text:
Fight Club (video game)

Fight Club is a fighting video game based on the 1999 film of the same name, which was based on the 1996 novel by Chuck Palahniuk. It was developed by Genuine Games and published by Vivendi Universal Games, and was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox systems on November 16, 2004 in North America and on December 10, 2004 in PAL regions.

Gameplay
Fight Club contains gameplay and visual elements found in several notable sixth-generation 3D fighting games, such as multi height-zone targeting combos consisting of heavily reused strikes found in Tekken 4; the localized damaged system in which limbs can be permanently damaged found in Tao Feng: Fist of the Lotus; the wall throws, height-zone specific counters, and stage transitions found in Dead or Alive 3; the environmental usage found in Mortal Kombat: Deception; and the overall realism (Such as a lack of juggling), heavy, high-recovery move kinaesthetics, and gritty, grimy, urban aesthetic found in titles such as Def Jam: Fight for NY. In a side-view, players control one of two characters who perform various fighting moves until one is beaten. Fight Club structures the formula around the premise of the movie, where two men meet secretly to fight each other into submission. Players fight as one of the 12 original characters from the novel and movie, including Tyler Durden and Robert (Bob) Paulson.

Fight Club sports the gritty feel of the movie with injuries inflicted on players and blood splattering everywhere, including onto the screen. The game also introduces many new features into the fighting game genre. In Hardcore mode, injuries are carried over from one fight to another, which could lead to the player being so injured that he is forced to retire (although this mode only applies to custom-made characters). The game also goes into mini-cutscenes showing X-rays of the character to display bones being broken. Fighting moves are intended to be brutally violent, such as one where the opponent's arm is visibly broken at the elbow. Levels are designed around scenes from the movie, such as Lou's bar and Paper Street.

In Story mode, an original character-named only protagonist decides to join Fight Club after breaking up with his girlfriend. By winning fights, the character moves up through the ranks of Fight Club, getting closer to Project Mayhem and becoming Tyler Durden's right-hand man. The story diverges from the movie and novel in several ways to accommodate the new character. Completing Story mode also unlocks Fred Durst, lead singer of Limp Bizkit, as a playable character, as per the singer's own stated demands that he becomes a playable character in any video game licensing music from his band.

Reception
Upon release, Fight Club was met with negative reception. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 40.11% and 37 out of 100 for the Xbox version, and 36.84% and 36 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version.

The game has mostly been dismissed by fans of both the novel and movie as an attempt to milk the success of the story for commercial gain, and was universally panned by critics on its own merits. Critics say the game copies too much from other fighting games without bringing much new to the genre, and has repetitive fighting moves and poor animation. GameSpot gave the Mobile version a score of 4.4 out of ten and stated that the experience "lacks in so many ways that it's hard for it to even hold a candle to its namesake. The game is short, very easy, and the attack system is needlessly diverse. Regardless of your interest in the subject matter, Fight Club is most definitely not your kind of game." IGN gave the same version a score of 6.3 out of 10 and said that it "may only cost about four bucks to play, but I can tell you there are too many better ways to spend four bucks now." However, the same site gave its 3D version a score of 4.1 out of 10 and stated that it "just isn't a very good game. The fighting mechanics are just too shallow, and we've now seen with Brady Bunch Kung Fu and Medieval Combat, that fun brawling is indeed possible on a cellphone. Couple the dull game play with some bugs, and I cannot reasonably recommend Fight Club to anybody, no matter how much of a Space Monkey they are."

The game failed to achieve commercial success. Nevertheless, Abraham Lincoln is ranked fourth in Electronic Gaming Monthly's list of the top ten video game politicians for his appearance in Fight Club for the PlayStation 2. Game Informer placed Fight Club at number ten in a 2011 list of "Top Ten Fighting Games We'd Like to Forget".

title: Fight Club (video game)


text:
Puertecitos

The town of Puertecitos is located 90 kilometers south of San Felipe, in the Mexican state of Baja California. Puertecitos is a tourist spot for both vacationers and expatriates from the United States. The Puertecitos bay, which was permanently settled in 1949 by Rafael Orozco, overlooks the Gulf of California. There are a couple of hundred homes and mobile homes in Puertecitos, mostly lying on a low hill which overlooks the Gulf of California on the east side, and the inner bay of Puertecitos on the west side.

Puertecitos receives an average of two inches of rain a year, and has the same climate as San Felipe.

Puertecitos is known primarily for its hot springs on the rocky coastline and being a tourist destination. There is a fee to use the natural hot springs. There are no hotel accommodations and gas is not always available at the Puertecitos Pemex station. It is advisable to fill up with gas in San Felipe prior to driving to Puertecitos. There are many different places to camp. Bahia Cristina's, which is located 6.4 km south has a restaurant. Bahia Encantada has no restaurant but it does have running water and a nice bay with calm water.

The best time to visit Puertecitos is in the spring or in autumn.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Puertecitos


text:
Talk:FN F2000

Legal status
It is stated that the FS2000 is civilian-legal, I assume this means the United States. Whether it does or does not, I think this should be clarified for a non-US audience. Hydraton31 22:57, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It presumably means that FN will sell the weapon to any civilian where it is legal for them to own such a weapon, which doesn't just include the United States.--195.188.221.191 (talk) 10:18, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

FS2000 now available
Just FYI, the FS2000 is now available. It looks like there is a lot more initial supply than the PS90, but the prices are ranging from $1900 to $2700. Feel free to start up a new FS2000 page, provide detailed info, and take plenty of pics. One owner has already taken photographs of his FS2000 on AR15.com

(Metroplex 11:24, 7 June 2006 (UTC))

 * Much like the PS90, I don't think neither weapons require their own articles. The differences between the military/law enforcement variants and their civilian counterparts are not sufficient, in my opinion, to start a new article. Take a look at the M16 rifle or M249 SAW articles for instance — they cover numerous variants within one single article. Variants which are more deserving of their own articles than the PS90 or FS2000, which are essentially the P90 and the F2000 with longer barrels, and restricted to semi-automatic fire only. Just my opinion on this. —Squalla 15:29, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

I disagree. There is no civilian counterpart of the M249 SAW, and the M16 is a select-fire variant of the AR-15. The AR-15 has its own page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AR15, while the M-16 has its own page as well: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_rifle. The PS90 differs from the P90 in a variety of ways such as the barrel length, hammer group, selector, frame, etc... and will have a different user base (P90 isn't legal for civilian ownership, I'm not sure on the semi-auto P90 though). Keeping everything on one page might be convenient for an editor, but an extra page contributes more information regarding the PS90. Unfortunately, the people buying FS2000s aren't too tech savvy and aren't taking as many photographs to post up. There are people buying 2-3 FS2000s at a time, so it is definitely selling faster than the PS90, most likely due to the .223 Remington / 5.56 x 45 mm caliber (common) and usage of AR-15 magazines (common and cheap).

In addition, whenever I added the info page for the PS90 on the P90 page, someone kept deleting it, even though its dimensions (weight and size) are very different from the P90. The PS90 deserves its own page, as does the FS2000 (whenever someone has enough photos and information on it to develop it).

(Metroplex 15:22, 14 June 2006 (UTC))

 * I understand the technical differences between the original weapons and their counterparts, but I don't see how they require a new page. It's not about whether the weapon has a civilian version or not, it's about whether the information about the variant can be contained whitin the main article or not. And, in these cases, I do think they fit perfectly whithin the main article. Unlike the M16 and AR-15, for instance, which are very different in that they have a whole different history (more importantly, whithin a military context) and their own sub-variants, while still being related, the PS90 and FS2000 are just what they are: civilian counterparts of their original system — longer barrel, fire mode restriction, etc. etc; reason: to comply with civilian gun laws, period. The description of these technical differents can fit perfectly whithin a section of an article (like the PS90 section used to) rather than its own article. The only reason I see for keeping the PS90 in its own article right now is the fact that more than half of the page's size comprises of photographs (which are great, but are currently taking up so much of the page that the article looks more like a photo gallery than an actual encyclopedia article). —Squalla 16:02, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Encyclopedia articles...
Should contain as much information on the subject as possible. In this day and age, photographs and text are great mediums of information. This isn't the reign of Encyclopedia Britannica where we pay a few thousand dollars for 1 photograph and a bunch of outdated text. I hope that the photographs explain more about the weapon system and I try to keep the PS90 article as updated as possible with new information as it comes to light. Had I kept the PS90 info on the P90 page, someone would complain that the P90 page contains more info on the PS90 than the P90... There is a separate article for the AR-15 and a separate article for the M-16. Both are very similar weapon systems and I don't see why the PS90 cannot legitimately have its own Wikipedia page.

I wish Wikipedia would allow "how-to" sections, because there really is no other documented source of information on adjusting the MC-10-80 or how to use the EGLM sighting system on the F2000.

(Metroplex 22:56, 29 June 2006 (UTC))

Using the Fire Control Computer
The electronic fire control system calculates a grenade's trajectory and indicates the launcher's correct elevation for any given target. It is more accurate and faster to use than traditional grenade launcher sights.

