text:
Richard Griffiths

Richard Thomas Griffiths (31 July 1947 – 28 March 2013)  was an English actor of film, television, and stage. He was known for his portrayals of Vernon Dursley in the Harry Potter films (2001–2010), Uncle Monty in Withnail and I (1987), and Henry Crabbe in Pie in the Sky (1994–1997). Over his career he received numerous accolades including a Tony Award and Olivier Award as well as a nomination for a BAFTA Award. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2008.

For his performance in the stage play The History Boys, Griffiths won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play and a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Play. For the 2006 film adaptation, Griffiths was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Griffiths' is also known for his performances at the National Theatre including Equus (2008), The Habit of Art (2010), and The Sunshine Boys (2012).

He had supporting roles in such critically acclaimed films as Chariots of Fire (1981), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), Gandhi (1982), A Private Function (1984), Venus (2006), Ballet Shoes (2007), and Hugo (2011). He also appeared in the commercial films The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991), Sleepy Hollow (1999), The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005), Bedtime Stories (2008), and Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011).

Early life and education
Richard Thomas Griffiths was born in Thornaby-on-Tees, North Riding of Yorkshire, to Jane (née Denmark, 1923–1969) and Thomas Griffiths (1915–1976). His father was a steelworker who also fought in pubs for money, while his mother's occupation was described as "bagger". He had an elder sister and two elder brothers, all of whom died in infancy before he was born. He was brought up as a Roman Catholic.

As a boy he was so skinny that he was given radiation therapy on his pituitary gland when he was eight years old. This permanently slowed his metabolism, making him struggle with obesity for the rest of his life.

His parents were both deaf and he became fluent in British Sign Language at an early age. During his childhood he attempted to run away from home many times. He dropped out of Our Lady & St Bede School in Stockton-on-Tees at the age of 15 and worked as a porter for Littlewoods for a while but his boss eventually persuaded him to go back to school. He decided to attend a drama class at Stockton & Billingham College. He continued his education in drama at Manchester Polytechnic School of Theatre (now Manchester School of Theatre) at the same time as Bernard Hill.

Career
After graduating, Griffiths won a contract on BBC Radio with their Radio Drama Company. He also worked in small theatres, sometimes acting and sometimes managing. He built up an early reputation as a Shakespearean clown with portrayals of Pompey in Measure for Measure and Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream with the Royal Shakespeare Company and went on to play the Kings in Love's Labour's Lost and in Henry VIII. He eventually settled in Manchester and began to get lead roles in plays. From there, he began to appear on television and then got his big break in film in It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1976). By the early 1980s, he was selected for the lead role in Bird of Prey, an early computer-conspiracy thriller. His character Henry Jay was reprised in Bird of Prey 2 (1984). In 1981, he also gave a memorable performance as Chilean secret police victim William Beausire in an edition of the BBC Prisoners of Conscience series. Griffiths went on to supporting roles in a number of major films, including The French Lieutenant's Woman, Chariots of Fire and Gandhi. On stage, in 1985–1986, he performed the role of Verdi in Julian Mitchell's After Aida, in Wales and at the Old Vic Theatre in London. He appeared in The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends.

Griffiths' film roles were in both contemporary and period pieces. Some of his most memorable roles included supporting parts in films as Gorky Park (1983), Withnail and I (1987), King Ralph (1991), The Naked Gun $2 1/2$: The Smell of Fear (1991), Blame It on the Bellboy (1992), Guarding Tess (1994) and Sleepy Hollow (1999). Later, he was seen as Harry Potter's bitter uncle Vernon Dursley in the Harry Potter series, appearing in five of the eight films: Philosopher's Stone, Chamber of Secrets, Prisoner of Azkaban, Order of the Phoenix and Deathly Hallows – Part 1.

He appeared as Inspector Henry Crabbe, disillusioned policeman and pie chef extraordinaire, in Pie in the Sky, a role which was created for him. He also made an extended appearance in the 2005 version of Charles Dickens' Bleak House. In 2004, he originated the role of Hector (the teacher) in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, directed by Nicholas Hytner, winning the 2005 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor. During the play's United States run, he won a Drama Desk Award, an Outer Critics Circle Award and a Tony Award. He reprised his role in the film version, which was released in October 2006. In 2007 he starred in Ballet Shoes with his Harry Potter co-stars Emma Watson and Gemma Jones.

Together with his Harry Potter co-star Daniel Radcliffe, he appeared in a stage revival of Peter Shaffer's Equus at the Gielgud Theatre in London and later, from October 2008, in a short run of the play at the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway, which ended in February 2009. Later in 2009, he replaced Michael Gambon as W. H. Auden prior to the premiere of The Habit of Art at the National Theatre, once again directed by Hytner.

Griffiths was considered for the part of The Doctor in Doctor Who, following Tom Baker's departure in 1981, but was unavailable. He was strongly considered once again to take on the role of the Eighth Doctor, had the series continued past 1989. He performed in adaptations of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, providing the voice for Slartibartfast for the radio adaptation of Life, the Universe and Everything and playing the Vogon Jeltz in the film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. He appeared in Bedtime Stories with Adam Sandler and as a special guest in A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa.

In 2005 he asked a member of the audience to leave a performance of Heroes after her phone rang three times. Such interruptions due to audience distractions happened three times in his career.

Griffiths appeared in a cameo as King George II in Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. He appeared in the first episode of the television series Episodes as Julian Bullard. In April 2012, Griffiths starred, with Danny DeVito, in a revival of the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys. The show previewed at the Savoy Theatre from 27 April 2012, opening on 17 May and playing a limited 12-week season until 28 July.

Personal life
Griffiths met Heather Gibson in 1973 and they married in 1980. They had no children. Griffiths was awarded an honorary degree from Teesside University in 2006 and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.

He was the godfather of comedian Jack Whitehall.

Death
Griffiths died aged 65 at University Hospital Coventry on 28 March 2013 after complications following heart surgery.

title: Richard Griffiths


text:
New Zealand at the 2000 Summer Olympics

New Zealand competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. The New Zealand Olympic Committee was represented by 151 athletes and 100 officials at these Summer Olympics.

Medalists

 * style="text-align:left; width:78%; vertical-align:top;"|

Athletics

 * Key
 * Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
 * N/A = Round not applicable for the event

Men's

 * Preliminary round
 * Lost to France (50–76)
 * Lost to China (60–75)
 * Lost to Italy (66–78)
 * Lost to United States (56–102)
 * Lost to Lithuania (75–85)

 * Classification match
 * 11th-12th place: Defeated Angola (70–60) → 11th place

 * Team roster
 * Pero Cameron
 * Mark Dickel
 * Paul Henare
 * Robert Hickey
 * Phill Jones
 * Ralph Lattimore
 * Sean Marks
 * Kirk Penney
 * Peter Pokai
 * Tony Rampton
 * Brad Riley
 * Nenad Vučinić

Women's

 * Preliminary round
 * Lost to Poland (52–72)
 * Lost to Korea (62–101)
 * Lost to Cuba (55–74)
 * Lost to United States (42–93)
 * Lost to Russia (54–92)

 * Classification match
 * 11th-12th place: Defeated Senegal (72–69) → 11th place

 * Team roster
 * Tania Brunton
 * Belinda Colling
 * Megan Compain
 * Rebecca Cotton
 * Kirstin Daly
 * Gina Farmer
 * Sally Farmer
 * Dianne L'Ami
 * Donna Loffhagen
 * Julie Ofsoski
 * Leone Patterson
 * Leanne Walker

Road

 * Men

 * Women

Track

 * Time trial

 * Sprint
 * Keirin

 * Points race

 * Pursuit

Women's team competition

 * Preliminary round (Pool B)
 * New Zealand – Germany 1–1
 * New Zealand – China 0–2
 * New Zealand – The Netherlands 3–4
 * New Zealand – South Africa 1–0

 * Medal pool
 * New Zealand – Australia 0–3
 * New Zealand – Spain 2–2
 * New Zealand – Argentina 1–7 (→ Sixth Place)

 * Team roster
 * Anne-Marie Irving (gk)
 * Helen Clarke (gk)
 * Sandy Bennett
 * Diana Weavers
 * Rachel Petrie
 * Jenny Duck
 * Caryn Paewai
 * Skippy Hamahona
 * Anna Lawrence
 * Suzie Muirhead
 * Tina Bell-Kake
 * Moira Senior
 * Kylie Foy
 * Kate Trolove
 * Michelle Turner
 * Mandy Smith

Artistic
David Phillips and Laura Robertson represented New Zealand in the sport of artistic gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

 * Women

Judo

 * Men

 * Women

Rowing
New Zealand qualified three boats for the 2000 Summer Olympics: men's single sculls, men's coxless four, and women's single sculls.

 * Men

 * Women

Qualification legend: FA=Final A (medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B

Sailing

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open
 * Fleet racing

 * Mixed racing

Shooting
New Zealand was represented in shooting with five men and two women.

 * Men

 * Women

Women's team competition

 * Preliminary round robin
 * Lost to Australia (2:3)
 * Defeated Canada (3:2)
 * Lost to PR China (0:10)
 * Defeated Cuba (6:2)
 * Lost to Italy (0:1)
 * Lost to United States (0:2)
 * Lost to Japan (1:2)

 * Semifinals
 * Did not advance → Sixth place

 * Team roster
 * Zavana Aranga
 * Jaye Bailey
 * Kim Dermott
 * Rhonda Hira
 * Melanie Hulme
 * Lisa Kersten
 * Ruta Lealamanu
 * Cindy Potae
 * Char Pouaka
 * Kiri Shaw
 * Jackie Smith
 * Fiona Timu
 * Helen Townsend
 * Melisa Upu
 * Gina Weber

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Triathlon
New Zealand's heavily touted triathletes were unable to perform up to expectations in the inaugural Olympic triathlon. In particular, Hamish Carter, who had been considered likely to win the event, placed twenty-sixth.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Zealand at the 2000 Summer Olympics


text: Category:Coastal towns in Queensland

title: Category:Coastal towns in Queensland


text: Category:Departments of Uruguay

title: Category:Departments of Uruguay


text:
User:Siv0r

siv0r's Userpage
I proofread rather well, so the bulk of my edits will probably be fixing typographical errors.

