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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kim Perez

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:23, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kim Perez

 * Vanity. Sounds like a really bad resume. Saopaulo1 08:49, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Article tells nothing special, I know about hundreds of people who got their degree and travelled. Delete resume. Mgm|(talk) 10:13, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User talk:Virgin Molotov Cocktail

Monkey Slap!
In the name of the revolution, I spruce up your user page.--    Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 08:53, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

Monkey Two
In the name of revolution I present ... http://www.revolutionaryleft.com. Fuck capitalism and the state!

Talk page comments
Hello. Please add your comments to the bottom of talk pages; for details see talk page guidelines. I have moved your comment on Talk:Underground Cafe and Alternative Bookstore. -- intgr 15:49, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Virgin Molotov Cocktail


text:
Bayburt Province

Bayburt Province is a province of Turkey. Located in the Northeast Anatolia region of the country, the capital city is Bayburt. Its area is 3,746 km2, and its population is 84,241 (2022), making it the least-populous province in Turkey. The province was created in 1989 from part of Gümüşhane Province.

Geography
Bayburt is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

Districts
Bayburt province is divided into 3 districts (capital district in bold):
 * Aydıntepe
 * Bayburt
 * Demirözü

Historical sites, places and museums
The most important places in Bayburt Province are:
 * Bayburt Tower
 * Saruhan Tower
 * Aydıntepe underground city
 * Mausoleum of Dede Korkut
 * Mausoleum of Şehit Osman
 * Traditional Bayburt houses
 * Ulu Mosque
 * Pulur (Gökçedere) Ferahşat Bey Mosque
 * Sünür (Çayıryolu) Kutlu Bey Mosque
 * Yukarı Hınzeverek (Çatalçeşme) Mosque
 * Bedesten (covered bazaar)
 * Varzahan Armenian Church
 * Baksi Art Museum
 * Bayburt Museum
 * Kenan Yavuz Etnograpia Museum

Cities and towns

 * Bayburt City 32,141 inh.
 * Aydıntepe City 2,663 inh.
 * Gökçedere Town 2,389 inh.
 * Demirözü City 2,137 inh.
 * Arpalı Town 1,934 inh.
 * Konursu Town 1,569 inh.

Climate
The climate is described as Humid Continental by the Köppen Climate System, abbreviated as Dfb.

title: Bayburt Province


text:
Kırklareli Province

Kırklareli Province is a province in northwestern Turkey on the west coast of the Black Sea. The province neighbours Bulgaria to the north along a 180 km long border. It borders the province of Edirne to the west and the province of Tekirdağ to the south and province of Istanbul to the southeast. Kırklareli is the capital city of the province. Its area is 6,459 km2, and its population is 369,347 (2022). The province's and its central city's name means "the land of the forties" in Turkish and it may refer either to the forty Ottoman ghazis sent by the sultan Murad I to conquer the city for the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century or to the forty churches reported to be situated in the region before the Ottoman conquest, as attested by the former name of Kırklareli (Kırk Kilise in Turkish; Σαράντα Εκκλησιές). There is a memorial on a hilltop in Kırklareli city, called "Kırklar Anıtı" (the Memorial of the Forties in Turkish) to honor the Ottoman conquerors (For more on the name's origins, see Kırklareli). The province is bisected by the Yıldız (Istranca) mountain range. The north and northeastern parts of the province are among the least populated and under developed parts of Turkey. The districts to the south and west are more populated because the land is better suited for agriculture and industrial development. The north and eastern parts of the province are dominated by forests. Therefore, forestry is an important means of living in these areas. Fishing is done along the Black Sea coast.

Kırklareli is the capital of the province, but Lüleburgaz is the largest city in the province.

History
The province was included in the Second Inspectorate General, which established on the 19 February 1934 and extended over the provinces of Edirne, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ. It was governed by an Inspector General, who had extensive authorities over civilian, military and educational matters. The office of the Inspectorate-General was abandoned in 1948 but the legal framework of the Inspectorate-Generals was only abolished in 1952, under the Government of the Democrat Party.

Agriculture
The province of Kırklareli is an important region for viticulture and winemaking. A syrup called "Hardaliye", made of grape, cherry leaves and mustard seeds, is a non-alcoholic beverage special to the region.

Districts
Kırklareli province is divided into eight districts (capital district in bold):

 * Babaeski
 * Demirköy
 * Kırklareli
 * Kofçaz
 * Lüleburgaz
 * Pehlivanköy
 * Pınarhisar
 * Vize

Local attractions

 * Dupnisa Cave is a famous natural attraction and a unique geological formation within the borders of the province in the north. The 60 km long coast along the Black Sea harbors one of the most pristine and undeveloped beaches in all of Turkey. There are two Nature Reserve Areas along the coast namely Saka Gölü (Saka Lake) Nature Reserve Area to the north and Kasatura Körfezi (Kasatura Bay) Nature Reserve Area to the south. These sites are unique with their undisturbed ecosystems harboring several endangered and endemic plant and animal species.
 * Little Hagia Sophia Church of Vize, also known as Gazi Suleyman Pasha Mosque.
 * Koyunbaba Köyü Kilisesi

Sister cities
Kırklareli is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Walldorf, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Dobrich, Bulgaria
 * 🇺🇦 Izmail, Ukraine

title: Kırklareli Province


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Arror people

The Arrors or Northern Tugen are the inhabitants of the Tugen Hills stretching from the western shores of Lake Baringo on the East to the foot of the Keiyo escarpment along the Kerio Valley to the west, north of Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya. their population was 92,470.

Of the Kalenjin dialects, their speech is sharply accented and fast. They are able to easily understand all the other dialects of the Kalenjin, a feat which the others hardly accomplish. Due to this dynamism, their contribution to the Kalenjin lexicon is worth noting.

title: Arror people


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Talk:GEOS (16-bit operating system)

The following three threads, mostly concerning PC/GEOS, were moved from Talk:GEOS. See Hist:GEOS for the relevant article progress.

GEOS article in the English vs the German Wikipedia
Hey English Language Peoples! See the newest German GEOS Wiki to know what Quality is ;-) Can you make it better ? ;-) --AlexZOP

 * The German Wikipedia's GEOS article is partially very detailed, by all means, but I don't think that warrants a direct translation of it into English to replicate it here. However, I think we could absolutely incorporate some of the information in the German WKP article into this article--but by way of inserting the relevant info into the text where it may fit.

 * One of my gripes about the German article is that it starts off with the PC variants of GEOS. I think a historical treatment of GEOS should begin at the beginning, like our former version of the article in the English WKP. So I suggest we take it a little slow instead of simply swapping the English text with a translation of the German one. --Wernher 21:36, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * By all means. Man, I wish I even understood German in the first place. Maybe it would be worth it to create Talk:GEOS/Translation from German and then merge that into the regular article. It might make the task more accessible to us poor non-German speakers... grendel|khan 03:59, 2005 Mar 8 (UTC)

The article's degeneration into commercial advertising
Does the first half of this article seem like an ad to anyone else? Bodhidharma 18:24, Mar 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes! This article is horrible. --Lezek 05:24, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * With the risk of provoking the partly-POV contributors into an edit war, I reverted the article to the last NPOV, chronological, and tidy, version. Like I did above, I suggest that we incorporate the suitable parts of the German article into this one (while definitely not following the reverse chronological order). This editing work may very likely benefit from the NPOV parts of the material translated into English by AlexZOP (62.134.116. {114,240,233,136} / 62.134.112.32). --Wernher 17:15, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I support this action. Expect a combined semi-translation/new material from me or another user soon --Lezek 19:43, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Mhm. Please write other words to tell the Peoples all the Infos about Availability without "commercial" Words. GEOS is not a free System, it´s a Commercial System. I have search positive Words for this Wiki-Page. But my bad english give me not very much Word Variety. Please write it with this Infos from me NEW that it not degeneration into commercial advertising. Thanks! --AlexZOP

Answers from AlexZOP
Why this War between C64/GEOS and PC/GEOS from C64 GEOS Fans?

Hello from Germany. I´am AlexZOP. My English is very bad, but i hope readers understand wath i wanna say... Since Years this GEOS Wiki-Page was never updatet and was very bad and very wrong with small Infos (all very outdated). The Germand Side was a little bit better, but on a very low level too. Now i make a hard work with many of my Informations about GEOS. I´am a Friend of C64 AND PC GEOS. Yes i know that almost all C64 and C64 GEOS Freaks not loved PC GEOS. But today i don´t understand this no longer. PC GEOS was the Projekt from Berkeley Softworks to bring GEOS to the 90`s most selled Hardware (From really C64 Freaks sight): Boring PC. My Pseudo here in Germany everybody knows that i´am the Freak behind the good old C64 "Rockford-FD" Disk-Series and MAGs and much more. Yes i´am a pure C64 Freak!

But why the Hell have i set the actually PC GEOS FIRST? I think, every good Enyclopedia Page about Present Time Themes comes from actually Informations down to older Informations. I think People have much more interest about the newest Infos about the Theme. PC/GEOS is a actually System that runs on Hardware from today. C64 GEOS in they newest "Version" Wheels is a little bit actually too, but it runs on Outdated Hardware. There are not much Newbies they buying a old C64 and serach about GEOS V2.0 or Germany V2.5... But i don´t wanna start a War with my Work. I don´t make this Succession about a order of Merit.

Peace on Earth please :-) And Earth = GEOS :-) My Propose to bring Peace about this Side under Pure C64 and PC GEOS Freaks and all other: Let us make two Bottom Pages without Numbers and without order of Merit. Only in the Wikipedia of GEOS first a little Introduction about HC (Homecomputer) GEOS and PC GEOS. And then Side by Side Bottom Pages Links to HC/GEOS (c=C64,c=C128, c=P4, AppleII) and PC/GEOS (BBE,NDO,GWE,PEN,SC).

What your think about that?

I don´t wanna optain a 1:1 translation about my work on German GEOS-Wiki

I think this english GEOS-Wiki comes better and better. My english is bad, So i can work only a little bit on/for english GEOS Wiki... I understand to reading English but not to write self ;-)

I hope find C64 GEOS Peoples they write Informations about this very good very cool GEOS Version. For english and German Wiki too. Please help for this work. But please make not a War. When it only brings Peace in GEOS World than tell about C64 GEOS first, but than it is more a Hommage Page i think, and not a Enyclopedia. But i can be wrong with my Ideas...

