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XXX: State of the Union

XXX: State of the Union (released as XXX2: The Next Level and XXX: State of Emergency outside North America) is a 2005 American action spy film directed by Lee Tamahori and a sequel to the 2002 film XXX. It is the second installment of the XXX film series, and was produced by Revolution Studios for Columbia Pictures.

Vin Diesel and Rob Cohen, the lead actor and director of the original, had signed on to a sequel before the first film had opened, but both dropped out over scripting issues, while Cohen worked on Stealth. Cohen remained as an executive producer. Ice Cube took over the lead role as the new Triple X agent and Tamahori was brought in to direct, following the huge commercial success of the James Bond film Die Another Day, which he directed. Two different scripts were prepared for the film, and the one written by Simon Kinberg was selected; the other script featured a radically different plot.

Released on April 29, 2005, State of the Union is the last film in the XXX film series to be distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Paramount Pictures became the distributor for its future films, starting with XXX: Return of Xander Cage in 2017.

Plot
In Virginia, assailants breach an underground NSA bunker run by Agent Augustus Gibbons, who fends off the attackers before barely escaping with Toby Shavers. To find help from an XXX with more attitude, Gibbons meets his former comrade, Darius Stone, a former U.S. Navy SEAL, who is currently serving sentence in Leavenworth for disobeying orders and breaking the jaw of ex-four star General George Deckert, who is now the Secretary of Defence. NSA Agent Kyle Steele was informed that Xander Cage was apparently killed at the same time in Bora Bora and is leading the investigation into the attack on the bunker.

Gibbons helps Stone escape out of prison, who then sets himself up as their leader as he mistrusts Gibbons. Stone leads them to meet Zeke, his old partner in crime, and Lola Jackson, his ex-girlfriend, who now runs an exotic car shop. Lola agrees to let Stone, Gibbons, and Shavers hide in her shop in exchange for the '67 GTO that Shavers modified. Stone then infiltrates the NSA bunker, where Gibbons had instructed him to recover a hard drive, while Gibbons returns to his house to recover evidence. However, Deckert and Sergeant Alabama "Bama" Cobb attack and apparently kill Gibbons before bombing and burning the house to cover up the evidence. Stone meets with Gibbons' contact, Charlie Mayweather, to get information. Charlie directs Stone to a party where Stone recognizes that Deckert's bodyguards are members of his old SEAL Team unit before overhearing Deckert arguing with General Jack Pettibone VCJCS. Stone goes to Charlie's safe house but is framed for murdering Pettibone, realizing that she is involved in the conspiracy.

The police arrive, and Steele arrives to talk with Stone before escaping. While Shavers hacks into the Pentagon to retrieve Deckert's plans, Steele researches Stone and discovers his imprisonment occurred because when Deckert ordered his SEAL team to start a fire to clear civilians, Stone and half of the unit rebelled, resulting in Stone being court-martialled. Stone infiltrates Deckert's troops aboard an aircraft carrier and discovers Gibbons alive, being held prisoner along with the rest of their SEAL team unit. Stone realizes that the men who sided with him against Deckert are prisoners, while those who stayed loyal are Deckert's security. Mayweather is alerted to Stone's presence, forcing Stone to escape.

After retrieving the plans, Stone learns that Deckert is planning a coup against President James Sanford. Stone contacts Steele and shows him the plans. When Steele notes that his plans are not clear proof, Stone frustratingly leaves, to Steele's initial disbelief. During a conversation with Deckert, Steele realizes Stone was right. He finds Stone and tells him that Deckert wants to kill Sanford and his successors so he can replace Sanford as president, in opposition to Sanford's current plans to dismantle various military presences to focus on foreign aid.

Stone, Steele, and Shavers enlist the aid of Zeke and his crew. Together, they rob a civilian truck that is secretly hauling guns and equipment for the Department of Homeland Security while disguised as a cheese truck. They end up hijacking a tank, and Stone helps Steele penetrate the Capitol building where Sanford's State of the Union Address is being held. A shootout starts, and Gibbons kills Mayweather. Deckert and Cobb abduct Sanford, and with Gibbons now free, they escape on a bullet train. Lola arrives with a Ford Shelby Cobra Concept, which Stone uses to chase and infiltrate the train. He kills Cobb before engaging Deckert, while Gibbons flies a helicopter Steele uses to extract Sanford. Stone jumps out after Gibbons derails and destroys the train, killing Deckert.

The story is covered up, and Deckert is buried and branded a hero. Sanford awards Steele and the unknown soldier (Stone) the Medal of Honor. Stone is officially released from prison, and he says his goodbyes and returns to his former lifestyle. In the now-rebuilt NSA Headquarters, Gibbons, Steele, and Shavers discuss potential qualities for the next Triple X agent.

Cast

 * Ice Cube as Darius Stone
 * Samuel L. Jackson as Augustus Gibbons
 * Willem Dafoe as General George Deckert
 * Scott Speedman as NSA Agent Kyle Steele
 * Peter Strauss as President James Sanford
 * Xzibit as Zeke
 * Michael Roof as NSA Agent Toby Shavers
 * Sunny Mabrey as Charlie Mayweather
 * Nona Gaye as Lola Jackson
 * Bruce Bruce as passenger in truck
 * John G. Connolly as Alabama Cobb
 * Ramon De Ocampo as NSA Agent Meadows

Soundtrack
A soundtrack containing hip hop and alternative rock was released on April 26, 2005, through Jive Records. It peaked at #117 on the Billboard 200, #48 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and #5 on the Top Soundtracks chart.

Box office
XXX: State of the Union grossed $26.9 million in the United States and Canada and $44.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $71.1 million, against a reported production budget of $60 million. According to The Wrap.com the production budget was a reported $87 million, but Revolution Studios spent a total of $113.1 million.

It opened on April 29, 2005, and grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and The Interpreter.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 17%, based on 138 reviews, with an average rating of 3.84/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Even more absurd and implausible than the first xXx movie, State of the Union is less inspired and technically competent than its predecessor." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 37%, based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.

Boo Allen of the Denton Record Chronicle called Ice Cube's XXX character "a chubby, surly, incomprehensible action hero". Brian Orndorf of FilmJerk.com compared watching the film to running "headfirst at top speed into a brick wall". David Hiltbrand of the Philadelphia Inquirer said "the plot swings between pathetically implausible and aggressively stupid". Some critics liked the film. Mack Bates of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel praised Ice Cube's "trademark charisma and street sensibility," while Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called it "that rare B movie that’s rooted in gut-level stirrings of power and retaliation". Paul Arendt of the BBC said, "Viewed on its own trashy terms, it succeeds brilliantly".

title: XXX: State of the Union


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Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez

María Josefa Crescencia Ortiz Téllez–Girón, popularly known as Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez or La Corregidora (8 September 1768 – 2 March 1829 ) was an insurgent and supporter of the Mexican War of Independence, which fought for independence against Spain, in the early 19th century. She was married to Miguel Domínguez, corregidor of the city of Querétaro, hence her nickname.

Ortiz de Domínguez is commemorated in the annual reenactment of the Cry of Dolores.

Early life
Ortiz de Domínguez was the daughter of don Juan José Ortiz; a captain of Los Verdes regiment, and his wife doña Manuela Girón  Ortiz was born in Valladolid (today Morelia, Michoacán). Her godmother was doña Ana María de Anaya. Ortiz's father was killed in a battle during her infancy and her mother died soon after. María Sotera Ortiz, Josefa's sister, took care of her upbringing and managed to secure a place for her in the prestigious Colegio de las Vizcaínas in 1789. She married Miguel Domínguez, a frequent visitor to the college, on 24 January 1791 in Mexico City.

In 1802, Miguel Domínguez was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain to the office of "Corregidor" (a magistrate) in the city of Querétaro. During that period, Ortiz de Domínguez took care of household chores and the education of their 14 children. Ortiz de Domínguez developed an early sympathy for the Amerindian, mestizo and the criollo community who were oppressed by the Spanish colonial government. Amerindian people were oppressed; mestizos and creoles were often seen as second-class citizens and were relegated to secondary roles in the administration of the colony. This created discontent among many criollos who soon started to organize secret and literary societies where works of the Enlightenment banned by the Roman Catholic Church were discussed. Ortiz de Domínguez herself attended some of the early meetings and eventually convinced her husband to organize a number of political meetings in their house. The meetings, attended by educated figures including Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Ignacio Allende, quickly turned to revolutionary issues.