Thanks for reading.

title: User:Siv0r


text:
Macana

The term macana, of Taíno origin, refers to various wooden weapons used by the various native cultures of Central and South America. These weapons were referred to as a hadzab or hats'ab in Yucatecan Mayan.

Meaning and origin
The earliest meaning attributed to macana is a sword-like weapon made out of wood, but still sharp enough to be dangerous. The term is also sometimes applied to the similar Aztec weapon, which is studded with pieces of obsidian in order to create a blade, though some authorities distinguish this item by using the Nahuatl name macuahuitl.

In the Andes, the Spanish conquistadors applied the term "macana" to the several blunt, mace-like weapons at the disposal of the Inca army's arsenal, particularly to the Chaska chuqui (lit. star spear) and the Chambi (mace) weapons which consisted of a wooden shaft with a heavy metal (copper or bronze) or stone object at the end. As its name suggests, the Chaska chuqui tip was in a star shape to maximize the potential to break bone. They were the most common weapon in the Inca arsenal, and it is possible that gold or silver was used for the star for high-ranking officers.

In modern Spanish the word has broadened to refer to various types of blunt wooden weapons, especially a police nightstick, with a shape very similar to Okinawan tonfas.

Uses
The sizes of macanas are thought to have varied significantly, depending on the application. Most were about one meter long, though other macana varieties were larger. Diversity in macana size likely arose due to various factors, including battle strategy, combatant status or position in the military hierarchy, ethnopolitical group, or environmental factors such as availability of chulul wood. The most dominant iterations of macanas appear to be broad, flat wooden shafts with grooved edges flanked with obsidian blades held in place by resin or another mastic. Macana makers may have made their segments shorter to produce more of them per blade from this non-local resource, especially if obsidian grew increasingly scarce. The obsidian was imported into the lowlands from highland sources in Guatemala and Mexico, probably as preformed polyhedral cores.

One-handed use of macanas enables the user to hold a shield in the free hand while larger macana species typically necessitates two hands. Spanish reports during early battles with the Maya described their opponents' armaments included "[s]words that appeared to be two-handed ones" and "two-handed swords of very strong wood [studded with] obsidian."

Archeological remains
Many of the obsidian shards used for macanas were prismatic blade segments, which are among the most abundant lithics at late sites in the Maya lowlands. Archeology in sites with macana remains has revealed that some sites, particularly those with large numbers of segments, had bimodal – smaller (ca. 8–10mm) and larger (ca. 20–24 +) – length distributions. This supports the possibility of two sizes of macanas.

title: Macana


text:
Spain at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Spain competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. 321 competitors, 216 men and 105 women, took part in 165 events in 27 sports.

Medalists

 * style="text-align:left; width:78%; vertical-align:top;"|

 * width="22%" align="left" valign="top" |

Archery
Spain again sent only one archer to the Olympics. She was defeated by one point in the first round, despite being tied for the 10th highest score in the round.

Men's competition
Men's 100 m
 * Venancio Jose
 * Round 1 – 10.36
 * Round 2 – 10.53 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200 m
 * Venancio Jose
 * Round 1 – 20.95
 * Round 2 – 20.79 (→ did not advance)

Men's 400 m
 * David Canal
 * Round 1 – 45.53
 * Round 2 – 45.54 (→ did not advance)

Men's 800 m
 * José Manuel Cerezo
 * Round 1 – 01:48.11 (→ did not advance)

 * Roberto Parra
 * Round 1 – 01:48.19 (→ did not advance)

Men's 1.500 m
 * Andrés Manuel Díaz
 * Round 1 – 03:38.54
 * Semifinal – 03:38.41
 * Final – 03:37.27 (→ 7th place)

 * José Antonio Redolat
 * Round 1 – 03:38.66
 * Semifinal – 03:45.46 (→ did not advance)

 * Juan Carlos Higuero
 * Round 1 – 03:40.60
 * Semifinal – 03:38.37
 * Final – 03:38.91 (→ 8th place)

Men's 5.000 m
 * Alberto García
 * Round 1 – 14:11.65 (→ did not advance)

 * Yousef El Nasri
 * Round 1 – 13:34.49 (→ did not advance)

Men's 10.000 m
 * José Ríos
 * Round 1 – 27:51.40
 * Final – 28:50.31 (→ 18th place)

 * Enrique Molina
 * Round 1 – 28:09.76
 * Final – DNF

 * Teodoro Cunado
 * Round 1 – 29:10.90 (→ did not advance)

Men's 400 m hurdles
 * Iñigo Monreal
 * Round 1 – 51.32 (→ did not advance)

Men's 4 × 400 m
 * Antonio Andres, David Canal, Inigo Monreal, Eduardo Iván Rodríguez
 * Round 1 – 03:06.87 (→ did not advance)

Men's 3.000 m steeplechase
 * Luis Miguel Martín
 * Round 1 – 08:24.04
 * Final – 08:22.75 (→ 5th place)

 * Eliseo Martín
 * Round 1 – 08:24.97
 * Final – 08:23.00 (→ 6th place)

 * Marco Cepeda
 * Round 1 – 08:40.01 (→ did not advance)

Men's shot put
 * Manuel Martínez
 * Qualifying – 19.94
 * Final – 20.55 (→ 6th place)

Men's discus
 * David Martinez
 * Qualifying – 61.50 (→ did not advance)

Men's long jump
 * Yago Lamela
 * Qualifying – 7.89 (→ did not advance)

Men's triple jump
 * Raul Chapado
 * Qualifying – NM (→ did not advance)

Men's 20 km walk
 * Paquillo Fernández
 * Final – 1:21:01 (→ 7th place)

 * David Márquez
 * Final – 1:24:36 (→ 20th place)

 * José David Domínguez
 * Final – 0:01:28 (→ 35th place)

Men's 50 km walk
 * Valentí Massana
 * Final – 3:46:01 (→ 4th place)

 * Jesús Ángel García
 * Final – 3:49:31 (→ 12th place)

 * Mikel Odriozola
 * Final – 3:59:50 (→ 24th place)

Men's marathon
 * Martín Fiz
 * Final – 2:13:06 (→ 6th place)

 * Alberto Juzdado
 * Final – 2:21:18 (→ 42nd place)

 * Abel Antón
 * Final – 2:24:04 (→ 53rd place)

Men's decathlon
 * Francisco Javier Benet
 * 100 m – 11.42
 * Long jump – 6.32
 * Shot put – DNS

Women's competition
Women's 400 m
 * Norfalia Carabalí
 * Round 1 – 52.36
 * Round 2 – 52.63 (→ did not advance)

Women's 800 m
 * Mayte Martínez
 * Round 1 – 01:59.60
 * Semifinal – 02:03.27 (→ did not advance)

Women's 1.500 m
 * Nuria Fernández
 * Round 1 – 04:11.46
 * Semifinal – 04:10.92 (→ did not advance)

 * Natalia Rodríguez
 * Round 1 – 04:22.82 (→ did not advance)

Women's 5.000 m
 * Marta Domínguez
 * Round 1 – 15:45.07 (→ did not advance)

 * Beatriz Santiago
 * Round 1 – 15:31.94 (→ did not advance)

Women's 10.000 m
 * Maria Teresa Recio
 * Round 1 – 33:36.44 (→ did not advance)

 * Maria Abel
 * Round 1 – 34:05.44 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 400 m
 * Julia Alba, Miriam Bravo, Norfalia Carabalí and Mayte Martínez
 * Round 1 – 03:32.45 (→ did not advance)

Women's shot put
 * Martina de la Puente
 * Qualifying – 16.30 (→ did not advance)

Women's discus
 * Alice Matějková
 * Qualifying – 54.19 (→ did not advance)

Women's javelin throw
 * Marta Míguez
 * Qualifying – 55.52 (→ did not advance)

Women's long jump
 * Concepción Montaner
 * Qualifying – NM (→ did not advance)

Women's triple jump
 * Carlota Castrejana
 * Qualifying – 13.76 (→ did not advance)

Women's high jump
 * Marta Mendía
 * Qualifying – 1.89 (did not advance)

Women's pole vault
 * Mari Mar Sanchez
 * Qualifying – 4.25 (did not advance)

Women's 20 km walk
 * María Vasco
 * Final – 1:30:23 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze medal)

 * Encarnacion Granados
 * Final – 1:35:06 (→ 20th place)

 * Eva Perez
 * Final – 1:36:35 (→ 27th place)

Women's marathon
 * Ana Isabel Alonso
 * Final – 2:36:45 (→ 30th place)

 * Griselda González
 * Final – 2:38:28 (→ 33rd place)

 * Maria Luisa Munoz
 * Final – 2:45:40 (→ 39th place)

Women's heptathlon
 * Inma Clopés
 * 100 m hurdles – 14.20
 * High jump – 1.66
 * Shot put – 12.70
 * 200 m – 26.25
 * Long jump – NM
 * Javelin throw – DNS

Men's team competition

 * Preliminaries (1-4)
 * Defeated Angola (64-45)
 * Lost to Russia (63-71)
 * Lost to Canada (77-91)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (65-78)
 * Lost to Australia (80-91)

