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Tangible user interface

A tangible user interface (TUI) is a user interface in which a person interacts with digital information through the physical environment. The initial name was Graspable User Interface, which is no longer used. The purpose of TUI development is to empower collaboration, learning, and design by giving physical forms to digital information, thus taking advantage of the human ability to grasp and manipulate physical objects and materials.

This was first conceived by Radia Perlman as a new programming language that would teach much younger children similar to Logo, but using special "keyboards" and input devices. Another pioneer in tangible user interfaces is Hiroshi Ishii, a professor at the MIT who heads the Tangible Media Group at the MIT Media Lab. His particular vision for tangible UIs, called Tangible Bits, is to give physical form to digital information, making bits directly manipulable and perceptible. Tangible bits pursues the seamless coupling between physical objects and virtual data.

Characteristics
There are several frameworks describing the key characteristics of tangible user interfaces. Brygg Ullmer and Hiroshi Ishii describe six characteristics concerning representation and control: Eva Hornecker and Jacob Buur describe a structured framework with four themes:
 * 1) Physical representations are computationally coupled to underlying digital information.
 * 2) Physical representations embody mechanisms for interactive control.
 * 3) Physical representations are perceptually coupled to actively mediated digital representations.
 * 4) Physical state of tangibles embodies key aspects of the digital state of a system
 * 1) Tangible manipulation: material representations with distinct tactile qualities, which are typically physically manipulated. A typical example is haptic direct manipulation: can user grab, feel and move important elements in the interface?
 * 2) Spatial interaction: tangible interaction is embedded in real space; interaction occurs as movement in this space. An example is full body interaction: can the user make use of their whole body?
 * 3) Embodied facilitation: the configuration of material objects and space affects how multiple users interact jointly with the tangible user interface. Examples include multiple access points: can all users in the space see what is going on and interact with central elements of the interface?
 * 4) Expressive representation: expressiveness and legibility of material and digital representations employed by tangible interaction systems. An example is representational significance: do physical and digital representations have the same strength and salience?

According to Mi Jeong Kim and Mary Lou Maher, the five basic defining properties of tangible user interfaces are as follows:

 * 1) Space-multiplex both input and output.
 * 2) Concurrent access and manipulation of interface components.
 * 3) Strong specific devices.
 * 4) Spatially aware computational devices.
 * 5) Spatial re-configurability of devices.

Comparison with graphical user interfaces
A tangible user interface must be differentiated from a graphical user interface (GUI). A GUI exists only in the digital world, whereas a TUI connects the digital with the physical world. For example, a screen displays the digital information, whereas a mouse allows us to directly interact with this digital information. A tangible user interface represents the input directly in the physical world, and makes the digital information directly graspable.

A tangible user interface is usually built for one specific target group, because of the low range of possible application areas. Therefore, the design of the interface must be developed together with the target group to ensure a good user experience.

In comparison with a TUI, a GUI has a wide range of usages in one interface. Because of that it targets a large group of possible users.

One advantage of the TUI is the user experience, because it occurs a physical interaction between the user and the interface itself (E.g.: SandScape: Building your own landscape with sand). Another advantage is usability, because the user knows intuitively how to use the interface by knowing the function of the physical object. So, the user does not need to learn the functionality. That is why the Tangible User interface is often used to make technology more accessible for elderly people.

Examples
A simple example of tangible UI is the computer mouse: Dragging the mouse over a flat surface moves a pointer on the screen accordingly. There is a very clear relationship about the behaviors shown by a system with the movements of a mouse. Other examples include:
 * Marble Answering Machine by Durrell Bishop (1992). A marble represents a single message left on the answering machine. Dropping a marble into a dish plays back the associated message or calls back the caller.
 * The Topobo system. The blocks in Topobo are like LEGO blocks which can be snapped together, but can also move by themselves using motorized components. A person can push, pull, and twist these blocks, and the blocks can memorize these movements and replay them.
 * Implementations which allow the user to sketch a picture on the system's table top with a real tangible pen. Using hand gestures, the user can clone the image and stretch it in the X and Y axes just as one would in a paint program. This system would integrate a video camera with a gesture recognition system.
 * jive. The implementation of a TUI helped make this product more accessible to elderly users of the product. The 'friend' passes can also be used to activate different interactions with the product.
 * a projection augmented model.
 * SandScape: Designing landscape with TUI. This interface lets the user form a landscape out of sand on a table. The sand model represents the terrain, which is projected on the surface. In real-time the model projects the deformations of the sand.

Several approaches have been made to establish a generic middleware for TUIs. They target toward the independence of application domains as well as flexibility in terms of the deployed sensor technology. For example, Siftables provides an application platform in which small gesture sensitive displays act together to form a human-computer interface.

For collaboration support, TUIs have to allow the spatial distribution, asynchronous activities, and the dynamic modification of the TUI infrastructure, to name the most prominent ones. This approach presents a framework based on the LINDA tuple space concept to meet these requirements. The implemented TUIpist framework deploys arbitrary sensor technology for any type of application and actuators in distributed environments.

State of the art
Interest in tangible user interfaces (TUIs) has grown constantly since the 1990s, and with every year, more tangible systems are showing up. A 2017 white paper outlines the evolution of TUIs for touch table experiences and raises new possibilities for experimentation and development.

In 1999, Gary Zalewski patented a system of moveable children's blocks containing sensors and displays for teaching spelling and sentence composition.

Tangible Engine is a proprietary authoring application used to build object-recognition interfaces for projected-capacitive touch tables. The Tangible Engine Media Creator allows users with little or no coding experience to quickly create TUI-based experiences.

The MIT Tangible Media Group, headed by Hiroshi Ishi is continuously developing and experimenting with TUIs including many tabletop applications.

The Urp system and the more advanced Augmented Urban Planning Workbench allow digital simulations of air flow, shadows, reflections, and other data based on the positions and orientations of physical models of buildings, on the table surface.

Newer developments go even one step further and incorporate the third dimension by allowing a user to form landscapes with clay (Illuminating Clay ) or sand (Sand Scape ). Again different simulations allow the analysis of shadows, height maps, slopes and other characteristics of the interactively formable landmasses.

InfrActables is a back projection collaborative table that allows interaction by using TUIs that incorporate state recognition. Adding different buttons to the TUIs enables additional functions associated to the TUIs. Newer versions of the technology can even be integrated into LC-displays by using infrared sensors behind the LC matrix.

The Tangible Disaster allows the user to analyze disaster measures and simulate different kinds of disasters (fire, flood, tsunami,.) and evacuation scenarios during collaborative planning sessions. Physical objects allow positioning disasters by placing them on the interactive map and additionally tuning parameters (i.e. scale) using dials attached to them.

The commercial potential of TUIs has been identified recently. The repeatedly awarded Reactable, an interactive tangible tabletop instrument, is now distributed commercially by Reactable Systems, a spinoff company of the Pompeu Fabra University, where it was developed. With the Reactable users can set up their own instrument interactively, by physically placing different objects (representing oscillators, filters, modulators...) and parametrise them by rotating and using touch-input.

Microsoft is distributing its novel Windows-based platform Microsoft Surface (now Microsoft PixelSense) since 2009. Beside multi-touch tracking of fingers, the platform supports the recognition of physical objects by their footprints. Several applications, mainly for the use in commercial space, have been presented. Examples range from designing an own individual graphical layout for a snowboard or skateboard to studying the details of a wine in a restaurant by placing it on the table and navigating through menus via touch input. Interactions such as the collaborative browsing of photographs from a handycam or cell phone that connects seamlessly once placed on the table are also supported.

Another notable interactive installation is instant city that combines gaming, music, architecture and collaborative aspects. It allows the user to build three-dimensional structures and set up a city with rectangular building blocks, which simultaneously results in the interactive assembly of musical fragments of different composers.

The development of the Reactable and the subsequent release of its tracking technology reacTIVision under the GNU/GPL as well as the open specifications of the TUIO protocol have triggered an enormous amount of developments based on this technology.

In the last few years, many amateur and semi-professional projects outside of academia and commerce have been started. Due to open source tracking technologies (reacTIVision ) and the ever-increasing computational power available to end-consumers, the required infrastructure is now accessible to almost everyone. A standard PC, webcam, and some handicraft work allows individuals to set up tangible systems with a minimal programming and material effort. This opens doors to novel ways of perceiving human-computer interaction and allows for new forms of creativity for the public to experiment with.

It is difficult to keep track and overlook the rapidly growing number of all these systems and tools, but while many of them seem only to utilize the available technologies and are limited to initial experiments and tests with some basic ideas or just reproduce existing systems, a few of them open out into novel interfaces and interactions and are deployed in public space or embedded in art installations.

The Tangible Factory Planning is a tangible table based on reacTIVision that allows to collaboratively plan and visualize production processes in combination with plans of new factory buildings and was developed within a diploma thesis.

Another example of the many reacTIVision-based tabletops is ImpulsBauhaus-Interactive Table and was on exhibition at the Bauhaus-University in Weimar marking the 90th anniversary of the establishment of Bauhaus. Visitors could browse and explore the biographies, complex relations and social networks between members of the movement.

