text: Category:120s BC births

title: Category:120s BC births


text:
User talk:Me me me me me

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! jni 16:17, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Me me me me me


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Howard Bettany

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:17, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Howard Bettany
This is unencyclopedic trash, apparently written by someone who needs to think more about what it means to kill people. It had a VfD tag on it before, but didn't get its own page, just added to Votes for deletion/James Ballance near the end of that "debate", so I can't argue that there was consensus to delete this one as well. CDC  (talk)  16:14, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Googling on "Howard Bettany" + "sniper" returns nothing. FreplySpang (talk) 17:27, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The 'godfather of all sniping techniques'? No he isn't, snipers go back to at least the American War of Independence. Average Earthman 20:29, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trash! --Neigel von Teighen 20:30, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ditto.  -- Mwanner 21:46, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * if anything, redir to sniper, but I'd rather see it deleted BigFatDave 23:16, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 01:57, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. DDerby 03:36, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:130s BC births

title: Category:130s BC births


text:
Quddus

Quddus (Quddūs قدوس) is one of the names of God in Islam, meaning "The Most Holy". It may also serve as a name, typically in construct form with "abd". See:

 * Abdul Quddus, Male theophoric given name
 * Ruhul Quddus (disambiguation), Male theophoric given name
 * Quddus (TV personality) (born 1980), Canadian television personality

People

 * Quddús (1820–1849), title of the most prominent disciple of the Báb
 * Quddus Fielea (born 1967), Tongan rugby union footballer
 * Quddus Khojamyarov (1918–1994), Uyghur Kazakhstani composer and musical performer
 * Quddus Mirza (born 1961), Pakistani artist and critic
 * Quddus Muhammadiy (1907–1997), Uzbek writer
 * Shahrukh Quddus (born 1996), Kuwaiti cricketer
 * S. Mohammad Quddus Zaman (born 1960), Bangladeshi High Court justice

title: Quddus


text: Category:140s BC births

title: Category:140s BC births


text:
User talk:YAZASHI

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!--Theo F 16:15, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:YAZASHI


text:
User talk:Vanished user svinet8j3ogifm98wjfgoi3tjosfg/oldtalk2

=Talk from 7 January 2005 to 15 April 2005=

Roy Bourgeois
Can you PLEASE help me with this article, add some info, review &c. Thanks Edwin 08:26, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Mormon
Hi. Thanks for editing Mormon. I unfortunately think your recent edits muddy the waters further rather than clarifying, since there is no connection between Mormons and Quakers. The addition of the nuance you added makes it possibly appear that otherwise the groups are the same. Would you consider reverting? Tom Haws 19:41, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, Micahmn. My concern is that once we start listing differences, where do we stop? Do we say, Mormons were polygamists (and some still are), but Q & M never were, Mormons have new scripture, but M & M don't. Q & M are trinitarians, but Mormons generally are not. It could get ugly. Isn't it better to avoid mentioning any specifics at all other than "Mormons and Q & M are all distinct." Tom Haws 20:58, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

A rewrite! Cool. Have at 'er and I will do my best to support your boldness. Tom Haws 16:45, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

ECWI edits
Hey thanks. This wiki thingy is cool ;-) TShilo12 08:40, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Excellent work!
For your great contributions to Wikipedia, I award you these three barnstars. Display them proudly; you've earned them! It is a rare privilege to receive such honor. Keep up the good work, and more recognition will surely come! Rad Racer | Talk 00:40, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I assume this is in response to my barnstar bashing on my user page. Anyway, I said that before I got these well-deserved barnstars. Now that I'm drunk with power, I'm going to print out these barnstars and pin all three of them to my jacket, and wear them proudly for years to come! Does this give me the power to distribute them to others like candy? Are they like indulgances that I can sell? Sadly, I see barnstars as more like an STI than a badge of honor. Thanks anyway. MicahMN | Talk 03:32, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Special Barnstar
This barnstar is awarded for your great wildcard"ness". EdwinHJ | Talk 04:16, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

User:PhilEssex
Hi Micah, I reverted a couple edits by User:PhilEssex that appeared to be vandalism to me. If they are not, or you know him and don't mind his edits, let me know and I'll stop. Thanks! — Knowledge Seeker দ 00:56, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No problem; I'm glad to help. As you've listed User:EdwinHJ as a friend, I assume his edits are welcome. Happy editing! — Knowledge Seeker দ 01:28, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You're welcome
You're welcome. Academic Challenger has warned him. If he does it again he'll be blocked, and if he is not please let me know as I'll block him myself. -JCarriker 04:55, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Micah, I've removed vandalism from User:PhilEssex on this page. EdwinHJ | Talk 19:16, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Copyright
I found out that Minnesota government images are in fact not public domain (so secondarily I need to delete the template/image tag Template:PD-MNGov under which e.g. Image:Amy_klobuchar.jpg is placed.) If you can find another image tag under which to put this, it would help a lot - thanks! Schissel : bowl listen 03:49, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Regarding Fair use - I'll think about it, I assume you've read or at least taken a look at Fair use which is (probably more or less) for WP's purposes the guideline here? Or contact owner of website/copyright of image/...? Schissel : bowl listen 05:11, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

PromoPhoto: *looks at the template* I'd go with it, then of course seek permission or seek fair use exemption of course... *nod* Thanks! Schissel : bowl listen 12:21, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

CoJ
No problem. Thanks for the heads up. Meelar (talk) 05:30, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Titanic Movie Leo Kate Kiss.jpg
Well I was just concerned that it was a pretty clear picture and obviously not just a smudgy video capture (believe it or not, for copyright reasons, that worried me!) I asked User:Quadell, who does a lot of image sleuthing and often maintains IfD, and his response was that this kind of still is assumed to be fair use. I'm happy. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 10:05, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, my point was actually that it looked to grainy to be a (good) copy of a production still, but rather it was probably a screen capture. MicahMN | Talk 16:12, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Giannis Skopelitis

Giannis Skopelitis (Greek: Γιάννης Σκοπελίτης; born 2 March 1978) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Portsmouth
Skopelitis joined FA Premier League club Portsmouth on 28 January 2005 from Egaleo FC for a fee of £1 million, as a replacement for Amady Faye, who had been sold to Newcastle United. However, it later transpired that the transfer deal was structured as a year's loan with an initial fee of around £300,000 with the remaining £700,000 being paid if the club desired to keep the player after this period.

Skopelitis made his debut for Pompey as a 73rd-minute substitute for Ricardo Fuller in a 2-1 home win over Middlesbrough. Coincidentally, he had already faced Middlesbrough in 2004-05 when facing them for Egaleo in the UEFA Cup.

Having reached the end of his trial period for Portsmouth at the turn of the new year 2006, Skopelitis had made only a few substitute appearances, failing to impress, and returned to Egaleo.

Greece and Cyprus
Skopelitis has played for Egaleo F.C. and Atromitos F.C. in the Greek Super League.

Skopelitis joined Anorthosis Famagusta FC in the 2007-08 season. He left the Cypriot club due to personal problems and transferred for a year to Atromitos F.C.. In the 2008-09 season Skopelitis transferred back to Anorthosis, and in the same year played with them in the UEFA Champions League group stage, and was made captain.

On 3 July 2013, Skopelitis and Anorthosis decided (for the 3rd time) for a mutual contract termination. On 6 July, Skopelitis returned to Larnaca, signing a one-year contract.

title: Giannis Skopelitis


text: Template:User el

title: Template:User el


text: Category:150s BC births

title: Category:150s BC births


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A55RGY

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mackensen (talk) 04:44, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A55RGY
Delete. I'm hard pressed to see the encyclopedic value here. Despite the fact that this number plate has been mentioned on the Internet, no less. -- Egil 16:16, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OTOH, we do have Dick Assman; is A55RGY less noteworthy, and if so, is it enough to be deleted? Acb 16:55, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If anyone thinks it's funny enough, it could go to BJAODN.  And yes, I think it's fair to say the A55RGY is considerably less noteworthy than Dick Assman (though I'd have nothing against moving it to BJAODN, too). -- Mwanner 21:28, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. Dsmdgold 01:46, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 01:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, i live in Sweden and have still heard about it. // Liftarn 07:32, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with last paragraph of License plate, which discusses this type of issue, and redirect A55RGY there. / Uppland 07:40, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, agree with Uppland.-gadfium 00:45, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - very not notable. It is an example of something and not something in itself. -  Tεx  τ  urε  22:27, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. Stupid enough to keep. Linuxbeak 01:58, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A55RGY


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Talk:Numerical weather prediction

Possible merger
The information from this page needs to be merged with another recently created Numerical Weather Prediction page

Numerical Weather Prediction

 * Done. nick 15:42, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Mayhap the technique of inserting 'bogus' data' to fill in the gaps left by observations should be briefly mentioned...although I'm not really sure if it's relevant enough to be inserted...anywho...Dr Denim 12:38, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Eta vs NAM
Please revert back to the 10 Jan 06 version. The North American Mesoscale (NAM) run at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is not a model, it's a placeholder. Currently the model designated as the NAM is the Eta model. Some time in the second quarter of CY06 NCEP will begin running the NMM-WRF as the NAM.