 * Classification matches
 * 9th-10th place: defeated China (84-64) → 9th place

 * Team roster
 * Alberto Herreros
 * Alfonso Reyes
 * Carlos Jiménez
 * Francisco Alberto Angulo
 * Ignacio de Miguel
 * Ignacio Rodríguez
 * John Bernard Rogers
 * Jorge Garbajosa
 * Juan Carlos Navarro
 * Raúl López
 * Roberto Dueñas
 * Rodrigo De la Fuente

Beach volleyball

 * Javier Bosma and Fabio Diez — 5th place (tied)

Boxing
Men's light flyweight (– 48 kg)
 * Rafael Lozano
 * Round 1 – bye
 * Round 2 – defeated Danilo Lerio of Philippines
 * Quarterfinal – defeated Suleiman Wanjau Bilali of Kenya
 * Semifinal – defeated Un Chol Kim of DPR of Korea
 * Final – lost to Brahim Asloum of France → [[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver medal

Men's competition
Men's kayak singles 500 m
 * Jovino Gonzalez
 * Qualifying heat – 01:40.761
 * Semifinal – 01:41.168
 * Final – 02:03.889 (→ 6th place)

Men's kayak singles 1.000 m
 * Emilio Merchán
 * Qualifying heat – 03:36.591
 * Semifinal – 03:40.263
 * Final – 03:39.965 (→ 9th place)

Men's canoe singles 500 m
 * Jose Manuel Crespo
 * Qualifying heat – 01:53.862
 * Semifinal – 01:54.765 (→ did not advance)

Men's canoe singles 1.000 m
 * Jose Manuel Crespo
 * Qualifying heat – 04:04.528
 * Semifinal – 04:04.042 (→ did not advance)

Men's canoe doubles 500 m
 * José Alfredo Bea, David Mascató
 * Qualifying heat – 01:44.973
 * Semifinal – 01:45.677
 * Final – 01:56.600 (→ 4th place)

Men's canoe doubles 1.000 m
 * José Alfredo Bea, David Mascató
 * Qualifying heat – 03:37.697
 * Semifinal – bye
 * Final – 03:54.053 (→ 9th place)

Women's competition
Women's kayak singles 500 m
 * Teresa Portela
 * Qualifying heat – 01:59.153
 * Semifinal – 01:58.932 (→ did not advance)

Women's kayak doubles 500 m
 * Maria Isabel Garcia Suarez, Belen Sanchez
 * Qualifying heat – 01:45.527
 * Semifinal – 01:45.144
 * Final – 02:04.208 (→ 7th place)

Women's kayak fours 500 m
 * Izaskun Aramburu, Beatriz Manchon, Ana María Penas, Belen Sanchez
 * Qualifying heat – 01:35.298
 * Semifinal – bye
 * Final – 01:38.654 (→ 8th place)

Men's competition
Men's kayak singles
 * Esteban Arakama
 * Qualifying – 267.75 (→ did not advance)

 * Carles Juanmartí
 * Qualifying – 275.88 (→ did not advance)

Men's canoe singles
 * Jon Erguin
 * Qualifying – 362.62 (→ did not advance)

Men's canoe doubles
 * Antonio Herreros, Marc Vicente
 * Qualifying – 344.62 (→ did not advance)

Women's competition
Women's kayak singles
 * María Eizmendi
 * Qualifying – 311.17
 * Final – 276.55 (→ 14th place)

Cross-country mountain bike
Men's competition
 * José Antonio Hermida
 * Final – 2:11:42.91 (→ 4th place)

 * Roberto Lezaun
 * Final – 2:15:56.99 (→ 15th place)

Women's competition
 * Margarita Fullana
 * Final – 1:49:57.39 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze medal)

 * Silvia Rovira
 * Final – 1:58:59.37 (→ 14th place)

Road cycling
Men's individual time trial
 * Abraham Olano
 * Final – 0:58:31 (→ 4th place)

 * Santos González Capilla
 * Final – 0:59:03 (→ 8th place)

Men's road race
 * Óscar Freire
 * Final – 5:30:46 (→ 17th place)

 * Abraham Olano
 * Final – 5:30:46 (→ 60th place)

 * Juan Carlos Domínguez
 * Final – DNF (→ no ranking)

 * Santos González Capilla
 * Final – DNF (→ no ranking)

 * Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero
 * Final – DNF (→ no ranking)

Women's individual time trial
 * Joane Somarriba Arrola
 * Final – 0:43:06 (→ 5th place)

 * Teodora Ruano
 * Final – 0:44:37.36 (→ 18th place)

Women's road race
 * Joane Somarriba Arrola
 * Final – 3:06:31 (→ 14th place)

 * Fatima Blazquez Lozano
 * Final – 3:10:33 (→ 33rd place)

 * Mercedes Cagigas Amed
 * Final – 3:28:29 (→ 48th place)

Track cycling
Men's sprint
 * José Antonio Villanueva
 * Qualifying – 10.556
 * First round – defeated Craig MacLean of Great Britain
 * 1/8 finals – defeated Pavel Buráň of Czech Republic
 * Quarterfinal – lost to Florian Rousseau of France
 * Final 5-8 – 6th place

Men's individual pursuit
 * Antonio Tauler
 * Qualifying – 04:34.415 (→ did not advance)

Men's 1 km time trial
 * David Cabrero
 * Final – 01:07.710 (→ 15th place)

Men's point race
 * Juan Llaneras
 * Points – 14
 * Laps down – 0 (→ Gold medal')

Men's keirin
 * David Cabrero
 * First round – heat – 3; place – 3
 * Repechage – heat – 3; place – 1
 * Second round – heat – 2; place – 4 (→ did not advance)

Men's Olympic sprint
 * José Antonio Escuredo, José Antonio Villanueva and Salvador Meliá
 * Qualifying – 45.799 (→ did not advance)

Men's team pursuit
 * Miguel Alzamora, Isaac Gálvez, Antonio Tauler and José Francisco Jarque
 * Qualifying – 04:15.547 (did not advance)

Men's Madison
 * Juan Llaneras and Isaac Gálvez
 * Final – 3 (→ 13th place)

Women's point pace
 * Teodora Ruano
 * Points – 10 (→ 7th place)

Diving
Men's 3 metre springboard
 * Rafael Álvarez
 * Preliminary – 377.55
 * Semifinal – 201.06 – 578.61 (17th place, did not advance)

Men's 3 metre springboard
 * Jose-Miguel Gil
 * Preliminary – 318.72 (33rd place, did not advance)

Men's 10 metre platform
 * Ruben Santos
 * Preliminary – 300.9 (36th place, did not advance)

Women's 10 metre platform
 * Santos Leire
 * Preliminary – 271.41 (27th place, did not advance)

Women's 10 Metre Platform
 * Dolores Sáez de Ibarra
 * Preliminary – 283.41
 * Semifinal – 163.11 – 446.52 (14th place, did not advance)

Fencing
Four male fencers represented Spain in 2000.

 * Men's sabre
 * Fernando Medina
 * Jorge Pina
 * Alberto Falcón

 * Men's team sabre
 * Jorge Pina, Antonio García, Fernando Medina

Men's tournament

 * Group play

 * Quarter-finals

 * Semi-finals

 * Gold medal match

Men

 * Artistic

Women

 * Artistic
 * Team

 * Individual events

Men's team competition

 * Preliminary round (Group B):
 * Spain — South Korea 1-1
 * Spain — Poland 1-4
 * Spain — Australia 2-2
 * Spain — India 2-3
 * Spain — Argentina 1-5

 * Classification matches:
 * 9th-12th place: Spain — Malaysia 1-0
 * 9th-10th place: Spain — Canada 3-0 → Ninth place

 * Team roster
 * Jaime Amat
 * Pablo Amat
 * Javier Arnau
 * Jordi Casas
 * Juan Dinarés
 * Juan Escarré
 * Francisco "Kiko" Fábregas
 * Rodrigo Garza
 * Bernardino Herrera
 * Ramón Jufresa
 * Joaquín Malgosa
 * Xavier Ribas
 * Josep Sánchez
 * Ramón Sala
 * Eduardo Tubau
 * Pablo Usoz

 * Head coach: Antonio Forrellat

Women's team competition

 * Preliminary round (Group A):
 * Spain — South Korea 0-0
 * Spain — Australia 1-1
 * Spain — Argentina 1-1
 * Spain — Great Britain 0-2

 * Medal round:
 * Spain — China 0-0
 * Spain — New Zealand 2-2
 * Spain — Netherlands 1-2

 * Bronze medal game:
 * Spain — Netherlands 0-2 → Fourth place

 * Team roster
 * Amanda González
 * Begoña Larzabal
 * Cibeles Romero
 * Elena Carrión
 * Elena Urkizu
 * Erdoitza Goikoetxea
 * Lucía López
 * María Carmen Barea
 * Maider Tellería
 * María del Carmen Martín
 * María del Mar Feito
 * Núria Camón
 * Nuria Moreno
 * Silvia Muñoz
 * Sonia Barrio
 * Sonia de Ignacio

 * Head coach: Marc Lammers

Rowing
Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage

Sailing
Spain competed in nine events in the Sailing competition at the Sydney Olympics. In seven of the events, they finished in the top 10 but were unable to win a medal. This was the first time since 1972 that Spain failed to win an Olympic medal in sailing.
 * Men

 * Women

 * Open
 * Fleet racing

 * Match racing

Shooting
Four Spanish shooters (two men and two women) qualified to compete in the following events:
 * Men

 * Women

Swimming
Men's 50m freestyle
 * Eduardo Lorente
 * Preliminary heat – 22.96 (→ did not advance)

Men's 100m freestyle
 * Javier Botello
 * Preliminary heat – 50.87 (→ did not advance)

Men's 1500m freestyle
 * Frederik Hviid
 * Preliminary heat – 15:14.37 (→ did not advance)

 * Teo Edo
 * Preliminary heat – 15:32.01 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200m butterfly
 * Jorge Pérez
 * Preliminary heat – 02:00.15 (→ did not advance)