Using principles derived from embodied cognition, cognitive load theory, and embodied design TUIs have been shown to increase learning performance by offering multimodal feedback. However, these benefits for learning require forms of interaction design that leave as much cognitive capacity as possible for learning.

Physical icon
A physical icon, or phicon, is the tangible computing equivalent of an icon in a traditional graphical user interface, or GUI. Phicons hold a reference to some digital object and thereby convey meaning.

History
Physical icons were first used as tangible interfaces in the metaDesk project built in 1997 by Professor Hiroshi Ishii's tangible bits research group at MIT. The metaDesk consisted of a table whose surface showed a rear-projected video image. Placing a phicon on the table triggered sensors that altered the video projection.

title: Tangible user interface


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Sufganiyah

Sufganiyah (סופגנייה or סופגניה, ; : sufganiyot, Hebrew: סופגניות,, or in Yiddish פּאָנטשקע) is a round jelly doughnut eaten in Israel and around the world on the Jewish festival of Hanukkah. The doughnut is deep-fried, injected with jam or custard, and then topped with powdered sugar. The doughnut recipe originated in Europe in the 16th century, and by the 19th century was known as a Berliner in Germany. Polish Jews, who called it a ponchik, fried the doughnut in schmaltz rather than lard due to kashrut laws. The ponchik was brought to Israel by Polish Jewish immigrants, where it was renamed the sufganiyah based on the Talmud's description of a "spongy dough".

Background
On Hanukkah, Jews observe the custom of eating fried foods in commemoration of the miracle associated with the Temple oil. The tradition of eating deep-fried pastries on Hanukkah was considered ancient even in the time of the 12th-century rabbi Maimonides, whose father, Rabbi Maimon ben Yosef, wrote that "one must not make light of the custom of eating sofganim [fritters] on Chanukah. It is a custom of the Kadmonim [the ancient ones]". These sofganim were likely syrup-soaked fried cakes, akin to modern zalabiya in the Arab world.

Etymology
The Hebrew word sufganiyah is a neologism for pastry, based on the Talmudic words sofgan and sfogga, which refer to a "spongy dough". The word is built on the same root as the Modern Hebrew word for sponge (ספוג, sfog), which is derived from. Sfenj, a Moroccan doughnut, comes from the same root.

A popular Israeli folktale holds that the word "sufganiyah" comes from the Hebrew expression "Sof Gan Yud-Heh" ("סוף גן יה"), meaning "the end of the Garden of the Lord" (referring to the Garden of Eden). According to the legend, when Adam and Eve were cast out of the Garden by the Lord, He cheered them up by feeding them sufganiyot. No known commentator on the Tanakh supports this interpretation.

History
According to food historian Gil Marks, the recipe for a filled jelly doughnut was first published in a 1485 cookbook in Nuremberg. The "Gefüllte Krapfen" consisted of "a bit of jam sandwiched between two rounds of yeast bread dough and deep-fried in lard". This doughnut became popular in northern European countries from Denmark to Russia during the 16th century. In 19th-century Germany it began to be called a Berliner or a Bismarck, after German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

Among Polish Jews, the jelly doughnut was fried in oil or schmaltz rather than lard, due to kashrut laws. In Poland, these doughnuts were known as ponchkis. Polish Jewish immigrants to Mandatory Palestine brought along their recipe as well as the tradition of eating them on Hanukkah. In Israel, however, they took on a new name—sufganiyot—based on the Talmud's description of a "spongy dough" (see the Etymology section).

Description
The ponchik-style sufganiyah was originally made from two circles of dough surrounding a jelly filling, stuck together and fried in one piece. Although this method is still practiced, an easier technique commonly used today is to deep-fry whole balls of dough, and then inject them with a filling through a baker's syringe (or a special industrial machine).

Modern-day sufganiyot in Israel are made from sweet yeast dough, filled with plain red jelly (usually strawberry, sometimes raspberry), and topped with powdered sugar. Fancier versions are stuffed with dulce de leche, chocolate cream, vanilla cream, cappuccino, halva, creme espresso, chocolate truffle, or araq, and topped with various extravagant toppings, from coconut shavings and tiny vials of liquor to meringue and fruit pastes. In 2014 one Jerusalem bakery produced sufganiyah dough saturated with flavored vodka.

Mini sufganiyot
In 2016, Israeli bakeries began downsizing sufganiyot to appeal to health-conscious consumers, following an anti-junk food campaign by Health Minister Yaakov Litzman. The usual 100 g size, packing 400 to 600 calories (1,700 to 2,500 kJ), now appears in 50 g size with different fillings and toppings, earning the name "mini".

In Israel
Until the 1920s, sufganiyot and latkes were of comparable popularity among Jews in Mandatory Palestine during the Hanukkah holiday. The Histadrut, Israel's national labor union formed in 1920, pushed to replace the homemade latke with the sufganiyah as Israel's quintessential Hanukkah food in order to provide more work for its members. Commercial bakeries began selling sufganiyot days and weeks before Hanukkah began, lengthening the employment period. Their effort was successful, and sufganiyot became the most popular food for Hanukkah in Israel. By the 21st century, more Israeli Jews report eating sufganiyot on Hanukkah than fasting on Yom Kippur.

Today sufganiyot are sold by Israeli bakeries as early as September. Angel Bakeries, the largest bakery in Israel, reportedly fries up more than 25,000 sufganiyot every day during the eight-day Hanukkah festival itself. Each batch uses 100 kg of dough and makes 1,600 sufganiyot. Local newspapers add to the excitement by rating the "best sufganiyah in town".

The Ministry of Defense buys upwards of 400,000 sufganiyot for its soldiers each Hanukkah. As the troops overwhelmingly prefer jelly-filled doughnuts, the Defense Ministry purchases 80% with jelly filling and 20% with chocolate filling.

In other Jewish communities
Sufganiyot are a relatively recent introduction to the United States, where latkes are the traditional Hanukkah food. According to Gil Marks, latke was still the dominant choice in American Jewish homes in 2012. Rabbi Levi Shemtov in 2019 said "Latkes used to dominate in the U.S., while doughnuts dominated in Israel. Now, I think both are equally popular in the U.S."

The sufganiyah was introduced by American Jews who had visited or studied in Israel, and by Israeli Jews who had settled in the U.S. While sufganiyot were not commercially available in the United States before the 1970s, today bakeries in many Jewish communities sell sufganiyot, as do non-kosher bakeries. The doughnut chains Dunkin' Donuts and Krispy Kreme purvey sufganiyot in their kosher-certified outlets.

Sufganiyot are also sold in kosher shops in Europe. Smaller Jewish communities in Russia and Ukraine organize special "community bakes" to prepare sufganiyot for school and kindergarten parties.

Savory varieties
Savory sufganiyot also exist. In 2018, The Jerusalem Post reported on a new trend of savory sufganiyot in Manhattan eateries, in which the dough is filled with chicken schnitzel, lamb bacon, liver, or pastrami. Other savory varieties include:
 * Panzerotti in Italy, filled with mozzarella and tomato sauce.
 * Lachmazikas in Spain, filled with everything from lamb and mushrooms to whitefish, ricotta, peppers, and herbs.
 * Sambusa-inspired savory sufganiyot, filled with lentils and peas, are popular among Iraqi Jews in Israel.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sufganiyah


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Polar distance (astronomy)

In the celestial equatorial coordinate system Σ(α, δ) in astronomy, polar distance (PD) is an angular distance of a celestial object on its meridian measured from the celestial pole, similar to the way declination (dec, δ) is measured from the celestial equator.

Definition
Polar distance in celestial navigation is the angle between the pole and the Position of body on its Declination.

Referring to diagram:

P- Pole  , WQE- Equator   ,  Z - Zenith of observer ,

Y- Lower meridian passage of body

X- Upper meridian passage of body

Here body will be on declination circle ( XY). The distance between PY or PX will be the Polar distance of the body.

NP=ZQ=Latitude of observer

NY and NX will be the True altitude of body at that instant.

Polar distance (PD) = 90° ± δ

Polar distances are expressed in degrees and cannot exceed 180° in magnitude. An object on the celestial equator has a PD of 90°.

Polar distance is affected by the precession of the equinoxes.

If the polar distance of the Sun is equal to the observer's latitude, the shadow path of a gnomon's tip on a sundial will be a parabola; at higher latitudes it will be an ellipse and lower, a hyperbola.

title: Polar distance (astronomy)


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Talk:Anne Clark (poet)

style?
Her experimental music occupies a region bounded roughly by electronic and dance, and possibly avant-garde genres, with varying hard (techno applies on occasion), as well as romantic and orchestral styles.

Isn't there an easier way to put this? Maybe leave the techno part out, allthough it is relevant.

