he lived, they would bring it to him alive, which indeed seems an incredible thing over such a long stretch and distance, and on such roads, rough and intricate"

Murúa gives also fresh information about the speed of the chasquis and the punishments they were given in case they became lazy. First of all the chasquis needed to be searched "among the Indians for those who were quickest and fastest, and who had the most courage to run, and so he (the Inca) tested them, making them run across a plain and, later, go down a hill with the same lightness, and then climb a rough slope, without stopping, and to those who stood out in this and did it well, he assigned the courier task and they had to train every day in the race. So that, they were so encouraged that they reached the deer and even vicuñas, which are very fast wild animals that breed in the coldest places and deserts. Thus, with incredible flight, they carried the news from one place to another, and those who did not run well, and were lazy, were punished by giving them fifty blows to the head with a club, or fifty blows to the back, and their legs were broken, for memory and punishment of others."

The chasquis according to Murúa were raised since children "with great care and only once a day they were fed […] and only once they drank, and thus they were skinny, and the parents tested them if they were fast, making them run uphill and follow a deer, and if they were lazy they were punished in the same way, so that the entire caste and generation of Chasquis Indians was fast and light, and for a long time."

Murúa regrets the progressive disappearance of the chasquis system, which was an extremely effective communication system for the Andean zone, stating that the service " is not performed nowadays with the punctuality and care of the past, in the times of the Inga, because then the distance of [the run of] these couriers was small, and thus the notices ran very quickly, without stopping for a single moment anywhere, not even for the chasqui to take a break and breathe. But now the journeys are five or six leagues, and from tambo to tambo." This is a confirmation that the chaskiwasi were already non-functioning in 1613.

Polo de Ondegardo
Polo de Ondegardo was not a chronicler, he was a Spanish colonial jurist, civil servant, businessman and thinker. He did not publish any book, nevertheless he produced several manuscript reports for the viceroy. One of them includes a chapter about the chasquis. There he describes their operation and measures a distance between chaskiwasi of one and a half league, which is three times the distance stated by other chroniclers. Moreover he confirms that at each relay station there were at least four men, night and day, that served for a term of one month. The incoming chasqui and the one waiting exchanged the message without stopping. Ondegardo confirms that the 500 leagues "which is very rough ground" from Quito to Cusco could be traveled in less than 20 days back and forth and "it is to be believed, because later here when there have been wars and other needs on earth, we (the Spaniards) have used this remedy of the chasquis" […] "and there is no doubt that between one day and one night they must have covered fifty leagues as they say […] and I have received letters at the rate of thirty-five leagues in just one day and one night. Other times I have seen letters arrive from Lima to Cuzco in four days, which are one hundred and twenty leagues, almost all rough roads and very difficult to walk."

Modern day
There are several paths that were used by the chasquis that still stand today. There are trails that allow one to travel along these paths and to experience the distance and terrain that the chasquis traveled.

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José María Merchán

José María Merchán Illanes (born 7 July 1976 in Seville) is a Spanish triathlete.

Merchan competed in the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics Sydney 2000. He did not finish the competition because of a fall in the bicycle sector.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: José María Merchán


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Talk:North Wiltshire/to do

 * Demographics section including any statistics of note
 * List of settlements
 * List of places of intrest
 * Any notable events in the history of the district and constituency

title: Talk:North Wiltshire/to do


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Filip Ospalý

(born 15 May 1976 in Ústí nad Labem) is a triathlete from the Czech Republic.

Ospalý competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He did not finish the competition.

He competed again four years later, at the 2004 Summer Olympics. This time, Ospalý finished. His time of 1:57:17.58 placed him twenty-ninth.

Ospalý became European Champion during the 2006 ITU Duathlon European Championship in Rimini.

He is part of ECS Triathlon club.

title: Filip Ospalý


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Mark Marabini

Mark Marabini (born 7 November 1964 in Harare) - (died 16 March 2020) is an athlete from Zimbabwe. He competes in triathlon. He studied at Oriel Boys' High School in Chisipite in Harare.

Marabini competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He did not finish the competition.

title: Mark Marabini


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Wikipedia:Wikifun/Round 8/Answers/Question 4

Ralph Emerson and Edward Lytton where born on the same day. So where abe lincoln and Darwin (see WP:LAME :D). I noticed it in the two articles and drew the conclusion. Gkhan 23:46, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

Mendel


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CBS Corporation

The second incarnation of CBS Corporation (the first being a short-lived rename of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation) was an American multinational media company with interests primarily in commercial broadcasting, publishing, and television production. It was formed on December 31, 2005, as the legal successor of the original Viacom, following the spin-off of the second incarnation of Viacom; both CBS Corporation and the second Viacom were controlled by National Amusements, a theater company owned by billionaire Sumner Redstone.

CBS Corporation comprised the over-the-air television (CBS and The CW) broadcasting, television production and distribution, publishing, pay-cable, and recording assets that were previously owned by the first Viacom. It was the world's eighth largest entertainment company in terms of revenue and headquartered at the CBS Building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

CBS Corporation announced on August 13, 2019, that it would merge with Viacom for the second time to form ViacomCBS (now known as Paramount Global). The merger was completed on December 4.

Early history
The first incarnation of Viacom was created in 1952 as the television syndication division of CBS and was spun off in 1971. However, in 1999, Viacom acquired its former parent, by this time also named CBS Corporation, formerly Westinghouse Electric. The prior CBS Corporation also owned CMT and The Nashville Network (TNN), which remained Viacom properties after the 2005 split, but the prior CBS did not own UPN, Showtime, Paramount Television, Paramount Parks, or Simon & Schuster.

In March 2005, Viacom contemplated splitting the company into two publicly traded companies, amid issues of the stock price stagnating and clashing corporate cultures between the cable and broadcast divisions, which came to a head with the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy a year previous with the MTV-produced show causing controversy for game broadcaster CBS.

On June 14, 2005, the Viacom board of directors approved the split of the company into two firms. The CBS Corporation name would be revived for one of the companies, to be headed by longtime television executive (and Viacom co-president) Les Moonves, and would include the namesake television network CBS, UPN, Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, Viacom Outdoor, Showtime Networks, and Paramount Television.

The split was structured such that the second Viacom was spun off from the first Viacom, which was renamed CBS Corporation. In a sense, this was a repeat of the 1971 spin-off. However, in this case, CBS retained virtually all of the prior firm's broadcast television assets, including its various syndication companies.

With the split, the two companies began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on January 3, 2006. Investors anticipated Viacom benefiting from the split, but instead, it dropped approximately 20 percent, while CBS Corporation rose 9 percent, that same year, Paramount Parks became a wholly-owned theme park unit of CBS Corporation.

Subsequent developments
In January 2006, CBS and DIC Entertainment signed a multi-year deal in which DIC bought the Saturday morning airtime as "CBS's Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party". In June 2006, DiC added a production partner AOL's KOL. Thus, this block would be called "KOL's Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party on CBS".

On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation and Warner Bros. created a new broadcast network, The CW. The network officially debuted on September 18, 2006. The network formally debuted on September 20 with the 2-hour premiere of America's Next Top Model. The network is the result of a merger of The WB (a Warner Bros. holding) and UPN (a CBS Corporation holding). CBS Corporation and Time Warner each owned 50% of the network. Tribune Broadcasting (which previously owned a 25% stake on The WB) and CBS Television Stations contributed its stations as new network affiliates.

On May 23, 2006, CBS Corporation sold Paramount Parks to the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. With this acquisition, Cedar Fair became the third-largest theme park operator. On June 30, 2006, Cedar Fair completed its acquisition of Paramount Parks from CBS Corporation in a cash transaction valued at US$1.24 billion. The transaction included a 10-year license that allowed Cedar Fair to use the Paramount name in the parks through the 2017 season.

On February 7, 2007, CBS sold seven smaller-market stations in Providence, Rhode Island, Austin, Texas, Salt Lake City and West Palm Beach, Florida to Cerberus Capital Management for US$185 million. It sold another station, WFRV-TV in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and its satellite station, WJMN-TV in Escanaba, Michigan, to Liberty Media on February 13, 2007. News reports estimate the deal at about US$234 million. CBS is swapping the stations and US$170 million in cash for 7.59 million shares of CBS common stock held by Liberty Media.