Men's 100m backstroke
 * David Ortega
 * Preliminary heat – 55.8
 * Semifinal – 56.33 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200m backstroke
 * Guillermo Mediano
 * Preliminary heat – 02:03.45 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200m individual medley
 * Jordi Carrasco
 * Preliminary heat – 02:02.89 (→ did not advance)

Men's 400m individual medley
 * Frederik Hviid
 * Preliminary heat – 04:21.63 (→ did not advance)

Men's 4 × 100 m freestyle
 * Jorge Luis Ulibarri, Eduardo Lorente, Juan Benavides and Javier Botello
 * Preliminary heat – 03:22.76 (→ did not advance)

Men's 4 × 100 m medley relay
 * David Ortega, Santiago Castellanos, Daniel Morales and Javier Botello
 * Preliminary heat – 03:42.76 (→ did not advance)

Women's 50m freestyle
 * Ana Belén Palomo
 * Preliminary heat – 25.96 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200m freestyle
 * Laura Roca
 * Preliminary heat – 02:03.37 (→ did not advance)

Women's 400m freestyle
 * Angels Bardina
 * Preliminary heat – 04:17.55 (→ did not advance)

Women's 100m butterfly
 * María Peláez
 * Preliminary heat – 01:01.47 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200m butterfly
 * Mireia García
 * Preliminary heat – 02:10.96
 * Semifinal – 02:10.24 (→ did not advance)

 * María Peláez
 * Preliminary heat – 02:14.66 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200m breaststroke
 * Lourdes Becerra
 * Preliminary heat – DNS (→ did not advance)

Women's 100m backstroke
 * Nina Zhivanevskaya
 * Preliminary heat – 01:01.97
 * Semifinal – 01:01.41
 * Final – 01:00.89 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze medal)

Women's 200m backstroke
 * Nina Zhivanevskaya
 * Preliminary heat – 02:11.60
 * Semifinal – 02:11.93
 * Final – 02:12.75 (→ 6th place)

 * Ivette María
 * Preliminary heat – 02:14.78
 * Semifinal – 02:15.11 (→ did not advance)

Women's 400m individual medley
 * Lourdes Becerra
 * Preliminary heat – 04:47.50 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay
 * Angels Bardina, Natalia Cabrerizo, Paula Carballido and Laura Roca
 * Preliminary heat – 08:13.62 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m medley relay
 * María Carmen Collado, Mireia García, Ivette María and Laura Roca
 * Preliminary heat – 04:15.54 (→ did not advance)

Synchronized swimming
Duet
 * Gemma Mengual, Paola Tirados
 * Technical routine – 32.9
 * Free routine – 61.62
 * Final – 94.52 (8th place)

Triathlon
Three of Spain's four triathletes finished the inaugural Olympic triathlon. Ivan Rana was the only one to place in the top eight, with a fifth-place finish in the men's event.

Women's competition:
 * Maribel Blanco — 2:06:37.84 (24th place)

Men's competition:
 * Iván Raña — 1:49:10.88 (5th place)
 * Eneko Llanos — 1:50:48.35 (23rd place)
 * Jose Maria Merchan — did not finish

Men's team competition
Preliminary round (Group A)

 * Defeated Egypt (3-0)
 * Lost to Cuba (1-3)
 * Lost to Australia (1-3)
 * Lost to Brazil (1-3)
 * Lost to the Netherlands (1-3) → did not advance, ninth place overall

Team roster Head coach: Raúl Lozano
 * Carlos Carreño
 * José Antonio Casilla
 * Enrique de la Fuente
 * Miguel Angel Falasca
 * José Luis Moltó
 * Rafael Pascual
 * Cosme Prenafeta
 * Juan Carlos Robles
 * Ernesto Rodríguez
 * Juan José Salvador
 * Luis Pedro Suela
 * Alexis Valido

Men's tournament

 * Preliminary round: 2-2-1
 * Quarterfinal: defeated Croatia, 9-8
 * Semifinal: lost to Russia, 8-7
 * Bronze medal game: Lost to Yugoslavia, 8-3 → 4th place
 * Team roster
 * Ángel Andreo
 * Daniel Ballart
 * Daniel Moro
 * Gabriel Hernández Paz
 * Gustavo Marcos
 * Iván Moro
 * Javier Sánchez-Toril
 * Jesús Rollán
 * Jordi Sans
 * Manuel Estiarte
 * Pedro Francisco García
 * Salvador Gómez
 * Sergi Pedrerol

Weightlifting
Men Women

title: Spain at the 2000 Summer Olympics


text:
Monfragüe

Monfragüe (Spanish: Parque Nacional Monfragüe) is a Spanish national park noted for its bird-life. It is situated in the center of a triangle formed by Plasencia, Trujillo and the city of Cáceres within the province of Cáceres. Monfragüe is also a comarca (county, with no administrative role) of Extremadura, western Spain.

Location
Monfragüe is a comarca in Spain, i.e. a county, with no administrative role in Extremadura, western Spain.

Monfragüe is famous for its national park by the same name, which is noted for its bird-life. It is situated in the center of a triangle formed by Plasencia, Trujillo and the city of Cáceres within the province of Cáceres. The park runs from east to west along the valley of the River Tagus or Tajo. which cut through a long mountainous ridge, and created a rock face, the Peña Falcon, 'falcon rock' on the western side. On the eastern side is the Castle of Monfragüe. The River Tietar enters the park from the north-east and joins the Tagus just to the east of Peña Falcon. The only village in the park is Villareal de San Carlos (population 28). The park occupies an area of 18,118 hectares.

History
The area's and the Park's name comes from the Latin Monsfragorum, "monte fragoso" (Spanish) which means "lush mountain".

Prehistoric period
The mountains of Monfragüe house a great number of caves with prehistoric paintings from the Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age for example the "Cueva del Castillo", located on the south face of the Sierra de las Corchuelas. Around the Park are remains of pre-Roman times. In Miravete remnants of an old castle exist, and in Malpartida de Plasencia there is an estate known as "El Calamoco". A warrior stele found in Torrejón el Rubio and the Treasury of Serradilla are evidence of a highly hierarchical agricultural society inhabiting this area.

Roman period
Remains of Roman roads, bridges, fountains and gravestones can be found, since the park is close to the Ruta de la Plata (Silver Route). A section of the route, which goes down to the bridge of the Cardinal from Villarreal, can be considered as a vestige of Roman road. As in almost all Spanish geography, valleys provide the layout for the road. Remains of watchtowers exist, in Cerro Gimio for example.

9th–19th century
During the ninth century, the castle of Monfragüe was built with five towers and two perimeters of walls. What is visible today are remnants of multiple restorations after military orders conquered it for King Alfonso VIII, with a round tower from the twelfth century and a pentagonal one from the fifteenth century. In 1450, Juan de Carvajal ordered the Cardinal's Bridge to be built entirely from granite ashlars; it facilitated communications between Plasencia and Trujillo. Since the bridge was practically the only one crossing the Tagus in the Extremadura, it gave rise to pillage, turning the area into a "paradise" of bandits and robbers hidden in its steep and impenetrable mountain ranges.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Spanish War of Succession seriously affected the area: The village of Monfragüe disappeared, inhabitants took refuge in the nearby village of Corchuelas, and the village of Piñuela at the other end of the mountain range was seriously damaged. Carlos III de Espana founded a village halfway between the "port of La Serrana" and the Puente del Cardenal, called Villarreal of San Carlos. It had a church, a fountain and barracks, but in spite of the privileges granted to its inhabitants, it never became more than a small village linked to Serradilla due to the danger and poverty of the area.

The Spanish War of Independence destroyed the Castle of Monfragüe, the Bridge of the Cardinal and Castillejo del Pico in Miravete and Corchuelas, whose inhabitants fled to Torrejón the Rubio, Serradilla and Malpartida de Plasencia.

20th century
During the Spanish Civil War in the nineteenthirties, the Extremadura was taken over rapidly. Rather than the conflict itself, the worst aspects were the hunger and poverty which followed. The impenetrable mountains with their maquis shrubland of the region were important to the highlander groups commanded by famous guerrillas like "Quincoces", "Chaquetalarga" (Joaquín Ventas Cintas) and "the French" (Pedro Díaz Monje),

In 1966, construction of the dam at Torrejón el Rubio, and the Alcántara Dam in 1969 altered the landscape irreversibly, as it submerged the wild beauty of the Tagus riverbanks along with its ecological and ethnological wealth.

In 1968, Jesus Garzón arrived in the area, enamored of the beauty of Monfragüe and dedicated himself to nature conservation. He battled with the administration, the owners of neighboring estates, politicians and mayors of the area, but his commitment, supported by scientists and nature lovers resulted in the 4 April 1979 declaration of Monfragüe as a natural park, a lower level of protection than a national park.

In 1991, Monfragüe was declared as a Special Protection Area for birds, During the following years, the conservationist mentality, the infrastructure in Villarreal and publication efforts about the riches of the Park were strengthened. Since 2003, it has been recognised by UNESCO as a Biosphere reserve. In May 2004, it was enlarged to the actual ZEPA "Monfragüe y Dehesas del entomo", which covers 116,160 hectares. After twenty-five years Monfragüe became a national park by law on 2 March 2007.

At the end of 2016, the area also received recognition as a dark-sky preserve.

Biodiversity
Habitas in the park include extensive dense scrub, small oak woodlands, and numerous cliffs and rock faces. The land is mainly used for traditional, low-intensive farming. However, there were two major changes in the years 1960–70: the river Tagus was dammed, affecting its course through the park and in 1970 brutal reforestation with non-indigenous eucalyptus and pine began. For a planned but never built paper industry in Navalmoral de la Mata many hectares of the Park were desolated and irreversibly altered by terraces built with heavy machinery. The Sierra de Miravete and ravines of the streams Malvecino and Barbaón received a hard blow and important thickets of the Mediterranean forest disappeared. The non-indigenous species are being eradicated. Commercial forestry is prohibited in Spanish national parks.