Quibus 18:26, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

biographer?
The article on Alice Liddell mentions (and links) Clarke as one of Lidell's biographers. Is this the same Anne Clarke? If so, this might be included in her article as well. 87.123.177.96 22:39, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No, that is Anne Clark Amor there. --LiveOnMars (talk) 01:37, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

major rework done!
yup, feel free to enhance further. -andy 217.91.47.231 12:16, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

discography
The discography isn't complete I think. It doesn't include the following two albums : 1986 - An Ordinary Life, 1986 - Trilogy. -25/02/2007-
 * added some missing ones, "Trilogy" is just a compilation of the first three albums. --LiveOnMars (talk) 01:37, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

lesbian?
is she a lesbian ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.247.245.250 (talk) 19:01, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Are you a hetero?? 2003:FB:EF06:CA00:FD54:4D75:9B5C:692E (talk) 20:59, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anne Clark (poet)


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Harbin Brewery

Harbin Brewery is a Chinese brewery founded in 1900 in Harbin, China. As China's fourth largest brewery and its oldest one, it has a leading position in Northeast China and owns the Hapi beer brand.

Harbin has increased its annual beer production capacity to over 1 million tons and has become a giant in China's beer industry after its successful reform and listing on the Hong Kong stock market. In comparison to Tsingtao Beer or Zhujiang Beer, however, Harbin's share in European and American markets is minor. In the North American market, Harbin beer was first sold in ethnic Chinese supermarkets (which remain its primary point of sales today), and gradually begun to expand to other Asian supermarkets, such as ethnic Korean supermarkets like Market World and Freshia.

History
The history of Harbin beer dates back to 1900, when Jan Wróblewski, a Pole from Tarczyn, then located in the Russian Partition of Poland, founded a brewery in Northeast China (then called Manchuria), which he named after himself. The initial objective of the Brewery was to supply Russians working on the Trans-Manchurian Railway project started in 1898. In 1908, the company was renamed Gloria. In 1932, the brewery was renamed Harbin Brewery Factory, when it went into joint control of Chinese and Czech nationals. Later, in 1946, after the Soviet Red Army captured Manchuria, the company was controlled by Soviet nationals, who called it Quilin Stock Company Limited. This situation prevailed until 1950 when Stalin ordered the return of Chinese assets, and ownership was returned to the Chinese government. The Chinese renamed it Harbin Brewery and operated it as a state-owned entity. Driven by the famine the company became the first to brew beer with corn instead of rice, in 1959. Through the 1960s, the company focused on investing to improve its technology, and in 1973 it installed its first sterilization machine in Heilongjiang Province. In June 2003, SABMiller acquired a 29.6% equity stake in Harbin. In 2004 it was taken over by Anheuser-Busch after a bitter takeover battle with SABMiller.

Harbin Beer
Harbin Beer is a 4.8% abv pale lager. It uses European and Chinese “Qindao Dahua” hops, two-row malt, and German yeast.

Beers
Hapi and Golden Hapi. Harbin Heart and Harbin Premium Lager. One of Harbin's beers is a wheat beer.

title: Harbin Brewery


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User talk:Whitem

Whitem is my last name and first initial...its just easier for me to type it down really fast when I'm in a hurry. I love the supernatural and ESP and all of that...I happen to have one of the powers myself. My email address is monstermike@ev1.net so, just, in case someone does not want their conversation to be overlooked, they could talk to me over internet. I don't have instant messenger yet though. As soon as I can get my computer up I would like to talk to someone about stuff like so. I have sandy colored hair and tan skin.

Read some of my articles and I think you'll be quite fascinated.

Sincerely Anyone's

--Whitem 18:27, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)Mike White--Whitem 18:27, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whitem


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Talk:Pope Benedict XV

Benedict XVI
Ok, that was a damn impressive edit - Benedict XVI was included only hours after his election. Now if someone who was familiar with the whole story of his relationship with Turkey and the statue they built for him could chime in we'd be even better off.

Benedict XV was not noted as an anti-modernist - certainly he was less anti-modern than his predecessor. If Ratzinger had wanted to show his anti-modernism, I'd have thought "Pius" would be the obvious name. john k 02:36, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've always heard him described as one who was trying to run away from modernism and squash it in the church, but I could be wrong. Maybe some outside source could resolve this?--The Grza 02:41, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Our own article says he tried to moderate Pius X's anti-modernism. My impression of Benedict XV is that he was certainly a conservative, but not nearly so right-wing as his predecessor (or, I think, his successor, although I'm less sure of Pius XI). john k 04:38, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * An accurate assessment, worth adding to the article, might begin with a reading of his encyclicals, available at the link. --Wetman 04:43, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"His Holiness"
Childish edit reversions about whether or not to include the title do remind us that, though the current pope is so styled, "His Holiness" should not be applied to popes before the honorific was assumed, and that "Pope" is an anachronism when speaking of early bishops of Rome. BtW, I see we do not refer to "His Majesty Louis XVI" at Wikipedia. He was certainly so styled. Why do you suppose that is? --Wetman 22:04, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

It is the agreed consensus, as part of a compromise to avoid a previous massive set of edit wars, to leave styles where they are right now. Whether you or I approve that is irrelevant. All I am doing (and will do as often as necessary) is uphold the compromise.

If you want start the edit war that users struggled to stop with the agreement ''leave in if in. Leave out if out'' on the issue to resume, fine. In which case, the pro-style group (who clearly won the original vote on whether to use style, and saw a second attempt to change policy and drop styles, fail to get a consensus for change, will no doubt simply return to their previous task of placing styles in monarchical and other articles. They simply never got around to putting it in to Louis XVI yet, I presume. But now that you have alerted them to the fact they no doubt will if the war breaks out again.

Both sides seem to read all the talk pages where this comes up, looking for someone to go around taking styles when the agreement was not to go near them until tempers have calmed and the issue can be discussed without another Wikipedia-wide edit war. Each side is looking for a reason to start the next war. If you want to turn hundreds of articles into edit wars yet again, do it. All I'm doing is enforcing the compromise that stopped it the last time: if they are in, leave in. If they aren't there, don't add. It was in here. Someone took it out. As per compromise I simply put it back to avoid the next round of warfare all over on the issue. Fear ÉIREANN SOLIDARITY WITH THE PEOPLE OF LONDON\(caint)  23:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Goodness. I'm not part of this childish edit war, not having contributed here since 27 April. I also knew nothing of such "voting". There's certainly no doubt that Benedict XV was styled "His Holiness". But it's a good thing editors like Jtdir have the leisure and inclination to police this stuff. Hats off to them, say I. --Wetman 00:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

There have been several reverts of "His Holiness" on this page by User:Mike H. referring to the fact that this title only applies to the current pope. I have reverted this edit after learning that no, it doesn't only apply to the current Pope, it can apply to all Popes throughout history. Regarding the actual inclusion of this honorific, I refer to the Dalai Lama's page where he is referred to as His Holiness but not when labeled on the page. My revert was simply due to innaccurate facts on the part of Mike H. and an attempt to remove that false argument from the conversation, but I think that initially the title should be removed while used later in the article as it would vernacularly or in the titling of pictures.--The Grza 22:36, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Styles infobox
A discussion occurred at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (biographies)/Style War proposed solution about a solution to the ongoing style wars on Wikipedia. The consensus favoured replacing styles at the start of articles by an infobox on styles in the article itself. I have added in the relevant infobox to this article. FearÉIREANN\(caint) 23:06, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Vatican City?
How can this article describe Benedict XV as "sovereign of Vatican City" when no such entity existed during his reign, and he himself undoubtedly would have denied its existence? --Russ Blau (talk) 19:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I may be way off on this, but wasn't there something in the Lateran Treaty which backdated the existence of a sovereign Vatican state to Italian unification, since successive Popes had refused to acknowledge the Italian government's territorial claims anyway? It's been years since I read about this stuff so, as I say, I might be hugely off base. 81.104.160.179 16:18, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Picture
I had thought the picture of this pope in the hat similar to the one he is depicted in here (http://www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/media/5/56/pope_benedict15.jpg) had appeared in this article. I believe he is depicted walking wearing it. Oddly I could not find the image exactly (though the hat or similar hats was easy) in google images, I think it is the visual impression most people associate with him (indeed every time he shows up on the History channel it is some old reel footage depicting just that). If someone knows what I'm talking about I'd appreciate if that or a similar image appeared in the article. Reboot 08:00, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Antipopes
This page like many other catholic related pages using wording like "at the time it was not realized he was an anti-pope". It seems to me that the difference between a pope and an anti-pepe is a question of POV, and that clearly the whole terminology of "anti-popes" is a rather crude instrument to clean up history. Rather than using the phraseology "was not realized to be an anti-pope" all such instances should say "is now regarded (by the vatican) as an anti-pope."

The Holy Father's name -- Giacomo della Chiesa
I study some Latin but I'm not that well-versed in Italian, so someone correct me if I'm wrong. But doesn't Giacomo mean Jack? So doesn't that mean the Pope's name was actually "Jack of the Church"? Weird, like he was born for it.J.J. Bustamante 02:40, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

I have a question regarding the article on Pope Benedict XV.
In the Wiki article on Pope Benedict XV, it says that he pretty much gave away his personal fortune to needy visitors to the Vatican to such an extent that money had to be borrowed for his funeral. As a head of state, it seems that he would certainly be entitled to a funeral supplied by the Vatican without having to go into his own pockets to pay for it. I've read elsewhere that he was equally generous with papal funds which leads me to suspect that he might have badly depleted the Vatican treasury during World War One, a massive opportunity to spend money if ever there was one, to the point where a decent funeral befitting this great and, in my opinion, sadly under-appreciated man might have put the Vatican in a tight spot financially.