Why NOW your have erase all the good Infos about PC/GEOS???

Why this Spite and Enmity??? Tell me that your go to future with this Ideas (nothing about PC/GEOS on GEOS Wiki), and i make a new Wiki only for PC/GEOS. Than you can make the GEOS Side only for your loved C64 GEOS... My Idea say thats the wrong way, but i dont wanna have a War. --AlexZOP

 * This is nothing whatsoever to do with 'spite' or dislike of PC/GEOS, but simply due to the fact that the information provided reads like an advertisement for the product. This is not appropriate to Wikipedia. From the style of the material I also would not be surprised if some or all of it was copied directly from some document published by Breadbox, which would then bring in the issue of copyright violations. The current solution is also not appropriate. A single page for both HC/GEOS and PC/GEOS made the most sense. The problem is simply that the portion about PC/GEOS must be rewritten! --Lezek

 * Ok, rewrite it! Yes i have take Infos from Breadbox Side. I have this infos a little bit rewritten... I have the permission from Breadbox CEO Frank S. Fischer (Look i told him about GEOS-Wiki and he set a Link from Breadbox Page to GEOS-Wiki). The Problem is, that i cannot write a English Page with my own Words (my English is too bad). But the wrong and unactually Infos on GEOS-Wiki about PC/GEOS have bring me on Idea to take Infos from Breadbox... Yes rewrite it - not so commercial -, but with all actually Infos! Look on German GEOS-Wiki. There i have written all Infos with my own Words and without pure advertisement. But, the Fact that the Product is actually and available - this Infos must be in GEOS-Wiki, i think. My Work on Englisch GEOSWiki is over. It´s your Turn! Good luck and Greetings from Bavaria ;-) --AlexZOP

 * For the time being I have kept the split article scheme. However, I agree that a single article may serve the content just as well. If anyone has strong feelings on this, feel free to comment, of course. --Wernher 09:41, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Very good and friendly Greetings from Bavaria. -=C64 Forever=- -=GEOS Forever=- --AlexZOP

The above three threads, mostly concerning PC/GEOS, were moved from Talk:GEOS. See Hist:GEOS for the relevant article progress.

Is 16-bit GEOS actually an OS?
Based on the current version(s), I think it's uncontroversial to call GEOS a full OS. After its beginnings as a GUI on top of DOS (like another well-known OS) it is now based on its own kernel---programmed from scratch in x86 assembly language, no less. Also, if I have understood the docs I found on the 'net correctly, it is still 16-bit, since it was originally written for yesterday's low-end PCs as well as x86-based PDAs with x<3 (and because updating the code for x>=3 wouldn't be cost-effectively sound). Please correct me if I'm wrong. --Wernher 09:01, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, PC-GEOS is an Operating System the same as Windows. Windows also required a separate DOS all the way up to Windows 3.11 and up to Windows Millenium Edition MS-DOS was included and required to run Windows. 75.39.152.138 04:58, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

I thought that the latest BBE version was 4.0.1!!!
I'm curious, because the eval versions posted here clamed to be 4.0.2 (the files are corrupt, so I can’t confirm it) but I recently got the full version for Sun2k, and that’s 2.0.1.

What gives?

Article:The Death of GEOS?

 * Death Of GEOS? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.76.68.69 (talk) 02:25, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Sounds like GEOS could be a good match with the Raspberry Pi. Mahjongg (talk) 01:56, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

"32-bit RiSC OS" reference in 'GEOS-SE'
I've added a citation request because I think there's a misunderstanding. The "October 1993 - December 1996" section of this CV refers to a "a 32-bit RISC processor ( Hitachi SH-1)". --trevj (talk) 15:24, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

I worked on GEOS-SE when it was Eden OS and it was ported to the SH-3, not the SH-1. It was also ported to the Mitsubishi M32R, Power PC and ARM architectures. Tony Williams Strayling (talk) 23:45, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Windows packaging
Actually in an effort to prevent GOES from getting too much market share, in the early 1990s Microsoft starting making their Windows packaging much larger to fill up store shelves so there would not be room from the GEOS boxes. GEOS on a 286 was faster than Windows 3.0 on a 386. -- Kheider (talk) 13:56, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

GEOS preinstalled on a desktop
There was a company in the early 2000's which made a desktop computer specifically to run GEOS. It used an AMD system on a chip with an 80486 core. IIRC it had only 2 or 4 megabytes of RAM but the board had places for twice as much to be soldered in. I set one up once for internet access but cannot remember the name of the company. They had a better model with a newer AMD chip but it was never released due to not enough sales of the first model and not enough of the people who bought the first model paying for additional software downloads. Bizzybody (talk) 22:34, 31 August 2013 (UTC)
 * You probably meant, didn't you? --Matthiaspaul (talk) 05:49, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

Breadbox owner deceased?
Is this obituary in the Tampa Bay Times about one Frank S. Fischer the same Fischer who owns Breadbox/GEOS? Spring Hill, Florida connection and recent website closure are strong indicators of being the case (If so, my condolences for the family). Is there additional information regarding this matter and fate of company? -- dsprc   [talk]  19:59, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

rename it GeoWorks
if you can. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zicari101 (talk • contribs) 15:00, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

What should we do with the official link?
The site listed in the article's infobox as the "official link", www.breadbox.com, is currently showing nothing but a blueway.Softworks "coming soon" page. And I think we know, at this point, it's not coming soon, or probably ever. It's a pretty useless official link, but it's also the only one that probably exists right now. Still, I worry we're sending our readers on a wild internet goose chase by even displaying it, when there is absolutely nothing there that's worth the click. FeRDNYC (talk) 07:08, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

 * show the version available at the internet archive. Rugoconites Tenuirugosus (talk) 13:48, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

Request to rename the article from "GEOS (16-bit_operating_system)" to "PC/GEOS"
"GEOS" is the name used to describe 8-bit predecessor of PC/GEOS. PC/GEOS was never referred to as simply GEOS, but exclusively as PC/GEOS and GeoWorks (even if GeoWorks is just the brand name and PC/GEOS is the actual operating system). Rugoconites Tenuirugosus (talk) 13:51, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:GEOS (16-bit operating system)


text:
Talk:Mandolin

Pop Culture/Trivia?
Should there be any mention of famous fictional mandolin players in literature, t.v. etc? Possibly Captain Corelli? 125.236.41.114 (talk) 04:27, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

With the factual popular culture section the length it is? I would suggest cutting that down a bit first. --90.240.226.219 (talk) 23:01, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

The Mandolin and early 90s music
I think just about every 90s alt rock band used a mandolin...

Japan
I wrote an article about the mandolin in Japan. Can I add this? Please correct anything if I'm wrong ;)

 * The mandolin stir a boom when Raffaele Calace visited to Japan in 1924. And still there is a lot of Mandolin Orchestra.
 * Mandolin Orchestra in Japan consists of Mandolin(1st, 2nd), Mandola Tenore(Octave Mandola, not Tenor Mandola), Mandocello, Guitar, and Double Bass. Mandolone, Flute, Clarinet and Timpani are sometimes used in several orchestras. There is a lot of Published scores of mandolin-original and mandolin-orchestrated, which are easy to get.

Kcrt 00:28, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Photo
Can we get a better photo? I'm sorry, but the one featured here is awful.

--also, the photo labeled Example of an A4-style mandolin (oval hole) is missing. Does it point to a non-existent hyperlink?
 * Second the request. I'm not sure a left-handed A-style mando is the best representative of the genre.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.95.43.249 (talk) 00:23, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

History of the mandolin in the US
Can anyone say when the Figaro Spanish Students had their tour in the US? It would also be interesting if someone could pipe up with the history of the mandolin orchestras -- while I've heard that numerous such groups existed, I know nothing about them. --- Eirikr 09:01, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

According to Paul Sparks in the Classical Mandolin, they debuted on January 2, 1880 in New York City.

Jim

I did some research and found the original NY Times articles, which say that they arrived in New York on January 2, 1880, but then they went to Boston for awhile. If I remember correctly, they returned to NY to play at Booth's Theatre, starting February 3, in the Humpty Dumpty variety show. I'm working on Carlo(s) Curti's biography now... Dickson.jean 22:00, 3 December 2007 (UTC) Jean

Needs Non-US material
This article is too US-Centric right now. It needs information on mandolin music from Europe and Latin America (esp Brazil and choro). I'll take a stab at moving the US material to a separate section and adding some information on Brazil. Hopefully someone who knows better can edit it if i mess up the format. --- glauber 10Aug05 19:37 UTC

Here's a good article on the history of the mandolin: http://mandolincafe.com/archives/briefhistory.html --- glauber 19:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, needs a section on how it was played in its country of origin, Italy. Also spread to the Venetian sphere of influence (all the way down both coasts and islands of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas). In other words, parts of Slovenia, Croatia, Albania, Greece. Use in serenades and cantatas. Yes Mandolin is a staple of traditional music on Croatian coast. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.252.233.166 (talk) 09:37, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

The mandolin as used in Central Asia. I saw a concert of music from Turkmenistan in Chicago. Lo and behold, a mandolin and accordeon duet. As mandolin spread around the world, replaced indigenous instruments? All this could be included.

I added a very brief comment on modern bluegrass mandolin in central Europe. Someone who knows this better than me should expand it! User:blauwkoe

I would question if the banner is still needed. The article is multifaceted and no longer US centric. User:amram99

Could someone please add content regarding Simon Mayor and other non-rock/pop UK musicians? There certainly are many talented folks to add. Glyphs (talk) 17:11, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

I have a couple of albums from North Africa that feature mandolins or mandolin-like instruments with extra frets for notes from the maqam system that western music does not use. Anyone know more about this subject? Hraesvelgr (talk) 20:30, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
 * No, but I'd like to learn more... Wikipedia's articles on maqam don't talk about the instruments used... Dlabtot (talk) 23:44, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Sustained notes
"Like the guitar, the mandolin is a poorly sustaining instrument. A note cannot be maintained for an arbitrary time as with a violin. Its higher pitch makes this problem more severe than with the guitar, and as a result, use of tremolo (rapid picking on a single note) is sometimes used to emulate a sustained note."