War of Independence
The overthrow of King Ferdinand VII of Spain as a result of the Peninsular War in Spain suddenly increased the prospect of independence for the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The meetings in Ortiz de Domínguez's house became a meeting place for the revolutionary conspiracy under the guise of a literary group, and much of the insurgent planning was carried out there, including gathering weapons and supplies and storing them in various houses. The beginning of the revolution was planned for 8 December 1810. However, on 13 September, the conspirators were betrayed by a supporter, who informed the Spanish colonial authorities about rebel activities in Querétaro. The colonial authorities, unaware of Domínguez's wife's allegiance, asked the Corregidor to conduct a search in the town in order to apprehend the rebel leaders. He imprisoned his wife Ortiz de Domínguez in her room to prevent her from exchanging information with her fellow conspirators.

The rebels had a large following, and Ortiz de Domínguez eventually managed to get a warning out through the alcaide (warden of the royal jail of Santiago de Querétaro) Ignacio Pérez Álvarez. The traditional story is that Ortiz de Domínguez alerted Pérez, who lived on the floor below her, by striking the floor repeatedly with her shoe. However, historians have reported that the alert was actually given by striking a wall separating their residences. The news allowed the leaders of the conspiracy to abandon the town and prompted Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla to declare war against the Spanish colonial authorities earlier than expected. He gave a speech to his followers known as Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores"), in the early morning of 16 September 1810, an event that signaled the start of the Mexican War of Independence.

Eventually, the role of Ortiz de Domínguez and her husband played in the conspiracy was uncovered. They were imprisoned separately. She was sent to the monastery of Santa Clara, in Querétaro, and then to Mexico City to stand trial. Despite her husband's efforts as her lawyer, she was found guilty and placed in reclusion in the monastery of Santa Teresa. Due to her rebellious character, she was soon transferred to the convent of Santa Catalina de Sena. Ortiz de Domínguez was released in 1817, under an oath that she would refrain from supporting the rebellion.

Post-Independence
After the war of independence in 1822, Mexican Emperor Agustín de Iturbide offered Ortiz de Domínguez the role of lady-in-waiting for his wife, Ana María de Huarte y Muñiz. However, Ortiz de Domínguez believed the establishment of a Mexican Empire, instead of a Republic, was against the ideals she had fought for during the revolutionary period, and she refused the honor. In 1823, she was designated a "woman of honor" by the empress, a tribute which she also denounced.

During the late years of her life, Ortiz de Domínguez was involved with several radical political groups. She always refused any reward from her involvement in the independence movement arguing that she was only doing her duty as a patriot.

Ortiz de Domínguez died in 1829, in Mexico City. She was originally buried in the convent of Santa Catalina de Sena, but later her remains were moved to Querétaro. The government of Querétaro declared her "Benemérita del Estado".

In 1910, Ortiz de Domínguez and Leona Vicario were the first women to be depicted on Mexican stamps and the second women to be depicted on stamps in Latin America. Her profile also appeared on the five-centavo coin from 1942 to 1976, and on a version of the five-peso coin issued in 2010 as part of a series to commemorate the bicentenary of the country's independence.

La Corregidora
In 1791 Josefa Ortiz married Miguel Domínguez, who around those years was working for the Secretary of the Revenue Service and in the office of Virreinato de la Nueva España. Because of his connections he was named Corregidor of Querétaro in 1802.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez


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Results of the 2006 Canadian federal election (Quebec and Atlantic Canada)

This article deals with the results of the 2006 Canadian federal election in Quebec and Atlantic Canada.


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Wayne Township, Clinton County, Ohio

Wayne Township is one of the thirteen townships of Clinton County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 700.

Geography
Located in the eastern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Richland Township - north
 * Concord Township, Fayette County - northeast
 * Green Township, Fayette County - east
 * Fairfield Township, Highland County - southeast
 * Green Township - southwest
 * Union Township - west corner

The entire township lies in the Virginia Military District and has an area of 81.8 sqkm.

No municipalities are located in Wayne Township, although the unincorporated community of Lees Creek lies in the township's center.

Name and history
Named in honor of General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, it is one of twenty Wayne Townships statewide.

Wayne Township was erected in 1837 by the Clinton County Commissioners from parts of Green and Richland townships.

Transportation
Major roads in Wayne Township are State Routes 72 and 729.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

title: Wayne Township, Clinton County, Ohio


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Lilburne Research Institute

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Essjay ·  Talk 11:22, August 6, 2005 (UTC)

John Lilburne Research Institute
This is the second VfD for this article. As shown below, the first time there was twice as many votes to delete, but it was kept. This article is a vanity/soapbox/original research by User:MPLX. The only Google references to this organization are from Wikipedia or Wikipedia mirrors. The same user who did this article also created a series of questionable articles and inserted original research on several more. The other articles by this person that are currently on VfD are: Detailed info can be found on the various talk and VfD pages. --JW1805 00:50, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Four Freedoms Federation - (talk) - (VfD)
 * Province of the Carolanas - (talk) - (VfD)
 * Eric Gilder (professor) - (VfD)

 * I (MPLX) left Wikipedia some months ago after running into the onslaught of the ill-informed Christian right wing. Although I am not monitoring Wikipedia and do not have any intention of rejoining Wikipedia due to the small cabal of noisy and ill-informed (as opposed to uninformed) people who love deleting stuff, I have been pressed to add this comment due to the sudden interest in deleting a few of the articles that I contributed to. (I have written about many topics.)

 * It would appear that someone has it their head to sever any ties between John Lilburne and the foundation of American law. This led to a constant barrage of negative comments on the Hugo Black article. Now I see that the idea is to claim that "Carolana" is a misspelling of "Carolina" and to go further and claim that the article about Carolana is a hoax. To this end both Dr. Kenneth Brown of the University of Houston and Dr. Eric Gilder of the University of Sibiu have also been smeared as being not noteworthy and at worst as the creators of vanity and even hoax articles. Such rants by the few lunatics who have gained a noisy control over Wikipedia are one reason why I left Wikipedia and why Wikipedia is in danger of becoming the refuge of right-wing idiots.

 * It would seem that a handful of people are trolling with the intent to delete anything that they may disagree with. I noticed the same approach was used on the subject of copyright law within articles dealing with the subject of recorded music and broadcasting which I also contributed to. Now I see that all broadcasts by 4FWS have been tagged as not worthy because they were on "pirate" radio stations - even though several were on licensed stations. However, everything is being smeared and tarnished to make it appear that everything and anything that I contributed to was either a hoax, a work of vanity or unnoteworthy. I also created the history of the development of the jet fighter, but I have not as yet (and probably won't bother) checked to see if those entries are also being targeted.

 * It is unfortunate to say the least because I thought that Wikipedia had merit, but when I discovered that a mere handful of dedicated zealots could take it over and put their own stamp of ideological approval on it - I left.

 * Before making more claims that Carolana never existed I would suggest that you perform a little serious research. Unfortunately the zealots have decided that they are a jack of all subjects (and master of none), and because they have never heard something before it means that the subject is either a hoax or a vanity creation by someone else. How pathetic for Wikipedia!

66.90.213.45 00:23, 3 August 2005 (UTC) (the former MPLX)

 * Strong delete. Whatever this institute might be, it's clearly not the subject of this incoherent article. Monicasdude 04:03, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The original VfD had this article redirected, but the original author brought it back to life. Therefore delete outright or return it to Redirect. --Calton | Talk 06:10, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. - ulayiti (talk)  08:08, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax. Do not redirect. Radiant_ >|< 09:00, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: nonnotable, promotion, incoherent. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:20, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity junk CDC   (talk)  19:57, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsense. Nandesuka 22:14, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What is this? An institute whose purpose is to prove that somebody name John Lilburne was an ancestor of Thomas Jefferson? Libertarian-geneological original research, unsupported, it seems. In that case, Delete unless author rewrites completely before this is closed. DavidH
 * Delete nn/possible hoax. -- Etacar11   00:59, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn. DS1953 16:10, August 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, vanity. Lovingly crafted, but still a vanity article.  Tempshill 18:20, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and probably merge with Four Freedoms Federation (assuming it survives), per Gene poole's vote in the original discussion (archived below). Definitely needs a lot of NPOV, though. Lusanaherandraton 14:33, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Note to admins: if this page is deleted, you should also delete Genie Baskir. This is the only page that this links to (except a couple talk page references by original creator).

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (no consensus; however, article has already been merged and redirected). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:42, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

John Lilburne Research Institute
I am nominating this vanity page for deletion because I strongly suspect that it violates several Wikipedia policies, especially:

 * no original research
 * Wikipedia is not a soapbox

A Google search for this so-called institute brings up only 501 hits.

