text:
First Protectorate Parliament

The First Protectorate Parliament was summoned by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the terms of the Instrument of Government. It sat for one term from 3 September 1654 until 22 January 1655 with William Lenthall as the Speaker of the House.

During the first nine months of the Protectorate, Cromwell with the aid of the Council of State, drew up a list of 84 bills to present to Parliament for ratification. But the members of Parliament had their own and their constituents' interests to promote and in the end not enough of them would agree to work with Cromwell, or to sign a declaration of their acceptance of the Instrument of Government, to make the constitutional arrangements in the Instrument of Government work. Cromwell dissolved the Parliament as soon as it was allowed under the terms of the Instrument of Government, having failed to get any of the 84 bills passed.

Parliamentary constituencies
The Instrument of Government specified the numbers of members of parliament that boroughs and counties in England and Wales would send to the Parliament, totalling 400. By omission from the list, rotten boroughs were abolished. A few boroughs not previously enfranchised, notably Leeds and Manchester, received a seat. All the traditional counties were represented (Durham for the first time). In addition some well established sub-divisions of counties were given separate representation. There were substantial changes in the number of seats many constituencies received, particularly amongst the counties. This was the first systematic redistribution of Parliamentary seats in English history and would not be matched for a Royal Parliament until the Reform Act 1832.

In the list below, the name of the constituency (as specified in Section X of the Instrument of Government, with minor spelling changes) is followed by the number of seats allocated. The Boroughs in each county follow the county constituency (indicated by boldface and an * after the constituency name). Those areas marked ** were divisions of a traditional county.

The Instrument of Government also made provision for members from Jersey and Guernsey, without defining the numbers or arrangements for the election of such members. It is not clear that any were actually elected, as they are not mentioned in the Journal of the House of Commons for this Parliament. It is also notable that when on 6 and 7 October 1654 the House of Commons debated "the distribution of the number of members to serve in future Parliaments", Guibon Goddard MP recorded in his journal that "we agreed with the Instrument, in the whole number of four hundred, Jersey and Guernsey being left out, because not governed by our laws, but by municipal laws of their own; and we differed but little in the particular distribution."

The Lord Protector and his Council were given power to provide for the representation of Scotland and Ireland, which was done by later legislation giving 30 seats to each country. This was the first time Scotland and Ireland were represented in a Westminster Parliament.

Constituencies and Members of Parliament
Notes:
 * 1) Monmouthshire (3 county seats) included in England, not Wales.
 * 2) Dublin City and County treated as a county constituency (2 seats).

England

 * Bedfordshire*: 5
 * Bedford Town: 1
 * Berkshire*: 5
 * Abingdon: 1
 * Reading: 1
 * Buckinghamshire*: 5
 * Aylesbury: 1
 * Buckingham Town: 1
 * Wycombe: 1
 * Cambridgeshire*: 4
 * Cambridge Town: 1
 * Cambridge University: 1
 * Isle of Ely**: 2
 * Cheshire*: 4
 * Chester: 1
 * Cornwall*: 8
 * East Looe & West Looe:1
 * Launceston: 1
 * Penryn: 1
 * Truro: 1
 * Cumberland*: 2
 * Carlisle: 1
 * Derbyshire*: 4
 * Derby Town: 1
 * Devonshire*: 11
 * Barnstable: 1
 * Clifton, Dartmouth, Hardness: 1
 * Exeter: 2
 * Honiton: 1
 * Plymouth: 2
 * Tiverton: 1
 * Totnes: 1
 * Dorsetshire*: 6
 * Dorchester: 1
 * Lyme-Regis: 1
 * Poole: 1
 * Weymouth and Melcombe-Regis: 1
 * Durham*: 2
 * City of Durham: 1
 * Essex*: 13
 * Colchester: 2
 * Maldon: 1
 * Gloucestershire*: 5
 * Cirencester: 1
 * Gloucester: 2
 * Tewkesbury: 1
 * Herefordshire*: 4
 * Hereford: 1
 * Leominster: 1
 * Hertfordshire*: 5
 * Hertford: 1
 * St. Alban's: 1
 * Huntingdonshire*: 3
 * Huntingdon: 1
 * Kent*: 11
 * Canterbury: 2
 * Dover: 1
 * Maidstone: 1
 * Queenborough: 1
 * Rochester: 1
 * Sandwich: 1
 * Lancashire*: 4
 * Lancaster: 1
 * Liverpool: 1
 * Manchester: 1
 * Preston: 1
 * Leicestershire*: 4
 * Leicester: 2
 * Lincolnshire*: 10
 * Boston: 1
 * Grantham: 1
 * Great Grimsby: 1
 * Lincoln: 2
 * Stamford: 1
 * Middlesex*: 4
 * London: 6
 * Westminster: 2
 * Monmouthshire*: 3
 * Norfolk*: 10
 * Great Yarmouth: 2
 * Lynn-Regis: 2
 * Norwich: 2
 * Northamptonshire*: 6
 * Northampton: 1
 * Peterborough: 1
 * Nottinghamshire*: 4
 * Nottingham: 2
 * Northumberland*: 3
 * Berwick: 1
 * Newcastle upon Tyne: 1
 * Oxfordshire*: 5
 * Oxford City: 1
 * Oxford University: 1
 * Woodstock: 1
 * Rutlandshire*: 2
 * Shropshire*: 4
 * Bridgnorth: 1
 * Ludlow: 1
 * Shrewsbury: 2
 * Staffordshire*: 3
 * Lichfield: 1
 * Newcastle-under-Lyne: 1
 * Stafford: 1
 * Somersetshire*: 11
 * Bath: 1
 * Bridgwater: 1
 * Bristol: 2
 * Taunton: 2
 * Wells: 1
 * Southamptonshire*: 8
 * Andover: 1
 * Isle of Wight**: 2
 * Portsmouth: 1
 * Southampton: 1
 * Winchester: 1
 * Suffolk*: 10
 * Bury St. Edmunds: 2
 * Dunwich: 1
 * Ipswich: 2
 * Sudbury: 1
 * Surrey*: 6
 * Guildford: 1
 * Reigate: 1
 * Southwark: 2
 * Sussex*: 9
 * Arundel: 1
 * Chichester: 1
 * East Grinstead: 1
 * Lewes: 1
 * Rye: 1
 * Warwickshire*: 4
 * Coventry: 2
 * Warwick: 1
 * Westmoreland*: 2
 * Wiltshire*: 10
 * Devizes: 1
 * Marlborough: 1
 * New Sarum: 2
 * Worcestershire*: 5
 * Worcester: 2
 * Yorkshire* East Riding**: 4
 * Beverley: 1
 * Kingston-upon-Hull: 1
 * Yorkshire* North Riding**: 4
 * City of York: 2
 * Richmond: 1
 * Scarborough: 1
 * Yorkshire* West Riding**: 6
 * Halifax: 1
 * Leeds: 1

Wales
Brecknockshire is attributed 3 seats in the text of the Instrument of Government linked to by this article, but other on-line versions say 2 and that is consistent with the total of 400 seats for England and Wales.

 * Anglesey*: 2
 * Brecknockshire*: 2
 * Cardiganshire*: 2
 * Carmarthenshire*: 2
 * Carnarvonshire*: 2
 * Denbighshire*: 2
 * Flintshire*: 2
 * Glamorganshire*: 2
 * Merionethshire*: 1
 * Montgomeryshire*: 2
 * Pembrokeshire*: 2
 * Haverfordwest: 1
 * Radnorshire*: 2

Scotland
Provision for representation of the shires (marked *) and burghs of Scotland was made by An Ordinance by the Protector for Elections in Scotland of 27 June 1654. The Burgh, amongst those in a district, where the elections were to take place is marked in capitals. The shire of Merse is a historic name for Berwickshire.

Irvine and Dumbarton: 1
 * Aberdeen*: 1
 * Banff, Cullen, and ABERDEEN: 1
 * Ayr and Renfrew*: 1
 * Banff*: 1
 * Dumbarton, Argyle, and Bute*: 1
 * Dumfries*: 1
 * Dumfries, Sinclair, Lochmaben, Annandale, Wigton, Kirkcudbright, Whithorn, and Galloway: 1
 * East-Lothian*: 1
 * Elgin and Nairn*: 1
 * Fife and Kinross*: 1
 * St. Andrews, Dysart, Kirkcaldy, Cupar, Anstruther East, Pittenween, Crail, Dunfermline, Kinghorn, Anstruther West, Inverkeithing, Kilrenny, and Burnt Island: 1
 * Inverness*: 1
 * Dornoch, Tain, INVERNESS, Dingwall, Nairn, Elgin, and Fortrose: 1
 * Kincardine and Forfar*: 1
 * Forfar, DUNDEE, Arbroath, Montrose, and Brechin: 1
 * Lanark*: 1
 * Lanark, GLASGOW, Rutherglen, Rothesay, Renfrew, Ayr,
 * Linlithgow, Stirling, and Clackmannan*: 1
 * Linlithgow, Queensferry, Perth, Culross, and STIRLING: 1
 * Merse*: 1
 * 1) Peebles, Selkirk, Jedburgh, Lauder, N. Berwick, Dunbar, and Haddington: 1
 * Mid-Lothian*: 1
 * 1) Edinburgh: 2
 * Orkney, Shetland and Caithness*: 1
 * Perth*: 1
 * Roxburgh*: 1
 * Selkirk and Peebles*: 1
 * Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty*: 1
 * Wigton*: 1

Ireland
Provision for representation of the counties (marked *) and boroughs of Ireland was made by An Ordinance by the Protector for Elections in Ireland of 27 June 1654. The Borough, amongst those in a district, where the elections were to take place is marked in capitals.

 * Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny and Queen's*: 2
 * Cavan, Fermanagh and Monaghan*: 1
 * Cork'*: 1
 * Cork and Youghall: 1
 * Bandon and Kinsale: 1
 * Derry, Donegal and Tyrone*: 2
 * 1) DERRY and Coleraine: 1
 * Down, Antrim and Armagh*: 2
 * Carrickfergus and Belfast: 1
 * Dublin County* and City: 2
 * Galway and Mayo*: 2
 * Kerry, Limerick and Clare*: 2
 * 1) LIMERICK City and Killmallock: 1
 * Kildare and Wicklow*: 2
 * Meath and Louth*: 2
 * Sligo, Roscommon and Leitrim*: 2
 * Waterford and Tipperary*: 2
 * WATERFORD and Clonmel Cities: 1
 * Westmeath, Longford and King's*: 2

The First Protectorate Parliament was preceded by the Barebones Parliament and succeeded by the Second Protectorate Parliament.

title: First Protectorate Parliament


text:
Dutch orthography

Dutch orthography uses the Latin alphabet. The spelling system is issued by government decree and is compulsory for all government documentation and educational establishments.