This is paricularly on acoustic versions, right? On electrcic Mandolins (I beleive they do exist and perhaps sould there fore be added to the article), this tremolo can be replaced by a guitar-style sustain pedal.

You are partly right. I have an electric one and I have used a guitar sustain pedal on this with fairly good effect. But not as good as the guitar, possibly because of the difference in the frequency ranges. As far as I remember, the sustain on the lower strings (which have freqencies matching that of guitar was better than the higher ones (with much higher frequencies than that of guitar) - Wikicheng 04:22, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

I've clarified this a little since the tremolo "creates" a form of sustain rather then emulating a violin. By the way, the sustain of the lower strings on a top quality mandolin is surprisngly good for its size. Ophir 01:05, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

If you have a good look at the photo already in the article, you'll see that the flat mandolin there has a pickup, volume and tone controls. It works very well both acoustically and amplified, and has in practice replaced both the electric mandolin I once used and the acoustic mandolin also pictured. It has also been used very successfully with distortion (the "tube blaster" imput of a 40w Ross combo amplifier) for one particular song that one of my rock trios did. Andrewa 16:48, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Mandoline Food Slicer
Wikipedia redirects Mandoline (type of food slicer) to Mandolin (musical instrument). There really should be an article (at least a stub) about that...

MANDOLIN FOOD SLICER - agree, definitely needs this definition and short description! Usually mandoline [French, from Italian mandolino mandolin] : a kitchen utensil with a blade for slicing and shredding

 * There are instances of the instrument being spelled "mandoline". Perhaps a disambig notice on the top of the page would be more appropriate?  Especially since the food slicer itself is sometimes spelled "mandolin"...  For reference's sake, the food slicer's page is Mandolin (cooking).  Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 19:00, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * There is now a proper article entitled Mandoline which is about the cooking tool. I placed a disambig notice at the top of this page pointing to it.  Mandolin is an alternate spelling of mandoline, but the latter is proper.  I will be working on merging the article Mandolin (cooking) with Mandoline and then deleting the former.  Is everything clear?  :)   Aguerriero  ( ţ ) ( ć ) ( ë ) 17:39, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Mandolin Family
Anyone have any pictures of these other mando types? I'd love to see a bass and a piccolo for instance, but I'm very unlikely to find them on my own.

Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 08:14, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Also, there's a distinction made in the History section between the mandora and the mandola, and the mandolino and the mandolin, but there's no real description as to how these differ. Does anyone have any more details, or even better some pictures, that could illustrate how these are not the same things?

Thanks! Eiríkr Útlendi 07:18, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

When I tackled this article, most all of it was a copy and paste from a 'mandobanjo' website. It is not laid out very well, tends to ramble and does not stick to the subject of mandolins. Anyhow, to do my part, I replaced a section in the history part. I believe it gives a succinct account of the mandolin's origin. The facts- names, places and years- are footnoted. Afterwards, It became apparent that the beginning of the article had to be re-written since there was really no definition of a mandolin. So I did this (footnoted also). Now as for the question left in the sandbox regarding mandolinos and mandoras, I will leave it to another to rewrite the definitions and histories of those instruments. When that is done, there will be no need to add to the mandolin's definition to try to expain why it is different from these similiar instruments. (basically, however, they are at a different tonal range, among other things). S. D. 12:16, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Stephen! That helps me understand a bit better.  Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 19:35, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Ireland
"Also, the competitive attitude of many old-time and bluegrass musicians is unwelcome in the cooperative and musically courteous environment of the Irish session; Irish musicians often perceive the bluegrasser as trying to force the session into becoming a bluegrass "jam"."

I don't think the above paragraph is neutral enough. Well-played bluegrass music is typically highly arranged with varied instrumental breaks which rarely drown out the vocal harmonies. I just don't see how these perceptions are useful in the context of the mandolin. It might be more appropriate to delete the whole paragraph than upset the players with stereotyping!

I also feel that the bulk of the bluegrass-related information (some of which is repeated) could be left out and is possibly harder to maintain in this article. The mandolin (in bluegrass music) is undoubtedly a rich subject but this could be trimmed down a lot. Ophir 01:05, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Agree that the paragraph is not neutral - should be removed. As a mandolin player, I have always found bluegrass jams to be pretty cooperative and curteous - a communal affair really (and I am not a very good player) not sure the basis for the comments in the paragraph are all that accurate or objective.

Thanks. Duly noted and removed. Ophir 17:06, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Victorian Stage
I've found an example of the mandolin being used to accompany a song in an otherwise straight play in Broken Hearts (W.S. Gilbert, music by Edward German) but am not sure if this was common. Think it's worth investigation? 88.109.193.255 20:39, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

What's with the Ottomans?
I read that "The mandolin has been long played in the Hellenic Islands, where the Ottoman Empire did not control"

True as this statement may be, what is the relationship between the mandolin and the Ottoman Empire? Did the Ottomans have something against the mandolin? This seems like a non-sequiter to me.

(If retained, the grammmar should be corrected to "... which the Ottoman Empire did not control."

Continental Europe section sorely lacking
The entirety of the European history of the mandolin is the "recent interest" in bluegrass? Italy anyone?--GoHawks4 06:19, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

I agree, I came here looking to find the names of good Italian mandolin players but there isn't anything about Italy after the invention of the instrument. Andropod (talk) 22:59, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

need reliable sources
I moved these from the article. These are not Reliable sources, they are just webpages that people submitted unsourced information to.

Levon Helm of The Band, "Levon Helm played both drums and mandolin" (-reference-) Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, "Jimmy Page wrote the music on a mandolin he borrowed from John Paul Jones. He had never played the mandolin before." (-reference-)

players....
this article should have a list of some well known mandolin players like Chris Thile, Bill Monroe, Ronnie McCoury, etc. Piratebob13 07:32, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * A vandal has removed a large chunk of the article I will try to restore that. Also, Category:Mandolinists may already serve that need. -MrFizyx 18:02, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I've restored what was here. You can readd that names that you suggested (which frankly are more significant to then instrument than the names others have added).  I would rather get rid of the list though and encourage editors to use the category. -MrFizyx 18:38, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Tubular bells
I thought the 'mandolin' on tubular bells was actually a guitar that sounded like a mandolin? 131.111.8.104

Paul Hooper
Several edits have been undertaken by anon poster 211.30.252.154 to incorporate the above player into the article. The initial edits were too subjective and I reverted them. S/he has since tried to reinsert the edits although with toned down hyperboles. So far, I have left the edits under the subheading "Popular musicians who play mandolin" although this is not quite the correct place to have this. Does someone know whether this player is notable and should be included in the entry? If not, please feel free to delete the addition. --Nuttycoconut 03:43, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Tuning
Isn't 440.0 Hz A4 (and not A3)? 24.178.185.123 (talk) 15:50, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Who wrote about mandolins in japan?
The line 'of course japanese tend to make group' especially piqued my interest. Is that something that can be cited, or just a zany generalization? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.100.203.233 (talk) 20:20, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Late Victorian Mandolin and Guitar Band
I have recently posted this photo on Commons, and thought that it might be of interest.

Polytechnic and People's Palace Mandoline and Guitar Band, Crystal Palace 1899

Romit3 (talk) 20:15, 24 June 2008 (UTC)
 * That looks like a band I would have enjoyed playing in, especially considering the male/female ratio. Dlabtot (talk) 21:33, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

RfC: List of popular musicians who play mandolin
Q:Should the list of popular musicians who play mandolin be retained, deleted, or forked? If retained, what should be the criteria for inclusion?

This list is getting way too long, I propose it either be trimmed dramatically, or forked to its own article,or deleted altogether. If it stays, there should be some criteria for inclusion, e.g. the musician's use of the mandolin should be in some way notable, for instance it is their primary or often-used secondary instrument. And there needs to be a standard of notoriety that is stricter than the one for including someone in WP itself. If the list is going to include every musician who has ever been recorded or observed playing a mandolin, it will be unmanageable. I don't actually think a list of musicians who have played the mandolin really adds anything to the article and my first choice would be to delete it altogether. Dlabtot (talk) 05:30, 25 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, unless you have people that are integral to the instrument (e.g. a player who brought the instrument to a larger audience) then just remove it all. Imagine if they had a similar list at piano. Sillyfolkboy (talk) 06:47, 25 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Exactly - all the truly notable mandolinists are already included in the text of the article. This list is pure cruft. Dlabtot (talk) 07:32, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I won't go so far as Dlabtot in saying the the article has perfectly captured the list of notable mandolinists, but his point remains valid. The list has long been unmanageable, and the inclusion criteria are unspecified.—Kww(talk) 11:20, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I'd just like to note that I never said nor implied that the article has perfectly captured the list of notable mandolinists. What I did say is that a list of mandolinists adds nothing to the article. Dlabtot (talk) 16:59, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and forked it to List of Mandolinists. Dlabtot (talk) 16:59, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Notable?
FYI -- there is a deletion discussion regarding a mandolinist at on the basis of WP:BAND notability. I don't yet have a clear view, but some who see this page may have a view and interest in joining in.--Epeefleche (talk) 05:59, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Australia
The section on Australia contains a lot of information, but much of it appears to be original research rather than known facts. It is also written in a style that suggests that it is the result of one person's research. It should be rewritten in a more general tone, deleting or referencing any material that is speculative. I might also suggest condensing a bit. Sisterdetestai (talk) 02:34, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Bands should not be mentioned in this article unless they are some significant to the history of the mandolin.
Millions of bands and musicians have played the mandolin. That is not sufficient for inclusion in this article. Dlabtot (talk) 17:02, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

 * All I did was add a link to the Wikipedia page of a band that had already been included in the article. If the band is going to be mentioned in the article then the link is not out of place. If you want to cut them out of the article entirely then that's a different matter altogether.R. Jackson (talk) 18:07, 14 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, my mistake. The band is certainly not in any way notable in regards to the mandolin, so I will remove them from the article as you suggest, which is what I meant to do in the first place. Dlabtot (talk) 18:40, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

