text:
Kotturpuram

Kotturpuram, also known as Kottur, is a neighbourhood in Chennai (Madras), Tamil Nadu, India and is situated in the Southern banks of the Adyar River. It is surrounded by Nandanam in the North and North-West, Adyar in the South-East, IIT Chennai and Guindy in the South and Little Mount (a part of Greater Saidapet) in the South-West. The neighbourhood is served by Kotturpuram MRTS railway station. Centuries old Hindu temples, such as Perumal Koil (around 1000 years) and Ponniamman Koil (around 400 years) are situated in Kottur.

Anna Centenary Library
Anna Centenary Library, one of South East Asia's largest libraries is located here. It was inaugurated by former Chief minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi.

Administration details
This area has part of revenue village Kottur, which comes under Mylapore-Triplicane Taluk and part of revenue village (Zamin) Adyar, which comes under Mambalam-Guindy Taluk.

This whole area comes under Adyar Sub-Register office for any registrations and under Saidapet corporation for getting voter ID etc.

History
Kotturpuram consist of three areas:

Kottur
(Zamin) Adyar and Kottur Village settlements form this part.

Kottur Gardens
The area was originally Nawab's Garden (Nawabs of Arcot), which was later purchased by M. A. Chidambaram from whom the Government of Tamil Nadu purchased it for development.

This area was developed by Tamil Nadu Housing Board under a Housing Board scheme in 1975. The scheme included Individual houses and Flats under HIG and MIG category in a planned layout with 5 main roads, crescent road, circular road and loop streets. The scheme also demarcated shopping complexes and parks. The area was initially called TNHB colony and was handed over to the residents after completion of the scheme. It was subsequently renamed to "Kottur Gardens". The residents of Kottur Gardens are part of a voluntary residents welfare association called "Kottur Gardens Residents Association".

Kotturpuram
The TNSC constructed flats in the river bed since it was on the dead-end (No Bridge on the River in 1960-70) outside the main area i.e. Kottur hence Puram (meaning Exterior in Tamil) was added. This area lies west of Gandhi Mandapam Salai.

The MRTS Station at Kottur was named Kotturpuram MRTS Station to avoid confusion with Korattur Station and Kotturu Station.

title: Kotturpuram


text:
Gilbert Levin

Gilbert Victor Levin (April 23, 1924 – July 26, 2021) was an American engineer, the founder of Biospherics and the principal investigator of the Viking mission Labeled Release experiment. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

In 1997, Levin published his conclusion that a 1976 Viking lander had discovered living microorganisms on Mars. He is noted for still claiming that his experiment on board the 1976 Viking Mars landers to detect microscopic life on Mars rendered a true positive result. On April 12, 2012, an international team including Levin reported their analysis "support the interpretation that the Viking LR experiment did detect extant microbial life on Mars." The team used cluster analysis of the Labeled Release experiments of the Viking program.

He was one of the science advisers of the International Committee Against Mars Sample Return.

He also patented an inexpensive method to make tagatose, an artificial sweetener, in 1988.

Levin died in Bethesda, Maryland after an aortic dissection on July 26, 2021, at the age of 97.

Publications

 * Can Chirality Give Proof of Extinct or Extant Life?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gilbert Levin


text:
User:ClockworkSoul/userpage/heading

!style="background:#ECC850; font-size: 130%; border-radius: 10px; text-align:center"|

title: User:ClockworkSoul/userpage/heading


text:
Talk:Siege of Catubig

clean up
This article needs major clean up —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.229.35.146 (talk) 21:23, 3 November 2007 (UTC) It also needs a balancing POV: all is presented from American viewpoint at present, even after some removal of polemic tone. Kevin McE (talk) 18:32, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

incongruent information
If you click on the link to the 43rd Infantry Regiment, according to the Wikipedia page - that regiment did not exist until 1917. The page for the 43rd Infantry Regiment page was redirected from 43d Infantry Regiment (PS) with no explanation of what (PS) means.

Jtyroler (talk) 19:07, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Siege of Catubig


text:
Grant Naylor

Grant Naylor refers to the former writing partnership between Rob Grant and Doug Naylor as well as their Grant Naylor Productions company.

As a pseudonym, it was used for their collaborative work, including the novelisation of the television series Red Dwarf. Grant and Naylor themselves called this pseudonym a "gestalt entity" (i.e., something that is greater than the sum of its parts).

The collaboration began in the mid-1980s, when the duo co-wrote BBC Radio 4 programmes such as Cliché and its sequel, Son of Cliché, and television programmes such as the British satire Spitting Image, the office-based comedy The 10%ers, and various projects for Jasper Carrott. The pair are also credited with writing the lyrics to "The Chicken Song" and a number of other musical parodies for Spitting Image.

The "Grant Naylor collaboration", as it had become known, created the cult science fiction comedy series Red Dwarf. The first three series were produced by Paul Jackson's company, and Grant Naylor Productions was set up in 1990 as the production company of the show, being a joint venture between Naylor, Grant, and Noel Gay Television (who had acquired Paul Jackson Productions).

In the mid-1990s, after the sixth series of Red Dwarf, Grant left the show, ending the collaboration with Naylor, but Grant Naylor Productions continued. Later series of Red Dwarf were written by Naylor, sometimes in collaboration with other writers, particularly on series 7.

After the end of the eighth series in 1999, Grant Naylor Productions (under Doug Naylor) attempted to make a feature-length adaptation of the show but was unable to find sufficient funding. Instead, a new three-part television miniseries, Red Dwarf: Back to Earth, was created and shown on channel Dave, over the Easter weekend in April 2009. Since then, Grant Naylor Productions has created Red Dwarf X, broadcast in 2012; Red Dwarf XI, broadcast on Dave in 2016; Red Dwarf XII, which was shot back-to-back with XI and broadcast in 2017; and a 2020 telemovie.

In March 2020, Naylor ceased to be a director of the company due to a legal dispute with the company and Grant over Red Dwarf rights. On 10 March 2023, Grant and Naylor announced on Twitter that the dispute had been resolved.

title: Grant Naylor


text:
Pauline Ducruet

Pauline Grace Maguy Ducruet (born 4 May 1994) is a Monegasque diver, designer and niece of Prince Albert II of Monaco, through her mother, Princess Stéphanie of Monaco.

Early life
Ducruet was born on 4 May 1994 at Princess Grace Hospital Centre in La Colle, Monaco. She is the second child of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco and Daniel Ducruet. Her parents subsequently married in a civil ceremony on 1 July 1995. She has an older brother (Louis) and three half-siblings. Her half-brother Michael is the son of Daniel Ducruet and Martine Malbouvier. Her half-sister, Camille Gottlieb, is the daughter of Princess Stéphanie and Jean-Raymond Gottlieb. Her other half-sister, Linoué Ducruet, is the daughter of Daniel Ducruet and Kelly Marie Carla Lancien.

Education
Ducruet received a baccalaureate, literary section, from Lycée Prince Albert I de Monaco. Ducruet is said to have skipped a year in school, making her a year behind her brother, rather than two years behind. She received her French Baccalauréat degree in July 2011. In 2012, she studied at Monaco's language school.

Career
For three years, Ducruet was a stylist apprentice at the Instituto Marangoni in Paris. In 2015, Ducruet went to study fashion design in New York; part of her studies were a five-month internship at Vogue and a six-month internship at Louis Vuitton. She received an associate degree in Fashion Design from Parsons The New School for Design 2015–2017.

In June 2017, Ducruet partnered with Maria Zarco in the launch of Altered Designs, a fashion company the two women publicize via Instagram. In 2022, she was selected to Forbes 30 Under 30 in Monaco.

Diving
Ducruet is a competitive diver. In 2010, she represented Monaco at the World Junior Diving Championships in Aachen, Germany, and in July 2010, she competed in the European Junior Swimming and Diving Championships in Helsinki, Finland. In August 2010, she was part of the Monaco delegation at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore.

Competitive results

 * 6th in 1-meter springboard at the international meeting in Eindhoven, The Netherlands
 * 5th in the 1-meter springboard championships in France Winter Youth in Angers, France
 * 2nd jumps of 1 and 3-meter championships in France Youth Summer School in Strasbourg
 * 19th and 22nd at the European Championships in Helsinki
 * a finalist in the 3-meter springboard in the 1st Youth Olympics in Singapore. (final result: 12th place of 13 divers)
 * 18th FINA Junior Diving World Championships
 * Group A Girls 1m (16–18) – (Prelim/Quarterfinal) 21
 * Group A Girls 3m (16–18) – (Prelim/Quarterfinal) 29

On 5 November 2010, Ducruet was nominated as "Sportsperson of the year" for the 2009–2010 season.

Other interests
Ducruet's earliest activities include the training of elephants in the circus of Franco Knie. In 2004, she was involved in gymnastics; her mother is president of Monaco's gymnastics federation.

As of December 2011, according to Princess Stephanie, Pauline was assisting her with all aspects of the 2012 International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo. She also founded and presides over the jury of the "New Generation" circus festival in Monaco, specifically for people under 20 years of age.