To use the system, follow these simple steps: * Locate the target. * Input the range to the target: 1. Look through the optical sights and align them with the target. 2. Paint the target with the laser rangefinder. Do this by pressing the red button on the pistol grip, directly below the rifle trigger. 3. The target's range will be displayed inside the optical sights. * Rotate the weapon to its proper elevation: 1. The optical sights are equipped with two red LEDs. These will flash to indicate correct elevation. 2. The bottom LED will start flashing when the weapon is aimed too low. 3. The top LED will flash when the weapon is aimed too high. 4. Both LEDs will stop flashing and turn yellow when the weapon's elevation is correct. * Fire.

I did not write this up, but I felt it was important/unique enough to retain at least in the discussion section since it technically is a How-To article and violates Wikipedia's policies.

(Metroplex 11:23, 5 July 2006 (UTC))

Norwegian soldier
Does anyone know what that helmet is all about?

He is part of a helicopter crew I believe, possbily a smaller close support transport as he is wearing body armour - Anon —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.48.58.148 (talk) 00:23, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Wait - Norwegian? was a picture removed, I thought about the Slovanian soldiers when you mentioned the helmet. What Norwegian exactly? -Anon

Splinter Cell Usage
Although I won't do this, I advise that it be noted somewhere in this article that the FN F2000 makes an appearance in all the Splinter Cell games in the form of the SC-20K rifle that Sam carries.
 * People have been editing in references to Splinter Cell on a regular basis, and every time it's been reverted. It's against policy, sorry (see WP:MILHIST). - Tronno ( t | c ) 19:02, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * All right, thanks for clearing that up for me. I'm still relatively new to the editing rules of Wikipedia. ShadowFox3735 05:24, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * According to that link, it'd only be not allowable if it was the standard firearm in most games, and thus non-notable due to proliferation. The only two video games I know of that it appears in are S.T.A.L.K.E.R. and the Splinter Cell games. 203.59.142.189 10:56, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * But why is it called as FT 200M in S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Shadow of chernobyl? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clach92 (talk • contribs) 08:19, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * in BF2 too. 22:18, 8 November 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Canislupusarctos (talk • contribs)

Who cares? Koalorka (talk) 02:42, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * People who aren't you. 124.169.161.189 (talk) 09:52, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Why is it relevant what game it appears in? The developers can put any gun they damn well want in. The same goes for movies. They are just props. Who cares. The lists become out of control, and that is why we worked these problems out a year or two ago. A prop is just not notable for inclusion. Should we include every movie that a particular television set has been in? No. Hayden120 (talk) 13:47, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Agreed, this is what the IMFDB (internet movie/media firearms database) wiki is for, not wikipedia. - Anon —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.48.58.148 (talk) 00:36, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Ejection port
Can someone get a pic or video of it ejecting brass? At the very least, a pic of where the ejection port is would be good. Identity0 19:58, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Here is what I know, the F2000's ejection port is on the right side of the weapon.Clach92 (talk) 07:59, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

http://www.fireforeffect.biz/WEB14.jpg Sorry, not proficiant enough to put pictures in a wiki but I found a great one to use. - Anon —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.48.58.148 (talk) 00:33, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Shotgun
The article mentions that the F2000's forward handguard can be replaced by, among other things, a 12-gauge shotgun. Is there a specific model of shotgun that it's designeded to mount, and are any pictures available of it with a shotgun mounted? 71.203.209.0 06:42, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I wondered the same thing a while ago, I tried searching the web, but it seemed a bit useless and most of the information was unverified. It would seem that the f2000 can accept any underbarrel shotgun, like Remington Masterkey and xm-26. I havent actuallu seen any f2000 with these or any other shotgun attachments, so dont take this as a fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.115.213.172 (talk) 15:16, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

2 hours of searching the internet yeilded no evidence of a shotgun compatable with the F2000 rifle, unless someone can provide evidence that this is possible I think it should be removed as speculation. - Anon —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.48.58.148 (talk) 00:28, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Gas-operated, long or short-stroke
I was looking at my copy of Assault Rifle by Max Popeneker yesterday, and I noticed that it said the F2000 is gas-operated with a long-stroke piston, while this article says short-stroke. I've tried FN's websites, but one of them isn't working on my computer. Could someone find some sources stating which it really is?--LWF (talk) 02:40, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Must have been a type-o. Mr. Popeneker even describes it as a short-stroke piston on his own website: http://world.guns.ru/assault/as41-e.htm. Most other documentation I've encountered refers to it as a short-stroke system. Koalorka (talk) 23:24, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Drop free magazines and bolt hold-open
"The FS2000 is not configured from the factory to have a drop-free magazine system due to the friction from the removable dust gaskets. The magazine needs to be pulled out manually. It should also be noted that the rifle does not have a hold-open device; the bolt does not stay back after the last round is fired."

This would apply to all F2000 variants correct? Then perhaps it should be merged into the design details section. Hayden120 (talk) 01:34, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It appears so. I was just proof-reading the article yet again and I'll include it into the design section. Koalorka (talk) 01:47, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Nice work by the way, sorry if that comment came across bluntly. Hayden120 (talk) 01:53, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

FN-2000 at Libyan service
They are videos at youtube about the 40th anniversary of Libyan Revolution that shown the libyan special forces soldiers parading keeping at their hands FN-2000 rifles.

John, Athens, 16/9/2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.75.59.155 (talk) 14:14, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

 * YouTube videos or photos unfortunately are not considered a valid reference source. Do you have any local literature that documents this? Koalorka (talk) 15:31, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Found and cited several online sources. Koalorka (talk) 16:59, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Image
I saw an IP added an image with a black background and then a user reverted to a different image. I reverted back to the black background image because I feel the quality of the image makes the features more distinguishable than the image with the lighter background. I would suggest seeking an image with a light background with higher quality though. That's in my opinion though.--TParis00ap (talk) 20:53, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Regardless of quality, the new picture is a black gun on a black background. The gun's features are much harder to see now. ROG5728 (talk) 22:40, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I disagree - I find the curves and distinction of the gun much more clearly with the new image. Like I said, the quality makes it easier for me to see.  The definition of the gun in the lighter background image is fuzzier.  Perhaps photoshoping a different background on the new image would be a compromise?  I could give it a shot.--TParis00ap (talk) 22:45, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I tried. The colors are so similar in some places that a computer could not even differentiate between the gun and the background, let alone my eyes. The image is simply not appropriate for the infobox; where readers want an easily identifiable image showing at least the basic outline of the firearm, and not have to zoom in on the image and still have difficulty seeing it. Per WP:IMAGE: "Poor quality images (too dark, blurry, etc.) or where the subject in the image is too small, hidden in clutter, ambiguous or otherwise not obvious, should not be used". The previous image may be slightly fuzzy when zoomed in, but is more than adequate for the profile image of an encyclopedia article.

 * With this in mind, I am going to revert back to the previous image; which had been in the infobox for over two years. Please do not re-add the disputed image until you have a consensus to do so. —  Dan MP5  15:38, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Although my opinion still stands about the original image.  It is fuzzy and poor quality, and I do not have to be zoomed in to see that.  Thanks for trying on the other image though.--TParis00ap (talk) 15:58, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * No problem. —  Dan MP5  20:38, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * What about this image from Flickr?--TParis00ap (talk) 16:01, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Maybe for the body of the article if it has an appropriate license (could you give a link to the description page?), but definitely not for the infobox.—  Dan MP5  20:38, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I was under the assumption that Flickr images were free to use. I take it from your reply above that my assumption was wrong.--TParis00ap (talk) 23:43, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Some of the images can be uploaded to Wikipedia, but most are copyrighted. If you could find that image again and link to the description page rather than directly to the file, I could tell if it was or not. However, the image still wouldn't be appropriate for the infobox, where we need a high quality image that clearly represents the standard F2000 in an assembled state; very similar to the current one but of higher quality. —  Dan MP5  04:28, 6 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I googled the image and it came off another website that was linked to Flickr. I dont know where the description page is.--TParis00ap (talk) 05:01, 6 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Isn't there a better image that can be used in the lead? 173.34.97.54 (talk) 13:46, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

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out of production?
it's the F2000 out of production?, this is not good Kalininos (talk) 02:09, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:FN F2000


text:
Shrine of the Báb

The Shrine of the Báb is a structure on the slopes of Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel, where the remains of the Báb, founder of the Bábí Faith and forerunner of Baháʼu'lláh in the Baháʼí Faith, are buried; it is considered to be the second holiest place on Earth for Baháʼís, after the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh in Acre. Its precise location on Mount Carmel was designated by Baháʼu'lláh himself to his eldest son, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, in 1891. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá planned the structure, which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson, Shoghi Effendi.

Crowning the design, as anticipated by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, is a dome, which is set on an 18-windowed drum. That, in turn, is mounted on an octagon, a feature suggested by Shoghi Effendi. An arcade surrounds the stone edifice. A restoration project of the exterior and interior of the shrine started in 2008 and was completed in April 2011.