No pictures
There are no pictures of anyone playing a mandolin. This might help some people viewing this article (like me). (68.226.8.230 (talk) 03:04, 10 January 2010 (UTC))

Italy/Naples
I think a section on the use of mandolin in Neapolitan folk music and classical music needs to be added immediately. This article has a strong bluegrass bias, and its pretty sad that there is almost nothing in this article about the traditional styles of the mandolin, which is in my opinion THE instrument of Italy. Some sources are already here, and getting the rest should be extremely easy. I mean, can anyone excuse the fact that there isn't even a subsection about Italy in the world Mandolin music section? This article seems to make it look like the mandolin is an American instrument, which it surly is not. --96.242.28.73 (talk) 23:38, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree with this. At the moment the article looks really weird. Cooke (talk) 09:44, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Mandolin < Pandura?
mandolin: 1707, from Fr. mandoline, from It. mandolino, dim. of mandola, a larger kind of mandolin, altered from L.L. pandura "three-stringed lute," from Gk. pandoura, which is of unknown origin. says: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=mandolin&searchmode=none Böri (talk) 15:07, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

Skewed
Ok, reading above comments has made me aware that this article has been accused before of ignoring European tradition. That was apparent to me when I looked at the article; here's what jumped out at me. The first eight pictures in the article are all non-bowlback instruments. The first two pictures are of F-style mandolins. Then there are A-style, carved mandolins, resonator mandolins and mandolin-banjos. To my mind, they ALL say American tradition, even though some of these are also used in Europe. If I were to change anything, I would make one of the top two photos a bowlback mandolin (do we really need two F-5 mandolin illustrations?) I would also ditch one of the A-style mandolins.

I also noticed that there is no Italian music section and no French-music section, and I'm pretty sure the Germans also played the instrument in large numbers. Those are the two things I noticed, pictures and lack of content.Jacqke (talk) 10:35, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I've done a little bit to balance the article between American and European traditions.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 16:11, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

Also skewed
By the way, if you want to see an even more skewed article about mandolins, check out the Italian page, http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolino Jacqke (talk) 10:41, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

[Proposal] resolving the image floods on the Desktop view
Hi, all. I am mainly active on the Wikimedia Commons, especially the identification/classification/referencing of various musical instruments (including commons:Category:Mandolins). Recently, I found the improvement of this article, and I think it is very interesting, because most subsections on article contain visual descriptions using images. ... It is intelligible and attractive, as far as I was viewing a Mobile page. ... However, when I moved to the PC and start to viewe a Desktop page, I found that too rough layout of images are potentially spoiling the readability of article, in a few sections. (Variations, Mandolin family, and History)	It is what I called "image flood" on the title. It seems to be caused by the difference of layout system between Desktop page and the Mobile page (provided by mw:Extension:MobileFrontend).

The issues and causes were analyzed as following:

To resolve these issues, in minimum changes and efforts, I'll propose the following solutions:
 * Solution 1 for — Insert the   (possibly with an option "left") at the tail of each section, to reset image floating (by floating layout system) at that point.
 * Additionally, extra  tags are needed at tail of several subsections, to resolve several of . [added] --Clusternote (talk) 11:00, 1 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Solution 2 for : — Move the image captions exceeding several lines to one of: the article body, footnotes, or possibly more appropriate place.
 * Solution 3 for : — there are two major plans, and each has pros and cons.
 * Plan 3A — Zigzag image layout (aligned repeatingly: left, right, left, right, ...) instead of current all-right-alined layout, may be effectively satisfy the visibility of Desktop and Mobile, although the layout on Desktop view may become slightly ugly.
 * Plan 3B — The  template and   tag may be effective for layouting large number of images in compact footprint, although the layout on Mobile view may lose several correspondences between the image and the subsections/paragraphs.
 * Plan 3B' — Additionally, if above multiple image was surrounded by  tag, the resulting layout quality on Mobile view may be improved.
 * Note: on above proposal, and  are intentionally ignored (because these seem slightly too deep).

I'm expecting any constructive opinions from contributers of this article. --Clusternote (talk) 03:22, 1 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I think you have a point in that the images are so numerous that the creating a good layout becomes difficult. I think the best solution is to reduce the number of images, not to use special image markup, especially not html coding. I think a better idea is to cut down the amount of images so that they can fit comfortably within each section. Then additional images can be put in a gallery at the end of the article or at the end of the section they illustrate. Centering images, I think is a bad idea, since centered images break up the reading flow. ·maunus · snunɐɯ· 21:58, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your gently comment, and I'm sorry for my too late response. Fundamentally I don't want to disturb the gradual improvements by many contributors, so I expect farther improvements in the future. --Clusternote (talk) 20:26, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I would be guilty of adding the photos at issue. Whatever you propose will be fine with me. I tried to add photos specific to content for interest value, but since I have been phone editing,  I was unaware of layout issues on large screen.  Feel free to chop, delete, create photo  section, or whatever works. ThanksJacqke (talk) 23:04, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Can captions be made compressed, to expand with a click? Should captions be pared down?Jacqke (talk) 23:10, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I got onto a PC to edit today (usually use my tablet/phone) and made an attempt to bring photos closer to related text by putting photos side by side. I think it looks better on the PC now, though I haven't looked at my phone. It can certainly be tweaked farther. How it looks on the device depends on how wide it is displayed. It looks better when I use a more narrow browser window than when I use a wide browser window. Still open to suggestions for layout changes.Jacqke (talk) 18:23, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Hornbostel–Sachs classification
The classification of the Neapolitan mandolin may well be 321.321; but shouldn't Gibson and other flat-backs be 321.322? Paul Magnussen (talk) 16:13, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, of course.--Phso2 (talk) 19:07, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

Headstock
The wikipedia article for Headstock could use some broadening, any volunteers? It is rather narrowly focussed on US electric guitars.Design (talk) 07:26, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

New lead photo
Looking at an earlier comment, I looked for a different photo for the infobox. I didn't want to have to choose between favorites, flatback vs roundback vs various F5 mandolins. I chose something that looked good and wasn't likely to be someone's favorite. Please object if the photo isn't good. If there are enough that care, maybe we can get a decision among those that show up to talk.Jacqke (talk) 14:55, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

Rory Gallagher
The late great Rory Gallagher was an exceptional mandolin player in a folk/blues/rock mode. I saw him once and his mandolin playing was incredible, way ahead of some other players in the same vein I've seen. Yet he isn't mentioned in the article. Stub Mandrel (talk) 20:05, 17 April 2018 (UTC)
 * He has a line in the Ireland section. If you have any good sources about his mandolin contributions, I'm sure more could be put in.Jacqke (talk) 20:27, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

What to do...
I've been waiting for a decent photo of a Gibson F5 mandolin to be available on Wikipedia and I just noticed that it is available. (My thanks to Clusternote for placing it in some articles. It looks great!) This is one of the cherished Lloyd Loar mandolins which Bill Monroe made famous. The question...where in the mandolin article should it go? With the carved top instruments (replacing one of the three images there now?) In the United States section? Main image (I'm tempted, but I don't want to have to choose between classical music roundback and this American carved top. Is there anyone willing to speak up to build a consensus?Jacqke (talk) 03:38, 13 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I caved in. The photo is with the carved top instruments. The advertisement it replaced is in the Orville Gibson article that also got reworked.Jacqke (talk) 23:03, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

Article length
I've been waiting, and it happened. The article has been tagged too long. Does anyone have opinions as to how to make this more readable? Should it be shortened? Should sections be made their own articles? Is the article fine as is?Jacqke (talk) 13:07, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Splitting proposal
and any others...

I propose that sections Mandolin be split into a separate page called History of the mandolin. The content is large enough to make its own page, and currently the overall mandolin article is too large. I will make a summary of this history for the Mandolin article with a link to the new History of the mandolin page.Jacqke (talk) 02:09, 5 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I think that before the overall history should be touched, a quick edit would be splitting off the United States section into Mandolins in the United States.Jacqke (talk) 19:21, 12 May 2019 (UTC)
 * While waiting for others to comment, I created the article Mandolins in the United States, but have yet to remove the content from the main Mandolin article. I like the way the main mandolin article is now and think it would be a mistake to break it up. I noticed the paragraph about long articles WP:HASTE and feel it applies. "As browsers have improved, there is no need for haste in splitting an article when it starts getting large. Sometimes an article simply needs to be big to give the subject adequate coverage." This is exactly the way I feel the article is. It's breadth comes from adequate coverage. It is long, but easy to maneuver through, thanks to the table of contents and all the heasdings and subheadings. Until I get more interested to form a consensus, I'm not splitting it. I'll leave the newly created article as is, too.Jacqke (talk) 14:06, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Keeping the article a reasonable length seems like a good idea to me. Articles that are too long are slow to load, and some readers don't want to wade through them. Yes, browsers are improving, but more and more people are reading Wikipedia on tiny screens, and not everyone lives in an area with fast download speeds. Also, the Syntax Highlighter, which I use constantly, bugs out if the article is too long. The two topics you picked make sense, since the history is easily separated from information about the construction and playing of the instrument itself, and usually when a reader arrives at the article they are looking for one or the other, not both. The history article should maybe have a link to the Mandolin article in the lead section, and have more about mandolins in the 20th century, but that will come.  Since I am not from the United States, I likely would have chosen "Mandolins in North America", so as to include Mexican and Canadian info, but I guess these can be separate articles if anyone makes them.—Anne Delong (talk) 19:38, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

 * User:Jacqke, Thank you for creating the article History of the mandolin. I support another split; would someone please create a new article Mandolin playing traditions worldwide and remove the relevant text from the current article? Design (talk) 06:02, 29 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi User:Design, I had been looking at that and resisting implementing, because I like the multicultural feel that material brought to the article. However, I can't see any other way to reduce the size. It may take a several days--life just got busy. I will create a summary paragraph of the material to leave in the mandolin article.Jacqke (talk) 13:17, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I would leave the history in this article, but I think the section on "Notable literature" could be shortened considerably.
 * Some of the literature currently listed isn't particularly "notable" -- other than to a mandolin player, simply because it happens to have a mandolin in it. For example, while it is interesting that Beethoven composed a few pieces for mandolin, they are rarely heard, and none of them are especially notable among his works.  Likewise, not every Scarlatti sonata nor every Calace prelude qualifies as particularly notable.
 * Really, the list doesn't need more than a half-dozen items -- at most -- in each of maybe four categories: solo, small ensemble (which would include duos, accompanied sonatas, etc.); mandolin with orchestra; mandolin orchestra (indeed, this last one isn't even represented in the current list, long as it is).
 * If there is sufficient interest, I'd suggest creating a separate article on "Mandolin literature", giving a few solid examples here, and then linking to that article for more information.
 * 70.89.176.249 (talk) 21:05, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

New image proposal
Hello u|Oknazevad,

It has been quite some time since thorough article-wide edit has been done on the mandolin article, and I thank you for your recent work. I have a couple concerns, illustrated by the lead image which you replaced.