The user who created this page has been attempting to link several pages (like Miranda v. Arizona) to this page when such links, if any, should link to John Lilburne. Furthermore, as I have already argued at great length on the John Lilburne talk page, Lilburne's impact on modern law may well be of historical importance, but in terms of how modern American criminal law is practiced at present, his impact is minimal when compared to giants like Blackstone, Story, and Ely.

--Coolcaesar 18:41, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — and clean up/merge some elements of the article. You are joking when you say it "only" brings up 501 google hits, aren't you?? The JPS 19:00, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not kidding. Typing in John Lilburne Research Institute into Google brings back only 501 hits, and putting quotes around that (in order to search on the phrase) returns only 9 hits (which all appear to be Wikipedia content, either direct from WP or mirrored). Why the heck should Wikipedia have a page on an institute that obscure? --Coolcaesar 19:24, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see what you mean now! Still, I think some reworking could result in this being a good useful article. The JPS 20:16, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, vanity. This article was written with love and care by an insider who tried to make this non-notable group sound as though it had an actual impact in the world.  I would also vote for deletion of Four Freedoms Federation and all the other links these articles contain to non-notable groups and people.  This set of inter-linked articles has the veneer of gravity to it, but it's all just a well-crafted set of vanity articles.  Tempshill 23:03, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep unless you can show me why an organization that essentially went into decline around 1992 should have a lot of hits on Google in 2005? By this reasoning only current organizations can be mentioned. Second, this organization obviously did attract attention back in the period from 1984 to 1992, as referenced by publications and broadcasts. For some reason Coolcaesar who describes himself/herself as a "law student" has decided that it is of no consequence that Chief Justice Warren linked Lilburne to Miranda in his opinion of the 1960s, because according to some strange logic here, only cases of the present age are of merit according to this "know-it-all" law student who does not cite books but only various Internet research tools. But not everything is already on the Internet. That's one reason for having Wikipedia! Consequently Leonard W. Levy who won a Pulitzer in 1969 for his work (Origins of the Fifth Amendment) that has Lilburne at its core, is of no avail according to Coolcaesar, who actually went pretty much to the limit by virtually calling Justice Black a senile old git who could not remember the day of the week for adopting Lilburne as his hero. Coolcaesar dismissed Black's biography as being "what did she know, he was too old". I have not used the Heritage Foundation and many other sources for reference because the article is quite long already. However Coolcaesar is making a POV rant by his call for deletion to get rid of something that was news to him/her that did not fit in with something that he/she already knew because on this score Coolcaesar has gone to great lengths to explain his/her superior knowledge about all matters relating to law ... without having a clue as to who he/she is attacking. Anyway, its only a historical article, so whatever. However, if this article falls for this silly reason, then just imagine how many other articles totally unrelated to this subject would be immediately struck from Wikipedia using the same criteria used by Coolcaesar. The sad fact about many Internet junkies is that they declared war on traditional libraries and it is within the books of those libraries that the jewels of education are to be found. When the Internet swept in many libraries began dumping and sometimes selling huge quantities of books and anything else that was printed in order to make space for computer screens. Fortunately many collections were rescued, but not all. But what has been created is a world where books are dispised and the computer screen is thought to hold the keys to all truth. In 2005 it does not. MPLX/MH 02:02, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * None of the above rant answers the criticism that this odd set of articles is, collectively, a vanity piece that doesn't belong on Wikipedia. By the way, John Lilburne is not the subject of the discussion, but John Lilburne Research Institute.  Tempshill 22:13, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What an odd article.  RickK 06:58, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity/promo. Odd is right. Wile E. Heresiarch 23:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Promo article. I asked some lawyers, and and only one had heard of John Lilburne, and called him a "footnote in English history" and not really part of legal history. Another said that to call him a "footnote" in legal history was overstating things. --Calton | Talk 04:04, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It may well have been a crackpot group promoting fringe theories, that's all the more reason to ensure Wikipedia records its existence. The article does need some serious NPOV surgery though.--Gene_poole 00:26, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. Radiant_* 13:24, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Internal colonialism

Internal colonialism is the uneven effects of economic development on a regional basis, otherwise known as "uneven development" as a result of the exploitation of minority groups within a wider society which leads to political and economic inequalities between regions within a state. This is held to be similar to the relationship between a metropole and a colony, in colonialism proper. The phenomenon leads to the distinct separation of the dominant core from the periphery in an empire.

Robert Blauner is regarded as the developer of the theory of internal colonialism. The term was coined to highlight the "blurred" lines between geographically close locations that are clearly different in terms of culture. Some other factors that separate the core from the periphery are language, religion, physical appearance, types and levels of technology, and sexual behavior. The cultural and integrative nature of internal colonialism is understood as a project of modernity and it has been explored by Robert Peckham in relation to the formation of a national modern Greek culture during the nineteenth century, when Greece gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire.

The main difference between neocolonialism and internal colonialism is the source of the exploitation. In the former, the control comes from outside the nation-state, while in the latter it comes from within.

Origin of the concept
The first known use of the concept of internal colonialism was by regarding South Africa. However, the concept became popularized following the publication of an article on Mexico by. Gonzalez Casanova was both critiqued by, and influenced Andre Gunder Frank, who further theorised internal colonialism as a form of "uneven development". Sergio Salvi, a poet, essayist, and historian of minority languages, used the term "internal colonies" in the cultural sense in Le nazioni proibite: Guida a dieci colonie interne dell'Europa occidentale ("The forbidden nations: Guide to ten internal colonies of western Europe") (1973), among which he included Catalonia, Scotland, Brittany and Occitania. Other pivotal works on the subject were published during the mid-1970s by Harold Wolpe and Michael Hechter. Adolf Hitler mentions the concept of Internal colonization in his book Mein Kampf of 1925, chapter 4, as a wrong way of tackling the problems that come with the increase of population of a nation. He states that "The limitation to a definite small area of soil, inherent in internal colonization,... leads to an exceedingly unfavorable politicomilitary situation in the nation in question."

Examples
A common topic amongst postcolonial writers was their description of feelings, such as schizophrenia, being torn between local tradition and global modernity.

Afghanistan
Afghanistan is an example of internal colonialism affecting state-building, as Nazif Shahrani argues "the incessantly centralizing state policies and practices of internal colonialism, generally aided and abetted by old colonialist powers... produced a cumulatively negative impact on state-building efforts in Afghanistan." The international security scholar, Dipali Mukhopadhyay, considers the presence of warlordism in the Afghan periphery to be a concern for the development of the political economy, with the 2007 World Bank Report highlighting weak institutional links between provincial offices and relationships with the central government poorly defined.

Algeria
One of the exceptions of internal colonialism as the subsistence of 'blurred lines' between the core and periphery is French Algeria. There were clearly distinct features separating the core from the periphery. "The core was Christian, French-speaking, light-skinned, and comparatively prosperous". The other side was Muslim, Arabic/ Berber-speaking, and significantly poorer. The grey section of French Algeria, was the large Jewish population which did not belong in either the core or periphery, in terms of common cultural factors.

Austria-Hungary
Austro-Hungarian Empire exhibited characteristics of internal colonialism, where certain regions and ethnic groups within the empire (like Hungary and Transylvania) were systematically disadvantaged compared to the dominant German-speaking core.

Baltic states
In the mid-twentieth century, the Soviet-annexed countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had a colonial relationship with the rest of the Soviet Union, similar to the one that existed between the old tsarist empire and its far-flung territories. Although the countries were gradually being Sovietized after their period of initial resistance, the newly established economic, cultural, and social circumstances were colonial, as the reconstruction of the economy in the region served the interests of the colonizers, identities became shaped in relation to the increasing Soviet presence, the experience of oppression became an increasingly important part of the local culture, and local historical and cultural heritage was revalued and rewritten. When the Soviet Union dissolved and the Baltic states became independent once again, they had to deal with problems similar to other postcolonial nations: polluted landscapes, damaged economies, ethnic tensions, and determining the national narrative of the past, present and future.

Canada
documents the internal colonialism of Western Canadian Provinces by Central Canada, citing issues with the National Energy Program, the Crow Rate, and Equalization payments in Canada amongst others.

Ireland
An example of internal colonialism is Ireland. Ireland was formerly a part of the United Kingdom and "...was far more common and apparently easier, to think of oneself as British and Irish". It was increasingly more difficult to choose between the two.