First mausoleum
Bahá'u'lláh arrived in the Haifa-Akka region as a prisoner of the Ottoman Empire in the same year as the first German Templer colony in Palestine was founded in Haifa. Years later, after his release from strict confinement, he visited the Templer Colony on Mount Carmel several times and wrote a letter to Georg David Hardegg, the co-founder of the Templer movement. He subsequently asked his son, ‘Abdu’l-Baha, to build, on the alignment of the Templer Colony road (Carmel Avenue) with the shrine to the forerunner of the religion, known as "the Báb", halfway up the mountain. The conjunction of the Templer buildings and the Shrine have become the most significant landmark in the modern city of Haifa.

The remains of the Báb were buried on March 21, 1909 in a six-room mausoleum made of local stone. In a separate room, the remains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá were buried in November 1921. In 1929 three rooms were added to the mausoleum.

Final shrine
In 1949 the first threshold stone of the superstructure was laid by Shoghi Effendi. The construction was completed over the mausoleum in 1953 and was entirely paid for by Baháʼís around the world.

The architect was William Sutherland Maxwell, a Canadian Baháʼí who was a Beaux-Arts architect and the father-in-law of Shoghi Effendi. Shoghi Effendi provided overall guidance, including in the use of Western and Eastern styles, but left the artistic details to Maxwell. Maxwell's design of the Baveno rose granite colonnade, Oriental-style Chiampo stone arches, and golden dome is meant to harmonize Eastern and Western proportions and style. Maxwell died in 1952, and Shoghi Effendi named the southern door of the Shrine after him. Some remaining aspects of the dome's structural engineering were designed by Professor H. Neumann of Haifa's Technion University.

In 1952, Leroy Ioas, an American Baháʼí who had been closely associated with the construction of the Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois helped Shoghi Effendi in the construction process. Ioas employed his administrative skills and practical mind to supervise the building of the drum and dome, a task done without the availability of sophisticated machinery. Shoghi Effendi named the door on the octagon after him.

Because of the scarcity of building materials in the area after World War II, most of the stones for the Shrine of the Báb were carved in Italy with the assistance of Ugo Giachery and then shipped to Haifa. One of the doors of the Shrine was named after Giachery. The superstructure was said to be at the time the largest prefabricated building to move from Europe to any point in the world.

Dome
The dome is composed of 12,000 fish-scale tiles - in the original version of the 1950s, a Dutch company created a special technology, baking the clay tiles three times, twice with different glazes, and lastly with a 15% gold solution.

After over 50 years of exposure the old tiles were badly broken and damaged, and the new tiles, first uncovered in 2011, are of more than 120 different shapes and sizes, and were made in Portugal by employing an innovative process involving porcelain being repeatedly fire-glazed, covered in gold solution, and sealed with an extremely durable coating.

Octagon and drum
The main body of the building, centered around the tomb of the Báb, is octagonal.

The cylindrical drum set between the octagon and the dome rises 11 meters and rests on a circular steel-reinforced-concrete ring on the top of the octagon.

Decorations
The Shrine is decorated with emerald green and scarlet mosaics on the balustrade above, a fire-gilded bronze symbol of the Greatest Name of the Baháʼí Faith at the four corners, and a multitude of intricate decorations and motifs.

Interior
The Shrine is a place for quiet prayer and meditation where no ceremonies or religious services are held. A special prayer used by Baháʼís when visiting the Shrine, known as the Tablet of Visitation, is hung on the wall in both the original Arabic and an English translation.

Titles
Shoghi Effendi, in a message dated 19 August 1953, has described the Shrine in the following poetic way: "...Queen of Carmel enthroned on God's Mountain, crowned in glowing gold, robed in shimmering white, girdled in emerald green, enchanting every eye from air, sea, plain and hill." He has also called the Shrine the Kúh-i-Núr (Mountain of Light), facing and overshadowed by the Daryá-yi-Núr (Ocean of Light, the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh).

UNESCO World Heritage Site
On July 8, 2008, the Shrine of the Báb, along with several other Baháʼí holy sites in Haifa and the nearby city of Acre (Akko), were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Baháʼí shrines "are the first sites connected with a relatively new religious tradition to be recognized by the World Heritage List." The UNESCO World Heritage Committee considers the sites to be "of outstanding universal value [and]...inscribed for the testimony they provide to the Baháʼí's strong tradition of pilgrimage and for their profound meaning for the faith."

"We welcome the UNESCO recognition, which highlights the importance of the holy places of a religion that in 150 years has gone from a small group found only in the Middle East to a worldwide community with followers in virtually every country," said Albert Lincoln, secretary-general of the Baha'i International Community.

Terraced gardens

Surrounded by terraced gardens, the Shrine is one of the most recognizable landmarks in Haifa and has attracted millions of visitors. The Shrine is enhanced by 19 garden terraces that stretch one kilometre from the base of Mount Carmel to its summit, and both the terraces and the Shrine are illuminated at night. The Baháʼís consider the Shrine of the Báb and the surrounding gardens to be a "gift to humanity."

title: Shrine of the Báb


text:
1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French: ) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies on 3 July 1905. Enacted during the Third Republic, it established state secularism in France. France was then governed by the Bloc des gauches (Left Coalition) led by Émile Combes. The law was based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the freedom of religious exercise, and public powers related to the church. This law is seen as the backbone of the French principle of laïcité (secularism). It is however not applicable in Alsace and Moselle, which were part of Germany when it was enacted.

History
Prior to the French Revolution of 1789 — since the days of the conversion of Clovis I to Christianity in 508 AD — Catholicism had been the state religion of France, and closely identified with the Ancien Régime. However, the revolution led to various policy changes, including a brief separation of church and state in 1795, ended by Napoleon's re-establishment of the Catholic Church as the state religion with the Concordat of 1801. An important document in the evolution toward religious liberty was Article Ten of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, stating that "No one may be disturbed on account of his opinions, even religious ones, as long as the manifestation of such opinions does not interfere with the established Law and Order." The 1871 Paris Commune had proclaimed state secularism on 3 April 1871, but it had been cancelled following the Commune's defeat.

After the 16 May 1877 crisis and the victory of the Republicans at the following elections, various draft laws requesting the suppression of the Concordat of 1801 were deposed, starting with the 31 July 1879 proposition of Charles Boysset. Beginning in 1879, the French state began a gradual national secularization program starting with the removal of priests from the administrative committees of hospitals and boards of charity, and in 1880 with the substitution of lay women for nuns in hospitals. Thereafter, the Third Republic established secular education with the Jules Ferry laws in 1881–1882, which were a significant part of the firm establishment of the Republican regime in France, with religious instruction in all schools forbidden.

In 1886, another law ensured secularisation of the teaching staff of the National Education.

Other moves towards secularism included:
 * the introduction of divorce and a requirement that civil marriages be performed in a civil ceremony
 * legalizing work on Sundays
 * making seminarians subject to conscription
 * secularising schools and hospitals
 * abolishing the law ordaining public prayers at the beginning of each parliamentary session and of the assizes
 * ordering soldiers not to frequent Catholic clubs
 * removing the religious character from the judicial oath and religious symbols from courtrooms
 * forbidding the participation of the armed forces in religious processions

The 1901 Law of Associations, which guaranteed freedom of association, also enabled the control of religious communities and, notably, limited their influence on education. In 1903, while former Catholic seminarian Émile Combes was minister, a commission was selected to draft a bill that would establish a comprehensive separation between the state and the churches. Its president was the former Protestant pastor Ferdinand Buisson, and its minute writer, Aristide Briand.

On 30 July 1904, the Chamber of Deputies voted to sever diplomatic relations with the Holy See following the sanctioning by the Holy See, of two French bishops (Albert-Léon-Marie Le Nordez and Pierre Joseph Geay) who had declared themselves Republicans and in favour of conciliation with the Republic. The relationship was not reestablished until 1921, after the Senate accepted a proposition brought by Aristide Briand.

Title I: Principles

 * Article 1 described the purpose of the act as to ensure "freedom of conscience" and to guarantee "the free exercise of religion under the provisos enacted hereafter in the interest of public order."
 * Article 2 stated "The Republic does not recognize, pay, or subsidize any religious sect. Accordingly, from 1 January following the enactment of this law, there will be removed from state budgets, departments and municipalities, all expenses related to the exercise of religion." Exceptions are ennumerated regarding "schools, colleges, hospitals, asylums and prisons" so as "to ensure the free exercise of religion in public institutions".