On February 26, 2007, CBS began investing in Electric Sheep, which is a virtual world content developer. CBS hired Electric Sheep to develop some projects, including the creation of "The L-Word in Second Life". CBS also shot a commercial within the virtual world Second Life to promote its show Two and a Half Men. Another project that Electric Sheep was working on for CBS was a Star Trek-themed area in Second Life. By investing in Electric Sheep, CBS hoped to expand its activity "beyond the living room". On March 20, CBS/CSTV had acquired MaxPreps, an online high school sports network. On April 12, CBS Corporation created the CBS Interactive Audience Network. On May 30, 2007, CBS Interactive bought Last.fm for £140 million.

On May 15, 2008, CBS Interactive agreed to buy CNET Networks for $1.8 billion, with the deal due to close in the third quarter of 2008. On July 2 CBS acquired CNET and put it under CBS Interactive.

On February 14, 2013, CBS acquired a minority stake in AXS TV in exchange for programming and marketing. On March 26, CBS and Lionsgate entered a 50/50 joint venture to operate the TV Guide Network (TVGN) and TVGuide.com. On May 31, CBS bought the remaining half of TV Guide Digital from Lionsgate. The latter still retained its share of TVGN (later rebranded as Pop) until it was acquired by CBS on March 12, 2019. On July 16, CBS agreed to sell CBS Outdoor International to Platinum Equity for about $225 million. The CBS Outdoor division began trading as a separate company on the NYSE under "CBSO" on March 28, 2014. CBS Outdoor would be fully divested from CBS by July into an independent real estate investment trust, renamed as Outfront Media.

On November 17, 2017, CBS Corporation sold CBS Radio to Entercom, making that company the second-largest owner of radio stations in the United States. In the same year, CBS purchased Australian broadcaster Network 10. The network was previously in voluntary administration.

As of November 2018, CBS Corporation ranked 197th on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue. CBS Corp. sold Television City to Los Angeles real estate investment company Hackman Capital Partners for $750 million in a deal finalized in mid-December 2018. The deal gives the buyer the right to use the Television City name. Programs produced at Television City will continue to be based there as will CBS' international unit headquarters.

Re-merger deal with Viacom
On September 29, 2016, National Amusements sent a letter to the company and Viacom, encouraging the two companies to merge back into one company. On December 12, the deal was called off.

On January 12, 2018, CNBC reported that Viacom had re-entered talks to merge back into CBS Corporation, after AT&T's purchase of Time Warner was planned and Disney's plan to acquire bulk of 21st Century Fox assets and the heavy competition from companies such as Netflix and Amazon. Shortly afterward, it was reported that the combined company could be a suitor for acquiring the film studio Lionsgate (which handled US distribution and global sales for CBS Films). A re-merger could benefit CBS's streaming service CBS All Access, as it could potentially have access to content from core Viacom brands such as Comedy Central, MTV, and Nickelodeon, as well as the Paramount Pictures library. Viacom's international presence could also benefit distribution.

On March 30, 2018, CBS made an all-stock offer slightly below Viacom's market value and insisting that its existing leadership, including long-time chairman and CEO Les Moonves, oversee the re-combined company. Viacom rejected the offer as being too low, requesting an increase by $2.8 billion, and requesting that Bob Bakish be maintained as president and COO under Moonves. It was reported these conflicts had resulted from Shari Redstone seeking more control over CBS and its leadership.

Eventually, on May 14, 2018, CBS Corporation sued National Amusements and accused Shari Redstone of abusing her voting power and forcing a merger that was not supported by it or Viacom. CBS also accused Redstone of discouraging Verizon Communications from acquiring it, which could have been beneficial to its shareholders.

On May 23, 2018, Les Moonves stated that he considered the Viacom channels to be an "albatross," and while he favored more content for CBS All Access (now Paramount+), he believed that there were better deals for CBS than the Viacom deal, such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), Lionsgate or Sony Pictures. Moonves also considered Bakish a threat as he never wanted an ally of Shari Redstone as a board member of the combined company. Following Moonves' resignation due to sexual harassment allegations, National Amusements agreed in September 2018 to defer any proposal of a CBS-Viacom merger for at least two years after the date of the settlement with former CEO Moonves, donating $20 million to groups supporting the #MeToo movement as result of his resign.

On May 30, 2019, CNBC reported that CBS Corporation and Viacom would explore merger discussions in mid-June 2019. The company's board of directors was revamped with people who are open to a merger and the talks were made possible with the resignation of Moonves, who opposed all attempts for a Viacom merger. The talks had started following rumors of CBS acquiring Starz from Lionsgate. Reports said that CBS and Viacom reportedly set August 8 as an informal deadline for reaching an agreement to recombine the two media companies. As part of the re-merger deal, CBS acquired Viacom for up to $15.4 billion.

On August 13, 2019, CBS and Viacom agreed to merge into a new entity known as ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global), with Viacom CEO Bob Bakish as president and CEO of the new company and CBS CEO Ianniello as chairman and CEO of CBS and oversee CBS-branded assets. Shari Redstone will also serve as chairwoman of ViacomCBS. On October 29, 2019, National Amusements approved the re-merger deal, to be completed by early December 2019, with the recombined company trading on Nasdaq under the symbol "VIAC" and "VIACA" after CBS delist its shares on the NYSE. On December 4, the deal was completed, with the merger structured such that CBS Corporation absorbed Viacom and changed its name to ViacomCBS.

Corporate governance
The board of directors of CBS Corporation included:
 * Candace K. Beinecke
 * Barbara M. Byrne
 * Gary L. Countryman
 * Brian Goldner
 * Linda M. Griego
 * Robert N. Klieger
 * Martha L. Minow
 * Shari Redstone (vice-chair)
 * Sumner Redstone (chairman emeritus)
 * Susan Schuman
 * Frederick O. Terrell
 * Strauss Zelnick (interim chairman)

title: CBS Corporation


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Central State University

Central State University (CSU) is a public, historically black land-grant university in Wilberforce, Ohio, United States. It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

Established by the state legislature in 1887 as a two-year program for teacher and industrial training, it was originally located with Wilberforce University, a four-year institution devoted to classical academic education. It was originally  known as the Combined Normal and Industrial Department. In 1941 the college gained a four-year curriculum, independent status in 1947, and was renamed as Central State College in 1951. With further development, it gained university status in 1965. In 2014, Central State University received designation as a land-grant university.

History
Central State University started in 1887 as a two-year normal and industrial department funded by the state. It was first located at Wilberforce University, a historically black college in southern Ohio that was owned and operated by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1941, its curriculum was expanded to a four-year program emphasizing teacher education. In 1947, it was separated from the university, and in 1951 renamed as Central State College. In 1965, with further development, it achieved university status.

Wilberforce University had been founded in 1855 jointly by the Cincinnati Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in collaboration with the AME Church; they had a biracial group of trustees to manage it, including founders Bishop Daniel A. Payne and Salmon Chase, then governor of Ohio. By 1860 the college, based on a classical education, had 200 students, mostly the mixed-race children of wealthy Southern planters. With the advance of the Civil War, most of the southerners were pulled out of the school, and it was forced to close in 1862. The Methodist Church felt it could not support it financially given the demands of the war.

The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church purchased the facility and reopened the college in 1863, the first to be owned and operated by African Americans.

In 1887, the Ohio General Assembly enacted legislation to create the Combined Normal and Industrial Department at Wilberforce, to provide training for primary teachers in a model common in the United States, and vocational education. This department operated as part of Wilberforce University, but a separately appointed board of trustees governed the state-financed operations. This arrangement allowed state legislators to sponsor scholarship students at the university and brought other forms of useful state financial aid to the school. The administration struggled to maintain its initial emphasis on classical education as well, and allowed students to take classes in both sections.

In 1941 the Normal and Industrial Department expanded from a two-year to a four-year program. In 1947, it was legally split from Wilberforce University and was renamed as the College of Education and Industrial Arts at Wilberforce, Ohio. In 1951, it was renamed Central State College. With further development, in 1965 the institution achieved university status.

In 1974, half the campus was destroyed in a severe tornado. The university struggled to rebuild, but has since re-established itself and achieved recognition by the state of Ohio (three Centers of Excellence), with new academic degree programs in Agriculture, Sustainable Ag and Exercise Science, and national recognition as the 2017 HBCU of the Year and for its Summer Banking Institute (HBCU Digest). Central State University is and has always been open to all students of every ethnicity, background, religion, etc. and continues to attract students from across the country and internationally.