Any light you could shed on this matter would be appreciated. Chris J. Strolin 20:28, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

"During the First World War, pope Benedict XV had given away his own fortune and then the Holy See's ordinary revenue to repatriate prisoners of war and to afford succour to civilian refugees, so that by 1922 the Vatican Treasury consisted of the lire equivalent of ₤10,000 or roughly U.S. $19,000." (Michael Burleigh, Sacred Causes: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the Great War to the War on Terror, HarperCollins, 2007, p.70). This suggests, as you say, that he spent ths bulk of the Vatican treasury, as well as his own personal inheritance, on charities during the war. Perhaps the article should be changed to reflect this. User:Il Dottore 11:48, 10 December 2007

The Co-redemtrix Issue
Are we over stating it? The picture caption states that "Benedict XV supported the theology of Co-redemtrix of the Virgin Mary." But when we read the language cited from his pastoral letter, the language is quite tentative and qualified. He says that Mary "gave up her rights as the mother of her son ... as far as she was permitted to do," and that "one can say" that she helped earn our redemption, and so forth. Saying "as far as she was permitted to" is not the same saying "as far as Christ did," and saying "one can say" is not the same as saying "and I -- your Pope -- do so say, in the name of the entire Church proclaiming a doctrine that is held by every member of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church of Christ, the Son of God," etc. In other words, the statement that "Benedict XV supported the theology of Co-redemtrix" leaves us an idea of unqualified papal support, whereas his actual words sound more like personal lip service, but without the trappings of papal infallibility pronouncing an essential dogma. 168.98.67.11 (talk) 22:23, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Humani Generis was not about preaching!
It was about the teaching authority of the Church and the divorce of faith from reason, especially reason at the service of science. The whole section on Humani Generis needs to be removed or drastically rewritten. The footnotes to the text of the article do not correspond to the actual encyclical itself. If anything, there is a very remote connection between the education of priests and the refutation of error (Humani Generis Art. 31), but not from the pulpit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.243.135.7 (talk) 03:51, 22 March 2009 (UTC)
 * ok, 5 years later, but if anyone sees this: Humani generis redemptionem of Benedict XV is not the same document as Humani generis of Pius XII, 1950.--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 18:26, 29 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Good point! Canon Law Junkie §§§ Talk 18:56, 29 July 2014 (UTC) (aka someone who saw this)
 * !Richardson mcphillips (talk) 19:59, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

Benedict XV peace proposal (august 1917)
Is there some pic of this document? It would be great to include this photo in article. I was looking for it in several publication but I cannot find it.--Vojvodae please be free to write :) 07:47, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (clergy) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 02:00, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Capitalization of name
I noticed that the man's original name was given as "Giacomo [...] della Chiesa", but when the last name alone is used, it is written "Della Chiesa" with a capital D. Shouldn't "della" be uncapitalized in the short form if it is not capitalized in the long form? 138.16.18.34 (talk) 16:57, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Death and legacy
"Benedict XV celebrated Mass with the nuns at the Domus Sanctae Marthae in early January 1922 and while he waited for his driver out in the rain he fell ill with the flu which turned into pneumonia."

The above sentence is not reliably sourced. It seems improbable to me for more than one reason. Can anyone provide a solid supporting reference? 90.253.205.141 (talk) 06:45, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

Image of this pope in a Turkish magazine
I wonder if this image is already on the commons or not? From Servet-i Funun https://archives.saltresearch.org/bitstream/123456789/129156/529/PFSIF9170906A100.jpg WhisperToMe (talk) 01:36, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Benedict XV


text: Talk:Value added

title: Talk:Value added


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Orbital motion (quantum)

Quantum orbital motion involves the quantum mechanical motion of rigid particles (such as electrons) about some other mass, or about themselves. In classical mechanics, an object's orbital motion is characterized by its orbital angular momentum (the angular momentum about the axis of rotation) and spin angular momentum, which is the object's angular momentum about its own center of mass. In quantum mechanics there are analogous orbital and spin angular momenta which describe the orbital motion of a particle, represented as quantum mechanical operators instead of vectors.

The paradox of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and the wavelike nature of subatomic particles make the exact motion of a particle impossible to represent using classical mechanics. The orbit of an electron about a nucleus is a prime example of quantum orbital motion. While the Bohr model describes the electron's motion as uniform circular motion, analogous to classical circular motion, in reality its location in space is described by probability functions. Each probability function has a different average energy level, and corresponds to the likelihood of finding the electron in a specific atomic orbital, which are functions representing 3 dimensional regions around the nucleus. The description of orbital motion as probability functions for wavelike particles rather than the specific paths of orbiting bodies is the essential difference between quantum mechanical and classical orbital motion.

Orbital Angular Momentum
In quantum mechanics, the position of an electron in space is represented by its spatial wave function, and specified by three variables (as with x, y, and z Cartesian coordinates). The square of an electron's wave function at a given point in space is proportional to the probability of finding it at that point, and each wave function is associated with a particular energy. There are limited allowed wave functions, and thus limited allowed energies of particles in a quantum mechanical system; wave functions are solutions to Schrödinger's Equation.

For Hydrogen-like atoms, spatial wave function has the following representation:

$$\psi_{nlm}(r, \theta, \phi) = R_{nl}(r)Y_l^m(\theta, \phi)$$

Electrons do not "orbit" the nucleus in the classical sense of angular momentum, however there is a quantum mechanical analog to the mathematical representation of L = r × p in classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, these vectors are replaced by operators; the angular momentum operator is defined as the cross product of the position operator and the momentum operator, which is defined as $$\hat{p} = -i \hbar \nabla $$.

Just as in classical mechanics, the law of conservation of angular momentum still holds.

Spin
An electron is considered to be a point charge. The motion of this charge about the atomic nucleus produces a magnetic dipole moment that can be oriented in an external magnetic field, as with magnetic resonance. The classical analog to this phenomenon would be a charged particle moving around a circular loop, which constitutes a magnetic dipole. The magnetic moment and angular momentum of this particle would be proportional to each other by the constant $$\gamma_0$$, the gyromagnetic ratio. However, unlike bodies in classical mechanics an electron carries an intrinsic property called spin, which creates an additional (spin) magnetic moment.

The total angular momentum of a particle is the sum of both its orbital angular momentum and spin angular momentum.

A particle's spin is generally represented in terms of spin operators. It turns out for particles that make up ordinary matter (protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, etc.) particles are of spin 1/2. Only two energy levels (eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian) exist for a spin 1/2 state: "up" spin, or +1/2, and "down" spin, or -1/2.

Thus showing that the inherent quantum property of energy quantization is a direct result of electron spin.

Atomic Orbitals
Using the formalisms of wave mechanics developed by physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1926, each electron's distribution is described by a 3-dimensional standing wave. This was motivated by the work of 18th century mathematician Adrien Legendre.

The spatial distribution of an electron about a nucleus is represented by three quantum numbers: $$n, l$$ and $$m_l$$. These three numbers describe the electron's atomic orbital, which is the region of space occupied by the electron. Each set of these numbers constitutes a principal shell with a specific number of sub shells, each with a specific number of orbitals. Roughly speaking, the principle quantum number $$n$$ describes the average distance of an electron from the nucleus. The azimuthal quantum number $$l$$ describes the relative shape of the region of space (orbital) occupied by the electron. Finally, The magnetic quantum number $$m_l$$ describes the relative orientation of the orbital with respect to an applied magnetic field. The allowed values of $$l$$ and $$m_l$$ depend on the value of $$n$$.

Orbital motion of electrons in Hydrogenic Atoms
The simplest physical model of electron behavior in an atom is an electron in Hydrogen. For a particle to remain in orbit, it must be bound to its center of rotation by some radial electric potential. In this system, electrons orbiting an atomic nucleus are bound to the nucleus via the Coulomb Potential, given by $$V(r) = \frac{e^2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{1}{r}$$. Classically, the energy of the electron orbiting a nucleus would be given as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies. The Bohr model of a Hydrogenic atom is a classical model of uniform circular motion. Its Hamiltonian is thus written in this way, as $$H_{Bohr} = \frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\nabla^2 - \frac{e^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0}\frac{1}{r}$$. The first term is the kinetic energy of the electron (classically given as $$\frac{p^2}{2m}$$, where in quantum mechanics we have replaced classical momentum $$p$$ with the momentum operator $$p = -i\hbar\nabla$$. The second term accounts for the Coulomb potential. The Bohr model energies, which are eigenvalues of the Bohr Hamiltonian, are of order $$\alpha^2 mc^2$$, where $$\alpha$$ is the unitless fine structure constant, defined as $$\alpha \equiv \frac{e^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0 \hbar c} \approx \frac{1}{137.036}$$. (Since $$\alpha$$ is much less than 1, energy corrections with more factors of $$\alpha$$ are significantly smaller order shifts).