Philippines
In the Philippines, non-Manilans have often expressed that the affairs of the country—whether political, economic but most importantly cultural including linguistic—are imposed from the Manilan core on the peripheral rest of the country due to Tagalist nationalism. This has been articulated in a Cebuano saying, which goes, "Walay dahong mahulog sa atong nasod nga dili mananghid sa Malakanyang," translated as "Not a leaf may fall in our country without Malacañang's permission." It is also ominous that certain personalities have called for the political isolation, overthrow and outright assassination of those who are opposed to the current core–periphery relationship.

Mindanao, with its favorable location below the typhoon belt and its rich mineral resources, naturally attracted foreign capital to the area. This prompted then President Ramon Magsaysay since the mid-1950s and subsequently President Ferdinand Marcos (1966–1986) to systematically resettle people into Mindanao. This led to the proportion of indigenous peoples in Mindanao to shrink from majority in 1913 to minority by 1976. The best lands in Mindanao were given to settlers and owners of corporate agriculture, while most development investments and government services were offered to the Christian population. This caused the Muslim population to be backward and rank among the poorest in their own country. The resettlement programme was not entirely peaceful as some settlers managed to obtain land from the native Muslims through harassment and other violent efforts which drove the Muslims out of their own lands.

The Muslims were alienated by the Philippines government and felt threatened by Christian economic and political domination in their own homeland. This resorted in some Muslim groups to turn to extortion and violence to protect their own land and refrain from being displaced. Such efforts of “integration” had led to the crystallisation of the Moro identity as the Muslims’ identity with the Filipino nation declined rapidly due to the threat in economic and social Muslim life.

As an effect of the resettlement, traditional Muslim leaders (also referred as datu) were also voted out during the polls as Christians, who made up a significant majority of the voters, preferred the Christian politicians over them. These local datus suffered a loss in prestige as they could no longer control the Muslim lands. These politicians lost much of the capabilities they had possessed initially to manage the Muslim populace.

Sri Lanka
International Dimensions of the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka, Prof John P. Neelsen (Tuebingen University, Germany), 20th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, 8–11 July 2008: A shortcoming in international law as to internal colonialism and the right to self-determination renders the current types of international intervention not just inadequate to contribute to a negotiated solution of ethnic conflicts, but tends to inflame them. Power Sharing as Peace Structure: The Case of Sri Lanka, IICP Working Paper, No. 2, 2005, Johan Galtung, Professor of Peace Studies: ‘’External Colonialism: Democracy :: Internal Colonialism: Human Rights’’

National Liberation Movements in Global Context, Dr. Jeff Sluka, Massey University, New Zealand Proceedings of the Conference on 'Tamils in New Zealand', July 1996 - Wellington, New Zealand. This situation, where a state exploits and oppresses peoples and regions within their own boundaries much the way the European colonial powers used to exploit and oppress foreign colonies, has been described as "internal colonialism". Sri Lanka is an example of this. Many Third World peoples found that after "independence" they had simply traded one set of oppressors (white) for another (brown and black). The result is that today many Third World states, most of them the direct or indirect result of national liberation wars themselves, are now fighting against national liberation movements within their borders.

Fourth World Colonialism, Indigenous Minorities And Tamil Separatism In Sri Lanka, Bryan Pfaffenberger (Virginia University), Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 16, 1984: ''Despite the withdrawal of colonial power from Third World countries, forms of oppression that might well be termed "colonial" still persist in many of them — the oppression wrought by nationalist Third World governments whose regimes fail to respect the rights of indigenous minorities. For ethnic and regional minorities in many Third World countries, the arrogance and injustice of these governments matches — and often exceeds — those of the departed European colonial regime. The island nation Sri Lanka presents a case in point. Little public investment appears to reach the Tamil lands….''

Thailand
During the early 20th century, the Siamese Empire which was a mandala empire consisted of several vassal states such as principalities of the former Lan Na Kingdom to the north and the Sultanate of Patani to the south under the tightening suzerainty of the Siamese Kingdom was transformed in to a unitary modern nation-state by abolishing the vassal status of the vassal states, incorporating them into an integral part of Siam, and assimilating the cultures of the vassals via the process of Thaifcation. For internal colonization in the kingdom of Thailand, refer to articles on Monthon and on Thaification. There is a posited link between internal colonialism and ethnic rebellion in Thailand.

Turkey
The internal colonization of the Eastern Provinces was outlined during the Government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Cemil Uyabdin saw the Report for Reform in the East as a guideline to the internal colonization of the Eastern Provinces through which the Kurdish population should be turkified. In a report delivered to the Republican Peoples Party (CHP) following the defeat of the Dersim Rebellion, the Resettlement Law issued in 1934 was also described as an effective vehicle for the internal colonization of the eastern provinces.

China
Since the beginning of the Chinese administration in Tibet, China's government has been accused of committing both genocide and cultural genocide against the Tibetan people by the TGIE, various Tibetan emigres, and their supporters. Tibet, having been a self-governed province of China, has been completely annexed by China since 1951 with the Tibetan Government in Exile (TGIE) claiming that 1.2 million Tibetans died from the actions of the Chinese administration from 1951 to 1984. Supporters of the claim that the actions of the Chinese administration in Tibet constitutes genocide and colonialism challenge the Chinese government's claim that Tibet has been considered an integral part of China for centuries, arguing that historical correspondences make it clear that Tibet was not considered a part of China until recent times. However, the nature of Chinese administration in the region has been the subject of fierce debate with many detractors, such as Hong Kong-based Tibet expert Barry Sautman, challenging the notion that Chinese practices in Tibet can be characterized as genocidal or colonial and arguing that the political and legal equality of Tibetans under the current administration undermines the notion of colonialism in the region.

Vietnam
Exploiting the Indochina War and the modern political theories for their advantage, the Northern Vietnam political parties including a variety of roles and types (Communism, Nationalism, Religions) propagandized and lured the public about the idea of “the new Vietnam” whose origin was completely from the North. The Northern Vietnamese who were considered as leaders by default portrayed Nationalism in such ways that the Red River Delta area's tradition and culture took dominance. The Ngo Dinh Diem administration was indeed a foundation to "Vietnamize" South Vietnam. The South people were forced to learn the history of the North and to see any historical events taking place in the North as their origin points. All those learning was to enhance the power of the Northern administration rather than for the sake of learning the past.

On the other aspect, the shortage of knowledge and consciousness about their origin was the major cause of the fact that South Vietnamese were unable to make use of their tradition and culture to defend themselves against the People's Army of Vietnam when they had to share political power to the Northern immigrants from the 1955 - who won the capital Saigon over the forces that were loyal to Emperor Bao Dai. The South people were pulled into an ambiguous Anti-Communism ideology promoted by the Northern migrants who seized power right after they set their steps to the land of the South. South Vietnamese people could not state or claim the fact that the Northerners were their enemy due to the appearance of millions of Northern Kinh migrants on the South territory, which caused a huge stumbling block to psychological warfare and building the social system. The Northern politicians (who migrated to the South in 1954) in the Republic of Vietnam government cared about nothing but power, they had no intention of defending the country (Republic of Vietnam - ROV) because the ROV was not their homeland but the South people's. The Northern migrants’ easily seizure of power in the Southern land resulted in the corruption of some Northern-migrated high-ranked figures in both the ROV government and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam and the loss of the ROV's independence on the international political chessboard.

The invasion of South Vietnam is a prohibited topic in history teaching and on mainstream media of Vietnam. It is usually interpreted as a “reunification of the nation”. After The Fall of Saigon, the Northern communists turned their back on their comrades from the South (the Viet Cong and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam). There are prejudice and discrimination towards the South people, specifically the people in the Southwest (Mekong Delta) on the mainstream media and daily communication. Northern Vietnamese have privilege in political competition and election, they easily seize high-ranked, high-power positions in the government. Foreign affairs are heavily controlled by the Northside of the government. The South-originated religions Hoa Hao Buddhism and Caodaism are strictly controlled by the government led by the majority of Northerners. After the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, Vietnam seems like it is completely united, both regionally and ideologically. However, it is never a unified Vietnam due to the theory of North-centered: Ha Noi and the North are the standards of Vietnamese tradition, language and custom.