Succession
Ducruet is a niece of Prince Albert II of Monaco, and is currently 17th in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne.

title: Pauline Ducruet


text: Category:American World War II weapons

title: Category:American World War II weapons


text:
Meanings of minor planet names: 70001–71000

70001–70100

 * -id=004
 * 70004 Richardgalli || || Richard Galli (b.1970), a French amateur astronomer. || ·
 * -id=030
 * 70030 Margaretmiller || || Margaret Joan Miller (born 1956), wife of American astronomer Brian Warner who discovered this minor planet. A graduate of Indiana University, she is an accomplished violist who, as a member of the DaVinci Quartet, was a prize winner in two major international competitions. She now devotes her time to teaching viola and violin to students of all ages (Src). || ·
 * }

70101–70200

 * -id=179
 * 70179 Beppechiara || || Giuseppe Brenna (born 1952) and his wife Chiara Martinoni (born  1953), two Swiss alpinists who live in a small village in the Verzasca valley in the canton of Ticino. He has climbed to the top of all 630 mountains in Ticino of altitude greater than 2000 meters and has written several guides and books about Swiss mountains. || ·
 * }

70201–70300

 * -id=207
 * 70207 Davidunlap || || David Alexander Dunlap (1863–1924), born in Pembroke, Ontario, a mining magnate, philanthropist and amateur astronomer, was the namesake of the David Dunlap Observatory, location of Canada's largest optical telescope, and where the first black-hole candidate Cygnus X-1 was discovered and confirmed. || ·
 * -id=210
 * 70210 Cesarelombardi || || Cesare Lombardi (1900–1971) was a volunteer assistant at the Brera Astronomical Observatory in Milan from 1930, where he devoted himself to the observation and calculation of orbits of minor planets. From 1930 to 1941 and from 1949 to 1971 he was director of the Hoepli planetarium in Milan. || ·
 * }

70301–70400

 * -bgcolor=#f2f2f2
 * colspan=4 align=center | There are no named minor planets in this number range
 * }

70401–70500

 * 70401 Davidbishop || || David Bishop (born 1961) is an engineer who works with cutting-edge CMOS and other imaging technology. For many years he has donated his time and tirelessly maintained the only webpage that provides up-to-date reports and images of all supernova discoveries. This is used daily by hundreds of astronomers. || ·
 * -id=409
 * 70409 Srnín || || The Czech village of Srnín is situated at the foot of Kleť mountain. It was founded by Zlatá Koruna monastery and first mentioned in 1400. || ·
 * -id=418
 * 70418 Kholopov || || P. N. Kholopov (1922–1988) was the astronomer editor-in-chief of the first three volumes of the fourth edition of the General Catalogue of Variable Stars. || ·
 * -id=444
 * 70444 Genovali || || Katia Genovali (born 1978) is a young astrophysicist who works on cataclysmic and symbiotic variables at the University of Pisa. Apart from her astrophysical work she is very active in the public understanding of science and astronomy. || ·
 * -id=446
 * 70446 Pugh || || George Pugh (1926–), American physicist, first to propose (in 1959), a test of general relativity's frame dragging via a combination telescope/gyroscope in a drag-free satellite: Gravity Probe B (2004). || ·
 * -id=449
 * 70449 Gruebel || || Robert W. Gruebel (1924–2016) was a professor of physics at Stephen F. Austin State University, and a mentor, colleague and friend of the discoverer.  (The minor planet was discovered at the university's observatory.) || ·
 * }
 * }

70501–70600

 * -bgcolor=#f2f2f2
 * colspan=4 align=center | There are no named minor planets in this number range
 * }

70601–70700

 * -id=679
 * 70679 Urzidil || || Johannes Urzidil, Czech-German writer, poet and journalist †  || 70679·
 * }

70701–70800

 * -id=710
 * 70710 Chuckfellows || || Charles Fellows (born 1962), the Project Manager for the OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite. He was also the Lead and Systems Engineer for the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer, the Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer on the Phoenix Mars Lander, and was a team member for the DISR instrument that flew on the Cassini mission. || ·
 * -id=711
 * 70711 Arlinbartels || || Arlin Bartels (born 1965), the Flight System Manager for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. Prior to serving in the role, he was the MLA Instrument Manager for MESSENGER, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Instrument Systems Manager, and the JPSS Deputy Project Manager. || ·
 * -id=712
 * 70712 Danieljoanna || || Daniel Rose (born 1929) and Joanna Rose (born 1930) had the vision to support "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, through their philanthropic interest in social justice, education, science literacy, and the health and wealth of the human species," becoming an acclaimed 13-part TV series, airing in 45 languages and 180 countries. || ·
 * -id=713
 * 70713 Sethmacfarlane || || Seth MacFarlane (born 1973) writer, actor, and producer, is a founding member of the Board of Advisors to the Science and Entertainment Exchange, a Los Angeles branch office of the National Academy of Sciences. He would later serve as an Executive Producer of the 2014, 13-part TV series "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey" || ·
 * -id=714
 * 70714 Rizk || || Bashar Rizk (born 1959) is the Instrument Scientist for the OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS). He was also a Co-Investigator, Image Team Leader, Senior Data Analyst, and Systems and Calibration Engineer for the Descent Imager Spectral Radiometer (DISR) instrument that took the first images of the surface of Titan. || ·
 * -id=715
 * 70715 Allancheuvront || || Allan Cheuvront (born 1950) is the Ground System Test Lead for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. Prior to serving in this role, he was the Mission Operations Manager for OSIRIS-REx, as well as the Stardust comet sample return mission, and a flight team member on the Magellan mission to Venus. || ·
 * -id=716
 * 70716 Mehall || || Greg Mehall (born 1963), Project Engineer for the Thermal Emission Spectrometer flying on the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. He was also instrument manager, systems engineer, and mission manager for the Mars Global Surveyor TES, Mars Odyssey THEMIS, and Mars Exploration Rovers Mini-TES instruments. || ·
 * -id=718
 * 70718 HEAF || || The Harlem Educational Activities Fund (HEAF) provides nurturing, educational opportunities for motivated students who are otherwise underserved in their home or community. Founded in 1989 by philanthropist Daniel Rose, HEAF measures its success by the stellar college and graduate school admission rates it fosters. || ·
 * -id=720
 * 70720 Davidskillman || || David R. Skillman (born 1945) for his decades-long contributions to asteroid searching, stellar binary star systems and as lead systems engineer for the Hubble Space Telescope at Goddard Space Flight Center. || ·
 * -id=728
 * 70728 Gal-Edd || || Jonathan Gal-Edd (born 1954) is the Ground Systems Manager for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. He was also the Ground System Chief Engineer for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission, and the Ground Segment Mission Engineering Manager for the James Webb Space Telescope. || ·
 * -id=737
 * 70737 Stenflo || || Jan Olof Stenflo (born 1942) a Swedish-Swiss astronomer, served as director of the Institute of Astronomy, ETH Zurich, during 1980–2006, after a lectureship at Lund University. His scientific work included contributions to the study of polarized light and solar magnetic fields. He supported the establishment of the Istituto Ricerche Solari Locarno. || ·
 * -id=744
 * 70744 Maffucci || || Paolo Maffucci (born 1936) is an amateur astronomer at San Marcello Pistoiese who is particularly interested in promoting astronomy. || ·
 * -id=745
 * 70745 Aleserpieri || || Alessandro Serpieri (1823–1885) was an Italian astronomer and teacher of mathematics and physics. He determined the Perseid radiant and studied the solar eclipse of 1870 Dec. 22. He also analyzed the Italian earthquakes of 1872 and 1875. || ·
 * -id=781
 * 70781 Donnelly || || Michael Donnelly (born 1961), the Project Manager for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. Prior to serving in this role, he was the First Servicing Mission Systems Manager for the Hubble Space Telescope, the AQUA Spacecraft Manager, and the GOES-R Project Manager. || ·
 * -id=782
 * 70782 Vinceelliott || || Vincent Elliott (born 1970) is the Deputy Project Manager for Resources for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. Prior to serving in this role, he was the Deputy Project Manager for Resources for the Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA Astrophysics Projects Division Program Business Manager. || ·
 * -id=783
 * 70783 Kenwilliams || || Kenneth Williams (born 1956) is a member of the navigation team at KinetX, Inc. for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. He was the Navigation Team Chief for the MESSENGER orbiter and the Stardust Missions, the Lead Maneuver Analyst for the Genesis mission, and a Mission Planner for the Cassini mission. || ·
 * }

70801–70900

 * -id=850
 * 70850 Schur || || Chris Schur (born 1958) and Dawn Schur (born 1960), American amateur astronomers and amateur paleontologists living in Payson, Arizona. Their astrophotography at their home observatory is of the highest quality and the analysis and cataloging of fossils posted on their extensive website, is quite professional. || ·
 * }

70901–71000

 * -id=936
 * 70936 Kámen || || The Czech Kámen Castle, is an originally Gothic castle in southern Bohemia near the town of Pacov, first mentioned in the fourteenth century. In the nineteenth century the castle was reconstructed in the English Romantic Gothic style. There is a motorcycle museum there now (Src). || ·
 * -id=942
 * 70942 Vandanashiva || || Vandana Shiva (born 1952) is an Indian environmental activist. In 1993 she received the Right Livelihood Award "for placing women and ecology at the heart of modern development discourse" || ·
 * -id=995
 * 70995 Mikemorton || || Michael Morton (1959–1999) was the consummate amateur astronomer, George Observatory volunteer and friend. The continuing success of the Texan observatory is directly related to his knowledge, skills, hard work and dedication. Mike was also a beloved member of the Fort Bend Astronomy Club. || ·
 * -id=000
 * 71000 Hughdowns || || Hugh Downs (1921-2020), an American television pioneer, program host, journalist and prolific author. He is also a board of governors member of the National Space Society and was a longtime president and chairman of the predecessor National Space Society. The name was suggested by M. Trueblood. || ·
 * }


text: Category:Brooklyn Dodgers

title: Category:Brooklyn Dodgers


text:
User talk:Mpetre

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - Mgm|(talk) 19:46, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Matthew petre
Would you like me to move this article to your personal userspace for preservation? If you do, just contact me, so I can help you. Just click on "talk" in my signature - it'll take you straight to my talk page. Mgm|(talk) 19:46, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

Re: Apology
Thanks for the apology. It's always nice to receive one. Just post if you need any further help. Good luck in your future Wikipedia endeavours. Mgm|(talk) 16:58, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mpetre


text:
Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)

The Symphony No. 2 in D major, Op. 43, is a four-movement work for orchestra written from 1901 to 1902 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius.

He began writing the symphony in winter 1901 in Rapallo, Italy, shortly after the successful premiere of the popular Finlandia. Sibelius said, "My second symphony is a confession of the soul."

Background and premiere
Baron Axel Carpelan, who gave Sibelius' well-known tone poem Finlandia its name, wrote to the composer shortly after its successful premiere: "You have been sitting at home for quite a while, Mr. Sibelius, it is high time for you to travel. You will spend the late autumn and the winter in Italy, a country where one learns cantabile, balance and harmony, plasticity and symmetry of lines, a country where everything is beautiful – even the ugly. You remember what Italy meant for Tchaikovsky’s development and for Richard Strauss." Although Baron Carpelan was penniless, he raised sufficient funds for Sibelius to stay in a mountain villa near Rapallo, Italy. Here, Sibelius jotted down the first notes to his second symphony.

More than a year after the first motifs were penned, the second symphony was premiered by the Helsinki Orchestral Society on 8 March 1902, with the composer conducting. After three sold-out performances, Sibelius made some revisions; the revised version was given its first performance by Armas Järnefelt on 10 November 1903 in Stockholm. Oskar Merikanto exclaimed that the premiere "exceeded even the highest expectations".