However, some revisions must be made to the simplified Bohr model of an electron in the Hydrogen atom to account for quantum mechanical effects. These revisions to the electron's motion in a hydrogen atom are some of the most ubiquitous examples of quantum mechanical orbital motion. Ordered by greatest to smallest order of correction to the Bohr energies, the revisions are:

For each revision, the Hamiltonian is first rewritten, and then the shifted energy levels are calculated using perturbation theory.
 * 1) Motion of the nucleus (of order $$\alpha^4 mc^2$$)
 * 2) Fine structure (of order $$\alpha^4 mc^2$$) or the Zeeman effect in the presence of a large magnetic field
 * 3) Relativistic correction
 * 4) Spin-orbit coupling
 * 5) Lamb shift (of order $$\alpha^5 mc^2$$): This is associated with the quantization of the electric field
 * 6) Hyperfine splitting (of order $$\frac{m}{m_p}\alpha^4 mc^2$$)

Motion of the nucleus
The nucleus is not really perfectly stationary in space; the Coulomb Potential attracts it to the electron with equal and opposite force as it exerts on the electron. However, the nucleus is far more massive than the orbiting electron, so its acceleration towards the electron is very small relative to the electron's acceleration towards it, allowing it to be modeled as a also This is accounted for by replacing the mass (m) in the Bohr Hamiltonian with the reduced mass ($$\mu$$) of the system.

Fine structure

 * 1) Relativistic Correction: The first term in the Hamiltonian represents the kinetic energy of the electron in the atom. However, it comes from the classical expression for kinetic energy $$T = \frac{p^2}{2m}$$. However despite the fact that the electron is moving at relativistic speeds. The relativistic kinetic energy is given as the difference between the electron's total kinetic energy and its rest energy, $$T = \frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{1-(v/c)^2}} - mc^2$$. Expressing T in terms of the relativistic momentum of the electron and Taylor expanding in powers of the small number $$\frac{p}{mc}$$, yields a new expression for the kinetic energy which treduces to the classical term to first order: $$T = \frac{p^2}{2m} - \frac{p^4}{8m^3c^2} + ...$$. Giving the lowest-order correction to the Hamiltonian as $$H_r ^\prime = - \frac{p^4}{8m^3c^2}$$. In non-denerate perturbation theory, the first order correction to energy levels is given by the expectation value of $$H ^\prime$$ in the unperturbed state. $$E_r^1 = \langle \psi |H_r^\prime|\psi \rangle$$, and for the unperturbed states the Schrödinger equation reads $$p^2\psi = 2m(E-v)\psi$$. Putting these together, the correction to energy is $$E_r^1 = - \frac{1}{2mc^2}[E^2 - 2E \langle V\rangle + \langle V^2\rangle]$$. Substituting in the Coulomb potential and simplifying, we get $$E_r^1 = - \frac{(E_n)^2}{2mc^2} \lbrack\frac{4n}{l + 1/2} -3\rbrack$$.
 * 2) Spin-Orbit Coupling: Each spin-1/2 electron behaves like a magnetic moment; the presence of a magnetic field exerts a torque which tends to align its magnetic moment $$\mu$$ with the direction of the field. From the reference frame of the electron, the proton is circling around it; this orbiting positive charge creates a magnetic field B in its frame. Relativistic calculations give the magnetic moment of the electron as $$\vec\mu_e = -\frac{e}{m}\vec S$$, where S is the spin of the electron. The Hamiltonian for a magnetic moment is given as $$H = -\vec\mu \cdot \vec B$$The magnetic field from the proton can be derived from the Biot-Savart Law, picturing the proton as a continuous current loop from the perspective of the electron: $$\vec B = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0}\frac{e}{mc^2r^3}\vec L$$. With an extra factor of 1/2 to account for Thomas Precession, which accounts for the fact that the frame of the electron is non-inertial, the Hamiltonian is $$H_{so}^\prime = (\frac{e^2}{8\pi \epsilon_0})\frac{1}{m^2 c^2 r^3}\vec S \cdot \vec L$$. After some calculation of the eigenvalues of $$\vec S\cdot \vec L$$, the energy levels are found to be$$E_{so}^1 = \frac{(E_n)^2}{mc^2}\frac{n[j(j+1)-l(l+1)-3/4]}{l(l+1/2)(l+1)}$$.

After accounting for all fine structure, the energy levels of the Hydrogenic atom are labeled as: $$E_{so}^1 = \frac{13.6\text{eV}}{n^2}[1 + \frac{\alpha^2}{n^2}(\frac{n}{j+1/2}- \frac{3}{4} )\rbrack$$

The Zeeman Effect
When an atom is placed in a uniform external magnetic field B, the energy levels are shifted. This phenomenon shifts the Hamiltonian with the factor $$H_z^\prime = \frac{e}{2m}(\vec L+2 \vec S) \cdot \vec B_{ext}$$, where L is the electron's angular momentum and S is its spin.

In the presence of a weak magnetic field, the fine structure dominates and the Zeeman Hamiltonian term is treated as the perturbation to the unperturbed Hamiltonian, which is a sum of the Bohr and Fine Structure Hamiltonians. The Zeeman corrections to the energy are found to be $$E_z^1 = \mu_B g_J B_{ext} m_j$$, where $$\mu_B\equiv \frac{e\hbar}{2m} = 5.788\times 10^-5 eV/T$$, is the Bohr magneton.

In a strong magnetic field, the Zeeman effect dominates and the unperturbed Hamiltonian is taken to be $$H_{Bohr}+ H_Z^\prime$$, with the correction $$H_{fs}^\prime$$. The corrected energy levels are labeled as: $$E_^1 = \frac{13.6\text{eV}}{n^3}\alpha^2\lbrack \frac{3}{4n} - (\frac{l(l+1)- m_l m_s}{l(l + 1/2)(l+ 1)})\rbrack$$.

Hyperfine splitting
The proton also constitutes a weak magnetic dipole, and hyperfine splitting describes the effect is due to the interaction between the magnetic dipole moments of the electron and the proton. This effect gives rise to energy level shifts $$E_{hf}^1 = \frac{\mu_0 g_p e^2}{3 \pi m_p m_e a^3}\langle \vec S_p \cdot \vec S_e\rangle$$. It is called spin-spin coupling because it involves the dot product between the spins of the electron and the proton.

Applications
The Einstein-de Haas effect describes the phenomena in which a change in this magnetic moment causes the electron to rotate. Similarly, the Barnett effect describes the magnetization of the electron resulting from being spun on its axis. Both of these effects demonstrate the close tie between classical and quantum mechanical orbital motion.

title: Orbital motion (quantum)


text:
Rafael Merry del Val

Rafael Merry del Val y Zulueta, (10 October 1865 – 26 February 1930) was a Spanish Catholic bishop, Vatican official, and cardinal.

Before becoming a cardinal, he served as the secretary of the papal conclave of 1903 that elected Pope Pius X, who is said to have accepted his election through Merry del Val's encouragement. Pius X later appointed him as the Cardinal Secretary of State. Merry del Val's writings and example prompted greater popularity for the Litany of Humility, which was for some decades incorrectly attributed to him. He was greatly responsible to restoring the privileges to Hispanic countries, which honor him for the devotions and traditionalist practices he fostered by personally signing and executing their petitions to the Holy Office.

A cause for his canonization was opened in 1953 at the behest of Pope Pius XII. He now has the title Servant of God.

Early life
He was born as Rafael María José Pedro Francisco Borja Domingo Gerardo de la Santísima Trinidad Merry del Val y Zulueta at the Spanish Embassy in London, England, the second of four sons of a nobleman, Rafael Carlos Merry del Val, secretary to the Spanish legation in London. His mother was Sofia Josefa de Zulueta (died 1925), elder daughter of Pedro José de Zulueta, count of Torre Díaz, of the London bank of Zulueta & Co., and his wife, Sophia Ann Wilcox, who was of English ancestry. The Merrys were originally an Irish Catholic family (the O’Hoolachan family of the County of Connaught) but anglicized their name to Merry in order to avoid the persecution of Roman Catholics that the English were wont to carry out. The O’Hoolachan branch from which Rafael descended were Irish merchants who settled in County Waterford in the 18th century before moving to Seville. In Spain, one Rafael Merry (grandfather of His Eminence) married María Trinidad del Val y Gómez de Sevilla, of Aragonese nobility. María Trinidad, the Cardinal's grandmother, was soon widowed however, and moved to Madrid as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Isabella II.

His father, also named Rafael, studied law before joining the Diplomatic service. One of his first destinations was to the Spanish embassy in Paris during the time of the Second French Empire, during which time he became a close friend of Empress Eugénie de Montijo, herself a Spaniard. It was also during this time that he befriended Pedro José de Zulueta y Madariaga, a son of the counts of Torre-Díaz who had established himself as a successful banker under his own firm, Zulueta & Co. The young Rafael was united in matrimony to one of his daughters, Josefina de Zulueta y Willcox, marrying in Madrid on 3 February 1863. Rafael was then sent to London in diplomatic mission. Thus, the couple moved into the house of Josefina's own grandfather, situated on Devonshire Place, 21, where their five children were born: Alfonso, also a diplomat; Rafael, a Roman-Catholic cardinal and Secretary of State to St. Pius X; Pedro, María and Domingo. His elder brother Alfonso was the first Marquess of Merry del Val (b. 1864) and Spanish ambassador to the United Kingdom between 1913 and 1931.