You are quite right that the carved tops are archetops. But not archtops care carved; they can also be made of pressed wood, like the majority now being made. I think the language needs care in that section. And also the picture choice.

I solicited input and got none when I chose that image. It was choosen to not favors one community of purist mandolinists (European bowlbacks vs. American carved-tops) over another. A long time Adon the article was completely off balance toward American instruments, ignoring the other.

Looking at the balance now, I would concede a nice Gibson F5 image would be appropriate. However, the image you placed there is a montage. It is better done than I could make, however it is blurry with artifacts from joining pieces of separate images.

I'm open to a better image, but think we need to ask again for consensus, because the image that was there is a better image, and represents the Chinese-made archtops that seem to currently dominate instrument production. I am temporarily pitting the old image back on, and an open to a new image. Jacqke (talk) 05:04, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Honestly, I quickly grabbed the image from commons. The big thing that bothered me with the other image is that the caption is very poorly phrased, with multiple grammatical errors. I went to fix that, and I noticed that the image caption also had a reference in it, and it made me think that, not only is that reference really unneeded at all, but that we don't really need to go into that much detail of the instrument's construction. Even if the image is retained, the caption should be something simple like "an archtop mandolin". Even if an inexpensive instrument uses a laminate it's still an archtop, and we should state that plainly. oknazevad (talk) 05:13, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I am all for simplifying. I agree the caption and uneeded detail and ref can go.  I am ok with better image too.   I will go with your judgement.Jacqke (talk) 05:18, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:37, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * EastTennesseeBlues (Live).ogg

Bashkir instrument?
Is there any reason why the article is categorized in Category:Bashkir musical instruments? I cannot find any notice of Bashkirs or Bashkir culture in the text. --Mmh (talk) 10:21, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't find anything online with a quick search. For questions of this type, I would also suggest checking Mandolin playing traditions worldwide, which was split off from the main mandolin article. Best wishes, Jacqke (talk) 16:11, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mandolin


text:
Talk:Lisa Gerrard

Untitled
A friend of mine claims that Lisa Gerrard has an eight-octave range. I haven't found any evidence of this - can anyone provide proof either way? According to one of the links from the article on Mariah Carey, famed for her vocal range, Ms Carey's range is five octaves, so I find the claim about Lisa Gerrard hard to believe. Note that the range of a standard piano is seven and a third octaves. — Paul G 09:04, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No mention of Glossolalia
Or did I miss it? This whole article about Lisa Gerrard and not one mention of her signature mode of singing in glossolalia ?? C'mon guyz, I am decidedly not a fan of hers and therefore unqualified to change the article, imho. It's like an having an article on Eric Clapton and not mentioning his guitar work !

earrach

 * I second this, but I don't know what it is called. Glossolalia usually refers to the religious aspect.  Is Melisma the correct term?  I believe she describes it here herself.  -  Kevs 04:19, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

zorgul
 * It should definitely be discussed, one of the most common questions is "what language is she singing in", and shouldn't an article answer that. If sources are a problem I guess there should be enough to go on from interviews, statements on the "toward the within" dvd and the "sanctuary" documentation. Melisma actually refers to pitch modulation within a syllable as a musical technique vs. keeping the pitch on a syllable, and while she also does that it is separate from the language question (you can do melismatic singing in any or no language). The article on the song "Sanvean" states "Like most of her work it is sung in a euphonic and emotional pseudo-language, like that of Adiemus.", and herein "pseudo-languauge" links to the "Glossolalia" article. It's also mentioned in the Dead Can Dance article. If it's in the Sanvean article shouldn't it be in the Lisa Gerrard article?
 * In general I feel the article lacks an "Artistic style" or "approach" section, I think her style is differentiated and identifiable enough to merit that, as a random comparison from a different art genre, take the article on Andy Goldsworthy, who also has a brief "artistic style" section that helps you understand "what is this artist about". The discussion of 'glossolalia' could go into such a section. Right now there is not much in terms of stylistic information except that she has multi-ethnic influences and a "haunting" voice. Zorgul (talk) 23:16, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Gerrard sings many of her songs, such as Now We Are Free, Come Tenderness, Serenity, The Valley of the Moon, Tempest, Pilgrimage of Lost Children and Sanvean in an idioglossia (an idiosyncratic language) that she has developed since the age of twelve http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideoglossia

 * The article currently links to "Glossolalia" with no explanation. It simply says in the introduction "She is known for her unique singing style technique (glossolalia)." Firstly, glossolalia is not a "singing technique." Secondly, I think the word that should be here is idioglossia. Glossolalia generally refers to the spiritual practice of "speaking in tongues," and the Wikipedia page linked to describes it that way, whereas idioglossia refers to a language invented by the user. Lisa Gerrard describes her style of expression as an "invented language," i.e. a language invented by her, and religious groups who practice "glossolalia" believe it to be a language "unknown to the speaker." That's a pretty key difference! Sadiemonster (talk) 08:31, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Hammered dulcimer
Someone added Lisa to the list of hammered dulcimer players. However, this article on her does not mention the hammered dulcimer at all. Can someone confirm that she plays the dulcimer? Thanks. Dsreyn 17:05, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That's right, she does play the hammered dulcimer. It can be seen in photos of her live shows and the recording of Toward the Within. I'll add a mention in the article about it. Aggelophoros 06:01, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Perry, fellow Australian?
It is said in this article that Brendan Perry is "a fellow Australian". Yet, Perry was born an englishman, had lived for 14 years in England, then moved to New Zealand where he lived for several years. Has he adopted the australian nationality afterwards, or is it a mistake in the article? --Earendel 09:21, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * After reading Brendan Perry's official website, I am convinced that he did not changed nationality, and I therefore edit the page. --Earendel 09:34, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I vaguely recall Dead Can Dance forming in NZ, for that matter, and coming to Melbourne in the early 1980s. I'd have to look this up, of course ... - David Gerard 14:55, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Free image
I'm busy tracking down a decent free-content image as we speak! - David Gerard 14:55, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Free image added, "fair use" presskit and DVD images thus removed (per policy) - David Gerard 15:27, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Lisa Gerrard - how to pronounce?
Can somebody please explain, how is the name Lisa Gerrard pronounced correctly?--Imrek 17:18, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * "Lee" "Sa" "Ger" [As in the start of 'German'] "Ard" [as in the start of 'Ardvaark'] "Lee-sa Ger-ard". --Marc Talk 01:22, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Link to "Echoes" interviews
I am restoring the link to the free "Echoes" interview page. This is an important reliable third party resource by one of the leading ambient music radio shows on US public radio, and it provides insights on the subject of this article that are, to my knowledge, not available anywhere else. --Gene_poole 21:41, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * When the host of the show, Jdiliberto, mass adds links, it is WP:SPAM and WP:COI) IrishGuy talk 21:42, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm adding them, and I'm not the host. If you can find an alternative series of interviews from an alternative free, reliable third party source, then please add them.--Gene_poole 21:47, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * (after ec) Not necessarily. WP:BITE and WP:AGF are also important guidelines, perhaps even more important than either WP:SPAM or WP:COI. Are the links relevant for the articles? If the links were added by any other user, would there be a problem? And besides, five links hardly constitute "mass" adding links. Each of the links was to different content that was pertinent to article. older ≠ wiser 21:51, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you - finally - some common sense comments. --Gene_poole 21:53, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Audio samples.
Does anybody have audio samples to put on here? I tried to do it, and it didn't go through.

Gabriellerosey (talk) 21:13, 20 December 2007 (UTC)Gabriellerosey

Passion of the Christ score?
Was the Passion of the Christ score by Gerrard ever committed to tape? And if so are here any bootlegs available of this unused score?

Opera Voice
Is she classically trained? Because her voice sounds like that and she has got this wonderful voice control —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.218.183.241 (talk) 10:00, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually she's not, you can check that, an actual interview made to her in the 90's.

Even though she's not trained she does have a good vocal control, but it should be stated that she didn't receive any vocal training. --187.146.97.64 (talk) 16:51, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Irish-Australian?
I'm just after reading the article and the thing that struck me is the mention that she is "Irish-Australian". Even though i would be proud to call someone with a voice like this Irish i think there must be a mistake. Just because she is born to Irish parents doesn't make her Irish-Australian. She doesn't really have any links to Ireland apart from her parents. If having Irish parents meant that your nationality included the prefix Irish then surely Oasis should be "Irish-English" (Just joking on that one.) Can anyone explain this to me? I'm not trying to start an edit war or hit a nerve here I'm just curious. Jamie Kelly (talk) 00:33, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Ga'hoole should be listed
She's in the credits. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.192.33.243 (talk) 02:48, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Credit for singing Song to the Siren
She sang this song with This Mortal Coil. It has neither been credited on this page nor that of This Mortal Coil. --Wouralia 18:14, 15 November 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.253.225.55 (talk)

Constructed language
She created a language for Now We Are Free. Should be mentioned.--76.31.238.174 (talk) 03:47, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

Infobox picture dispute.
I've decided to create this section, so we can agree on a photo for the infobox, and to prevent an edit war. So far, there have been copyvio images, and cropped images of the same image that's already on the article to begin with.

Copyvios are not allowed on any articles. That is why I've reported. The images the user has uploaded has been viewed and proved to be copyvios, and kept reverting after being warned several times. If you think otherwise, please discuss it on here. Thank you.