Title II: Allocation of property, pensions

 * Article 3 required that an inventory be made of all houses of worship previously supported by the government.
 * Article 4 established a one-year period during which all "movable and immovable property of manses, factories, priests' councils, presbyteries and other public institutions of worship" was to comply with the rules for establishing legal associations under Article 19.
 * Article 5 turned over to the government all property found during the inventory "not subject to a pious foundation created after the law of 18 Germinal Year X".
 * Article 6 required that all loans made to religious organizations previously supported by the state must still be repaid.
 * Article 7 gave authority to assess properties of the religious organizations to the prefect governing the department in which the property was located.
 * Article 8 spelt out the consequences for non-compliance with the above articles.
 * Article 9 (modified in 2015) detailed the methods of distribution of properties not claimed by the religious institutions to charitable organizations and local municipalities.
 * Article 10 (modified in 2015) made provision regarding the taxation of mortgages and transfers of property.
 * Article 11 (repealed in 2011) established pensions for certain clerics and employees of religious institutions.

Title III: Buildings of worship

 * Article 12 (amended in 1998) declared all buildings which the state had made available to religious organizations the property of the state, pursuant to the following articles.
 * Article 13 (modified in 2015) specified that the "buildings used for public worship, and movable objects furnishing them will be left free of charge to public institutions of worship", detailed the methods by which disputed ownership might be determined, and described procedures for reclamation of properties and fixtures abandoned by religious organizations.
 * Article 14 provided the same as Article 13 for "Archdioceses, bishoprics, parsonages and their dependencies, major seminaries and faculties of Protestant theology".
 * Article 15 specified that, "in the departments of the Savoy, the Haute Savoie and Alpes-Maritimes", buildings used "for the exercise of worship or for the accommodation of their ministers" might be "allocated by villages on the territory from which they are" pursuant to Article 12, while "cemeteries remain the property of the villages".
 * Article 16 created a special category for "buildings for public religious worship (cathedrals, churches, chapels, temples, synagogues, archbishops, bishops, presbyters, seminaries), in which will be included all of these buildings representative in whole or in part, artistic or historical value."
 * Article 17 required that any buildings covered by the articles be offered to: "1 religious associations; 2 communes; 3 departments; 4 museums and art and archaeology societies; 5 to the state," in that order.

Title IV: Associations for the exercise of religion

 * Article 18 declared religious associations formed consistent "with Articles 5 and following of Title I of the Act of July 1, 1901" "further subject to the requirements of this law."
 * Article 19 (modified in 2009 and in 2011) detailed the types and size of organizations to which this law applied.
 * Article 20 allowed associations compliant with "Article 7 of Decree of 16 August 1901" to form unions.
 * Article 21 (modified in 2015) required inventory reporting and auditing of associations and unions.
 * Article 22 (modified in 2015) restricted reserve funds to the "costs and maintenance of worship".
 * Article 23 (modified in 2015) stated the consequences of failure to comply.
 * Article 24 exempted buildings used for religious purposes from certain property taxes.

Title V: Regulation of religious associations

 * Article 25 declared all worship services open to the people.
 * Article 26 banned "political meetings on the premises normally used for the exercise of worship".
 * Article 27 (amended in 1996) regulated bell ringing.
 * Article 28 banned religious symbols "on public monuments or in any public place whatsoever, except for buildings used for worship, burial grounds in cemeteries, monuments and museums or exhibitions."
 * Article 29 held both ministers and congregants responsible for obeying these regulations.
 * Article 30 (repealed in 2000) forbade religious instruction in state schools for students between six and thirteen years of age.
 * Article 31 set out criminal penalties for any person "who, by assault, violence or threats against an individual or by making him afraid of losing his job or expose to damage his person, his family or his wealth" prevents another person from practising or contributing to a religious organization. The same holds for any person forcing another to participate in or contribute to any religious organization.
 * Article 32 specified punishment for "those who have prevented, delayed or interrupted the exercises of worship".
 * Article 33 stated that Articles 31 and 32 only apply to situations that do not qualify for "more severe penalties under the provisions of the Penal Code."
 * Article 34 made religious ministers liable for defamatory and libellous statements made in places of worship. (This article was amended in 2000.)
 * Article 35 provided for criminal penalties for seditious statements made by religious ministers in places of worship.
 * Article 36 held liable for any damages the association involved in any conviction under Articles 25, 26, 34, and 35 civilly.

Title VI: General Provisions

 * Article 37 related to the applicability of "Section 463 of the Penal Code and the Act of March 26, 1891" to this Act.
 * Article 38 "Religious congregations remain subject to the laws of 1 July 1901, December 4, 1902, and July 7, 1904."
 * Article 39 made benefits of certain seminary students granted by "section 23 of the Act of 15 July 1889" contingent upon their receiving ministerial employment.
 * Article 40 disqualified religious ministers from election to municipal offices for eight years following ratification of the Act.
 * Article 41 distributed money previously budgeted for supporting churches to municipalities. (Repealed)
 * Article 42 retained legal holidays. (Repealed)
 * Article 43 (amended in 2007) set a deadline of three months by which measures for implementation will be determined.
 * Article 44 specified previous laws that were to remain in force along with the Act.

Effects
The 1905 law put an end to the government funding of religious groups by France and its political subdivisions (The state had previously agreed to such funding in the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 as compensation for the Revolution's confiscation of church properties.). At the same time, it declared that all religious buildings were property of the state and local governments and made available for free to the church. Other articles of the law included the prohibition of affixing religious signs on public buildings, and laying down that the Republic no longer names French archbishops or bishops.

Secularization had a profound impact on church music. Government funding had provided a steady revenue source for funding professional musicians and installing large complex organs. Overnight, many choirs were disbanded and organists were forced to earn side income from teaching. A profound break in sacred music complexity can be found in the compositions of this time. Because much 19th century church music required professional forces no longer available, much of it was forgotten.

Alsace-Lorraine is still governed by the 1801 Concordat which recognises four religions, but not secularism. When the 1905 legislation superseded the Concordat elsewhere in France, Alsace-Lorraine was part of the German Empire; thus, the 1905 law has never applied there. Similarly, the law has never been applied in the overseas Department of French Guiana as it was a colony in 1905.

Reactions by the Catholic Church
Pope Pius X condemned the law in the February 1906 encyclical Vehementer Nos as a unilateral break of the 1801 Concordat; it later condemned it again in his August 1906 encyclical Gravissimo officii munere, declaring it a "nefarious law" and calling French Catholics to "defend the religion of your Fatherland". A third condemnation came in January 1907 through the encyclical Une fois encore. In 1908, the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary ruled that all Deputies and Senators who had voted in favour of the law were latae sententiae excommunicated.

Although the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State initially was a particularly "painful and traumatic event" for the Catholic Church in France, the French government began making serious strides towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church later during the 1920s by both recognizing the social impact of organized religion in France and amending the law itself through new legislation and rendering court decisions that were favorable to organized religion in France. In 1921, the Catholic Church and French state began a series of negotiations for "pacification of law" in respect to both civil and canon law to create a harmonious day-to-day working relationship. These negotiations culminated in 1926 when Aristide Briand negotiated the Briand-Ceretti Agreement with the Holy See whereby the state reclaimed a role in the process of choosing diocesan bishops.

Politics
The leading figures in the creation of the law were Aristide Briand, Émile Combes, Jean Jaurès and Francis de Pressensé.

The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State declared that cathedrals remained the property of the state and smaller churches that of the local municipal government. Those public authorities had to hand over the buildings to religious organizations (associations culturelles) representing associations formed of laymen, instead of putting them directly back under the supervision of the church hierarchies.

These laymen associations created under the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State were independent legal entities having rights and responsibilities in the eyes of the law in all matters appertaining to money and properties formerly owned in France by organized religions: churches and sacred edifices, ecclesiastical property, real and personal; the residences of the bishops and priests; and the seminaries. These laymen associations were also authorized by the law to act as administrators of church property, regulate and collect the alms and the legacies destined for religious worship. The resources furnished by Catholic liberality for the maintenance of Catholic schools, and the working of various charitable associations connected with religion, were also transferred to lay associations.

Implementation of the law was controversial, due in some part to the anti-clericalism found among much of the French political left at the time. The law angered many Catholics, who had recently begun to rally to the cause of the Republic, supported by Leo XIII's Inter innumeras sollicitudines 1892 encyclical (Au Milieu des sollicitudes) and the Cardinal Lavigerie's toast in 1890 favour of the Republic. However, the concept of laïcité progressively became almost universally accepted among French citizens, including members of the Catholic Church who found greater freedom from state interference in cultural matters, now that the government had completely stripped itself of its former Catholic links. The Affaire Des Fiches produced a considerable backlash, after it was discovered that the Combes government worked with Masonic lodges to create a secret surveillance of all army officers to make sure devout Catholics would not be promoted.