Academics
Central State University is accredited by the Ohio Department of Education, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs and the National Association of Schools of Music.

In 2011, the annual cost of all fees and tuition at Central State University was about $11,500. The college has on-campus housing for about 1,700 students, at $4,000 annually.

Colleges
Central State operates five colleges: the John W. Garland College of Engineering, Science, Technology and Agriculture, College of Education, College of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences, College of Business, and Honors College.

Presidents
The current president is Jack Thomas.

Campus
The main campus is located in Wilberforce, 4 mi northeast of Xenia, 18 mi east of Dayton and midway between Cincinnati and Columbus, Ohio (about 55 mi from each city). A branch campus (CSU-Dayton) is located in Dayton.

Adjacent to the main campus is an outdoor education area, a natural reserve. Within a hundred yards of the Robeson Center is the National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center, operated by the Ohio Historical Society.

The campus housing complex, which houses approximately 1,700 students, consists of eight residence halls: Hunter Hall (co-ed), Williamson Hall (co-ed), Green Hall (upperclassmen male), Anderson Hall (upperclassmen male), Fox Hall (co-ed honors), Harry-Johns Hall (co-ed honors), Foundation Hall (freshmen females), Foundation Hall II (co-ed upperclassmen) and most recently added fall 2019, the Marauder Pride Community, an apartment style complex (co-ed upperclassmen), which also houses a 10,000-square-foot Wellness Center.
 * Student housing

Banneker Hall was originally constructed in 1950 with an addition completed in 1967, Banneker Hall housed science laboratories and a botanical laboratory and greenhouse. The building was demolished in fall 2010 to make way for the University Student Center, a 85,000-square-foot complex housing a 500-seat cafeteria, two ballrooms, bookstore, computer lab, administrative offices and recreational spaces, which opened in the fall of 2015.
 * Benjamin Banneker Science Hall and the University Student Center

Constructed in 1961, Beacom Gymnasium is the home of the Marauders volleyball and basketball teams and provides office space for the Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. The original Beacom Gymnasium constructed in 1919 was destroyed by fire in 1971. The natatorium was constructed in 1966.
 * Beacom/Lewis Gymnasium

The Library/College of Education building was completed in 1985 and houses the main library, classrooms, and offices for the College of Education. The library portion of the building is named in honor of long-time educator and public speaker Hallie Q. Brown. The College of Education is named for teacher, department chairperson and dean, Dr. Clara A. Henderson. In 2019, the library was updated with new technology and remodeled to support various forms of collaborative study.
 * Hallie Q. Brown Library/Clara A. Henderson Hall College of Education

CSU Mass Communication Center, formerly The Cosby Center houses the university's telecommunications programs (including radio, television and print journalism) and the campus-based radio station WCSU-FM. It was constructed in 1958 and named the Lucinda Cook Laboratory Demonstration School.
 * CSU Mass Communication Center

The facility houses the offices of the CSU General Alumni Association. The building was named in honor of Dr. William Galloway, a physician who served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Combined Normal and Industrial Department. It was rebuilt following the 1974 tornado that destroyed the original Galloway Hall. Funds to reconstruct the tower were raised by alumni and friends of Central State University. During the university's centennial celebration in 1987, the Alumni Center was named in honor of Walter G. Sellers Sr., a 1951 CSU graduate.
 * Galloway/Alumni Tower The Galloway Tower/Walter G. Sellers Alumni

Home of the Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, the building is named in honor of Carl C. Jenkins, a superintendent of the Combined Normal and Industrial Department. An earlier building, constructed in 1941, was also named for Jenkins and housed the Physical Education Department, Army ROTC, and Bookstore and Grill. Destroyed in 1974, the original Jenkins Hall housed the audio-visual department, the campus radio station, the bookstore, and office of the CSU Federal Credit Union at the time.
 * Jenkins Technology Education Building

Three programs are housed in the facility opened in 1987: Water Resources Management, Geology, and Earth Sciences.
 * The C.J. McLin International Center for Water Resources Management

Opened in 1978, the center houses administrative offices, examination and treatment rooms, and laboratory facilities. It replaced the former campus health center, also named for Dr. Lackey and earlier known as Tawawa Hospital, which was among the buildings destroyed in 1974. The building is named for Dr. Harry M. Lackey (university physician from 1921 to 1953), Bishop Benjamin F. Lee (president of Wilberforce University from 1876 to 1884), Benjamin F. Lee Jr. (a faculty member), and Benjamin F. Lee III (physician who served the campus and the community).
 * Lackey/Lee Health Center The Lackey/Lee Health Center

McPherson Stadium is home to the Marauder football and track and field teams. Originally constructed in 1949, the structure has been renovated to expand and modernize the locker room, training room, and office spaces. It is named in honor of Combined Normal and Industrial Department graduate William Patrick McPherson, who was killed in action in World War II. The administration building was dedicated in 1978 and named in honor of Dr. Lionel H. Newsom, president of Central State from 1972 to 1985. It was constructed on the remaining portion of the Hallie Q. Brown Memorial Library, heavily damaged in the 1974 tornado. The building houses administrative and financial offices, the administrative computer center, and the Office of the Registrar.
 * McPherson Memorial Stadium
 * Lionel H. Newsom Administration Building

The Paul Robeson Cultural and Performing Arts Center houses the art and music departments, classrooms, and studios. It was dedicated in 1978 in honor of the singer, actor, activist and winner of the Stalin Peace Prize, Paul Robeson. The building includes an 850-seat auditorium and a recital hall. A large sculpture of Robeson in front of the center was commissioned by Camille and William Cosby.
 * Paul Robeson Cultural and Performing Arts Center

Smith Hall was completed in 1970 and named in honor of Charles S. Smith, founder of the College of Business Administration. It houses the College of Business Administration's classrooms and laboratories and an academic computer center.
 * Charles S. Smith College of Business

The building houses a bookstore, commuter lounge, and office spaces for the Admissions Department, Financial Aid Department, Career Services Department, Student Government Association and the Dean of Students. It is named for 1950 graduate, Norman Ward Sr., an outstanding athlete, teacher, coach, and administrator.
 * Norman E. Ward Sr. University Center

Wesley Hall houses the College of Arts and Sciences' administrative offices, classrooms and offices. It is named in honor of Central State University's first president, Charles H. Wesley (1941 to 1965).
 * Charles H. Wesley Hall

Houses the School of Education and Natural Sciences department of the College of Arts and Sciences. In 2016 it was named after 1963 alum Joshua I. Smith, a retired executive from Caterpillar Inc., who continues to support the university through the College of Business and the university radio station, WCSU.
 * Joshua I. Smith Center for Education and Natural Sciences

Athletics
Central State athletic teams are the Marauders and Lady Marauders. The university is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) since the 2015–16 academic year (with football joining first as an affiliate member from 2013–14 to 2015 before upgrading for all sports). The Marauders and Lady Marauders previously competed in the D-II Great Midwest Athletic Conference (G-MAC) from 2012–13 to 2014–15, and as an NCAA D-II Independent from 2002–03 to 2011–12; as well as competing in the American Mideast Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2000–01 to 2001–02.

Central State competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, football, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball.

Rivalries
CSU's main athletic rivals are the Kentucky State Thorobreds and Thorobrettes and the West Virginia State Yellow Jackets.

Student organizations
There are approximately 30 student organizations operating on campus. These student organizations are classified under six categories: Academic, Business, Special Interest, Religions, Honorary and Greek letter organizations. The Office of the University Center and Student Development in conjunction with the SGA's Inter organization Committee monitors the recognized student organizations activities.

Student Government Association
The Student Government Association (SGA) serves as a liaison between the students and the administration, sharing decision making responsibility with the faculty and staff on matters that affect campus life. The SGA also oversees many student activities, represents the student body, and serves as an advisory body.

Greek Letter organizations
All nine of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations currently have chapters at Central State University. These organizations are governed by the Central State University's chapter of the National Pan-Hellenic Council and overseen by the Director of the University Center and Student Development.

Invincible Marching Marauders
The Central State University bands are under the direction of Professor Blake K. Gaines. The Invincible Marching Marauders appeared in Dave Chappelle's Block Party.