Tribal44 (talk) 03:53, 11 July 2012 (UTC)Tribal44
 * The disputed image is not confirmed as a copy vio. It is in OTRS pending and has a 'possible' copy vio tag on it. It has been reported as both on commons. The image I put in the info box is far better quality that the original. I cropped it from the image further down. I assume that the BLP would prefer it. If we wish to make BLPs look bad in wp then please feel free to include bad images in all of their articles.--Canoe1967 (talk) 04:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

I put the "Melbourne" image on the page, since its not a copyvio. But the others that were uplaoded by Margofilop were indeed copyvios from websites. If they got permission from the sites to upload on here and commons, then that's a different story.

The article was fine until this whole crapstorm brewed. Its better to leave things be.

Tribal44 (talk) 17:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)Tribal44
 * Why do you keep reverting without consensus? That is a very low quality image that was cropped from another low quality image. I will agree with the green dress one you had 6 reverts ago after I crop it so it looks better in the info box. I still don't know why you want this BLP to look bad in the lead of her article. You seem to be in a hurry to do so as well. I will crop the other now and seek other opinions on it. The blocked editor thought the article was not 'fine' and you kept bullying them until they were blocked.--Canoe1967 (talk) 17:16, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * File:LisaGerrard-Press-Image-2009.jpg
 * File:Lisa Gerrard 2007-05-25 SIFF2007 Cropped.jpg
 * File:Lisa Gerrard Paris 2009 crop.jpg
 * File:Lisa Gerrard The Forum Melbourne April 2007.jpg
 * These are 4 of the choices. The b/w that had an editor was blocked over has passed OTRS and is legal now.--Canoe1967 (talk) 17:38, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Ok, its all resolved. No more reverting and edit warring. And the image does look better. Tribal44 (talk) 21:44, 12 July 2012 (UTC)Tribal44
 * I am glad you agree. I just put it in 40+ other language wikis. I also linked instead of leaving the 4 above to take up space.--Canoe1967 (talk) 01:45, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Yeah, I may just cross-wiki as well, or get my friend to do it, lol. Tribal44 (talk) 01:54, 13 July 2012 (UTC)Tribal44

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Lisa Gerrard discography
 Support split - Discography section takes up more than one third of the page, and should be split to a new article entitled Lisa Gerrard discography. --Jax 0677 (talk) 15:23, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

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Date or Year of birth ?
I can't believe, if she is musically famous, that her year that she was born, is not in article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.147.132.132 (talk) 01:34, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

Infobox pic
Do you all think its time to upload a new infobox pic? I mean it's not bad. It's just a little outdated and the user that uploaded it turned out to be a sockpuppet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8805:5800:13EB:B89E:19C4:2665:EC1F (talk) 04:08, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

Awards and nominations
Lisa_Gerrard section needs to be reformatted. Add a column in the left and list the name of the award as a column entry instead of making new tables again and again. Please refer to the award sections of other article. Venkat TL (talk) 12:07, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lisa Gerrard


text:
Kilis Province

Kilis Province (Kilis ili) is a province in southern Turkey, on the border with Syria. Its area is 1,412 km2, and its population is 147,919 (2022). The province was created in 1995 from the southern part of Gaziantep Province. The city of Kilis is home to over 75% of the inhabitants of the province; the other towns and villages are very small.

Districts

The province is divided into 4 districts, listed below with their official estimates of population as of 2022: Elbeyli District (5,594), Kilis District (the capital district) (125,079), Musabeyli District (12,390) and Polateli District (4,856).

title: Kilis Province


text:
Bingöl Province

Bingöl Province (Parêzgeha Çewlîg; Wîlayetî Çewlîg; ) is a province of Turkey. The province was known as Çapakçur Province (Ճապաղջուր) before 1945 when it was renamed as Bingöl Province. Its area is 8,003 km2, and its population is 282,556 (2022). The province encompasses 11 municipalities, 325 villages and 693 hamlets.

The town of Genç was the scene of origin for the Kurdish Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925 and most of the region was captured by the rebels during the rebellion.

As the current Governor of the province, Ahmet Hamdi Usta was appointed by the president in August 2023.

Geography
The largest lake in Bingöl Province is Lake Bahri. The main mountains in Bingöl province are the Genç Mountains, Akçara Mountains, Şerafettin Mountains and Bingöl Mountains.

Demographics
Kurds comprise the majority of the province and the province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan. Its population is majority Sunni, conservative and many adhere to the Naqshbandi order. The province moreover has a significant Alevi minority. Linguistically, the southern parts of the province speak Zaza, while the northern parts speak Kurmanji. Many Zaza-speakers speak Kurmanji as well.

Language and religion statistics
Bingöl Province was part of Bitlis Vilayet during the Ottoman era as Genç Sanjak and had a population of 36,011 in the 1881-1882 census. 85.7% of the population was Muslim and the remaining NaN% was Armenian. In the census of 1897, the sanjak had a population of 47,652, of which 88.1% was Muslim and 11.9% was Armenian. All of the Armenians adhered to the Armenian Apostolic Church.

In the 1906-1907 census, the sanjak had a population of 45,215 of which 86.8% was Muslim and Armenians comprised the remaining 13.2%. In the last Ottoman census in 1914, the region had a population of 38,096 of which 93.9% was Muslim and 6.1% Armenian.

The first Turkish census which included Bingöl Province was the 1945 census, where the population was 75,550 who all were Muslims. Linguistically, the most spoken first language was Kurdish at 55.7%, followed by Turkish at 43.8% and Circassian at 0.4%. In the 1950 census, Kurdish was the first language for 76.5% of the population of 97,328, while Turkish remained the second largest language standing at 22.9% and Circassian at 0.4%. In the last census in 1965, Kurdish stood at 58.3% and Turkish at 41.6%.

A 2016 survey showed that 90.4% of the population spoke Turkish, 64.1% spoke Zaza, 40.1% spoke Kurmanji and 5.6% spoke Arabic.

History
From 1923 to 1929, Bingöl Province was part of Elazığ Province and part of Muş Province from 1929 to 1936. It ultimately became a province in 1936.

In December 1935 the Tunceli Law was passed which demanded a more powerful government in the region. Therefore, the region containing the present Bingöl province, together with the provinces of Tunceli, Erzincan and Elaziğ were included in the Fourth Inspectorate General (Umumi Müfettişlik, UM) in January 1936. The fourth UM was governed by a Governor Commander. All the employees in the municipalities were to be from the military and the Governor Commander had the authority to evacuate whole villages and resettle them in other parts of the province. in 1946 the Tunceli Law was abolished and the state of emergency removed but the authority of the fourth UM was transferred to the military. The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.

Districts
Bingöl province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
 * Adaklı
 * Bingöl
 * Genç
 * Karlıova
 * Kiğı
 * Solhan
 * Yayladere
 * Yedisu

title: Bingöl Province


text:
Bitlis Province

Bitlis Province (Բաղեշի մարզ; Parêzgeha Bidlîsê ) is a province of eastern Turkey, located to the west of Lake Van. It takes its name from the central city, Bitlis. Its area is 8,294 km2, and its population is 353,988 (2022). The province is considered part of Western Armenia by Armenians. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. The current Governor of the province is Erol Karaömeroğlu.

History
The province was part of Moxoene of the Kingdom of Armenia. Before the Armenian genocide, the area was part of the Six Armenian Vilayets.

The administrative center was the town of Bitlis which was called Bagesh, in old Armenian sources.

In 1927 the office of the Inspector General was created, which governed with martial law. The Bitlis province was included in the first Inspectorate General (Umumi Müfettişlik, UM) over which the Inspector General ruled. The UM span over the provinces of Hakkâri, Siirt, Van, Mardin, Bitlis, Sanlıurfa, Elaziğ and Diyarbakır. The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.

Tourism
The main places with tourism potential in Bitlis are Lake Nemrut, Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery, Ahlat Museum, Mount Süphan, Güroymak Hot Springs and Lake Nazik.

Districts
Bitlis Province is divided into 7 districts (the capital district is in bold):
 * Adilcevaz
 * Ahlat
 * Bitlis
 * Güroymak
 * Hizan
 * Mutki
 * Tatvan

Geology and geomorphology
The main lakes in Bitlis province are Lake Sodalı, Lake Nemrut, Lake Aygır, Lake Batmış and Lake Nazik.

Economy
As of 1920, the province was producing small amounts of iron, copper, lead, and sulphur. Even smaller amounts of gold and silver were found in the areas of Sairt and Khairwan. Salt made up the largest mineral industry in the province, so much that it was exported to surrounding provinces. The salt was produced in pans, using evaporation, and taking 8 to 10 days to mature. The technique and trade was mainly run by local Kurds.

Attractions

 * Nemrut (volcano)
 * Lake Nemrut

title: Bitlis Province


text:
Croquis

Croquis drawing is quick and sketchy drawing of usually a live nude model. Croquis drawings are usually made in a few minutes, after which the model changes pose or leaves and another croquis is drawn. The word croquis comes from French and means simply "sketch". In the clothing design, a croquis is an outline silhouette, for use by a designer.

After the initial sketch, croquis drawing can be used as a foundation for another work of art such as a painting or may be used as a work of art itself.

Advantages
The short duration of the pose benefits models because they do not need to keep still for a long time; this also benefits the artists because it helps them concentrate on the essential elements of the pose, or the most important parts of the drawing. An artist does not have time to draw all the details, so they learn to concentrate on the important elements. Croquis is also a good method of drawing subjects that generally do not stand still and pose, such as insects, animals, and children.

In fashion design
In fashion, the term refers to a quick sketch of a figure (typically nine heads tall as this is the accepted proportions for fashion illustration) with a loose drawing of the clothes that are being designed. Often a large number of croquis drawings will be created for one finished look, which is fully drawn and finished.

title: Croquis


text:
Antigen processing

Antigen processing, or the cytosolic pathway, is an immunological process that prepares antigens for presentation to special cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes. It is considered to be a stage of antigen presentation pathways. This process involves two distinct pathways for processing of antigens from an organism's own (self) proteins or intracellular pathogens (e.g. viruses), or from phagocytosed pathogens (e.g. bacteria); subsequent presentation of these antigens on class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is dependent on which pathway is used. Both MHC class I and II are required to bind antigens before they are stably expressed on a cell surface. MHC I antigen presentation typically (considering cross-presentation) involves the endogenous pathway of antigen processing, and MHC II antigen presentation involves the exogenous pathway of antigen processing. Cross-presentation involves parts of the exogenous and the endogenous pathways but ultimately involves the latter portion of the endogenous pathway (e.g. proteolysis of antigens for binding to MHC I molecules).