Incidentally, the Global Forecast System (GFS) is also a placeholder. Currently the AVN model is designated as the GFS, but if NCEP ever replaces the AVN model with a global version of WRF, or any other model, it will still be designated as the GFS.

If the article is ever to go to GAC...
...it needs inline citations. Thegreatdr (talk) 19:18, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Global models (list)
Both this article and the "Atmospheric model" article contain a section "Global models" which is a list of models. Theses are similar but look to have diverged a little. Not nice. So I suggest that this list be maintained in just one article (not both), and that the other article contains a cross-reference (e.g. wikilink) to that first article. If that is the right way to go, my guess is that this (NWP) article might be the better home, as some models are (presumably) more than just atmospheric. Feline Hymnic (talk) 23:30, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If there is no difference between the Atmospheric model article and this article, the better idea would be to suggest their merger, making Atmospheric model a redirect to this article. That would require a vote amongst the editors, and some time.  Thegreatdr (talk) 23:35, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * But aren't they different (although overlapping) topics? "Atmospheric model" is, presumably, just about the atmosphere, whereas NWP is more general and would include other coupled systems (e.g. oceans), wouldn't it? So wouldn't it be better to keep them separate (although well-defined, and well-focussed on their respective primary topics)? Feline Hymnic (talk) 23:53, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * That would certainly be easier. If kept separate, the list of forecast models could disappear from this article.  Thegreatdr (talk) 00:00, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Progress so far
We're down to two sections which remain reference-less, and a few other passages which need refs. Some external links likely need to be weeded out. Other than a little more content, significant progress has been made improving this article during this past week, and I can see GAN on the horizon. Thegreatdr (talk) 18:49, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * For the initialization section, do we need to write about individual objective analysis techniques, such as successive correction, optimal interpolation, or the 3D/4D variational assimilation methods? Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 20:50, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * For FA, maybe. For GA, probably not.  Really, all that stuff should be gone into detail within the article about objective analysis techniques (if wikipedia has one).  Thegreatdr (talk) 20:56, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, wikipedia does not have an objective analysis article. There is definitely room for one as a subarticle to this article, as well as any article while requires mention of providing initializations for computer programs.  Barnes interpolation is the closest article I could find which addresses this issue.  Thegreatdr (talk) 23:52, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

For the citation looked for in the lead, we already have a reference for it below (Cox). Did you want another ref placed up there as well? Thegreatdr (talk) 20:58, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh, I didn't see that one. I don't think that an additional citation in the lede is necessary. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 21:23, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Referencing for the current content of this article is finally done (I think). Whenever we are comfortable with its content, we should be able to GAN it.  Thegreatdr (talk) 01:10, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm happy with it. One question, though: How much history of climate models should we mention here? We have a Global climate model, and I'm not sure how much should go here instead of there. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 02:13, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * This is the parent article of that one. A simple summary should suffice, an additional line or two.  We already have one line about it.  It actually may not be a bad idea to mention air quality models too, if the info could be found.  I don't think hydological modeling has reached this point...though last I heard, it's on the cusp of it. Thegreatdr (talk) 06:04, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * But are the latter two really "weather" models? They are fluid dynamics models, certainly, but those seem too far detached from weather forecasting to be in this article, IMO. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 06:25, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I expanded the Domains section with a small discussion of vertical coordinates, but now it probably needs a picture. Not sure what picture though. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 06:27, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I made subsections for air quality, climate, and tropical cyclone modeling limited area models. Air quality is directly related/influenced by weather and nowadays (in the US) run off NAM model output, so there's no harm in adding information about its history, so I did so.  Hydrology is affected much of the time by past weather conditions as much as current soil conditions and increasingly forecast rainfall.  I'll hold off on including hydrological modeling, although I can imagine someone asking why it's not included in here during a GAN or FAC run; I wouldn't know how to argue well against its inclusion.  Added some clarification in a couple spots, because the article was leaving certain information assumed, such as pressure decreasing with height making sigma/pressure a natural vertical coordinate.  I feel like we should clarify barotropic model slightly better, but am not sure how.  The domain section does not necessarily have to have an image, though if we chose it, for balance, we would likely need to show an image of LAM/regional model output.  Thegreatdr (talk) 17:05, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Well the way I see it is that those are affected by the weather, more than they affect the weather. Of course, more input would be welcome but I'm not sure anyone else is watching the talk page at the moment… :/ Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 17:58, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe an article on the quasi-geostrophic vorticity equation? Or would that be too technical? Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 17:59, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Considering what the physics project contributes to wikipedia, there's no such thing as too technical. There's never any harm in a new subarticle.  =)  Should we go ahead and GAN this article now?  There seems to be a week or so backlog at the present, so we'd still have time to make changes.  I'm not sure we'd get more input until the article is reviewed in some form as it is. Thegreatdr (talk) 18:07, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Suggestion: the picture File:NAM 500 MB.PNG at the top is almost indecipherable; massive information overload for the beginner! Even worse, it took me ages to see even which part of the world it is (I suspect, as a foreigner, I might see North America in very pale outline somewhere under there), let alone interpret any data on it. How about something from ECMWF such as, copyright permitting? Feline Hymnic (talk) 18:29, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I believe that's the biggest problem with ECMWF images...copyright. I swapped it out for an image which was previously further down the article, which might be better suited within the lead.  Thegreatdr (talk) 15:26, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Jan 2011 GAN
I'm setting up this section as a drop-box for comments about the article, so that those with more knowledge can pick them up, assess them and act (or not) upon them.
 * "The first successful numerical prediction was performed in 1950 by..." What does "successful" mean in this context?  In whose view was this "successful" (and by implication, previous ones failures")? Feline Hymnic (talk) 18:39, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Richardson's forecast is generally considered to be a failure, and Charney's forecast to be the first reasonable forecast. See Refs. 2, 3, 7, 9 for more details. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 19:03, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * "barotropic vorticity equation". "Barotropic" is linked. Good. "Vorticity equation" feels like it ought to be linked.  But to what? There are articles "vorticity equation", which has a little human-oriented (as distinct from mathematician-oriented) text and also "barotropic vorticity equation" which looks less human-oriented, but presumably closer to the actual topic. Feline Hymnic (talk) 18:47, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I fixed the wikilink for barotropic vorticity equation, per your comment. You're right though...the subarticle needs more general description itself.  I think by successful it is meant that it is the first computationally sound run of a forecast model, not that it verified.  Tito can correct me on this if I've misunderstood.  Thegreatdr (talk) 19:01, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It was the first sound model (as in it didn't explode and produce 145 mb pressure changes :P) and it also sort of verified. There were some errors in areas of high baroclinicity but the general evolution of the flow seemed well-forecast for its time. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 19:05, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Lead mentions limitations on predictions: observations (etc.) and the PDEs. But isn't there discussion amongst researchers about "hydrostatic assumption" (or something like that) being a limitation? Feline Hymnic (talk) 19:08, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Doc can correct me on this one, but what I understand is that hydrostatic balance is generally assumed in global models to make them less computationally expensive, and it is not assumed in mesoscale models. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 19:10, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Years ago, I believe this was true. I don't think neglecting latent heat processes is assumed in any models (global or otherwise) nowadays, hence talk of "convective and gridscale feedback" in the GFS, Canadian, and NAM models.  I do believe that the mesoscale, limited area, regional models were the first to throw purely adiabatic assumptions out (meaning no addition of heat into the system from any source, whether it be the sun or convection) during the 1990s due to their focus on convection.  Besides, computational power increased to the point that this assumption no longer needed to be made, as far as I understand it.  I also don't believe that hydrostatic balance is assumed in the guidance anymore.  I made some changes to the barotropic vorticity equation subarticle to explain what those assumptions would mean to the real atmosphere.  I hope it is understandable.  Thegreatdr (talk) 19:22, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * There are three consecutive headings, all at the same level: "Climate models", "Limited area models" and "Ensemble models". But there's some orthogonality here (and, I suspect, at least one missing item), isn't there?  If "L.a. model" is a heading then shouldn't GCM (in either guise of "General circulation model" or "Global climate model") also be present as an equal heading, in a sort of "in contrast to..." way of thinking?  And, in similar fashion, isn't "Ensemble model" likewise an "in contrast to..." something else? Feline Hymnic (talk) 19:17, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The ensemble model would be in contrast with a deterministic model (which are most of the models mentioned in the large first subsection) Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 19:19, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps my added subheadings are confusing the matter. I wanted to present that section in a logical order.  First came models which were poorly resolved due to simplified equations per the lack of computational power.  As the models became global in scope, climate models were developed.  Once global models were run on a regular basis with increasing resolution, regional/limited area models were run at even higher resolution.  Would eliminating the subheaders avoid this confusion?  Thegreatdr (talk) 19:31, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It's fairly chronological, so I like it. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 19:38, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * And I just saw you removed them. It's ok with me either way. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 19:41, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I introduced them in order to try to provide some structure to the article while we were editing. If we kept those headers, we'd likely need another header for the initial model developments, and probably a summary section above that in order to remain consistent.  They really aren't needed, and the initial summary forced by another header would produce more duplication within the text of the article, so I got rid of the headers.  This did not change the current organization of that section.  Thegreatdr (talk) 19:46, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * [outdent] Personally I like the principle of including subheadings. The issue I was trying (in my own clumsy way) to identify was that there were at least two strands running through, but that they didn't seem to be clearly identified or de-lineated: namely a strand of scale (limited area vs.climate) and a strand of type (single deterministic vs. ensemble). My vote is think about identifying those strands (any others?), structuring the article by mentioning them more explicitly, and using headings to help us apply and maintain that structure. Feline Hymnic (talk) 20:15, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I've readded the subheaders per your recent comments. Thegreatdr (talk) 15:30, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * "Edward Epstein recognized in 1969 that the atmosphere could not be described only with a deterministic forecast...". Could a met. person please read that sentence very carefully, and try to be a non-met person whilst doing so?  Is the word "only" in the correct place, or is there a better place for it?  What term is the "only" qualifying? Feline Hymnic (talk) 19:30, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Bad English on my part. Only should be "completely". Fixing. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 19:31, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Tried to fix it up further. All a deterministic forecast run describes is a run of a forecast model at its full resolution.  Reworded the sentence to be more comprehensible to the lay reader.  Thegreatdr (talk) 19:38, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * "...processed by data assimilation and objective analysis methods..." and "...equations are initialized from the analysis data...". Am I right in thinking that the word "analysis" has a special technical meaning in NWP?  If so, does it need describing or defining? Feline Hymnic (talk) 20:45, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * "...locations usable by the model's mathematical algorithms (usually an evenly spaced grid)...". As a lay reader, I can understand "evenly spaced grid" for a small enough region that can be approximated by a flat-land. But what about as that scales up to a sphere? The lay reader may wonder how such a grid is constructed; it won't be latitude and longitude, but what is it? And are there different types of grid?  Model-dependent?  Finite vs. spectral?  Feline Hymnic (talk) 20:51, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * How does the grid handle the convergence of meridians at the poles? Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 22:13, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Indeed. The previous version said "usually an evenly spaced grid". The recent edit says "usually a grid spaced by latitude, longitude, and elevation".  (Let's leave aside elevation here.) If it is long+lat it certainly can't be evenly-spaced across the globe, can it?  And yet, wouldn't a reasonable model have some evenness of spacing.  Is the commonly used grid (or grids?) rectilinear near the equator and if so what happens as one approaches the poles?  Or are different grids (tessellations?) used?  Something triangular-ish?  Or hexagonal-ish like a soccer ball? Or...? Feline Hymnic (talk) 22:57, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I've added wiklinks (and a ref) for the two types of global model grids used, geodesic and icosahedral. Hopefully these articles which help explain it better.  Evenly spaced grids on most guidance can only be said along latitude lines/parallels.  Thegreatdr (talk) 15:21, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * [outdent] Pardon my ignorance but I'm still confused on the "evenly spaced" thing with the current sentence "The grid used for global models is geodesic or icosahedral, which is spaced by latitude, longitude, ...". It seems there are two fundamentally different types of gridding:
 * something with even-spacing characteristics over the whole globe (geodesic and icosahedral seem to fit that idea)
 * something based on lat./long. which would have very different characteristics at the equator (wide-spaced long.) and poles (long. spacing tending to zero)
 * To me, those two types seem very different from each other. Am I missing something obvious? (Perhaps some models use an evenly-spaced geodesic grid, while others use an uneven lat./long. grid?) Feline Hymnic (talk) 23:43, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Technically, none of the guidance is on an evenly spaced grid, which is why it is good that you made your initial comment. The boxes are narrower near the pole than they are near the equator.  It shows up this way in our workstations at work.  Whether you're talking geodesic of icosahedral grid, this will be true.  Your initial impression that the grid was not evenly spaced was correct.  The latitude lines are evenly spaced from the equator to the pole.  The longitude lines converge at the poles, so they get smaller east-west with increasing latitude.  Thegreatdr (talk) 02:57, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I've just been glancing through some of this discussion ("Global models (list)") above from a year ago, where we drew the distinction between NWP and "atmospheric model", mentioning that NWP includes other things, of which one example would involve ocean coupling. But checking the article as it currently stands, only one mention, and a passing one at that, is made of this topic. Isn't a little more needed about the influence of the ocean on the atmosphere and to introduce the topic of modelling this also? Feline Hymnic (talk) 22:51, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The history section now talks about the development of ocean wave models, and the initialization section talks about the inclusion of sea ice and sea surface temperature within the model guidance. Thegreatdr (talk) 16:28, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
 * In the history section: "Using a hydrostatic variation of Bjerknes's primitive equations, In his book, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process, Richardson produced...". That doesn't look right. But I don't know what was intended or what it should say.
 * Richardson described his predictive scheme in WPNP, and it was based on the primitive equations described by Bjerknes. He also employed the hydrostatic balance approximation we discussed previously. It probably needs clarifying somehow. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 21:45, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * So do you mean something like "Using a hydrostatic variation of Bjerknes's primitive equations, Richardson produced..."? (What I've done there is simply chop out the phrase "In his book, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process" (which also incorrectly had a capital "In".) Having done that reduction, you may then want to pad it up a bit (if necessary, if the existing citations in the sentences are insufficient). Feline Hymnic (talk) 22:21, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * That should work. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 22:37, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * [outdent] Someone left a comment on my own talk page: "...Why does it say that the first attempts were in the 1920s, and then go on to mention Richardson's work, which he did during the First World War? Something's no right." I don't know the history or meteorology enough to comment on this. The article doesn't actually mention the first world war, but might he have made an earlier attempt to do this during the war (i.e. before the 1920s)? Feline Hymnic (talk) 23:29, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Richardson started work on WPNP during WWI, but did not publish the book until 1922. So the answer depends on when you say the attempt was being made: At the time of calculation, or at the time of publication. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 04:52, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Somebody added a request for clarification of the singular vector/bred vector ensemble error probability distributions. I added those to differentiate the two models, but the differences between the two approaches are rather beyond the scope of an introductory article, and venture well into "hell if I know" territory for almost everybody but numerical analysts. Would it be better to remove that bit? Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 06:42, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that would be better placed within the article on ensembles, if we have one. Thegreatdr (talk) 10:43, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Rather than either/or, how about both/and?
 * Leave the text almost as it is, but try to find suitable wikilinks (I've just done the vector breeding one, and, incidentally, the "Mathematics" wikiproject agreed to my suggestion about renaming that article). At least the passing reference here alerts folk to the principle that there are different ways of doing the modeling.
 * Let a future article on ensembles go into more detail. Feline Hymnic (talk) 11:45, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