University Chorus
The Central State University Chorus has twice been nominated for a Grammy Award for its recordings.

title: Central State University


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Moe Berg

Moe Berg
Not really a self-nom, as all I did was a little copy-editing and one or two minor additions when I came across the article today. This is a comprehensive look at one of the most enigmatic baseball players in history. Indrian 23:49, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Having read The Catcher Was a Spy years ago, I expected to see more about Berg's post-baseball career, both the spy part and his later life, which this article covers very quickly and without much detail. And there's very little mention made of Berg's odd personal quirks (and/or mental illness). I'm not objecting, because there may be enough in the article already to justify FA status, but I'd like to see more space devoted to the non-baseball parts of Berg's life. -- Rbellin|Talk 01:50, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment I did the major rewrite of the article, also having read The Catcher Was a Spy, and I didn't see very much to put in there about his post OSS time. There seems to be little really known about it and there wasn't really anything significant that he did.  All he did was wander around living off other people's generosity.  I could be mentioned that he lived with his brother until 1964 and them moved in with his sister, but other than that, he didn't accomplish anything after he got back from the war.

Object Stylistically, this is very choppy prose, and is WAY overlinked, with virtually every date, country, city, and Japanese and American university underlined. I started to amend this, but got a headache. Substantively, for starters the external link given to look up Berg's stats begins by saying he was a "Math major" at Princeton, not modern languages. Any sports fan reading this would be surprised to be told that Berg's magazine article "Pitchers and Catchers" "remains, even today, the most concise primer on the essential art of baseball". The headings are also curious: "Joins the Red Sox" deals mostly with his quiz show appearance, and "Spying for the U.S." includes the (glossed over) last decades of his life, and his death. The guy deserves better. now Support Sfahey 03:37, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object:
 * Two untagged images
 * Needs a copyedit (e.g. "Roseville offered Bernard everything her every wanted in a neighborhood" and the fact that he is often referred to as Moe and not Berg)
 * Heading titles should not have capital letters at the start of each word
 * One related thing... too many of the headings begin with the word Berg, to the point where it's actually noticeable upon a casual read through the text. A heading like Berg's first trip to Japan could be renamed First trip to Japan and still be useful enough as a heading. plattopusis this thing on? 15:40, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sentences like "Berg had an outstanding day by going 2-4 with a single and a double and made several marvelous plays at shortstop" assume familiarity with baseball
 * Berg the coach needs to be expanded
 * Berg becomes a spy could do with an expansion, it is the main thing that would make Berg unique from other baseballers and is barely detailed enough It would be good if Berg becomes a spy was expanded, but I don't see it as blocking this article from becoming featured. plattopusis this thing on? 18:02, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * plattopusis this thing on? 12:53, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've taken care of the images and the headings. There's not much that can be done about expanding his coaching section as there is very little information about what he did other than he was the bullpen coach.  How would you suggest the sentance "Berg had an outstanding day by going 2-4 with a single and a double and made several marvelous plays at shortstop" be modified for the non-baseball enthusist?  I agree a little more can be said about his spying days and I'll get on that soon.  About his post-spy days there is little useful information because he really didn't accomplish anything. Gorrister 14:37, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I couldn't tell you how to improve that sentence... I have no idea what it means, being a non-enthusiast myself. :D What do the 2 and 4 in "2-4" mean, and what is a single and a double? If you explain these terms once at their first usage, you could use the terminology through the article without fear of people misunderstanding. plattopusis this thing on? 15:40, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * How about this: "Berg had an outstanding day by getting two hits in four at-bats (2-4) with a single and a double and made several marvelous plays at shortstop."? Gorrister 17:45, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent. I was unaware that there were 'pedia articles on those terms, but that is the ideal solution. I would suggest going through the rest of the article looking for terms that might assume familiarity with baseball or another subject, and either explain them or wikilink to their articles. Regardless, my objection is withdrawn and I now Support this article's candidacy. plattopusis this thing on? 18:02, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, almost every date, country, city and university is linked, as I think should be. There's no reason to leave out links if they are unique.  Except for some years, most of the links are unique and should be left.  About the external links - Baseball-Reference is the defacto source of baseball statistics on the web.  The part about him being a math major was added by the page sponser, not the web site itself.  As for the last decades of his life, there wasn't much to speak of.  He wandered from place to place living of the kindness of others.  Feel free to add more about his life after WWII. Gorrister 10:10, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not think it is possible for an article to be overlinked. Linking ability is one of wikipedia's strengths.  Also, you should be more familiar with baseball reference.com before claiming that anything in the sponsor section should be considered researched and accurate.  You may have a point about the headings, but I am not really sure that your objection has anything else that is actionable and is really that valid. Indrian 17:40, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is difficult to believe this when you went on to make a huge number of subsequent improvements in the article. Point well-taken though about the ext.link thing, as I believe now I understand where that bogus insert came from. Sfahey 02:15, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, just because I think an article is already good enough to be a featured article does not mean I do not think it can be improved. I am not quite sure what this statement is implying.  Anyway, do you have any further objections after said improvements? Indrian 03:08, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why is everyone so testy here? What I was implying is that you (and others) went and fixed several of the things to which I objected, after claiming that said objections were not valid. I believe that the huge number of needed changes you found belies your insistence that the article was already "feature" ready. I basically had five objections :
 * 1. The prose was substandard. Indrian's copious rewrite remedied this.  2.  The headings did not apply to their content. This has been fixed as well.  3. There were some unfounded statements. Of the two I referred to specifically, in one apparently it was the external link which was wrong, and the second has been fixed.  The only one I find on a reread is in the lead: "Casey Stengel" (talk about the pot calling the kettle black) describing him "'best' as the 'strangest' ..." again insults the subject, who deserves better.  4. I still think it is way overlinked, including MANY unimportant dates, and terms like "Europe", "Bell and Howell", and dozens more. Sfahey 22:51, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Indrian, your comment is not an actionable set of objections (apart from the beef with headings) and therefore shouldn't be considered a valid vote. And besides, there's not such think as too many links. That's the entire point of a hypertext encyclopedia. -- plattopusis this thing on? 18:53, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Opinions differ on over/underlinking: please see Make only links relevant to the context. I have to say that I agree with Sfahey, and I think these responses are a little defensive.  Linking every month and place name seems excessive to me.  Also, Sfahey's remarks on the prose style, Berg's magazine article, headings, and echoing my concern about the brevity of the last (post-baseball life) section seem fixable to me, and have not been addressed. -- Rbellin|Talk 22:22, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Like Rbellin (and the site he cites) says, links should be relevant to the context. It is unlikely that someone reading up on MBerg wants to link to "quiz shows", random dates and years, or Tokyo univerities.  Might as well link to every noun and number!  The article is a mess of red and blue underlinings. And please whoever left a note on my page, it's not signed. Sfahey 14:24, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you go by that strictly, then why would you hyperlink any date unless something world shattering happened (Dec 7, Sept 11, etc) that directly releates to the article at hand. If I'm writing an article about baseball and the date December 7 comes up, but has nothing to do with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, does that mean that I shouldn't hyperlink the date?  I disagree.  Maybe quiz show doesn't need to be hyperlinked and individual months might not be needed as well, but I think unique places (incuding foreign universities) should be.  That's one of the beauties of Wikipedia.  I agree that identical dates near each other should not both be linked, but I do think that every unique date and unique year and unique place and, and, and, ... should be. Gorrister 14:54, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC) (Sorry about not sigining you page when I left my last comment.)
 * RBellin above suggested reading the relevant section on wiki-links. Print encyclopedias generally link (by boldfacing or underlying) items relevant to the topic of the article. The idea is that, for example, someone who looked up "Ted Williams" might want to know that that encyclopedia also included articles on "Triple Crown" and "Boston Red Sox". They might also highlight/link "Fishing" or "Left Fielder", but not "divorce" or "1948". Wikipedia is of course more flexible, but the principle is the same.  Per the section mentioned above, landmark dates should be linked, but not the dates of every time a guy gets traded. This article has been improved by whoever redid the sectioning. Unfortunately however, I just re-read one section, where the number of required copyedits alone keeps me from changing my vote. Sfahey 04:45, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I was going of some past feature articles to determine if they were wikilinked in a similar way to this on or where "less linked". I found with Brian Close that not only was every unique year linked but so where comedian, apartheid and just about every geographical location mentioned.  Lottie Dod is very similar, as are non-atheletes Mark Antony, Batman and Isaac Asimov.  I admit that the article could use a lot of copy editing - I did the major rewrite and I know how awful my written communication is (one of the reasons I started contributing was to improve it).  When reading my writing, I'll admit that it looks like english is my second language and not my primary, but if copy editing is the only think really holding this article back, then that should be take care of quite easily.