A Vietnam Communist government-funded enterprise named PV Power has invested and been building a hydro dam project in Luang Prabang. This hydro dam is predicted to cause heavy damage to the ecosystem and environment of the Mekong Delta and negatively affect the lives of more than 15 million Southern Vietnamese.

title: Internal colonialism


text:
User talk:209.94.176.249

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title: User talk:209.94.176.249


text: Category:Special forces of Romania

title: Category:Special forces of Romania


text:
Results of the 2006 Canadian federal election (Ontario)

The Canadian federal election of 2006 in the province of Ontario gave 54 of the 106 seats to the Liberals - a loss of 21 seats compared to the previous election of 2004. The Conservatives won 40 seats (up by 17), and the remaining 12 went to the N.D.P. (up by 4).


text:
Union Township, Clinton County, Ohio

Union Township is one of the thirteen townships of Clinton County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 United States Census reported 3,140 people living in the township.

Geography
Located at the center of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Liberty Township - north
 * Wilson Township - northeast
 * Richland Township - east
 * Wayne Township - southeast corner
 * Green Township - southeast
 * Washington Township - south
 * Vernon Township - southwest corner
 * Adams Township - west
 * Chester Township - northwest

The entire township lies in the Virginia Military District.

The city of Wilmington, the county seat of Clinton County, is located in central Union Township.

Name and history
Union Township was established in 1813. It was so named because it was formed from a "union" of land given by Chester, Richland, and Vernon townships.

It is one of twenty-seven Union Townships statewide.

Transportation
Major roads include the 3C Highway (State Route 3 and U.S. Route 22), U.S. Route 68, and State Routes 73 and 134.

Clinton County Air Force Base, a former Air Force Reserve base for a KC-97 refueling unit, an active duty F-101 fighter-interceptor and an active duty U.S. Army Nike missile battalion, was turned into the Wilmington Airport, a hub for Airborne Express, now DHL. It is now known as Airborne Airpark and is located just east of Wilmington in the township.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

title: Union Township, Clinton County, Ohio


text:
Cledus T. Judd

James Barry Poole (born December 18, 1964) is an American country music artist who records under the name Cledus T. Judd. Known primarily for his parodies of popular country songs, he has been called the "Weird Al" Yankovic of country music, and his albums are usually an equal mix of original comedy songs and parodies. Judd has released 11 studio albums and two EPs, and several singles have entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. His chart peak is the number-48 "I Love NASCAR", a parody of Toby Keith's 2003 single "I Love This Bar".

Musical career
Judd moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a career in country music. By 1993, he was living in a house with Daron Norwood and preparing to move back home until he wrote a parody of "Indian Outlaw" by Tim McGraw, which made him decide to pursue a career as a parodist.

1995–1999
Cledus T. Judd released his debut album, Cledus T. Judd (No Relation), on Razor & Tie Records in 1995, the "(No Relation)" part of the title being a reference to Wynonna and Naomi Judd. Two non-country parodies were also included on this album: one of the Eagles' "Hotel California", and one of "We Are the World", a 1980s charity single credited to USA for Africa. Judd's parody, entitled "We Own the World", satirized the marriage of Lisa Marie Presley and Michael Jackson.

I Stoled This Record followed in 1996. This album, despite not producing a chart single, earned RIAA gold certification for shipping 500,000 copies. This album included parodies of two Shania Twain songs: "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!" became "(I'm Not in Here for Love) Just a Beer" and "Any Man of Mine" became "If Shania Was Mine". John Michael Montgomery's "Sold (The Grundy County Auction Incident)" was also parodied twice on this album.

His third album, Did I Shave My Back for This? (a take-off on Deana Carter's Did I Shave My Legs for This?), included his first duet, with Buck Owens on the original track "First Redneck on the Internet". The album also parodied Alan Jackson, Joe Diffie, Brooks & Dunn, Mindy McCready, and Trace Adkins.

1998's Juddmental was his final album for Razor & Tie. It included a duet, this time with Daryle Singletary on "Ricky Tidwell's Momma's Gonna Play Football", a non-parody song previously recorded by Tim Wilson. This album once again parodied a Twain song, with her "Honey, I'm Home" becoming "Shania, I'm Broke". The Garth Brooks/Trisha Yearwood duet "In Another's Eyes" was also parodied on this compilation. It was originally to have been on Judd's previous album, but Brooks had initially expressed concern over a parody compromising the song's chances at winning a Grammy Award.

2000–2005
After leaving Razor & Tie Records, Judd signed to Monument Records Nashville in 2000 to release his fifth album, Just Another Day in Parodies. This album produced his first chart single in "My Cellmate Thinks I'm Sexy", a parody of Kenny Chesney's 1999 single "She Thinks My Tractor's Sexy" which referenced Chesney's and McGraw's 2000 arrest for stealing a Mounted Reserve officer's horse. The parody charted at No. 61 on Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs). Following this song was another chart single, "How Do You Milk a Cow" (based on Toby Keith's "How Do You Like Me Now?!"), which peaked at No. 67; the music video also features Toby Keith. In 2002, he released Cledus Envy, followed later that year by a Christmas album entitled Cledus Navidad. At the end of the year, Judd also made an appearance in the music video for Keith's "Who's Your Daddy?".

His last release for Monument was a six-song EP called A Six Pack of Judd, released in 2003. After Monument closed its Nashville division, he signed to Koch Records Nashville to release a second EP, the four-song The Original Dixie Hick, later in 2003. This release, which contained parodies pertaining to the Dixie Chicks, also produced his third chart single in "Martie, Natalie and Emily (The Continuing Saga Of)", a parody of Brad Paisley's "Celebrity".

Judd's final release for Koch was 2004's Bipolar and Proud. This album produced two more chart singles for him, including his highest-peaking, the No. 48 "I Love NASCAR", which parodied Keith's "I Love This Bar" and included guest vocals from Keith himself. Following this song was the No. 58 "Bake Me A Country Ham", based on Tracy Lawrence's "Paint Me a Birmingham".

2006–2014
By mid-2005, Judd had announced plans to release a tribute album to Ray Stevens entitled Boogity, Boogity - A Tribute to the Comedic Genius of Ray Stevens, containing covers of Stevens's material with several guest vocalists. Due to the closure of Koch's Nashville division, however, this album was delayed until 2007, when Judd signed to Asylum-Curb Records and released it in August. Shortly before its release, he made his sixth chart appearance with the non-album song "Illegals".

Judd re-signed to Koch in 2009, after the label was renamed E1 Music. In January of that year, he released the single "Waitin' on Obama" (a parody of Brad Paisley's "Waitin' on a Woman") referencing Barack Obama's election as President of the United States. This is the first single from Judd's latest album, Polyrically Uncorrect, released on June 30. Its second single is "Garth Must Be Busy", a parody of Brooks & Dunn's "God Must Be Busy" which features Brooks & Dunn as guest vocalists. Its third single is "(If I Had) Kellie Pickler's Boobs".

He transferred to Warner Bros. Records in 2012 to release Parodyziac!! The album includes a parody of Little Big Town's "Pontoon" titled "Honeymoon", the video of which was directed by Laura Bell Bundy.

Judd moved again to RoseyMo, a division of Average Joes Entertainment, in late 2014. On November 5, he released a new single titled "Luke Bryan", a parody of Robin Thicke's "Blurred Lines", which features guest rapping from Colt Ford.

2015 retirement
In a January 2015 article in Billboard, Judd announced that he would be retiring from the music industry, as he felt that he had lost the desire to continue, and wanted to focus on raising his daughter instead. He also revealed past struggles with a cocaine addiction and suicide attempts, and said that he made the decision to change his lifestyle after becoming baptized. In 2016, he issued a three-CD memoir titled Things I Remember Before I Forget.

Judd was one of the co-writers of the song "Three Feet of Water", the final track on Brantley Gilbert's album The Devil Don't Sleep.

2018 comeback
In mid-2018, Judd announced his return to the music industry by releasing a new parody song and music video titled, "(Weight's Goin') Up Down, Up Down", a parody of "Up Down" by Morgan Wallen. It was followed by a parody of Bebe Rexha's and Florida Georgia Line's "Meant to Be" called "Gotta Pee".

Radio and television work
Judd has toured as an emcee with such acts as Brooks and Dunn, Brad Paisley, Trace Adkins, Toby Keith, the Dixie Chicks, Shania Twain, and Montgomery Gentry. Judd's television work includes a stint as the co-host of CMT Most Wanted Live from 2002 to 2004 and as a "special correspondent" on the 2005 season of Nashville Star. Additionally, he was one of the featured contestants on Season Five of VH1's reality show Celebrity Fit Club.