Do not like the recent revision, in separating out the sea ice and SSTs into their own tiny sections. First off, those section aren't likely to grow from their current tiny size, which would prevent GANing and FACing. Secondly, they are initialized in global atmospheric models, climate models, and likely ocean modeling, so why not keep them somewhere above the subsections since they apply to all of models mentioned (except maybe air quality)? I've gone ahead and reverted the edit. Thegreatdr (talk) 20:59, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Look at you, coordinating across projects. Well done.  =)  Good job on finding the bred vectors article.  When I searched for vector breeding, I couldn't find it.  Per your recent coordination, and some additional thinking, I've added the physics (fluid dynamics) and math projects to the talk page, since both are relevant here.  Thegreatdr (talk) 15:49, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, fair enough! (Hence my comment in my edit summary when I did that.) Feline Hymnic (talk) 21:17, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I've been reflecting a little more on this, and bear in mind that I am a not a meteorologist at all. I suspect that there is still something that needs clarifying in the article. In my earlier edit (attempt to move sea-ice and SST out of section "initialization" and into section "modelling") I was probably assuming that a model run would be treating those items as variables that would themselves evolve through the run of the model.  But I suspect what you're saying is that an initial state for them is fixed, and that they are assumed to remain constant throughout the run.  (In practice they'll change slowly, but do models take the pragmatic approach that any such change can be ignored during a run?  Are they something vaguely like boundary conditions in (what little I remember of) some differential equations?)  Might the article benefit from distinguishing (probably) three things: (1) what items evolve (the usual atmospheric state stuff) (2) what items are assumed to remain constant (perhaps sea-ice, SST?) (3) the information of how initial data is assimilated at the start of a run.  Or something like that.  Feline Hymnic (talk) 10:50, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Will have to look this up, but within Atmospheric models when sea ice and SST were originally used for initialization, it was originally climatology. Then it became observed fields that didn't change through the forecast runs.  I'm not sure this is true anymore, though.  With increased computational power comes more possibilities for these fields to be forecast like the atmospheric fields.  In global climate models, SSTs and sea ice would have to be forecast with GCMs, because the fields change markedly through the year, and for them to be able to forecast ENSO state and global warming, they couldn't keep them stagnant or tied to climatology.  Tropical cyclone models would need to have SSTs as a forecast field due to upwelling caused by stalled/stationary systems.  Will have to check into Atmospheric models though.  Thegreatdr (talk) 13:23, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It took a while to find using several different combinations of search terms, but so far it looks like the GFS and Navy NOGAPS global models produce SST forecasts within the short range period (out 84 hours). If they are forecasting this variable, the Canadian, UKMET, and ECMWF likely do as well.  I did find that NCEP produces a sea ice model for Alaska, which runs through 384 hours, and has since the late 1990s.  Thegreatdr (talk) 21:10, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