Birds
In 1988 the European Union designated Monfrague a Special Protection Area (SPA) for bird-life. The SPA (or ZEPA, the equivalent acronym in Spanish) extends beyond the park, where the nesting sites are concentrated, into the surrounding dehesas, which provide food for the birds.

Monfrague is an outstanding site for raptors, with more than 15 regular breeding species. including the world's largest colony of Eurasian black vulture (over 600 pairs), it has the world's highest concentration of imperial eagles (more than 10 pairs), a large population of griffon vulture (over 600 pairs), and several pairs of Egyptian vulture, golden eagle and Bonelli's eagle. The crags and cliffs on the north side of the river midway through the park draw photographers from all over Europe and the Americas. The government has built observation blinds throughout the course of the river.

Other breeding birds for which the park is important are black stork and Eurasian eagle owl and there is a high density of azure-winged magpie. It is also one of the few locations in Europe where white-rumped swift breed.

Other wildlife
Iberian lynx survived for a long time before numbers decreased. They were reintroduced and have since been doing well. Deer and wild boar live in the park.

title: Monfragüe


text:
Talk:Catherine of Braganza

Popular inconsistency
Slight inconsistency in saying she was an unpopular choice and then ending in saying she was very popular. Presumably became popular later.

She was unpopular because she was foreign and a Catholic to boot. Also, when she arrived in England, her dress was extremely foreign as well. You must remember, at this time their great fear of "popery" and suspiscions of Catholic plots etc., gave Catherine a mark against her at the outset. Catherine gained respectability by never involiving herself in politics, and never compromising her public or private behaviour. The fact that she retained her dignity while married to a notorious philanderer, eventually endeared her to the English people. Kevin Q.

Tea (meal)
On her influence in starting the tea ritual, see and. This info should be expanded, as well as at Tea (meal). I'd do it myself, but my wikipedia time has not been extensive as of late. Whoever does this should please remember to cite their references. — Eric Herboso 03:47, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Neither of these is substantial or well-sourced. Tea was known in England by 1659, so presumably the claim here is for the meal, not the drink? At any rate, needs better sourcing. 99.10.72.121 (talk) 00:58, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

Burial
Does anyone have a referable source saying where she was buried? The page said it was the Hieronymite Monastery, but I've been there and I'm absolutely sure she's not. I checked the Portuguese wikipedia, and it said that she was buried there, but moved to the Braganza Pantheon. Sounds reasonable, but I'd rather have a citation. - Kyle543 11:18, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

I have seen her tomb in the Braganza Pantheon at Sao Vincente de Fora but have been unable to establish when her body was moved there. The Portuguese Wikipedia says that the pantheon is located in the former refectory of the monastery. Presumably at the time of Catherine's death it was still a refectory. The article also mentions that the current arrangement of the tombs dates from 1933. - Haymarket22 (talk) 15:26, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Mother's name
Her mother was Luisa de Guzmán, a daughter of the Duke of Medina-Sidonia ... she did not carry the Medina-Sidonia place name as part of her own name ... She had only her surname, de Guzmán.204.126.251.64 (talk) 21:26, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Her mother was Luisa de Gusmão, not Luisa de Guzmán.--João Farinhote (talk) 12:26, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Crowning
There is something wrong with the statement that "Roman Catholics were not allowed to take part in Anglican services". Her brother-in-law James II was a Roman Catholic, but that did not prevent him being crowned in an (Anglican) coronation service, albeit with the ceremonial modified so that he was not in the main part of the building during the Holy Communion. The reason Catherine was never crowned (if this is so) is much more likely that Charles and his advisors saw no point in provoking a section of the population for no great purpose. Escoville (talk) 09:55, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

New files
Recently the files below were uploaded and they appear to be relevant to this article and not currently used by it. If you're interested and think they would be a useful addition, please feel free to include any of them.

Dcoetzee 03:54, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

External link
The external link provides a text written by an amateur that names Catherine of Braganza father as Juan (!), instead of the correct João, duke of Braganza, in english, John. These kind of stereotypes are insultuous both to History and to the Portuguese language.85.242.236.236 (talk) 02:18, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Statue
Her statue is not facing Queens, NY; it's actually facing southeast, as can clearly be seen in the article's picture, with the Vasco da Gama bridge showing in the background - here it is: http://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=38.781473,-9.091085&spn=0.000758,0.000826&t=h&z=20 213.22.51.145 (talk) 03:50, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Princess of Beira
Hello! I have moved the succession information about this title to the succession boxes at the bottom of the article. The intention is not to undermine the importance of the title. It's just that the article should be consistent with articles such as Anne, Princess Royal, Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, Frederick, Prince of Wales, Catherine, Princess of Asturias, etc. In those articles, the titles are not mentioned in seperate succession fields in the infoboxes. Instead, they are mentioned in the succession boxes at the bottom where it is easier to put a detailed description of the title. That is because it would be quite cumbersome to put the "Prince of Wales" succession in, for example, the article about Catherine of Braganza's husband. So, generally, predecessor, successor and tenure are only mentioned in cases of directly hereditary titles. I have, of course, left the title of Princess of Beira in the infobox right after Catherine's name, as it is done in aforementioned examples. 92.36.144.159 (talk) 14:14, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Would you please do me the honour and respond? 92.36.156.19 (talk) 21:21, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Legacy section: nonexistent statue
I can't see how a statue that wasn't put up counts as any kind of legacy. And the reasons give here for why it wasn't cast or erected have nothing to do with the reputation or perception of Catherine of Braganza today; just about anti-British and republican tendencies in NYC at the time it was proposed.

The statement about the 8ft 9in version at Expo 98 is unreferenced, and a comment on this Talk page says that it doesn't face west as stated here.

A historical figure's legacy is normally measured in the traces they leave on historical events or society today, as institutions, bequests, attitudes etc. One uncited bronze statue in the country of someone's birth hardly counts as a 'legacy': can anyone come up with something better? Robocon1 (talk) 10:02, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

Marriage section: Portugese ambassador's statement
As part of a language edit of this section I removed the following uncited sentence: "The Portuguese ambassador proudly remarked that she was "totally without that meddling and activity in her nature", pending its replacement with a translation that might actually mean something, and a reference to its origin, if anyone is able to supply that. Robocon1 (talk) 15:59, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Catherine of Braganza. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061119230908/http://www.queenstribune.com/anniversary2003/queenscatherine.htm to http://www.queenstribune.com/anniversary2003/queenscatherine.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:28, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

Legacy section: Borough of Queens
I find this part poorly supported:
 * Historians furthermore argue that Catherine "probably didn't even know Queens existed" and point out that "Catherine herself ... played no role in the settlement of Queens."

What is wrong is that "Historians" are one person (see the Times article); "probably didn't even know Queens existed" is irrelevant and speculative; and "Catherine herself ... played no role in the settlement of Queens." is irrelevant. I don't think it's verified history; it's local color reporting. I moved it to here. Zaslav (talk) 04:03, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

"Absurdity"
The use of the word, "absurdity" in the second paragraph is subjective, and should not be allowed in an encyclopedic entry. Skaizun (talk) 15:39, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Catherine of Braganza


text:
Carol Beach York

Carol Beach York (January 21, 1928 – April 26, 2013) was an American author of juvenile novels. Hailing from Chicago, Illinois, she is best known for novels in the mystery/suspense genre, and for the Butterfield Square Series, which includes Good Charlotte, from which the pop rock band Good Charlotte took its name.

Selected works

 * Sparrow Lake, Coward-McCann (1962) No ISBN available; Lib of Cong # 62-8620
 * One Summer, Coward-McCann (1963) No ISBN available; Lib of Cong #63-10168
 * Miss Know-It-All, F. Watts (1966) No ISBN available
 * The Christmas Dolls, illustrated by Victoria de Larrea, F. Watts (1967) No ISBN available
 * The Christmas Dolls, (paperback) Scholastic Inc. (1967) ISBN 0-590-42435-1 - "Doll-sized fantasy that works well enough for very little, very girly girls--not too silly, not too sweet."
 * The Good Day Mice, illustrated by Victoria de Larrea, F. Watts (1968) No ISBN available; Lib of Cong # 68-16600 - "Minor mice ellany despite some langy drawings."
 * The Blue Umbrella, Franklin Watts (1968) No ISBN available; Lib of Cong # 68-10107
 * The Christmas Dolls, Chatto & Windus (Britain) (1969) ISBN 0-7011-0295-0
 * Good Charlotte, illustrated by Victoria de Larrea, F. Watts (1969) No ISBN available; Lib of Cong 71-79850
 * Nothing Ever Happens Here, Hawthorn Books (1970) No ISBN available; Lib of Cong # 75-106180
 * Miss Know-It-All Returns, illustrated by Victoria de Larrea, F. Watts (1972) ISBN 0-531-02558-6
 * Mystery at Dark Wood, Watts (1972) No ISBN available
 * The Secret of the Tree House, formerly published as The Tree House Mystery, Weekly Reader Books (1973) No ISBN available
 * Takers and Returners, Thomas Nelson, Inc. (1973) ISBN 0-8407-6292-5 - "Slight on characterization and atmosphere, Takers and Returners nevertheless accurately and suspensefully demonstrates the dynamics of a dare."
 * I Will Make You Disappear, T. Nelson (1974) ISBN 0-8407-6410-3
 * Beware of This Shop, Thomas Nelson Publishers (1977) ISBN 978-0840765499
 * Remember Me When I'm Dead, Elsevier/Nelson (1980) ISBN 0-525-66694-X
 * The Look-Alike Girl, Beaufort Books (1980) ISBN 0-8253-0016-9
 * Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle, written by Washington Irving, illustrated by Kinuko Y. Craft, Troll Associates (1980) ISBN 0-8937-5299-1
 * Stray Dog, Beaufort Books (1981) ISBN 0-8253-0046-0
 * Candles in the Window, Dutton (1982)
 * Miss Know-it-All and the Wishing Lamp, illustrated by Leslie Merrill, Bantam Books (1987) ISBN 0-553-15536-9
 * Pudmuddles, illustrated by Lisa Thiesing, HarperCollins (1993) ISBN 0-06-020436-2
 * The Key to the Playhouse, Scholastic Inc. (1994) ISBN 0-590-46258-X

title: Carol Beach York


text:
Category:Mining towns in Queensland

These are places in the Australian state of Queensland that are either currently or historically built on mining industries of various sorts.

title: Category:Mining towns in Queensland


text:
Netherlands at the 2000 Summer Olympics

The Netherlands competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

 * Women
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

Baseball
In their second appearance in Olympic baseball, The Netherlands repeated their fifth-place finish. They scored victories over Australia and Italy to begin (→ game 1) and end (→ game 7) the preliminary round, but suffered four defeats in between (→ games 2, 3, 5, and 6). In game 4, however, the Dutch team served Cuba its first defeat in the history of Olympic baseball, breaking a 21-game winning streak (→ in its third Olympiad) by the Cubans.