Reception
While critics were divided following the symphony's premiere, the public generally admired the piece as its grandiose finale was connected by some with the struggle for Finland's independence, so that it was even popularly dubbed the "Symphony of Independence", as it was written at a time of Russian sanctions on Finnish language and culture. Sibelius's reaction to this has been widely debated; some claim that he had not intended any patriotic message and that the symphony was only identified by others as a nationalist composition, while others believe that he wrote the piece with an independent Finland in mind. Finnish composer Sulho Ranta said, "There is something about this music — at least for us — that leads us to ecstasy; almost like a shaman with his magic drum."

The symphony has been called "one of the few symphonic creations of our time that point in the same direction as Beethoven’s symphonies". However, Virgil Thomson wrote in the New York Herald Tribune that the symphony was "vulgar, self-indulgent, and provincial beyond all description". Sir Colin Davis quoted Wordsworth for one of his recordings of the symphony with the London Symphony Orchestra: Grand in itself alone, but in that breach Through which the homeless voice of waters rose That dark deep thoroughfare, had Nature lodged The Soul, the Imagination of the whole.

Structure
Sibelius scored his second symphony for an orchestra consisting of standard instruments: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, and strings.

It is written in four movements: 1. Allegretto – Poco allegro – Tranquillo, ma poco a poco ravvivando il tempo all'allegro – Poco largamente – Tempo I – Poco allegro (in D major)

2. Tempo andante, ma rubato – Poco allegro – Molto largamente – Andante sostenuto – Andante con moto ed energico – Allegro – Poco largamente – Molto largamente – Andante sostenuto – Andante con moto ed energico – Andante – Pesante (in D minor)

3. Vivacissimo – Lento e soave – Tempo primo – Lento e soave – (attacca) (in B♭ major)

4. Finale: Allegro moderato – Moderato assai – Meno moderato e poco a poco ravvivando il tempo – Tempo I – Largamente e pesante – Poco largamente – Molto largamente (in D major)

It is his longest symphony, with a duration of approximately 45 minutes.

First movement
Tying in with Sibelius' philosophy on the art of the symphony—he wrote that he "admired [the symphony's] severity of style and the profound logic that created an inner connection between all the motifs" —the work grows almost organically out of a rising three-note motif heard at the opening of the work, first unstable and pastoral, then appearing in many guises throughout the entire symphony (and indeed forming the basis for most of the material), including forming the dramatic theme of the finale. More phrases are invisibly introduced, although very much related, creating a jigsaw puzzle-like effect. It is only at the climax of the movement that the full theme is heard.

Second movement
In his villa in Rapallo, Sibelius wrote: "Don Juan. I was sitting in the dark in my castle when a stranger entered. I asked who he could be again and again – but there was no answer. I tried to make him laugh but he remained silent. At last the stranger began to sing – then Don Juan knew who it was. It was death." On the same piece of paper, he wrote the bassoon theme for the first part of the second movement, out of which a pizzicatoed string "walking bass" stems. Two months later in Florence, he drafted the second theme, with a note reading "Christus," perhaps symbolizing the death and resurrection of the movement, or even of Finland. Scholars also suggest that Sibelius modeled the second movement after Dante's Divine Comedy. Nonetheless, Robert Kajanus said that the movement "strikes one as the most broken-hearted protest against all the injustice that threatens at the present time to deprive the sun of its light and our flowers of their scent." The movement culminates with a towering, brassy theme, following by an ethereal, mist-like motif in the divided strings.

Third movement
An angry, restless scherzo with machine-gun figures in the strings is blistering and fast. It is followed by a slow trio section, featuring a lyrical oboe solo accompanied by the clarinets and horns. After a trumpet blast, the scherzo is played again. The trio section returns again at the end of the movement as it bridges to the final movement. Kajanus said, "The scherzo gives a picture of frenetic preparation. Everyone piles his straw on the haystack, all fibers are strained and every second seems to last an hour. One senses in the contrasting trio section with its oboe motive in G-flat major what is at stake."

Finale
Without pause, the final movement, toward which the rest of the symphony seems to be building, begins gloriously after finally attaining D major, with colossal, loud, regal, and triumphant themes, often drawn from the first movement of the symphony. Very similar to Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, the transitional material from between the last two movements is brought back a second time so the victory of the major key can be savored anew. This movement, inspired by Romantic music, is "Italian music gone North." Kajanus wrote that the last movement "develops towards a triumphant conclusion intended to rouse in the listener a picture of lighter and confident prospects for the future."

Recordings
The first recording, sponsored by the Finnish Government, was made by Robert Kajanus with an unnamed orchestra for the British Columbia label in May 1930 at the Central Hall, Westminster on nine 78 rpm sides. The final side included the 'Intermezzo' from the Karelia Suite. For more information, see British Symphony Orchestra discography § Robert Kajanus. Kajanus had recorded the First Symphony a week earlier. Although the London Symphony Orchestra and the British Symphony Orchestra are sometimes credited, Mark Obert-Thorn puts forward the view that the ensemble was the Orchestra of the Royal Philharmonic Society, "the old RPO" which served as a long-term concert and recording pickup orchestra. It should not be confused with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra founded by Sir Thomas Beecham in 1947.

Arturo Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra performed the symphony during broadcast concerts in 1939 and 1940 in NBC Studio 8-H; the 1940 performance was commercially released by RCA Victor in 1967 on LP, then later reissued on CD. EMI has released a CD of a concert performance by Toscanini and the BBC Symphony Orchestra in Queen's Hall. One of the more remarkable live performances released on LP and CD was by Sir Thomas Beecham and the BBC Symphony Orchestra in the Royal Festival Hall in 1954, during which Beecham shouted encouragement to the musicians several times.

On the Saturday 5 January 2013 broadcast of BBC Radio 3's CD Review – Building a Library, music critic Erica Jeal in her survey recommended the 1995 recording by the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Colin Davis, as the best available choice.

The violinist and composer Anthony Collins recorded the symphony with many revisions, saying that "Conductors must have liberty to get performance living." In his 1935 recording with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Serge Koussevitzky conducted the same version that Collins used. Sibelius praised the recording, saying that Koussevitsky "performed my work with supreme mastery. I shall ever be deeply grateful to him for all that he has done for my art."

title: Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)


text:
Origin Pacific Airways

Origin Pacific Airways was an airline based in Nelson in New Zealand. Its main base was at Nelson Airport (NSN). It ceased passenger operations on 10 August 2006, and its residual freight operations on 15 September 2006.

Starting out
Origin Pacific Airways was established by Robert Inglis and Nicki Smith in 1996 and started operations in April 1997. Inglis and Smith had previously established Air Nelson which they subsequently sold to Air New Zealand. Mike Pero and a group of Wellington investors each also owned 25% shares in the company.

Code-share with Qantas Jetconnect
Origin operated code-share flights on behalf of Jetconnect (a subsidiary of Qantas) from mid 2001 to early 2004. When the code-share agreement was cancelled the airline lost around 60% of its business. Routes served on behalf of Jetconnect included Rotorua and Queenstown. Origin operated ATR-72-212 and Dash 8 100 and 300 aircraft on those routes. Jetconnect took over these routes using their own Boeing 737 aircraft.

The loss of the code-share with Jetconnect was a major blow to the airline. They lost access to Qantas's international network and had to compete against the government backed Air New Zealand and with a competing Jetconnect. The code-share loss thus resulted in the scaling back of jobs and aircraft.

Collapse
The airline ceased passenger operations on 10 August 2006 when the airline could not service its debts to airports and to Inland Revenue. At the time the airline ceased passenger operations, Origin's passenger numbers were up more than usual. Freight operations finished on 15 September 2006.

Destinations
Prior to the suspension of domestic passenger services, the airline (as at January 2005) operated services to the following scheduled destinations:

Fleet
During its operation Origin Pacific operated the following aircraft:

 * 4 BAe Jetstream 31
 * 3 BAe Jetstream 32
 * 5 BAe Jetstream 41
 * 1 Cessna 421
 * 2 ATR-72-212
 * 3 DHC-8-100
 * 2 DHC-8-300
 * 1 Fairchild-Swearingen Metroliner III
 * 3 Fairchild-Swearingen Metroliner 23

title: Origin Pacific Airways


text:
Category:Lichens

Lichens are composite organisms, consisting of a fungal mycobiont and one or more photosynthetic partners (either green algae or cyanobacteria, or both). One or more basidiomycete yeast species are also sometimes involved.

title: Category:Lichens


text: Category:Boston Braves (baseball)

title: Category:Boston Braves (baseball)


text:
User talk:80.186.54.48

If you're still at this IP - articles should be created at the article page (i.e. Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)), not at the category (you wrote an article at, presumably by accident). Cheers, ugen 64 19:47, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.186.54.48


text:
Fung Hang

Fung Hang is a village in the north eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, to the south west of the Sha Tau Kok Hoi or Starling Inlet, opposite the town of Sha Tau Kok. It is a single-clan Hakka village of the Cheung Clan located between Luk Keng and Kuk Po.

Administration
Fung Hang is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy. It is one of the villages represented within the Sha Tau Kok District Rural Committee. For electoral purposes, Fung Hang is part of the Sha Ta constituency, which is currently represented by Ko Wai-kei.

History
The Cheungs, previously established in Kuk Po, moved to Fung Hang in 1671, shortly after the end of the Great Clearance. They were farmers engaged in fishing and later concentrated in rice and vegetables growing. Most of the villagers have moved overseas or to other areas of Hong Kong.

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Fung Hang was 143. The number of males was 61.

Built heritage
The Cheung Ancestral Hall in Fung Hang was probably built before the 20th century. It was renovated in 1975.

title: Fung Hang


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frivolous Theorem of Arithmetic

Frivolous Theorem of Arithmetic

 * Keep it's a pretty important theorem in experimental mathematics. It's really a rephrasing of Richard Guy's law of small numbers. Anyway, added some more references to illustrate its relevance.

 * Delete this pretty feeble math joke. Maybe it could be a launching pad for mathematical jokes of something ... - DavidWBrooks 19:48, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete hardly a theorem. --InShaneee 19:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep It may seem oversimplified, but it forces one to think about perspective. Since there are an infinite number of natural numbers, if one defines a cut-off point for "very, very, very large" there will be infinite numbers greater than that point, and finite numbers less than that point.  It helps one remember that numbers are very large and that there are a lot of them.  It is important to keep perspective about numbers when trying to understand infinity. -- Mike R. 20:05, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)(aka user 208.252.227.26. Seven edits.)
 * Delete, hardly seems useful. --Wtshymanski 05:21, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP This is not a math joke; it is a true theorem. Technically, all of math theorems, once proven, is considered trivial. This is the perfect example. If it's true, it must be stated. One cannot arbitrarily judge a theorem to be "hardly a theorem". (unsigned comment by user 24.203.253.122, who has 2 edits.)