What's left?
So what is left to do before a GAN/FAC run? Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 04:46, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't know. I think we responded to Feline's useful input.  Bitewise, we've quadrupled the size of the article since we began.  I significantly improved one of the subarticles, sea surface temperature, over the weekend, and tried to make the barotropic model wikilink/subarticle more understandable.  We could probably safely GAN this now.  Any other input?  Thegreatdr (talk) 09:50, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I posted the GAN. I think that we could probably try our luck at FAC as soon as the GAN is complete, assuming everything goes well. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 00:21, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * look at that spike Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 09:56, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

I've reviewed the article for GAN. In addition to my comments, be sure you address the above comments by Feline. --♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 04:21, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

So we have the green plus sign
Do we go for the bronze star? Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 02:15, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * We could. I wish others from the project would have helped out.  Oh well.  Did you want to go through a peer review first, or is that unnecessary?  Thegreatdr (talk) 23:25, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Just a quick note of congratulations to Thegreatdr and Titoxd for achieving this. Good stuff! Feline Hymnic (talk) 23:36, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Random to-do's

 * A reviewer in the FAC asked for links to prognostic chart and spaghetti diagram. While the first one probably doesn't have enough content to have a separate article, the second one could be made into a stub with a picture rather easily. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 19:51, 13 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. Thegreatdr (talk) 00:09, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Question about a sentence in the lead
The following sentence in the lead raises some questions in my mind:
 * ...the chaotic nature of the partial differential equations that govern the atmosphere...

First, the use of the word 'govern' here seems odd. I would think that the equations model the behavior of the atmosphere, rather than govern it. Second, are the equations themselves chaotic, or is it the fact that any small imprecision in the input causes a chaotic variation in the output? Thank you.—RJH (talk) 20:16, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * You're right, govern was inappropriate there. Otherwise, both issues you mention cause the errors within forecast guidance to grow with time...initial uncertainty and the solutions from the partial differential equations, where various assumptions are made.  Some studies indicate that with increasing resolution, the "assumptions" made in the forecast guidance (the statistically-based model parameterizations) also introduce increasing amounts of error.  Thegreatdr (talk) 20:25, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict) Well, in respect to the first point, "governing equations" in engineering and science is the term used to describe the model used to simulate some process. That should probably be reworded since it's a bit jargony. As for chaos, it's both: the second part (infinitesimal imprecisions in the input resulting in large, finite changes in the output) is essentially the definition of a chaotic process, so the equations themselves are said to be chaotic. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 20:26, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, thank you.—RJH (talk) 20:43, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * "Governing equations" is correct; see e.g.. Also it is indeed the chaotic nature of the coupled equations that causes error in the initial conditions to grow. The system is chaotic regardless of the magnitude of the initial error. Short Brigade Harvester Boris (talk) 21:07, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

FA promotion
Congratulations! Good work! Nageh (talk) 17:21, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

How is a cool, interactive, timeline of the exact article linkspam? I was going to donate this technology to Wikipedia. Granted, this article doesn't have a lot of dates in it. I am not running any ads on this page, it just displays the article in a unique way. Jroehl (talk) 01:58, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The link you were posting does not even mention anything about numerical weather prediction. It's a general timeline about U.S. history. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 02:01, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Titoxd,

The link I posted was:

http://wikitimelines.net/?tl=ECL6A1A2X&todo=showtl

And I even tested it, and it came up correctly. The timeline about U.S. history is the default timeline if no parameters are passed in the URL. I dont know how you got the wrong timeline. And thanks for your informative and speedy reply Titoxd. Jroehl (talk) 02:10, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Just the US History here, too. Nageh (talk) 13:17, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Does wikipedia strip off parameters passed in a URL when it is an external link such as the following:

http://wikitimelines.net?tl=ECL6A1A2X&todo=showtl

Something seems to be inserting a "/" before the question mark when the page is rendered such as:

http://wikitimelines.net/?tl=ECL6A1A2X&todo=showtl

Which nullifies the parameters and brings up the default timeline, which is the history of the United states. I cant figure that out. Jroehl (talk) 15:10, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Never mind, the URL is:

http://wikitimelines.net/tl3.fwx?tl=ECL6A1A2X&todo=showtl

I shouldnt be working this early in the morning. I am making stupid mistakes. Jroehl (talk) 15:23, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

And yet...
It is impossible to solve these equations exactly, and small errors grow with time (doubling about every five days).

And yet we can predict to a tenth of a degree the temperature in 80 or 90 years. Imagine that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.250.206.199 (talk) 04:58, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The temperature in 80 or 90 years is a matter of climate, which can, in some respects, be interpreted more accurately decades in advance than weather can be predicted 24 hours out. The weather is different from city to city, usually street to street, and very often from house to house; it tells us things like the transient temperature, weather conditions at a specific point (whether it's raining, snowing, overcast, clear, etc). Climate is much more broad, and isn't so much a matter of trying to pinpoint where it'll rain next as looking back in the past, figuring out what's going on now, and (largely) extrapolating it well into the future. Juliancolton (talk) 13:10, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

the pic on the right
"height or pressure" you mean "height AND pressure" right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Odarcan (talk • contribs) 21:56, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Numerical modeling
Milutin Milanković should be mentioned in this article because he initiated numerical modeling of the climate.--Свифт (talk) 09:21, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

Data assimilation?
I understand that data assimilation is a major component of NWP. But contrast the state of this NWP article (very good) and the DA article (distinctly less good). Could some of the NWP-knowledgable editors turn their attention to the DA article, please? Feline Hymnic (talk) 00:19, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Older definition of weather prediction
/there are some semantic issues though/

The probability of the occurrence of a weather phenomenon (e.g. precipitation) is the expected value (of that phenomenon occurring) of a large number of virtual outcomes, for certain periods of time (quanta of time) and the amount of a specific measurable effect of that weather phenomenon (over a threshold) over each unit of time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.84.222.127 (talk) 19:27, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

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WP:URFA/2020

 * Numerous unsourced statements, including an entire section
 * Grammatical errors throughout
 * References are outdated in some areas
 * Some sections are in need of an update material/coverage-wise as well
 * Surely something has happened since the 1990s that can be added to the history section
 * I see plenty of new scholarly sources out about this topic

I am listing this article at WP:FARGIVEN due to its numerous issues. Noah Talk 23:01, 4 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Likely copyright violation detected. Needs further checks. Noah Talk 23:05, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Numerical weather prediction


text: Category:160s BC births

title: Category:160s BC births


text: Category:170s BC births

title: Category:170s BC births


text:
Talk:For He's a Jolly Good Fellow

"Which nobody can deny"? Is that the American version? Here in Britain, the usual line is "And so say all of us."
 * Yes, in the US it's pretty much always sung with "deny." Fool4jesus (talk) 15:57, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

And occasionally other words are substituted for "fellow."... -- Smjg 16:18, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Can you add this information to the article as "regional variants"?  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 17:05, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I edited the article to make reference to the differing version. -- Longhair | Talk 20:28, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Can anyone confirm that the song is American in origin? Which is the older variant, the (chiefly American) "...nobody can deny" or the (chiefly British/Commonwealth) "...so say all of us"? Enquiring minds want to know! —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 06:17, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

I suppose the French translation is a joke, probably as well as the other translations. A popular song when celbrating someone is "Il (elle) est vraiment phénoménal..." which I heard or sang possibly dozens of times, but I never heard the translation of the jolly good fellow. Maybe British students sing it during trips in France, it wouldn't make it a French song...
 * The Brazilian Portuguese version was ok. It's used mainly in dubbling/subtiles of USAmerican films. -- 200.100.252.17 09:09, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

In the lyrics, there is a "pause" after "fellow." Maybe it should be called a fermata, especially if the note is sustained when singing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.184.171.245 (talk) 19:05, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

American (?) Lyrics
The "nobody can deny" line is not an Americanism. It is found, among others, in James Joyce's "The Dead". I'm  Jack (Lumber) and I approve this message. 00:51, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I added reimprove section since the claim that these are regional variations is not cited and is not commonly known, if true. Quark1005 (talk) 01:22, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

American and british song?
Is their some sort of race to claim the world and its culture going on here on wikipedia that emotionally and mentally healthy people aren't aware of? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.40.178.252 (talk) 22:19, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * More likely is that at some point the article had "... is a British song..." and someone added "American", or the other way round. Anyway, the fix is simple. :) Shreevatsa (talk) 00:14, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Finding more and better citations
Places to find info about "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow":

This article could definitely use improvement.  Sharktopus  talk 14:06, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Pop culture uses
The list needs to be trimmed, and I just deleted some examples that were randomly placed in sections like "See Also" and "References". The song has potentially been performed thousands of times and we don't need to list them all. The one I added, from iCarly, is an example of one that should be kept because the context of its use is as part of a plot point because Happy Birthday wasn't public domain and this is stated on screen as the reason for singing Jolly Good Fellow. 70.72.223.215 (talk) 14:01, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Pause length
Really needs a citation because the assertion is demonstrably false. If the first part is sung without pause, it's 8 measures long, a very standard metrical grouping. This suggests that only a fermata is indicated. 2602:306:CC83:FE0:B95D:ACCA:CE10:882C (talk) 23:19, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

Irish version
Can someone confirm that the Irish version is correct? It looks to be the same as the British one with "sunsé" in place of "so say". A cursory search for "sunsé" hasn't turned up any definition that would fit the context. As there's no citation, I might delete it if nobody objects. Z57N (talk) 23:59, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

"Gay Fellow" in general and "For they are jolly gay fellows" in particular
In James Joyce's The Dead, the group sing, "For they are jolly gay fellows," presumably to the same tune. Does anyone know if this was Joyce's invention? Did the use of "gay" instead of good exist elsewhere, before or since? Czrisher (talk) 14:37, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:For He's a Jolly Good Fellow


text: Category:180s BC births

title: Category:180s BC births


text:
Fremington, Devon

Fremington is a large village, civil parish and former manor in North Devon, England, the historic centre of which is situated 3 mi west of Barnstaple. The village lies between the south bank of the tidal estuary of the River Taw and a small inlet of that river known as Fremington Pill. The parish is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Heanton Punchardon, Ashford, West Pilton, Barnstaple, Tawstock, Horwood, Lovacott and Newton Tracey, and Instow.