Legal basis
In the Netherlands, the official spelling is regulated by the Spelling Act of 15 September 2005. This came into force on 22 February 2006, replacing the Act on the Spelling of the Dutch Language of 14 February 1947.

The Spelling Act gives the Committee of Ministers of the Dutch Language Union the authority to determine the spelling of Dutch by ministerial decision. In addition, the law requires that this spelling be followed "at the governmental bodies, at educational institutions funded from the public purse, as well as at the exams for which legal requirements have been established". In other cases, it is recommended, but it is not mandatory to follow the official spelling.

The Decree on the Spelling Regulations of 2005–2006 contains the annexed spelling rules decided by the Committee of Ministers on 25 April 2005. This decree entered into force on 1 August 2006, replacing the Spelling Decree of 19 June 1996.

In Flanders, the same spelling rules are currently applied by the Decree of the Flemish Government Establishing the Rules of the Official Spelling and Grammar of the Dutch language of 30 June 2006.

Alphabet
The modern Dutch alphabet, used for the Dutch language, consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Depending on how is used, six (or five) letters are vowels and 20 (or 21) letters are consonants. In some aspects, the digraph IJ (digraph) behaves as a single letter. is the most frequently used letter in the Dutch alphabet, as it is in English. The least frequently used letters are and, similar to English.

Sound to spelling correspondences
Dutch uses the following letters and letter combinations. For simplicity, dialectal variation and subphonemic distinctions are not always indicated. See Dutch phonology for more information.

The following list shows letters and combinations, along with their pronunciations, found in modern native or nativised vocabulary:

The following additional letters and pronunciations appear in non-native vocabulary or words using older, obsolete spellings (often conserved in proper names):

Loanwords
Loanwords often keep their original spellings: cadeau 'gift' (from French) (this word is also informally written kado, but this spelling is not recognized by the standard spelling dictionary). are sometimes adapted to, but (and rarely ) are usually retained. Greek letters become, not , but  usually becomes  (except before a consonant, after  and word finally). -- in French loanwords are written with a single (mayonaise) except when a schwa follows (stationnement).

Vowel length
Vowel length is always indicated but in different ways by using an intricate system of single and double letters.

Historical overview
Old Dutch possessed phonemic consonant length in addition to phonemic vowel length, with no correspondence between them. Thus, long vowels could appear in closed syllables, and short vowels could occur in open syllables. In the transition to early Middle Dutch, short vowels were lengthened when they stood in open syllables. Short vowels could now occur only in closed syllables. Consonants could still be long in pronunciation and acted to close the preceding syllable. Therefore, any short vowel that was followed by a long consonant remained short.

The spelling system used by early Middle Dutch scribes accounted for that by indicating the vowel length only when it was necessary (sometimes by doubling the vowel but also in other ways). As the length was implicit in open syllables, it was not indicated there, and only a single vowel was written. Long consonants were indicated usually by doubling the consonant letter, which meant that a short vowel was always followed by at least two consonant letters or by just one consonant at the end of a word.

Later in Middle Dutch, the distinction between short and long consonants started to disappear. That made it possible for short vowels to appear in open syllables once again. Because there was no longer a phonetic distinction between single and double consonants (they were both pronounced short now), Dutch writers started to use double consonants to indicate that the preceding vowel was short even when the consonant had not been long in the past. That eventually led to the modern Dutch spelling system.

Checked and free vowels
Modern Dutch spelling still retains many of the details of the late Middle Dutch system. The distinction between checked and free vowels is important in Dutch spelling. A checked vowel is one that is followed by a consonant in the same syllable (the syllable is closed) while a free vowel ends the syllable (the syllable is open). This distinction can apply to pronunciation or spelling independently, but a syllable that is checked in pronunciation will always be checked in spelling as well (except in some unassimilated loanwords).

 * Checked in neither: la-ten ("to leave", "to let")
 * Checked in spelling only: lat-ten ("laths")
 * Checked in both: lat ("lath"), lat-je  ("little lath")

A single vowel that is checked in neither is always long/tense. A vowel that is checked in both is always short/lax. The following table shows the pronunciation of the same three-letter sequence in different situations, with hyphens indicating the syllable divisions in the written form, and the IPA period to indicate them in the spoken form:

Free is fairly rare and is mostly confined to loanwords and names. As tense is rare except before, free  is likewise rare except before.

The same rule applies to word-final vowels, which are always long because they are not followed by any consonant (but see below on ). Short vowels, not followed by any consonant, do not normally exist in Dutch, and there is no normal way to indicate them in the spelling.

Double vowels and consonants
When a vowel is short/lax but is free in pronunciation, the spelling is made checked by doubling the following consonant, so that the vowel is kept short according to the default rules. That has no effect on pronunciation, as modern Dutch does not have long consonants:
 * ram-men ("rams, to ram")
 * tel-len ("to count")
 * tin-nen ("made of tin")
 * kop-pen ("cups, heads, to head [a ball]")
 * luk-ken ("to succeed")

When a vowel is long/tense but still checked in pronunciation, it is necessarily checked in spelling as well. A change is thus needed to indicate the length, which is done by doubling the vowel. Doubled does not occur.
 * raam ("window"), raam-de  ("estimated")
 * teel ("cultivate"), teel-de  ("cultivated")
 * koop ("buy, sale"), koop-sel  ("something bought")
 * Luuk (a name)

A single indicates short and long e but is also used to indicate the neutral schwa sound  in unstressed syllables. Because the schwa is always short, is never followed by a double consonant when it represents.
 * ap-pe-len ("apples")
 * ge-ko-men ("(has) come")
 * kin-de-ren ("children")

A word-final long is written  (or  in some loanwords), as an exception to the normal rules. That means that a word-final single will almost always represent a schwa.
 * jee (expression of woe), je  ("you")
 * mee ("along, with"), me  ("me")
 * ("contraction of the womb"), we ("we")
 * Exception:  (city name; formerly Enschedé)

Because the position of the stress in a polysyllabic word is not indicated in the spelling, that can lead to ambiguity. Some pairs of words are spelled identically, but represents either stressed  or  or unstressed, depending on how the stress is placed.
 * be-de-len ("to beg") or  ("to impart with, to grant ")
 * ver-gaan-de ("far-going, far-reaching") or  ("perishing")

Morphological alternations
The length of a vowel generally does not change in the pronunciation of different forms of a word. However, in different forms of a word, a syllable may alternate between checked and free depending on the syllable that follows. The spelling rules nonetheless follow the simplest representation, writing double letters only when necessary. Consequently, some forms of the same word may be written with single letters while others are written with double letters. Such alternations commonly occur between the singular and plural of a noun or between the infinitive and the conjugated forms of verbs. Examples of alternations are shown below. Note that free is spelled  in native words:

There are some irregular nouns that change their vowel from short/lax in the singular to long/tense in the plural. Their spelling does not alternate between single and double letters. However, the sound becomes  in the plural in such nouns, not  That is reflected in the spelling.
 * dag ("day"), da-gen  ("days")
 * stad ("city, town"), ste-den  ("cities, towns")
 * weg ("road, way"), we-gen  ("roads, ways")
 * schip ("ship"), sche-pen  ("ships")
 * lot ("lottery ticket"), lo-ten  ("lottery tickets")

Exceptions
As a rule, the simplest representation is always chosen. A double vowel is never written in an open syllable, and a double consonant is never written at the end of a word or when next to another consonant. A double vowel is rarely followed by a double consonant, as it could be simplified by writing them both single.

The past tense of verbs may have a double vowel, followed by a double consonant, to distinguish those forms from the present tense.
 * ha-ten ("hate"), haat-ten ("hated"), both
 * ra-den ("guess"), raad-den ("guessed"), both

Compounds should be read as if each word were spelled separately, and they may therefore appear to violate the normal rules. That may sometimes cause confusion if the word is not known to be a compound.
 * dag-ar-bei-der or more fluently  ("day labourer"), a compound of dag ("day") + arbeider ("labourer") so it is not divided as *da-gar-bei-der . If it were not a compound, it would be written *dag-gar-bei-der to keep the first "a" short.
 * een-en-twin-tig ("twenty-one"), a compound of een ("one") + en ("and") + twintig ("twenty"). If it were not a compound, it would be written *e-nen-twin-tig to avoid having a double vowel at the end of a syllable.
 * mee-doen ("to participate"), a compound of mee ("along (with)") + doen ("do"). If it were not a compound, it would be written *me-doen to avoid having a double vowel at the end of a syllable. The word mee itself has a double vowel because of the exception with final -, as noted above.

Final devoicing and the 't kofschip rule
Final devoicing is not indicated in Dutch spelling; words are usually spelled according to the historically original consonant. Therefore, a word may be written with a letter for a voiced consonant at the end of a word but still be pronounced with a voiceless consonant:

 * heb "(I) have" but hebben  "to have"
 * paard "horse" but paarden  "horses"
 * leg "(I) lay" but leggen  "to lay"

Weak verbs form their past tense and past participle by addition of a dental, or  depending on the voicing of the preceding consonant(s) (see Assimilation (linguistics)). However, because final consonants are always devoiced, there is no difference in pronunciation between these in the participle. Nonetheless, in accordance with the above rules, the orthography operates as if the consonant were still voiced. The same dental consonant letter is spelled in the past participle as in the past tense forms in which it is not word-final. To help memorise when to write and when, Dutch students are taught the rule "'t kofschip is met thee beladen" ("the merchant ship is loaded with tea"). If the verb stem in the infinitive ends with one of the consonants of "'t kofschip" (-t, -k, -f, -s, -ch or -p), the past tense dental is a -t-; otherwise, it is a -d-. However, the rule also applies to loanwords ending in -c, -q or -x, as these are also voiceless.

and
and are somewhat special:
 * They are permitted only at the start of a syllable in native words, not at the end.
 * For historic reasons, they are never preceded by a short/lax vowel and so never occur doubled.
 * When the sounds and  occur at the end of a syllable, they are written  and  respectively.

Then, therefore, final devoicing is reflected in the spelling:

 * blijven ("to stay") → blijf  "(I) stay"
 * huizen "houses" → huis  "house"

However, and  are also written at the end of a syllable that is not final. The pronunciation remains voiced even if the spelling shows a voiceless consonant. This is most common in the past tense forms of weak verbs:

 * leven ("to live") → leefde  "(I) lived"
 * blozen ("to blush") → bloosde  "(I) blushed"

Compare this to verbs in which the final consonant is underlyingly voiceless. Here, the dental assimilation rule calls for the ending -te, which gives away the voicelessness of the previous sound even if the spelling of that sound itself does not:

 * blaffen ("to bark") → blafte  "(I) barked"
 * ruisen ("to rustle, to hiss") → ruiste  "(I) rustled"

Some modern loanwords and new coinages do not follow these rules. However, these words tend to not follow the other spelling rules as well: buzzen ("to page (call on a pager)") → buzz ("(I) page"), buzzde ("(I) paged").