 * Keep "Hardly seems useful"? Usefulness is not a criteria to be taken in consideration in math, nor is it one when proving theorems. Wiles' proof on Fermat's Last Theorem has yet been used in anything, not even in the proof of another theorem, yet no one's debating whether FLT should be deleted from wikipedia. (unsigned comment by user Icebreaker.)

 * Keep, if you were going to throw out all the useless math theorems hanging around, we'd be here until some of them actually became useful. 69.157.228.126 17:46, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * User's only edit. --InShaneee 18:58, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep I agree with Wtshymanski. The theorem isn't particularly practical, especially as stated, but it provides an important characterization of numbers. Maybe what this page could use is a paragraph of two going into detail just what the theorem means.
 * According to page history, comment made by 4.155.63.40.

 * leave it
 * According to page history, comment made by 69.158.116.209.

 * Keep It's a mathematical therom, usefullness is not an issue Zurtex
 * According to page history, comment made by 81.156.186.129. Unknown if it is actually Zurtex.
 * Sorry I assure you that was me the log in doesn't always seem to work I will remember to check next time Zurtex
 * Delete Currently not enough credible sources. Zzyzx11 | Talk 01:18, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not enough credible sources? Mathworld is very much credible. Comment made by Icebreaker
 * But that is just only one source. My teachers always taught me to cite multiple sources whenever I wrote articles and papers -- especially when it is under dispute. The more proof you have, the better the chances you have at persuading others to your side. Zzyzx11 | Talk 02:27, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Fundamental theorem of arithmetic only has one source, you going to suggest that be deleted? Zurtex
 * Last time I checked, there was more than one. Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:21, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I just added a second source.
 * Comment made by 205.236.144.41

 * Delete. Just look at the name.  Frivolous.  If we added all the frivolous things in the world to Wikipedia, it would be absurdly bloated.  This perhaps could be added into another article, but as itself it's not worth keeping.  Sholtar 10:33, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Frivolous is just the name, often in mathematics we take names and change what they mean to a certain degree, if someone came up with a way to factories a number in polynomial time and called it the frivolous way of factoring a number it would not be cause for deleting it. In this case it's just an amusing way of demonstrating a rather important point. Zurtex
 * As Zurtex pointed out, mathematics often use names that are not in their most intuitive sense. Case and point: the Fundamental theorem of algebra. Leave the entry; sooner or later someone will elaborate the Frivolous Theorem of Arithmetic futher (it does have some implications; it is not as "frivolous" as it sounds).
 * If it has some implications, then add them to the article so we aren't here arguing with nearly no content to argue about. The only implication is the fact that there are infinite numbers.  If you want, give it a subsection in the article on infinity, but it's not worth it's own article.  Even if it weren't as pointless as it is, the article isn't encyclopedic in the first place.  Either add content or just reference it elsewhere. Sholtar 01:48, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually it has many implications directly relevant to it, one obvious one is for a sequence $$\left\{ a_n \right\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \rightarrow \infty$$ as $$n \rightarrow \infty$$ we have that most characteristics of most of these sequences we can not compute. This is a direct observation of this theorem and not a related one on infinity. But regardless, it is still a mathematical theorem, I am unsure on the policy for editing articles being considered for deletion so I have not edited it. Zurtex
 * Articles that are currently in consideration for deletion can still be edited. Please add it if you can, as I, too, like to see this article saved.
 * Comment made by 24.37.241.20
 * I suppose with the additions, it could be a feasible article. A bit more and I'll change my vote.  Sholtar 03:49, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's a theorem, and this page can be further elaborated, therefore we do not need to delete it.
 * Comment made by 24.37.241.20
 * Keep Math theorems cannot be deleted on the basis of "usefulness" or the lack thereof.
 * Keep It's good enough for MathWorld, it's good enough for Wikipedia.

Why is this still here?

 * keep and wikify it seems to be written with a very cynical edge which detracts from the importance of it. Sensation002 23:48, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
 * keep I used it to prove Fermat's Last Theorem!
 * Keep Don't judge a book by its cover, and don't judge this theorem by its name. Russ Blau (talk) 13:39, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:64.228.64.190

title: User talk:64.228.64.190


text:
QCP

The QCP file format is used by many cellular telephone manufacturers to provide ring tones and record voice. It is based on RIFF, a generic format for storing chunks of data identified by tags. The QCP format does not specify how voice data in the file is encoded. Rather, it is a container format. QCP files are typically encoded QCELP or EVRC.

Qualcomm, which originated the format, has removed an internal web page link from the page that formerly discussed QCP. "Out of an abundance of caution, due to the December 31st, 2007 injunction ordered against certain Qualcomm products, Qualcomm has temporarily removed certain web content until it can be reviewed and modified if necessary to ensure compliance with the injunction. It may be several more days or weeks before these pages are accessible again. Thank you for your patience."

QCP files have the same signature as RIFF files: A SOF (start of file) header of 52494646 ("RIFF"), and an EOF (end of file) of 0000.

Playing QCP files
Qualcomm previously offered downloads of the software and SDK for its PureVoice voice and audio enhancement products that could play and convert QCP files.

title: QCP


text:
Talk:Krishnadevaraya

Krishnadevaraya’s Origin
There has been an ongoing edit war w.r.t Krishna Devaraya’s origin. The source D.N Yogeeswarappa pushing for the Bunt origin is an unpublished minor research project and not a high quality one. Reputed historians like K.A.N Sastri and Sheldon Pollock have only stated that Krishnadevaraya is a Tuluva, and haven’t mentioned his caste. Request the admins to remove edits pushing for a Bunt origin without a reliable source. Bitterpill99 (talk) 05:12, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

Hello, I’ve added the reference and citation for the possible Bunt caste origin [|here] The reference is M. H Rama Sharma. According to historian M. H Rāma Sharma, he could possibly belong to the Bunt caste. Cyberanthropologist (talk) 14:04, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

is repeatedly vandalising the page and removing multiple sourced content to push P.O.V and hence being issued the first warning. Crowned467 (talk) 15:14, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

@Crowned467, I have looked at your edit here. Among your ‘multiple’ sources 2 are the same source M. H Sharma (Reference number 2 and 10). Reference number 3 doesn’t yield any results for the word “Bunt” or “Bant”. And reference number 10 is again Yogeshwarappa who’s work is unpublished, and worst of all, you’ve not provided page numbers or citations for any of your references, please provide references in the Wikipedia proper format.

In this edit it is clearly mentioned that Krishnadevaraya could have a possible Bunt origin. . I don’t see why you’re reverting that.

I’m reverting the edit now. If you vandalise it one more time, I’ll have to involve the admins. Bitterpill99 (talk) 15:26, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

yes kindly involve the admins, it had been accepted by the admins in the past as well,and now i have added one more source from a book published in 1910, This is a strong testimony to his origin and hence for repeatedly removing sourced content you are being issued the second warning. Crowned467 (talk) 15:41, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

Another admin here had quoted the page no. 101 accurately. Crowned467 (talk) 15:42, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

User Crowned467 is being dense he is providing the page number of one source MH Sharma which was already added in the last best version. He’s trying to POV push for the bunt caste when the historian M.H Sharma has clearly stated that Bunt is a ‘possible’ origin. Bitterpill99 (talk) 15:57, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Please don't make requests with personal attacks. 331dot (talk) 20:00, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Neither is M. H. Rama a reputed historian nor is Popular Prakashan a reputed academic press. The lone review is damning. I have removed the line since WP:DUE has not been met. TrangaBellam (talk) 18:39, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

Grammatical Errors and Lack of Citation for "Tamil literature"
Under "Art and Literature", and under "Tamil Literature" specifically, the grammar is incorrect and quite difficult to understand. It also lacks citation for some claims. When I read that, I could barely understand what it was meant to say. Æternus Caryopium (talk) 04:20, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I too agree that there are grammatical mistakes, which makes interpretation of the text in the "Tamil literature" section very difficult.
 * For instance, it says:
 * "But in his rule, In Tamil also Tuluva people there were originally born. But that's not from Telugu or Kannada. He was a biggest and deepest patriotic emotions in Tamil language."
 * This does NOT make sense, with the addition of grammatical errors.
 * Also, the section of the page includes a CONTROVERSIAL statement WITHOUT any citations. It states:
 * "Tamil is also considered as a very oldest language from all the other languages in India."
 * There is controversy about whether the oldest language in India is Tamil or Sanskrit.
 * I believe that this sentence must be omitted, because Wikipedia is a NEUTRAL encyclopædic website, and so, controversial topics must be avoided as far as possible.
 * I do not have permission to edit the page, so I kindly request the concerned sysops or authorities to rectify the errors which have been pointed out by me and by Æternus.
 * Thanking you,
 * Yours faithfully,
 * Felixdor (talk) 14:44, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 December 2023
As proposed by Æternus Caryopium on 1 September 2023, and myself on 15 September 2023, changes need to be made to the "Tamil literature" section of "Krishnadevaraya".

Please change:

Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil poet Haridasa, and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by. After his rule the languages get separated. Before it's called as Chennai pattanam where all the languages were lived and officially separated as different state as such as Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada. But in his rule, In Tamil also Tuluva people there were originally born. But that's not from Telugu or Kannada. Tamil is also considered as a very oldest language from all the other languages in India. He was a biggest and deepest patriotic emotions in Tamil language.

to:

Krishnadevareya was not a Tamil speaker. However, he patronised a number of Tamil scholars, who made a lot of contributions to Tamil literature. Krishnadevaraya patronized a Tamil poet named Harihara, who is referred to as Haridāsa in the famous Severappoondi Krishnadevaraya Inscription. Harihara was a great poet and composed a number of works including the "Irusamaya Vilakkam" ("An Exposition on Shaivism and Vaishnavism"). The Tamil language, thus, flourished under Krishnadevaraya's rule.