 * The magazine thing has already been fixed and I agreed that the headings could use work. The post-baseball life of any baseball player is usually not worth remarking on.  They are ordinary men by and large and live out an unremarkable retirement, even when they do some pretty unusual things like Berg did.  The highlights of his OSS service have already been recorded, and his post-World War II life is unremarkable.  Since you have read "The Catcher was a Spy," could you elaborate upon what of importance has been left out?  Just saying that you expected more does not provide enough detail to improve the article.  As for being defensive, some of Sfahey's statements were provocative, particularly his comment that "the guy deserved better" when he has only limited knowledge of the subject as evinced by his mistake regarding Baseball-Reference.com. Indrian 22:37, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The headings are looking better now. It's been a long time since I read The Catcher was a Spy, but I vaguely recall there being more to the story of Berg's Europe trip with the OSS looking for physicists, and the Heisenberg business, all of which gets one short paragraph in the article.  And it really feels unbalanced to give essentially two sentences to the last 25 years of the man's life.  Also, a brief note on the References entry for the baseball-reference.com link (assuming we know his Princeton major is correct and the sponsor has it wrong) would be appropriate, since this is certainly a little confusing.  -- Rbellin|Talk 23:13, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A couple of reason for the brevity of his OSS work and post WWII life are that he was a baseball player for 19 years while a spy for only 4. What he did as a spy was not all that astounding because his mission, to find out the progress of the German bomb, was made moot when the allies discovered that there was no German bomb.  As for his life after WWII, there is really nothing to offer the reader of any substance.  The Catcher Was a Spy, however good it was (and I did enjoy it), spent too much time on how he would go from here to there, living off other people, doing nothing with his talents, trying to convince others he was still a spy.  Also, most spys will tell you that he wasn't a very good spy.  Spies are supposed to blend in and not be noticed, and above all, nobody should know they are a spy.  Berg would almost advertise it by hushing people or outright ignoring them when he passed somebody on the street that recoginzed him.  Just my 2 1/2 cents.  Gorrister 12:16, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have done a more extensive copy edit, rearraged and renamed some headings, and added some more information, particularly to his later life.  I would appreciate an update on what people think of the article with these changes and what additional work may need to be done. Indrian 21:16, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Nice job on the copy editing. I think the article has moved far enough away from when I edited that I now feel comfortable voting.  You took out a couple of things I might have left in, like the managers names of the Robins & Giants.  They were important because it was the personality of the managers that helped Berg decide which team to sign with.  Other than that, I think you did a real good job in straightening out my inability to write a coherent sentence. Gorrister 11:30, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I feel this article is adequate to meet the FA standard  at this point, though it's a borderline case and I'd understand if others objected to it.  It could still use a full pass through to improve the writing's fluency and style.  The coverage of Berg's post-baseball life still looks too slim to me.  But I find it just about good enough. -- Rbellin|Talk 19:03, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Good team effort on this now fine article.  Credit also should go to whoever chose to leave it on the list long enough for it to reach current state. (judges, n.b.: I also "voted" way up top, where I had made my original objection) Sfahey 18:21, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jim McClure (politician)

James Albertus McClure (December 27, 1924 – February 26, 2011) was an American lawyer and politician from the state of Idaho, most notably serving as a Republican in the U.S. Senate for three terms from 1973 to 1991. He also served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1967 to 1973.

Early life and education
McClure attended public schools in Payette and joined the U.S. Navy at age 18 during World War II, serving from 1942 to 1946. McClure graduated from the Navy Program at the University of Idaho–Southern Branch (now Idaho State University) in Pocatello in 1943. After his discharge from the Navy, he entered the College of Law at the University of Idaho and graduated in 1950.

Career
From 1950 to 1956, he served as prosecuting attorney for Payette County; he also served as city attorney for Payette from 1953 to 1966. During this span, he was also a member of the Idaho State Senate, serving from 1961 to 1966.

In the 1966 election, McClure ran for the U.S. House from Idaho's first congressional district. He won the race, defeating incumbent Compton I. White, Jr., and was re-elected in 1968 and 1970.

U.S. Senate
McClure ran for the open U.S. Senate seat (Class II) in 1972, vacated by the retirement of Len Jordan. In the general election he defeated the Democratic nominee, William E. "Bud" Davis, the president of Idaho State University. McClure was reelected by wide margins in 1978 and 1984. The seat was occupied by William Borah for over three decades (1907–1940), and has been continuously held by Republicans since 1949.

During his 18 years in the Senate, McClure served as the chairman of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources from 1981 to 1987. In this capacity McClure emerged as an early proponent of electric cars and energy independence. He also chaired the Senate Republican Conference from 1981 to 1985.

Retirement
At age 65, McClure declined to run for a fourth term in 1990. Republican congressman Larry Craig of Midvale easily won McClure's Senate seat in November 1990 and served three terms, succeeded by Jim Risch.

After leaving the Senate, McClure became a mining consultant and lobbyist in Washington, D.C., founding the firm of McClure, Gerard, & Neuenschwander. Up until his death, McClure maintained a residence in McCall.

In October 1995 the new home of the College of Mines and Earth Resources at the University of Idaho was dedicated as James A. McClure Hall. On December 12, 2001, the Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in Boise was renamed for McClure.

Personal life
In December 2008, the 83-year-old McClure suffered a stroke and was sent to the intensive care unit at Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center in Boise. Although initially he was expected to recover, McClure died at the age of 86 on February 26, 2011.

title: Jim McClure (politician)


text:
User talk:Dissolved girl

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 * 1) Rob Coombes -

title: User talk:Dissolved girl


text:
Talk:Artúr Görgei

Spelling?
Isn't it spelled "Görgey"? Alensha 23:52, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Absolutely! Moreover, his first name is written as "Artúr" today. Page moved, name replaced everywhere. --Adam78 13:10, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, he changed the spelling from Görgey to Görgei during the revolution (the former being too "aristocratic" for a revolutionary leader - the ending "y" usually indicates that the holder of the name is (was) a nobleman). The reason for using the form "Görgey" is that he did not oppose this when the first edition of his memoirs was published in 1911, under the name "Görgey Artúr". Vay 23:50, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Kosáry wrote that, Görgey had never applied for changing his name. Vince Muntag

Other aspects of his life should be added
He was not only a military leader, but a professor in chemistry, and he was the first, who succeeded isolating an industrially important organic acid. 84.2.192.236 (talk) 08:43, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Some other suggestions
G'day, I have done a bit more copy editing following a request on my talk page. I've probably done all I can at this stage, but I have a couple of suggestions:

 * there appears to be some inconsistency in naming (some "Görgey" but mainly "Görgei")
 * for the citations, the titles of works not in English should be translated (some have already been done, some have not)
 * the 20th century research mentioned in the lead, doesn't seem to be mention in the body?
 * not all of the information in the Notes section of the Summary appears referenced
 * there are a few "citation needed" tags that should be replaced with citations

Ultimately, I think that this article has good potential if someone wanted to take it to some of the higher levels of assessment (such as GAN). If you are considering this, I'd suggest putting it through peer review first. Anyway, thank you for your efforts and good luck. Regards, AustralianRupert (talk) 06:57, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

Dear AustralianRupert, the family name was Görgey, but Artúr (or Arthur) abandoned -y, which referred to his noble status in Hungarian language, and used -i instead, as was a faithful supporter of the "plebeian" 1848 Hungarian revolution. In Hungarian histrogiography, there were long debates about the proper use of his name. Other family members (including Gábor Görgey, who is still alive), wrote their names with -y. Anyway Artúr Görgei's case is not unique, Mór Jókai also abandoned -y in his name. --Norden1990 (talk) 20:40, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
 * G'day, to clarify, my concern is the way in which the lead uses both interchangeably without clarification or chronology. For instance, "In his youth Görgei" followed by "Görgey's relationship and conflicts". Regards, AustralianRupert (talk) 08:26, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