Diacritics
Dutch uses the acute accent to mark stress and the diaeresis (trema) to disambiguate diphthongs/triphthongs. Occasionally, other diacritics are used in loanwords. Accents are not necessarily placed on capital letters (for example, the word Eén at the beginning of a sentence) unless the whole word is written in capitals.

Acute accent
Acute accents may be used to emphasise a word in a phrase, on the vowel in the stressed syllable. If the vowel is written as a digraph, an acute accent is put on both parts of the digraph. Although that rule includes ij, the acute accent on the j is frequently omitted in typing (resulting in íj instead of íj́), as putting an acute accent on a j is still problematic in most word processing software. If the vowel is written as more than two letters, the accent is put on the first two vowel letters – except when the first letter is a capital one. According to the Taalunie, accents on capital letters are used only in all caps and in loanwords. So, it is correct to write één, Eén, and ÉÉN, but not to write Één. The Genootschap Onze Taal states that accents can be put on capital letters whenever the need arises, but makes an exception for Eén.

Stress on a short vowel, written with only one letter, is occasionally marked with a grave accent: Kàn jij dat? (equivalent to the example below), wèl. However, it is technically incorrect to do so.

Additionally, the acute accent may also be used to mark different meanings of various words, including een/één (a(n)/one), voor/vóór (for/before), vóórkomen/voorkómen (to occur/to prevent), and vérstrekkend/verstrékkend (far-reaching/issuing), as shown in the examples below.

Diaeresis
A diaeresis is used to mark a hiatus, if the combination of vowel letters may be either mistaken for a digraph or interpreted in more than one way: "geïnd" (collected), "geüpload" (uploaded), "egoïstisch" (egoistic), "sympathieën" (sympathies, preferences), coördinaat (coordinate), "reëel" (realistic), "zeeën" (seas), "met z'n tweeën" (two together; the two of them) and even until 1996 "zeeëend" (sea duck; now spelled "zee-eend"). On a line break that separates the vowels but keeps parts of a digraph together, the diaeresis becomes redundant and so is not written: ego-/istisch, sympathie-/en, re-/eel, zee-/en, met z'n twee-/en. The rule can be extended to names, such as "Michaëlla", e.g. Michaëlla Krajicek. The diaeresis is only used in derivational suffixes since 1996; compounds are written with a hyphen, for example "auto-ongeluk" (car accident).

Diacritics in loanwords
The grave accent is used in some French loanwords and generally when pronunciation would be wrong without it, such as après-ski, barrière (barrier), bèta, caissière (female cashier), carrière (career) and hè? ("What?"), blèren (to yell). Officially, appel is always written without an accent, but sometimes an accent is used to distinguish between appel ("apple") and appèl ("appeal", "roll call", and others).

Besides being used to mark stress, acute accents are also used in many loanwords (mainly from French) such as logé (overnight guest), coupé (train compartment), oké (okay) and café. The name of the Dutch town Enschede, pronounced was once upon a time written Enschedé, but later the acute accent fell off without changing the pronunciation, which has not become.

Similarly, a circumflex accent is also used in some French loanwords, including enquête (survey), and fêteren (to treat). For gênant (embarrassing) it is indecisive, some sources state it should be without the accent since it makes no difference to the pronunciation, others prefer to use the accent. The circumflex accent is also used the West Frisian language and so in general Dutch as well if there is no translation. Skûtsjesilen is the most common example, where silen is West Frisian for zeilen (to sail) and a skûtsje is a specific type of sailboat. Fryslân, the official (and Frisian) name of the province Friesland, is also well known, at least in the Netherlands.

Apostrophe
As in English, an apostrophe is used to mark omission of a part of word or several words: Contrary to the city of Den Haag, 's-Hertogenbosch (also known colloquially as Den Bosch) has decided to retain the more formal orthography of its name for common communication like road signing.

Except in all caps, the letter immediately following a word-initial apostrophe is not capitalised. If necessary, the second word is capitalised instead:
 * 's Avonds is zij nooit thuis. (In the evening, she is never at home.).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dutch orthography


text:
James H. Sands

Rear Admiral James Hoban Sands (July 12, 1845 – October 26, 1911) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War and eventually became Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy.

Naval career
Son of Rear Admiral Benjamin F. Sands, he was born in Washington, D.C., in 1845. Sands was appointed acting midshipman in the United States Naval Academy on November 25, 1859, and graduated in 1863 while the academy was still in Newport. During the American Civil War, he served in Tuscarora, Juniata, and Shenandoah and, in the years that followed, in USS Hartford (1858) and Richmond. He was part of the blockading fleet during the Civil War, which for a time was commanded by his father, and was present at the evacuation of Charleston; he also participated in both attacks on Fort Fisher, for which he was cited for gallantry in action, and twice recommended for promotion.

Ordered to the Naval Observatory in 1869, he returned to sea duty on the Asiatic Station, a year and a half later. From October 1873 to April 1875, he served in the Hydrographic Office. Duty in Minnesota and Iroquois followed; and, in 1884, he returned to Washington, D.C., for duty at the Washington Navy Yard.

During the 1890s, he commanded Monongahela; served as equipment officer at the Boston Navy Yard; commanded Columbia and Minneapolis; and served as Governor of the Naval Home Squadron at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Detached from the latter in 1901, he became a member of the retirement board and assumed its presidency in 1902. Commissioned rear admiral the same year, he served as commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard, League Island, Philadelphia, from May 1902 to April 1903; commanded the Coast Squadron until 1905; then assumed duty as the nineteenth superintendent of the Naval Academy. Further duty on the retirement board and as president, Naval Examining Board, followed; and, in July 1907, he transferred to the retired list.

Death
Sands died in Washington, D.C., on October 26, 1911, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.

Family
Sands was a devout Roman Catholic, and his influence was effective in creating a tolerance for Catholics and others of various faiths at the Naval Academy and within the military services. Sands was married to Mary Elizabeth Meade, who came from a famous Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, family. She also converted to Catholicism.

They had three sons and four daughters. One of the sons, William Franklin Sands, became United States Minister to Guatemala, and two of the daughters, Clara and Hilda, became Religious of the Sacred Heart.

Namesakes
Two ships were named USS Sands for Sands and his father, Benjamin F. Sands:

 * Sands (DD-243/APD-13), a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1920
 * Sands (T-AGOR-6), an oceanographic research ship, placed in service in 1965
 * Grandson, James Sands (father William F. Sands); great grandson, James H. Sands (father James Sands, Grandfather William F. Sands); and a great-great grandsons: James H. Sands-Berking (parents Adele G. Sands and Carter Berking, Grandfather James Sands, great-grandfather William F. Sands).

title: James H. Sands


text:
Véronique De Keyser

Véronique Marie Alice Henriette De Keyser (born 23 March 1945 in Brussels) is a Belgian politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2001 until 2014. She is a member of the Parti Socialiste, part of the Socialist Group

De Keyser majored in Psychology at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (1968) and has a doctorate in work psychology (1974).

In parliament, De Keyser served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. She was also a substitute for the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection.

Mandates

 * Member of the European Parliament (from 2001)
 * Municipal councillor of Liège (since 2006)
 * Named Head of Election Observation Mission in Palestine in 2005 for the 2006 elections
 * Named Head of Election Observation Mission in Sudan in 2010 for the 2010 elections
 * Named Head of Election Observation Mission in South Sudan in 2011 for the 2011 referendum

Education

 * 1968: Degree in psychology, Free University of Brussels (ULB)
 * 1974: Doctorate in work psychology with Approche psychologique de l'expérience ouvrière à travers les systèmes

Career

 * 1968-1984: Researcher in psychology at the ULB and the Brussels Industrial Study and Research Centre
 * 1984: Junior lecturer at the University of Liège
 * 1988: Lecturer at the University of Liège
 * 1990-1998: Dean of the Psychology and Education Science Faculty at the University of Liège
 * Visiting lecturer at the Universities of Oporto, Moscow and Toulouse-Le Mirail
 * 1990-1994: President of the Belgian Psychology Society
 * 1995-2016: Administrator at the King Baudouin Foundation
 * 2001-2014: Member of the European Parliament
 * 1997-2003: President of the European Work and Organisational Psychology Association

Academics
Work psychology professor at the University of Liège and former Dean of the faculty of Psychology, municipal councilor of Liège, she has become a specialist in work conditions, stress, labour, and specifically labour of young people. She denounces, through her political action and her writings, the degrading conditions of workers and work in Europe of this past decade.

Politics
In the June 2009 elections, Véronique De Keyser was elected for her third mandate as member of the European Parliament, and at the same time beginning her first mandate as vice-president of the Socialists and Democrats (S&D) Group. She is a member of the EP Committee on Development (DEVE), the EP Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI), the delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, the delegation for relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council, and is a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

In 2001, Véronique De Keyser became a Member of the European Parliament, a position which followed a long international scientific career. She began her studies at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in Psychology, where she obtained her doctorate in work psychology in 1974. She will then first be in charge of classes in the University of Liège in 1984, then Ordinary Professor in 1988 and finally dean of the Faculty of Psychology from 1990 to 1998. Her academic career – which will see her become an internationally recognised specialist in applied research in security and human reliability in risk environments as well as in ergonomics – will allow her to build bridges between a variety of scientific communities and to develop academic collaborations with the United States of America, Russia, South America and Africa. She was president of the "European Work and Organizational Psychology Association" (EAWOP), president of the Ergonomics Society of the French Language, and director of the Excellency Center of the University of Liège on the modeling of temporal reasoning in dynamic situations. She has written over one hundred articles and many scientific works.

Throughout her scientific career, Véronique De Keyser maintained a strong political commitment in the Belgian Socialist Party. She will enter the European Parliament for her first mandate on 12 September 2001, in the wake of the 9/11 terror attacks in New York City. She then became a member of the Committee on External Affairs and substitute in the Committee on Environment. She is vigorously outspoken against the American intervention in Irak, and will voice her political commitment very early on regarding issues such as the Arab world, the Middle East, human rights issues, women's rights, will go on missions regularly to Syria, Palestine, and in all the countries of Mashrek, the Middle East and the Arab Peninsula. In the end of 2005, during her second mandate, she is named Head of the Election Observation Mission in Palestine in 2005 for the 2006 elections.

