text:
Talk:Yuki Kajiura

Pronounciation
It would really help people if somebody (who knows how to) could put a prononciation by her name... Some people such as myself have a problem deciding which way is the right way to pronounce her name and this would really really be helpful. comment added by Tsukasahminaki (talk • contribs) 08:34, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Citation found
There's a citation needed tag down in the trivia section, and I think the quote can be backed with this interview from Anime news network. Wiki - "Kajiura does not have the pleasure of seeing the rough cut of the show she writes for." Interview - "When I start music for an animation, I usually can't get the actual moving pictures yet." Could someone who knows the correct formatting fix that?

Biography
Would it be worth it to integrate the biography in the Fiction CD booklet? -Yipdw 12:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven’t seen it, so I’m gonna say yes if only to see it. Especially since biographical stuff currently makes up about 2% of the article. —Frungi 01:03, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, I'll see what can be done about that. The text in the booklet is obviously copyrighted without reproduction permission (and therefore can't be reproduced verbatim here), but the facts can be reused.  I think.  IANAL. -Yipdw 10:57, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Or maybe you could email them and get permission for just Wikipedia? —Frungi 03:07, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I just came across this again and realized how stupid it was. Wikipedia content can be freely reproduced, so of course one couldn’t “get permission for just Wikipedia.” —Frungi (talk) 06:27, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

The information about Yuki Kajiura performing her first musical composition when she was 7 was taken from a fan club (unofficial) on IRC. It's also (I think) on the homepage of Kajiura Yuki. Apparently, she was doing a farewell music for her grandmother.

Can someone confirm this ?

 * She mentions that in an interview. Rcjsuen 10:58, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Discography
Should See-Saw's discography be moved to See-Saw's page instead? If we're going to include one band she's involved, one might ask why aren't her FictionJunction projects listed as well (I notice Destination is there, but where are the others?). I think these extraneous discographies should be moved to their own pages before it would makes the discography section really, really long. Thoughts, anyone? --Rcjsuen 11:08, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

For the game soundtracks section, could someone help me correct any mistakes I've made whilst romanizing Xenosaga III's name? Thanks! -- Remy Suen 10:31, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

I think citing her works for theme songs or "a couple of tracks" for some soundtrack should either be removed or placed in a separate section altogether. I think it's better for the listings within the soundtracks table to only consist of soundtracks that she herself has composed (or were responsible for a large majority of the tracks contained within). --Remy Suen 18:35, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. Good idea, though I'm afraid you'll have to do it all on your own. :( --Koveras [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]] 19:21, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

The French Wikipedia seems to have a more complete discography than the English one. Maybe we should copy it...

I would like to make a correction to the discography: The soundtrack for Eatman '98 was composed by Yu Imai. I'm sure of this as I own the DVD and soundtrack. Please refer also to Anime News Network Sparrowgast (talk) 23:40, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

I must have misread the listing. I see that you have Eat-Man listed rather than Eat-Man '98. Completely different shows. I have not seen Eatman, so I withdraw my comment. I stand corrected! Sparrowgast (talk) 03:41, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Hired Vocalists
I noticed that this section now has the person's Japanese appended after for almost every person. I don't personally feel that this is necessary as anyone interested in their actual name can just click on the wikilink, thoughts, anyone? --Remy Suen 14:58, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It isn't really overencumbering the article IMO, so I'd say it can stay. :) --Koveras [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]] 14:50, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Is there a source for Arai Akino or should her name be removed again due to people's stupid? I know she worked on NOIR too, but she composed and performed her own songs, not as a vocalist for Kajiura-san.

Driemaal is scheepsrecht?
Is it really necessary to have the Japanese spelling and pronounciation ("梶浦 由記 Kajiura Yuki") 1) in the lead, 2) at the top of the infobox and 3) lower in the infobox as well? Wouldn't one instance suffice? Shinobu 19:16, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Removed and tagged the first instance with the nihonogo template.. --Remy Suen 03:20, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Lead
I think the lead is a little bit weird.
 * She is a Japanese composer and producer who has provided the music for several popular anime series, such as .hack//SIGN and Noir. She has also provided musical compositions for Aquarian Age, Madlax, Gundam SEED, Gundam SEED DESTINY, My-HiME, My-Otome, and one of the Kimagure Orange Road movies (amongst others).