While the joint distinction between the two pathways is useful, there are instances where extracellular-derived peptides are presented in the context of MHC class I and cytosolic peptides are presented in the context of MHC class II (this often happens in dendritic cells).

The endogenous pathway
The endogenous pathway is used to present cellular peptide fragments on the cell surface on MHC class I molecules. If a virus had infected the cell, viral peptides would also be presented, allowing the immune system to recognize and kill the infected cell. Worn out proteins within the cell become ubiquitinated, marking them for proteasome degradation. Proteasomes break the protein up into peptides that include some around nine amino acids long (suitable for fitting within the peptide binding cleft of MHC class I molecules). Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), a protein that spans the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, transports the peptides into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Also within the rough ER, a series of chaperone proteins, including calnexin, calreticulin, ERp57, and Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) facilitates the proper folding of class I MHC and its association with β2 microglobulin. The partially folded MHC class I molecule then interacts with TAP via tapasin (the complete complex also contains calreticulin and Erp57 and, in mice, calnexin). Once the peptide is transported into the ER lumen it binds to the cleft of the awaiting MHC class I molecule, stabilizing the MHC and allowing it to be transported to the cell surface by the golgi apparatus.

The exogenous pathway
The exogenous pathway is utilized by specialized antigen-presenting cells to present peptides derived from proteins that the cell has endocytosed. The peptides are presented on MHC class II molecules. Proteins are endocytosed and degraded by acid-dependent proteases in endosomes; this process takes about an hour.

The nascent MHC class II protein in the rough ER has its peptide-binding cleft blocked by Ii (the invariant chain; a trimer) to prevent it from binding cellular peptides or peptides from the endogenous pathway. The invariant chain also facilitates MHC class II's export from the ER in a vesicle. This fuses with a late endosome containing the endocytosed, degraded proteins. The invariant chain is then broken down in stages, leaving only a small fragment called "Class II-associated invariant chain peptide" (CLIP) which still blocks the peptide binding cleft. An MHC class II-like structure, HLA-DM, removes CLIP and replaces it with a peptide from the endosome. The stable MHC class-II is then presented on the cell surface.

Cross-presentation processing
In Cross-presentation, peptides derived from extracellular proteins are presented in the context of MHC class I. The cell starts off with the exogenous pathways but diverts the antigens (cytosolic diversion) to the endogenous pathway. This can allow the cell to skip the parts of the endogenous pathway that involve synthesis of antigens from the antigenic genes with cellular machinery upon infection, because the endogenous pathway can involve infection before being able to present antigens with MHC I, and cross-presentation saves them the effort needed for that and allows the professional antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) to process and present antigens without getting infected, which does not tend to happen to dendritic cells and is quite common scenario of antigen-processing using the endogenous pathway. Not all antigen-presenting cells utilize cross-presentation.

Viral evasion of antigen processing
Certain species in the Cytolomegavirus family can cause the infected cell to produce proteins like US2, 3, 6, and/or 11. US11 and US2 mislead MHC I to the cytoplasm; US3 inhibits the transportation of MHC I in the ER (a part of the endogenous pathway and cross-presentation); US6 blocks peptide transportation by TAP to MHC I.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits phagosome-endosome fusion, thus avoiding being destroyed by the harsh environment of the phagosome. ICP47 from some herpesvirus block transport of the peptide by TAP. U21 from some human herpesvirus 7 binds and targets certain MHC I molecules for lysosomal degradation. E19 from some adenoviruses block the movement of MHC I to the proper locations for the endogenous pathway.

Nef from some HIV strains enhance the movement of MHC molecules back into the cytoplasm, preventing them from presenting antigens.

The role of Langerhans' dendritic cells in antigen processing
Langerhans' cells are particular type of dendritic cells present in non lymphoid tissues together with interstitial cells. When these cells (in an immature state) come in contact with antigenic cells or disease causing viruses etc. these cells produce an inflammatory stimulus and start antigen processing and move toward lymph nodes where these APCs present antigen to mature T lymphocytes.

T-dependent antigen – Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies. T-independent antigen – Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.

B-cell activation with B-T cell interactions
Lymphocytes are one of the five kinds of white blood cells or leukocytes, circulating in the blood. Although mature lymphocytes all look pretty much alike, they are diverse in their functions. The most abundant lymphocytes are:
 * B lymphocytes (often simply called B cells)
 * T lymphocytes (likewise called T cells)

B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The precursors of T cells are also produced in the bone marrow but leave the bone marrow and mature in the thymus (which accounts for their designation). Each B cell and T cell is specific for a particular antigen, which simply means that each of these cells is able to bind to a particular molecular structure (such as an antigen). The specificity of binding resides in a specific receptor for antigen: the B-cell receptor (BCR) and the T-cell receptor (TCR) for B and T cells, respectively. Both BCRs and TCRs share these properties:
 * They are integral membrane proteins.
 * They are present in thousands of identical copies exposed at the cell surface.
 * They are made before the cell ever encounters an antigen.
 * They are encoded by genes assembled by the recombination of segments of DNA.

How antigen receptor diversity is generated
Each receptor has a unique binding site. This site binds to a portion of the antigen called an antigenic determinant or epitope. The binding, like that between an enzyme and its substrate, depends on complementarity of the surface of the receptor and the surface of the epitope and occurs mainly by non-covalent forces. Successful binding of the antigen receptor to the epitope, if accompanied by additional signals, results in:
 * 1) Stimulation of the cell to leave G0 and enter the cell cycle.
 * 2) Repeated mitosis leads to the development of a clone of cells bearing the same antigen receptor; that is, a clone of cells of the identical specificity. BCRs and TCRs differ in:
 * their structure
 * the genes that encode them
 * the type of epitope to which they bind

B cells
BCRs bind intact antigens (like diphtheria toxoid, the protein introduced in the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine). These may be soluble molecules present in the extracellular fluid; or intact molecules that the B cell plucks from the surface of antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells. The bound antigen molecules are engulfed into the B cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The antigen is digested into peptide fragments by various proteasomes and is then displayed at the cell surface attached along with a class II histocompatibility molecule. Helper T cells specific for this structure (i.e., with complementary TCRs) bind this B cell and secrete lymphokines that:
 * 1) Stimulate the B cell to enter the cell cycle
 * 2) The B cell undergoes repeated mitotic cell division, resulting in a clone of cells with identical BCRs;
 * 3) The B cells switch from synthesizing their BCRs as integral membrane proteins to a soluble version;
 * 4) The clonal cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete these soluble BCRs, which we now call antibodies

T cells
There are two types of T cells that differ in their TCR:
 * 1) alpha/beta (αβ) T cells: Their TCR is a heterodimer of an alpha chain with a beta chain. Each chain has a variable (V) region and a constant (C) region. The V regions each contain 3 hypervariable regions that make up the antigen-binding site.
 * 2) gamma/delta (γδ) T cells: Their TCR is also a heterodimer of a gamma chain paired with a delta chain. They show characteristics of both innate immune response and acquired immune response; hence, regarded as the bridging between the two immune systems.

The discussion that follows now concerns alpha/beta T cells. The TCR (of αβ T-cells) binds a bimolecular complex displayed at the surface of some other cells called an antigen-presenting cell (APC). This complex consists of: a fragment of an antigen lying within the groove of a histocompatibility molecule. The complex has been compared to a "hot dog in a bun".

title: Antigen processing


text:
Community Service II

Community Service II is the second collaboration album from The Crystal Method, and features remixes from The Crystal Method and other Nu skool breaks artists.

Track listing

 * 1) The Crystal Method - Intro – 1:38
 * 2) PMT - Gyromancer (Elite Force Mix) – 4:14
 * 3) Elite Force - Ghetto Fabulous – 5:30
 * 4) Hyper - Come With Me – 5:02
 * 5) The Doors - Roadhouse Blues (The Crystal Method vs. The Doors) – 4:57
 * 6) Evil Nine - We Have The Energy – 5:00
 * 7) Dylan Rhymes feat. Katherine Ellis - Salty (Meat Katie Mix) – 5:36
 * 8) The Crystal Method - Keep Hope Alive (J.D.S Mix) – 5:44
 * 9) Koma + Bones - Speedfreak – 2:39
 * 10) The Crystal Method feat. Kevin Beber - Kalifornia – 4:25
 * 11) Überzone - Octopus – 2:42
 * 12) UNKLE feat. Ian Brown - Reign (False Prophet Mix) – 6:38
 * 13) The Crystal Method - Starting Over (Elite Force Mix) – 4:40
 * 14) The Crystal Method - Bound Too Long (Hyper Mix) – 5:24
 * 15) New Order - Bizarre Love Triangle (The Crystal Method's CSII Mix) – 5:32
 * 16) Smashing Pumpkins - 1979 (New Originals 1799 Remix) – 6:57

CSII Exclusives EP
At approximately the same time as the release of the album, the CSII Exclusives EP was released in a digital-only format, exclusively on the iTunes Store. The EP contained an additional track, "Bad Ass", as well as the full-length, unmixed versions of tracks 8, 10, 13, and 14.

