text:
Radio-paging code No. 1

Radio-paging code No. 1 (usually and hereafter called POCSAG) is an asynchronous protocol used to transmit data to pagers. Its usual designation is an acronym of the Post Office Code Standardisation Advisory Group, the name of the group that developed the code under the chairmanship of the British Post Office that used to operate most telecommunications in Britain before privatization.

Before the development and adoption of the POCSAG code, pagers used one of several codes such as binary Golay code.

In the 1990s new paging codes were developed that offered higher data transmission rates and other advanced features such as European and Network roaming.

The POCSAG code is generally transmitted at one of three data rates; 512, 1200 or 2400  bits per second.

With Super-POCSAG, 1200 bits per second or 2400 bits per second transmission rates are possible. Super-POCSAG has mostly displaced the POCSAG in the developed world but the transition is still in progress.

History
In 1976 an international group of engineers began to meet to explore the possibility of developing a new code for wide area paging; paging networks covering regions of entire countries. These meetings were successful and in February 1981 the CCIR (Comité consultatif international pour la radio) the forerunner of the ITU-R accepted the code as Radiopaging Code No.1 (RPC No.1),(Rec, 584). The meetings were chaired by R.H.Tridgell and were attended by representatives of British, European, and Japanese pager manufacturers

How it works
The modulation used is FSK with a ±4.5 kHz shift on the carrier. The high frequency represents a 0 and the low frequency a 1.

The ±4.5 kHz frequency shift is used along with a 25 kHz channel spacing, known as "wideband". Some jurisdictions require that all systems move to a "narrowband" configuration, using 12.5 kHz channels and ±2.5 kHz frequency shifts (for example, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has mandated this transition be completed prior to 2013.).

Often single transmission channels contain blocks of data at more than one of the rates.

Transmission uses 32-bit blocks called codewords. Each codeword carries 21 bits of information (bits 31 through 11), 10 bits of error-correcting code (bits 10 through 1), and an even parity bit (bit 0). Bits 31 through 1 are a binary BCH code (31, 21). The error-correcting code has a 6-bit Hamming distance: each 31-bit codeword differs from every other codeword in at least 6 bits. Consequently, the code can detect and correct up to 2 errors in a codeword.

The generating polynomial $g(x)$ for the BCH (31, 21) code is:
 * $$\begin{align}

g(x)&=x^{10}+x^9+x^8+x^6+x^5+x^3+1\\ &=(x^5 + x^2 + 1)(x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1) \end{align}$$

The codewords are either address or data, which is indicated by the first bit transmitted, bit 31. An address codeword contains 18 bits of address (bit 30 through to 13), and 2 function bits (12 & 11). Each data codeword carries 20 bits of data (bits 30 through to 11).

Codewords are transmitted in batches that consist of a sync codeword, defined in the standard as 0x7CD215D8, followed by 16 payload codewords that are either address or data. Any unused codewords are filled with the idle value of 0x7A89C197.

Although the address (also referred to as a RIC - Radio Identity Code or CAP code - Channel Access Protocol code) is transmitted as 18 bits the actual address is 21-bits long: the remaining three bits are derived from which of the 8 pairs of codewords in the batch the address is sent in. This strategy allows the receiver to turn off for a considerable percentage of the time as it only needs to listen to the pair that applies to it, thus saving a significant amount of battery power.

Before a burst of data there will always be a preamble of at least 576 bits of data containing alternating 1s and 0s, allowing the receiver to synchronize itself to the signal, and is another mechanism that enables the receiver to be turned off for a large percentage of the time.

A message will start with an address codeword followed by a number of data codewords and will continue until another address, a sync, or an idle codeword is sent. When the data bits are extracted they will be in one of two formats.

Message format
There are two message coding formats for the data messages. Numeric messages are sent as 4 bit BCD values, and alphanumeric messages are sent as 7-bit ASCII. The 7-bit ASCII is commonly referred to as 'alpha-paging', and 4-bit BCD is commonly referred to as 'numeric-paging'.

Numeric paging
BCD encoding packs 4 bit BCD symbols 5 to a codeword into bits 30-11.

The most significant nibble (bits 30,29,28,27) is the leftmost (or most significant) of a BCD coded numeric datum.

Values beyond 9 in each nibble (i.e. 0xA through 0xF) are encoded as follows:

 * 0xA	Reserved (possibly used for address extension)
 * 0xB	Character U (urgency)
 * 0xC	" ", Space (blank)
 * 0xD	"-", Hyphen (or dash)
 * 0xE	")", Right bracket
 * 0xF	"(", Left bracket

BCD messages are space padded with trailing 0xC's to fill the codeword. There is no POCSAG specified restriction on message length, but particular pagers of course have a fixed number of characters in their display.

Text paging
Alphanumeric messages are encoded in 7-bit ASCII characters packed into the 20 bit data area of a message codeword (bits 30-11). Since three seven bit characters are 21 rather than 20 bits and the designers of the standard did not want to waste transmission time, they chose to pack the first 20 bits of an ASCII message into the first code word, the next 20 bits of a message into the next codeword and so forth.

What this means that a 7-bit ASCII character of a message that falls on a boundary can and will be split between two code words, and that the alignment of character boundaries in a particular alpha message code word depends on which code word it is of a message. The side benefit of this is a slightly increased error-correcting code reliability for messages that span more than one POCSAG packet.

Within a codeword 7-bit characters are packed from left to right (MSB to LSB). The LSB of an ASCII character is sent first (is the MSB in the codeword) as per standard ASCII transmission conventions, so viewed as bits inside a codeword the characters are bit reversed.

Europe
In the UK, most pager transmissions are in five bands at
 * 26 MHz (local pagers, mainly hospital systems, POCSAG and voice)
 * 49 MHz
 * 138 MHz
 * 153 to 153.5 MHz
 * 454 MHz

The frequency 466.075 MHz was previously used by Hutchison Paging, but the network was shut down in 2000. The frequency is still reserved for paging but is not used.

In Germany, well known transmissions are at Licensed paging is possible in any other VHF/UHF bands.
 * 173 MHz range (Fire Departments, Rescue)
 * 439.9875 MHz (Amateur-Radio pager-network)
 * 144.8625 MHz (Amateur-Radio pager-network VHF in the German-Luxembourgish Border Region)
 * 466.075 MHz (nationwide public paging by emessage)
 * 465.970 MHz (-same-, old frequency of the POCSAG-Service Skyper)
 * 448.425 MHz (nationwide Fire Departments, Rescue by emassage (named e*Bos), old frequency of the POCSAG-Service Telmi)

In Spain, nationwide service was provided by Telefónica Mensatel but the network was shut down in 2012.

The Swedish pager network marketed as "Minicall" is encoded as POCSAG and broadcast on these frequencies:
 * 169.800 MHz
 * 161.4375 MHz

In Switzerland the following frequencies are used:
 * Telepage F1: 147,400 MHz (512 bit/s)
 * Telepage F2: 147,375 MHz (1200 bit/s)
 * Telepage F3: 147,325 MHz (1200 bit/s)
 * Telepage F4: 147,300 MHz (1200 bit/s)
 * SIKAN: 169,500 MHz

The Belgium POCSAG is used for paging over the A.S.T.R.I.D. network:
 * 169.625 MHz: POCSAG 2400 (Fire Departments, Rescue)

In Italy, the 26.225-26.935 MHz band (AM/FM, odd frequency steps) and 40.0125-40.0875 MHz (in 25 kHz steps) may be used for local pagers. These frequencies are often used for on-site hospital paging systems, including voice paging. Use of POCSAG on the 26 MHz and 27 MHz band has been logged by several listeners in Europe, specifically frequencies 26.350 MHz, 26.500 MHz, 26.705 MHz, 26.725 MHz, 26.755 MHz, 27.005 MHz, 27.007 MHz, 27.255 MHz (see note below regarding legal use of 27.255 MHz for paging in the United States). It appears that US-specification paging systems operating on 27.255 MHz have been sold in Italy and other European countries.