Which anime series out of the ones listed above is "popular" is certainly open to debate. However, saying that she has composed for some popular anime series, then going on to list more anime, seems a little bit counterintuitive. "Counterintuitive" is probably not the best of words, but I think I've gotten my point across. --Remy Suen 11:42, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * AFAIU this lead is a result of continous expansion of a stub, and such things tend to get "counterintuitive". Someone'll probably have to rewrite it before long. :) --Koveras [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]] 12:31, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Jreferee 19:09, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Salva Nos
Why does Salva Nos redirect here? I'm guessing that the Mediæval Bæbes song of that name is unrelated. Perhaps we should create a page called Salva Nos (song). —Preceding unsigned comment added by KevinBullock (talk • contribs) 18:51, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

I came here wondering the same thing. -- Al™ 05:45, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

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Why this photo ?
Why is the photo so terrible ? Of all her photos in google picture search, this seems to be the only one with screwed up face, ugly hairstyle, bad shooting angle and terrible lighting. Obviously taken from the audience of a con by an inept or malicious amateur. Let's make her look like an ugly hag on wikipedia ! Honestly, is this meant as a joke ? If so it is disrespectful and childish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.114.138.29 (talk) 14:46, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

 * While admittedly not a very flattering photo of the subject, it appears to be the only free image we have available at present - which is why it is used on a large number of Wikipedia articles in different languages. If you can provide a better-quality free image of the person, fine, but we cannot accept copyright images found on a Google picture search. --DAJF (talk) 14:51, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

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Information that needs citation
A January 2016 revision removed several paragraphs from the Biography section, due to lack of sources. It has left the biography lacking information from before 2002, and the remaining paragraphs refer to earlier events that are no longer described. For nearly two years, little has changed.

The removed paragraphs are reproduced below. They should be sourced and slowly re-added to the article.

 * Due to her father's work, Kajiura lived in West Germany from 1972 until her middle school years. Her first music piece, which she had written at the age of 7, was a farewell song for her grandmother. After graduating from college (back in Tokyo), she began working as a systems engineering programmer, but in 1992, she turned her career around to focus on her activities on music. She admits that it was her father who greatly influenced this decision, for he was a great opera and classical music admirer.
 * In July 1992, she made her debut in an all-female trio See-Saw, then consisting of Chiaki Ishikawa (lead vocals), herself (back-up vocals, keyboards), and Yukiko Nishioka. In the following two years, the group released six singles and two albums but in 1995 they temporarily broke up. Nishioka decided to become a writer while Kajiura carried on with her solo musician career, composing music for other artists as well as sound producing for TV, commercials, films, anime and games.
 * In 2001, she and Chiaki Ishikawa reunited as See-Saw. Around the same time she became involved with Kōichi Mashimo's anime studio Bee Train and their first popular project, Noir.
 * Kajiura greatly enjoyed the degree of artistic freedom that Mashimo as the series' director offered her while collaborating on Noir, therefore their collaboration extended to many of his later projects, with the latest (as of 2007) being El Cazador de la Bruja. For example, Mashimo would never set any distinctive limitations or goals before her, allowing her to compose whatever she pleases. Afterwards, he would just take the samples he thought appropriate and insert it to whenever he wanted them to play.

 * Her project Kalafina is composed of Keiko Kubota (FictionJunction Keiko), Wakana Ootaki (FictionJunction Wakana) and Hikaru Masai. Maya Toyoshima is a former member who left in 2009 to continue her education. They performed the ending themes of the Kara no Kyoukai movies.
 * In 2009, Fiction Junction returned to perform the opening theme song to Pandora Hearts, Parallel Hearts, with the majority of the show's music composed by Yuki Kajiura.
 * In 2011, Puella Magi Madoka Magica was scored by Kajiura, while Kalafina, a group founded by her, performed the ending theme.
 * FictionJunction at Anime Expo 2012.jpg
 * In 2013, a new concert at Tokyo International Forum, "Hall A" has been scheduled.