During her third term as Member of the European Parliament, Véronique De Keyser continues to fight in favour of the peoples of the Southern Mediterranean on the eve of the Arab Spring. She also turns towards Africa and development policies of the EU. She will, once again, be named Head of the Election Observation Mission in Sudan in 2010 for the presidential, legislative and local elections, and once more for the South Sudan independence referendum of July 2011.

In the European Parliament, her work carried on with countries in democratic transition (Arab Spring), especially on the Middle East, Syria, Palestine, and conflict regions of Africa. She has defended democracy, peace, reinforcement of fragiles states, consolidation of progressive parties, women's rights, humanities, the fight against torture and in particular that of children, the fight against using children as soldiers, and against child sorcers.

Titles and awards

 * 1986: NATO Science Award
 * 1988: Chevalier de l'Ordre de Léopold
 * 1996: Prix Santé et Entreprises
 * 1997: Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Couronne
 * 1999: Maria Sibylla-Merian prize awarded to women scientists for their outstanding achievements mainly in the natural and technical sciences, as well as in medicine
 * 2011: Théroigne de Méricourt prize of Walloon Synergy

title: Véronique De Keyser


text:
Savage Arena

Savage Arena (formerly John F. Savage Hall and Centennial Hall) is a multi-purpose arena located in Toledo, Ohio, on the campus of the University of Toledo.

The arena opened in 1976 and originally seated 9,000 for basketball and up to 10,000 for concerts. As part of a $30 million renovation and addition to the arena, completed in 2008, the seating capacity was reduced to 7,300 for basketball and up to 8,300 for concerts. It primarily serves as the home venue for the Toledo Rockets men's and women's basketball teams and women's volleyball team, and also hosts concerts, commencement exercises, and other events.

Features
Savage Arena features 33,000 sqft of space on its arena floor, large enough to accommodate an ice rink, an arena football field, a rodeo ring, five basketball courts, eight volleyball courts, five tennis courts, six racquetball courts, 22 badminton courts, and a 300-yard (274 m) indoor track. There is also a 48x56 foot portable stage. The Joe Grogan Room, which seats 200 for dinners, is located at the arena's south side, above the running track. The glass-enclosed room contains a lounge and a bar. More than $350,000 was spent on building and equipping the Joe Grogan Room. All funds for the room were raised through $5,000 pledges by members of the Rocket Club, the athletic department's main support group that now totals more than 1,000 members.

The arena is built with long span trusses that support the roof, 57 ft above the arena floor. The trusses also support the arena's public address and ventilation systems, a catwalk system for service and maintenance, and the arena's center-court scoreboard. The arena is named for John F. Savage, a university alum (Class of 1952) who was instrumental in the arena's construction. The free span is 200 ft from wall to wall. The building structure and wall systems are constructed of noncombustible material.

Men's basketball
In the first game played in Savage Arena, the men's basketball team defeated defending NCAA champion Indiana 59–57. With that win, the Rockets snapped Bobby Knight and the Hoosiers' 33-game winning streak. At Savage Hall, Toledo has beaten Ohio State, Xavier, Cincinnati, Houston and Pittsburgh. The longest consecutive winning streak by the Rockets in Savage Arena is 16 games, during the 1978–79 season. During that streak, UT outscored opponents by an average of 17 points per game. Between November 30, 1978 and December 1, 1981, the Rockets recorded a 45–3 (.938) home record. Prior to the 1985–86 season, they had lost back-to-back games at home only twice in 146 contests.

Toledo has won 73.5% of its games at home, posting a 312–112 record. During the first five years in Savage Arena, UT posted a 71–10 (.877) record, with a 15–1 mark in 1976–77 and 1978–79 and a 14–1 slate in 1979–80. Under former head coach Stan Joplin, the Rockets were 84–22 (.792) at Savage Arena. The Rockets have also ranked among the MAC leaders in attendance, averaging 6,640 fans per game since the arena opened in 1976. In 2004, Toledo led the MAC with an average attendance of 5,292.

In 1980–81, the Rockets set a school record with 147,203 in total attendance, the 30th-best total in the nation, and during the 1999–2000 season the Rockets eclipsed the 2.5 million attendance mark in arena history.

Other uses
In addition to the activity areas, Savage Arena contains athletic department offices, a reception area, press room, sports medicine and therapy rooms, laundry and equipment facilities and locker rooms with showers and saunas for both men and women. It is also the site of convocations and commencement ceremonies, as well as the occasional conventions.

The facility has hosted five Mid-American Conference men's basketball tournaments: 1985, 1987–1989, and 1995. In addition, the arena hosted U.S. President George W. Bush and Mexican president Vicente Fox in 2001. World Championship Wrestling used Savage Arena as its Toledo stop until its 2001 folding.

Among the many performers who have played Savage Arena over the years have been Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Yes (band), Elton John, Fleetwood Mac, Boyz II Men, Steve Winwood, Rod Stewart, Phil Collins, Pearl Jam, Smashing Pumpkins, Sheryl Crow, Kenny Chesney, Tim McGraw, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Van Halen, Alabama, Charlie Daniels, The Judds, John Schneider and, more recently, Chris Brown, Katy Perry, The Black Keys, P!nk, Eric Church and American Idols Live!. Of note, Savage Arena hosted Crystal Bowersox's homecoming performance when it hosted the 2010 edition of the latter show. As part of their Promises Tour, the Christian rock band Sanctus Real had their homecoming concert at Savage Arena in 2013. Kiss performed at the arena during their 1997 Reunion Tour, a professionally shot recording of which has been widely bootlegged.

Renovation
On July 17, 2006, a gift of $5 million, the largest single gift ever made to the UT athletic department, was donated and earmarked for use on the new Savage Hall update project. These funds were used along with those obtained in a capital raising campaign in order to make major repairs and upgrades to the facility, including an all new athletic center. Final plans included new locker rooms, weight rooms, a pro shop, a Rocket Hall-of-Fame, new ticket offices and a professional office area, as well as revamping of the main arena area which modernized every aspect of the Savage Hall experience. The complex was also renamed Savage Arena. The renovations, which totaled $30 million, were completed in time for the 2008-09 basketball season.

There are also plans in the works to attach an enclosed indoor practice complex for both the basketball and football teams.

title: Savage Arena


text: Portal:European Union

title: Portal:European Union


text:
Category:Shopping centres in the United Kingdom

This category contains articles about shopping centres in the United Kingdom (shopping malls in North American English).


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Astronica

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 01:54, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Astronica
This article was tagged as and  on April 7 and has not been modified since. At first glance, this seems like some sort of non-notable psuedo-science or astrology. In fact, the last sentence of it reads, "Astronica is not related to Astrology." Zzyzx11 | Talk 16:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * See [http//www.astronica.org]. Meandering junk about some type of astrology-type stuff. If Astronica becomes a serious cult, it can have an article here. Else delete it. Anthony Appleyard 18:58, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, some kind of original research or simply not notable. -- Curps 19:30, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. Quale 05:18, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Vegetable ivory

Vegetable ivory or tagua nut is a product made from the very hard white endosperm of the seeds of certain palm trees. Vegetable ivory is named for its resemblance to animal ivory. Vegetable ivory is naturally white with a fine marbled grain structure. It can be dyed; dyeing often brings out the grain. It is still commonly used in buttons, jewelry, and artistic carving.

Location

Species in the genus Phytelephas (literally "elephant plant"), native to South America, are the most important sources of vegetable ivory. The seeds of the Caroline ivory-nut palm from the Caroline Islands, natangura palm from Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, and the real fan palm, from Sub-Saharan Africa, are also used to produce vegetable ivory.

A tagua palm can take up to 15 years to mature. But once it gets to this stage it can go on producing vegetable ivory for up to 100 years. In any given year a tagua palm can produce up to 20 pounds of vegetable ivory.

Species
Some species from which vegetable ivory is harvested are:

 * Phytelephas macrocarpa (mainly in Peru and Bolivia)
 * Phytelephas aequatorialis (mainly in Ecuador)
 * Phytelephas seemannii (mainly in Colombia)
 * Phytelephas tenuicaulis

Uses
An early use of vegetable ivory, attested from the 1880s, was the manufacture of buttons. The material is called corozo or corosso when used in buttons. Rochester, New York was a center of manufacturing where the buttons were "subjected to a treatment which is secret among the Rochester manufacturers", presumably improving their "beauty and wearing qualities". Before plastic became common in button production, about 20% of all buttons produced in the US were made of vegetable ivory.

Vegetable ivory has been used extensively to make dice, knife handles, and chess pieces. It is a very hard and dense material. Similar to stone, it is too hard to carve with a knife but instead requires hacksaws and files.

Many vegetable ivory buttons were decorated in a way that used the natural tagua nut colour as a contrast to the dyed surface, because the dye did not penetrate deeper than the first layer. This also helps identify the material.

title: Vegetable ivory


text:
Talk:United States Department of Energy National Laboratories

Copyrights
It seems to be the case (and the laboratories seem to think so) that things produced by these labs (at least, by Brookhaven, I'm not sure about the others) are not work of the United States government and hence not necessarily public domain. This is a common belief amonf Wikipedia contributors, though, so it would be nice to obtain an authoritative answer and post it here (in the article). --Andrew 16:01, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * At least for Sandia National Laboratories, much of the content of its websites and reports is copyright Sandia Corporation, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed-Martin Corporation. Now, as for other labs, they may handle things differently, but with Sandia, you have to check the copyright tag for pretty much everything to figure out if it's a DOE publication (and thus would be public domain) or a Sandia publication (and thus probably wouldn't be).  --ABQCat 21:50, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

In my understanding of it, intellectual property in general for work done at the labs was historically assigned to the operating agency (DOE), not the contractor (i.e. Sandia or UC). This was because of fears of the government losing control over things it had funded. I am not sure if this changed with Bayh-Dole (1980), though, which might have switched it around (though it only applied to patents, I believe). Brookhaven's website seems to imply that its content is considered a work of the Federal Government for security purposes. I am having trouble finding any notices on their copyright policy. --Fastfission 22:43, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I went through this with Brookhaven; their image permissions are restrictive, and User:Aarchiba/Brookhaven permission documents an email exchange I had with them. If they are also claiming that it's a work of the Federal Government, that's pretty dubious.