A few French politicians and communities have more recently questioned the law, arguing that, despite its explicit stance for state secularism, it de facto favors traditional French religions, in particular the Catholic Church, at the expense of more recently established religions, such as Islam. Indeed, most Catholic churches in the country were built well before the enactment of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, and thus are maintained at full public expense, although not always on time and to the extent that the church would like. With the exception of the historically anomalous Alsace-Lorraine, followers of Islam and other religions more recently implanted in France instead have to build and maintain religious facilities at their own expense. This was one of the controversial arguments used by Nicolas Sarkozy, when he was Minister of Interior, in favour of funding other cultural centers than those of Catholicism, Protestantism and Judaism. In 2016, President Hollande proposed a temporary ban on foreign funding for mosques and shut down at least 20 mosques found to be "preaching radical Islamic ideology". These actions are consistent with Title V, Articles 26, 29, and 35 of the law.


text:
Talk:Fray Bentos

Untitled
Town's LAT/LON coordinates, to view using NASA World Wind: worldwind://goto/world=Earth&lat=-33.13242&lon=-58.29547&alt=25734

Spelling inconsistency
The article name is spelled differently to the way it is spelled in the text. Should this article not be renamed? Then again, all the map references spell it with an "a", so perhaps the names in the text need to change? Someone more familiar with the subject may need to make the call. LittleOldMe 12:40, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Pie
This article says that Fray Bentos pies both do and don't originate from the place. So which is it? Eiphel (talk) 19:20, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * More to the point, where the hell is the mention of the brand at all? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  15:31, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * i can confirm that the pies do not originate from fray bentos! Only the canned beef products like corned beef etc..... the brand was bought by the uk and the pies were always manufactured there Swany(talk) 19:23, 22 October 2008 (AST)

I would have thought the name was more associated these days with corned beef than with pies, yet there is no mention of it in the article.189.81.42.201 (talk) 23:00, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Worlds sothernmost (???)
Given the official resentment Argentina has towards pulpmills, is the one at fray Bentos the worlds southernmost?(82.134.28.194 (talk) 10:53, 6 May 2010 (UTC))

History
The third paragraph in the section "History" mentions an airline disaster in 1997. A recent edit changed "Fray Bentos was the location of........, where 74 people died (etc.)" to "Fray Bentos is near to the location of....., in which 74 people died (etc.)."

The second edit, changing "where" to "in which", is all right.

The first edit, changing "was the location" to "is near to the location", was reverted. "Is near the location" would be all right. "Near to the location" is not colloquial English. However, if one words the sentence, "Fray Bentos is near the location....," then the distance of the accident from Fray Bentos would have to be clarified. If the distance is small, then there is no reason to use "near". Finally, although the present tense "is" would be all right, using the past tense "was" is appropriate for something that occurred more than a decade ago. – CorinneSD (talk) 18:51, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Frey Bento
What is it 2A02:C7E:38C2:BB00:81C7:1115:A2C9:B84D (talk) 11:34, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fray Bentos


text:
Carrie Bradshaw

Caroline "Carrie" Bradshaw is a fictional character from the HBO franchise Sex and the City, portrayed by Sarah Jessica Parker. Candace Bushnell created Carrie as a semi-autobiographical character for her column "Sex and the City" in The New York Observer. This column was later compiled into the book Sex and the City and adapted into the television series. Parker reprised the role in the films Sex and the City and Sex and the City 2, and the HBO Max series And Just Like That. Bushnell also authored the young adult novels The Carrie Diaries and Summer and the City featuring the character. The Carrie Diaries was adapted into a CW prequel series of the same name, with Carrie portrayed by AnnaSophia Robb.

In the Sex and the City television series, Carrie is a columnist and fashionista who lives in New York City. Her weekly column, "Sex and the City", provides the narration for each episode. When the series premiered, the character was praised by critics as a positive example of an independent woman in the vein of Mary Richards. However, retrospective analysis tends to place more emphasis on the character's repeated and often unrepentant infidelities, with many critics instead viewing her as narcissistic.

Creation and newspaper column
Candace Bushnell created Carrie (who had no last name until the television series) as a semi-autobiographical character for her column "Sex and the City" in The New York Observer so her parents would not be aware that they were reading about her sex life. Carrie was introduced as Bushnell's friend, "a journalist in her mid-30’s", and was conceived around the lifestyle of "balancing small paychecks with access to glamour and wealth". Bushnell's columns were later compiled into the book Sex and the City. Bushnell worked with television producer Darren Star to adapt the columns for television.

Sex and the City
In the HBO franchise Sex and the City, Carrie Bradshaw writes a weekly column called "Sex and the City" for a fictional newspaper called The New York Star. The column focuses on Carrie's sexual escapades and those of her close friends, as well as musings about the relationships between men and women, dating, and New York. It provides Carrie with a certain amount of recognition in the city. People who read her column occasionally describe her as their icon. In the third season, her column is optioned for a film produced by Matthew McConaughey. In the fifth season, some of her columns are compiled into a book. At the end of season four, Carrie begins to write freelance articles for Vogue. Although she initially has trouble dealing with Enid (Candice Bergen), her abrasive, demanding editor at Vogue, she does find her feet and ends up befriending her.

Carrie is notoriously led by her emotions. She seeks acceptance (a door key, bathroom cabinet space) from Mr. Big and others (she obsesses over the review her book received from book critic Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times). "Just tell me I'm the one" she urges Mr. Big at the end of Season 1, worried about his refusal to introduce her to his mother. She often behaves in a selfish manner (as seen during her affair) but unless her self-involvement is pointed out by friends, she is apt to blame this on her tendency to get 'Carried Away', a phrase coined by Mr. Big in Season 2. The result is a flawed but relatable character due to the self-deprecating humor with which she tackles stereotypical issues within male–female relationships (commitment being the running theme).

Carrie occasionally smokes, preferring Marlboro Lights when she does. During seasons 3 and 4, she attempts to quit smoking using a nicotine patch while dating Aidan. She enjoys cocktails, particularly cosmopolitans, and her character's affinity for them is known to have contributed to the drink's popularity.

Despite being realistic about the challenges of relationships and having endured numerous unsuccessful ones throughout the series, Carrie is a hopeless romantic, firmly refusing to settle for anything less than true love, even though she doubts her suitability for marriage and starting a family.

Little is mentioned about Carrie's life before the series. Carrie arrived in Manhattan on Wednesday, June 11, 1986 when she was approximately 21, given her age that is mentioned at other points in the series. She says in the movie that she's lived in Manhattan for 20 years (although she states at age 35 that she had been living there for a decade). In season 4, Carrie tells a photographer that she was so poor when she first moved to New York that she would purchase Vogue instead of dinner. It is known that her father left her and her mother when she was five, although no siblings are mentioned. It is also revealed that Carrie had an abortion in 1988 after a one-night stand with a waiter when she was 22.

She tells Charlotte that she lost her virginity in Seth Bateman's smelly rec room on the ping pong table in eleventh grade. In Season 6 ("Boy Interrupted"), Carrie meets up with another boyfriend from high school named Jeremy (David Duchovny). Carrie states that she never had sex with him because they were young and wanted to wait.

The Carrie Diaries
A TV series was made after the production of Sex and the City, called The Carrie Diaries which featured Carrie's life as a teenager prior to her life in Sex and the City. It focused mainly on Carrie who lived with her father and younger sister, Dorrit. She had a few relationships, the main one being her on-and-off relationship with Sebastian Kydd. She started working at Interview, a magazine firm, juggling between her school and work life. The series was discontinued after Season 2 as it was said that it was not economically feasible although it got positive feedback from its audience.

Candace Bushnell, author of Sex and the City, recently released her new book, Summer and the City: A Carrie Diaries Novel as part of her young adult series that follows the Sex and the City characters as teenagers. This novel reveals that Carrie attended the prestigious Ivy League University, Brown, in the 1980s. It also reveals that she took summer classes at The New School. TV Guide described the young version of Carrie Bradshaw as "Even when she's trying to play adult in the city with her fashion-forward style and 'grown-up' conversations, she still exudes an aura that manages to be innocent, cute and self-confident at the same time."

Wardrobe
Carrie has been described as someone who lives for fashion, and has confessed to buying Vogue instead of dinner.

A known shoe lover with a penchant for expensive designer shoes (notably Manolo Blahniks, but also Christian Louboutins and Jimmy Choos), Miranda once estimated that Carrie has spent over $40,000 on shoes. Her shoes seem to average at least $400 a pair (according to Miranda), and it is implied that she has at least 100 unique pairs. She frequently mixes kitschy vintage finds with high-end labels. It is mentioned that Barneys, Bergdorf Goodman, Bloomingdale's, and Saks Fifth Avenue are among her favorite places to shop.

Carrie once agreed to model for a charity fashion show (featuring both "real people" and models), on the condition that she could keep the outfit, a Dolce and Gabbana original. The plan backfired when Carrie's dress was replaced by jeweled silk underwear. Carrie is also known to have worn Alexander McQueen, Anna Molinari, Balenciaga, Betsey Johnson, Bottega Veneta, Burberry, Céline, Chanel, Chloé, Christian Dior, Christian Lacroix, Christian Louboutin, Diane von Fürstenberg, Fendi, Givenchy, Gucci, Heatherette, Helmut Lang, Hermès, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Jeremy Scott, Judith Leiber, Jil Sander, Jimmy Choo, Louis Vuitton, Lanvin, Manolo Blahnik, Marc Jacobs, Marni, Missoni, Miu Miu, Moschino, Prada, Oscar de la Renta, Roberto Cavalli, Sonia Rykiel, Tom Ford, Yves Saint Laurent, Vera Wang, Valentino, Versace, Vivienne Westwood, among others.