-- 96.232.200.75 (talk) 06:36, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yuki Kajiura


text:
Talk:Gabriele Falloppio

Merging articles
This version has the more commonly used version of his name, but the article at Gabriello Fallopio currently has more information. Since there doesn't seem to be anything information here that isn't included in the other article, I'm going to go ahead and bring that material here and change the other to a redirect. Please let me know if you have any comments. Wiccan Quagga
 * Merger complete

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gabriele Falloppio


text:
Beer in Hungary

Beer in Hungary has been brewed for well over a thousand years and the country has a significant history of commercial beer production.

Etymology
The Hungarian word for beer is sör, which sounds almost like the English word sure. The word itself is of Oghuric origin. The word was most probably borrowed by the Hungarians in the era before the conquest of Hungary.

History
The first commercial brewery in Hungary was established in Buda in 1845 by Peter Schmidt. During the heyday of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kőbánya district of Budapest became the centre of Hungary's brewing industry. The Dreher brewery is named after Anton Dreher, the creator of the Vienna lager style. He created the brewery in Budapest in 1862 and it came to dominate the Hungarian market before the Second World War.

Breweries
Today, Hungary has four large commercial brewers which produce mainly light lagers (világos) and German-style dark beers (bocks, barna).

Lately, some microbreweries have also set up in Hungary, such as Fóti, Legenda, Monyó, Csupor or Mad Scientist. In the 2010s, a lively craft beer scene evolved, with numerous local breweries, festivals and bottleshops.

Economy
In the 1980s, beer consumption was roughly 100 litres per person, but since then it has declined to nearer seventy.Pale lager has about 90% of sales.

Culture
In Hungary, people traditionally do not clink their glasses or mugs when drinking beer. There is an urban legend in Hungarian culture that Austrian generals clinked their beer glasses to celebrate the execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad in 1849. Many people still follow the tradition, although younger people often disavow it, citing that the vow was only meant to last 150 years.

title: Beer in Hungary


text:
Nyatiti

The nyatiti is a five to eight-stringed plucked bowl yoke lute from Kenya. It is a classical instrument played by the Luo people of Western Kenya, specifically in the Siaya region south of Kisumu. It is about two to three feet long with a bowl-shaped, carved wood resonator covered in cow skin. Historically, strings were fashioned from cattle tendons, but modern players almost exclusively use nylon and plastic fishing line of various sizes, a move which changed the sound of the nyatiti drastically.

The nyatiti as played in Kenya usually has eight strings. Though the register will vary to match a comfortable singing range of the player, a typical tuning will be, from top to bottom, B-A-G#-E-E-D-B-A, where the outside strings are the same note at the same pitch, and the middle two are an octave apart. Many modern players use individual tunings to match their particular musical style. The most common playing style uses the thumb and middle finger of both hands, alternating between the two to create a rhythmic and circular musical pattern.

If played in a traditional style, the performer sits on a short, shin level chair called the orindi. The player wears a wrought iron ring called the oduong'o around the big toe of the right foot and the gara, a set of metal bells also on the right leg. With the gara and the oduong'o, the player maintains a constant beat, banging the iron ring on the bottom bar of the nyatiti.

The nyatiti is usually played alone. Some players have, in the past, been accompanied by a number of male back-up singers (chorus). Though not common, the nyatiti can be accompanied by any number of traditional instruments, including a curved horn called the oporo or tung', a single-string violin-like instrument called the orutu, and percussion. Modern day players will often integrate the instrument in with Western-style guitar, bass, keyboards and drums.

Traditionally, players wear a headdress called Kondo, which is fashioned out of goat fur. Dancers sometimes accompany the nyatiti player and wear brightly colored skirts called Owalo, which are fashionably made out of sisal fibers. Younger players often forgo the traditional dress, opting for clothes typical of present-day performances.

Some maintain that music from the nyatiti inspired what became benga music.