Education
Merry del Val lived in England until 1878. His mother's family owned a large villa in Boscombe, a suburb of Bournemouth. He attended a Jesuit preparatory school in Bournemouth at the time the Society was establishing what were to become five parishes and a school. He received his first Holy Communion at Sacred Heart Church on Richmond Hill, and later enrolled at the northern seminary of Ushaw College in County Durham in northern England. He was ordained a priest on 30 December 1888 after receiving a doctorate in philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University. He later received a doctorate in theology and then a licentiate in canon law.

Domestic prelate, archbishop and cardinal
In 1891 he became a privy chamberlain and member of the Pontifical family, having served as a secretary in nunciatures. Entrusted by Leo XIII with the question of the validity of Anglican orders, he led the Holy See to the negative response in September 1896 with the bull Apostolicae curae, of which he was the main architect. On the basis of this bull, Leo XIII confirmed the "nullity" of the "ordinations carried out with the Anglican rite", denying the apostolic succession of Bishops of the Church of England.

His continued service in diplomatic posts and in the Roman Curia saw him named Apostolic Delegate to Canada and domestic prelate in 1897 and then president of the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles (an institution connected to the Roman Curia, in charge of the formation of priests who are to serve in the Diplomatic Corps of the Holy See) in 1899. He was appointed Titular Archbishop of Nicaea on 19 April 1900 and consecrated a bishop by Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, Cardinal Secretary of State of Pope Leo XIII. In 1902 he was the papal representative to the coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra, accompanied by Eugenio Pacelli.

He served as secretary of the conclave of 1903 that elected Pope Pius X. By a coincidence, the secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation, who was also the secretary of the College of Cardinals and therefore of the conclave, had died almost at the same time as Leo XIII. In haste, the cardinals chose as his successor Merry del Val, who had been ordained a bishop only three years before. The choice had been made from a pool of three names. The two rejected candidates were the substitute for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State, Giacomo Della Chiesa, and Pietro Gasparri, then serving as the secretary for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. The preference shown to the youngest and least experienced of the three was interpreted as the first defeat of the Rampolla coalition, and a foreshadowing of what would happen at the conclave.

Austrian veto at papal conclave
According to Merry del Val, during the conclave of 1903, in which he served in the role of Secretary of the Conclave, Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko of Kraków came to see him, demanding to announce his veto against Cardinal Mariano Rampolla in the name of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary. Merry del Val protested and refused even to accept the document, which in the heat of the debate fell onto the floor and was picked back up by Puzyna. Puzyna announced the veto anyway, in the presence of the cardinals gathered in the Sistine Chapel. The College of Cardinals was outraged. Rampolla, according to Merry del Val, actually gained votes after the veto. Yet later, Merry del Val opined to the historian Ludwig von Pastor that Rampolla would never have had a chance of being elected even if the veto had not been announced, because the cardinals wanted a new direction after the pontificate of Pope Leo XIII, and Rampolla had been permanently associated with that pontificate. After his election, the new Pope Pius X decreed automatic excommunication for anyone trying to influence a conclave with a threat or veto.

Cardinal Secretary of State
After a two-month trial period, Pius X named Merry del Val pro-Secretary of State. That November he became the first cardinal elevated by the Pope (a traditional reward to the secretary of a conclave), becoming Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede and full Secretary of State, in place of Rampolla, who was moved to the post of Secretary of the Holy Office.

The praise which Merry del Val received from the Pope on 11 November 1903, the day he received the cardinal's hat, went as follows: "The good odor of Christ, lord cardinal, that you have spread in every place, even in your temporary dwelling, and the many works of charity to which you have dedicated yourself constantly in your priestly ministry, especially in this our city of Rome, have won for you, with admiration, universal esteem."

From Pascendi Dominici gregis (published in 1907) until 1914, Merry del Val was pro-active in combatting modernism among the clergy, especially the university professors. Nevertheless, he avoided an official canonical acknowledgement of Sodalitium Pianum (in France known as "La Sapinière") and kept a certain distance from the extensive activities of Umberto Benigni; in this attitude he was supported by voices from Germany protesting against an "integralist conspiracy". In 1911, Sodalitium Pianum departed of its own volition from the structure of the Secretariat of State.

Among Merry del Val's diplomatic achievements was the signing of a Concordat with Serbia barely four days before the assassination of the Austrian Heir-Apparent Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 plunged Europe into the First World War. Merry del Val recorded that the "breakthrough" in the difficult negotiations with Belgrade came on the Feast of the Sacred Heart. The Pope and his Cardinal Secretary of State were fully aware that war was imminent. Pius X had already warned a departing Brazilian Ambassador a year earlier that Europe would not "get through 1914" without a major conflagration.

Merry del Val remained Secretary of State throughout the pontificate of Pius X, but when Pope Benedict XV, an old associate of Rampolla, was elected in the conclave of 1914, Merry del Val was not reappointed. Benedict XV in fact appointed as his Cardinal Secretary of State, first Domenico Ferrata, who died almost immediately, and then Pietro Gasparri. Thus at the head of the Church were the two bishops – della Chiesa (now Pope Benedict XV) and Gasparri – who had been leapfrogged by Merry del Val on the eve of the conclave in 1903. But Benedict XV appointed Merry del Val as secretary of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office on 14 October 1914.

For a man who had been an exceptionally young Secretary of State, the Congregation was considered a lesser (though important) assignment. The Pope did not appoint Merry del Val as Prefect, because at the time the Popes themselves were Prefects of the Holy Office. The post of Secretary was then the highest-ranking office in the Dicastery.

Merry del Val as secretary was responsible for running the daily affairs of the Holy Office, in which capacity he reportedly explained the Papal policy of non possumus to Theodor Herzl and the emerging movement of Zionism, saying that as long as Jews denied Christ's divinity, the Church could not make a declaration in their favor.

When the British Catholic diplomat Mark Sykes visited Merry del Val to speak about the same topic, the Cardinal was somewhat more supportive. He told Sykes that the Holy See would look benignly on the project.

After the death of Benedict XV (22 January 1922), Merry del Val was retained by Pius XI in the role of Secretary of the Holy Office. This post he held until 26 February 1930, when he died unexpectedly in Vatican City, aged 64, during an operation for appendicitis. The funeral took place in St Peter's Basilica on 3 March 1930 and the Cardinal was buried in the crypt. On 31 July 1931, a new tomb, gift of the Spanish government, was dedicated by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII.

Veneration
The cause of Merry del Val's canonization was introduced on 26 February 1953, under the pontificate of Pope Pius XII. He therefore has the honorific title, Servant of God.

Honours

 * 🇧🇪 Belgium (1906) - Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold.

title: Rafael Merry del Val


text:
John E. Miles

John Esten Miles (July 28, 1884 – October 7, 1971) was an American politician who served as the 12th governor of the state of New Mexico.

Biography
Miles was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He attended the common schools of Tennessee, but left home at the age of seventeen. He settled in Texas and began farming. he did moderately well in that field, but a crop failure in 1906 convinced him to move to Oklahoma and then to New Mexico. He took a homestead there and married Susie C. Wade. Susie Wade was a member of the Choctaw Nation.

Miles began to dabble in politics as an observer at first. When the United States Democratic Party began to take back the New Mexico Legislature in the 1920s, he started taking an active role in the political spectrum. He served in several offices including Quay County Assessor (1920–1924), secretary of the New Mexico State Tax Commission (1925), and secretary of the Democratic State Central Committee.

Miles came virtually out of nowhere to be elected Governor in 1938. This was partially because the New Mexico Democratic Party was having a dispute at the time between those who supported Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and those who opposed it. Miles, an in between who was not an advocate but also did not work against the New Deal, was seen as a compromise. His term was rather uneventful, especially compared to that of his predecessor.

Upon completion of Miles' term as Governor he returned to holding various low-level organizational positions including chairman of the Public Service Commission (1943–1948), and Commissioner of Public Lands (1947–1948).

Finally, in 1948, the Democratic Party figured Miles would be an easy shot to take out Georgia Lee Lusk in a primary for her Congressional seat. He just barely edged out Lusk, and only served one term as a Congressman (1949–1951) before retiring from public life. Miles died on October 7, 1971.

title: John E. Miles


text:
Category:Detection theory

Detection theory, or signal detection theory, is a means to quantify the ability to discern between signal and noise.

title: Category:Detection theory


text:
User talk:Antidoter

'''Feel free... I'm sure you will.'''

title: User talk:Antidoter


text:
Joan Freeman (actress)

Joan Leslie Freeman is a retired American actress.

Career
Freeman was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa. She attended Mother Cabrini School in Burbank, California, and later attended John Burroughs High School where she graduated in 1959.