Carrie's incredible wardrobe appears to be unaffordable for a writer on a moderate income (at least until season 5, at which time she is given a book offer. By the time of the films she appears to be more affluent, though that may be because of her husband's wealth). Indeed, many of the people around her comment that she cannot afford her shopping addiction. Carrie occasionally maxes out credit cards, could not secure a loan on her own due to poor savings and a bad credit rating as a result of extensive shopping, and has admitted her "shoe needs" have accounted for most of her spending. In one episode, she wryly comments that she might "literally be the woman who lived in her shoe". Carrie is particularly known for her addiction to shoes, calling it her "substance abuse problem" in the episode "Power of Female Sex" in Season One. Notable couture moments include an incident when she is mugged near West Broadway and the bandit makes off with her Fendi Baguette clutch and Manolo Blahnik pink suede strappy sandals, which she purchased "half off at a sample sale!", adding that they are her favorite shoes. The scene is known for bringing baguette bags into fashion.

In season 3 she chases after the Staten Island ferry and ends up missing it after slipping out of her shoe, yelling, "Wait, I lost my Choo!". In "A Woman's Right To Shoes" she unashamedly asks for reimbursement from a friend after a pair of Manolos are stolen at that friend's party due to her friend's insistence upon no shoes inside the house. Carrie notes the hypocrisy in the fact that the friend, who 'shoe shames' her ("it was your choice to buy shoes that expensive") is rewarded over the years with thousands of dollars' worth of gifts for her life choices (baby showers, engagement presents, wedding gifts, etc.), whereas single women do not have their life choices celebrated ("Hallmark don't make a 'congratulations-you-didn't-marry-the-wrong-guy card'!") and so comes to the conclusion that it is okay to spend that much on oneself to make the single girl's walk through life a little more fun.

Apartment
Carrie Bradshaw's apartment is a setting frequently used in Sex and the City, the films Sex and the City and Sex and the City 2, and the first two seasons of And Just Like That. It was referred to as, "one of TV's most iconic apartments" by ''Architectural Digest. '' It is a brownstone apartment located in New York City's Upper East Side at the fictional address of 245 E. 73rd Street. The apartment has been variously described as a one-bedroom and a studio apartment, though it would be categorized as an "alcove studio" as there is no division between the sleeping area and living room. She had been living in the apartment since the beginning of the series, and states in And Just Like That... she moved into the apartment at age 29, and had occupied it for 25 years. The apartment first appears in the pilot episode "Sex and the City" with a noticeably different layout; following the series being picked up by HBO it was redesigned and the second episode, "Models and Mortals", introduces the layout seen throughout the rest of the series. In the first season, a large neon sign for a coffee shop is seen outside the front window, which was dropped in later episodes.

Carrie's apartment is mentioned as being rent controlled and costing her $750 a month. In the fourth season, the apartment building becomes a co-op, requiring her to either purchase it or move out. Carrie's boyfriend Aiden Shaw purchases it and the adjacent unit, intending to merge them into a larger apartment, but she breaks up with him shortly after. He gives her the opportunity to purchase the apartment from him at cost, but she is unable to afford the down payment until her friend Charlotte York sells her engagement ring and loans her the money.

In the film Sex and the City, Carrie sells the apartment after her engagement to Mr. Big to contribute to the purchase of a large penthouse apartment on Fifth Avenue with him. After Big stands her up at their wedding, Carrie buys back the apartment and moves back into it and gives it an extensive renovation. In Sex and the City 2, following her marriage to Big, Carrie has moved into a larger apartment on Fifth Avenue with him but still owns the apartment and periodically uses it as a workspace.

In And Just Like That, Carrie still owns the apartment as a pied-à-terre and has given it another renovation. Following Big's death, she feels uneasiness in the Fifth Avenue apartment they shared and sells it and moves back into her old apartment. The series also shows the never-before-seen lobby and downstairs apartment in the complex. In the second season, Carrie resumes her relationship with Aidan but he refuses to enter the apartment because it rekindles memories of their previous failed relationship and his attempt to turn it into a shared home. Carrie purchases a townhouse in Gramercy Park and sells the apartment to her former downstairs neighbor, Lisette.

Design and filming
The exterior of the apartment building was shot at various brownstones before settling at 66 Perry Street in the third season, which was used for the remainder of the series due to its ornate staircase. The exterior, sometimes called the "Bradshaw brownstone", is a popular tourist destination in the West Village, which has led to residents complaining about frequent visitors. Owners have hung chains from the stairs to prevent people from posing for photos on the stairs and requested the address be blurred on Google Maps.

The interior of Carrie's apartment was a set built at Silvercup Studios in Queens, and was designed by Sex and the City's production designer Jeremy Conway. Conway selected the apartment's furnishings to contrast her designer clothing, saying "What she's wearing is where she spends her money, and her apartment is secondary to that. So we started 'flea-ing' and using found pieces she might reupholster." It prominently featured mint green walls and wood mid-century modern furniture, most of which were found at flea markets around New York City. In the first film, the apartment receives a major renovation which featured white and metallic furniture and blue walls. Sarah Jessica Parker later stated she disliked the new design. For And Just Like That, a new apartment interior set was built at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn. Production designer Miguel López-Castillo worked with Parker to design the interior, which featured blue pastel walls and blue carnation wallpaper, and includes furniture pieces from the original series kept in storage by Parker.

"Mr. Big" John James Preston
Introduced in the first episode and closing the final episode, "Mr. Big" (Chris Noth) is Carrie's central love interest throughout the series and recurring romantic foil – his continual romantic ambiguity and Carrie's diffidence about confronting him over it highlight Carrie's fears, insecurities, and emotional needs. Despite the turmoil in their relationship, Carrie and Big make continuous appearances in each other's lives, which is the source of both joy and stress for Carrie.

"Big" is introduced as a wealthy man who runs into Carrie on the street, helping her pick up a large number of condoms that fell out of her purse after it had been knocked from her hand. He later spots her at a party, and after waving to her at the beginning of the evening, he later gives her a ride home in his limo. Their relationship runs the length of the series. At the start, she is intimidated and awed by him, and immediately gives him the nickname "Mr. Big". However, eventually Carrie and Big share a friendly and often passionate intimacy, yet he remains (in producer Michael Patrick King's words), "always slightly out of reach." Mr. Big's name is never mentioned until the last episode of the final season, where it is revealed to be John via Carrie's cell phone caller ID. His full name is finally uncovered in the first movie as John James Preston.

They break up for the first time due to Mr. Big's inability to be emotionally intimate with Carrie. They reunite but split again when Big announces that he is moving to Paris because of work. When he returns to the United States, he and Carrie bump into each other unexpectedly in the Hamptons. Upon his return, Carrie discovers that he is engaged to a twenty-six-year-old woman named Natasha Naginsky, who was working for Ralph Lauren in Paris. Unsurprisingly, Carrie struggles to come to terms with Big's decision and moves on, beginning a relationship with Aidan Shaw. However, Carrie cannot put Big behind her and they have an affair, which she confesses to Aidan moments before Charlotte's wedding. Carrie and Big continue a close, sometimes sexual, always flirtatious yet tempestuous friendship until the final episode. Here we witness a romantic display of love and affection when Big whispers the sorely awaited words to Carrie—"you're the one."

At the start of the movie Sex and the City Carrie and Big, in a businesslike fashion, decide to marry. The wedding starts out somewhat simply with 75 guests and with Carrie choosing to wear a simple white skirt suit that she found in a vintage shop. However, after Vivenne Westwood gifts an expensive and exquisite wedding dress that Carrie wore in a Vogue modeling shoot featuring Carrie as a "40 year old bride", the wedding plans balloon into something much more elaborate and now with 200 guests. Leading up to their wedding day, Big becomes overwhelmed by the media attention and the number of guests, telling Carrie that he would have been happy with eloping to City Hall, that all he wanted was Carrie and that he's embarrassed by the attention because it's his third marriage. On the day of the ceremony, Big has a "freakout" and leaves the wedding venue without even getting out of his limousine. When Carrie calls him and asks where he is, he states "I can't do this" and Carrie leaves devastated. He immediately realizes his mistake and tells the limo driver to turn around but the damage is already done. Carrie, hurt and betrayed, blocks all communication, unknowingly ignoring his love letters and apologetic emails. Over the course of the next 7 or 8 months, Carrie reflects on what happened and realizes that she is partially to blame for the wedding fiasco, because she let the wedding "get bigger than Big." Finally, Carrie and Big unintentionally meet, come to terms with each other, reaffirm their feelings and love, and privately marry at City Hall - the way Big had originally envisioned - with Carrie wearing the simple "label-less" vintage suit she had initially chosen, along with the blue Manolo Blahniks that had played a big part in the two of them reuniting.