Krishnadevaraya's successors continued the tradition of patronizing Tamil scholars, such as Aruṇagirināthar, Svarūpānanda Dēśika, Tattuvarāya, Jñānaprakāśar, Śivācāryar and the Iraṭṭaippulavar twins (Ilañjūriyar and his twin brother). Some of these poets, including Aruṇagirināthar, belonged to a group of Sanskrit poets called the Ḍiṇḍima kavis or Ḍiṇḍima poets. These poets contributed to the bulk of Tamil literature composed during the Vijayanagara Empire.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

Felixdor (talk) 06:28, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The page ranges from the requested text include no less than 55 pages. Surely the requesting editor does not expect the reviewer to read 55 pages of text in order to verify these claims. Spintendo  23:04, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, Spintendo, I shall remove the first two references from the original request, and then I will renew my request.
 * Thank you for informing me about the same.
 * Thanking you,
 * Yours faithfully,
 * Felixdor (talk) 08:30, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. The current source only supports the very last sentence. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 01:25, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I sound a bit rude but there are some things to be made clear here. I do not wish to make any personal attacks, but looks like I am forced to do so.
 * @Spintendo Please check the Tamil literature section of the page. The reference given there verbatim is:
 * Dr. S.U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, pp. 157–189, History of South India, pp. 331–354, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri
 * If you notice, the number of pages in the given reference is 55. So, the already existing reference has 55 pages and this is part of the page.
 * The reference as it is now was added on 20 October 2006 at 18:00 UTC by Dineshkannambadi. Before this, the reference cited 32 pages, which was added by the same user on 13 October 2006 at 02:01 UTC.
 * From 2006 to 2023, the reference had 55 pages, and nobody bothered to change it for 17 years. Now we have even stepped into 2024.
 * I suppose Felixdor might have taken their references from this itself, based on the number of pages.
 * You are pointing out this fault of the requesting editor, as though it is their mistake.
 * I agree it was wrong of Felixdor to have taken an already existing reference without verifying, if they did so, but you too must read the page.
 * As a Master Editor, who has been on Wikipedia for nearly 17 years, please understand that you need to read the section which is linked, before making sharp comments.
 * The reference has been on Wikipedia for as long as you have, so you might have as well changed it at some point of time.
 * Also, the section was vandalised by DSLallu on 27 and 28 May 2023. The vandalised part was pointed out by Felixdor on 15 September 2023, as mentioned in his request.
 * @ARandomName123 It seems that a part of the the request by Felixdor was taken from the section Tamil from the page Vijayanagara literature. If you refuse to add the content due to lack of reliable sources, then please remove the content from the section I just mentioned.
 * Also please remove the vandalised part, or, if appropriate, the whole section itself. Because, it seems that the section makes no sense whatsoever. The only thing that seems to make a little sense is Felixdor's request, so, if you disapprove of that, please remove the Tamil literature section itself, rather than getting into further conflict.
 * The comment of Spintendo applies to @Dineshkannambadi.
 * Also a warning must be issued to @DSLallu to not vandalise pages.
 * I am surprised how this vandalism, which was carried out in May last year, went out of the notice of many admins, even when the page was protected.
 * Had one of my friends not pointed out the existing reference, this injustice would have continued.
 * I hope this is not repeated in such a prestigious site as Wikipedia.
 * Please do not take my criticism as a personal affront.
 * Hoping all goes good, 122.172.86.213 (talk) 15:46, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I have removed the additions by @DSLallu due to lack of sourcing. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 18:01, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much ARandomName123, for rectifying the errors which had been pointed out on 1st and 15th September 2023 by myself and Æternus Caryopium.
 * I also thank 122.172.86.213, for supporting me.
 * It is good that the vandalism done by DSLallu has been reverted after 7 months, within 3½ to 4 months of rectification alerts and 6 days of semi-protected edit requests from users.
 * Thanking you,
 * Yours faithfully,
 *  Felixdor  (talk) 13:42, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh god I just brought that to notice and proceeded to do absolutely nothing, thank you @Felixdor for actually doing something and @ARandomName123 for changing it! Regards, Æternus. (talk) 11:03, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 20 April 2024
citation for Kannada as court language in Art and Literature, which was removed Sathyashraya (talk) 08:04, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ --Ferien (talk) 15:54, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Krishnadevaraya


text:
E. J. Conway

Edward Joseph Conway FRS (3 July 1894 – 29 December 1968) was an Irish biochemist known for works pertaining to electrolyte physiology and analytical chemistry.

Early life and education
Edward Joseph Conway was born on 3 July 1894 in Nenagh, North Tipperary. He attended the Christian Brothers' School at Nenagh where he earned sixth place in the whole of Ireland for the junior grade of the Intermediate Board examinations, qualifying for prizes in experimental science, mathematics and modern literature. He chose the science scolarship award and attended Blackrock College then University College Dublin (UCD), graduating M.Sc. after winning a studentship to the University of Frankfurt am Main, where he was awarded D.Sc.

He returned to Ireland to become the first Professor of Biochemistry and Pharmacology at University College Dublin in 1932, a post he held until 1963.

Research
E. J. Conway was one of Ireland's most distinguished scientists; he was a world authority on electrolyte physiology, and in general on the physiology of the inorganic constituents of living tissue. He published over 120 papers, as well as two books: Microdiffusion Analysis and Volumetric Error and The Biochemistry of Gastric Acid Secretion.

His research focussed on renal function between 1920-1937, ionic balance of tissue, specifically muscle and chemical evolution of the ocean between 1937-1945, and acid secretion by yeast and gastric mucosa from 1945 until his retirement in 1963.

Notable students
Ethna Gaffney, first female professor at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.

Awards
Conway was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947, his application citation stating that he was "Distinguished for investigations of chemical and physiochemical processes in living tissues, including a quantitative interpretation of the processes underlying potassium accumulation in isolated muscle, with applications to resting potentials and related questions; the exact determination of blood ammonia, the ammonia increase in shed blood, and studies of the deaminase involved; general structural relations of the mammalian kidney, and studies of diffusion rates through tissues; biochemical studies of yeast fermentation in relation to cationic exchanges and production of free hydrochloric acid; bio-geochemical study of oceanic evolution; new methods of micro-diffusion analysis".

In 1961 Conway became the first Irish scientist to become a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, nominated by Pope John XXIII.

In 1967 he was the recipient of the Royal Dublin Society's Boyle Medal. UCD's new Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, which opened in August 2003, was named in his honour.

title: E. J. Conway


text: User talk:205.202.36.240

title: User talk:205.202.36.240


text:
Judy Mowatt

Judith Veronica Mowatt, (born 1952) is a Jamaican reggae artist. As well as being a solo artist, from 1974 she was also a member of the I Threes, the trio of backing vocalists for Bob Marley & The Wailers.

Early life
Mowatt was born in Gordon Town, St. Andrew Parish, Jamaica. At the age of 13, she became a member of a dance troupe which toured Jamaica and other islands in the Caribbean. Her initial ambition was to become a registered nurse. Her earliest musical influences were Aretha Franklin, Otis Redding, Curtis Mayfield, Dionne Warwick, Bob Marley, Marcia Griffiths, The Staple Singers and The Soulettes. A coincidental meeting with two teenage girls who were earlier in her dance troupe led to the formation of the Gaylettes, in 1967.

Career
In 1974, Mowatt got her big break by joining Bob Marley's backing vocal trio the "I Threes".

Her Black Woman album (Ashandan, 1979) came out the same year as I Three member Marcia Griffiths's album At Studio One. It is considered by many critics to be the greatest reggae album by a female artist. It was also the first reggae album recorded by a woman acting as her own producer.

She became the first female singer nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of reggae music when her Working Wonders album was nominated in 1985.

Formerly a member of the Rastafari movement, in the late 1990s she converted to Christianity and now sings Gospel music.

In 1999 the Jamaican government made her an Officer of the Order of Distinction for "services to music".

Identity mixup
Some sources wrongfully assumed Judy Mowatt to be identical to Jean Watt (the longtime wife of Bunny Livingston/Wailer). This mixup possibly originated from Mowatt using several different stage names, for legal reasons, in the early 1970’s: Julianne, Julie-Ann, and Jean. Bunny Wailer credited his wife, Jean Watt, for writing some of the tracks recorded during sessions for the album Burnin'  (1973): "Hallelujah Time", “Pass It On" and "Reincarnated Soul”. The latter song first appeared on a single as B Side to “Concrete Jungle” and later - with the name changed to "Reincarnated Souls" – on Bunny Wailer's first solo album Blackheart Man (1976).

Discography

 * Mellow Mood (1975), Tuff Gong
 * Black Woman (1979), Ashandan / (1980), Grove Music (Island Records)
 * Mr. Dee-J (1981), Ashandan
 * Only A Woman (1982), Shanachie
 * Working Wonders (1985), Shanachie, Ashandan
 * Love Is Overdue (1986), Shanachie
 * I Shall Sing (1991), Trojan Records
 * Look at Love (1991), Koch International / Shanachie
 * Rock Me (1993), Pow Wow
 * Love (1998), African Love / Jet Star
 * Something Old, Something New (2002), Judy M Music/Tuff Gong International
 * Sing Our Own Song (2003), Shanachie

with the I Three

 * Beginning (1986), Tuff Gong / EMI - with Rita Marley and Marcia Griffiths, credited to 'I-Three'

with the Gaylettes

 * We Shall Sing (Girl Group Rocksteady, Reggae And Soul 1967-73) (2001), Westside (compilation)
 * Rescue Me (1967-1973) (2016), Roots Reggae Library (compilation)

title: Judy Mowatt


text:
Nam Chung

Nam Chung is an area in the north eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, west of Luk Keng and to the southwest of the Starling Inlet (Sha Tau Kok Hoi), opposite Sha Tau Kok.

Administration
Nam Chung is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy. It is one of the villages represented within the Sha Tau Kok District Rural Committee. For electoral purposes, Nam Chung is part of the Sha Ta constituency, which is currently represented by Ko Wai-kei.

Villages
Nam Chung Village includes Nam Chung Yeung Uk (南涌楊屋), Nam Chung Cheng Uk (南涌鄭屋), Nam Chung Law Uk (南涌羅屋), Nam Chung Cheung Uk (南涌張屋) and Nam Chung Lei Uk (南涌李屋).

History
At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Nam Chung was 348. The number of males was 152.

During the Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong, Nam Chung was the site several events related to the anti-Japanese resistance effort. On March 3, 1943, Nam Chung was the site of the "Three-three incident". Several senior members of the local East River Column, who had been residing there since about a month, were killed during an assault that involved two companies of Japanese soldiers and over fifty Kempeitai. Shortly thereafter, in June 1943, Nam Chung was the first village in the New Territories to form an underground government. At that time, the village had over 200 households and a population of about 1,500.