Freeman started as a child actress, having appeared in the 1949 television series Sandy Dreams, along with Richard Beymer and Jill St. John. Her first film role was in Pistol Harvest (1951), where she had a small part playing the lead actress' character as a child. At fourteen, she played the character Jeannie Harlow in the 1956 episode "The Frontier Theatre" of the ABC western series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, with Hugh O'Brian in the title role.

In 1961–62, Freeman was cast in 26 episodes as the young waitress Elma Gahrigner, in the ABC drama series Bus Stop, in a role that gave her some prominence. After Bus Stop, she appeared in guest-starring roles on the NBC modern western series, Empire, with Richard Egan and on the ABC/Warner Brothers western, The Dakotas. She also played defendant Jennifer Wakely in Perry Mason's, "The Case of the Fickle Filly" in 1962.

In 1962, Freeman was cast as Marilyn Hayes in the post-atomic war black-and-white classic film Panic in Year Zero! alongside veteran film stars Ray Milland and Jean Hagen. Alabama newspaper The Anniston Star described Freeman as "lovely" in the part.

Also in 1962, she appeared in the quasi-historical film Tower of London with Vincent Price. Her work to that point was enough to gain her a Photoplay Gold Medal nomination from Photoplay film magazine as Most Promising New Star (Female). That was followed up by being named as a Hollywood Deb Star in 1963.

In 1963, Freeman was cast as American tourist Amelia Carter in The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze.

In 1964, Freeman played the role of Elizabeth Dunn secretary to Dr. James Stone in the episode "Behold Eck" in the TV series The Outer Limits. She co-starred in The Rounders, a 1965 comedy film based on the novel of the same name by Max Evans.

Freeman is perhaps best known for her roles in two musical films. In 1964, she was the love interest of Elvis Presley in Roustabout. There she played the "good girl" pursuing Elvis and competing against a vixen type played by Sue Ane Langdon, all the while being stuck in arguments with her father, a bitter carnival hand played by Leif Erickson. Variety magazine said that "Miss Freeman hasn't much to do except wring her hands ... but does it prettily." In 1964 Freeman received a Photoplay Gold Medal nomination for Best Female Star.

Freeman also made a number of guest appearances on different television shows from the 1950s through the 1980s including National Velvet, Family Affair, Gunsmoke, Wagon Train, and Bonanza.

In 1966, Freeman guest starred on The Man From U.N.C.L.E. in "The Bat Cave Affair". She appeared four times on the NBC western series The Virginian. Her last motion picture performance came as "Mrs. Jarvis" in the 1984 horror film, Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter. In 1994, Freeman appeared as an actress for the last time in an episode of the TV series Renegade.

Filmography

 * Pistol Harvest (1951) - Felice as a Child
 * Trouble Along the Way (1953) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Teenage Rebel (1956) - Teenager in Malt Shop (uncredited)
 * The Remarkable Mr. Pennypacker (1959) - Mary Pennypacker (uncredited)
 * Come September (1961) - Linda
 * Panic in Year Zero! (1962) - Marilyn Hayes
 * Tower of London (1962) - Lady Margaret
 * The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze (1963) - Amelia Carter
 * Roustabout (1964) - Cathy Lean
 * The Rounders (1965) - Meg Moore
 * The Reluctant Astronaut (1967) - Ellie Jackson
 * The Fastest Guitar Alive (1967) - Sue Chesnut
 * Warhead (1977) - Namoi
 * Jinxed! (1982) - Woman Agent
 * Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) - Mrs. Jarvis

title: Joan Freeman (actress)


text:
Prostějov

Prostějov (Proßnitz) is a city in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 44,000 inhabitants. The city is historically known for its fashion industry. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

AČR special forces unit 601. skss is based in Prostějov.

Administrative division
The city parts and villages of Čechovice, Čechůvky, Domamyslice, Krasice, Vrahovice and Žešov are administrative parts of Prostějov.

Etymology
The original name of Prostějov was Prostějovice. The name was derived from the personal name Prostěj (a variant of the name Prostimír), meaning "the village of Prostěj's people". After the village was promoted to a town, the name changed to Prostějov.

Geography
Prostějov is located about 16 km southwest of Olomouc and 45 km northeast of Brno. It lies mostly in a flat agricultural landscape of the Upper Morava Valley. The western tip of the municipal territory extends into the Drahany Highlands and includes the highest point of Prostějov at 368 m above sea level. The city is situated at the confluence of the Romže (Valová) and Hloučela rivers, which is located in Vrahovice.

History
The first written mention of Prostějov is from 1141. In 1365, the settlement was promoted to a market town and in 1390 to a town. Before 1390, Prostějov was acquired by the Lords of Kravaře and joined to the Plumlov estate. It remained part of it until 1848 and shared its owners and destinies.

An Augustinian monastery was founded in 1391, but it was destroyed before 1430 by the Hussites. From 1454, the Jewish community lived in Prostějov. In 1495, the Plumov estate with Prostějov was bought by the Pernštejn family and the construction of the town walls began. The Prostějov Castle was built in 1522–1526 by Jan of Pernštejn as a part of town walls. In 1568–1572 the castle was rebuilt in the Renaissance style.

The Pernštejn family owned Prostějov until 1599. From 1599 to 1848, it was a property of the House of Liechtenstein. The monastery of the Merciful Brothers was established between 1727 and 1730. The Capuchin monastery was established in 1764, but was abolished in 1784.

In 1869, the demolition of the city walls began. Thanks to the Jewish community in particular, Prostějov has become an important commercial and industrial centre. Mass production of textile clothing began in the 1840s and at the end of the century, the textile industry gained a privileged position in the whole of Austria-Hungary (one-third of the state's total production was from Prostějov). In the late 19th century, Prostějov was the third largest city in Moravia after Brno and Jihlava.

In the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, Prostějov was part of the Margraviate of Moravia. In 1918, it became part of independent Czechoslovakia. The period of German occupation lasted from March 1939 until May 1945. During this time, Prostějov was administered as a part of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The Jewish community basically disappeared as a result of the Holocaust.

During the socialist period, prefabricated housing estates were built on the outskirts of the city (built in 1963–1990) and extensive demolitions took place in the historic centre.

Economy
The city is historically associated with the textile industry. The tradition began already in 1500 when a tailor's guild was founded. In the middle of the 19th century, the first clothing factory in Europe was built here. In 1910, the industry employed 12,000 people.

Oděvní podnik Prostějov, the biggest textile company in the country with about 10,000 employees, was founded in 1964. After the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia, the company failed to restructure and adapt to market mechanisms, and went bankrupt in 2010. Nowadays, the tradition is held by several smaller companies.

Nowadays, the largest industrial employers based in the city are Makovec (meat processor) and Mubea Stabilizer Bar Systems (manufacturer of automotive parts), both employing more than 1,000 people. The largest non-industrial employer is the hospital.

Transport
The D46 motorway (part of the European route E462) from Olomouc to Vyškov passes through Prostějov.

Prostějov lines on the interregional railway line Brno–Šumperk.

Sport
The city is known for the tennis club TK Prostějov, connected with many of the biggest names of the Czech tennis history.

Prostějov is home to the football club 1. SK Prostějov, which plays in Czech National Football League (2nd tier), and to the ice hockey club LHK Jestřábi Prostějov, which plays in the 1st Czech Republic Hockey League (2nd tier).

Sights
The historic centre is formed by the T. G. Masaryka Square and its surroundings, which include several other smaller squares. The central square is lined by burgher houses with Renaissance or Baroque cores, and facades mostly from the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the houses is the birthplace of Jiří Wolker, one of the most important natives. The landmark of the square is the city hall from 1911–1914 with a 66 m high tower, which is open to the public. In the middle of the square is a Baroque Marian column from 1714. Prostějov Castle on the Pernštýnské Square is one of the most significant buildings in the city. It was reconstructed after 1893 and decorated with modern sgraffito by Jano Köhler. Today it is owned by the city.

The Museum and Gallery in Prostějov is located in the former town hall from 1530. The museum has been housed in this Renaissance building since 1905.

The National House is a national cultural monument, considered a masterpiece of Czech modernism and Art Nouveau. It was built in 1905–1907.

Ecclesiastical monuments
The Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, founded together with an Augustinian monastery in 1391, is the oldest monument in Prostějov. The originally Gothic church was later baroque modified. It is decorated with frescoes by Jano Köhler and with the Way of the Cross cycle by František Bílek.

The Church of Saint John of Nepomuk, built in 1750–1755, is a part of the former monastery of the Merciful Brothers. The Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius was founded together with the Capuchin monastery. In the early 20th century, it was neo-Baroque rebuilt and consecrated to Saints Cyril and Methodius.

The former Old Synagogue was originally a yeshiva, rebuilt into a synagogue with Empire style elements in the 1830s. Today it is privately owned and inaccessible. The former New Synagogue was built opposite the old one in 1904, originally in Art Nouveau style. After the World War II, it was sold to Czechoslovak Hussite Church and arranged as a prayer house of this church, which it is to this day. Other Jewish monuments in the city are several old preserved houses, the new cemetery established in 1908, and the remains of the old cemetery, the surface of which was devastated during the war.