He also hosted the Cledus T. Party Morning Show for WQYK-FM in Tampa, Florida. In January 2008, he returned to Atlanta as the morning host at 94.9/The Bull, WUBL-FM. In September 2010, he returned to WQYK-FM as co-host of the Cledus and Dave Morning Show. On November 19, 2012, Judd became the co-host of The Cletus T. Judd Party with Clint & Judy morning show on iHeartMedia-owned WTCR-FM in Huntington, West Virginia. At WTCR, Judd joins longtime morning hosts Clint McElroy & Judy Eaton. Judd stated that moving to WTCR allows him to live closer to his daughter.

Musical style
Judd has been called the "Weird" Al Yankovic of country music. Judd's albums typically contain a mix of parody songs and original songs. His parodies are often topical in nature, such as "My Cellmate Thinks I'm Sexy", a parody of Kenny Chesney's "She Thinks My Tractor's Sexy" which addressed Chesney's and Tim McGraw's 2000 arrest after stealing a Mounted Reserve deputy's horse; or "Waitin' on Obama", which he released shortly before President Barack Obama took office in January 2009.

Initially, Judd sang in an intentionally off-key, nasal voice with an affected Southern accent, described by Country Standard Time critic Ken Burke as "Junior Samples on helium." Judd stopped affecting his voice on A Six Pack of Judd and all subsequent albums.

Personal life
Judd was formerly married to country music singer Julie Reeves. They have a daughter, Caitlyn. Judd married Amanda Fizer on October 5, 2017 and has two stepchildren, Isabella and Jeremiah.

After announcing his retirement in 2015, Judd focused on spending time with his family and doing a morning radio show. Once he was done with his radio show in the mornings, he had a lot of downtime and became bored. He then began working on buying and remodeling dilapidated houses.

After years of retirement, Judd was inspired to return to music by his idol, Ray Stevens, who asked Judd to open for him at a show in Kentucky. Stevens asked Judd why he retired and Judd responded that he did not think he was relevant anymore. Stevens told him that the 1,500 audience members giving Judd a standing ovation said otherwise. With the encouragement of his daughter, Judd decided to make a comeback.

title: Cledus T. Judd


text:
Richland Township, Clinton County, Ohio

Richland Township is one of the thirteen townships of Clinton County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census reported 3,526 people living in the township.

Geography
Located in the northeast corner of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Jasper Township, Fayette County - northeast
 * Concord Township, Fayette County - southeast
 * Wayne Township - south
 * Green Township - southwest
 * Union Township - west
 * Wilson Township - northwest

It is located in the northeast corner of the county. The entire township lies in the Virginia Military District and contains 21,210.72 acres (86 km$2$) of land.

The village of Sabina is located in eastern Richland Township, and the unincorporated communities of Reesville and Melvin are in the western part of the township.

Transportation
Major roads include the 3C Highway (aka State Route 3 and U.S. Route 22) and State Routes 729 and 72.

Name
It is one of twelve Richland Townships statewide.

History
Richland was one of the original three townships of Clinton County. It was erected by the County Commissioners on April 6, 1810 with the boundaries:
 * all that part of Clinton County east of the old boundary line of Warren County shall be one township known by the name of Richland.

On August 10, 1813, the Commissioners defined the boundaries more precisely:
 * Beginning at a large hickory at the corner of Green Township in the line of Union Township, thence running with the line of Green Township to the southerly corner of the county and at the corner of Fayette County, thence north with the county line to the northeast corner, then west with the county line to the original line of Warren County, then south with the said original line to the line of Union Township, then with the line of Union Township to the place of beginning.

The townships of Wilson, Wayne, and Green were created entirely from Richland Township. Parts of Union and Green were taken from it on August 21, 1813. On July 15, 1817, part was taken to create Liberty Township. In March 1837, Wayne Township was erected from it and Wilson in August 1850.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

title: Richland Township, Clinton County, Ohio


text: Results of the 2006 Canadian federal election (Western Canada and Territories)


text:
Woman King

Woman King is the fourth EP from Iron & Wine (aka Samuel Beam), released on February 22, 2005, by Sub Pop Records.

Woman King expanded on the studio sounds that marked his previous LP, Our Endless Numbered Days, and also included electric guitars. Each track featured a spiritual female figure and had subtle Biblical undertones, although Beam has said in interviews that he is agnostic.

title: Woman King


text:
Wilson Township, Clinton County, Ohio

Wilson Township is one of the thirteen townships of Clinton County, Ohio, United States. It is the least populous township in Clinton County, with 505 inhabitants as of the 2020 census.

Geography
Located in the northeastern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Jasper Township, Fayette County - northeast
 * Richland Township - southeast
 * Union Township - southwest
 * Liberty Township - west
 * Jefferson Township, Greene County - northwest

The entire township lies in the Virginia Military District.

No municipalities are located in Wilson Township, but it does contain the unincorporated community of Bloomington.

Name and history
The only Wilson Township statewide, it is named for Amos Wilson, one of the earliest settlers of the county, who arrived in approximately 1796.

The township was erected in 1850 by the Clinton County Commissioners from parts of Union, Richland, and Liberty townships.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Education
Wilson township is covered by Greeneview Local School, East Clinton Local School, Wilmington City School

title: Wilson Township, Clinton County, Ohio


text: Category:County-level cities in Zhejiang


text:
Liberty Township, Clinton County, Ohio

Liberty Township is one of the thirteen townships of Clinton County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census reported 1,123 people living in the township.

Geography
Located in the northern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Jefferson Township, Greene County - northeast
 * Wilson Township - east
 * Union Township - south
 * Chester Township - west
 * Caesarscreek Township, Greene County - northwest

It is located in the north central part of the county on the Greene County line about halfway between Wilmington and Xenia.

The entire township lies in the Virginia Military District.

The village of Port William is located in northern Liberty Township.

Transportation
Major roads in Liberty Township include Interstate 71, U.S. Route 68, and State Route 134.

Name and history
Liberty Township was organized in 1817.

It is one of twenty-five Liberty Townships statewide.

In 1833, Liberty Township contained a flouring mill, two saw mills, a fulling mill, a distillery, and one store.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

title: Liberty Township, Clinton County, Ohio


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Community-based conservation

Community-based conservation is a conservation movement that emerged in the 1980s, in response to escalating protests and subsequent dialogue with local communities affected by international attempts to protect the biodiversity of the earth. These contentions were a reaction against traditional 'top down' conservation practices, whereby governments or large organisations exert control at a local level, which were perceived as disregarding the interests of local inhabitants. This stems from the Western idea on which the conservation movement was founded, of nature being separate from culture. The objective of community-based conservation is to actively involve and give some control to members of local communities in conservation efforts which may affect them, and incorporate improvement to the lives of local people while conserving areas through the creation of national parks or wildlife refuges.

History
The conflicts that led to the growth of community-based conservation are indicative of the historical connection between European colonialism and 'classical' conservation. The classical 'national park' model of conservation, first established through the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 and Yosemite National Park in 1890, aimed to preserve what European settlers perceived as 'pristine natural wilderness'. However, this perception largely ignored the widespread anthropogenic changes to these landscapes generated by indigenous land management, and also justified the expulsion of those indigenous peoples. Thus, classical conservation created protected areas based on a highly exclusionary model of protectionism, with an estimated 20 million people displaced from their land. This conservation strategy was used widely until the 1970s when indigenous people started to fight for their rights and land. In 1975 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Parks Congress recognized the rights of indigenous people and to recognize their rights of the protected areas. More policy changes came about that increased the rights of indigenous people. Community-based conservation came into action from these changes.

Strategies
One strategy of community-based conservation is co-management or joint management of a protected area. Co-management combines local peoples’ traditional knowledge of the environment with modern scientific knowledge of scientists. This combination of knowledge can lead to increased biodiversity and better management of the protected area.

Building collaborations that promote diversity, inclusivity, and cultural sensitivity enhance institutional and social dynamics. These elements help in managing power dynamics and addressing diverse objectives and perspectives of various stakeholders. Examining partnerships that Foster Diversity, the analysis of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Equator Initiative (EI) projects for integrating biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation, suggests that effective conservation initiatives often involve a range of 10-15 collaborators. These stakeholders include a combination of local and national NGOs, government entities at different levels, international agencies, and academic institutions. These partners play a role in supporting conservation projects by providing financial support, capacity building, networking opportunities, innovation, technical training, and community health services.