 * Team roster

 * Sharnol Adriana
 * Sharnol Leonard
 * Johnny Balentina
 * Patrick Beljaards
 * Ken Brauckmiller
 * Rob Cordemans
 * Jeffrey Cranston
 * Mike Crouwel
 * Radhames Dijkhoff
 * Robert Eenhoorn
 * Rikkert Faneyte
 * Evert-Jan 't Hoen
 * Chairon Isenia

 * Percy Isenia
 * Eelco Jansen
 * Ferenc Jongejan
 * Dirk van 't Klooster
 * Patrick de Lange
 * Reily Legito
 * Jurriaan Lobbezoo
 * Remy Maduro
 * Hensley Meulens
 * Ralph Milliard
 * Erik Remmerswaal
 * Orlando Stewart

 * Head coach: Pat Murphy

 * Results

Road

 * Men

 * Women

Track

 * Pursuit

 * Omnium

Dressage
* Arjen Teeuwissen was qualified to compete in the Grand Prix Freestyle, but due to a restriction on the number of nation quotas (maximum number is 3), he could not continue to the final round.

Show jumping
* Jan Tops was qualified to compete in the Final, but due to a restriction on the number of nation quotas (maximum number is 3), he could not continue.

Judo

 * Men

 * Women

Rowing

 * Men

 * Women

Sailing

 * Women

 * Open

 * Match racing

Shooting

 * Men

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Triathlon
At the inaugural Olympic triathlon competition, the Netherlands was represented by three men and three women. The nation's best result came from Wieke Hoogzaad at twenty-fifth place in the women's competition, while Dennis Looze was the last finisher in the men's race.

Men

 * Team roster
 * Peter Blangé
 * Albert Cristina
 * Martijn Dieleman
 * Bas van de Goor
 * Mike van de Goor
 * Guido Görtzen
 * Martin van der Horst
 * Joost Kooistra
 * Reinder Nummerdor
 * Richard Schuil

 * Head coach: Toon Gerbrands

 * Preliminary Round (Group A)

 * Quarterfinals

 * 5th–8th semifinals

 * 5th place match

Men

 * Team roster
 * Marco Booij
 * Bjørn Boom
 * Bobbie Brebde
 * Matthijs de Bruijn
 * Arie van de Bunt
 * Arno Havenga
 * Bas de Jong
 * Harry van der Meer
 * Gerben Silvis
 * Kimmo Thomas
 * Eelco Uri
 * Wim Vermeulen
 * Niels Zuidweg

 * Head coach: Johan Aantjes

 * Preliminary Round (Group B)

 * Classification Round

Women

 * Team roster
 * Gillian van den Berg
 * Hellen Boering
 * Daniëlle de Bruijn
 * Edmée Hiemstra
 * Karin Kuipers
 * Ingrid Leijendekker
 * Patricia Megens
 * Mirjam Overdam
 * Heleen Peerenboom
 * Karla Plugge
 * Carla Quint
 * Marjan op den Velde
 * Ellen Bast

 * Head coach: Jan Mensink

 * Preliminary Round Robin

 * Semifinals

 * Bronze-medal match

title: Netherlands at the 2000 Summer Olympics


text:
User:Akiss

No news for today.

fr:User:Akiss hu:User:Akiss ro:User:Akiss

title: User:Akiss


text: Category:Battles of the Chilean War of Independence


text:
NBC chimes

The NBC chimes are a sequence of three tones played on National Broadcasting Company (NBC) broadcasts. Originally developed in 1927 as seven notes, they were standardized to the current three-note version by the early 1930s, and possibly as early as 1929. The chimes were originally employed as an audible programming cue, used to alert network control engineers and the announcers at NBC's radio network affiliates. They soon became associated with NBC programming in general, and are an early example of an "interval signal" used to help establish a broadcaster's identity with its audience.

In 1950 the NBC chimes became the first "purely audio" service mark granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. They continue to be used as an audio signature by the NBC TV network and its affiliates, and also on the NBC Sports Radio network and at the opening of the hourly NBC News Radio broadcasts.

Definition
The NBC chimes sound mark is currently assigned to NBCUniversal Media, LLC. Its official description, as recorded by its registration at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, is: "'The mark comprises a sequence of chime-like musical notes which are in the key of C and sound the notes G, E, C, the 'G' being the one just below middle C, the 'E' the one just above middle C, and the 'C' being middle C, thereby to identify applicant's broadcasting service.'"

History
While general information about the origin of the NBC chimes is well documented, precise details about the earliest developments are not as clear, and in some cases researchers have come to differing conclusions. It is particularly difficult to establish exactly when the initial, longer, versions were pared down to the final three-tone sequence.

"General Electric Company" folklore
A commonly suggested explanation for the chimes' "G-E-C" sequence is that it comes from the initials of the General Electric Company (GE). In 1987, Robert C. Wright, the president and C.E.O. of NBC, testified before the U.S. Congress that "Not everyone knows that GE was one of the original founders of RCA, NBC's former parent, and that the notes of the famous NBC chimes are G-E-C, standing for the General Electric Company." References to this purported link date back to at least 1945. However, this was over a decade after the NBC chimes were adopted, and NBC's own early historical reviews make no mention of this supposed origin.

In 1919, General Electric founded NBC's parent company, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). At the time the NBC chimes were being developed, GE was still RCA's largest shareholder and also held 30% of NBC's stock. As part of an antitrust case settlement, in late 1932 GE agreed to relinquish its RCA and NBC holdings. Fifty-four years later, RCA was repurchased and made defunct by GE, which rechristened the RCA Building to the "GE Building", and later the "Comcast Building" after GE divested itself of NBC. The small handheld chimes commonly used when the NBC chime sequence was being developed had only four tones: G, F, C and E. Given these limited choices, it was most likely only a coincidence that the adopted sequence matched GE's initials, and while useful as a mnemonic for remembering the notes' correct sequence, there is little evidence actually supporting any link.

Early radio station sound signatures
Because radio is sound oriented, it was a natural development for stations to independently adopt a variety of audio signatures, which in some cases took the form of chimes. Examples existed from the earliest days of organized broadcasting, including at least three by the summer of 1923:
 * WSB in Atlanta, Georgia claims it was the first station to sound a musical identification at the end of programs, using a four-bar xylophone given to station manager Lambdin Kay by a performer, Nell Pendly. A three note signature, E-G-C, was developed, based on the first three notes from the chorus of the World War One classic "Over There".
 * WHAS in Louisville, Kentucky. Station manager Credo Fitch Harris, who wrote in his memoir "what devil put the idea in my head to begin with, may never be known", in 1922 had eight metal chime bars constructed so that he could play — "with fear and trembling, lest the do-dad I struck with hit the wrong thing" — the chorus of "My Old Kentucky Home" at station sign-offs.
 * KFI in Los Angeles, California. The caption on a 1923 photograph of the station's studio mentioned the "electric chimes which open and close the program".

Introduction of the NBC chimes
What differentiated the NBC chimes from these earlier identifying sounds, at least in the beginning, is the use of the NBC chimes for network communications and coordination. Later they would also become a signature sound representing the network, but their primary initial purpose was to help ensure smooth network operations. In 1932, NBC stated that: "The purpose of the chimes... is to synchronize local station identification announcements and to serve as a cue to engineers at relay points all over the country to switch various branches of the networks on or off as the programs change every 15 minutes." This reflected the organization of the network schedule, which was divided into 15 minute program blocks. In addition, effective May 11, 1927, the Federal Radio Commission's General Order No. 8 specified that each station was "directed to announce its call letters and location... not less than once during each 15 minutes of transmission". The use of the NBC chimes as network switching cues eventually allowed the network to save money on infrastructure costs. Until 1933 it was common practice to run a second line that used telegraphic signalling to provide networking communication. After that date the normal policy was to eliminate this second line and send the networking cues over the program lines.

Information about the early development of the NBC chimes is very sparse, although work began shortly after the first NBC network broadcast on November 15, 1926. A 1950 internal NBC memo, "NBC Chimes: First Use of the famous NBC Chimes", states that "The use of chimes for identifying NBC was first conceived by Phillips Carlin," and this memo has a timeline entry for December 22, 1926 that states: "Chimes purchased from Lesch Co for $48.50". Phillips Carlin was a well-known NBC announcer, who had experience employing chimes in radio broadcasts dating back to at least 1924. At that time he was the announcer for the Silvertown Chimes program, which was broadcast over the "WEAF chain" network originating in New York City. (WEAF was owned by the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T). In 1927, after the RCA bought out AT&T's radio operations, the WEAF chain was reorganized as the NBC Red Network.) A contemporary review of this show noted that each program opened with "the soft ringing of chimes", followed by Carlin's announcement that "The Silvertown Chimes have rung out their greeting. Each week they have announced an hour of music, a program of dance so delightful that it drives all thoughts of care away."