Fremington Quay was formerly a port on the River Taw, 1 / 2 mi north of the village centre. Fremington was formerly a borough which sent members to Parliament in the reign of King Edward III (1327–77). The parish includes the neighbouring former hamlets (greatly expanded in the 20th century) of Bickington to the east and Yelland to the west. It has many public woodland and even coastal walks.

Fremington, Bickington and Yelland, all on the B3223 main road from Barnstaple to Instow have, according to Hoskins (1959), been spoilt by almost uninterrupted ribbon-building to provide housing for commuters to Barnstaple, but some old houses survive near the parish church.

History
Fremington hundred was one of the 32 historic hundreds of Devon. Owing to its quay and right to hold certain fairs or markets, it was briefly a borough that sent members to Parliament in the reign of Edward III.

The manor of Fremington was held by the Acland family of Barnstaple, a junior branch of the Acland Baronets of Killerton in Devon and Holnicote in Somerset, which originated in the 12th century at the estate of Acland, Landkey in North Devon, and which by the 19th century was one of the largest landowners in the Southwest of England. It passed to Richard II who granted it to his half-brother John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon. Following Holland's execution in January 1400 for his rebellion against Henry IV, who had usurped the throne from Richard, the keeping of the manor of Fremington was given in May 1400 to John Stourton (died 1438) of Preston Plucknett in Somerset, 7 times MP for Somerset, together with William Yerde, MP.

Demography
The population of Fremington, according to the census of 1801, was 875. This number increased gradually in the forty years to 1841, to 1,326 however the rate of increase slowed during the next 10 years and coinciding with the arrival of the railway fell from 1,351 in 1851 to 1,194 in 1901 and slightly lower in 1931. Population growth resumed after World War II and saw more than a doubling between 1961 and 2011, to 4,310 people. Data for 1801–1961 is available at Britain Through Time. The 2001 and 2011 Censuses give detailed information about the village.

The 1848 Samuel Lewis national survey shows the parish had 6810 acres, of which 999 acres were waste or common land.

The number of dwellings in the village was relatively static between the first Ordnance Survey series in the 1880s until World War II. Fremington has since multiplied in population. By 2001, the population of the village (rather than the parish) was approximately 4,250.

Fremington Manor

The large early Georgian red-brick mansion known as Fremington Manor, situated 50 metres east of St Peter's Church, and clearly visible from the main road, is the former manor house built by Richard II Acland (1679–1729), MP for Barnstaple 1708–13. It was re-modelled in the 19th century by his eventual heirs the Arundell-Yeo family, who added a bow window which displays on three large terracotta relief panels the arms of Acland, Barbor and Yeo quartering Arundell.

Between 1943 and 1945 Fremington Manor and grounds was used by the US army as "Fremington Training Camp", a hospital and rehabilitation centre. On the departure of the US Army in 1945, the house and grounds were used by the British Army as the "School of Combined Operations", commanded by an admiral. In the late 1950s it was used by amphibious squadrons of the Royal Army Service Corps and Royal Corps of Transport. The mansion house served as the officers mess of 18 Company (Amphibian). In the 1970s it served as an army training camp. In 1980 Fremington Manor was sold by the army and became a nursing home. The army camp, which occupied about 50 acre of land, remained, but closed on 1 October 2009 when it was no longer economically viable to keep open, as it was hardly used outside the summer months.

Clay works
Fremington is famous for "Fishley Pottery", made by the family of that name in the Combrew area, examples of which are in the collection of the Museum of Barnstaple and North Devon. Excellent, stone-free clay pits (now mainly worked out) exist in the eastern half of the parish and were also owned by Brannam Pottery and used for their "Barum Ware". The clay may have formed in varve lakes, near an ice deposit which lay over Fremington during the Last Glacial Maximum or previous glaciations such as the Anglian (MIS12) or the Wolstonian glaciation (MIS6) Unusually, glacial deposits are found here in the county of Devon. Two patches of boulder clay lie over the centre of the parish's bedrock. The next nearest boulder clay deposits are in the Gower Peninsula, South Wales, approximately 45 mi due north of Fremington across the Bristol Channel. The nearest deposit of boulder clay in England is in the central Cotswolds, 6 mi due east of Bourton-on-the-Water and approximately 140 mi north-east of Fremington. The existence of the boulder clay is puzzling as the southernmost limit of the Devensian glaciation is believed to have been located over South Wales. There are few other signs of glaciation in North Devon to support an extension to a more southerly limit. It has been suggested that the surface covering was in some way attached to an ice-mass that drifted across the Bristol Channel and deposited the till over Fremington. However, this does not fully explain the presence of the nearly co-located varve clay beds.

Fremington Quay

Fremington Quay was once significant in the import and export of many goods. It had railway sidings, cranes, and other apparatus used for the export of ball clay and import of coal. Between the early to mid-twentieth century it was the busiest port (based on tonnage) between Bristol and Land's End. An abattoir was formerly located here. The quay has been redeveloped as an amenity facility with restaurant and provides wide views over the River Taw estuary. It has been a Conservation Area since 1996.

Transport
The A39 trunk road, which forms the main route to north-west Devon and north-east Cornwall, was diverted 2 mi south of the village in 1989, relieving the village of its annual summer traffic jams.

Fremington is served by Stagecoach Devon 21/21A – The North Devon Wave – Barnstaple – Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore, and Stagecoach Devon 5B – Barnstaple – Exeter.

Education
The West Fremington Presbyterian School for Boys was set up in 1873 by Presbyterian minister The Reverend William Morgan Topps with the assistance of his father, local landowner William Desmond Topps. The old school house was sold by Devon County Council in 1982 and converted to private dwelling. The school, that exists today as Fremington Community Primary & Nursery School, is near the centre of the post-war village expansion.

Culture
The Fremington great meat pie is described in a song included in Devon Tradition (Topic Records 12TS349), 1979. Sporting and open land facilities are provided by Fremington civil (administrative) parish council across all of the localities of the village, as well as having a village hall that may be hired by any of the residents of the whole parish. Allied is a Community Group who engage in charitable fundraising. The 1st Fremington Air Scouts group is also in the village.

Commercial premises
Fremington has two public houses, The Fox and the New Inn, situated almost next door to each other.

Little Bridge House in the village is a children's hospice run by Children's Hospice South West.

St Peter's Church

The parish church St Peter's was subject to thorough Victorian restoration in 1867 to the designs of the leading architect Sir George Gilbert Scott. The stone pulpit was buried during the Reformation and retains traces of its original colour. St Peter's medieval tower unusually is positioned at the east end of the church, to the north of the chancel.

Sport
A greyhound racing track was opened by the Barnstaple & District Greyhound Racing Club on 6 February 1937 at Tews Lane, Bickington. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and known as a flapping track, which was the nickname given to independent tracks. Racing over 340 yd and 400 yd continued for just two more years with winter breaks in 1937 and 1938.

Railway

The Tarka Trail cycle track (also part of the South West Coast Path), which follows the course of the railway from Barnstaple to Torrington, passes over Fremington Pill via the old London and South Western Railway iron bridge (railway line closed 1982; dismantled 1987) at Fremington Quay on the old Barnstaple to Torrington railtrack bed. The original railway was first planned in an Act of Parliament in 1838, and laid in 1846 connecting the Penhill with Barnstaple at a cost of £20 000. A number of boats are moored here (in the Pill). The 'Quay Cafe' is located here. Whilst rather charmingly built in the style of a railway station, it is not the original one which was located the other side of the Tarka Trail where an original platform still exists. Other features around the Pill include a couple of lime kilns, now thoroughly fenced off to prevent accidents. The station was one stop after the still active railway station of Barnstaple, to which Fremington is linked directly by the wide scenic path described instead.

Army camp
Fremington Army Camp was located here to be within easy marching distance (800 m) from the railway station at the Quay. The site was used by the US Army's 313th Station Hospital for post-D-Day rehabilitation, with room for 2,000 patients. It started receiving casualties on 20 July 1944.