Conservation
The small island of A Chau, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, is located in the south-western part of Starling Inlet off Nam Chung.

Transport
The area is linked to Fanling–Sheung Shui New Town and Sha Tau Kok via Sha Tau Kok Road and Luk Keng Road.

Nam Chung is located at the northern end of the Wilson Trail, a 78 km long-distance footpath opened in January 1996.

title: Nam Chung


text:
Category:Mafia groups

This is a category for American Mafia or Mafia affiliated groups.

title: Category:Mafia groups


text: User talk:63.23.21.240

title: User talk:63.23.21.240


text:
User:GdlR

Having got used to Wikipedia as an often surprisingly useful resource, I found myself occasionally correcting typos or minor infelicities of expression. Getting a user id was just a courtesy to anyone who might wish to remonstrate, but who knows where it may lead?

I see Wikipedia as potentially a Glass Bead Game or, less fortunately, a Borgean magic library, a self-corroborating and self-perpetuating representation of a network of knowledge. There is a certain provisionality about the information: it is the best currently stored, but may change, and is not always complete or correct.

Accuracy of language and referencing determine the relative confidence an article earns from the reader. Where this is disturbed by a simple error such as a misspelling, it should be as easy as possible for the wikipede to fix this. Adding a link too should be easy, both internally to the Ouroboros and externally. And badly written passages may nevertheless contain useful information, when at length deciphered. Recasting the phrases to reveal it more readily is a kindness to the next reader, like a monk making a Gloss in the margin of a manuscript.

Harder to deal with is deliberate corruption of the discourse for, usually, political, national or religious reasons. This can be disregarded when blatant, but when subtle can produce a spin that may only be detectable by the lack of satisfaction and sense of cohesion provided by the information.

Optimistically, I believe in time the chaotic interactions of readers and text will smooth the pebbles, and the stories will stabilize into a consensus of many voices. The voices of those who protest, even if too loudly for my taste at times, often play a creative role in sparking discussion and challenging assumptions. This too is the sea that wears down the broken edges.

title: User:GdlR


text:
Rousse TV Tower

The Rousse TV Tower is a 204-metre-high TV tower built of reinforced concrete at Rousse, Bulgaria. Originally, the structure was constructed as a 206-metre-high TV tower with a cafe/restaurant on top and was the tallest one on the Balkan peninsula until 2001. In the 1990s an additional antenna was added bringing the height to 210 metres. And, in March 2007, the antenna was reconstructed bringing its height to 204 metres.

The Rousse TV Tower was built on the Leventa Hill, in 1986 and was launched on 7 May 1987 (under communist rule). Authors of the project were Stilyan Titkov, Evlogi Tsvetkov, Ivan Yantahtov and V. Vasilev. The newly built tower started broadcasting both Bulgarian Television and Soviet Television, as well as the three stations of Bulgarian National Radio – Horizont, Hristo Botev, and Orpheus (Хоризонт, Христо Ботев и Орфей). Higher frequencies were coming into use during the following years, and the process of shutting down old transmitters was completed on 15 Aug 2004.

The tower had an observation deck open for tourists at a height of 107 metres, which offered a panoramic view of Rousse, the Danube river, the neighbouring city of Giurgiu, Romania, and as far as the Carpathian Mountains.

title: Rousse TV Tower


text:
User:RedWordSmith/Desk

= Open =

= Closed = Cleanup Taskforce/Are you active?

title: User:RedWordSmith/Desk


text:
Talk:Keyboard layout

"Computer keyboard" article: intent to change to disambiguation
As it forks both this and Keyboard technology, I plan to delete the current content of Computer keyboard at the end of March and change it to a disambiguation article. Please join the discussion at talk:Computer keyboard if you have any concerns or suggestions. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 11:51, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

Poor: "See Also" Section
I will give this wiki article bad note. I mean especially See also section. I am ordinary PC (Linux) user, and I would like to find out quickly through wiki site how to turn on Sounds during typing on Keyboard. I need that for languages: Hebrew, Arabic, Hindi, Chinese & Japanese. And See Also section does not help we with that!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.187.193.238 (talk) 20:28, 3 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Imagine how long this article would have to be to include a section on enabling sounds when typing on a keyboard on Linux. Wikipedia is not meant to be a guide (WP:NOTGUIDE), you could try the Arch Linux wiki. I'm not sure Linux includes "make noise on each keystroke" functionality though Akeosnhaoe (talk) 21:29, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

PrtSc/PrtScrn keycap label
This laptop I'm using now says "PrtScrn", as do a couple of random keyboards around me at the moment. But the illustrations in the "IBM XT Technical Reference Manual" show the keys on the XT as labelled PrtSc - looks like Windows 104-key keyboards say PrtScrn and original 5150/5160 keyboards say PrtSc. This is probably too obscure a change to merit reverting the edits, and no-one should care this deeply about a keycap label. --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:50, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

 * What one encounters on an individual keyboard is not a good guide because either ‘PrtSc’ or ‘PrtScn’ can be encountered in roughly equal numbers. My main desktop PC actually spells it out as ‘Print Screen’. I initially restored the article to the established stable version but on reflection decided that there was no reason not to mention both alternatives.

 * I have not seen ‘SysRq’ on any keyboard or laptop made less than around eight years ago. -Vuehalloo (talk) 13:25, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. And here on my upstairs machine ,which came with Windows 8, the keyboard says "prt sc/ impr. écr." and "SysRq" is nowhere to be seen. --Wtshymanski (talk) 20:00, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:37, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * My keyboard layout.jpg

Size of keyboard layouts
I can’t seem to find any credible sources for the size of keyboard layouts. Even if I use .org instead of .com, it usually lists piano sizes, not computer ones. Any help? Senomo Drines (talk) 23:16, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Please create new sections at the bottom of the page, not the top.
 * You need to explain what you mean by "the size of keyboard layout" as it is not obvious. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 23:27, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I will try to be more specific, although maybe I am approaching this the wrong way. Senomo Drines (talk) 23:47, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I noticed your edit and now realise that you are talking about physical (hardware) layout rather than logical (software) layout: I should have guessed that you didn't want to know how many MB is a typical mapping.
 * I'm afraid I had to cut your contribution, good faith though it was, because it is in the wrong article. The information you wanted is in (or should be in) Computer keyboard. (IMO, the info there is very thin and poorly cited, so "your mission, if you choose to accept it" [ta-da] is to develop that section with the citations you've been digging out. Don't forget that Apple keyboards are different again but need to be covered.)
 * BTW,we actually have three articles about keyboards: there is also an aricle about keyboard hardware, see Keyboard technology, though it more about components than about the overall keyboard. John Maynard Friedman (talk) 18:32, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

"Workman": origin of the name of this layout?
Why is it called Workman? Equinox ◑ 21:39, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

Stat keyboard not mentioned
It is a layout designed around the year 2000 that puts 80% of the most commonly used letters on the right 50% of the keys. Also places the most commonly used 3 letter groups to be struck in a pinky to index pattern which is faster than index to pinky. It was designed by data basing 300,000 letter keystrokes from a random selection of Internet texts, and news articles. It was suggested it be altered for specific technical writing that have different frequently used words, and, letters. It included the number of times in the 300,000 key strokes the individual letters were struck in a bell graph curve showing that the data base results are an accurate reflection of actual writing usage. It also included a picture of the layout, and a list of the common 3 letter groups like the, ing, tio, and ion. Tio, and ion being parts of the common 4 letter group tion. I still have the diagrams if someone wants to fight it out to have it added to the page.2600:8807:5400:28F0:53C:D203:5DD6:97A1 (talk) 15:57, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Obviously there's going to be layouts not mentioned here; there are hundreds of keyboard layouts, this article isn't notable enough to list all of them. Floenele (talk) 21:42, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You mention "notability". I'll also take on "consensus" because, as commonly used on Wikipedia talk page discussions, they are both used wrongly to achieve the stated goal of Wikipedia "to be a repository of knowledge", and is not how knowledge is even advanced in the first place.
 * Consensus of knowledge is not achieved by vote of cadres of pals on Wikipedia talk pages. it's achieved by understanding what the consensus of source material is. That's how real encyclopedias are composed. Likewise notability is not how many source articles are written about a subject as is often demanded by many talk page cadres seeking to "own" a page. It's how well an article illustrates the notable points of the subject most articles on the subject do note.
 * It was not by a consensus of a political popular vote that validated Newton's conclusion that the Earth circles the sun. It was by consensus of knowledge on a variety of knowledge including mathematics, geometry, mechanics, and physics. If it had been subject to vote with all the corrupt influences involved, notably previous church stances on the subject, we'd still be on a flat Earth with the sun going around us, and wouldn't have even been able to develop the steam engine.
 * The article on the stat keyboard, though not widely published, does note many points noted by many articles published on on the subject of keyboard layouts, and in particular disposes of many claims made by Dvorak for his keyboard layout on the notable points made in published articles that he cites keyboard layouts should adhere to.
 * Some notable points most often raised in published articles are; using common letter usage as sourced from study of actual common writing. arranging the keys logically based on common hand acrobatic ability, and arranging the keyboard layout informed by the common letter use, and the acrobatic strengths of the hands.
 * We can discuss my proposed addition to improve the article with the inclusion of the stat keyboard article based on those real world values. But there's no point in discussing it if your position is imposing the wrongful values of the common Wikipedia talk page tactics. I'll state right up front that I have a copy of the article on the stat keyboard. I don't recall where I found it. I don't have a link, and don't know the name of the writer of the article or the inventor of the layout.
 * Wrongful, ignorant challenges by the the talk page peanut galleries are why citation lists disposing of the wrongful challenges are longer than the articles themselves, and are why most of the first best editors fled Wikipedia north of a decade ago, and is why Wikipedia has become a laughing stock as a "repository of knowledge".
 * 2600:8807:5400:600:7055:82A3:E739:7865 (talk) 07:38, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @2600:8807:5400:600:7055:82A3:E739:7865 that wasn't my point. my point was that nobody has time to look for, research, and add hundreds of keyboard layouts in an article as obscure as this. Floenele (talk) 19:33, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

50% upscale on thumbnails
Most of the thumbnails have an upright 1.5, to upscale them by 50%. This seems counterproductive to me. It disrupts the layout because so much white space is generated between entries. It doesn't make the images much more legible: yes the major keys are better but keys with two – let alone four –  symbols aren't usefully easy to read. Surely if anybody needs to examine a layout, the will need to see the image full size so will use click to expand.