Copy edit reversion
KIENGIR, I saw that you reverted the changes I made to the introduction of this article. I undid the reversion for now, as the state it was in before was barely readable. If you have any specific objections to the changes I made, let's discuss them here. I would like to further improve the article at some point, and don't want there to be any issues.TGWZoldorf (talk) 15:31, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you,
 * I don't think we should ignore how renowned he is, he is not treated just as an ordinary general (all the three praises, even the newer positive evaluation of him you removed). You removed as well "victorius" frim one battle, and the expplanation what was the reason to appoint him as military dictator, etc.(KIENGIR (talk) 18:16, 29 December 2020 (UTC))
 * Not trying to ignore his renown, simply sticking to factual language. Things like 'greatest general' or 'greatest military genius' may or may not be true, but they certainly don't sound like they're sticking to an entirely neutral, factual tone. Something like 'considered the greatest military genius of the Hungarian Revolutionary Army by [historian]' with an appropriate citation would be fine. I didn't remove an explanation as to why he was appointed dictator, I rewrote it to state that he was appointed Minister of War in recognition of his successes. He was appointed dictator later, not due to his successes, but because of the state of the war and his current position as Minister of War. Overall, I didn't really remove anything except some exaggerated language. Every bit of factual information is still there, just rewritten in a more readable format. I think we should go back to the way I had it, and simply find appropriate sources for the positive comments. What do you think? TGWZoldorf (talk) 21:36, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I think you should find the solutions of the things I drawed the attention, attribute it, or just write like he is considered a very important/significant general, as well you may expand in details about the appointment to minister (even he had more posts), or when he got full power, the same could go to the details of the Spring campaign.(KIENGIR (talk) 17:59, 30 December 2020 (UTC))
 * I'm just copy editing, I don't know anything about him. If you want to add details about his posts, feel free. Details about the Spring Campaign should go further down in the article, in my opinion. The excessively positive descriptors of him are not neutral as they currently are, and I can't exactly rewrite them in a proper tone without any sources to cite. The version you insist on reverting to is not, in any way, better than the one I submitted. I feel we should get a third opinion on this, what do you think?TGWZoldorf (talk) 18:47, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I think by my advices you may find a middle solution. Go on with editing, it's not a big issue we could not solve together.(KIENGIR (talk) 00:57, 31 December 2020 (UTC))

title: Talk:Artúr Görgei


text:
Charlie Jade

Charlie Jade is a science fiction television series filmed mainly in Cape Town, South Africa. It stars Jeffrey Pierce in the title role, as a detective from a parallel universe who finds himself trapped in our universe. This is a Canadian and South African co-production filmed in conjunction with CHUM Television and the South African Industrial Development Corporation (IDC). The special effects were produced by the Montreal-based company Cinegroupe led by Michel Lemire.

The show started in 2004 and was aired on the Canadian Space Channel. It premiered on the Space Channel April 16, 2005 and aired in Eastern Europe, France, Italy, on SABC 3 in South Africa, on Fox Japan, and on AXN in Hong Kong. The show began airing in the United Kingdom in October 2007, on FX. The Sci Fi Channel in the United States premiered the show on June 6, 2008, but after 2 episodes on Friday prime-time, was moved to overnight Mon/Tue.

Summary of plot
The show uses the idea of parallel universes, or a multiverse. There are several universes that coexist — each somewhat different from the others. As of the first season, these are the universes that have been explored in the TV series:

 * The Alphaverse, a dystopian view of what our future could be like. It is the home universe of the main character Charlie Jade.  The Alphaverse's inhabitants are segregated into "classes" of different levels (e.g., C-1, or Class 1 — which stands for Upper Class).  It is dominated by five gigantic multinational firms.  Prime among these is a corporation called Vexcor.  Despite the Alphaverse's dystopian society, it does contain some futuristic technology that is within the level of our capability.
 * The Betaverse, which corresponds to our present day actual reality.
 * The Gammaverse, a rather idyllic version of our world, what it would be like if the planet's inhabitants made careful use of its resources.
 * An 'unknown' universe, inhabited with primitive people living in huts.
 * A universe that is home to 'men in grey suits'.

During the pilot episode, scientists from Vexcor attempt to open a wormhole from the Alphaverse to the Gammaverse in a bid to drain water from the latter to the former. In Gammaverse, terrorists Bern and Reena — aware of Vexcor's intent — prepare to sabotage the facility. Before the stable wormhole can be completed, a massive explosion at the site of the portal (a large open-air water reservoir) leads to a chain reaction explosion that moves through all three universes. This results in Charlie being thrown from Alphaverse into the Betaverse, into a different Cape Town that he is unfamiliar with. Reena is also thrown into the Betaverse.

The explosion renders the "link" between universes impassable, which leaves Vexcor employees in Beta and Gamma cut off from their head office in Alpha.

Vexcor attempts to rebuild the link, and re-establish contact. At the same time, they must deal with the P.R. fallout from the explosion, and must try to conceal the true purpose of the facility and what the company was up to. Suspicion initially falls on a Vexcor scientist named Elliot Krogg — but eventually, they discover Reena is in Cape Town, and target her as the terrorist behind the explosion.

Vexcor's attempts to cover their tracks are complicated by Charlie Jade's presence in Beta — and the fact that he soon hooks up with Karl Lubinsky, an expatriate American who runs a conspiracy website devoted to tracking all things Vexcor.

Together, Charlie and Karl gradually divine Vexcor's true intentions — and also uncover a terrible secret promoted by Vexcor's doomed scientist, Elliot Krogg. Krogg wrote a memo to Vexcor HQ detailing a possible catastrophic effect to establishing a long-term link from Alpha to Gamma. If the link is made permanent, it will collapse all matter in the Betaverse, destroying everyone and everything in 'our' world. Karl and Charlie are the only things that stand between our world and annihilation.

Meanwhile, with travel between the universes cut off, Vexcor Alpha must turn to a person who can travel between the universes without a link: 01 Boxer, the son of company founder Brion Boxer.

01 Boxer is made company courier by Essa Rompkin, CEO of Vexcor. He travels by an unknown method that involves dousing himself with water and "slipping" between universes. The method of travel is mysterious, but it results in changes to body chemistry. In later episodes, 01 Boxer's blood is used to transfuse and revitalize his father, who is sick from some genetic malady — perhaps as a result of too much travel between universes.

01 seems to manifest a different personality in each universe. In Alpha he acts like a spoiled child, in Beta he is a hedonistic adolescent, and in Gamma he is a loving husband and father to two children. 01's motivations are mysterious — he can seem like a villain, but he is definitely following his own agenda.

The series concludes season one’s arc, but does have a cliffhanger ending pertaining to Charlie's fate.

Season 2 Blueprint
In an interview with The Official Charlie Jade Commentary Podcast producer Robert Wertheimer mentioned that there was a blueprint for season 2 which would have seen a huge shakeup in the dynamics of the characters and how the three core universes of Alpha, Beta and Gamma would interact which each other. In July 2009 Summer Brooks uploaded a 15 page PDF of 'Charlie Jade Season Two Episodes 21 – 34 An Insider’s Guide To Alternative Realities' written by Wertheimer on July 16 2005 detailing the characters, plot points and the revelation that season 2 would also end on a dramatic note along with a scientific glossary of terms used.

Creators
Chris Roland and Robert Wertheimer are the creators of Charlie Jade; the original series bible was written by Robert J. Sawyer and the pilot script was written by Stephen Zoller and Robert Wertheimer. The official website has a few podcasts where the creators discuss the production of the show and the possible second season.

Background
Though viewers may recognize a similarity to Blade Runner and the episode "Double Cross" of the series Sliders, especially in the scenes set in the Alphaverse, Wertheimer has said in interviews that much of the ethos of the series is primarily influenced by Derrick Jensen's book The Culture of Make Believe.

Charlie Jade had two teams of writers. The pilot and first eight episodes were overseen by executive producer Guy Mullally, Stephen Zoller and David Cole. Mutual creative differences led to an amicable parting of the ways, paving the way for the second team, consisting of head writer Alex Epstein, and story editors Denis McGrath and Sean Carley.

In addition to its Canadian writing staff, the show also featured the work of several South African television writers, including Dennis Venter and Collin Oliphant.