It economically was complemented by the still current Marines and Air Force presence at Royal Marines Base Chivenor, 1 mi northwards on the opposite bank of the River Taw, and the Amphibious Trials and Training Unit of the Royal Marines at Arromanches Camp, Instow, 2 mi to the west. The camp was closed in autumn 2009 and between the years of 2015 and 2020 was redeveloped into the Riverside Park and Water's Edge estates.

title: Fremington, Devon


text:
User talk:AlistairMcMillan/Microsoft

Hi, I came across you and are you really part of Microsoft?

BTW - I always contribute to the MSN Spaces page here on Wikipedia. I have my own blog there (/members/Thorpe).

title: User talk:AlistairMcMillan/Microsoft


text:
Talk:The Chaos Theory

Needs No Longer Copyediting
The writing in this article is horrible. Someone who knows about this artist/album should rewrite this entry to be more comprehensible. If you need help, I can point out specific sentences and/or constructions that are problematic. I would fix it myself, but I am not familar enough with the subject of this entry to do it justice. Rangek 16:19, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)

You do not need knowledge of the subject to alter it's grammar and improve it, you dolt. Stop whinin' and pull down that stupid "copyediting" sign. You can do it...remove those so-called "grammar errors" which you percieve. I have done my part, and will have no part in this non-sense. But I accept the help, so point out the "problematic" sentences - It would amuse me. You seem to know alot about what's horrible writing and not, educate me. And that "someone", would be me.....you lazy bum.--OleMurder 18:27, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, here we go. I will fix it up the best I can and you can sheck to make sure I haven't lost any meaning, okay? Rangek 19:05, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)

It's check, not sheck. Anyways, I'm impressed. I'll get back to this article, and you, I may have a reward in back-hand for your efforts puttin' up with my naggin' bullshit and, well, you're both patient and tolerant I see. Well done - Short and professional-sounding.--OleMurder 19:12, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:JumpChaos.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:56, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done.  tomasz.  12:22, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Chaos Theory


text:
Lower Sackville, Nova Scotia

Lower Sackville is a suburban community of the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada.

History
Before European colonization in 1749, the Mi'kmaq lived in this area for thousands of years.

In August 1749, Captain John Gorham, acting on orders from Governor Edward Cornwallis to establish a military fort named Fort Sackville. (The community was named after George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville. ).

In the 1950s and 1960s it was a destination for Haligonians seeking entertainment at a drive-in cinema, a harness racing track (Sackville Downs), and an World War II bomber-plane ice cream parlour. Sackville Downs closed in 1986.

Lower Sackville experienced intensive suburban development from the 1970s onward due to new highway connections as well as a major development scheme by the Nova Scotia Housing Commission, later the Nova Scotia Department of Housing. Suburbanization contributed to a decline in agriculture in the community.

Before amalgamation into the Halifax Regional Municipality in 1996, Lower Sackville was an unincorporated part of Halifax County.

On 1 April 1996, Halifax County was dissolved and all of its places (cities, suburbs, towns, and villages) became communities of a single-tier municipality named Halifax Regional Municipality.

Today, Lower Sackville is a bedroom community of Halifax home to many established businesses, parks, and places of interest.

Geography
According to the 2013 Halifax Regional Municipality Urban Forest Master Plan, the community of Lower Sackville covers approximately 566 ha of land area.

Lower Sackville is east of Lucasville; north--north-east of Bedford; south-east of Middle Sackville; and south-west of Windsor Junction.

The community is located approximately 18 km from Downtown Dartmouth, approximately 27 km from Downtown Halifax, and approximately 25 km from Halifax Stanfield International Airport.

Districts of Lower Sackville
The following are the districts of Lower Sackville, their geographical location, and/or main road:

 * Cobequid - Upper half of Cobequid Road
 * Downtown - Upper half of Sackville Drive, close to Beaver Bank Road
 * East Sackville - First Lake Drive
 * Industrial Park - Lower half of Cobequid Road and Glendale Avenue
 * North Sackville - Stokil Drive and Armcrest
 * Olde Sackville - Old Sackville Road and Riverside Estates
 * Sackville Estates - Below Century Park, connected to Millwood
 * Seawood - Seawood Avenue
 * South Sackville - Between the lower half of Sackville Drive and Glendale Drive, also includes Chandler Peninsula
 * Stonemount - Stonemount Drive
 * Sunnyvale - Sunnyvale Crescent
 * West Sackville - Riverside Drive
 * Walker Area - Walker Avenue

Some neighbourhoods of Lower Sackville are also known by their tendency to use street names starting with the same letter:
 * "C" Section: Cavalier Dr, Cavendish Dr, Cartier Cres, Cabot Cres, Crimson Dr
 * "L" Section: Lennox Dr, Lumsden Cres, Lynville Dr, Lydgate Dr
 * "N" Section: Nordic Cres, Neilly Dr, Nappan Dr, Newcombe Dr, Nictaux Dr
 * "P" Section: Polara Dr, Polara Ct, Phoenix Cres
 * "Q" Section: Quaker Cres, Quinn Dr, Queens Ct
 * "R" Section: Rogers Dr, Rankin Dr, Riverside Dr, Rothesay Ct
 * "S" Section: Smokey Dr, Stokil Dr, Sampson Dr, Saratoga Dr, Saturn Dr, Spinner Cres, Sappire Cres

Other streets are named after the Fathers of Canadian confederation: Brown, Cartier, Chandler, Chapais, Cockburn, Coles, Dickie, Haviland, Howland, Johnson, Langevin, MacDougall, McGee, Mowat, Nelson, Pope, Shea, Steeves, Tache, Tilley, Tilloch, and Wilmot.

Parks and recreation
Arenas
 * Sackville Community Arena
 * Sackville Sports Stadium

Community centres
 * Acadia Centre
 * Kinsmen Community Centre
 * Sackville Heights Community Centre

Library
 * Sackville Public Library

Museums
 * Fultz House

Parks
 * Acadia Park
 * Sackville Lakes Provincial Park

Pools
 * Sackville Sports Stadium

Trails
 * Bedford-Sackville Connector

Demographics
The only demographic information that pertains to Lower Sackville is provided by Halifax Regional Council, and pertains to District 15 (Lower Sackville). District 15 (Lower Sackville) has 21,379 people living within its boundaries. However, the community itself does not have any recent demographic information.

Economy
Lower Sackville has experienced ribbon/strip-style commercial development along Trunk 1 since the 1960s. Current retail chains include Canadian Tire, Cleve's Sporting Goods, Dollarama, Giant Tiger, Sobeys, and Atlantic Superstore. There are numerous independent restaurants-and-retailers located in this area as well. Most of the restaurants in the area are of the fast food variety, as well as other establishments that serve various cuisines.

Transportation
The community is located northwest of the Halifax-Dartmouth urban core. Highway 101, Highway 102, Route 354, and Trunk 1 (called Sackville Drive within Lower Sackville) are highways that connect the community to the rest of the urban area, or beyond.

Lower Sackville is serviced by many Halifax Transit routes. The agency operates two transit terminals in the community: Cobequid Terminal in the south, and Sackville Terminal in the north.

Halifax Transit routes

 * Route 8 (Sackville)
 * Route 82 (First Lake)
 * Route 83 (Springfield)
 * Route 84 (Glendale)
 * Route 85 (Millwood)
 * Route 86 (Beaver Bank)
 * Route 87 (Sackville-Dartmouth)
 * Route 88 (Bedford Commons)
 * Route 93 (Bedford Highway)
 * Route 182 (First Lake Express)
 * Route 183 (Springfield Express)
 * Route 185 (Millwood Express)
 * Route 186 (Beaver Bank Express)

Education
Lower Sackville has nine schools including five elementary schools, three junior high schools, and one high school. They are all administered by the Halifax Regional Centre for Education.

Elementary schools
 * Caudle Park Elementary
 * Cavalier Drive School
 * Hillside Park Elementary
 * Smokey Drive Elementary
 * Sycamore Lane Elementary

Junior high schools
 * A.J. Smeltzer Junior High
 * Leslie Thomas Junior High
 * Sackville Heights Junior High

High schools
 * Sackville High School

Notable people

 * Charles Fenerty, inventor of newsprint made from wood pulp.
 * Corey LeRue, musician in Canadian Pop Band Neon Dreams.
 * Brad Marchand, NHL player for the Boston Bruins. (Originally from Lower Sackville but grew up in Upper Hammonds Plains, Nova Scotia)
 * Adrian Morris, musician in Canadian Pop Band Neon Dreams.
 * Nikki Payne, award-winning stand-up comedian and contestant on the 2006 edition of NBC television's reality show Last Comic Standing. Also, frequent juror on MuchMusic's show Video on Trial. She attended Millwood High School.
 * James Sheppard, NHL player for the New York Rangers.

title: Lower Sackville, Nova Scotia


text:
User:Metrovania

I have not brought anything of any real importance to Wikipedia so far; though I hope to do so in the future. (this will be extended when I have more to write about!)

title: User:Metrovania


text: Category:190s BC births

title: Category:190s BC births


text:
Hadeland Glassverk

Hadeland Glassverk is situated in Jevnaker, Akershus 40 km north of Oslo, at the southern tip of lake Randsfjorden.