The former monopoly operator SIP (which later became TIM) used the following frequencies for their pager service, called Teledrin:

 * 161.175 MHz (for tone/voice only and numeric pagers, probably for the alphanumeric pagers);
 * 466.075 MHz (for tone/voice only, numeric and alphanumeric pagers, using the narrow frequencies of the TACS phone system)

In France, POCSAG is operated by E*Message over the AlphaPage network on the 466 MHz frequency:
 * 466.025 MHz
 * 466.050 MHz
 * 466.075 MHz
 * 466.175 MHz
 * 466.20625 MHz
 * 466.23125 MHz

United States

 * POCSAG can be used on any of the frequencies reserved for paging. In some areas, these frequencies may be used for other purposes, including land-mobile voice and data communications (generally under a waiver from the FCC).  The 35, 43, 152, 157 and 454 MHz bands were originally allocated to the Improved Mobile Telephone Service radiotelephone "car phone" services in the United States. With the demise of the IMTS service, these frequency bands were re-allocated to other services, including paging. The 26.995 MHz, 27.045 MHz, 27.095 MHz, 27.145 MHz, 27.195 MHz and 27.255 MHz frequencies do not require a license. 27.255 MHz and is authorized for higher power use (25 watt power limit compared to 4 watt power limit for the other 26-28 MHz frequencies) but is shared with CB radio channel 23 and is not protected from interference from CB radio transmissions.  Reference Part 95 of the FCC Rules, Subpart C sections 95.731, 95.763, 95.767, 95.771 and 95.773,  ref: 47 CFR 95.701 through 47 CFR 95.899)  The license-free MURS radio service (see Part 95 of FCC Rules, Subpart J sections 95.2701 through 95.3099 ref: 47 CFR 95.2701 through 47 CFR 95.3099.
 * 26.9950 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 4 watt power limit. Shared with R/C, data link and telemetry systems.
 * 27.0450 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 4 watt power limit. Shared with R/C, data link and telemetry systems.
 * 27.0950 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 4 watt power limit. Shared with R/C, data link and telemetry systems.
 * 27.1450 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 4 watt power limit. Shared with R/C, data link and telemetry systems.
 * 27.1950 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 4 watt power limit. Shared with R/C, data link and telemetry systems.
 * 27.2550 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 25 watt power limit. Shared with Citizen's Band Radio service, R/C and telemetry.
 * 35.2200 to 35.6600 (40 kHz steps)
 * 43.2200 to 43.6600 (40 kHz steps)
 * 151.8200 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 2 watt power limit. Shared with other unlicensed MURS voice and data users.
 * 151.8800 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 2 watt power limit. Shared with other unlicensed MURS voice and data users.
 * 151.9400 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 2 watt power limit. Shared with other unlicensed MURS voice and data users.
 * 154.5700 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 2 watt power limit. Shared with other unlicensed MURS voice and data users.
 * 154.6000 Authorized in Part 95 of FCC rules. 2 watt power limit. Shared with other unlicensed MURS voice and data users.
 * 152.0075 Medical Paging
 * 152.0300 to 152.8100 (30 kHz steps) - shared with land mobile in some cities
 * 157.4500 Medical Paging
 * 157.7700 to 158.7000 (30 kHz steps) - shared with land mobile in some cities
 * 163.2500 Medical Paging
 * 439.9875 Amateur Radio (Ham) paging service (see DAPNET)
 * 454.0125 to 454.5000 (12.5 kHz steps) - shared with land mobile in some cities
 * 462.7500 to 462.9250 (25 kHz steps) - shared with low power land mobile services
 * 465.0000
 * 467.7500 to 467.9250 (25 kHz steps) - local paging - shared with low power land mobile services
 * 929.0125 to 929.9875 (12.5 kHz steps)
 * 931.0125 to 931.9875 (12.5 kHz steps)

In addition to the bands listed above, paging may be authorized on any frequency in the land mobile bands authorized under Part 90 of the FCC rules, including frequencies in the 72-76 MHz band as well as the usual 30.56-49.58 MHz, 150.775-162.000 MHz VHF bands and the 450-470 MHz band (plus 421-430 or 470-512 MHz in certain cities). In larger metropolitan areas with congested frequency spectrum, paging services will often share the same frequency as land mobile stations, or operate on an adjacent channel. For example, a department store may operate handheld walkie-talkies on 462.7625 MHz while there are high power pager transmitters on 462.7500 MHz and/or 462.7750 MHz in the same city. Or, a restaurant will use 467.7500 MHz to alert customers when their table is ready (using so-called "coaster pagers") while a department store nearby uses 467.7500 MHz for their in-store communications. In both of these examples, the department store is forced to use a squelch system such as CTCSS or DCS.

In many areas in the United States, these frequencies are used for land mobile (two-way) radio communications services in addition to paging. The VHF (152/157-158 MHz) and UHF (454/459 MHz) frequencies are often used for a mixture of paging and land mobile communications. The VHF low band (35/43 MHz) frequencies are mainly used for local hospital paging and in many areas are completely unused.

Mexico

 * 931.4375 MHz; (UHF) (Skytel)
 * 931.9375 MHz; (UHF) (Skytel)

Colombia

 * 929.9375 MHz
 * 138 to 174 MHz
 * 406 to 512 MHz
 * 929 to 932 MHz

Asia-Pacific
Australia uses the following frequencies for localised paging, such as in hospitals, hotels and other facilities, and also as an Emergency communication system for fire services (such as the Victorian Country Fire Authority) and for ambulances.
 * 148.3375 MHz (VHF)
 * 450.375 MHz (UHF)
 * 450.325 MHz (UHF)
 * 148.6625 MHz (VHF) Hospital paging network in South Australia

Other paging systems for wide-area paging, such as commercial networks are licensed and operate anywhere in the VHF/UHF bands.

title: Radio-paging code No. 1


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 April 16

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Ntungamo District

Ntungamo District is a district in Western Uganda. Like most Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Ntungamo, the location of the district headquarters. Ntungamo was elevated to a district on 5th May 1993.

Overview
In the past, Ntungamo District was part of the Ankole Kingdom, a traditional monarchy that dates back to the 18th century. The kingdom was abolished by Milton Obote in 1967. The current President of Uganda, Yoweri Museveni, and his wife, Janet Museveni, were born in the district. The Ankole Kingdom is coterminous with Ankole sub-region, home to an estimated 2.2 million inhabitants in 2002, according to the national census conducted that year.

Location
Ntungamo District is bordered to the north by Mitooma District, Sheema District and Rwampara District, going from west to east. Isingiro District lies to the east, the Republic of Rwanda to the south, Rukiga District to the southwest and Rukungiri District to the northwest. The district headquarters at Ntungamo, are located about 66 km, by road, southwest of Mbarara, the largest city in Ankole sub-region. The general coordinates of the district are: 00 53S, 30 16E. The district covers 2,051.4 km2 of which approximately 0.2% is open water, 3.4% is wetland and about 0.01% is forest.

Population
In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at about 305,200. The national census of 2002 estimated the population of Ntungamo District at about 380,000, with an estimated annual population growth rate of 2.4%. It is estimated that in 2012, the population of the district was approximately 480,100. Based on the Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2020 population projections, the current population now stands at 540,800.

Tourism in Ntungamo District
Tourism in Ntungamo District is not well developed but there are several potential tourism sites, including: 1. Karegyeya Rock 2. Lake Nyabihoko 3. Uganda-Rwanda Border 4. Bird-watching in the wetlands and 5. Agricultural development projects. 6.Kyafola Hot Springs.

Notable people

 * Bernard Rwehururu

title: Ntungamo District


text:
Sedgwick County Extension Arboretum

The Sedgwick County Extension Arboretum is located in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States, at 7001 W. 21st North Wichita, Kansas. It was established in 1994 and formally dedicated on Thursday, October 23, 2003.

The Arboretum currently contains 195 trees, representing 97 species adapted to south central Kansas. Each is marked with its name.

title: Sedgwick County Extension Arboretum


text:
Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group

Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG) is a Dutch institute that performs nuclear research for the government and private companies. It is the most important producer of radionuclides, such as molybdenum-99, lutetium-177 and iridium-192, in Europe and maintains and operates the Petten nuclear reactor.

The institute also offers services to medical, chemical, oil, and gas companies.

title: Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group


text:
Domino Man

Domino Man is an arcade game released by Bally Midway in 1983. The player controls Domino Man, a bespectacled, balding man, wearing a beat-up turtleneck sweater and sporting a mustache, who attempts to set up a number of giant dominoes across the screen. The background music is "Maple Leaf Rag" by Scott Joplin.

Gameplay
The goal of Domino Man is to set up a domino on every site marked by a black dot. Meanwhile, pedestrians meander throughout the playfield and may wander into dominoes, knocking them over. Domino Man can shove them away from the dominoes. A killer bee constantly appears trying to sting Domino Man. There is also a neighborhood bully who is much larger than Domino Man (who can be stunned but not shoved), and an invincible walking clock. Domino Man can set up dominoes, swing a domino as a weapon, and remove placed dominoes (which can be used to stop a cascade of falling dominoes). A Domino Man is lost if he is stung or the leftmost domino is disturbed.

After the player has set up all the dominoes, they will have a choice to either knock down all the dominoes or continue play in hopes of increasing the domino bonus value. After they have made the choice, they will move on to the next screen. If the player loses a life while trying to go for a higher bonus, the bonus resets to its base value (100). When the player chooses to knock down the dominoes, they then score the bonus value for each domino that falls down. The bonus then resets to 100.

When the game is over, a poem is displayed to evaluate the player's performance. For example:

 * Roses are red
 * Or so goes the verse,
 * You set up 52—
 * You could have done worse.

The main character in this game is very similar (if not the same) as the bartender in Tapper and one of the Timber lumberjacks.

title: Domino Man


text:
Popowo, Gmina Lipno

Popowo is a village in north-central Poland, in the administrative district of Gmina Lipno, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. It lies approximately 10 km southwest of Lipno, 20 km northeast of Wloclawek, and 45 km southeast of Toruń.

title: Popowo, Gmina Lipno


text:
Talk:Pieter Geyl

Untitled
Should the "SD" reference actually be "SS"? GreenLocust 23:11, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I was being overtly specific. The SD (Sicherheitsdienst Security Service) was the branch of the SS concerned with intelligence matters.

His last name
Maybe this sounds stupid,but why didn't he change his last name?Geyl (if it is spelled g-e-i-l) means horny.