Notable nyatiti players

 * Ayub Ogada
 * Eriko "Anyango" Mukoyama
 * Charlotte_Hill_O'Neal (Mama C)
 * Rapasa Nyatrapasa Otieno
 * Obondi Diel Matara
 * Dr. Pete Larson
 * Thadayo Mtumra
 * William Ogutu
 * Amolo Kongo
 * Andrew Bird, who played it in the song "Nyatiti" in 'Useless Creatures'
 * Daniel Onyango
 * James Obwanda
 * Kake Wakake
 * Lucas Odote
 * Oduor Nyagweno
 * Okumu K'orengo
 * Ogola Opot
 * Ogwang "Lelo" K'Okoth
 * Isaac Anyanga
 * Joseph Nyamungu
 * Jennifer Atieno Sanna (aka Ati Sanna)
 * Faith Oduor
 * Demba Ochenga
 * Achieng Odonge
 * Makadem (Charles Adamson)

title: Nyatiti


text:
Constraint Handling Rules

Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a declarative, rule-based programming language, introduced in 1991 by Thom Frühwirth at the time with European Computer-Industry Research Centre (ECRC) in Munich, Germany. Originally intended for constraint programming, CHR finds applications in grammar induction, type systems, abductive reasoning, multi-agent systems, natural language processing, compilation, scheduling, spatial-temporal reasoning, testing, and verification.

A CHR program, sometimes called a constraint handler, is a set of rules that maintain a constraint store, a multi-set of logical formulas. Execution of rules may add or remove formulas from the store, thus changing the state of the program. The order in which rules "fire" on a given constraint store is non-deterministic, according to its abstract semantics and deterministic (top-down rule application), according to its refined semantics.

Although CHR is Turing complete, it is not commonly used as a programming language in its own right. Rather, it is used to extend a host language with constraints. Prolog is by far the most popular host language and CHR is included in several Prolog implementations, including SICStus and SWI-Prolog, although CHR implementations also exist for Haskell, Java, C, SQL, and JavaScript. In contrast to Prolog, CHR rules are multi-headed and are executed in a committed-choice manner using a forward chaining algorithm.

Language overview
The concrete syntax of CHR programs depends on the host language, and in fact programs embed statements in the host language that are executed to handle some rules. The host language supplies a data structure for representing terms, including logical variables. Terms represent constraints, which can be thought of as "facts" about the program's problem domain. Traditionally, Prolog is used as the host language, so its data structures and variables are used. The rest of this section uses a neutral, mathematical notation that is common in the CHR literature.

A CHR program, then, consists of rules that manipulate a multi-set of these terms, called the constraint store. Rules come in three types:

 * Simplification rules have the form $$h_1, \dots, h_n  \Longleftrightarrow g_1, \dots, g_m \,|\, b_1, \dots, b_o$$. When they match the heads $$h_1, \dots, h_n$$ and the guards $$g_1, \dots, g_m$$ hold, simplification rules may rewrite the heads into the body $$b_1, \dots, b_o$$.
 * Propagation rules have the form $$h_1, \dots, h_n  \Longrightarrow g_1, \dots, g_m \,|\, b_1, \dots, b_o$$. These rules add the constraints in the body to the store, without removing the heads.
 * Simpagation rules combine simplification and propagation. They are written $$h_1, \dots, h_\ell \,\backslash\, h_{\ell+1}, \dots, h_n  \Longleftrightarrow g_1, \dots, g_m \,|\, b_1, \dots, b_o$$. For a simpagation rule to fire, the constraint store must match all the rules in the head and the guards must hold true. The $$\ell$$ constraints before the $$\backslash$$ are kept, as a in a propagation rule; the remaining $$n - \ell$$ constraints are removed.

Since simpagation rules subsume simplification and propagation, all CHR rules follow the format

 * $$H_k \,\backslash\, H_r \Longleftrightarrow G \,|\, B$$

where each of $$H_k, H_r, G, B$$ is a conjunction of constraints: $$H_k, H_r$$ and $$B$$ contain CHR constraints, while the guards $$G$$ are built-in. Only one of $$H_k, H_r$$ needs to be non-empty.

The host language must also define built-in constraints over terms. The guards in rules are built-in constraints, so they effectively execute host language code. The built-in constraint theory must include at least  (the constraint that always holds),   (the constraint that never holds, and is used to signal failure) and equality of terms, i.e., unification. When the host language does not support these features, they must be implemented along with CHR.

Execution of a CHR program starts with an initial constraint store. The program then proceeds by matching rules against the store and applying them, until either no more rules match (success) or the  constraint is derived. In the former case, the constraint store can be read off by a host language program to look for facts of interest. Matching is defined as "one-way unification": it binds variables only on one side of the equation. Pattern matching can be easily implemented when as unification when the host language supports it.