History
The glass works was founded in 1762 on land belonging to the Mo estate. Production started in 1765. At the time Norway did not have the necessary skilled craftsmen, and these were recruited from abroad, principally from Germany. Initially production consisted mainly of bottles, chemists’ jars, medicine bottles and items of household glass. In 1852 Ole Chr. Berg took charge of the glass works, and the company underwent dramatic development. Production was redefined to consist of smaller crystal items and included everything from wine glasses to bowls, dishes and vases. During the 19th century the glassworks mainly copied designs from other European countries and in the 1920s it started developing its own designs.

Hadeland Glassverk is the oldest industrial company in Norway that can claim continuous operation since its foundation. In later years, however, parts of the production is done abroad, Even though 60% of the glass still remainds produced at HG. With its 140 employees the glass works today represents an industry undergoing constant development, with an increased focus on cost-effective production but also significant operations linked to the Visitor Centre. There is still a development section at the site and this, together with the option for visiting artists to make their own glasswork makes a thriving environment for innovative ideas.

A/S Hadeland Glassverk is currently a company within the CG Holding company, which includes business activities within industry, commodity trading, property and investment.

In May 2012, King Harald marked the 250th anniversary of Hadeland Glassverk.

title: Hadeland Glassverk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of arctic explorers

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (and move). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:31, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of arctic explorers
Redundant with List of explorers. Delete. If decision is to keep, should move to List of Arctic explorers. --194.73.130.132 16:21, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Delete list is currently sparse, incomplete, and redundant as pointed out. However moving to List of Arctic explorers would perhaps be inappropriate since it claims to list both Arctic and Antarctic explorers (since everyone on the list except Henry Hudson and Matthew Henson explored both to some extent). --Laura Scudder | Talk 17:41, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * merge to list of explorers BigFatDave 23:18, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep recently expanded list, but move to List of polar explorers
 * Vote by User:Shimmin

 * Move. I like the List of polar explorers idea. Sjakkalle 09:12, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to List of polar explorers. Megan1967 10:02, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:64.171.131.218

title: User talk:64.171.131.218


text:
User talk:Tmkyle3

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
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You have been blocked from editing for 24 hours for repeatedly removing ttemplates from Ed Valenti without doing the required work, despite warnings. See above for links to useful material concerning how Wikipedia works. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:16, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image tagging for File:Ed ginsu.jpg
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title: User talk:Tmkyle3


text:
Rhine Province

The Rhine Province (Rheinprovinz), also known as Rhenish Prussia (Rheinpreußen) or synonymous with the Rhineland (Rheinland), was the westernmost province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia, within the German Reich, from 1822 to 1945. It was created from the provinces of the Lower Rhine and Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Its capital was Koblenz and in 1939 it had 8 million inhabitants. The Province of Hohenzollern was militarily associated with the Oberpräsident of the Rhine Province. Also, for a short period of time, the Province of Hohenzollern was indirectly and de facto controlled by the Rhine Province.

The Rhine Province was bounded on the north by the Netherlands, on the east by the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and Hesse-Nassau, and the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the southeast by the Palatinate (a district of the Kingdom of Bavaria), on the south and southwest by Lorraine, and on the west by Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands.

The small exclave district of Wetzlar, wedged between the grand duchy states Hesse-Nassau and Hesse-Darmstadt was also part of the Rhine Province. The principality of Birkenfeld, on the other hand, was an enclave of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, a separate state of the German Empire.

In 1911, the extent of the province was 10423 km2; its extreme length, from north to south, was nearly 200 km, and its greatest breadth was just under 90 km. It included about 200 km of the course of the Rhine, which formed the eastern border of the province from Bingen to Koblenz, and then flows in a north-northwesterly direction inside the province, approximately following its eastern border. It is now part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, and Hesse.

Demographics
The population of the Rhine Province in 1905 was 6,435,778, including 4,472,058 Roman Catholics, 1,877,582 Protestants and 55,408 Jews. The left bank was predominantly Catholic, while on the right bank about half the population was Protestant. The great bulk of the population was ethnically German, although some villages and towns in the northern part (Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg) were more oriented toward the Netherlands. On the western and southern frontiers (especially in the Saarland) resided smaller French-speaking communities, while the industrial region of the Ruhr housed recent Polish migrants from the eastern provinces of the Empire.

The Rhine Province was the most densely populated part of Prussia, the general average being 617 persons per km2. The province contains a greater number of large towns than any other province in Prussia. Upwards of half, the population were supported by industrial and commercial pursuits, and barely a quarter by agriculture. There was the University of Bonn, and elementary education was especially successful.

Government
For purposes of administration the province was divided into the five districts (Regierungsbezirke) of Koblenz, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Aachen and Trier. Koblenz was the official capital, though Cologne was the largest and most important city. Being a frontier province, the Rhineland was strongly garrisoned, and the Rhine was guarded by the three strong fortresses of Cologne with Deutz, Koblenz with Ehrenbreitstein, and Wesel. The province sent 35 members to the German Reichstag and 62 to the Prussian House of Representatives.

Agriculture
Of the total area of the Rhine Province about 45% was occupied by arable land, 16% by meadows and pastures, and 31% by forests. Little except oats and potatoes could be raised on the high-lying plateaus in the south of the province, but the river-valleys and the northern lowlands were extremely fertile. The great bulk of the soil was in the hands of small proprietors, and this is alleged to have had the effect of somewhat retarding the progress of scientific agriculture. The usual cereal crops were, however, all grown with success, and tobacco, hops, flax, hemp and beetroot (for sugar) were cultivated for commercial purposes. Large quantities of fruit were also produced.

The vine-culture occupied a space of about 30000 acre, about half of which was in the valley of the Mosel, a third in that of the Rhine itself, and the rest mainly on the Nahe and the Ahr. In the hilly districts more than half the surface was sometimes occupied by forests, and large plantations of oak are formed for the use of the bark in tanning.

Considerable herds of cattle were reared on the rich pastures of the lower Rhine, but the number of sheep in the province was comparatively small, not greatly in excess of that of the goats. The wooded hills were well stocked with deer, and a stray wolf occasionally found its way from the forests of the Ardennes into those of the Hunsrück.

The salmon fishery of the Rhine was very productive, and trout abound in the mountain streams.

Mineral resources
The great mineral wealth of the Rhine Province furnished its most substantial claim to the title of the "richest jewel in the crown of Prussia".

Besides parts of the carboniferous measures of the Saar and the Ruhr, it also contains important deposits of coal near Aachen. Iron ore was found in abundance near Koblenz, the Bleiberg in the Eifel possessed an apparently inexhaustible supply of lead, and zinc was found near Cologne and Aachen. The mineral products of the district also included lignite, copper, manganese, vitriol, lime, gypsum, volcanic stones (used for millstones) and slates. By far the most important item was coal.

Of the numerous mineral springs, the best known were those of Aachen and Kreuznach.

Industries
The mineral resources of the Rhine Province, coupled with its favourable situation and the facilities of transit afforded by its great waterway, made it the most important manufacturing district in Germany.

The industry was mainly concentrated around two chief centres, Aachen and Düsseldorf (with the valley of the Wupper), while there were naturally few manufacturers in the hilly districts of the south or the marshy flats of the north. The largest iron and steel works were at Essen, Oberhausen, Duisburg, Düsseldorf and Cologne, while cutlery and other small metallic wares were extensively made at Solingen, Remscheid and Aachen.

The cloth of Aachen and the silk of Krefeld formed important articles of export. The chief industries of Elberfeld-Barmen and the valley of the Wupper was cotton-weaving, calico-printing and the manufacture of turkey red and other dyes. Linen was largely made at Mönchengladbach, leather at Malmedy, glass in the Saar district and beetroot sugar near Cologne.

Though the Rhineland was par excellence the country of the vine, beer was produced in quantities, distilleries were also numerous, and large quantities of sparkling Mosel wine were made at Koblenz, chiefly for exportation to Britain.

Commerce was greatly aided by the navigable rivers, a very extensive network of railways, and the excellent roads constructed during the French régime. The imports consist mainly of raw material for working up in the factories of the district, while the principal exports are coal, fruit, wine, dyes, cloth, silk and other manufactured articles of various descriptions.

History
In the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Prussia gained control of the duchies of Cleves, Berg, Gelderland and Jülich, the ecclesiastical principalities of Trier and Cologne, the free cities of Aachen and Cologne, and nearly one hundred small lordships and abbeys which would all be amalgamated into the new Prussian Rhine Province. In 1822 Prussia established the Rhine Province by joining the provinces of Lower Rhine and Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Its capital was Koblenz; it had 8.0 million inhabitants by 1939.

Popes Pius VIII (in 1830) and Gregory XVI (in 1833) raised concerns regarding the pastoral care of Catholics in the Upper Rhineland, both writing letters of concern to the local bishops.