Is there a convincing reason to retain the upscaling? 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 01:24, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Keyboard layout


text:
5th Gear

5th Gear may refer to:
 * Fifth Gear, a British television show formerly known as "5th Gear"
 * 5th Gear (album), an album by Brad Paisley
 * 5th Gear (video game), a video game for the Commodore 64

title: 5th Gear


text: Category:Prohibition gangs

title: Category:Prohibition gangs


text:
Talk:Rousse TV Tower

Is the Rousse TV tower still the tallest?
As of 2003, there is a new TV tower in Istanbul (European part) which is 23m taller:

http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=131417

Istanbul is not Europe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.148.104.116 (talk) 11:41, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rousse TV Tower


text:
User talk:Ssj4android

Welcome!
Thanks for removing that obvious vandalism!

If you feel like you want to get more involved, you might want to continue contributing.

Useful links if you need help:
 * Help
 * FAQ
 * Tutorial
 * Manual of Style - formatting the pages
 * Naming Conventions - how to name new articles
 * Policy Library
 * Community Portal
 * Village pump - the community talk thingy
 * Reference Desk - for general questions
 * Contributing to articles outside your native language - if your first language isn't English

Some more tips:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * You can use the edit-tab to look how other contributors did things.
 * You can use four tildes to sign text (like I did to sign this message). Always sign talk, never sign articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log

I hope you like it here, and feel free to drop me a line if you need help! Shinobu 20:00, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with the page Code Black on Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- xaosflux  Talk  / CVU  05:25, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

ANI
While I have not named you specifically, I have pointed out your restoration of the comment on WT:FICT on WP:ANI#WP:FICT and personal attacks. -- Ned Scott 05:14, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ssj4android


text: Category:545 BC births

title: Category:545 BC births


text: Category:AD 4 births

title: Category:AD 4 births


text:
Battery room

A battery room is a room that houses batteries for backup or uninterruptible power systems. The rooms are found in telecommunication central offices, and provide standby power for computing equipment in datacenters. Batteries provide direct current (DC) electricity, which may be used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be converted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days, depending on each system's design, although they are most commonly activated during brief electric utility outages lasting only seconds.

Battery rooms were used to segregate the fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries (often lead–acid) from the operating equipment, and for better control of temperature and ventilation. In 1890, the Western Union central telegraph office in New York City had 20,000 wet cells, mostly of the primary zinc-copper type.

Telecommunications
Telephone system central offices contain large battery systems to provide power for customer telephones, telephone switches, and related apparatus. Terrestrial microwave links, cellular telephone sites, fibre optic apparatus and satellite communications facilities also have standby battery systems, which may be large enough to occupy a separate room in the building. In normal operation power from the local commercial utility operates telecommunication equipment, and batteries provide power if the normal supply is interrupted. These can be sized for the expected full duration of an interruption, or may be required only to provide power while a standby generator set or other emergency power supply is started.

Batteries often used in battery rooms are the flooded lead-acid battery, the valve regulated lead-acid battery or the nickel–cadmium battery. Batteries are installed in groups. Several batteries are wired together in a series circuit forming a group providing DC electric power at 12, 24, 48 or 60 volts (or higher). Usually there are two or more groups of series-connected batteries. These groups of batteries are connected in a parallel circuit. This arrangement allows an individual group of batteries to be taken offline for service or replacement without compromising the availability of uninterruptible power. Generally, the larger the battery room's electrical capacity, the larger the size of each individual battery and the higher the room's DC voltage.

Electrical utilities
Battery rooms are also found in electric power plants and substations where reliable power is required for operation of switchgear, critical standby systems, and possibly black start of the station. Often batteries for large switchgear line-ups are 125 V or 250 V nominal systems, and feature redundant battery chargers with independent power sources. Separate battery rooms may be provided to protect against loss of the station due to a fire in a battery bank. For stations that are capable of black start, power from the battery system may be required for many purposes including switchgear operations.

Very large utility batteries may be used for grid energy storage.

Submarines and ocean-going vessels
Battery rooms are found on diesel-electric submarines, where they contain the lead-acid batteries used for undersea propulsion of the vessel. Even nuclear submarines contain large battery rooms as backups to provide maneuvering power if the nuclear reactor is shut down. Batteries in surface vessels may also be contained in a battery room.

Battery rooms on ocean-going vessels must prevent seawater from contacting battery acid, as this could produce toxic chlorine gas. This is of particular concern on submarines.

Design issues
Since several types of secondary batteries give off hydrogen if overcharged, ventilation of a battery room is critical to maintain the concentration below the lower explosive limit. The number of air changes per hour required to prevent unsafe accumulation can be calculated from the number of cells and the charging current, given the chemistry of the battery.

The life span of secondary batteries is reduced at high temperature and the energy storage capacity is reduced at low temperature, so a battery room must have heating or cooling to maintain the proper temperature.

Batteries may contain large quantities of corrosive electrolytes such as sulfuric acid used in lead-acid batteries or caustic potash (aka potassium hydroxide) used in NiCd batteries. Materials of the battery room must resist corrosion and contain any accidental spills. Plant personnel must be protected from spilled electrolyte. In some jurisdictions, large battery systems may contain reportable amounts of sulfuric acid, a concern for fire departments. Battery rooms in industrial and utility installations typically have an eye-wash station or decontamination showers nearby, so that workers who are accidentally splashed with electrolyte can immediately wash it away from the eyes and skin.

title: Battery room


text:
Southern United Professional Racing

Southern United Professional Racing (SUPR) operates auto racing series for Late Model and Sprint Car racing on dirt tracks in the Southern United States. Founded in 1990, most of the series' races are held at tracks in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas; selected events take place in surrounding states.

Kenny Merchant is the winningest driver in series history, with 57 wins.

Series champions

 * 1990: Doug Ingalls
 * 1991: Tony Cardin
 * 1992: Doug Ingalls
 * 1993: Donald Watson
 * 1994: Doug Ingalls
 * 1995: Ronnie Poche
 * 1996: Ricky Ingalls
 * 1997: Butch Patton
 * 1998: Rusty Cummings
 * 1999: David Ashley
 * 2000: Jay Blair
 * 2001: Jay Blair
 * 2002: Rodney Wing
 * 2003: Kenny Merchant
 * 2004: Rob Litton
 * 2005: David Ashley
 * 2006: David Ashley
 * 2007: Ray Moore
 * 2008: Kenny Merchant
 * 2009: Kenny Merchant
 * 2010: Rob Litton
 * 2011: Morgan Bagley
 * 2012: Rob Litton

title: Southern United Professional Racing


text:
Sk8er Boi

"Sk8er Boi" (pronounced "skater boy") is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne, released as the second single from her debut album, Let Go (2002). It was written by Lavigne and the Matrix (Scott Spock, Lauren Christy, and Graham Edwards), and produced by the Matrix. The song, which combines power pop and pop-punk elements, lyrically tells a story told from the singer's viewpoint about her rocker boyfriend and a girl he knew in high school who rejected him because he was a skateboarder and she did ballet.

The song was well received by critics, with most commending its hook, calling the song "funny" and "clever". It also received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance at the 2003 edition. Commercially, "Sk8er Boi" was a success, reaching the top 10 in more than ten countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States (becoming Lavigne's second top 10 single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart) and sold over 1.8 million copies worldwide. According to Spin, "Sk8er Boi" has the fifth best pop-punk chorus of the 21st century.

The music video for the song, directed by Francis Lawrence, features a concert on a city street with Lavigne singing on the hood of a car with a crowd rocking out around her. It was a success on Total Request Live and was voted one of the best music videos of the decade by BT TV.

Background and release
After being signed to Arista Records in November 2000 upon the authorization of the label's CEO, Antonio "L.A." Reid, Lavigne moved to New York with the assistance of Reid. There, she began working on her debut album, Let Go, collaborating with a host of prime songwriters and producers. While being on the verge of getting dropped off Arista, after an unsuccessful year of writing, Lavigne came to the attention of the three-piece production team the Matrix, who later discovered that she wanted songs with punk rock inclinations. After writing "Complicated" together, Reid agreed with the musical direction Lavigne and the Matrix were taking, and sent Lavigne back to the Matrix to work with them on more songs.

During the sessions, they wrote 10 songs, with "Sk8er Boi" being one of the six songs on the album's final track list. After the huge success of "Complicated", "Sk8er Boi" was selected as the album's second single, being the more controversial choice, according to Reid: "Some people just really didn't get that. And with the first video, there was some concern that maybe because it's so young and so playful, it might alienate more serious music lovers."

In May 2003, it was announced that Paramount Pictures had acquired the option to make Sk8er Boi into a full-length feature film, with David Zabel to write a script based on the song's lyrics. By 2024, the film had not yet been made and Paramount's option had expired, although Lavigne stated in 2022 that was producing it herself and was looking for a lead actor.

Composition and lyrics
"Sk8er Boi" was written by Lavigne, while the production team the Matrix (consisting of Lauren Christy, Graham Edwards and Scott Spock) co-wrote, arranged and produced the track. "Sk8er Boi" is a pop punk, and power pop song about a snobby girl who rejects a skateboarder who has a crush on her despite secretly returning his feelings, letting her friends' prejudices sway her decision-making. Later on, he becomes a superstar musician (even playing guitar on MTV) and has moved on with another woman (who narrates the song) while she ultimately ends up as a young single mother.

Critical reception
"Sk8er Boi" received critical acclaim for its production. In a review for the album Let Go, Christina Saraceno of AllMusic called "Sk8er Boi" a "terrific power pop bounce", highlighting the song as a "track pick". Brendan Schroer of Sputnikmusic praised the track, writing that Lavigne "brings another injection of infectious vocal work, peppy but not overbearing." Nick Reynolds of BBC Music called it "brilliant", considering the song "a classic high energy pop song with crunchy guitars and a great hook." He also praised its tale, calling it "as slick and clever as an episode of Buffy. It bowls you over with its energy and sticks in your mind." Pat Blashill of Rolling Stone agreed, calling it "seventeen-year-old Lavigne's signature moment," further adding: "Over a rush of nouveau-punk guitar chords, she narrates a funny story line, but none of it would matter if Lavigne didn't have a voice, equal parts baby girl and husky siren, that seems capable of setting off car alarms several city blocks away."