 * Perhaps he was. --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 18:01, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Interpretation of First Anglo-Dutch War
The article stated that "Another revisionist claim made by Geyl was that the marriage of William of Orange (later William III of England) to Mary II was the main cause of the first Anglo-Dutch War in the 17th century." This obviously can't be correct, since the war was in 1652-1654, and the marriage was in 1677. Perhaps someone can clear this up. Rhyme3 (talk) 14:12, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pieter geyl.gif
Image:Pieter geyl.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:12, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Clarification needed
What does "almost finalist view" mean? Bazuz (talk) 00:58, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pieter Geyl


text:
Ottawa Technical High School

Ottawa Technical High School, also known as Ottawa Tech, was a vocational high school in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The school opened in 1913 as the second public secondary school in Ottawa and closed in 1992. The building is now known as the Albert Street Education Centre.

History
The building was previously home to a women's college, and Ottawa Tech moved into the space in 1916. The school originally offered both standard high school programs and courses in auto mechanics, electricity, drafting, computers, and graphic arts. The original building was expanded in the 1960s and a new structure connected by a walkway was built across Slater Street.

The school expanded its range of courses in the 1950s and 1960s. At its peak in this era, Ottawa Tech had around 1,600 students. The school dropped the compulsory study of Latin and offered pre-engineering courses combining high-level academic courses with technical courses such as electronics and machine shops, as well as the option for intensive music studies.

aIn the 1970s, Ottawa saw a decentralization of education which drew students to the newer suburban schools. Ottawa Tech, along with several other schools in the city centre, began to drop in enrollment. During this time, the school's academic performance diminished, with only 10% of students continuing to university upon graduation. Due to the expansion of immigration into Ottawa, some 30% of the students enrolling at Ottawa Tech were studying English as a second language. The surrounding area experienced linguistic and racial divisions within its population, which further reduced enrollment. The school was heavily renovated in the early 1980s. In 1984, the High School of Commerce's business programs were transferred to Ottawa Tech. However, these changes did not reverse declining student numbers. Enrollment fell to 450 in 1990. The Ottawa Board of Education decided to close the school in May 1992.

The five-acre (20,000 m2) campus now houses many different tenants offering training and high school programs. The TFO series Science Point Com was filmed in the building's classrooms. Despite pressure to sell the buildings, which were valued at over $10 million in 1999, the site is still owned by the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board. In 2009, the site was considered to be repurposed as a new downtown branch of the Ottawa Public Library.

Notable alumni

 * Roy Ananny (football player)
 * Gene Robillard (football player)
 * Moe Segal (football player)
 * James Strutt (architect)

title: Ottawa Technical High School


text:
Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks

The Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks is an Ontario government ministry responsible for protecting and improving the quality of the environment in the Canadian province of Ontario, as well as coordinating Ontario's actions on climate change. This includes administration of government programs, such as Ontario's Drive Clean and Clean Water Act. The ministry headquarters are located inside the Ontario Government Buildings.

History
The Ministry of the Environment was originally established as a portfolio in the Executive Council of Ontario (or provincial cabinet) in 1972.

The ministry was merged with the Ministry of Energy to form the Ministry of Environment and Energy from 1993 to 1997, and briefly again in 2002, before being split back up again.

Following the 2014 Ontario election, the addition of climate change to the ministry's portfolio was announced on June 24, 2014, and its name changed from the Ministry of the Environment to the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change.

Following the 2018 Ontario election, the Ministry's name was changed from the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change to the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks on June 29, 2018.

Air quality
The MECP works to improve air quality through legislation, targeted programs, and partnership agreements with other neighbouring airsheds. This includes using a network of air quality stations that provide real-time air pollution data. The ministry communicates air quality to the public by providing an Air Quality Index based on ambient levels of ozone, fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and total reduced sulphur compounds.

Brownfields
MECP is responsible for administering Ontario Regulation 153/04 which requires, under specific circumstances, a Record of Site Condition (RSC) to be submitted to the Ministry for acknowledgement. A RSC contains Environmental Site Assessments that ascertain the current condition of a site, including whether contamination exists on-site. The RSC is required when a property owner is choosing to change the property use from a less-sensitive to more-sensitive use (Example: Industrial Use to Residential Use) and is often required by the municipality's Chief Building Official before approval of a building permit.

Climate change
The ministry released a climate change action plan in 2007, setting greenhouse gas reduction targets for the province. It is the aim of the provincial government to reduce its emissions to:
 * 6% below 1990 levels by 2014;
 * 15% below 1990 levels by 2020; and
 * 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.

The ministry released an update on its progress towards these targets in 2014, indicating that it had surpassed its 2014 target. It also indicated that current trends and policies would result in 170 megatonnes of emissions, or 69% of its 2020 target.

In 2011, the ministry published Climate Ready, its first climate change adaptation strategy and action plan for 2011 to 2014. The report acknowledges that Ontario has experienced a 1.4°C increase in average temperatures, and that the province is suffering from more frequent extreme weather events including prolonged heat waves, torrential rain and wind storms, and drought. The report outlines how the province should prepare for and minimize the negative impacts of a changing climate, as well as strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Under Ontario Regulation 452/09, any facility in Ontario that emits more than 25,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases annually is required to report their emissions. The reports must be verified by an accredited third party, to ensure it meets the requirements of ISO 14064-3. Reports are then submitted through Environment Canada's single window system.

A cap and trade program was implemented on January 1, 2017, which projected to cost the average Ontario household about $13 more per month to fuel a car and heat a home in 2017. By 2017 year end, the cap and trade program brought in nearly $2 billion in revenue. After Progressive Conservative Premier Doug Ford was sworn into office on June 29, 2018, he revoked Ontario's cap and trade program on July 3, 2018.

Drinking water
Ontario municipalities have responsibility for building and maintaining drinking water systems, but the ministry regulates these systems to achieve acceptable standards in water quality and safety.

Drive Clean
The ministry is responsible for administering Ontario's Drive Clean program. Certain cars, vans, trucks, motorhomes and buses must be evaluated under the Drive Clean program to check that they meet Ontario emissions standards before being licensed to drive on Ontario roads. On September 28, 2018, the Ontario government announced the cancellation of the Drive Clean program and instead focusing on heavy duty vehicles; the change would be effective on April 1, 2019.

Other

 * Environmental assessments
 * Environmental approvals
 * Environmental registry
 * Environment maps
 * Great Lakes and Watersheds
 * Pesticides


text:
Dayyán

The great Dayyan (میرزا أسد الله), often referred to as Dayyán, was a Bábí follower, a religion founded by the Báb in Persia in 1844. The Báb wrote numerous tablets of praise to Dayyán recognising his devotion to the new religion. In the days before his execution, the Báb asked that Dayyán be the custodian of his work, keeping his writings safe.

Among the Bábí teachings was the appearance of a messianic figure, termed He whom God shall make manifest. After the Báb's death, Dayyán was the third person to recognize "He whom God shall make manifest", in the person of Baháʼu'lláh. Dayyán was murdered for refuting the claims of successor-ship made by Mirza Yahya.

Miller, an American missionary to Persia, wrote that Baha was not the only one who at this time was prepared to make a claim for himself, for a man named Mirza Asadullah-i-Khuy surnamed Dayyán, who had been appointed by the Báb as amanuensis to Subh-i-Azal, declared that he was He whom God shall make manifest, and demanded that all the Babis obey him, and some of them became his followers. Miller adds that Subh-i-Azal denounced Dayyán in a book he wrote, but as Dayyan remained obstinate, he was murdered by Mirza Muhammad of Mazanderan, probably by drowning him in the Tigris.

The Báb gave Mírza Asadu'lláh the surname "Dayyán" ("One Who Rewards" or "Judge"). Shoghi Effendi describes him as "the zealous, the famous Mírza Asadu'lláh, surnamed Dayyán, a prominent official of high literary repute, who was endowed by the Báb with the "hidden and preserved knowledge," and extolled as the "repository of the trust of the one true God..." The Báb predicted Dayyán would be the third person to believe in Baháʼu'lláh and extolled him as the "Third Letter to believe in Him Whom God shall make manifest." When Baháʼu'lláh was in Kurdistan, Dayyán wrote to and received responses from Mírza Yahyá that he considered inadequate and devoid of spiritual knowledge. Baháʼu'lláh wrote in the Kitáb-i-Badíʻ that after reading prayers by Dayyán which showed a loyalty to God's Messengers and emphasized humility and servitude, Mírza Yahyá became very jealous and "determined to harm him". Tensions increased when Dayyán wrote a letter refuting Mírza Yahyá's claim to be the Báb's successor, even quoting the Báb to make his point. Mírza Yahyá responded by writing a book Mustayqiz (Sleeper Awakened) which reprimanded Dayyán, called him the "Father of Calamities," and called on Bábís to kill him. Mírza Yahyá gave this order in 1856. He sent Mírza Muhammad-i-Mázindarání to Azerbaijan "with explicit orders to kill Dayyán." In the meantime Dayyán left Azerbaijan before Mírza Muhammad arrived. Dayyán was on his way to Baghdad to attain the presence of Baháʼu'lláh Who happened to be returning to Baghdad from Sulaymaniyah in Kurdistan. Dayyán did attain His presence and, on so doing, renounced all prior claims to leadership. Subsequently, Mírza Muhammad did find Dayyán and eventually had Dayyán accompany him on a trip to Baghdad. It was on this trip that Dayyán lost his life to Mírza Muhammad.