Track listing

 * 1) "Badass" – 5:23
 * 2) "Bound Too Long (Hyper Mix)" – 7:07
 * 3) "Kalifornia" – 5:39
 * 4) "Keep Hope Alive (JDS Mix)" – 7:46
 * 5) "Starting Over (Elite Force Mix)" – 8:05

Personnel

 * Chris Allen – Mixing
 * Tom Beaufoy – Producer
 * Marvin Beaver – Producer, Remixing
 * Kevin Beber – Producer, Mixing
 * Richard Bishop – Management
 * SuzAnn Brantner – Management
 * Ian Brown – Vocals
 * Will Brunner – Producer, Remixing
 * Luke Bullen – Drums
 * The Crystal Method – Producer, Remixing, Mastering, Mixing
 * Elite Force – Producer, Remixing
 * Mike Eller – Artwork
 * Katy Ellis – Producer
 * Richard File – Synthesizer, Programming
 * Richard Flack – Synthesizer, Programming
 * Antony Genn – Piano, Keyboards
 * Ginny Hatfield – Producer
 * Hyper – Producer, Remixing
 * Ken Jordan – Producer, Mixing, Group Member
 * Scott Kirkland – Producer, Mixing, Group Member
 * Maura Lanahan – Photography
 * The London Session Orchestra
 * Will Malone – Conductor, String Arrangements
 * Mani – Bass
 * Julian Napolitano – Producer, Remixing
 * Chris Olmos – Production Assistant
 * P. Pardy – Producer
 * Darren Pearce – Producer, Remixing
 * Mark Pember – Producer, Remixing
 * Psycho Pab – Synthesizer, Programming
 * Rahzel – Vocals
 * Ronnie – Producer, Remixing
 * J.A. Ross – Producer
 * Jude "Proteus" Sabastian – Engineer
 * Damian Taylor – Synthesizer, Programming
 * Hanifah Walidah – Vocals
 * Gavyn Wright – Orchestra Leader

title: Community Service II


text:
Frank Conroy (author)

Frank Conroy (January 15, 1936 – April 6, 2005) was an American author. He published five books, including the highly acclaimed memoir Stop-Time. Published in 1967, this ultimately made Conroy a noted figure in the literary world. The book was nominated for the National Book Award.

Early life and education
Frank Conroy was born on January 15, 1936, in New York, New York, to an American father and a Danish mother. Conroy graduated from Haverford College, and was director of the influential Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa for 18 years, from 1987 until 2005, where he was also F. Wendell Miller Professor. He was previously the director of the literature program at the National Endowment for the Arts from 1982 to 1987.

Writing
Conroy's published works include the memoir Stop-Time (1967); a collection of short stories, Midair (1985); a novel, Body and Soul (1993), which is regarded as one of the finest evocations of the experience of being a musician; a collection of essays and commentaries, Dogs Bark, but the Caravan Rolls On: Observations Then and Now (2002); and a travelogue, Time and Tide: A Walk Through Nantucket (2004). His fiction and nonfiction have appeared in such journals as The New Yorker, Esquire, GQ, Harper's Magazine, Glamour, Parenting, and Partisan Review. He was named a Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government.

Jazz piano
In addition to writing, Conroy was an accomplished jazz pianist, winning a Grammy Award in 1986 for liner notes. His book Dogs Bark, But the Caravan Rolls On: Observations Then and Now includes articles that describe jamming with Charles Mingus and with Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman. The latter session occurred when Conroy was writing about the Rolling Stones for Esquire. Conroy had arrived at a mansion for the interview, found nobody there, and eventually sat down at a grand piano and began to play. Someone wandered in, sat down at the drums, and joined in with accomplished jazz drumming; then a fine jazz bassist joined in. They turned out to be Watts and Wyman, whom Conroy did not recognize until they introduced themselves after the session.

Death and recognition
Conroy died of colon cancer on April 6, 2005, in Iowa City, Iowa, at the age of 69. The Frank Conroy Reading Room in the Dey House, the home of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, was named in his honor.

Conroy is the subject of Mentor: A Memoir by Tom Grimes, his former student at the Iowa Writers Workshop and longtime friend.

title: Frank Conroy (author)


text:
Thomas Gage (botanist)

Sir Thomas Gage, 7th Baronet, of Hengrave (1781 – 27 December 1820, in Rome) was an English botanist from Rokewode-Gage baronets. The woodland flower Gagea is named in his honour.

He married Mary-Anne Browne, the daughter of Valentine Browne, 1st Earl of Kenmare.

His marble gravestone in the Church of the Gesù had an inscription stating that he lived for 38 years, 8 months and 25 days.

In his herbarium he had various plant specimens including Iris subbiflora.

title: Thomas Gage (botanist)


text:
Low poly

Low poly is a polygon mesh in 3D computer graphics that has a relatively small number of polygons. Low poly meshes occur in real-time applications (e.g. games) as contrast with high-poly meshes in animated movies and special effects of the same era. The term low poly is used in both a technical and a descriptive sense; the number of polygons in a mesh is an important factor to optimize for performance but can give an undesirable appearance to the resulting graphics.

Derived from 3D objects with a low polygon content is low poly art, a minimalistic and non-photorealistic art style in which images or figures are created from a network of just a few connected points.

Necessity for low poly meshes
Polygon meshes are one of the major methods of modelling a 3D object for display by a computer. Polygons can, in theory, have any number of sides but are commonly broken down into triangles for display. In general the more triangles in a mesh the more detailed the object is, but the more computationally intensive it is to display. In order to decrease render times (i.e. increase frame rate) the number of triangles in the scene must be reduced, by using low poly meshes.

Computer graphics techniques such as normal and bump mapping have been designed to compensate for the decrease of polygons by making a low poly object appear to contain more detail than it does. This is done by altering the shading of polygons to contain internal detail which is not in the mesh.

Polygon budget
A combination of the game engine or rendering method and the computer being used defines the polygon budget; the number of polygons which can appear in a scene and still be rendered at an acceptable frame rate. Therefore, the use of low poly meshes are mostly confined to computer games and other software a user must manipulate 3D objects in real time because processing power is limited to that of a typical personal computer or games console and the frame rate must be high. Computer generated imagery, for example, for films or still images have a higher polygon budget because rendering does not need to be done in real-time, which requires higher frame rates. In addition, computer processing power in these situations is typically less limited, often using a large network of computers or what is known as a render farm. Each frame can take hours to create, despite the enormous computer power involved. A common example of the difference this makes is full motion video sequences in computer games which, because they can be pre-rendered, look much smoother than the games themselves.

Aesthetic
Models that are said to be low poly often appear blocky and simple while still maintaining the basic shape of what they are meant to represent. With computer graphics getting more powerful, it has become increasingly computationally cheap to render low poly graphics. Some artists use the resulting low-detail from a low polygon count as an aesthetic rather than as an optimization technique. They are often used by indie developers due to being faster and cheaper to create. In addition, there is an element of nostalgia to low poly styles, hearkening to older video game consoles such as the Nintendo 64 or the PlayStation. Since they often achieve a certain retro style, serving as a 3-Dimensional analog to the 2-Dimensional pixel art.

Low poly as a relative term
There is no defined threshold for a mesh to be low poly; low poly is always a relative term and depends on (amongst other factors):

 * The time the meshes were designed and for what hardware
 * The detail required in the final mesh
 * The shape and properties of the object in question

As computing power inevitably increases, the number of polygons that can be used increases too. For example, Super Mario 64 would be considered low poly today, but was considered a stunning achievement when it was released in 1996. Similarly, in 2018, using hundreds of polygons on a leaf in the background of a scene would be considered high poly, but using that many polygons on the main character would be considered low poly. In this way, there is a relativism between the importance of objects and their graphical quality. More important objects such as Non-player characters usually contain a higher amount of detail than less important objects, which are often small or in the background, like a blade of grass. This relativism is subverted when low-poly is used as an intentional aesthetic style: every object shares the simplicity that a low number of polygons brings, making the distinction between important features and unimportant features less clear.

Emergence as an aesthetic style
Low poly graphics emerged around late 2013 as a specific style when content creators began to redefine the difference between high-poly and low-poly. Instead of using a low number of polygons as a necessity, creators like Timothy J. Reynolds recognized how the usage of fewer polygons sharpens the focus on essential artistic elements like form, lighting, and texture. The emergence of the style is somewhat similar to earlier artistic movements where artists like Paul Cézanne tried to decompose objects into geometric shapes. The low poly style seeks to highlight the idea that the world can be represented by a composition of shapes, which makes it a self aware style that is intentionally vague.

In video games
Video game graphics from the fifth generation of video game consoles, during which some of the first consoles capable of rendering 3D graphics were released, used low poly modeling due to technological limitations. As graphics and console rendering power improved however, the vast majority of video games moved on to more realistic graphics with higher polygon counts, though low poly models are still frequently used for smaller, less-detailed objects that are not intended to be focused on.

The use of low poly graphics as a unique art direction in video games emerged around the late 2000s or early-to-mid 2010s. The oldest game on the popular game distribution service Steam with the tag "low poly" is Mirror Moon EP, a space-themed exploration game with an emphasis on the low poly style, which was released in September 2013. In 2014, Richard Whitelock published Into this Wylde Abyss, a short, story driven survival game with a similarly low poly style. Since then, the number of low poly games has expanded quickly; from 2014 to 2018, there were 244 titles published on Steam using the low poly tag.

Use in video games
Although it has gained some traction in the art world, low poly is a much more established style in video games, most commonly indie games, since it gives the game fairly unique visuals and less-demanding graphics while also reducing development time. It is also sometimes used in tandem with visual or graphical effects to evoke or directly imitate video game graphics from the fifth generation of video game consoles.

Some of the most notable low poly games released since the late-2010s include Superhot, Necropolis, Grow Up, Totally Accurate Battle Simulator, Totally Accurate Battlegrounds, Ravenfield, and BattleBit Remastered.

Low poly meshes in physics engines
Physics engines have presented a new role for low poly meshes. Simpler meshes allow for less complex collision detection calculations where extra detail would be unnecessary.

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Huygens Software

Huygens software refers to different multiplatform microscope image processing packages from Scientific Volume Imaging, made for restoring 2D and 3D microscopy images or time series and analyzing and visualizing them.

The restoration is based on different deconvolution algorithms, that permit the recovery of objects from images that are degraded by blurring and noise. In microscopy the blurring is largely due to diffraction limited imaging by the instrument; the noise is usually photon noise.

The scientific visualization of 3D volume data is based on the simulated fluorescence process algorithm (SFP), but isosurfaces and maximum intensity projections are also used for object analysis and colocalization.

Huygens software is named after the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens who is perhaps best known for his argument that light behaves like waves. Since wave diffraction plays a key role in the Huygens Software, it was named after him.

title: Huygens Software