Aftermath of World War I
Following the Armistice of 1918, Allied forces occupied the Rhineland as far east as the river with some small bridgeheads on the east bank at places like Cologne. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 the occupation was continued and the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission was set up to supervise affairs. The treaty specified three occupation zones, which were due to be evacuated by Allied troops five, ten and finally 15 years after the formal ratification of the treaty, which took place in 1920, thus the occupation was intended to last until 1935. Initially, 5 zones of Occupation of the Rhineland were established, but the American Forces handed over their zone in 1923, since they had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, to the French. The treaty also separated the Saar from the Province and administered by the League of Nations until a plebiscite in 1935, when the region was returned to Germany. In fact, the last Allied troops left Germany five years early, in 1930, in a goodwill reaction to the Weimar Republic's policy of reconciliation in the era of Gustav Stresemann and the Locarno Pact. Sections of the Rhineland, which had once belonged to the Habsburg Netherlands' Duchy of Limburg, were annexed by Belgium according to the Treaty of Versailles. The cantons of Eupen, Malmedy and Sankt Vith though (with the exception of Malmedy) German in culture and language, became the East Cantons of Belgium. Although a plebiscite was held in early 1920, it was not conducted as a secret ballot but required only those opposed to Belgian annexation to register their formal protest. Only a few did so because of the threat of a confiscation of ration cards. German is now the third official language of Belgium, along with French and Dutch (see German-Speaking Community of Belgium).

After the enlargement of the French occupation zone by the American withdrawal from the occupation (1919–1930), the French encouraged the establishment of an independent Rhenish Republic by banking on traditional anti-Prussian resentments in the history of the Palatinate. In the end, the separatists failed to gain any decisive support among the population since they were viewed as puppets of the French.

The Treaty of Versailles also specified the demilitarization of the entire area to provide a buffer between Germany on one side and France, Belgium and Luxembourg (and, to a lesser extent, the Netherlands) on the other side, which meant that no German forces were allowed there after the Allied forces had withdrawn. Furthermore, quite unbearably from the German perspective, the treaty entitled the Allies to reoccupy the Rhineland at their will if the Allies unilaterally found the German side responsible for any violation of the treaty.

In 1932 Wetzlar (Landkreis Wetzlar), formerly an exclave of the Rhine Province situated between Hesse-Nassau and the People's State of Hesse, was transferred to Hesse-Nassau.

Nazi period
In the last free German federal election in March 1933, two of the four parliamentary districts of the Rhine Province (Cologne-Aachen and Koblenz-Trier) were the only districts in Germany in which the Nazi Party did not win the plurality of votes.

In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the spirit of the Locarno Pact, Nazi Germany remilitarized the Rhineland on Saturday, March 7, 1936. The occupation was done with very little military force, the troops entered on tractors and no effort was made to stop it during the Western appeasement of Hitler) even though the French had an overwhelming force nearby. France did not act because of its political instability, and since the remilitarization occurred during a weekend, the British government could not find out or discuss actions to be taken until the following Monday. As a result, the governments were inclined to see the remilitarization as a fait accompli.

Adolf Hitler took a risk when he sent his troops to the Rhineland. He told them to "turn back and not to resist" if they were stopped by the French Army. The French, however, did not try to stop them because they were about to hold legislative elections, President Albert Lebrun did not want to start an unpopular war against Germany and French intelligence greatly overestimated the number of German troops.

The British government did not oppose the remilitarization in principle, and Lord Lothian famously stated that "the Germans are after all only going into their own back garden". However, the British government rejected the Nazi manner of accomplishing the act, which they had been willing to concede by negotiations with Germany. Winston Churchill advocated military action by co-operation by the British and the French but did not demand war over the issue.

The remilitarization of the Rhineland was supported by most of the local population because of a resurgence of German nationalism and the bitterness that had been harboured over the Allied occupation of the Rhineland until 1930 and Saarland until 1935.

A side effect of the French occupations was the offspring of French soldiers and German women. Those children, who were seen as the continuing French pollution of German culture, were shunned by the broader German society and were known as Rhineland Bastards. Children fathered by French colonial or American troops of African ancestry were especially despised and became targets of Nazi sterilisation programmes in the 1930s. The American poet Charles Bukowski was born in 1920 in Andernach as the son of a German mother and an American soldier, who served in the occupation troops.

1944–1945 military campaigns
Two different military campaigns were fought in the Rhineland. The first operation of the campaign was the Allied Operation Market Garden that sought to allow the Second British Army to advance past the northern flank of the Siegfried Line and enter the Ruhr industrial area. After the failure of that operation for five months, from September 1944 until February 1945, the First United States Army fought a costly battle to capture the Hürtgen Forest. The heavily forested and ravined terrain of the Hürtgen negated Allied combined arms advantages (close air support, armor, artillery) and favoured German defenders. The U.S. Army lost 24,000 troops. The military necessity of their sacrifice has been debated by military historians.

In early 1945, after a long winter stalemate, military operations by most Allied armies in Northwest Europe resumed with the goal of reaching the Rhine. From their winter positions in The Netherlands, the First Canadian Army under General Henry Crerar reinforced by elements of the British Second Army under General Miles Dempsey, drove through the Rhineland beginning in the first week of February 1945. Operation Veritable lasted several weeks, resulting in the clearance of all German forces from the west side of the Rhine river. The supporting operation by the US Ninth Army, Operation Grenade, was planned to coincide from the River Roer, in the south. This was delayed for two weeks, however, by German flooding of the Roer valley.

On March 7, 1945, a company of armoured infantry of the U.S. 9th Armored Division captured the last intact bridge over the Rhine at Remagen. General George Patton's Third US Army also made a crossing of the river the day before the much anticipated Rhine crossings by the 21st Army Group (First Canadian Army and the British Second Army) under Field Marshal Montgomery in the third week of March 1945. Operation Varsity was a massive airborne operation in conjunction with Operation Plunder, the amphibious crossings. By early April, the Rhine had been crossed by all the Allied armies operating west of the river, and the battles for the Rhineland were over.

In the official histories of the British and Canadian armies, the term Rhineland refers only to fighting west of the river in February and March 1945, with subsequent operations on the river and to the east known as "Rhine Crossing". Both terms are official Battle Honours in the Commonwealth forces.

End of the province
Following the unconditional surrender of Germany in 1945, the Rhineland was split between the French and British Occupation Zones.

The Rhineland and the other Prussian provinces were abolished in 1946 and the Abolition of Prussia in 1947 formally ended Prussia's existence as a state. The territory of the former province was incorporated into three different states of the new Federal Republic of Germany. The northern part of the province, under British administration, was merged with the former province of Westphalia to form North Rhine-Westphalia. Most of the southern portion, which was under French administration, was merged with the Palatinate (previously an exclave of Bavaria) and various other territories to form Rhineland-Palatinate. The French organised the Saarland as a separate protectorate on 16 February 1946 and it eventually joined the Federal Republic as a separate state in 1957.

Within North Rhine-Westphalia, the Landschaftsverband Rheinland (LVR), which was established in 1953 as regional council, still holds considerable administrative power and can be regarded as a direct successor of the Rhine Province administration. There is no equivalent successor in Rhineland-Palatinate or Saarland.

title: Rhine Province


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Heliocles II

Heliocles II Dicaeus (Greek: Ἡλιοκλῆς Δίκαιος; epithet means "the just") is thought to have been one of the later Indo-Greek kings and a relative of the Bactrian king Heliocles I. Current scholarly consensus is that he ruled ca 95–80 BC.

Heliocles II seems to have been engaged in a series of wars with Strato I in Gandhara and Punjab; the two share several mintmarks and Heliocles II overstruck many of his coins. During this period, a number of kings fought for hegemony in the Indo-Greek territories. Some of them were likely supported by nomad Saka rulers such as Maues.

Genealogy
Heliocles II used a reverse of standing Zeus, who was a common deity among the later Indo-Greek kings. J. Jakobsson sees Heliocles as the son of the important king Antialcidas Nikephoros (whose type was sitting Zeus) and perhaps the grandson of Heliocles I.

He goes on to suggest that Heliocles was the older brother of the king Archebius Nikephoros Dikaios, who seems to have succeeded Heliocles II in Gandhara (perhaps after his death from disease; Heliocles I looks emaciated on his later portraits). Archebius uses a very similar reverse and combines the epithets of Heliocles II and Antialcidas; in addition, their coin portraits are similar, with hooked noses and fierce expressions.

R.C. Senior has instead suggested a connection with Demetrius III, who used a similar reverse of standing Zeus.

Coins of Heliocles II
Heliocles II issued Indian silver with portrait (diademed, helmeted or spear-throwing) / standing Zeus and bronzes with bearded diademed portrait (Heliocles or Zeus) / elephant.

It is uncertain whether he struck Attic coins. A number of posthumous coins for Heliocles I have been found in Bactria; possibly some of these may have been struck by Heliocles II, though there are no similar monograms.

Overstrikes
The existence of numerous overstrikes helps locate the reign of Heliocles II in relation to other Indo-Greek kings. Heliocles overstruck coins of Agathokleia, Strato I, and Hermaeus. Conversely, Amyntas overstruck coins of Heliocles II. These overstrikes suggest that Heliocles II reigned around 95–85 BC and was a contemporary of Amyntas and Hermaeus

title: Heliocles II


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Is this really appropriate to have in this article? I've removed it for now.

title: Talk:West Side