The majority of the directors who worked on the show were from Quebec, including Pierre Gill and Érik Canuel. The pilot was directed by T.J. Scott. Other directors included George Mihalka, Jimmy Kaufman, Anton Beebe, and South Africans Neal Sundstrom, David Hickson and Daryl Roodt.

Each universe has a remarkably different look:
 * The color palette of the Alphaverse is dominated by green
 * Betaverse is very blue in tint
 * Gammaverse is dominated by reds and warm earth tones
 * The 'unknown universe' is mostly gray.
 * The universe in which the Men in Grey Suits inhabit has white and yellow hues. Additionally, the Men in Grey Suits have a subtle yellow aura to them.

Charlie Jade was considered one of the hot tickets at the MIP show when it was shown there in 2004. However, the series has yet to be picked up in some major territories, though the first three episodes did premier at Cascadia Con on September 2, 2006 in SeaTac, WA. In these areas, the show seems to enjoy a somewhat "underground" appeal, and the entire series has been widely distributed over Internet file sharing networks.

In June 2005, Canadian broadcaster CHUM took an unusual step. Admitting that the show required a great level of attention, CHUM commissioned a special catch-up episode, "Can of Worms". Despite the fact that principal photography had been wrapped nine months before, a small crew gathered in Montreal to film a wraparound story designed to bring new viewers up to speed. "Can of Worms" runs between episodes 16 and 17 of Charlie Jade. Including this episode, there are 21 episodes in Charlie Jade's first season.

Awards and nominations
On August 29, 2006, the show was nominated for 5 Canadian Gemini Awards — Patricia McKenzie and Michael Filipowich received Best Supporting Actress and Actor Nominations. The show was also nominated for Best Sound, Best Editing, and Best Visual Effects.

At the 2006 Gemini Awards in Toronto, Charlie Jade won the Gemini for Best Sound.

title: Charlie Jade


text:
Molly Parker

Molly Parker (born June 30, 1972) is a Canadian actress, writer, and director. She garnered critical attention for her portrayal of a necrophiliac medical student in the controversial drama Kissed (1996). She subsequently starred in the television thriller Intensity (1997) before landing her first major American film role in the drama Waking the Dead (2000). She gained further notice for her role as a Las Vegas escort in the drama The Center of the World (2001), for which she was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead.

In the early 2000s, Parker had lead roles in several films, including Max (2002), Pure (2002), and Nine Lives (2005). Beginning in 2004, she starred as Alma Garret on the HBO Western series Deadwood, appearing in all three seasons. She subsequently appeared in the post-apocalyptic thriller The Road (2009), and the independent drama Trigger (2010). In 2011, she appeared as a recurring guest star in the sixth season of Dexter, before being cast as politician Jacqueline Sharp on the Netflix series House of Cards in 2014. The role earned Parker a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.

Her subsequent film roles include the drama American Pastoral (2016) and two Netflix-produced features: the crime drama Small Crimes, and the Stephen King adaptation 1922 (both 2017). She also starred in Errol Morris's docudrama miniseries Wormwood. From 2018 to 2021, she starred as Maureen Robinson in Lost in Space, a Netflix-produced remake of the 1965 TV series.

1972–1990: early life
Parker was born 30 June 1972 in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada, a suburb of Vancouver, and spent her childhood on a farm in Pitt Meadows. She has one younger brother, Henry. Parker's parents, whom she has described as "hippies," operated a seafood store. Parker trained in ballet from ages 3 to 17, and spent three years performing with the Royal Winnipeg Ballet Company.

She began acting in local productions at age 14. Her uncle's agent represented her early in her career, when she had parts in various Canadian television roles before studying with Vancouver's Gastown Actors' Studio.

1991–2001: early work and breakthrough
In 1993, she had a supporting role in the Corey Haim-led teen comedy Just One of the Girls. She also appeared in the television thriller film The Substitute, in a supporting role. Parker portrayed Alice Ramsey in "The Wrath of Kali" (1995), a fourth-season episode of Highlander: The Series. She played the daughter of Margarethe Cammermeyer, a lesbian military officer, in the television film Serving in Silence (1995), opposite Glenn Close and Judy Davis. She also appeared in a minor role as a nurse in the Western Last of the Dogmen (1995), as well as the Lifetime holiday television film Ebbie (also 1995) playing the niece (and sister) of Susan Lucci's Scrooge character, in a modern retelling of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. She then won a Gemini Award nomination for her performance in the Canadian television film Paris or Somewhere. The following year, Parker had her breakthrough portraying a necrophiliac medical student in Lynne Stopkewich's controversial film Kissed (1996). The film saw Parker win the Genie Award for Best Actress that year. Also in 1996, Parker appeared in an episode of the Canadian horror series Poltergeist: The Legacy, as well as Bruce McDonald's independent film Hard Core Logo, in which she portrayed an aspiring actress. In 1997, Parker starred as Chyna Shepard, a kidnap victim, in the television horror-thriller film Intensity, an adaptation of the Dean Koontz novel.

Beginning in 1998, she was cast in the surrealist Canadian sitcom Twitch City, which aired for two seasons. She subsequently appeared as a pregnant woman in Michael Winterbottom's Wonderland (1999), and in the historical drama Sunshine (also 1999), playing a Hungarian Jew during World War II. She also co-starred with Charlotte Gainsbourg and Nastassja Kinski in the Canadian-British thriller film The Intruder, about a woman who murders her husband's lover.

Parker's first major American film was the drama Waking the Dead (2000), in which she co-starred with Billy Crudup and Jennifer Connelly, playing the socialite girlfriend of a political candidate. The same year, Parker reunited with Lynne Stopkewich for the drama Suspicious River (2000) in which she portrayed a rape victim. For her performance, Parker was nominated for a Leo-Award for Best Actress. She also starred in The War Bride (2001), which earned her a Genie Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. The same year, Parker appeared in the low-budget independent film The Center of the World, directed by Wayne Wang, in which she starred as a stripper who accompanies a man (played by Peter Sarsgaard) on a weekend in Las Vegas for $10,000. Parker gained critical notice for the film, earning an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Female Lead.

2002–2009: mainstream success
In 2002, Parker appeared opposite Keira Knightley in the drama film Pure, portraying a mother suffering from heroin addiction. The same year, she had a supporting role in the thriller Max, starring John Cusack and Noah Taylor, and also guest-starred in two episodes of the HBO series Six Feet Under, playing a rabbi. Also in 2002, Parker married her first husband, writer and director Matthew Bissonette, and was one of the executive producers of his debut feature film Looking for Leonard.

Parker starred opposite Christian Slater in the drama The Good Shepherd (2004). Derek Elley of Variety praised the performances, writing: "Slater and Parker make a sharp pair of leads, each handling their dialogue with crisp efficiency." The same year, she starred in the historical drama Iron Jawed Angels, opposite Hilary Swank and Frances O'Connor, which charts the lives of several suffragists, including Alice Paul and Lucy Burns.

Also in 2004, she was cast in the leading role of Alma Garret, a widow in 1870s South Dakota, on the HBO Western series Deadwood. Parker portrayed the role for the series' three seasons, which saw a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Best Ensemble in 2007. In October 2006, during the airing of Deadwood's final season, Parker gave birth to her first child, a son, William, in Los Angeles. During her tenure on Deadwood, Parker also worked in film, appearing in the drama Nine Lives (2005), an anthology film in which she starred opposite Holly Hunter, Stephen Dillane, and Jason Isaacs in a short about a feuding couple.

The following year, she appeared as a cultist in Neil LaBute's remake of The Wicker Man (2006). She also appeared in a supporting part in the period drama Hollywoodland, and the comedic drama Who Loves the Sun (also 2006), the latter of which was directed by Parker's then-husband, Matthew Bissonnette.

In 2008, Parker starred in the CBS show Swingtown, a 1970s-set relationship drama, which aired for one season. The following year, she guest-starred in one episode of Party Down, and subsequently appeared in a supporting role in the post-apocalyptic thriller The Road, playing a woman trying to survive after an apocalyptic event. In 2009, Parker separated from her husband, Bissonnette and later divorced.