On the other hand, followers of Subh-i-Azal believe that Dayyán had declared himself to be He whom God shall make manifest and that Baháʼu'lláh, after a protracted discussion with him, instructed his servant Mirza Muhammad Ali of Mázandarán to slay him, which was accordingly done.

title: Dayyán


text:
Talk:Aptiv

Aptiv's roots in Packard Electric
Delphi Packard Electric Systems redirects to Aptiv, yet there is no mention of Packard Electric in Aptiv's history section. To imply that Aptiv's history began in 1994, without mentioning it's roots in Packard Electric of Warren Ohio, which existed as a GM division for the majority of the 20th century, produced key electrical components for millions of cars and trucks under numerous brands across the world, and was divested by GM in the 1990s as part of what would become Delphi, is to overlook a critical part of Aptiv's history and exclude Packard Electric's history from Wikipedia. Leezwiki (talk) 12:40, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Agreed. Currently a -very- misleading article, essentially hiding that this "company" 'Automotive Components Group Worldwide' was actually a collection of General Motors parts manufacturers. SmarterAlec (talk) 03:20, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aptiv


text:
User talk:209.175.156.35

September 2017
Hello, I'm PlyrStar93. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation)— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. -★- PlyrStar93. → Message me. 🖉← 18:36, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. -★- PlyrStar93. → Message me. 🖉← 18:42, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:209.175.156.35


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SamuraiClinton

 * ''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a request for adminship that did not succeed. Please do not modify it.

SamuraiClinton
Final (0/18/5) ending 23:13, 22 April 2005 (UTC)

SamuraiClinton is a prolific contributor with a strong interest in participating in the Wikipedia community. I think he would make a fine administrator. LevelCheck 23:13, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * By the comments below, this nomination seems to be 1) doomed to fail, 2) toeing the line for WP:POINT, and 3) in danger of becoming a personal attack magnet. To me, there seems little reason to continue discussing it. Are there any objections to closing it prematurely? Radiant_* 11:41, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, SamuraiClinton should get his 7 days, just like everybody else does. He has a right to enjoy a proper RFA, regardless of how much opposition he has recieved.  Unless of course, he consents to this RFA being closed prematurely. -Frazzydee|✍ 20:33, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's unlikely you'd get a straight answer (if you got an answer at all) out of Samurai if you asked him if he wanted to end this prematurely. I concur with Radiant; this is just a personal attack magnet and probably a bad-faith nomination. If it needs to stand, though, I guess policy is policy... android↔talk 04:55, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate please indicate acceptance of the nomination here

Note: Please do not vote until User:SamuraiClinton accepts the nomination or somehow indicates that he is interested in pursuing adminship. His comment to his nominator suggests he is not interested, and it is unfair to expose a user to the scrutinizing criticism of an RFA when he does not wish to seek the position. Any user is free to strike or remove this comment if SamuraiClinton accepts his nomination. — Knowledge Seeker দ 23:39, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * From his answers to the questions below, I infer that he does accept the nomination and so withdraw the note above. — Knowledge Seeker দ 02:46, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Support

Oppose
 * 1) SamuraiClinton almost never puts edit summaries, see . There are many other reasons to oppose Samurai's candidacy, but this one is close to my heart (close enough to not even wait for Samurai to even say if s/he desires the adminship). Oleg Alexandrov 23:36, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose. Too suspicious nomination. No edit summaries, no answer to candidacy and seems to be conflictive. --Neigel von Teighen 23:39, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose. (I'll take the answers to the questions below as an implicit acceptance of the nomination.) Many reasons are listed at his RfC. SamuraiClinton either does not understand the concept of consensus or chooses to ignore it when it doesn't suit his needs, as evidenced at the VfD discussion for Autosexuality (in particular, and ). android↔talk 00:25, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. An administrator should present a "face" to the community by having a user page. This is part of how one communicates with other editors. Jonathunder 00:35, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC) Holding vote. It appears this user is not seeking adminship (see note by Knowledge Seeker). Jonathunder 00:45, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose, per all the above; no need for repetition. —Korath (Talk) 01:16, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose. I believe that an Admin needs to exhibit a sincere and helpful state of mind. This can not be expressed in words but in deeds. I do think that SamuraiClinton has this potential but is being influenced by others. Too bad. Be yourself and grow. Stupid me if I'm wrong on this.  hydnjo talk 02:09, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose. Nothing personal, mind you.  Sam is currently the subject of a rather lively request for comment on behavior that can best be described as idiosyncratic. - Lucky 6.9 03:26, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Oppose. Needs to do more edit summaries; idiosyncratic behaviour described in RfC suggests that SamuraiClinton is still getting the hang of Wikipedia operation. Answers to questions below seem to indicate a lack of interest in adminship anyway. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 03:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Oppose. SamuraiClinton might be a good admin some time in the future, but right now he simply lacks the maturity and common-sense required (see the Request for Comments on him). I also have very great reservations about the motives of the nominator. Finally, his answers to the candidate questions are not very good. -- FP 05:26, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Oppose. This is an absurd nomination. Firebug 07:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Oppose. SamuraiClinton is eager to contribute, and full of good intentions, but he has made a fair number of blunders. He needs to settle down a little. Sjakkalle 08:11, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Oppose, all my reasons have already been said. Rje 13:19, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Oppose. Seems like basically a good person who tries to add good content to WP, but his articles are often VfDed or speedied, particularly as neologisms, which suggests he needs more time to get used to WP before adminship. Also, a nomination by an anon/new user is worrying, though I'm not sure it should be considered a sock--there'd be no reason for it, as self-noms are allowed.  In addition, responses to the questions below indicate that Sam is only interested in editing and creating articles, neither of which need admin privileges.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  18:42, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Specious nomination. The nominator should be censured.  RickK 23:20, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) OPPOSE. Sorry for screaming but this vote is not difficult. I've looked into SamuraiClintons contributions and have decided that this person is not one with which to trust with administratorship at this time. It's lt's nothing personal, it's just business. hydnjo talk 00:16, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Radiant_* 11:41, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Oppose 1) The user should explicitly support his nomination 2) I'll never vote for a user who has a blank user page. A little info on himself would go a long way in gaining the trust of the community. == 19:04, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Oppose. While I'm still prepared to assume good faith and regard SamuraiClinton's contributions as not malicious, the points raised in Requests_for_comment/SamuraiClinton clearly indicate he's not yet mature for adminship. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 18:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Oppose. Sockpuppetry, unauthorized closure of VfD, and a slew of absurd contributions.  Erratic to say the least.  I think he's shown a rather selective lack of comprehension and deserves no good faith presumption at this point, but of course even that presumption would not sustain this nomination.  Postdlf 08:45, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Oppose, because of reasons stated above. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  00:01, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Oppose. SamuraiClinton's contributions to date do not yet indicate a good understanding of Wikipedian consensus, or good technical skills with respect to editing or following procedure. He should not be proposed for sysop until he is generally regarded as a reliable contributor, which at this writing he is not. Generally speaking I would not think people should expect to be appointed admins while they have an active RFC criticizing them. Dpbsmith (talk) 12:34, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Is SamuraiClinton the same person as GoofyGuy? I should review all of this user's contributions before voting. Any other aka names that I should look at ?  hydnjo talk 00:39, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * User:SamuraiClinton has variously used "GoofyGuy" and "TheSamurai" in his signatures, but there are no other usernames, except for some anonymous edits before the creation of the SamuraiClinton username. See Uncle G's analysis in the RfC I linked above for more on the anonymous contributions. android↔talk 00:51, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Abstain since user is on RFC. Zzyzx11 | Talk 03:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Color me naive and/or conservative but I still feel that this nomination was made in bad faith since the candidate is on RFC and this will only has caused more negative comments about him. Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:06, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Bludgeon the nominator with rotten vegetables, since luring SamuraiClinton into being pummeled seems to have been the only point of this exercise. --iMb~Meow 02:40, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Neutral--Comrade Nick  @ )---^--  12:48, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Come on, guys. If a vote is like 0-10, there's no reason to keep voting with simply more damaging remarks. And anyway, isn't this exactly the reason why half of you guys voted against WP:RFDA? "Oh dear, User:Ugen64 might get harassed by a request for de-adminship - I can't elaborate further because I have to go pummel another troll on RFA." If there were no policy against personal attacks, I would use take the words "hypocrite" and "some of you", combine them, and make a meaningful sentence. The meaning of this hypothetical meaningful sentence shall never be known, because, as you all know, there is a policy against personal attacks. ugen 64 22:27, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Color me naive and/or conservative but a nomination for Admin by a Not-logged-in or No-Page user troubles me. hydnjo talk 00:30, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have a user page now (albeit only a stub). I have been editing Wikipedia for some time, but never found it necessary to create a username, until some individuals decided that it was "vandalism" to make a RFA nomination as an anonymous user. Since anonymous users are considered second-class Wikicitizens, I chose to no longer retain that status. LevelCheck 01:02, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Color me naive and/or conservative but a person who creates a user account for the primary purpose of nominating someone for Admin also troubles me. Zzyzx11 | Talk 01:47, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As stated above, this was only one of the reasons. As an anonymous user, I was accused of "vandalism" for creating perfectly sensible redirects, due to the stererotypes of anonymous users. I created an account to avoid the stigma attached to anonymity. Being accused of "vandalism" for a RFA nomination was only the last straw. LevelCheck 02:35, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll agree with that reason. Zzyzx11 | Talk 03:23, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Color me naive and/or conservative but I still feel that this nomination was made in bad faith since the candidate is on RFC and this will only has caused more negative comments about him. Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:06, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * SamuraiClinton currently has 1160 total edits: 954/23 to articles/talk, 93/3 to Wikipedia/talk, 41 to User talk, 26/8 to Category/talk, and 11/1 to Template/talk. —Korath (Talk) 01:16, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Based on SamuraiClinton's comments, the nominator LevelCheck previously edited under 63.173.114.137 (talk | contributions). Zzyzx11 | Talk 01:41, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As a technical note, I wouldn't characterize an anon nominating someone as "vandalism," but the nominator should have noted the policy stated above that: Anonymous users cannot be nominated, nominate others, or vote. They are allowed to comment.
 * Agree with IMeowbot. This nomination is a bad idea which smacks of deliberating trying to get SamuraiClinton pummelled. JuntungWu 05:27, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Zzyzx11 (above) and JuntungWu: this would appear to be a bad-faith nomination. However, User:SamuraiClinton has not declined the nomination (despite my request to him on his talk page) and has even answered the questions below. I'm not sure what to make of it but that implies acceptance of the nomination to me. — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This whole thing is getting more and more suspicious. Android seems to think an a new user named SuperDude115 is his own sockpuppet who slammed himself on his talk page.  Even the name is similar.  I think it's just about time we put a stop to this farce once and for all. - Lucky 6.9 06:31, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I must point out that LevelCheck's anonymous account (User:63.173.114.137) has only about twenty edits. It seems likely that he has other accounts as well; maybe a sock check is in order? Radiant_* 11:48, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * this is a blatant eposide of WP:POINT, imho. LevelCheck's action unbecoming of what wikipedia is all about. Kingturtle 02:56, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Just editing articles and creating new ones that come to mind.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Well, some probably.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. Well, people send me messages concerning bogus contributions, but still; I have superior intentions for Wikipedia.