Retrospective
In a 2011 AOL Radio listener's poll, "Sk8er Boi" was voted Lavigne's fourth best song. Robert Copsey of Digital Spy listed Lavigne's seven best singles of all time, placing "Sk8er Boi" at number four, saying: "Lavigne proved she was more than a one-hit wonder with her second single 'Sk8er Boi'. Despite the rebellious spelling of the title it turned out to be another solid effort, telling the tale of a girl who rejects a baggy-clothed boy who eventually goes on to be world-famous." Bill Lamb of About.com placed the song at number two, writing: "It has been derided in the past as being too naive lyrically. However, with the benefit of hindsight, it seems perfectly pitched to her audience and the point in her career. The power pop hook of the song sticks strongly in your head. Later perky pop excursions still pale next to this one."

Commercial performance
The song followed the success of Lavigne's debut single, "Complicated", which topped many charts worldwide and reached the top 10 in others. In Australia, "Sk8er Boi" debuted at its peak position, number three, and remained a further week there. In New Zealand, the song reached its peak position, number two, on 8 December 2002, after nine weeks. In the United States, "Sk8er Boi" debuted at number 72 on the Billboard Hot 100 issue date 14 September 2002, while on the issue date 2 November 2002, the song peaked at number 10. It became Lavigne's second consecutive top-10 hit. The song also topped Billboard Top 40 Mainstream airplay chart. As of June 2022, "Sk8er Boi" had sold 2,000,000 copies in the US. In the United Kingdom, the song was also a success, reaching number eight on the UK Singles Chart on 28 December 2002.

Music video
The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and premiered on 22 August 2002 on Total Request Live. The video shot to number-one on Total Request Live on its second day of the countdown. The video was considered the third "Best music video of the decade" in the UK by BT Vision, while Entertainment Tonight Canada ranked the video at number 2 on her "Top 10 Best Music Videos".

Synopsis
The video centers around an impromptu concert held by Lavigne in a Los Angeles street intersection. It begins by showing several of Lavigne's friends and band members promoting the concert in advance via graffiti, flyers, email and posters. Lavigne and her band arrive at the location and begin performing on the roofs of their cars; a crowd quickly gathers. Towards the end of the song, police cars and a helicopter arrive to disperse the crowd, while Lavigne uses her guitar to break the car windshield. Lavigne then throws the guitar onto the road and looks up at the helicopter, where a shot was taken for the single's artwork.

The impromptu concert was filmed in the intersection of 7th St & S Spring St in Los Angeles on 28 July 2002, after the remainder of the scenes had been completed the previous day.

Awards and nominations
"Sk8er Boi" was nominated and won many awards. At the 45th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, Lavigne received five nominations, including Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Sk8er Boi", but lost it to Sheryl Crow's "Steve McQueen". The song won "Favorite Song" at the 2003 Kids' Choice Awards, "Choice Music Single" at the 2003 Teen Choice Awards and "Best Pop Song" at Socan Awards.

Track listings

 * US DVD
 * 1) "I'm with You"
 * 2) "Sk8er Boi"
 * 3) "Behind-the-Scenes Footage"
 * 4) "Let Go TV Spots"

 * Australian CD
 * 1) "Sk8er Boi" – 3:23
 * 2) "Get Over It" – 3:27
 * 3) "Nobody's Fool" (recorded live in Vancouver for Z95) – 3:58

 * European CD
 * 1) "Sk8er Boi" – 3:23
 * 2) "Get Over It" – 3:27

 * UK CD
 * 1) "Sk8er Boi" – 3:23
 * 2) "Get Over It" – 3:27
 * 3) "Nobody's Fool" (live at The Commodore, Vancouver, BC) – 3:58
 * 4) "Sk8er Boi" (video)

 * UK cassette
 * 1) "Sk8er Boi" – 3:23
 * 2) "Get Over It" – 3:27
 * 3) "Nobody's Fool" (live at The Commodore, Vancouver, BC) – 3:58

Cover versions and appearances in other media
In 2003, Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film, hiring writer/producer David Zabel to adapt its words. The film would focus on the two teens from different backgrounds and the social constraints in which they find themselves. However, as of April 2008, the film has apparently been abandoned or is in development hell. Eurodance group Cascada recorded a dance cover of the song for the European and Japanese editions of their 2007 album Perfect Day. The song was featured on the Australian compilation album Hits For Kids 5 (2004).

A cover version of the song by Angela Michael appears in the video game Elite Beat Agents for the Nintendo DS. The song is also included in SingStar Pop, a PlayStation 2 game and another cover version is featured in Rock Revolution by Konami. The song was also used in a montage of funny rollerskates and skateboard clips in an edition of America's Funniest Home Videos. "Sk8er Boi" was featured in the television series Cold Case (Season 3, "The Promise", 2 October 2005). In 2008, HBO included the song in the episode "Get Some" of the miniseries Generation Kill. The song is sung by Cpl. Josh Ray Person as he is urinating in the desert. Filipino rock singer Kean Cipriano covered the song for his performance in the second season of Your Face Sounds Familiar, in which he impersonates Lavigne. Filipino pop singer Justin Alva covered the song for his performance in the third season of Your Face Sounds Familiar, in which he impersonates Lavigne. The song is interpolated by American singer and rapper Ashnikko on her 2021 mixtape Demidevil as a song titled "L8r Boi" which tells the story of the characters in original song reimagined ten years later. On 19 February 2022, Tomorrow X Together member HueningKai released a cover of the song after making a reference to it in a tweet of him behind the scenes of "Loser=Lover" and Avril herself retweeting it with rock on emojis. STAYC's Yoon released a cover on 26 January 2023. The song is also featured on the Ubisoft dance video game Just Dance 2024 Edition as part of the Just Dance+ subscription service.

title: Sk8er Boi


text:
William Atherton

William Atherton (born July 30, 1947) is an American actor. He had starring roles in The Sugarland Express (1974), The Day of the Locust (1975), The Hindenburg (1975) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), but is most recognized for supporting roles in Ghostbusters and Die Hard film series.

Early life
Atherton was born in Orange, Connecticut. He studied acting at the Drama School at Carnegie Tech and graduated from Carnegie Mellon University in 1969.

Career
Atherton was successful on the New York stage immediately after graduating and worked with many of the country's leading playwrights including David Rabe, John Guare, and Arthur Miller, winning numerous awards for his work on and off Broadway.

He got his big break playing hapless fugitive Clovis Poplin in The Sugarland Express (1974), the feature film debut of Steven Spielberg. After this, he garnered major roles in dark dramas such as The Day of the Locust (1975) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), as well as the big-budget disaster film The Hindenburg (1975). The Day of the Locust had a troubled production; he walked off the set in frustration and refused to film his final scene. He provided lead vocals for "What'll I Do", the main title theme for the Robert Redford film version of The Great Gatsby.

Atherton also starred as cowboy Jim Lloyd in the miniseries Centennial (1978), based on the novel by James Michener. He appeared in the comedy Ghostbusters (1984) as the officious and condescending EPA agent Walter Peck.

Martha Coolidge chose Atherton to play Professor Jerry Hathaway in the teen comedy Real Genius (1985). Atherton played reporter Richard "Dick" Thornburg in the blockbuster action film Die Hard (1988), and reprised the role in its sequel Die Hard 2 (1990).

Other film credits include No Mercy (1986), The Pelican Brief (1993), Bio-Dome (1996), Mad City (1997), The Crow: Salvation (2000), The Last Samurai (2003), Grim Prairie Tales (1990), the TV movies Buried Alive (1990), Headspace (2005) and Virus (1995). He has also made guest appearances on such television series as The Twilight Zone, Murder, She Wrote, Desperate Housewives, Law & Order, The Equalizer, Boston Legal, Castle and Monk. Atherton provided the voice of Dr. Destiny on Justice League. He had a recurring role in NBC's detective drama Life.

His 2007 appearances included the film The Girl Next Door, an adaptation of the best-selling Jack Ketchum novel of the same name. He also reprised his role as Walter Peck in Ghostbusters: The Video Game, released on June 16, 2009.

Atherton was cast in the final season of ABC's Lost. He appeared in the musical Gigi for the Reprise Theatre in Los Angeles as "Honoré Lachailles" in 2011.

Following his work on the musical, he stepped into a comedic role in Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie (2012), produced by Will Ferrell's Funny or Die, Gary Sanchez Productions and Abso Lutely Productions.

In summer 2014, Atherton was cast in a recurring role as Viceroy Mercado in the Syfy series Defiance's second season.

Atherton co-starred in the 2017 Netflix thriller, Clinical, and appears in several upcoming documentaries on his most iconic films. The first to be released is the 2019 Cleanin' Up the Town: Remembering Ghostbusters which features the original 1984 cast.

Personal life
Atherton has been married to writer Bobbi Goldin since December 8, 1980. On The Phil Donahue Show in 1981, Atherton claimed that he was once homosexual but changed due to the Aesthetic Realism of Eli Siegel.

Atherton has sung in various productions in later years. In 2011, he performed "I Remember It Well," a popular song from Gigi with his former Reprise Theater co-star, Millicent Martin, at a sold-out performance in Palm Springs for Michael Childers' One Night Only, benefiting the Jewish Family Service of the Desert. He returned in 2013 to the same sold-out event to sing the classic, "Isn't It Romantic?"

Atherton appeared with his former Centennial costar Stephanie Zimbalist in the Gregory Peck Reading Series, a project of the Library Foundation of Los Angeles benefiting the Los Angeles Public Library. Roddy McDowall was host for the event.

In December 2018, Atherton participated in the Library Foundation's reading of excerpts from book editor and critic, David Kipen's best-seller, Dear Los Angeles: The City in Diaries and Letters, 1542 to 2018.

title: William Atherton


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quedding

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Jinian 21:38, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Quedding
Apparent neologism with no immediately discoverable usage. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 20:06, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As stated on the article's talk page: As it stands, this is simply a dictionary definition and should probably be placed on gay slang. However, there may be a need for a Same-sex wedding article, in which case it should be redirected. Exploding Boy 20:38, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a dictionary definition of a word that doesn't seem to exist other than on Wikipedia. If it doesn't have sufficient usage to rate even a single mention on Google (other than the 100 or so mentions of people by the name), and if I've never heard it from any of my gay friends in San Francisco or Las Vegas, it's hard to believe it's anything other than a minor local usage, if even that. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 20:50, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete – Google give 110 hits, all surnames. This strongly suggests that it's a neologism. – ClockworkSoul 23:18, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism, apparently appearing nowhere but Wikipedia. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 23:26, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, if I didn't make it clear, Delete. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 01:21, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.