2010–present: television and other projects
In 2010, Parker starred in the Canadian police procedural Shattered, which also aired for a single season, and had a lead role in the independent drama Trigger, opposite Tracy Wright, in her final film appearance before her death. The following year, she had a guest-starring role on several episodes of the sixth season of the Showtime series Dexter. Parker followed this with more television work, starring as Abby McDeere on the thriller series The Firm (2012), an adaptation of the John Grisham 1991 novel and its 1993 film adaptation. Parker also appeared as Pauline Pfeiffer, second wife of Ernest Hemingway, in the Philip Kaufman-directed HBO television film Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012), starring opposite Clive Owen (as Hemingway) and Nicole Kidman (as Martha Gellhorn).

In 2014, she appeared as Congresswoman Jacqueline Sharp in the second season of the Netflix series House of Cards. Parker continued in the role in seasons 3 and 4. For her performance in the fourth season, Parker was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. In early 2015, Parker appeared in a Toronto stage production of the Simon Stephens play Harper Regan. Parker was subsequently cast alongside Jamie Dornan, Sarah Gadon, and Aaron Paul in the supernatural thriller The 9th Life of Louis Drax (2016), directed by Alexandre Aja. Also in 2016, Parker co-starred in the Amazon Studios legal series Goliath, as well as Bruce McDonald's independent drama film Weirdos, for which she won the Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress. She also had a supporting role as a therapist in Ewan McGregor's American Pastoral, based on the 1997 Philip Roth novel of the same name. In October 2016, Parker divorced her husband, Bissonnete, after a protracted seven-year-separation.

In 2017, Parker appeared in three productions for Netflix: First, she starred opposite Nikolaj Coster-Waldau and Gary Cole in the crime film Small Crimes (2017), playing a nurse who becomes romantically involved with a former police officer. She also starred in the horror film 1922, a film adaptation of the Stephen King novella of the same name, playing the wife of a farmer in 1920s Nebraska; this was followed with a lead role in Errol Morris's miniseries Wormwood, based on the life of scientist Frank Olson. The same year, Parker made her debut as a director and writer with the short film Birds, which premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, where it competed for the festival's Short Cuts award.

Parker co-starred in Josephine Decker's 2018 feature film Madeline's Madeline. Beginning in 2018, Parker appeared as Maureen Robinson in Lost in Space, the Netflix remake of the 1965 TV series. Parker reprised her role of Alma Garret for the HBO television film Deadwood: The Movie, released in May 2019. In March 2021, it was announced that she would be playing Mrs. Darling in Disney+'s Peter Pan & Wendy.

title: Molly Parker


text:
Ipatinga Futebol Clube

Ipatinga Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club based in Ipatinga, state of Minas Gerais, founded on 21 May 1998. During the 2013 season, the club played in Betim, shortly after returned to Ipatinga in 2015.

On 22 May 2022, the club was acquired by businessman Marcos Ferraz, through his conglomerate Kraken Holding, Inc, who took over management immediately, transforming the club into SAF (anonymous football company) and registered its squad to participate. of the championship of the same year.

History
The club was founded on 21 May 1998 by entrepreneur Itair Machado, a former player for Atlético Mineiro and Cruzeiro, and at the time the sponsor of Social Futebol Clube, a club located in Coronel Fabriciano city (a neighbor city of Ipatinga), with the support of Gercy Mathias, who was the president of the amateur club Novo Cruzeiro Futebol Clube, located in Ipatinga's neighborhood of Novo Cruzeiro; Cosme Mattos, former sportsman; Doctor Rinaldo Campos Soares, president of Sistema Usiminas; Doctor Ronaldo Monteiro de Souza, president of Usisaúde, and Francisco Carlos Delfino (also known as "Chico Ferramenta"), then mayor of Ipatinga. Together, they professionalized Novo Cruzeiro Futebol Clube and renamed the club as Ipatinga Futebol Clube.

After establishing a team of professional players, the administrators entered the team to the state championship where the team came second in the second division in 1998. In the following year, the team competed in the first division, coming second in the Second Module of the division. As a result, in 2000 Ipatinga Futebol Clube played against the state's elite teams throughout the First Module of the first Division, ending the competition in fourth place.

Seven years after its foundation, the team won the 2005 state title, beating Cruzeiro and finished as runner-up of the competition the following year. In the 2006, Ipatinga competed in the Copa do Brasil, which is the second most important national competition in Brazil. To reach the semifinals, the team beat Botafogo and Santos, respectively the champions of that year's (2006)Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo state championships. However, Ipatinga was eliminated by Flamengo, of Rio de Janeiro, in the semifinals. Shortly after the competition was over, three players and the coach of Ipatinga transferred to Flamengo. In 2006, the club also finished third in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, thus being promoted to the following year's Brazilian Championship Second Level. After finishing runner up in the 2007's Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Ipatinga gained promotion to the elite of Brazilian football in 2008's Série A.

In 2008, Ipatinga was relegated twice in the same season, first from the State Championship, and then from the Série A. In the following years, the club had mixed results, with eventual good campaigns in some championships followed by relegations in others. In 2012, due to a severe financial crisis and losing the support of the Ipatinga population, the club decided to move to Betim, changing its name to Betim Esporte Clube.

New Club
After 40 million reais in debt and no support, due to the club's many controversies, president Nicanor Pires announced the end of activities and its bankruptcy, which generated great national commotion in the sports environment, but even with all this movement, the club was scheduled to close completely on April 22, 2022.

On the morning of April 22, Marcos Ferraz, through Kraken Holding, Inc. presented its proposal to acquire the club and transform it into SAF (sociedade anônima do futebol), a proposal that was quickly approved by the entire management and board of the club. At 6:00pm, Ipatinga Futebol Clube releases an official statement informing that the SAF agreement was made, that the first financial contributions had been made and that Ferraz would assume the management of the club from that moment on.

In its debut in the Campeonato Mineiro on April 27, just 5 days after its acquisition, Ipatinga Futebol Clube starts its campaign making an incredible 2x0 in the first half against the Tupi team.

Notable coaches

 * 🇧🇷 Ney Franco (2005–06)
 * 🇧🇷 Ney da Matta (2006, 2011)
 * 🇧🇷 Flávio Lopes (2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Gilson Kleina (2007, 2010)
 * 🇧🇷 Giba (2008)
 * 🇧🇷 Ricardo Drubscky (2008)
 * 🇧🇷 Márcio Bittencourt (2008)
 * 🇧🇷 Enderson Moreira (2008)
 * 🇧🇷 Marcelo Oliveira (2009)
 * 🇧🇷 Émerson Ávila (2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Léo Condé (2010)
 * 🇧🇷 Gerson Evaristo (2010–11)
 * 🇧🇷 Guilherme (2011)
 * 🇧🇷 Eugênio Souza (2012–2013)
 * 🇧🇷 Wallace Lemos (2013)
 * 🇧🇷 Moacir Júnior (2013)
 * 🇧🇷 Reinaldo (2014)
 * 🇧🇷 Ney da Matta (2014)
 * 🇧🇷 Pedro Henrique (2014)
 * 🇧🇷 Wasterdeily Lima (2015)
 * 🇧🇷 Conrado Ramos (2016)
 * 🇧🇷 Wantuil Rodrigues (2017)
 * 🇧🇷 Eugênio Souza (2017–)

National

 * '''Campeonato Brasileiro Série B:
 * Runner-up (1): 2007

State

 * Campeonato Mineiro: 1
 * 2005
 * Runners-up (2): 2006, 2010

 * Taça Minas Gerais: 2
 * 2004, 2011

 * Campeonato Mineiro Módulo II: 1
 * 2009

 * Campeonato Mineiro Segunda Divisão: 1
 * 2017

Women's

 * Campeonato Mineiro de Futebol Feminino: 1
 * 2015

Stadium
For 14 years, the club played in the Municipal Stadium Epaminondas Mendes Brito (later named João Lamego Netto), usually known as Ipatingão or Lamegão, built in 1982, with a maximum capacity of 15,000 people. Nowadays the club awaits the construction of a football stadium in Betim, and will probably play in other cities, such as Sete Lagoas, in the first semester of 2013.

Colors and symbols
The club colors are the same colors as the city of Ipatinga's. The mascot is a tiger, and was chosen in a popular contest. The tiger had 7948 votes, in second the eagle had 2529 votes, in third the cat had 846 votes, in fourth the parakeet had 713 votes, and in fifth the parrot had 202 votes.

title: Ipatinga Futebol Clube