Assessing the role of community participation using a study of community involvement in vegetative-based conservation control sedimentation rates in the Wonogiri Reservoir and surrounding areas published in the Journal of Environment and Earth Science. Examining the methodology used in research, involved a survey with 300 respondents from five villages in the area of the Wonogiri reservoir. Data collection techniques included questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions. The analysis involved validity tests, reliability tests, multicollinearity tests, correlation tests, T-tests, and F-tests etc. to understand the influence of the five capitals and government incentives on farmers' conservation decisions. The research methodology outlined in the article could serve as a useful guide for conducting similar studies in other regions facing similar environmental challenges. The emphasis on the role of government incentives in motivating public participation in conservation efforts was a community concern in all regions.

Ecological and community impacts
Positive ecological outcomes are evident in areas like the Naibunga Conservancy, Kenya, where community-based conservation efforts were implemented indicating significant ecological benefits such as increased biomass productivity and improved soil nutrient content in conserved areas. Community impacts include better access to education, healthcare, improved community management, and sustainable use practices, including seasonal grazing zones, as well as food security through distributed resources like meat and firewood.

Relevance in research
Journal article from Journal of Suboptimal Lands titled Community Based Peat Conservation is relevant to researchers interested in environmental conservation, peatland ecosystems, carbon storage, and community involvement in conservation efforts. It provides valuable insights into the importance of protecting peatlands and engaging local communities in conservation initiatives. Researchers could further explore the effectiveness of community-based conservation strategies, the economic benefits of peatland conservation, and the long-term implications of land degradation on peat ecosystems.

Emerging constraints
The challenges and controversies in horizon scanning reveal a complex landscape of environmental and social issues. With growing violence against environmental human rights defenders and the unpredictability of human migration patterns, the urgency of addressing these issues becomes apparent. Horizon scanning efforts encountered difficulties in balancing novelty with plausibility, impact, and pervasiveness, particularly concerning topics less familiar to collaborators. Moreover, the under-representation of economic and legal expertise in the collaboration underscores the need for diverse perspectives in assessing emerging trends. Discussions often veered into debates over the nature of identified trends and their potential impact, highlighting the nuanced nature of horizon scanning. Amidst these challenges, the significance of community-based conservation emerges as a multifaceted approach that benefits both nature and people. It underscores the inseparability of conservation efforts from ethical considerations and aims to balance biodiversity conservation with human well-being. Ultimately, community-based conservation stands as a strategy for addressing the interconnected crises facing our planet.

title: Community-based conservation


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Fios

Fios may refer to:

 * Fíos, a parish in Parres, Spain
 * Verizon Fios, bundled home communications service offered by Verizon Communications in the US
 * FiOS from Frontier, the former name for Frontier FiberOptic, a bundled home communications service offered by Frontier Communications in the US
 * FiOS1, a defunct news-based pay television network carried by Verizon Fios in the New York metropolitan area
 * FIoS, after a name denotes Fellow of the Institute of Swimming

title: Fios


text: Talk:The Sea & the Rhythm

title: Talk:The Sea & the Rhythm


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Survivorship bias

Survivorship bias or survival bias is the logical error of concentrating on entities that passed a selection process while overlooking those that did not. This can lead to incorrect conclusions because of incomplete data.

Survivorship bias is a form of selection bias that can lead to overly optimistic beliefs because multiple failures are overlooked, such as when companies that no longer exist are excluded from analyses of financial performance. It can also lead to the false belief that the successes in a group have some special property, rather than just coincidence as in correlation "proves" causality.

Another kind of survivorship bias would involve thinking that an incident happened in a particular way because the only people who were involved in the incident who can speak about it are those who survived it. Even if one knew that some people are dead, they would not have their voice to add to the conversation, making it biased.

As a general experimental flaw
The parapsychology researcher Joseph Banks Rhine believed he had identified the few individuals from hundreds of potential subjects who had powers of extra-sensory perception (ESP). His calculations were based on the improbability of these few subjects guessing the Zener cards shown to a partner by chance. A major criticism that surfaced against his calculations was the possibility of unconscious survivorship bias in subject selections. He was accused of failing to take into account the large effective size of his sample; that is, all the subjects he rejected as not being "strong telepaths" because they had failed at an earlier testing stage. Had he done this, he might have seen that from the large sample, one or two individuals would probably achieve—purely by chance—the track record of success he observed.

Writing about the Rhine case in Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, Martin Gardner explained that the experimenters had made such obvious mistakes not out of statistical naïveté, but rather as a result of subtly disregarding poorly performing subjects. He said that, even without trickery of any kind, if a large enough sample were taken, there would always be a certain number of subjects who demonstrated improbable success. To illustrate this, he speculates about what would happen if one hundred professors of psychology read Rhine's work and decided to make their own tests; he said that survivor bias would winnow out the typically failed experiments, while encouraging the lucky successes to continue testing.

He postulated that experiments confirming the null hypothesis (i.e., showing no result) would not be reported, but "[e]ventually, one experimenter remains whose subject has made high scores for six or seven successive sessions. Neither experimenter nor subject is aware of the other ninety-nine projects, and so both have a strong delusion that ESP is operating." He concludes: "The experimenter writes an enthusiastic paper, sends it to Rhine who publishes it in his magazine, and the readers are greatly impressed."

If sufficiently many scientists study a phenomenon, some will find statistically significant results by chance, and these are the experiments submitted for publication. Additionally, papers showing positive results may be more appealing to editors. This problem is known as positive results bias, a type of publication bias. To combat this, some editors now specifically call for the submission of "negative" scientific findings, where "nothing happened".

Survivorship bias is one of the research issues brought up in the provocative 2005 paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False", which shows that a large number of published medical research papers contain results that cannot be replicated.

One famous example of immortal time bias occurred in a study by Redelmeier and Singh, which was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine and purported to show that Academy Award-winning actors and actresses lived almost four years longer than their less successful peers. The statistical method used to derive this statistically significant difference, however, gave winners an unfair advantage, because it credited winners' years of life before winning toward survival subsequent to winning. When the data was reanalyzed using methods that avoided this immortal time bias, the survival advantage was closer to one year and was not statistically significant.

Finance and economics
In finance, survivorship bias is the tendency for failed companies to be excluded from performance studies because they no longer exist. It often causes the results of studies to skew higher because only companies that were successful enough to survive until the end of the period are included. For example, a mutual fund company's selection of funds today will include only those that are successful now. Many losing funds are closed and merged into other funds to hide poor performance. In theory, 70% of extant funds could truthfully claim to have performance in the first quartile of their peers, if the peer group includes funds that have closed.

In 1996, Elton, Gruber, and Blake showed that survivorship bias is larger in the small-fund sector than in large mutual funds (presumably because small funds have a high probability of folding). They estimate the size of the bias across the U.S. mutual fund industry as 0.9% per annum, where the bias is defined and measured as:

"Bias is defined as average α for surviving funds minus average α for all funds"

(Where α is the risk-adjusted return over the S&P 500. This is the standard measure of mutual fund out-performance).

Additionally, in quantitative backtesting of market performance or other characteristics, survivorship bias is the use of a current index membership set rather than using the actual constituent changes over time. Consider a backtest to 1990 to find the average performance (total return) of S&P 500 members who have paid dividends within the previous year. To use the current 500 members only and create a historical equity line of the total return of the companies that met the criteria would be adding survivorship bias to the results. S&P maintains an index of healthy companies, removing companies that no longer meet their criteria as a representative of the large-cap U.S. stock market. Companies that had healthy growth on their way to inclusion in the S&P 500 would be counted as if they were in the index during that growth period, which they were not. Instead there may have been another company in the index that was losing market capitalization and was destined for the S&P 600 Small-cap Index that was later removed and would not be counted in the results. Using the actual membership of the index and applying entry and exit dates to gain the appropriate return during inclusion in the index would allow for a bias-free output.

Business
Michael Shermer in Scientific American and Larry Smith of the University of Waterloo have described how advice about commercial success distorts perceptions of it by ignoring all of the businesses and college dropouts that failed. Journalist and author David McRaney observes that the "advice business is a monopoly run by survivors. When something becomes a non-survivor, it is either completely eliminated, or whatever voice it has is muted to zero". Alec Liu wrote in Vice that "for every Mark Zuckerberg, there's thousands of also-rans, who had parties no one ever attended, obsolete before we ever knew they existed."

In his book The Black Swan, financial writer Nassim Taleb called the data obscured by survivorship bias "silent evidence".

History
Diagoras of Melos was asked concerning paintings of those who had escaped shipwreck: "Look, you who think the gods have no care of human things, what do you say to so many persons preserved from death by their especial favour?", to which Diagoras replied: "Why, I say that their pictures are not here who were cast away, who are by much the greater number."