 * The above adminship discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the talk page of either this nomination or the nominated user). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Les Concerts en Chine

Les Concerts en Chine (, English title: The Concerts in China) is a live album by Jean-Michel Jarre, recorded in 1981 and released in 1982 on Disques Dreyfus. It was recorded during Jarre's Concerts in China tour of Autumn 1981, which consisted of five Beijing and Shanghai concerts in China; this was the first time a Western pop artist performed in China after the Cultural Revolution.

The album is a balance of previously released tracks by Jarre, new compositions inspired by Chinese culture, and one rearranged traditional Chinese track, "Fishing Junks at Sunset" ("Jonques de pêcheurs au crépuscule").

The album consists mainly of live material, plus ambient sound recordings and one new studio track "Souvenir of China". Other new compositions recorded live include "Nuit à Shanghai", "Harpe Laser", "Arpégiateur" and "Orient Express". "Jonques de pêcheurs au crépuscule" ("Fishing Junks at Sunset") is a new arrangement of a very old traditional Chinese song known as the "Fisherman's Chant at Dusk", which was performed and recorded with The Peking Conservatoire Symphony Orchestra and is often wrongly attributed as being composed by Jean-Michel Jarre, misled by the album inlay.

Several of the tracks are misleadingly titled. The track labelled as "Magnetic Fields Part 1" is merely 30 seconds of table tennis sound effects and has no similarity with the studio track of the same name. "Band in the Rain" is actually part 8 of Équinoxe, and "The Last Rhumba" is part 5 of Magnetic Fields. Opening track "The Overture" is part 1 of Magnetic Fields slowed down.

The album was originally released as a double-disc LP, then as a double-disc CD. There was also a CD release in two separate volumes, with the cover color changed to blue (Vol. 1) and yellow (Vol. 2). In 1997, a one-disc remastered CD was released, made possible by reducing the total running time to 78:17 by reducing the gaps and audience noise between tracks. The remastering was done by Scott Hull at Masterdisk to the 96 kHz, 24 bit standard.

One of the album's original tracks – "Arpégiateur" – was used in the soundtrack of the film 9½ Weeks as well as in several mid-1980s episodes of the American soap opera Santa Barbara.

The album reached No. 6 in the UK charts #1 in Portugal and #76 in Australia.

Personnel

 * Jean-Michel Jarre – Fairlight CMI, Eminent, Oberheim OB-Xa, Moog Taurus, EMS Synthi AKS, EMS VCS 3, Linn LM-1, Electro-Harmonix Micro Synthesizer, laser harp, Elka X-705
 * Frederick Rousseau – MDB Polysequencer, RSF Kobol, Yamaha CS-60, Korg Rhythm, ARP 2600
 * Dominique Perrier – Moog Liberation, Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, Eminent, Korg Polyphonique, RSF Kobol
 * Roger Rizzitelli – Electronic percussion, Simmons electronic drum

Additional personnel

 * Pierre Mourey – musical instrument coordinator
 * Peking Conservatoire Symphony Orchestra – Chinese orchestra on "Fishing Junks at Sunset"
 * Huang Feili – orchestra conductor on "Fishing Junks at Sunset"
 * Mrs. Li Meng, Mr. Wang Zhi – collaborating artists (possibly playing guzhengs) on "Fishing Junks at Sunset"
 * Live recording by : René AMELINE & Patrick AUFOUR with the FLIGHT MOBILE.

title: Les Concerts en Chine


text:
Talk:Burping

Birds
When I was growing up my friends all told me that seagulls cannot burp and thus feeding an Alka-Seltzer tablet to a gull would cause it to explode. If true, this is worth mentioning in the section about animal distress and bloat; if not true, it might be worth mentioning as a curious popular belief about burping (akin to burping to show approval of a meal). However, I have no data about this matter (indeed, I have not really given it any thought for 30+ years), but if anyone has this information, he or she might add it to the article. 64.92.181.114 (talk) 19:05, 10 March 2011 (UTC)RKH

Question: do cats burp? More generally, what other mammals are able to?

 * Talk pages are not for asking questions. Try the reference desk. JFW | T@lk  23:59, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if someone can answer the question here, then that information could be added to the article. PeepP 17:46, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * ✅. AdventurousSquirrel (talk) 07:02, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

farting & burping
There's a vote on Talk:Flatulence about moving the page to "fart" (just like this page is burp instead of eructation). Let the world know how you feel! -69.110.21.188
 * Please restrict comments on this page to a discussion of *this* article. Ziggurat 22:20, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Some people don't call farting farting. Take my mom for example. Flatulencece, very good name.

 * Your mom is called Flatulencece? Extraordinary. Are you from America? --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 20:16, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Unhealthy?
I've heard rumors that over-burping can be unhealthy. A section should be added to the article about the issue. I'll add if I find anything. --UVnet 04:25, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The way I heard it, 'burp-talking' or forcing air repeatedly up and down through the esophageal valve is likely to pick up a bit of acid each time, and over time erode the poor thing til it can't do its job anymore. I used to make myself burp for fun all the time, now I have chronic heartburn.

Article way too alarmist on health
Burping is a natural phenomenon; most health people burp six or more times each day. You don't get that sense from this overheated write-up. For a more balanced treatment, see, http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/tc/gas-bloating-and-burping-topic-overview 93.73.66.219 (talk) 14:50, 14 September 2010 (UTC)  Contributor Mare Nostrum 14:52, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

"Compliments to the chef" disputed
I doubt the validity of the passage "in Saudi Arabia, Japan, and many other countries, burping after a meal is considered a compliment to the chef", since I know for a fact that this is definitely not true for Japan. This might be simple rumor or stereotype, as in reality it is considered as much a taboo in polite company as in the Western world.
 * I agree. Sources would be good for any of these (when I added it I believe it referred only to the Middle East, but people have been slowly adding countries ever since), pending which I'll remove it entirely. Ziggurat 08:57, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a urban legend but it's hard to tell. There is an ongoing discussion on snopes.com here.Milton P Terriwinkle (talk) 16:45, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not true in the Middle East either. Definitely a rumor/stereotype.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.211.251.118 (talk) 06:14, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Cardia or cricopharingeal sphincter?
The article says that the sound of burping is caused by the vibration of the cardia, the lower esophageal sphincter connecting the esophagus and the stomach. Is this true? As a personal experience, I do not feel the mouth of my stomach vibrate when I burp; instead, I feel the gas come up in my esophagus to neck level, and when I actually burp, that zone inside my neck is what vibrates.

The esophagus also has an upper sphincter, that is the cricopharingeal sphincter. That is exactly where I feel the vibration. I would modify the article myself to reflect that, but I'm waiting for someone with actual medical experience to reply, since I cannot prove it nor deny it (I'd have to perform an endoscopy on myself while I'm burping to do that) and I may be wrong.

Devil Master, 19 Mar 2006, 19:22 (MET)

 * It does seem unlikely that the cardia are vibrating, as they necessarily have to snap shut very quickly following the release of gas in order to prevent stomach acid refluxing (see : "As the fluid level in the fundus of the stomach rose toward the sphincter with escape of the gas, the sphincter snapped shut just in time to prevent the escape of gastric contents"), but I can't find any references to what is actually vibrating. Esophageal speech seems to indicate vibration in the upper esophagus too... Ziggurat 01:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The first of the external links seems to confirm that the cardia does not vibrate. It mentions supragastric belching, defined as: gas from the oesophagus that never made it down to the stomach. And if the gas never reaches the stomach, it cannot make the cardia vibrate. Devil Master, 20 Mar 2006, 19:43 (MET)

Non-functional Link
The link to "Cow Methane Production" does not work anymore.