During the second movie, Carrie and Big's passion has waned. Carrie begins to feel that their marriage has lost its "sparkle" as Big enjoys spending nights eating in and watching TV. Carrie feels the urge to escape to her old apartment for two days to meet a writing deadline and enjoy some time to herself, and is surprised when Big picks her up for dinner, and feels the romance re-enter their marriage. Big then suggests to Carrie they spend two days a week apart, to enjoy their own time, which he feels is what is giving their marriage new life. Carrie, somewhat hurt and resistant, reluctantly agrees, and then travels to Abu Dhabi with Samantha, Charlotte and Miranda. While in Abu Dhabi, Carrie learns how important a marriage can be when her butler tells her how he is separated from his wife for months at a time, but when they see each other, nothing else matters. Carrie also reunites with her old flame, Aidan Shaw, whom she meets in a chance encounter at an Abu Dhabi market. Carrie feels distressed due to a bad review of her new book in the New Yorker, and meets Aidan for dinner. The two of them reconnect, and briefly kiss. Carrie immediately regrets it and asks her friends for advice on whether to tell Big. Samantha and Miranda both advise Carrie not to tell Big because it was a minor incident, but Carrie feels too guilty to let it slide and tells Big immediately. Big is hurt, and Carrie worries that Big will go from wanting two days off, to seven days off. Upon Carrie's arrival back in New York, she is upset that Big doesn't pick her up at the airport as originally planned, isn't home and hasn't called. That night, he gets home and Carrie and Big talk about their marriage. Big tells Carrie to stop worrying that they will become a tired, boring old married couple, and they take new wedding vows for each other. Big forgives Carrie and gives her a black diamond ring (to make up for his unromantic marriage proposal - without a ring - 3 years earlier) to really show the world she's off the market. As their marriage grows out of the "terrible twos" Big and Carrie seem very happy and relaxed with each other. Now that they are both making an effort, and due to the ring Big gave her, they have their "sparkle" back.

In And Just Like That..., Carrie and Big are still married. In the premier, while Carrie goes to see the recital of Charlotte's oldest daughter, Big has a heart attack. When Carrie arrives home, she experiences Big take his final breaths and breaks down when he dies. His funeral takes place the following episode.

Aidan Shaw
Manhattan furniture designer Aidan Shaw (John Corbett) is Carrie's next serious boyfriend after the painful break-up with Mr. Big. Aidan is the opposite of Mr. Big, as he is a laid-back, low-key nature lover who is patient, straightforward, and somewhat traditional in his relationship with Carrie. Carrie met him through her friend Stanford Blatch when the two of them visited Aidan's furniture store. They share an uncomplicated, loving relationship, which initially confuses Carrie, as she had become used to the stresses of dating Mr. Big. She begins to feel trapped and cannot shake off Mr. Big's presence in her life. Carrie and Aidan first break up when Carrie confesses, on Charlotte and Trey's wedding day, that she had an affair with Mr. Big.

Later in the series, Carrie and Aidan get back together, move in together, and become engaged. However, the engagement is broken when Carrie discovers she is not ready to marry him, and he is not willing to wait for her. Further hurt is caused when Carrie realizes Aidan only wants to marry her because he still doesn't trust her. Aidan hoped that by marrying Carrie, it would show the world she was his. During the sixth-season premiere, Carrie runs into Aidan on the street. She discovers that he has married a fellow furniture designer, Cathy, and has a son named Tate (played by Sarah Jessica Parker's son). The two agree to meet for coffee; Carrie states in voiceover that "there are some dates you cannot wait to keep, and there are some you both know you will never keep." In the film Sex and the City 2, a chance encounter between Aidan and Carrie in Abu Dhabi is a major plot point. While shopping at a local market with Miranda in Abu Dhabi, Carrie and Aidan encounter each other, they make a plan to catch up over dinner, where Aidan reveals he and Cathy are still married and have two more sons, Wyatt and Homer and in a moment of passion, share a brief kiss. Carrie becomes emotionally distraught over this and confesses the kiss to Big. After taking his time coming to terms with this revelation and understanding Carrie's mistake was because of her domestic crisis of faith, he forgives her.

Jack Berger
Following the end of her relationship with Aidan, Carrie begins to date Jack Berger (Ron Livingston), a novelist with a mixed degree of success. She meets him while discussing her upcoming book at her publisher's (Amy Sedaris) office. That day, Carrie and Berger go for a walk, during which Carrie gets a strawberry milkshake from McDonald's. Berger states to her, "How can anyone order strawberry after the age of eleven?", and Carrie obviously likes his sense of humor. However, when she asks him to be her "Plus One" at her party, he states he has a girlfriend. After an initially rocky start (in which Berger must break ties with his ex-girlfriend, Lauren), they form a rather playful relationship; one that initially seems to make Carrie very happy.

Berger is particularly notable for uttering the line, "He's just not that into you," as a response to Miranda's wondering why a recent date has not called her. The line inspired a book and later a film by Sex and the City writers.

As Carrie's success begins to mount, and particularly after Berger's second novel is not picked up for publication, the relationship deteriorates. Berger feels insecure about Carrie's newfound success as a writer after her book goes international and she begins receiving high-sum royalties. This is made worse by Carrie's thoughtless reaction to his first novel; her initial reaction – that she loves the book – is overshadowed by her simultaneous criticism of a minor detail about a lead character's hair accessory (i.e., that a modern-day New York woman would not wear a "scrunchie" while out and about).

Carrie and Berger fight frequently, culminating in a "break" in their relationship. Berger returns, professing his love for Carrie, and stating that he wishes to try again. However, he ends up leaving later, in the middle of the night, breaking up with Carrie via a Post-it note which reads, "I'm sorry, I can't. Don't hate me." After this hasty departure, Berger is referenced in only one more episode—after Carrie runs into his friends at a bar, she regrets leaving Berger an angry message (through his friends), stating that his break-up method was rude and pathetic.

Aleksandr Petrovsky
Next, Carrie meets and begins a relationship with Aleksandr Petrovsky (rus. Александр Пeтpoвcкий; Mikhail Baryshnikov), in the sixth season. He is a rich, successful, and older Russian artist. Carrie enjoys the relationship, but problems arise when she discovers that he already has a daughter in her twenties, and he doesn't want any more children. To ensure this, he has had a vasectomy. Carrie feels forced to choose between a long-term relationship with Petrovsky and the possibility of having children. She wonders if his love will be enough to compensate for the lack of children. She decides to stay in the relationship, despite mounting evidence that he will never be able to fully commit to her emotionally, as he is a very self-involved artist, and even at one point he claims that Carrie is "not his friend", but his lover.

He asks Carrie to leave her job and life in New York and move with him to Paris, where he has a museum show. After some degree of convincing, she accepts, giving up her job, her apartment, and her friends. But she finds herself to be lonely, disappointed, and confused upon her arrival, waiting for hours to meet with him, while he forgets his dates with her. She doesn't speak French well, and Petrovsky often leaves her alone in order to tend to his own career. His ex-wife warns Carrie that the relationship will be all about him. Meanwhile, Carrie has no friends there, but things start to look up when she meets some fans of her book, and she agrees to meet them at a cafe. However, a very anxious and panicking Alex begs her to accompany him to his museum show preview, and she agrees. But once there, he deserts her and seems to forget about her, and she realizes he doesn't need her. She rushes to meet with the fans, but they have left and mangled her book in the wake of her standing them up. In the series finale, after an argument and Alex impulsively slaps her, Carrie leaves him after facing his emotional shortcomings and his inability to give her an appropriate amount of attention. While in the lobby of the hotel trying to secure a room of her own, she runs into Mr. Big, who runs to defend her against Aleksandr. He finally understands that she is "the one" and pursued her to Paris with the encouragement of her friends. Carrie returns with Mr. Big to New York City.

Sebastian Kydd
Carrie shares her first kiss with Sebastian Kydd, a rich kid from town, at her swim club when she was 15. He later becomes her boyfriend, and they share an on-and-off relationship throughout the first season of The Carrie Diaries. They broke up due to being incompatible. During the second season of The Carrie Diaries, the two reignite their love for each other. Sebastian leaves to California with his father, but he and Carrie maintain a long distance relationship. When Sebastian returns to Manhattan, moving into Larissa's old apartment, Carrie realizes his interests have changed. Sebastian remains busy with interests in starting a clothing line and it causes problems in the relationship. Sebastian wanted to move to California to pursue his dreams, but Carrie wanted to stay in Manhattan to work for Interview Magazine. Carrie decides to say yes to a full-time job offer at Interview but loses her chances at going to NYU. She is later fired because of a dispute between Larissa, and Andy. Carrie tries to attend NYU, but she is told it is too late. After hearing about Carrie's situation, Sebastian decides to invite her to go live with him in Malibu where he will work on his clothing business. Carrie agrees to move until she later realizes she belongs in Manhattan. The two say their final goodbyes at Larrisa's wedding.

George Silver
Carrie's second boyfriend. She starts dating George after meeting him at her internship at a law firm. She ends their relationship after he tries to force her to have sex in the back of a car. Throughout the relationship she still has feelings for Sebastian, using George to incite feelings of jealousy in Sebastian.