Notable people

 * John Filipec (c. 1431–1509), bishop and diplomat
 * Meir Eisenstadt (c. 1670–1744), author of rabbinic literature
 * Jonathan Eybeschutz (1690–1764), rabbi
 * Moses Sofer (1762–1839), rabbi
 * Gideon Brecher (1797–1873), Austrian physician and writer
 * Moritz Steinschneider (1816–1907), bibliographer, orientalist
 * Ignaz Brüll (1846–1907), Austrian pianist and composer
 * Rosa Sonneschein (1847–1932), journalist and editor
 * Nathan Porges (1848–1924), rabbi
 * Konrad Loewe (1856–1912), Austrian actor and playwright
 * Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), German philosopher
 * Ondřej Přikryl (1862–1936), writer and politician; mayor of Prostějov in 1914–1919
 * Rudolf Alfred Höger (1877–1930), Austrian painter
 * Carmen Cartellieri (1891–1954), Austrian actress
 * Jiří Wolker (1900–1924), poet, journalist and playwright
 * Edvard Valenta (1901–1978), journalist and writer
 * Lola Beer Ebner (1910–1997), Israeli fashion designer
 * Otto Wichterle (1913–1998), chemist, inventor of contact lens
 * Otakar Hořínek (1929–2015), sports shooter, Olympic medalist
 * Antonín Přidal (1935–2017), translator and writer
 * Milena Dvorská (1938–2009), actress
 * Oldřich Machač (1946–2011), ice hockey player
 * Nina Škottová (1946–2018), politician
 * Rostislav Václavíček (1946–2022), footballer
 * Vlastimil Petržela (born 1953), football player and manager
 * Luděk Mikloško (born 1961), footballer
 * Petr Hořava (born 1963), physicist
 * Paulina Porizkova (born 1965), Swedish-American model and actress
 * Karel Nováček (born 1965), tennis player
 * Robert Změlík (born 1969), decathlete, Olympic winner
 * Radoslav Látal (born 1970, football player and manager
 * Gabriela Míčová (born 1975), actress
 * Lukáš Krajíček (born 1983), ice hockey player
 * Petra Cetkovská (born 1985), tennis player
 * Petra Kvitová (born 1990), tennis player; lives here
 * Jakub Menšík (born 2005), tennis player

Twin towns – sister cities
Prostějov is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Środa Wielkopolska, Poland
 * 🇸🇰 Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia

title: Prostějov


text:
Talk:Welney

Norfolk or Cambridgeshire?
Isn't this place actually in Norfolk rather than Cambridgeshire? Lupin 18:34, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Town or village?
Whilst the article describes Welney as a town, the 'Welney website' quoted as an external reference describes Welney as a parish and village. A quick google shows no sign of any non-wikipedia source for claiming town status.

So I've added a 'citation needed' tag to the claim; if you can quote a source for Welney being chartered as a town, please cite it in the article and remove my tag. If that doesn't happen within a reasonable time, I will amend the article to describe Welney as a village. -- Chris j wood 12:36, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Which county?
The article includes the words:

There is often confusion about which county Welney is in. This is addressed by its website:

"Welney is both a village and a parish in the south-west corner of the county of Norfolk, just across the border with the county of Cambridgeshire..."

I'm none the wiser! Even the Welney website is confused, it appears. Could someone in the know sort this aspect of the article out please? Cleanup notice added to flag this up for attention. SP-KP 23:57, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Although the postal address may be "Welney, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire", it lies within the Norfolk county boundary Si1965 (talk) 21:49, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Welney used to be in Cambridgeshire, but the boundary moved so it's now in Norfolk. I don't have a source for this to hand though. Shermozle (talk) 23:33, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

The Welney Website is not confused. The situation is exactly as quoted, perhaps the reader has misunderstood. The western and southern boundaries of the Parish of Welney are the same as the county boundary between Norfolk and Cambridge. Two others corrections to note. (1) The ecclisiastical Parish of Welney was created in 1862 (under an act passed by Government in 1846) when it was split from Upwell. About one-third was then in the Isle of Ely part of Cambridgeshire, and two-thirds in Norfolk. Under Local Government re-organisation in 1894, the Isle of Ely/Cambridgeshire part was transferred to Norfolk. (2) The parish of Welney is in the Borough, not District, of King's Lynn & West Norfolk. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Welneyboy (talk • contribs) 21:57, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Welney


text:
Toxic Waste (band)

Toxic Waste was an anarcho-punk band from Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Career
The band formed in 1982 in Newtownards, Co, Down, after being inspired by the Crass gig at the Anarchy Centre in Belfast. Featuring Phil on bass, Patsy on vocals, Colin McKee (Bangor) on drums to then be replaced by Grub and Marty on guitar they wanted to take the DIY and anti-establishment ethos of punk one step further. They played their first gig at the West Winds Roadhouse in 1982, and regularly played around Bangor, Belfast and the Ards area for the next two years, in the same scene as the Belfast band Stalag 17. In 1984 they moved to Belfast and were joined by second vocalist Roy Wallace. They gigged with Conflict in the Manhattan Club which resulted in them doing a number of recordings for Conflict's label Mortarhate. Members of the band were involved with the Belfast-based Warzone Collective, which included a vegetarian cafe called Giros, practice space for bands, and screen-printing studio.

They toured Europe twice before they eventually split in 1986. Roy Wallace released Belfast in 1987, performing with Deno and Gary from DIRT to re-record old Toxic Waste tracks (as well as previously unreleased tracks). Marty and Roy used their experience from their time in Toxic Waste to form Bleeding Rectum. The band was revived briefly in 1991 for a benefit tour, with Deno from DIRT on vocals.

Discography

 * Unite to Resist (Cassette, self-released, 1983)
 * "Good Morning" on We Don't Want Your Fucking War (Compilation LP, Mortarhate, 1984)
 * The Truth Will Be Heard (split with Stalag 17)(12" EP, Mortarhate,1985)
 * We Will Be Free (split with Stalag 17 and Asylum) (LP, Mortarhate, 1986)
 * Belfast (LP, Belfast Records, 1987)
 * We Will Be Free (Compilation LP, Rejected Records, 1998)

title: Toxic Waste (band)


text:
User talk:Eukrobot

I have listed Image:Map.png on WP:IFD. It is not used anywhere and has a very vague name. --SPUI (talk) 18:34, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eukrobot


text:
Talk:Full Members' Cup

ZDS Cup
What did the "ZDS" stand for? Was it Zenith Data Systems? Should this be mentioned in the article?

Where was the final played?
Where was the final of this cup played each year? Was it at Wembley like the other English cups? --Ukdan999 17:18, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe so--Mas 18 dl (talk) 13:27, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Apostrophe
Should this not be Full Members' Cup? Mooretwin (talk) 11:28, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Probably not. Cups are often named to indicate who is eligible to enter. The cup for the whole world is the World Cup, the cup for the entire FA is the FA Cup, the cup for members of the league is the League Cup, the cup for all Europe's cup winners is (was) the European Cup Winners Cup, the name of the Champions League trophy is the European Champions Cup since it was originally a cup for domestic champions. Not World's Cup, FA's Cup, League's Cup, Cup Winners' Cup, Champions' Cup.  Without a citation either way, it makes more sense to stick with the common practice.  Binabik80 (talk) 20:50, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

1992 Final
I've added Lee Glover, Steve Wood and David Lee to this substitutes list and included time details of Chettle replacing Pearce. Should this final not have its own page? The others seem to?Statto74 (talk) 14:46, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Full Members' Cup


text: User:SoM/superherobox

title: User:SoM/superherobox


text:
Andrew W. Hockenhull

Andrew W. Hockenhull (January 16, 1877 – June 20, 1974) was an American attorney and the tenth governor of New Mexico.

Background
Hockenhull was born in rural Missouri, near Bolivar. He attended Southwest Baptist College in Bolivar, received a bachelor's degree from the University of Missouri in 1897, and studied law at the University of Texas at Austin. Hockenhull married Maine Drake at Bolivar, Mo. on November 20, 1901. They had three daughters, Gertrude, Virginia, and Helen.

Hockenhull moved to New Mexico Territory in 1908 and homesteaded near Tucumcari, in Quay County. In 1909 he moved to Clovis and began practicing law there in 1909. He also served as assistant district attorney (1912–1916), and city attorney for six years. During World War I, he served as a member of the Lawyers Committee and the Council of Defense. A lawyer and banker, he had extensive agricultural interests throughout Curry County. A Democrat, Hockenhull was elected lieutenant governor of New Mexico in 1930 and was re-elected in 1932. He became governor upon the death of Governor Arthur Seligman in September, 1933, and completed the term on December 31, 1934.

Contending with the Great Depression consumed most of his term. After leaving office, Hockenhull returned to his legal career. In 1939, he was appointed postmaster of Clovis, starting May 31, 1939.

Titles
He is the second Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico to assume the governor's office due to the death of the sitting governor. He also holds the title of the longest surviving former-governor of New Mexico, living 97 years, and 40 years beyond the expiration of his term.

title: Andrew W. Hockenhull