Does anyone know where the article can be found again? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Barakitty (talk • contribs) 05:10, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

I FEEL THIS ARTICLE SHOULD NOT EXIST AT ALL OR BE HIGHLY EDITED
the "word" "burp" is unacceptable for wikipedia and should be removed. also this article does not expand our knowledge on the subject so I feel it should be deleted entirely.--Isshii (talk) 05:31, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia isn't censored. Most English-speakers call it either burping or belching anyway, and both are considered appropriate terms. Just because it may not expand your personal knowledge on the topic, many people on the web may be actually searching for information, and this article would help them.  Zoombus (talk) 20:32, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Eructation and Arianism
The way found this page was another Wikipedia page that discussed the differences between Arianism and Orthodox Christianity. That article mentions the word eructation as one of the possible other reasons for Jesus Christ's birth. I can understand there not being a link like this to either page. And I don't really see the linkage between the two ideas and how this idea could have worked for anyone. Maybe the word in the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism is being misspelled or misquoted. An online historical time line led me to the whole story to begin with. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.113.210.175 (talk) 01:55, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

phrasing..
In western culture, burping in public is often considered as rude. But young people have fun with it. - wow.. i wonder what grade i'd get for such bs in elementary school? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.8.246.88 (talk) 01:20, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Burp vs Belch
A belch is typically louder than a burp.

Belch: UGGGGGHHHT

Burp: ught

169.233.57.173 (talk) 23:44, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

daily cow methane production
I have a hard time believe that cows can generate 542 to 600 liters of methane per day, perhaps 600 liters of methane-containing gas that is still air to a large proportion 69.172.118.142 (talk) 06:37, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Cultural Acceptance
The Cultural Acceptance section is wrong. Burping is not any more or less acceptable in Japan than it is in western countries. This is bogus information. In fact, the referenced web page actually says burping is not polite at meals in Japan. I will remove Japan from this reference, unless there is some objection. --Westwind273 (talk) 17:46, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

"Some animals such as horses and rats cannot burp nor puke due to structural reasons"
That's what the Finnish article says. I'm not the one to tell whether either is true, but what I'm concerned is it's not in the English article. ----rautamiekka (talk) 00:16, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Italian acceptance
Do Italians accept burping? Article doesn't say so. 115.188.198.32 (talk) 22:42, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

In other animals: erroneous and misleading claims
Much of this section consists of erroneous and misleading claims. Thorough revision is needed.

•	The section states "In the case of ruminants, the gas (wind) expelled is methane produced as a byproduct of the animal's digestive process." In fact, the eructated gas is mostly carbon dioxide; it also contains small amounts of several other gases, in addition to the significant methane fraction. There are several credible sources of information on rumen gas composition.

•	The section claims: "One reason why cows burp so much is that they are often fed foods that their digestive systems cannot fully process, such as corn and soy." The rationale is incorrect. Feed constituents that are not digestively processed at all do not contribute to ruminal gas production. When feeds are more fully processed by digestion in the rumen, considerable gas may be produced, The claim may also mislead because, per unit amount of metabolizable energy consumed, corn (maize) grain can be expected to produce no more ruminal gas than the grasses, legume forages, non-leguminous forbs and other roughages in the diet of cattle. This is partly because the volatile fatty acid anions produced in ruminal fermentation of the forages tend to include a smaller propionate fraction and a larger acetate fraction: production of acetate from pyruvate is accompaned by release of carbon dioxide (some of which is reduced to form methane). If more eructation does occur with feeding of more corn and soy, it may be due to increased digestion of feed, related not only to higher average digestibility of feed, but also higher voluntary intake of feed, facilitated by rumen volume made available by more rapid passage of feeds with lower average fiber concentration. However, if a feed is subject to more rapid passage, the fraction of its digestible dry matter digested in the rumen may be lessened, with more fermentation (and thus, very likely, increased gas production) occurring in the hindgut, from which gases do not contribute to eructation. Also, the degree to which the digestive system of cattle can process corn grain varies significantly, depending on whether and how the grain is processed before feeding. For example, digestion of the starch of corn grain in cattle tends to be higher if the grain was processed (e.g. by grinding, rolling or steam-flaking) before feeding, rather than being fed whole.

•	The section states: "Some farmers have reduced burping in their cows by feeding them alfalfa and flaxseed, which are closer to the grasses that they had eaten in the wild before they were domesticated." The article cited in connection to this claim is focused on methane release and its reduction; it contains no claim that eructation is reduced wih this diet. Flaxseed is not at all close to a grass, either botanically or in terms of its composition. There is no basis for assuming or implying that any feed so extremely high in lipids would have been a significant part of the diet of pre-domestication cattle. The cited source does not claim that feeding of alfalfa has any effect on either eructation or methane. It simply states that alfalfa was being fed to cattle in the study. (Although there is also no explicit claim that feeding of flaxseed was responsible for reduced methane production in this study, one would expect, from evidence presented in peer-reviewed research papers, that methane emission would be reduced by inclusion of flaxseed in the diet of the cows.)

•	The section states: "Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other bacteria lack the enzymes and cofactors required for methane production." In relation to eructation by ruminants, why mention Escherichia coli at all? E. coli is abundant in the hindgut, but hindgut gases are not subject to eructation. Gases produced in the rumen are subject to eructation, but E. coli is unimportant in the rumen, because it tends to be strongly inhibited by rumen fluid constituents within the normal rumen pH range, as shown by Wolin (1969).

•	With reference to methane produced by cows, the section states: "95% of this gas (wind) is emitted through burping." The source cited for this is a newspaper column by a journalist who actually states, with regard to methane, "About 95% of the gas originates, not as flatulence, but as exhalation." Exhalation is not equivalent to burping. Moreover, the journalist does not attribute the claim to an expert or a credible source. Nowhere have I found research data to justify suggesting an eructation figure as high as 95 % of the total methane produced in a cow or other ruminant. Many sources cite data of Murray et al. (1976), who found that in sheep, 95 % of rumen methane is emitted by eructation, but in their study, rumen methane accounted for only 87 % of total methane production, the remainder being produced in the hindgut and emitted by processes other than eructation. Thus, of the total methane produced in that study, only 83 % was emitted by eructation. •	No source is cited to support the claim that "An average cow is thought to emit between 542 litres (if located in a barn) and 600 litres (if in a field) of methane per day through burping and exhalation, making commercially farmed cattle a major contributor to the greenhouse effect." Although temperature and pressure for these volume expressions are not specified, making the meaning of the numbers vague, these figures seem much too high for emission by eructation and exhalation from an average cow. The numbers and description suggest that the claim might be based on misinterpretation of the data of Kaharabata and Schuepp (2000), who estimated 542 and 631 L/d per dairy cow for a barn and a feedlot, respectively. These amounts represent methane from not only eructation and exhalation, but also emission from the anus and any emission due to methanogenesis within the sampled area outside the cows, e.g. in manure within the areas where the measurements were made. (The measurements used SF6 methodology in a spatial sampling grid.) Moreover, the dairy cows of one barn and one feedlot cannot be assumed to be average cows, considering relative numbers and characteristics of dairy cows and beef cows, and variation among herds and feeding practices. The US EPA "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2013, Annex 3", has estimated that average annual methane production of US beef cows and dairy cows in 2013 was 95 and 144 kg per head, respectively. The EPA calculations were carefully and expertly done, taking account of many factors in different regions of the US, and there are arguably no better estimates of the averages for US beef and dairy cows for 2013. The average of these figures, weighted according to relative numbers of US beef cows and dairy cows in 2013 (from US EPA figures, verified by consulting USDA Agricultural Statistics 2014), is 107 kg per year, equivalent to 445 L per cow per day at 25 deg. C and 1 atm. pressure (or 413 L at standard temperature and pressure as defined by IUPAC), considerably below the lower of the two figures claimed in the Wikipedia article. Predicating a claim about methane from "commercially farmed" cattle on alleged methane data from average cows is also problematic. For example, US EPA estimates indicate that the average methane emission per head of US feedlot cattle is less than half the average per US cow, and the average per head of US beef calves is about a tenth of the average per US cow.

•	The claim "... making commercially farmed cattle a major contributor to the greenhouse effect", predicated on alleged methane emission from an average cow, is an unattributed, misinformed opinion. Examination of the claim is a bit simpler than if the claim had specified contribution to anthropogenic global warming, and although the calculation below may seem rough, more precise calculation would be unnecessary for demonstrating that the Wikipedia claim is false. (1) In 1980, water vapor, carbon dioxide and clouds, which are the major contributors, together accounted for about 91 to 95 percent of the greenhouse effect, and methane accounted for between 0.7 and 1.6 percent (Schmidt et al.  2010. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 115: D20106). Atmospheric methane content has increased somewhat since then (IPCC AR5, i.e. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5th Assessement Report). If methane's contribution since 1980 has increased, but no more than in simple proportion to that increase in atmospheric methane content, the contribution now would be within the range 0.7 to 1.9 percent. (3) The atmospheric lifetime of methane is short, recently estimated at about 9 years (IPCC AR5). Thus, recent data on sources of methane emission are sufficient for partitioned attribution of current atmospheric methane between cattle and other sources, i.e. approximate attribution need not take account of long-term historical data, because the relative proportions of emissions from cattle versus other sources have not changed greatly in recent years. (4) Enteric fermentation in cattle recently accounts for only about 11 to 13 percent of total (natural plus anthropogenic) methane emissions, and because of (3), cattle can therefore be inferred to account for only about 11 to 13 percent of atmospheric methane recently. The methane emission percentages are based on IPCC AR5 and FAOSTAT figures (where the latter were calculated by IPCC Tier 1 methods). (5) Although the FAO compiles global statistics on cattle numbers, there are no global statistics on "commercially farmed" cattle numbers or their emissions. However, because "commercially farmed" cattle represent a subset of total cattle, the methane from this subset is some fraction of that from all cattle. (6) From the  above, one can estimate  that methane from all cattle accounts for between about 0.08 and 0.25 of one percent of the greenhouse effect, and that the contribution from "commercially farmed" cattle will be only some fraction of that from all cattle. Thus, to claim that methane emission from cows makes "commercially farmed" cattle a major contributor to the greenhouse effect is an egregious error.