Adam Weaver
Carrie's third boyfriend, appearing in Season 2 of The Carrie Diaries. Larissa, Carrie's boss, wanted Carrie to get an interview with Weaver for Interview Magazine. Carrie attends a role play of Weaver's piece. When she laughs during the funeral scene she is frowned at by her friend Bennet, but Adam Weaver later finds her after the show and is charmed by her understanding of the scene. Carrie and Weaver become close as Carrie tries to pry information out of him for Interview. She later drops the assignment and they start to date. In The Carrie Diaries, she loses her virginity to him. Carrie and Weaver start to have problems when Weaver begins critiquing her work. They get in a fight that ends their relationship, and Weaver accuses her for having feelings for Sebastian. After they break up over Carrie still being in love with Sebastian, Adam writes an article about Carrie as 'Mystery Girl', in which rude and untrue things are said, although nobody knows that the 'Mystery Girl' is Carrie. At the end of Season 2, he goes to her senior prom, apologizing for his behavior.

Capote Duncan
According to Candace Bushnell's book, Summer and the City, Capote Duncan was Carrie's classmate in The New School. At the beginning, Carrie hated him because of his arrogance but at the end of the book, it was said that he's the person with whom Carrie lost her virginity. He appears briefly in Pilot of the TV series adaption, played by Jeffrey Nordling.

Bernard Singer
In Summer and the City, Bernard Singer is a famous writer who Carrie has a brief relationship with, only to realise that Bernard doesn't love Carrie and that she loves Capote Duncan.

Critical reception
Critical reception to Carrie tended to be positive during the show's run and in the years immediately thereafter. In 2004, Carrie Bradshaw was listed as number 11 on Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters. In 2009 The Guardian named Bradshaw as an icon of the decade, stating that "Carrie Bradshaw did as much to shift the culture around certain women's issues as real-life female groundbreakers." In 2010, Carrie Bradshaw was listed as the 2nd in TV Guide's list "25 Greatest TV Characters of All-Time". AOL ranked her the 41st Most Memorable Female TV Character. TV Guide named her the most fashionable TV character. Her relationship with Mr. Big was included in TV Guide's list of the best TV couples of all time. Parker received one Emmy Award, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards for her performance. Reportedly, she earned from third season on 3.2 million dollars per episode, becoming the highest paid tv actor of all time.

In retrospective analysis of the show, critics have generally reassessed Carrie Bradshaw as an unsympathetic protagonist, despite the show's portrayal of her as a positive figure. In 2013, Glamour magazine called Carrie "the worst" character on the show, saying that "her brattiness and self-absorption eclipsed her redeeming qualities and even her awesome shoes." In a 2010 retrospective about the previous two decades in pop culture, ABC News named Carrie one of the ten worst characters of the past twenty years, calling her a "snippy, self-righteous Manhattan snob" and citing the character's actions in Sex and the City 2 as evidence that she was beyond personal growth or redemption. The New Yorker, looking back on the show a decade after it went off the air, felt that while the character began as a "happy, curious explorer, out companionably smoking with modellizers," from the second season on she "spun out, becoming anxious, obsessive, and, despite her charm, wildly self-centered." A 2021 article in Vox cited Carrie as an example of "main character syndrome", saying, "two Carries Bradshaw exist: The flirty, quirky one we're supposed to follow through her ups and downs and the sociopathic psychic vampire who leaves her boyfriends as husks of their former selves and bullies her girlfriends for unconditional (financial!) support, all while refusing to let them have even one moment in the sun."

title: Carrie Bradshaw


text:
Flasher

Flasher may refer to:
 * A person who exposes their body indecently as exhibitionism
 * A vehicle's hazard or turn signal
 * Lobotes surinamensis, the Atlantic tripletail fish
 * Flasher, American indie rock band from Washington D.C.
 * Flasher, North Dakota, a community in the United States
 * USS Flasher (SS-249), a Gato-class submarine, commissioned in 1943 and stricken in 1959
 * USS Flasher (SSN-613), a Permit-class submarine, commissioned in 1966 and struck in 1992
 * MC Flasher, Slovenian–Canadian electronic music artist, founder of the Final Flash City festival

title: Flasher


text:
Category:People by educational institution

This is a super-category of categories of people by educational institution that they attended.


text: User talk:62.181.219.192

title: User talk:62.181.219.192


text:
Wikipedia:Article improvement drive/Removed/11 April 2005

Labor history*
For such an important topic in American and world history, barely anything has been written so far. This should not be hard to research.--Vorpalbla 15:00 3/27/05
 * Reason:

Vorpalbla
 * Support

 * Comments

Spanish Civil War**

 * Reason:Almost up to FA, needs just a little help. One of the most important conflicts of the interwar period. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 12:48, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support
 * 1) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 12:48, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) --Tothebarricades.tk 05:13, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) --Ganymead 22:43, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) --KingTT 05:49, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) --DanielNuyu 02:04, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) --Eleassar777 18:23, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) --Lisiate 04:38, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments

An extremely important topic and one that is particularly difficult for non-specialists (such as the writer) to comprehend, given the complex nature of the war and the various factions involved. Lisiate

Geyser**

 * Reason:This is actually a current FA, but it is listed on WP:FARC. Definitely needs help. Let's see... It needs more references, neads an actual lead section, not rambling info, needs to talk about more specific geysers, really, it just needs to be actually comprehensive in the first place.

 * Support
 * 1) Dmcdevit 01:24, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Litefantastic 12:18, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) I listed it on FARC, but have done a bit of work to improve it since then and would like to see it re-featured. Worldtraveller 23:42, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Ganymead 22:41, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Eleassar777 21:24, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments

Bangsian fantasy**

 * Reason: Relatively obscure concept which has nevertheless produced several well known works (such as the Inferno and the Riverworld).

 * Suppport
 * 1) Litefantastic 12:18, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yugo**

 * Reason: Currently stuck in the Wiki no-man's-land: too long for the COTW and so short it looks doubtful. But it looks like an interesting subject - the Yugo was Car Talk's "Worst car of the millenium", so that must count for something. -Litefantastic 14:32, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support
 * 1) Litefantastic 14:32, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Eleassar777 18:04, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Columbo**

 * Reason: A little rough around the edges, but with potential. It needs pictures and maybe some more backstory, but I don't think it's too far away from FA. -Litefantastic 14:32, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support
 * 1) Litefantastic 14:32, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Maurreen 07:56, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) ike9898 19:34, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * Good character; should be fun. Maurreen 07:56, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Jules Henry**

 * Reason:

Jules Henry (1963) in Culture Against Man questioned the authority of and rationales behind our cultural institutions, particularly education. In Pathways to Madness (1965), he challenged ideas about mental and developmental disorders and asked us to consider the how disease and disorder arise from dependencies on families and institutions. His work that presaged much of our current focus on finding ways to improve failing schools and contend with a culture that is educated primarily by paid media is hugely influential, but largely left out of print and hard to find.

Author of two seminal works with crossover interest in sociology, enthography, psychology, anthropology and education, Jules Henry is a major contributor to our past and present understanding of culture as a diverse body of dependent parts. He argued in favor of recognizing the collective nature of experience and in favor of analyzing and constructing institutions with greater collectivity and social responsibility in mind.

 * Support
 * 1) Norawright (nominator--Dmcdevit 22:13, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC))

 * Comments
 * This was saved in the tempate rather than the viewable text, so I have moved it here. It was nominated by Norawright. --Dmcdevit 22:13, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Too short. COTW material, I think. -Litefantastic 17:49, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Tibet**
Needs to be expanded in general - too small sections on economy, geography, demographics, culture (hello, Buddhism?). Also there's nothing on government, both Chinese and the government in exile. Lots more to be said, but its fairly close to FA status.--Dmcdevit 22:23, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC) Support, but I warn you I can't actually help very much. -Litefantastic 22:36, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Reason:
 * Support
 * 1) Dmcdevit 22:23, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Hippalus 12:20, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Ganymead 07:15, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Maurreen 05:23, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) --Briangotts 20:15, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Litefantastic 22:36, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments

Civil libertarian**

 * Reason: This subject deserves a good articlte, not a stub. Right now, it's basically just a couple lines plus "civil libertarianism is not the same as libertarianism"

 * Support
 * 1) Dave 18:00, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * It is a stub, so maybe you should try the COTW first.--Dmcdevit 17:32, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. I didn't read the requirements carefully enough.Dave (talk) 17:36, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen**
One of the most important documents in human history, similar in magnitude to the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, or the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; not only in French, but very influential in all future world history. --Dmcdevit 05:25, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Reason:

 * Support
 * 1) Dmcdevit 05:25, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Ganymead 23:17, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments


text: User talk:70.50.94.196

title: User talk:70.50.94.196


text: Category:Welsh mathematicians

title: Category:Welsh mathematicians


text: User:Panchurret

title: User:Panchurret