A 1942 NBC account of the origin of the chimes gave additional credit for their refinement to NBC chief engineer O. B. Hanson and Ernest LaPrade, an NBC orchestra leader. This account also states that there was an ongoing evolution during the developmental period, as the chime sequence originally consisted of seven notes, which, according to Ernest LaPrade, proved difficult to play correctly, so the sequence was shortened to five, then four, and finally three notes. The notes were manually played on four-bar chime sets manufactured by the J.C. Deagan Company of Chicago. Additional reports state that the initial sequence was G-C-F-E-G-C-E, which became G-C-G-E and then just G-E-C. November 29, 1929 is sometimes reported to be the date that the three-tone sequence was adopted; however, the longer intervals were still in use until 1931, according to surviving network recordings.

The use of signalling tones to indicate the end of a program would be unique to the NBC networks. The CBS Radio network, founded in 1927, never adopted anything similar, instead keying its network switching to the standard phrase "This is the Columbia Broadcasting System". Initially NBC had two national networks, the NBC Red Network and the NBC Blue Network, however the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was unhappy with this and worked to eliminate the common ownership. In late 1942 Phillips Carlin became vice president of programming at the soon-to-be independent Blue network, which later became the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). One of his first decisions was whether to adopt "a new set of chimes (as distinguished from the NBC chimes now in use)", and the choice was to instead end their use on the Blue network. However, the remaining NBC network operations considered the chimes to be an important part of their corporate identity. In 1942, NBC estimated that the average listener heard the tones 16 times a day, while annually there were nearly 20 billion impressions worldwide.

Additional origin explanations
Once the NBC chimes became established, a few claimants appeared who stated they were the original inspiration for the practice. However, like the earliest days of the NBC chimes history, there is very little information available to evaluate these claims.
 * One assertion is that the three notes really did stand for "General Electric Company", because it had been the practice to play the keys G-E-C on a piano at WGY, a GE-owned station in Schenectady, New York.
 * A further claim for WSB in Atlanta is that, in addition to being the first station to adopt a three-chime signature, it was directly responsible for NBC's chimes. This explanation states that, as an NBC affiliate, WSB was hosting a network broadcast of a Georgia Tech college football game, and NBC staff at the network's New York City headquarters heard the WSB chimes, which prompted them to ask permission to adopt it for use by the national networks.

Rangertone chime machine
The original chimes were played by hand by the announcers, which led to occasional errors and undesirable variations. In 1932 a standardized "chimeless chime", which promised to play the notes consistently — one reviewer commented that "there will be no more sour notes from those NBC chimes — was developed by Richard H. Ranger, a former RCA engineer who had invented an electronic organ. Ranger's creation was a music box-style electro-mechanical device, which played the three-note sequence at the push of a button.

The initial installation was made at New York City headquarters, and went into operation on September 18, 1932. Following successful tests, the network ordered multiple additional units, which were distributed to major sites throughout the United States, including Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago and San Francisco (which had two machines, a main one and a backup). About a dozen of the Ranger units are estimated to have been constructed, a few of which survive in collections. Around 1941 the Rangertone devices started to be replaced with an all-electronic system developed by NBC engineers. By the mid-1980s, these dedicated devices had been replaced by a magnetic tape cartridge recording of a chimes machine that was played back as needed.

The "fourth chime"
The "fourth chime" was a variation of the standard three-segment version, which repeated the closing "C" chime, to become "G-E-C-C". It was initially adopted as a paging method for the New York City area, summoning employees listening at home to report for work at NBC headquarters in order to assist with an important developing story. However, as knowledge of the signal's meaning spread, it also became a way to notify affiliate stations and knowledgeable listeners of pending urgent programming. The "fourth chime" was first used in 1937 in response to the Hindenburg disaster, and saw a majority of its use during World War II. An NBC account of its employment at the start of the "D-day" invasion on June 6, 1944, stated: "At 2:30 a.m. the network was put on 'flash' basis; the NBC four-chime-alert calling all newsmen and commentators to their microphones, key operating personnel to their stations, sounded from the newsroom control room."

There are very few recorded examples of fourth chime transmissions. Although NBC publicity, and some of the contemporary recordings, agree that the "fourth chime" sequence merely repeated a "C" at the end, some of the other recorded examples, although composed of 4 tones, have pitches that appear to be significantly different. The use of the "fourth chime" ended shortly after the close of World War II.

Service Mark registration
Prior to 1946, U.S. law limited registered trademarks to tangible goods. The law was changed that year to allow "service marks" for offered services, and, in an application made with the U.S. Patent Office on November 20, 1947, NBC filed for service mark protection for use of its chimes in conjunction with the "broadcasting of radio programs". Notification of the pending application, which stated that the chimes had been in use since November 1927, was published by the Patent Office on January 17, 1950. There were no objections raised, so on April 4, 1950 the three notes of the NBC chimes became an officially registered service mark.

It is sometimes incorrectly stated that this was the first grant of a U.S. service mark. Actually, numerous earlier service marks had been approved, but previously they had been logos or descriptive names for the service being provided. What made the NBC chimes grant unique was that this was the first time that a service — in this case NBC's radio broadcasts — was granted protection for the use of a service mark that was a "purely audible" trademark, or what became known as a "sound mark".

The original radio broadcasting "sound mark" registration expired on November 3, 1992, after NBC Radio had become a content subsidiary of Westwood One. However, a second registration, made in 1971 and covering the "broadcasting of television programs", remains in force.

Later usage

Although the Rangertone chime machines had to be manually triggered, in 1950 RCA reported that the chimes now normally "sound automatically at 30 seconds before the hour and 30 seconds before the half hour". A December 1953 report in The Billboard noted that:"'The NBC Radio chimes, trademark of the web for many years, will soon be trimmed from their traditional five seconds to three seconds. Thus they will conform with the timing of the chimes as aired by the NBC-TV web. The video network slashed the time quite a while back to give the affiliates 10 seconds instead of eight when the outlets began selling shared identifications to sponsors.'"

The use of the chimes as a network communications signal ended around 1971, the result of automation, which in the case of radio led to shorter tones and "chirps" that were commonly filtered out by the stations so they were unheard by listeners, and in the case of television included use of the vertical blanking interval to transmit cues that were not seen by viewers. However, subsequently there have been numerous examples of the chimes being used in NBC programming as an audio signature.
 * In 1974, WNBC incorporated the sequence into the opening of its synthesized theme music for its local newscasts, NewsCenter 4 (sharpening the pitch by a half-step); the stinger was heard at the opens to the station's 5:00, 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. newscasts. Eventually, NBC Radio adopted WNBC-TV's NewsCenter 4 stinger as its top-of-the-hour news sounder. With alterations (and a brief interruption in the early 1990s), WNBC has used a form of the chimes on its newscasts ever since.
 * The music used on NewsCenter 4, "NBC Radio-TV Newspulse" (composed by Fred Weinberg), was later used for NBC Nightly News in the 1970s and NBC News bulletins/special reports in the 1970s and 1980s. The usage of the NBC chimes continues in local newscasts on NBC stations to this day; in fact, many stations owned by or affiliated with the network play the chimes sequence during the extended forecast slide at the end of their newscasts' main weather segment.
 * In 1976, the chimes were revived nationally in honor of NBC's 50th anniversary. Modern musical versions of the three-note chimes are still in popular use on the NBC radio and television networks (and are the opening and closing notes of the current version of the theme music for NBC Nightly News), as well as in the closing logo for NBCUniversal Syndication Studios, the television syndication arm of NBC's current immediate parent, NBCUniversal (the orchestral variant currently used by NBCUniversal Syndication Studios was first used in 1999 in the closing logo sequence for the NBC Studios production unit).
 * From 1982 to the early 1990s, most voiceover promos heard during the end credits of NBC network shows would begin with the chimes. From 1982 to 1987, the chimes would blend into an instrumental version of the promotional slogan that NBC would be using at the time.
 * Today made the chimes the centerpiece of its theme in 1978, resolving a legal dispute between the network and Stephen Schwartz, composer of Godspell. Schwartz felt that the Ray Ellis-penned closing theme Today, which had been used for the program since 1971 (and was also used as the show's opening theme starting in 1976), was lifted from the classic Godspell song "Day by Day". Using the chimes as his template, Ellis composed a new theme song, which stuck. Although Today has used a segment from John Williams' music package for NBC News, The Mission, since 1985, Ellis's revised composition has been used on and off during portions of Today ever since.
 * NBC News uses a version of the original chimes for special breaking news reports that interrupt regular programming on the network and/or its stations (the tendency of this version to precede major events has earned this variant the nickname, the "Chimes of Doom").
 * NBC's on-air promotions for midseason 2008 featured the chimes prominently alongside the new slogan "Chime In". Several used alternate versions tied to specific shows' themes: for example, ringing telephones for The Office; the ringing of cash registers for Deal or No Deal; and objects striking metal for America's Toughest Jobs. Similarly, the chimes have also been used for select promotions during the fall 2012 season.
 * In 2018, NBC introduced an "NBC Presents" vanity card shown before their in-house programming, which uses the chimes.
 * Used as a time check by Philippine station DZRH, with the three note chimes played before time check after idents were played. During its inception in the 1940s, this station was an NBC affiliate, as KZRH.