Of course, it's quite possible they haven't asked anyone who knows what they're talking about to review the boilerplate on their site. --Andrew 20:58, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I suspect the latter -- most places aren't as copyright conscious as they ought to be, and I've found that a lot of places are willing to try and claim copyright on things which I'm fairly sure they are not allowed to. But there's no good way to question that, as it stands (if "fair use" was a right rather than a defense then one could, but as it is now it is not the case). --Fastfission 23:05, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I sent them an official-looking e-mail to ask for a clarification of these policies, will let you know what sort of response I get, if any. (I find when I e-mail places asking for how their copyright policy correlates with the current state of copyright law, I get no response, and I suspect they forward it on to a legion of lawyer who promptly put me in a database as a potential troublemaker, but such is life. I have a fancy-enough looking title that I usually can get taken mostly seriously, whether that is to my benefit or detriment in such issues, I'm not sure). --Fastfission 00:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've always heard DOE research done at Argonne, except for classified research, is public domain... I'll ask Argonne lawyers to find out what Argonne's stand on this, and post their response here. 7 August, 2005.

 * I talked with some Brookhaven lawyers a few months back and they told me that the copyright status of individual agencies (i.e. national labs) varies from contract to contract. It would be nice if we had a good list of which ones did and did not have the ability to claim copyright, but I don't know of any easy way to get that without sending out a ton of e-mails. --Fastfission 14:26, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The copyright situation greatly depends the origin of the funds. If the funds are 100% from a federal agency, then they are treated one way. If it is a WFO situation, even 1%, it is treated another way. 69.251.189.247 (talk) 06:45, 19 November 2008 (UTC) urmomma

Argonne West?
What's the situation with the link here for Argonne National Laboratory (West)? The template at the bottom doesn't mention it, and neither does the Argonne National Laboratory page nor the doe.gov site linked to - which seems to suggest that Argonne is all on the one site. Is it a secondary site belonging to Argonne, or another lab on the same site, or...? Shimgray 21:43, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know anything about it, or whether it should be counted as a separate lab, but I did find this official-looking page on it: http://www.anlw.anl.gov/anlw_history/main.html . It looks like it was the beginning of what later became INEEL. "ANLW is now part of the Idaho National Laboratory. Please replace bookmarks or links with http://www.inl.gov". Odd. --Fastfission 04:06, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I work at Argonne. Argonne West became Idaho National Laboratory. I've removed it earlier today. Klaus 7 August, 2005

Scientific User Facilities
There are over 50 of these DOE user facilities and only a few stubs currently exist to describe them in Wikipedia. The largest of the DOE scientific user facilities attracts over 3,000 research users each year. Klaus 7 August, 2005

List of scientific user facilities
Man this list is not right on this article "List of scientific user facilities"...way out Scott 13:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Userboxes / User Categories
Can we make a user category for DoE Office of Science researchers, or perhaps one for each lab? I created a userbox for JLab at User:Nicole Sharp/Userbox:JLab and there is one for Argonne at wikiversity:user:marshallsumter. Nicole Sharp (talk) 06:16, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Um, isn't NIST still considered a National Lab?
It's certainly not a DOE lab, so why does "United States national laboratories" redirect here? (+)H3N-Protein\Chemist-CO2(-) 10:57, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, I've reorganized some of the national lab related content. Now everything is covered under one of two pages, either List of US DOE National Laboratories or United States national laboratories. If anyone feels that I've incorrectly categorized any labs, then of course feel free to (re)reorganize these pages. I just don't think the original solution of redirecting 'National Labs' to 'DOE National Labs' without any disambiguation was the correct way to deal with this. I was hoping to wait for consensus, but no one appeared interested in discussing it. (+)H3N-Protein\Chemist-CO2(-) 13:03, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

Article Review
This is a great succinct article with relevant information. All the citations are up to date and well organized. -- Rafaorozco (talk) 23:57, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I also agree that this article is well written and has great citations that make this source a dependable one.Sakthikumar arizona (talk) 03:07, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

Missing National Lab
Page is outdated, Frederick National Lab as part of the NCI became the 18th National Lab in 2012. Source from the NCI in the link below. https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/nci-frederick/about 2601:147:4782:3A50:3551:6756:2AAB:4FD9 (talk) 15:15, 9 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
Temerin

Temerin (Темерин; Temerin, ) is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina in Serbia. The town has a population of 19,613, while the municipality has a population of 28,287.

Name
In Serbian, the town is known as Temerin (Темерин), in Hungarian as Temerin, in German as Temeri, and in Croatian as Temerin.

Location
The territory of the municipality of Temerin lies in the southeast part of Bačka plain. It borders the municipalities of Žabalj to the east, Srbobran to the north, Vrbas to the west, and Novi Sad to the south.

The most influential factor in the development of Temerin is its proximity to Novi Sad, the economic center of Vojvodina. The territory of the Municipality of Temerin covers the area of around 170 km2, and has a shape of an irregular trapezoid, spreading in the northwest to southeast direction. The longer axis, covering the direction Sirig–Temerin, is 14 km long and the shorter axis, covering the direction Bački Jarak–Temerin, is 11 km long.

The boundaries of the municipality are largely artificial lines, mostly in rectilinear directions. The only natural boundary of the municipality is on its northeast side where it follows the water current of river Jegrička. On the southeast side the boundary is made with the embankment called Rimski Šanac II.

In regard to relief shapes of Vojvodina, the entire territory of the municipality is located in a south loessial ridge of Bačka, leaving the impression of an almost-flat surface. The river Jegrička flows through the north side of the municipality with few smaller channeled tributaries. It is established that thermo-mineral waters are present. Soil composition is quite equalized and fertility is naturally high. Different types of chernozem dominate in the area of the municipality. Along the riverbank, swampy dark types of soil and solonchak can be found: these are partly or fully salted soil types.

Early history
In written documents, Temerin is mentioned for the first time in 1332 in the receipt by the pope, issued to Laurentius de Temeri, the parish priest, for the payment of the papal tax. In this time, Temerin was part of the Bacsensis County within the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. It remained under control of the Kingdom of Hungary until the battle of Mohács in 1526. After that battle, the settlement first became part of the Serb state of emperor Jovan Nenad (1526-1527) and was subsequently included into the Ottoman Empire, which controlled the area until the end of the 17th century. Administratively, Temerin was part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Segedin.

The list of names of the Serb inhabitants of Temerin is mentioned in the Szeged notebook dating from 1560/61. The local duke's name was Radica Stepana. There were 20 houses that paid taxes and the whole income of feudal taxes was 5,922 akče. By the end of the 17th century and Ottoman rule, Temerin was devoid of inhabitants.

Habsburg administration
From the end of the 17th century, the area was part of the Habsburg monarchy, and a population was established in the first half of the 18th century. According to D. Ruvarac, in 1722 Temerin was a Serb settlement with 183 Serb houses and three Orthodox priests: Miško, Mihajlo and Petar. In 1769 there were 208 houses, in 1773 there were 183 and in 1786 215 Serb homes. In that year five Serb Orthodox priests lived and worked in Temerin; two of them gave religious services and three of them did not.

Given Temerin's past wealth, local Serbs built an Orthodox church between 1746 and 1749 and dedicated it to Christ's ascension into Heaven. It was located at the beginning of today's Bosanska (Bosnian) street, on its right side, replaced by houses with numbers 2 through 10.

Military map and religious books from that same church are proving the existence of the church. Some of them are still kept in the church of Christ's ascension into Heaven in the village of Đurđevo. The church was made of bricks – solid material (which is important because in most of the villages churches were made of wood – as log cabins). Church dimensions were: length 17 m, width 6.5 m, and the walls were nearly 6 m high. The church had church steeple, built just besides main building, 11 special windows with iron bars on them. Johan Milner built the church with assistance and coordination of Visarion Pavlović, the bishop of Bačko-Segedinska eparchy.

Among church school students is also one of the most notable people from Temerin: the writer, theology professor bishop, and polyglot Lukijan Mušicki, born in 1777 in the town. He was a friend and associate of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, contributing to the Vuk alphabet in adding the letter “đ”.

In 1796 Chamber sold Temerin and Bački Jarak to count Sándor Szécsen for a price of 80,000 forints. Organized colonization of Temerin by Hungarians started in 1782 and the migration of Germans started in 1787. In that year they founded and settled Bački Jarak, a place which used to be barren area of Bačka until then.

Count Sándor Szécsen tried to turn Serbs into his peasants which resulted in their four years long attempt (from 1796 to 1800) to annex Temerin to the Military Border and its nearest unit battalion of Šajkaš. This attempt failed and on July 21, 1799, they decided to move out of Temerin. Delegation sent by parish commission stopped them in their attempt by postponing their migration. On the same day that commission made a document of a great importance. Document was called “a listing of all Orthodox families from Temerin who came out for migration to the military battalion in the Paška barren area”. This important document contents the names of 178 heads of families that were leaving.

After a few months the number of immigrant families raised to 210 families and 1,610 living souls. In the spring of 1800 they tore down their houses and their church and carried all of its building material to Paška barren area where they founded new village named Đurđevo. Name was given because they moved on a St. George day (“Sveti Đorđe”). Only five years later they built a new, even bigger church out of the material they brought with themselves. They dedicated the new church to Christ's ascension into Heaven, same as they did in Temerin.

For next 120 years Temerin was almost without Serbs, count Szécsen brought Hungarian settlers, peasants from counties Pest, Fejér and Tolna. Same count ordered building of a very representative palace (castle), so called "Kaštel" / "Kastély", which is now under state jurisdiction. Nowadays it houses secondary school of techniques.

Szécsen family sold the Temerin property and "Kaštel" / "Кastély" to grain merchant Antal Fernbah from Apatin. Ana and Petar Fernbah were his heirs and they kept complete Temerin property until agrarian reform in the Kingdom of SHS (Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) in 1920.

In 1799 Temerin was declared a town and was given a right to hold 4 livestock fairs per year. Catholic Church was built in 1804, and the "old school" in 1835. From the 18th century to 1848/1849, Temerin was administratively a part of the Batsch-Bodrog County within the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. In 1848–49, the settlement was part of autonomous Serbian Vojvodina and in 1849-1860 part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, a separate Austrian crown land. It was part of the Batschka-Torontal District (1849-1850) and Neusatz District (1850–1860) within the voivodeship. After the abolishment of the voivodeship in 1860, the settlement was again included into Batsch-Bodrog County. Tumultuous times and 1848–1849 revolution did not spare Temerin. In clashes it was burned completely and the settlers migrated to the north, in Bačka Topola, Mali Iđoš, Čantavir and other settlements. After 4–6 months most of them returned to their old homes.

On July 2, 1899, a railway direction Novi Sad–Temerin–Bečej was built and put in function as well as the railway station in Temerin. That started industrial development of Temerin, putting into operation one brick plant and first steam mills. Temerin soon became one of the important trading centers in the southeast part of Bačka. In the year 1900, Temerin had 9,581 inhabitants, including 8,711 speakers of Hungarian language, 787 speakers of German language, and 13 speakers of Serbian language.