•	The article's mention of an anti-methane vaccine cites an abbreviated secondary account of a study which examined effects only over a very short period. There is no acknowledgment of the more recent study (published nearly seven years ago) involving many of the same researchers, showing that in the longer run, use of anti-methanogen vaccine resulted in no significant reduction of methane production. This result was apparently due to induction of a different methanogen population, occupying the ecological niche of methanogens whose numbers had been reduced by the vaccine.

•	The section refers to bloat in ruminants. It might be helpful to readers if there were some explanation of how ruminant eructation occurs and of the mechanism[s] involved in bloat that occurs due to prevention of eructation. With regard to bloat treatment, the section mentions use of rubber hose or trochar, but does not acknowledge any alternative treatments or preventatives, such as administration of poloxalene, alcohol ethoxylate, pluronic detergents, various oils, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, or various ionophores.

•	The description of a 'burp" in fish indicates that it does not correspond to a burp, belch or eructation as described in the article's lede or to the subject of the article as characterized on the Burp disambiguation page. Discussion of such release of gas by a fish presumably belongs in an article elsewhere in Wikipedia.      Schafhirt (talk) 23:26, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Woah, you're right!!

 * WP:SOFIXIT Just please be more, uh, succinct if you edit the article! I like to saw logs! (talk) 07:08, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 21 August 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved  Dr Strauss   talk   11:41, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

Burping → Eructation – "Eructation" is the technical term for burping, and other articles on bodily functions are at their official names: urination instead of "peeing", defecation instead of "pooping", and flatulence instead of "farting". Many reliable sources do also use the term "eructation", so the fact that this page is at "burping" seems like an anomaly. 65 HC  A7  11:24, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose burping is not slang and occurs even in medical texts. In ictu oculi (talk) 12:38, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Per policy, we prefer common names over technical ones, and eructation, though the correct technical term, is not common.  It's also different from urination, defecation, and flatulence, which are more commonly known and used.  ╠╣uw [ talk ]  14:30, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose per In ictu oculi and Huw. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 04:08, 22 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 20:21, 22 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment: Pinging In ictu oculi, Huw, Roman Spinner, and Seppi333. The following are all reliable sources that use the term 'eructation'.
 * 1) : "Belching can be embarrassing, but eructation (the medical term for burping) is rarely a sign of anything serious."
 * 2) : throughout
 * 3) : "During the Middle Ages eructation in man was an audible expression of appreciation..." and others
 * 4) : throughout
 * 5) : throughout, never even uses "burping"
 * I could go on, but my point is that "eructation" is clearly not some stuffy formal term nobody ever uses. It is a widely used term, and even Urban Dictionary of all sites has a definition of it.  Otherwise, we could argue that, for example, "pooping" is the common name for defecation and thus that article should be moved there.  (Besides, this reliable source does use the terms "poop" and "pooping".)  I fail to see anybody's logic here.  65  HC  A7  11:46, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Sure but the register of "burping" is simply acceptable and normal. It's a bodily function that doesn't carry the same opprobrium as the others you've compared it with. Hence it is the normal term. In ictu oculi (talk) 12:09, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't know where you're from, but where I live (and have my whole life), eructation does carry similar opprobrium as urination, defecation, and flatulence. Burping, like the others, isn't discussed in polite company or in public, and it isn't done in polite company or in public either.  Actually, urination and defecation are dealt with by excusing oneself to the bathroom, and flatulence and eructation just don't happen.  People who burp freely in public or who didn't say "excuse me" are simply rude, and now we're going off topic.

 * As for it being the "normal term", vastly more people use the terms "poop" and "crap" than feces, more people use "pee" than urine, and more people use "fart" than flatus/flatulence. "Pee", "poop", "fart", and "burp" are similar and comparable terms.  65  HC  A7  13:33, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
 * In the five cites listed above, 1) from Prevention (magazine), explains the term, 2) from Study.com also explains it ("What Is Eructation?"), 3) from Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences knows its intended readership, 4) from BendoMD.com explains it in the lead sentence "Eructation (belching)" and 5) from the scientific database SpringerLink also knows its audience. In the same manner that we submit WP:COMMONNAME in similar discussions, we would rely upon standard sources, primarily newspapers, for common terms. While words such as "peeing", "pooping" or "farting" would be most likely heard in an informal conversation, newspapers stories which have need to report on such subjects would almost certainly (depending on the newspaper) use "urination", "defecation" or "flatulence" which, unlike "eructation", are terms familiar to nearly everyone. Since burping / belching are extremely common terms and frequently occur in print, while "eructation" is a term which is most likely unknown to 99% of the English-speaking population, the title of this article needs to be either Burping or Belching, taking into account whatever specific differences exist between the two. Finally, while on the subject of common terms, while newspapers commonly use the term "heart attack", two WP:RM discussions {November 2011 and November 2012} have not produced a consensus to move Myocardial infarction to Heart attack. Let this discussion stand for the record and, since Wikipedia will be around for centuries or even millennia, a subsequent discussion on this subject can call upon this one for guidance. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 14:36, 23 August 2017 (UTC)

 * How about belching? bd2412  T 13:37, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose proposed move. "Burping" is more of a WP:COMMONNAME than the proposed move location. Steel1943  (talk) 22:15, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Roaring Burps
the is not electronically distorted, that's just how a normal grown up's burping sound. The you are advocating for sounds like the half hearted forced burping of a child, I used to burp like that when I was 6 years old. --Yukterez (talk) 06:02, 5 June 2018 (UTC)

Swallowing air vs digestive gas release
In this article, and many supposedly informative sites on burping, claim burping is primarily and almost exclusively caused by swallowing air. This is done without citation or explanation. No mention is made of digestive processes causing burps beyond carbonated beverages. The exception is the strangely lengthy discussion on bovine burps which mention nothing about cows swallowing air. The cow discussion is also supported by a scientific article. To me, it seems unlikely that "swallowing air" is a real or significant cause of burping. Regardless of my belief, this myth or folk wisdom should not be perpetuated by Wikipedia unless the context is explained or a reliable citation found. Cpbm727 (talk) 13:51, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

Burp Solo!
Does anyone agree with me when I say that the burp sounds like a BURP SOLO. Why am I getting the feeling that we should change it... MarioFyreFlower (talk) 20:47, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
 * , This is indeed, an astounding and astonishing rendition! It is not particularly elegant, but perhaps it does provide an excellent example of the various sounds. I don't have experience in judging the appropriateness of audio clips for our encyclopedia. Yes, it is a bit weird, but illustrative....(and pretty gross, from my US cultural viewpoint). Ah, well...Best wishes,  Tribe of Tiger Let's Purrfect!  02:39, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

A Bird That Can Actually Burp?
They say birds can't burp, but what about the hoatzin? Some say this bird can burp due to their unique digestive system, even their wikipedia page says so, but I not sure if it's true to include here. 118.200.203.31 (talk) 02:02, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burping


text:
Talk:Les Concerts en Chine

Magnetic Fields I
What's the gag? I've been listening to this album for nearly 30 years and I've never known why there is twenty seconds of knocking noises and applause listed as "Magnetic Fields I" when the LP version lasts about 17 minutes.

Also, why was the Oxygene material not included on the original album? I've always found that odd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.86.124.74 (talk) 14:51, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree. Also, Magnetic Fields I *was* actually performed live entirely and the recording survived in the official video of the concert, as can be seen on this YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTyAtn177zo  Can someone explain if this recording is available somewhere else than on that video? Colpocorto (talk) 16:59, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Suggested corrections
Jean Michel Jarre is not a pop artist. He is an Electronica artist. Consider changing the sentence to the first western live musician. The Overture is more than just a slowed down version of the opening of Magnetic Fields Part 1. There are additional beat structures and melodic constructs to consider this a different song. Consider removing the part that refers to The Overture. 118.208.17.66 (talk) 10:23, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Les Concerts en Chine


text:
Top of the World Highway

The Top of the World Highway is a 127 km highway, beginning at a junction with the Taylor Highway near the unincorporated community of Jack Wade, Alaska travelling east to its terminus at the ferry terminal in West Dawson, Yukon, on the western banks of the Yukon River. The highway has been in existence since at least 1955 and is only open during the summer months. The entire portion of the highway in Yukon is also known as Yukon Highway 9. The Alaska portion is part of Alaska Route 5 and is a portion of the Taylor Highway Scenic Byway.