Other uses
In 1938, NBC's Advertising and Promotions Director, E. P. H. James, made an agreement with NuTone Chimes of Cincinnati to provide chime sets for sale to the general public. The chimes were used in the dining cars for a few railroad and steamship company lines, starting with the Baltimore and Ohio and New York Central railroads. A line of toy chimes was also produced. That same year the network's fans could buy their own set of chimes from NBC for $2.95 each, with the suggested uses of "Call your family to dinner . . .signal your maid". 1938 also saw the installation of outdoor clocks, in New York City and Chicago, that rang the NBC chimes on-the-hour.

In the 1940 Disney animated short film Fire Chief starring Donald Duck, the NBC chimes are used when Huey, Dewey, and Louie fall on top of Donald. A number of Three Stooges shorts, such as The Ghost Talks, used the chimes when someone hit all three of them in the head.

In the 1943 MGM animated short film Who Killed Who?, the NBC chimes are heard when a mysterious killer in a heavy black cloak and hood shoots him dead with a large pistol.

For a few years in the 1940s and 1950, NBC produced an in-house magazine named NBC Chimes.

Danang Radio and Television in Vietnam has used this chimes and "The Tower" news music package since late 2017.

Musical adaptations of the NBC chime notes
A number of news theme packages have included the NBC chimes, for example ones made for exclusive use by NBC stations, or as a variant used by NBC stations in themes syndicated to stations regardless of network affiliation. Songwriters have also incorporated the sequence, and some NBC-owned radio stations, including WNBC (now WFAN) included chimes in their station ID jingles. Examples include:

Songs:

 * "I Love You (Three Little Tones)" (conjectured title; early 1930s?) A paean to the three-note NBC chimes of which little is known, including the singer, the orchestra or the circumstances under which it was recorded. Decades later, on October 7, 1978, the tune opened the first episode of the fourth season of Saturday Night Live. Garrett Morris sang the vocal, with backing by Laraine Newman, Jane Curtin, and Gilda Radner. Musical director Howard Shore conducted the orchestra.
 * "Announcer Blues" by Paul Whiteman & his Orchestra (1935)
 * "The Chool Song" by The King's Men (1942)
 * "The NBC Polka" by Kurt Maier (1949)
 * "The Three Chimes of Silver" by Meredith Willson (1951—the silver anniversary of NBC's 1926 founding)
 * Around September 1953, the radio network produced a program titled Salute to the Three Chimes of NBC, which was summarized as "Five very different musical groups play an original composition, based on the NBC chimes, called 'Bing, Bang, Bong: A Fantasy On A Trademark.'"
 * "Let's Go" by Ray Charles (on his 1961 album Genius + Soul = Jazz)
 * "Here's Love" from the 1963 Meredith Willson musical Here's Love (it plays during the lyric "CBS to NBC")
 * "Chimes" by Stan Zabka, from his 1965 album Themes from Television.
 * "Frosty" by Albert Collins (1969)
 * "Do Your Thing" (album version) by Isaac Hayes (1971)
 * "Twist On The 4th Chime" by Trunks on the album "Useless" (2007)

Jingle packages:

 * "NBC Stations" by Edd Kalehoff
 * "It's a New Day" and "The Tower" by 615 Music
 * "The Rock" by Stephen Arnold Music
 * "The NBC Collection" by Gari Media Group
 * "L.A. Groove" by Groove Worx
 * "Nothing But Class" and "The Only One" by JAM Creative Productions

title: NBC chimes


text:
User talk:Funkyballs

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! JRM 19:42, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Funkyballs


text:
Sawai language

The Sawai language (also Weda) is a South Halmahera language of the Austronesian language family spoken in the Weda and Gane Timor districts of southern Halmahera, northern Maluku Province, Indonesia. There are approximately 12,000 speakers.

Sounds
Below is a description of the Kobe dialect of Sawai spoken in the villages of Lelilef Woyebulan and Kobe Peplis, as well as from Whistler (1995).

Consonants
Sawai has 15 consonants:

Vowels
Sawai has eight vowels:

Syllable
Sawai has the following syllable structure:

 * (C)(C)V(C)

Examples:

title: Sawai language


text:
User:Leonard Zoe

I compulsively browse articles and occasionally edit things.

title: User:Leonard Zoe


text:
Denmark at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Denmark competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track & road events
 * Field events

 * Women
 * Field events

Badminton
Camilla Martin won Denmark's only medal in the Women's Singles event. She took the silver after losing to Gong Zhichao of China in the finals.
 * Men
 * Women
 * Mixed

Sprint

 * Men

Track

 * Points race

Handball

 * Women

Preliminary round
For the preliminary round, the ten teams were distributed into two groups of five teams. Each team played against each of its four group opponents for a total of four matches. The four best-scoring teams advanced to the quarter-finals.

Modern Pentathlon
In June 2000, Pernille Svarre became world pentathlon champion, winning gold at the championship in Pesaro, Italy. The same year, she was the first Danish woman to compete in the modern pentathlon at the Summer Olympics where the discipline was included for the first time.

Rowing

 * Men
 * Women

Sailing
Denmark competed in seven events during the Sailing competition in Sydney and won one gold medal.
 * Men

 * Women

 * Open

 * Match racing

Shooting

 * Men

 * Women

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Table tennis

 * Doubles

Taekwondo
Denmark has qualified a single taekwondo jin.

title: Denmark at the 2000 Summer Olympics


text:
El Castell de Guadalest

El Castell de Guadalest or simply Guadalest, is a Valencian town and municipality located in a mountainous area of the comarca of Marina Baixa, in the province of Alicante, Spain. Guadalest has an area of 16 km² and, according to the 2002 census, a total population of 189 inhabitants.

History
The medieval castle overshadowing the Guadalest valley was originally built in the 11th century, during the Muslim rule over the Iberian Peninsula. It served to control the valley, as infighting between the smaller kingdoms left by the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba was constant.

In the 13th century, after the Christian conquest of the region, the castle and the town were incorporated into the Kingdom of Valencia by James I of Aragon. As Christian colonization was anecdotal, Muslim inhabitants of the region were allowed to remain in the valley and work its land until the expulsion of the Moriscos. The site then changed hands over the centuries.

On June 22, 1644, an earthquake partly destroyed the fortress. In 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, a mine blew up its western aisle during a battle. Nowadays, only a small, ruined, portion of the castle still towers over the valley.

Tourism
The economy of Guadalest is mainly based on tourism. The town has many remarkable monuments and interesting places to visit:
 * Castle of L'Alcazaiba or Sant Josep, built in the 11th century by Muslims.
 * Castle of the King.
 * Tower-crag of Alcalà.
 * Baroque Catholic church of Mare de Déu de l'Assumpció, built between 1740 and 1753.
 * Jail, built in the 12th century. It conserves a dungeon.
 * Antonio Marco Museum
 * Ethnological Museum
 * Historical Motorcycle Museum Vall de Guadalest, a collection of over a hundred motorcycles and some small cars, all in perfect condition.
 * Micro-Gigantic Museum
 * Miniatures Museum
 * Ribera Girona Museum
 * The Salt & Pepper Shaker Museum, 20,000 salt and pepper shakers from around the world. (See also)
 * Torture instruments Museum
 * Town Museum Orduña House
 * Aventuras Sobre Ruedas Alquiler de Autocaravanas

title: El Castell de Guadalest


text:
Suedehead (subculture)

The suedehead subculture was an early-1970s offshoot of skinhead subculture in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Although sharing similarities to 1960s skinheads, suedeheads grew their hair longer and dressed more formally. Although often working class like skinheads, some had white collar jobs. A female suedehead was a sort.

Suedeheads wore brogues, loafers or basketweave Norwegians instead of heavy boots. Suedeheads wore suits (especially in check patterns such as Prince of Wales and dogtooth) and other dressy outfits as everyday wear instead of just at dancehalls. Crombie-style overcoats and sheepskin coats became common. Most London suedeheads wore a silk handkerchief in the chest pocket of their Crombie, which also had a circular tie-pin through the Crombie and the handkerchief. Shirts often had large button-down collars, usually either pointed or rounded, called butterfly collars. The top shirts were Ben Shermans with a back pleat and top loop. Early on the most common style was a large windowpane check worn under a tank top. At the height of the era, shirts changed to muted pastel shades, with the colour being governed by the day of the week. Sta-Prest trousers became worn more than jeans, which had been common with skinheads. Although the most popular form of trousers were the 2Tone Tonik, which changed colour as they moved. The most common base colours were blue and green, whilst the most favoured secondary colours were red, yellow and gold. Another characteristic was coloured socks—such as solid red or blue—instead of plain black or white.

Suedeheads shared the skinheads' interest in rocksteady, reggae, soul, R&B, funk and ska, but some suedeheads also listened to British glam rock bands such as The Sweet, Slade, Ziggy Stardust and Mott the Hoople. In the late 1970s, most Suedeheads closely followed groups such as The Beat, Madness, the Specials and other artists on the 2Tone record label.

Suedeheads were portrayed in the east end London-based film Bronco Bullfrog and the Richard Allen novel Suedehead. In the late 1970s, a suedehead revival developed following the 1977 skinhead revival. This originated with a small number of individuals such as Hoxton Tom McCourt, who also became involved with the mod revival of the late 1970s.

In the early- to mid-1970s, many suedeheads also owned Lambretta scooters and there was a type of mini-mod revival. It was a crossover movement based on style, music, clothes and was most common amongst working-class teenagers living in the larger inner-city conurbations.

In the 1980s, a number of fanzines were dedicated to the Suedehead culture. This includes The Suedehead Times, which released three issues between 1985 and 1986.

Morrissey released a single called "Suedehead" in 1988, although the lyrics appear to have nothing to do with suedehead subculture.

title: Suedehead (subculture)


text: File:Muziqtangonvectif.gif

title: File:Muziqtangonvectif.gif