After 1918
In 1918, Temerin (as part of the Banat, Bačka and Baranja region) firstly became part of the Kingdom of Serbia and then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed to Yugoslavia). Creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes marked a new period in the history and the economy of the town. Fernbah's properties were one of the agrarian reform targets. Agrarian authorities from Belgrade and Novi Sad put a new law into effect, colonized farmers from Novi Sad and its vicinity and colonized volunteers. In 1920 started a creation of a new colony of volunteers south of Temerin, 18 km north of Novi Sad and next to road Novi Sad–Bečej–Senta. In the memory of an old Serb settlement in Temerin, settlers named their new settlement Staro Đurđevo (Old Đurđevo) in 1929. At the beginning it had 42 families, now it has grown into a place with over 1,100 households and about 4,000 settlers.

In 1918–1919, Temerin was part of the Banat, Bačka and Baranja region and also (from 1918 to 1922) part of the Novi Sad district. From 1922 to 1929, the settlement was part of the Bačka Oblast and from 1929 to 1941 part of the Danube Banovina. In 1927, between two World wars, Temerin got electricity.

From 1941 to 1944, the settlement was under Axis occupation and was attached to the Bács-Bodrog County within Horthy's Hungary. During the Hungarian military occupation (1941–1944) settlers of Staro Đurđevo and Sirig were expelled from their homes and Hungarian families from Bukovina were settled on this land. In the period 7 to 9 January 1942 48 inhabitants of the town, 42 Jews, and 6 Serbs, were killed during a series of massacres commonly known as the Novi Sad Raid. Since 1944, Temerin was part of autonomous Yugoslav Vojvodina, which (from 1945) was part of new socialist Serbia within Yugoslavia. In 1944, Hungarians from Bukovina resettled in Hungary, while founders of Staro Đurđevo and Sirig returned to their old settlements. Post-WW2 population censuses recorded Hungarian ethnic majority in the settlement. Population of the town increased from 11,438 in 1948 to 19,613 in 2011. During the 1990s, Serbs replaced Hungarians as the largest ethnic group in the settlement and 2002 census recorded a Serb ethnic majority in Temerin.

Settlements
The Municipality of Temerin has three settlements: Temerin, Bački Jarak and Sirig and the territory is divided into four cadastres: Temerin, Bački Jarak, Sirig and Kamendin. Three somewhat separate parts of Temerin town are known as old Temerin, Staro Đurđevo (also known as Kolonija) and Telep. There is also inhabited area known as Kamendin, which is part of the village of Sirig.

Demographics

According to the last official census done in 2011, the municipality of Temerin has 28,287 inhabitants. The municipality of Temerin is a multinational community with 16 different nationalities. The Serbian and Hungarian languages are officially used by municipal authorities.

Trend of population growth in Temerin area is very specific. During the last few centuries’ number of inhabitants increased for 72%.

Migrations largely influenced population structure of Temerin. In 1800 Serbs with 1,610 inhabitants from 210 families left the village and established new one about 20 km east of Temerin. Today it is called Đurđevo and is located near Žabalj. That left Temerin almost without Serbs until 1920. In that year volunteers established new settlement, Staro Đurđevo, which is now local community of the Municipality of Temerin. In 1991 it had 3,718 inhabitants and today more than 4,000 people live there.

Bački Jarak, until 1944 was populated with mostly German population, and was during 1946-1947 settled with Serb colonists, mostly from Bosnia and Herzegovina; 2,276 settlers came to Bački Jarak. In 1991 Bački Jarak had 6,000 inhabitants.

Sirig was colonized as well, in this village 63% of inhabitants are descendants of colonists. During the 1960s and 1970s several hundred families from village Vrbljani (the Municipality of Ključ, Bosnia and Herzegovina) migrated to the local community Staro Đurđevo. Economical situation was reason for that.

Temerin itself was one of the settlements where domicile population was in absolute majority. In 1961, 9,447 inhabitants were in this category, only one third of inhabitants (3,258) were migrants from other places. According to census from 1991 Temerin had 8,174 households; 3,059 of that number were farm households placed in 8,595 apartments. One of the local communities named Staro Đurđevo (3,718 inhabitants), even overgrown a village Sirig (2,546 inhabitants).

Finally, the civil wars on the territory of former Yugoslavia brought to significant changes in the population structure of this municipality. Temerin was a stop point for 9,650 refugees, 4,950 of them still live here at their relatives and friends homes as well as in 4 organized refugee shelters that still exist. These changes brought population number to about 30,000 in 1999.

Ethnic groups
Ethnical population structure of the Municipality of Temerin according to census in 2011: All of the three settlements in the municipality have an ethnic Serb majority.
 * Municipality
 * Serbs = 19,112 (67.56%)
 * Hungarians = 7,460 (26.37%)
 * Others and undeclared = 1,715 (6.06%)

Ethnical population structure of the town of Temerin according to census in 2011:
 * Town
 * Serbs = 16,499 (65.09%)
 * Hungarians = 7,358 (29.03%)
 * Others and undeclared = 1,419 (5.88%)

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017):

Transportation
Geographical location of the Municipality of Temerin is very favorable. In the meridian direction the municipality is cut by three important roads. The most important is international road E-75 which drives from Novi Sad towards Subotica and then further to Hungary.

Road section Novi Sad–Srbobran, cutting the west part of the Municipality of Temerin, was put into use in 1984. The second road by its importance is highway M-22 (since recently international way E-5) which has the nearly the same direction. M-22 leads bit more eastern than E-75 and goes through village named Sirig.

The third road is one with regional importance (R-120), going through Novi Sad, Bački Jarak and Temerin and leading to Bečej, Senta and Kanjiža. At Sirig and Temerin all these roads are crossed by regional road (R-104) which has Odžaci–Zmajevo–Sirig–Temerin–Žabalj direction. From here a main road leads over Tisa to Zrenjanin and other towns in Banat. Through the southeast part of the municipality and its two settlements—Bački Jarak and Temerin, leads a railway from Novi Sad to Žabalj, Bečej and Senta.

2004 elections
Seats in the municipal parliament won in the 2004 local elections:
 * Serbian Radical Party (12)
 * Democratic Party (6)
 * Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians (5)
 * Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians (3)
 * Strength of Serbia Movement (2)
 * Socialist Party of Serbia (2)
 * Group of citizens "List for prosperity" (2)
 * Democratic Party of Serbia (1)

2008 elections
Seats in the municipal parliament won in the 2008 local elections:
 * Serbian Radical Party (11)
 * Hungarian Coalition (8)
 * Democratic Party (6)
 * Socialist Party of Serbia (2)
 * Democratic Party of Serbia (2)
 * Strength of Serbia Movement (2)
 * Group "Prosperity for Temerin" (2)

Relief
Territory of the Municipality of Temerin is a plain terrain with almost imperceptible distinctions in height. If we study relief the southern part of Bačka (in Vojvodina) and we can single out few geomorphological shapes based on soil composition and its genesis. These are Titelski breg – loessial ridge, alluvial ridge of river Danube and inundational planes of river Danube and river Tisa.

Total area of the Municipality of Temerin is placed in the eastern part of south loessial ridge of Bačka. Heights above sea level vary from 81 m to 83 m. Monotony of Bačka plain is disturbed only by lonely hillocks and valleys of smaller water currents.

Climate
Being a part of Pannonian plain the Municipality of Temerin has its climate characteristics. Pannonian plain is quite far away from the Adriatic or the Mediterranean Sea on the south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. These distances are even bigger because of Dinarics and Alps mountain ranges which keep the humid airstreams coming from seas and oceans away. Airstreams, influencing weather changes through the year, are conditioned by unequal warming of Earth surface and different atmospheric pressures above Adriatic and Mediterranean, Atlantic Ocean and wide Euro-Asian land. Water surfaces cause breach of humid airflows into Pannonian plain and land surfaces on the north and east influence dry, very cold airstreams in winter and very hot airstreams in summer. Influenced by all of these causes, Pannonian plain has the most continental climate in Serbia.

Rivers
There are no longer any natural waterways within the Municipality of Temerin, all having been diverted into canals and included in the DTD hydrosystem, and used for agricultural irrigation.

Jegrička is the largest stream on the south loessial Bačka ridge and area of the Municipality of Temerin. Jegrička is a 64.5 km long tributary of Tisa that empties into the Tisa on its right side. The river course was formed during the Holocene, the youngest period of Earth history. At that period ground in the south part of Bačka lowered in a line that was later inherited by this water current.

Jegrička is formed from water of few swamps from areas of Despotovo, Silbaš, Parage, Ratkovo and Pivnice. River enters into the Temerin territory on its west side, from the Municipality of Vrbas. The part of Jegrička that flows through the Municipality of Temerin has the length of 18 km which is 28% of its total length. River flows about 1 km north of Sirig and about 2 km north of Temerin. From a place where the river crosses the Temerin–Bečej road it becomes the municipality borderline.

Soil
Analyzing the soil map of Vojvodina we can separate eight different types of soil in the territory of the Municipality of Temerin. The most represented are subtypes of chernozem: carbonated chernozem, carbonated chernozem with signs of earlier contact with swamp, carbonated chernozem with signs of gleying in loess, solonchak chernozem, carbonated and sporadically salted swampy dark soil, meadow carbonated dark soil, swampy noncarbonated dark soil and solonchak.

Flora
Area of loessial ridge that covers the biggest part of the Municipality of Temerin resembles steppe grassy vegetation. Development of agriculture during the 18th and 19th centuries brought disappearance of pastures with growing wild vegetation. Cultivation plants were planted; nowadays dominating plants are cereals, industrial plants and vegetables. Fruits and grapevine are not so often.

Narrow areas along rivers and lines of communication are full of wild growing vegetation: wild poppy, corn cockle, spurge, horse basil, meadow buttercup, red clover, yarrow, foxglove, burdock, nettle, chamomile, mustard, etc. Around and in riverbeds you can find plenty of cane, cattail, water lily and alga. There are no bigger forest areas, but around farms (“salaš”) smaller forests of black locust and poplar with few mulberry trees can be seen. Around motels near Sirig and Temerin pine trees have been planted.

Fauna
Animal world used to be more numerous and various. Changes in agriculture development caused reduction of total number and number of wild animal species.