Susan Mumm has described how survival bias leads historians to study organisations that are still in existence more than those that have closed. This means large, successful organisations such as the Women's Institute, which were well organised and still have accessible archives for historians to work from, are studied more than smaller charitable organisations, even though these may have done a great deal of work.

Architecture and construction
Just as new buildings are being built every day and older structures are constantly torn down, the story of most civil and urban architecture involves a process of constant renewal, renovation, and revolution. Only the most beautiful, useful, and structurally sound buildings survive from one generation to the next. This creates a selection effect where the ugliest and weakest buildings of history have been eradicated (disappearing from public view, leaving the visible impression that all earlier buildings were more beautiful and better built).

Highly competitive career
Whether it be movie stars, athletes, musicians, or CEOs of multibillion-dollar corporations who dropped out of school, popular media often tells the story of the determined individual who pursues their dreams and beats the odds. There is much less focus on the many people that may be similarly skilled and determined, but fail to ever find success because of factors beyond their control or other (seemingly) random events. There is also a tendency to overlook resources and events that helped enable such success, that those who failed didn't have.

For example, a 2013 study found that 91% of artists were undiscovered on social media, and just 1.1% were mainstream or mega-sized. This creates a false public perception that anyone can achieve great things if they have the ability and make the effort. The overwhelming majority of failures are not visible to the public eye, and only those who survive the selective pressures of their competitive environment are seen regularly.

Military
During World War II, the statistician Abraham Wald took survivorship bias into his calculations when considering how to minimize bomber losses to enemy fire. The Statistical Research Group (SRG) at Columbia University, which Wald was a part of, examined the damage done to aircraft that had returned from missions and recommended adding armor to the areas that showed the least damage. The bullet holes in the returning aircraft represented areas where a bomber could take damage and still fly well enough to return safely to base. Therefore, Wald proposed that the Navy reinforce areas where the returning aircraft were unscathed, inferring that planes hit in those areas were the ones most likely to be lost. His work is considered seminal in the then nascent discipline of operational research.

Cats
In a study performed in 1987, it was reported that cats who fall from less than six stories, and are still alive, have greater injuries than cats who fall from higher than six stories. It has been proposed that this might happen because cats reach terminal velocity after righting themselves at about five stories, and after this point they relax, leading to less severe injuries in cats who have fallen from six or more stories. In 1996, The Straight Dope newspaper column proposed that another possible explanation for this phenomenon would be survivorship bias. Cats that die in falls are less likely to be brought to a veterinarian than injured cats, and thus many of the cats killed in falls from higher buildings are not reported in studies of the subject.

Studies of evolution
Large groups of organisms called clades that survive a long time are subject to various survivorship biases such as the "push of the past", generating the illusion that clades in general tend to originate with a high rate of diversification that then slows through time.

Business law
Survivorship bias can raise truth-in-advertising issues when the success rate advertised for a product or service is measured by reference to a population whose makeup differs from that of the target audience for the advertisement. This is especially important when
 * 1) the advertisement either fails to disclose the relevant differences between the two populations, or describes them in insufficient detail; and
 * 2) these differences result from the company's deliberate "pre-screening" of prospective customers to ensure that only customers with traits increasing their likelihood of success are allowed to purchase the product or service, especially when the company's selection procedures or evaluation standards are kept secret; and
 * 3) the company offering the product or service charges a fee, especially one that is non-refundable or not disclosed in the advertisement, for the privilege of attempting to become a customer.

For example, the advertisements of online dating service eHarmony.com fail a truth in advertising test because they fail the first two prongs and pass the third, when all three must be passed:
 * 1) they claim a success rate significantly higher than that of competing services while generally not disclosing that the rate is calculated with respect to a viewership subset of individuals who possess traits that increase their likelihood of finding and maintaining relationships and lack traits that pose obstacles to their doing so, and
 * 2) the company deliberately selects for these traits by administering a lengthy pre-screening process designed to reject prospective customers who lack the former traits or possess the latter ones, but
 * 3) the company does not charge a fee for administration of its pre-screening test; thus its prospective customers face no "downside risk" other than wasting their time, expending the effort involved in completing the pre-screening process, and suffering disappointment.

title: Survivorship bias


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Category:Towns in Queensland

This category contains articles about towns in Queensland, Australia.

title: Category:Towns in Queensland


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France at the 2000 Summer Olympics

France competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. 336 competitors, 211 men and 125 women, took part in 196 events in 28 sports.

Archery
Sebastian Flute performed better in 2000 than he had in 1996, but still couldn't match the gold medal he had won in 1992. Jocelyn de Grandis was the only other French archer to win a match.

Athletics
This was the first time since 1936 that France failed to win a single Olympic medal in athletics.

Combined events

 * Decathlon

 * Heptathlon

Basketball

 * Men's team Roster
 * Jim Bilba
 * Yann Bonato
 * Makan Dioumassi
 * Fabien Dubos
 * Laurent Foirest
 * Thierry Gadou
 * David Gauthier
 * Cyril Julian
 * Crawford Palmer
 * Laurent Pluvy
 * Antoine Rigaudeau
 * Stéphane Risacher
 * Dwayne Scholten
 * Laurent Sciarra
 * Moustapha Sonko
 * Frédéric Weis

 * Women's Team Roster
 * Nicole Antibe
 * Lucienne Berthieu
 * Johanna Boutet
 * Sabine Falcoz
 * Isabelle Fijalkowski
 * Edwige Lawson
 * Sandra Le Drean
 * Nathalie Lesdema
 * Isabelle Marcin
 * Catherine Melain
 * Laëtitia Moussard
 * Audrey Sauret
 * Laure Savasta
 * Yannick Souvré
 * Dominique Tonnerre
 * Stéphanie Vivenot

 * Teams' results

Road Cycling

 * Men

 * Women

Track Cycling

 * Sprint

 * Pursuit

 * Time trial

 * Points race

 * Keirin

 * Omnium

Diving
France entered nine diving events and had two top 10 finishes.
 * Men

 * Women

Fencing
Sixteen fencers, eleven men and five women, represented France in 2000.

 * Men

 * Women

Men

 * Team

 * Individual events

Women

 * Team

 * Individual events

Handball

 * Men's roster
 * Andrej Golic
 * Bertrand Gille
 * Bruno Martini
 * Cédric Burdet
 * Christian Gaudin
 * Didier Dinart
 * Grégory Anquetil
 * Guéric Kervadec
 * Guillaume Gille
 * Jackson Richardson
 * Jérôme Fernandez
 * Marc Wiltberger
 * Olivier Girault
 * Patrick Cazal
 * Stéphane Joulin

 * Women's roster
 * Christelle Joseph-Mathieu
 * Sonia Cendier Ajaguin
 * Isabelle Wendling
 * Joanne Dudziak
 * Laïsa Lerus
 * Leïla Lejeune-Duchemann
 * Myriam Korfanty
 * Nathalie Selambarom
 * Nodjialem Myaro
 * Raphaëlle Tervel
 * Sandrine Delerce
 * Stéphanie Cano
 * Stéphanie Ludwig
 * Valérie Nicolas
 * Véronique Pecqueux-Rolland

 * Teams' results

Rhythmic gymnastics

 * Individual

 * Team

Sailing
France competed in six of the Sailing events at the Sydney Olympics.
 * Individual events

 * Men's Soling

Shooting

 * Men

 * Women

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Table tennis

 * Singles

 * Doubles

Triathlon
France's competitors at the first Olympic triathlon included twins Beatrice Mouthon and Isabelle Mouthon-Michellys. Isabelle was one of the three French triathletes to place in the top eight.

Weightlifting
Men

Women

title: France at the 2000 Summer Olympics


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Washington Township, Clinton County, Ohio

Washington Township is one of the thirteen townships of Clinton County, Ohio, United States. The population as of the 2020 census was 2,015.

Geography
Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Union Township - north
 * Green Township - east
 * Clark Township - southeast
 * Jefferson Township - south
 * Marion Township - southwest
 * Vernon Township - west
 * Adams Township - northwest corner

The entire township lies in the Virginia Military District.

Part of Cowan Lake State Park is located in Washington Township.

No municipalities are located in Washington Township, although the unincorporated community of Cuba lies in the western part of the township. It also contains Morrisville.

Name and history
Washington Township was founded in 1835.

It is one of forty-three Washington Townships statewide.

Transportation
Major roads in Washington Township are U.S. Route 68 and State Routes 28 and 350.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.