Description
As of August 2016, the U.S. portion of the highway is paved from the Taylor Highway junction almost as far as Chicken, Alaska, and again for the final 10 kilometres from the Eagle turnoff to the Canada–United States border at Little Gold Creek. Most of the Canadian portion is unpaved. The paved Canadian sections are from kilometre 0 (at Dawson) to km 9 (mile 0 to mi 5.4), km 74 to 76 (mi 46.0 to 47.2), km 79 to 82 (mi 49.1 to 51.0), km 83 to 94 (mi 51.6 to 58.4) and km 99 to 104 (mi 61.5 to 64.6) at the Canada–US border.

The highway is so named because, along much of its length, it skirts the crest of the hills, giving looks down on the valleys. It is also one of the most northerly highways in the world at those latitudes. Two nearby, farther north highways are the Dempster Highway (Yukon Route 5) and the Dalton Highway (Alaska Route 11). It is not particularly safe in winter, even for snowmobile use, due to the lack of trees for shelter.

A ferry connects West Dawson to Dawson in summer, and residents living in West Dawson and nearby Sunnydale cross on the ice during the winter. A bridge is planned by the Yukon government, although there is significant division among Dawson area residents as to whether such a bridge should be built. The west-bank residents received improved phone service only in 2004 but do not have a public electricity supply.

A 50 km branch road off the highway was used to reach the town of Clinton Creek, Yukon, a site of a former asbestos mine that has been shut down since 1979.

Border ports of entry
The Poker Creek–Little Gold Creek Border Crossing features one of the few jointly-built single building customs ports of entry along the Canada–US border. There is a one-hour difference in standard time zones at this border, which is only open in summer during the 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. period (Alaska time). The Border Post has warnings as far south as Whitehorse, Yukon, alerting travelers that the Border is closed between 9pm and 9am (Yukon Time) and there's absolutely no entry between those times. The immense Alaskan Taylor Complex Fire of 2004 burned up to the Canada–US border and was visible from the westernmost portions of the highway.

title: Top of the World Highway


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kan Wang

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kan Wang
Delete as non-notable vanity. Google gives 40 hits for "Kan Wang"+yale. Feco 23:14, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Keep -- it looks like a notable position. This should have the same status as an aide of someone in Congress. CoolGuy 23:16, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--no evidence of notability. And most congressional aides don't get articles either. Meelar (talk) 02:27, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. According to the Yale website he is not even the head aide, his position is minion for one year. Megan1967 02:29, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Air Corsica

Compagnie Aérienne Corse Méditerranée S.A.E.M. (Cumpagnia Aerea Corsa Mediterrania), trading as Air Corsica (formerly CCM Airlines), is the flag carrier of the French insular region of Corsica, with its head office on the grounds of Ajaccio Napoléon Bonaparte Airport in Ajaccio, Corsica. It operates passenger services from Corsica to continental France. Its main base is Ajaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport, with hubs at Figari–Sud Corse Airport, Bastia – Poretta Airport and Calvi – Sainte-Catherine Airport.

History
Air Corsica operates certain flights as a franchise for Air France and ITA Airways. Air Corsica outsources its passenger service system, which manages reservations, inventory and pricing to Amadeus using the Altéa system.

Codeshare agreements
Air Corsica has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

 * Air France
 * Air France Hop
 * ITA Airways

Current fleet
, Air Corsica's fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Former fleet
The airline previously operated the following aircraft (as of February 2023):
 * F-GRPZ, ATR72-500
 * F-GRPY, ATR72-500
 * F-HDGK, A320-216
 * F-HZFM, A320-216

title: Air Corsica


text:
David Thomson (film critic)

David Thomson (born 18 February 1941) is a British film critic and historian based in the United States, and the author of more than 20 books.

His reference works in particular — Have You Seen...?: A Personal Introduction to 1,000 Films (2008) and The New Biographical Dictionary of Film (6th edition, 2014) — have been praised as works of high literary merit and eccentricity despite some criticism for self-indulgence. Benjamin Schwarz, writing in The Atlantic Monthly, called him "probably the greatest living film critic and historian" who "writes the most fun and enthralling prose about the movies since Pauline Kael". John Banville called him "the greatest living writer on the movies" and Michael Ondaatje said he "is our most argumentative and trustworthy historian of the screen." In 2010, The New Biographical Dictionary of Film was named the greatest book on the cinema by a poll in Sight and Sound; his novel Suspects also received multiple votes.

Biography
Thomson was born in London. He taught film studies at Dartmouth College, and has been a regular contributor to The New York Times, Film Comment, Movieline, The New Republic, and Salon. Thomson has served on the selection committee for the New York Film Festival, and scripted an award-winning documentary, The Making of a Legend: Gone with the Wind. In 1975, he published A Biographical Dictionary of Cinema, now in its sixth edition as The New Biographical Dictionary of Film.

Thomson helped to revive interest in the director Michael Powell (along with Emeric Pressburger, one half of the film duo known as the Archers.) Roger Ebert writes that "Powell was rescued from obscurity and relative poverty first by the film critic David Thomson, whose Biographical Dictionary of Film contained a glowing entry about the director. Powell wrote thanking Thomson, who invited him to teach at Dartmouth College. The trip to America led to Powell's meeting Martin Scorsese, a devotee of the Archers films since he was eleven or twelve years old, and Scorsese's editor, Thelma Schoonmaker, who eventually became Powell's wife." With Ian Christie, Thomson edited Scorsese on Scorsese (1989), a book of conversations with Scorsese. He went on to edit Levinson on Levinson (1992), a book of conversations with Barry Levinson.

Thomson has written several biographies, notably Rosebud: The Story of Orson Welles. In 1985, he published Suspects, a metafictional novel that imagines the secret histories of film noir characters like Sunset Boulevards Norma Desmond and Chinatowns Noah Cross. Charles Champlin called Suspects "the wildest and most imaginative use of the movies as material I have ever read." Graham Fuller named it one of his favorite books on film, saying "Thomson was a historian writing like a novelist and so it was logical that he would eventually weave fiction with history in the serpentine Suspects, from which one can learn more about the iconography of film noir than from many worthy textbooks." In 1990, he followed this with Silver Light, which mixes real and fictional people from the history of the Western; Publishers Weekly notes that the “cast includes Willa Cather, Montgomery Clift, Charles Ives, Judge Roy Bean and numerous characters smuggled in from such movies as The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and McCabe and Mrs. Miller.” Thomson has written screenplays, including Fierce Heat, which was to be produced by Martin Scorsese and directed by Stephen Frears.

Thomson has written books that combine biography and fiction, such as Warren Beatty and Desert Eyes, which combines a biography of Warren Beatty with speculative fiction. Publishers Weekly wrote that "Thomson's analysis of Beatty's work is perceptive" but criticized the "silly futuristic story of a California peopled with earthquake survivors." Champlin called the book "stunning and unprecedented." He has also written a controversial book about Nicole Kidman, which Peter Conrad wrote "slithers from critical observation to subjunctive daydreaming", including ventures into "territory best left to pornography." Lawrence Levi, in The New York Times, called it a "weird and unseemly mash note."

In The New Biographical Dictionary of Film, Thomson memorializes his friend Kieran Hickey, a documentary filmmaker. Thomson wrote some of Hickey's films, including Faithful Departed, a short documentary on the Dublin of James Joyce's Ulysses. Thomson credits Hickey with shaping his book: "I do not mean to shift the responsibility. Kieran helped in the research on all editions of this book; he commented and improved it at every page. But his deepest contribution was to the years of talk, the climate of taking pictures seriously, that made me think this book possible. If you feel the urge to talk back to this book, then know that Kieran paved the way." Hickey died in 1993, and Thomson writes that "in a way I feel the movies are over now that he's gone."

He has confessed that he prefers writing books to film writing.

Thomson lives in San Francisco with his wife and sons. In 2014, the San Francisco International Film Festival announced that Thomson would receive the Mel Novikoff Award at their 57th annual festival. This is given to those making significant contributions to the Bay Area's film community. He has turned his interest to television, writing Breaking Bad: The Official Book (2015) and Television: A Biography (2016).

Favorite films
Thomson participated in the Sight and Sound poll in 2002, '12 and '22. In 2002, he prefaced his list with a "Love You, Too" to Sunrise, The Passenger, The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, In a Lonely Place, L'Atalante, Madame de..., The Red Shoes, Point Blank, Persona, The Lady Eve, The Awful Truth, The Shop Around the Corner, Rear Window, Meet Me in St. Louis, Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, The Night of the Hunter, The Eclipse, Providence, Belle de Jour, Chinatown, Mulholland Drive and "just about everything by Howard Hawks except the one I will come to, eventually" before naming his top ten.

2002: Blue Velvet, Celine and Julie Go Boating, Citizen Kane, The Conformist, His Girl Friday, A Man Escaped, The Rules of the Game, Pierrot le Fou, That Obscure Object of Desire and Ugetsu Monogatari.

2012: Blue Velvet, Celine and Julie Go Boating, Citizen Kane, The Conformist, Hiroshima mon amour, His Girl Friday, Pierrot le Fou, The Rules of the Game, The Shop Around the Corner and Ugetsu Monogatari.

2022: The Big Sleep, Celine and Julie Go Boating, Citizen Kane, Fists in the Pocket, Magnolia, A Man Escaped, Pierrot le Fou, The Shop Around the Corner, The Underground Railroad and The Vietnam War.

title: David Thomson (film critic)