Field mice and rats live on large areas planted with corn as well as polecats, weasels, ground squirrels, hamsters, hedgehogs and moles. If we look for big game, important for hunting, we can find roe deer, foxes and hares. Of game birds we can find pheasants, partridges, mallards and wild geese as well as rock doves. There are also a lot of other bird species: sparrows, swallows, woodpeckers, starlings, cuckoos, blackbirds, wrens, storks, hooded crows, etc.

There are a lot of insects: mosquitoes, flees, wasps, bees, gypsy moths, green crickets, hornets, different louses, crickets, ladybugs, moths, butterflies, etc. Among agricultural pests the widest spreads are: potato beetle, turnip beetle, grain weevil and bean weevil.

In and around water currents live various fishes: carp, bream, robin, pike, perch, as well as other animals: snails, leeches, various frogs, marsh shells, snakes, etc. A large number of domestic animals are raised.

Thermo-mineral waters
Thermo-mineral waters in Temerin were first discovered in 1914 and that is also when their exploitation started. At that time a 417 m well hole was drilled. Grisa Andraš was name of the owner. This well cuts through Quaternary and paludina deposits and gives water of 27 °C. The quantity of water pouring out used to be 397 L/min but has lately been slightly reduced. Since these waters are also present in a depth of 200 to 1000 m, “Naftagas” from Novi Sad drilled a research drill in the center of Temerin in 1968. The drill is 2,004.5 m deep.

Chemical analysis was made in 1979 by the Institute of Physics from the University of Novi Sad. The results showed slightly base reaction (rN – 7.8), total mineralization of 2.669 g/L; characteristic ions are sodium (0.708), hydro-carbonate (1.512) and chlorine (0.337). Among other healing ingredients presence of iodine, bromine, fluorine, lithium and strontium is proven. Analysis showed presence of carbon dioxide in water. Methane which was also present was used for heating of water and rooms after separation.

Nowadays this thermo-mineral spring is used in contemporary spa bath tubes. A well next to Olympic pool has similar composition and mineralization. Its water is coming from the depth of 690 m and is used for open hot thermo-mineral pool (water temperature is 37 °C). These pools are also used by people from Novi Sad, Žabalj, Kisač, Petrovac and from all other surrounding settlements. This natural wealth is planned to be a basis for future development of a health, sport and tourist complex.

title: Temerin


text:
Dillon Dam Brewery

Dillon Dam Brewery is a brewery and restaurant located in Dillon, Colorado, U.S.A.

The brewery opened in February 1997 and is located near Keystone Resort. It has won several awards for its beers. They include:
 * Silver Medal at the 2001 Great American Beer Festival for Dam Straight Lager
 * Gold Medal at the 2002 World Beer Cup for their Sweet George's Brown
 * Bronze Medal at the 2004 Great American Beer Festival for their Extra Pale Ale
 * Gold Medal at the 2008 Great American Beer Festival for its Sweet George's Brown

title: Dillon Dam Brewery


text: User talk:66.147.105.33

title: User talk:66.147.105.33


text:
Emilio Sánchez

Emilio Ángel Sánchez Vicario (born 29 May 1965) is a Spanish former doubles world No. 1 tennis player. He won five Grand Slam doubles titles and the men's doubles silver medal at the 1988 Olympic Games. Sánchez is the older brother of multiple Grand Slam winner Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, with whom he partnered to win the Hopman Cup in 1990. After retiring, he captained Spain to Davis Cup victory in 2008.

Career
Sánchez turned professional in 1984 and won his first top-level singles title in Nice, France in 1986. He won 15 singles titles during his career, including the Italian Open in 1991. During his singles career, he achieved wins over top 5 players including Ivan Lendl, Stefan Edberg, Boris Becker and Mats Wilander. Sánchez's career-high singles ranking was world No. 7.

In men's doubles, Sánchez captured 50 men's doubles titles (44 of which partnering Sergio Casal) including three at Grand Slam events. In 1988, he won the men's doubles titles at both the French Open (with Andrés Gómez) and the US Open (with Casal). He won the French Open title again (with Casal) in 1990. Sánchez and Casal were also the men's doubles runners-up at Wimbledon in 1987, and the pair won the silver medal for Spain at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. Sánchez was ranked world No. 1 in men's doubles in 1989.

He won two Grand Slam mixed-doubles titles in 1987, at the French Open (with Pam Shriver) and at the US Open (with Martina Navratilova).

Sánchez often played for Spain in international team events. He was a member of Spain's Davis Cup team from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, compiling a 32–23 record. Sanchez was also part of the Spanish teams that won the Hopman Cup in 1990 and the World Team Cup in 1992.

Sánchez is the brother of Javier Sánchez Vicario. In 1987, Emilio and Javier met in the final at Madrid, with Emilio winning the match 6–3, 3–6, 6–2. Emilio and Javier faced each other 12 times during their professional careers, with Emilio winning 10 of their matches. In their two grand slam encounters, Emilio defeated Javier in the first round of the 1988 Wimbledon Championships in straight sets, and the third round of the 1992 US Open in five sets.

Emilio Sánchez retired from the professional tour in 1998.

Post-retirement
In 1998, alongside his former doubles partner Casal, Sánchez set up the Sánchez-Casal Tennis Academy in Barcelona. Former students have included Andy Murray, Grigor Dimitrov, Daniela Hantuchova and Svetlana Kuznetsova.

Sánchez was the captain of the Spanish Davis Cup team for three years; his tenure there culminated in Spain's 2008 Davis Cup victory. He resigned as captain after the win.

In 2009, he signed a contract with the Brazilian tennis confederation to coordinate the sport in Brazil.

Sánchez was tournament director for two wheelchair tennis events in 2012.

In 2017, Sánchez was awarded by the ITF its highest accolade, the Philippe Chatrier Award, for his contributions to tennis.

Personal life
Sánchez was born in Madrid to Emilio Sánchez Snr and Marisa Vicario Rubin. His mother, Marisa, introduced Javier and his siblings into tennis.

As well as siblings Arantxa and Javier, he also has an older sister – Marisa Sánchez Vicario – who briefly played professional tennis, peaking at world No. 368 in 1990.

In 1999, Sánchez married his Italian-born wife Simona, with whom he has four children.

Grand Slam record
French Open
 * Singles quarterfinalist: 1988
 * Doubles champion: 1988 (partnering Andrés Gómez), 1990 (partnering Sergio Casal)
 * Mixed doubles champion: 1987 (partnering Pam Shriver)

US Open
 * Singles quarterfinalist: 1988
 * Doubles champion: 1988 (partnering Casal)
 * Mixed doubles champion: 1987 (partnering Martina Navratilova)

Wimbledon
 * Doubles finalist: 1987
 * Mixed doubles semifinalist: 1986

title: Emilio Sánchez


text:
Talk:Heine

Cleaning up
I tried to do some cleaning up by restructuring the page. As many of the persons mentioned have no related articles this is not so easy (and useful?). I will try to add some information. Nethertheless, I removed the disambiguation clean-up link. mamutz 18:20, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

ANSWER AND REQEST
Hi Mamuz, can you kindly help me to install a Copy HEINE Page for german entries, as the family Heine is of origin. german and many of our readers cant english!!! I cant manage WIKIKEPA softawre etc. and request kindly you for a rush replay in assisting me and open a new HEINE Page. Pls advice!

KINDLY REQUEST
Title of page: VON HEINE

Kind regards from

the Dust in the Wind! —Preceding unsigned comment added by PARADISEINN (talk • contribs) 07:32, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

 * German text articles are not allowed at the English language wikipedia, which is this site. You need to go to the Deutsche/German language wikipedia.  GRBerry 00:01, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heine


text: User talk:204.234.242.201

title: User talk:204.234.242.201


text:
Metauro

The Metauro is a river in the Marche region of central Italy. It rises in the Apennine Mountains and runs east for 110 km or 121 km if the Meta is included as its uppermost reach.

The name of the river in Latin is Metaurus or Mataurus. In Ancient Greek, the name of the river is Métauros, Μέταυρος which stems simply from the union of the two torrents: Meta, running from the Apennine pass Bocca Trabaria, at an elevation of 1044 m, and Auro, flowing from Monte Maggiore, at an elevation of 1384 m.

The source of the river is located near Monte dei Frati in the border region between the provinces of Pesaro e Urbino, Arezzo and Perugia. It flows east through Pesaro e Urbino near Mercatello sul Metauro, Sant'Angelo in Vado (where the river forms the Cascata del Sasso, "Waterfall of the Stone"), Urbania, Fermignano, Fossombrone (in whose territory it receives the waters of the Candigliano), and, after flowing into a tight valley, the Gola del Furlo, Montemaggiore al Metauro, from which it starts to flow in a plain area. The river flows northeast near Calcinelli, Saltara, Lucrezia, Cartoceto and Cuccurano before flowing into the Adriatic Sea near Fano.

History
The Greek city of Metauros was founded in the 7th century BC near the mouth of the river which also served as a boundary between its city-state and that of Tauriana 1 km south of the river.

Battles
Two battles were fought on the banks of Metauro in ancient times.

 * the Battle of the Metaurus in 207 BC: Hasdrubal Barca, while marching to the aid of Hannibal, was defeated and slain by a Roman army led by the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Gaius Claudius Nero. It was the decisive battle of the Second Punic War. The exact site of the battle is uncertain; tradition places it between Fossombrone and the Furlo, but it is probable that it occurred nearer the Adriatic coast;
 * in 271, Roman Emperor Aurelian defeated in the Battle of Fano, fought near the river, the Alamanni, who had invaded the northern part of Italia the previous year.

title: Metauro


text:
Programming in the large and programming in the small

In software engineering, programming in the large and programming in the small refer to two different aspects of writing software. Programming in the large means designing a larger system as a composition of smaller parts, and programming in the small means creating those smaller parts by writing lines of code in a programming language. The terms were coined by Frank DeRemer and Hans Kron in their 1975 paper "Programming-in-the-large versus programming-in-the-small", in which they argue that the two are essentially different activities, and that typical programming languages, and the practice of structured programming, provide good support for the latter, but not for the former.

This may be compared to the later Ousterhout's dichotomy, which distinguishes between system programming languages (for components) and scripting languages (for glue code, connecting components).

Description
Fred Brooks identifies that the way an individual program is created is different from how a programming systems product is created. The former likely does one relatively simple task well. It is probably coded by a single engineer, is complete in itself, and is ready to run on the system on which it was developed. The programming activity was probably fairly short-lived as simple tasks are quick and easy to complete. This is the endeavor that DeRemer and Kron describe as programming in the small.

Compare with the activities associated with a programming systems project, again as identified by Brooks. Such a project is typified by medium-sized or large industrial teams working on the project for many months to several years. The project is likely to be split up into several or hundreds of separate modules which individually are of a similar complexity to the individual programs described above. However, each module will define an interface to its surrounding modules.

Brooks describes how programming systems projects are typically run as formal projects that follow industry best practices and will comprise testing, documentation and ongoing maintenance activities as well as activities to ensure that the product is generalized to work in different scenarios including on systems other than the development systems on which it was created.

Programming in the large
In software development, programming in the large can involve programming by larger groups of people or by smaller groups over longer time periods. Either of these conditions will result in large, and hence complicated, programs that can be challenging for maintainers to understand.

With programming in the large, coding managers place emphasis on partitioning work into modules with precisely-specified interactions. This requires careful planning and careful documentation.

With programming in the large, program changes can become difficult. If a change operates across module boundaries, the work of many people may need re-doing. Because of this, one goal of programming in the large involves setting up modules that will not need altering in the event of probable changes. This is achieved by designing modules so they have high cohesion and loose coupling.

Programming in the large requires management skills. The process of building abstractions aims not just to describe something that can work but also to direct the efforts of people who will make it work.

The concept was introduced by Frank DeRemer and Hans Kron in their 1975 paper "Programming-in-the-Large Versus Programming-in-the-Small", IEEE Trans. on Soft. Eng. 2(2).

In computer science terms, programming in the large can refer to programming code that represents the high-level state transition logic of a system. This logic encodes information such as when to wait for messages, when to send messages, when to compensate for failed non-ACID transactions, etc.

A language that was designed to explicitly support programming in the large is BPEL.

Programming in the small
In software development, programming in the small describes the activity of writing a small program. Small programs are typified by being small in terms of their source code size, are easy to specify, quick to code and typically perform one task or a few very closely related tasks very well.

Programming in the small can involve programming by individuals or small groups over short time periods and may involve less formal practices (for instance less emphasis on documentation or testing), tools and programming languages (e.g. the selection of a loosely typed scripting language in preference to a strictly typed programming language). Programming in the small can also describe an approach to making a prototype software or where rapid application development is more important than stability or correctness.

In computer science terms, programming in the small deals with short-lived programmatic behavior, often executed as a single ACID transaction and which allows access to local logic and resources such as files, databases, etc.


text:
Saïd El Khadraoui

Saïd El Khadraoui (born 9 April 1975) is a former Belgian politician and Member of the European Parliament for Belgium with the Socialist Party – Different, part of the Socialist Group and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism.

He was a substitute for the Committee on International Trade, a member of the Delegation to the EU-Armenia, EU-Azerbaijan and EU-Georgia Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the United States.

Personal life
El Khadraoui was born in Leuven, Belgium, to a Moroccan father and a Belgian mother.

Education

 * 1997: Degree in modern history (University of Leuven (KUL))
 * 1998: Further academic training in international relations (KUL)

Career

 * 1998-1999: Worked in the office of the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs
 * 1999: Worked in the office of the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for the Budget
 * 1994-2018: Elected Member of the Leuven City Council
 * 2001-2003: Alderman of the Leuven municipal governement
 * 2003-2014: Member of the European Parliament
 * 2015-2020: Policy Adviser at the European Political Strategy Centre (European Commission)

title: Saïd El Khadraoui


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/-mancy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 13:25, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

-mancy
DicDef, Transwikied already, and not really even a word. Kevin Rector (talk) 16:05, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. --Carnildo 22:50, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Dsmdgold 00:58, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- We have -stan, which I used myself last night for some information. I looked here at WP hoping to find my answer, and did. There's one example of an article of this nature being somewhat useful with some expansion. - Longhair | Talk 06:02, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef. Radiant_* 08:54, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Oleg Alexandrov 18:06, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to list of English suffixes. Angela. 15:46, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to list of English suffixes. Kelly Martin 15:53, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 16:36, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Longhair, failing that merge with list of English suffixes. Kappa 22:13, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. This is Wiktionary material.  Rossami (talk) 23:59, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to English suffixes until someone writes an absolutely perfect article somewhere else and then fights tooth and nail to put it at -mancy. -SV|t 21:52, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Quale 05:19, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep Stancel 21:16, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/-mancy


text:
Impost

Impost may mean:
 * A type of tax, especially a tax levied on imports
 * A handicap (usually a lead weight) used in horse racing
 * Impost (architecture): a block or capital on which an arch rests

title: Impost


text:
Talk:Dillon Dam Brewery

Untitled
As a brewery, and thus, a part of the Beer project, I think it's notable. As is often the case...I could be wrong. :) Wikibofh(talk) 23:54, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * There are many Brewers in this country, does that mean each one should be mentioned? Would that also include home brewers? This does not meet WP:CORP at all. It's meaningless that it brews beer, or is part of a wikiproject.  EnsRedShirt 00:00, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a commercial brewery, and that would exclude the billions (I exaggerate for effect) home brewers. Honestly, go ahead and take it to AfD, I'll vote once and leave it alone and let consensus take affect.  I've done this for far too long to have a real bias on most articles.  Wikibofh(talk) 00:03, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * AfD submitted. In the meantime, it might be worth merging some of this information into another article... Perhaps Dillon, Colorado? --Elonka 06:04, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 09:07, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dillon Dam Brewery


text: File:Songbird sleeve.jpg

title: File:Songbird sleeve.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matt Lumley

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:52, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Matt Lumley
Must be a vanity article. The high school exists but none of the rest of it is true. I can only imagine that the contributor did not expect to find other people from London here. Adam Bishop 16:07, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC) (UTC)
 * Keep if any of this info can be proven. Otherwise, rewrite or delete. --Myles Long 16:19, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete this nonsense. Kevin Rector (talk) 16:53, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified -- and I haven't had any luck verifying it. --Carnildo 18:27, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It is a useful page about a local politician, it is notable becasue of the controversy that was caused, it links to his cause, it's informational and useful and notable. -- Toonami 3:14, april 26 2005 (UTC)
 * But he's not a local politician, which is why I listed it here. Adam Bishop 19:58, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: "Toonami" is actually the anonymous user User:64.231.120.76 --Carnildo 20:06, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * PROOF HERE is the VERIFICATION. www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/ubyssey/UBYSSEY_1995_11_28.pdf and http://www.mikechester.demon.co.uk/chime.txt MORE PROOF: http://www.digitalronin.f2s.com/politicalcompass/profeedback.php search for his name -- Toonami 3:24, april 26 2005 (UTC)
 * Proof of what? A list of carillons?  Huh?  I would think that some Canadians would know about a secondary school student who's a member of parliament and has ended poverty in London.  Delete, nonsense.  RickK 19:37, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * So, we have a byline in a student newspaper, a quote by a "Matt Lumley" claiming to be a government strategist on a random website, and a "St Matthew Lumley Ave" having a six-bell carillion. That's supposed to show what? --Carnildo 20:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * delete vanity/patent nonsense. The first "proof" is a student newsletter. The second is something about bells. The third is the one Google hit you got for the name that could possibly be the guy you're talking about if he exists. None of these things is relevant or proof of notability. Ben-w
 * Delete. Utter nonsense. — Trilobite (Talk) 20:12, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If this person exists he's non-notable anyway. I strongly suspect he does not exist. Mackensen (talk) 20:13, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax. Unverifiable despite good efforts by others. References provided are not. Matt Lumley fails it. JRM · Talk 20:20, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. Claimed to be a Canadian MP yet this search turns up no results.  Claimed that he was in a controversy with rival Beth Gavin but this search also turns up no results.  SteveW | Talk 21:50, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Should be Speedy deleted as patent nonsense. A Canadian MP who is also at secondary school? Capitalistroadster 01:55, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 05:15, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'am matt lumley, a student that go's to my school created this page. None of it is true.
 * Note: Above edit was by Mjal --Carnildo 20:21, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Songbird (Oasis song)

"Songbird" is a song by English rock band Oasis from their fifth studio album, Heathen Chemistry (2002), and is the first single by Oasis written by vocalist Liam Gallagher. Released on 3 February 2003, the song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, number two on the Canadian Singles Chart, and the top 10 in Ireland and Italy. During an interview with The Matt Morgan Podcast, Liam's brother and bandmate Noel Gallagher called the track a "perfect" song.

Composition
Liam has said of the song: "I like beautiful things . . . It's not all dark in Liam World. I take me shades off every now and again and have a look at the world and see some nice things." Noel Gallagher stated jokingly in an interview with Patrick Kielty that Liam decided to "write a song about his bird", and states the title "Song . . . bird" in a cave man like manner. The song was written as a tribute to then-fiancée Nicole Appleton. "Songbird" was composed in the key of G major using common time at 132 beats per minute.

Release and other versions
The song was released as the fourth single from the band's Heathen Chemistry album, on 3 February 2003 and peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. It is the only track from Heathen Chemistry included on the band's first greatest hits album Stop the Clocks, as well as the only track written by Liam included on it. Being written by lead singer Liam Gallagher, it was the first time the band had released a single not written by his brother Noel. "(You've Got) The Heart of the Star" and "Columbia" are B-sides, the latter of which was recorded live at the Glasgow Barrowlands, in October 2001.

The demo of the song is a typical Oasis approach to the song, featuring overdriven guitar and a stronger beat, as well as a guitar solo. Courtney Love has said that she and Liam played a version with her whistling and Gallagher playing guitar and singing, this was noted in the book Kurt and Courtney: Talking. Gallagher played the song for UK Radio Aid in January 2005.

In December 2017, Irish music school The Music Yard used the song's melody for their Christmas song "Talking to a Snowman".

Critical reception
Doug Levy for CMJ New Music Report said that Gallagher had a "surprising talent for songwriting", referring to "Songbird" and album tracks "Better Man" and "Born on a Different Cloud". Spin magazine's Chuck Klosterman said "Songbird" was one of the two "most compelling songs" on the album.

Music video
The video features Liam performing the song in Hyde Park in London, whilst playing an acoustic guitar under a tree, and alternately chasing and being chased by a dog. The video also has an appearance by Appleton.

Track listings

 * 7-inch single (RKID 27)
 * A. "Songbird"
 * B. "(You've Got) The Heart of a Star"

 * UK CD and 12-inch single (RKIDSCD 27; RKID 27T)
 * 1) "Songbird"
 * 2) "(You've Got) The Heart of a Star"
 * 3) "Columbia" (live)

 * UK DVD single (RKIDSDVD 27)
 * 1) "Songbird"
 * 2) "Songbird" (demo)
 * 3) Exclusive interview and live performance footage

 * Japanese maxi-CD single (EICP 194)
 * 1) "Songbird"
 * 2) "Songbird" (demo)
 * 3) "Columbia" (live)

title: Songbird (Oasis song)