Example program
The following CHR program, in Prolog syntax, contains four rules that implement a solver for a less-or-equal constraint. The rules are labeled for convenience (labels are optional in CHR). The rules can be read in two ways. In the declarative reading, three of the rules specify the axioms of a partial ordering:

 * Reflexivity: X ≤ X
 * Antisymmetry: if X ≤ Y and Y ≤ X, then X = Y
 * Transitivity: if X ≤ Y and Y ≤ Z, then X ≤ Z

All three rules are implicitly universally quantified (upper-cased identifiers are variables in Prolog syntax). The idempotence rule is a tautology from the logical viewpoint, but has a purpose in the second reading of the program.

The second way to read the above is as a computer program for maintaining a constraint store, a collection of facts (constraints) about objects. The constraint store is not part of this program, but must be supplied separately. The rules express the following rules of computation:

 * Reflexivity is a simplification rule: it expresses that, if a fact of the form X ≤ X is found in the store, it may be removed.
 * Antisymmetry is also a simplification rule, but with two heads. If two facts of the form X ≤ Y and Y ≤ X can be found in the store (with matching X and Y), then they can be replaced with the single fact X = Y. Such an equality constraint is considered built in, and implemented as a unification that is typically handled by the underlying Prolog system.
 * Transitivity is a propagation rule. Unlike simplification, it does not remove anything from the constraint store; instead, when facts of the form X ≤ Y and Y ≤ Z (with the same value for Y) are in the store, a third fact X ≤ Z may be added.
 * Idempotence, finally, is a simpagation rule, a combined simplification and propagation. When it finds duplicate facts, it removes them from the store. Duplicates may occur because constraint stores are multi-sets of facts.

Given the query

A leq B, B leq C, C leq A

the following transformations may occur:

The transitivity rule adds. Then, by applying the antisymmetry rule,  and   are removed and replaced by. Now the antisymmetry rule becomes applicable on the first two constraints of the original query. Now all CHR constraints are eliminated, so no further rules can be applied, and the answer  is returned: CHR has correctly inferred that all three variables must refer to the same object.

Execution of CHR programs
To decide which rule should "fire" on a given constraint store, a CHR implementation must use some pattern matching algorithm. Candidate algorithms include RETE and TREAT, but most implementation use a lazy algorithm called LEAPS.

The original specification of CHR's semantics was entirely non-deterministic, but the so-called "refined operation semantics" of Duck et al. removed much of the non-determinism so that application writers can rely on the order of execution for performance and correctness of their programs.

Most applications of CHRs require that the rewriting process be confluent; otherwise the results of searching for a satisfying assignment will be nondeterministic and unpredictable. Establishing confluence is usually done by way of the following three properties:

 * A CHR program is locally confluent if all its critical pairs are joinable.
 * A CHR program is called terminating if there are no infinite computations.
 * A terminating CHR program is confluent if all its critical pairs are joinable.

title: Constraint Handling Rules


text:
Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford

Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford (c. 1115–1152), feudal baron of Clare in Suffolk, was created Earl of Hertford by King Stephen.

Career
Gilbert was the eldest son of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare and Adeliza. His mother Adeliza was the daughter of Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester and Countess Lucy as well as the sister of Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester. Gilbert, who was born before 1115, succeeded his father to the honor of Clare including Tonbridge Castle on 15 Apr. 1136.

Gilbert was created Earl of Hertford about 1138, possibly about the same time his uncle was created Earl of Pembroke. He was a supporter of King Stephen for a time, but seems to have joined the Empress Matilda at some point. When the king took Ranulf de Gernon, the Earl of Chester, prisoner the Earl gave his nephew Geoffrey as a guarantor for his liberation and good conduct.

Second rebellion
In 1147, Ranulf de Gernon rebelled against King Stephen again. The king, in turn, seized Gilbert and held him prisoner until he agreed to surrender all his castles. After doing so the Earl of Hertford was released, but then joined his uncle Ranulf's rebellion. Gilbert, Earl of Pembroke, who up to this time had remained loyal to Stephen, then demanded his nephew Gilbert's castles 'maintaining that they were his by hereditary right'. When Stephen refused, Gilbert the Earl of Pembroke also joined Ranulph's rebellion. Stephen then confiscated his castles as well. Not long after, however, the king reconciled with both Gilberts, however, Ranulf de Gernon joined Henry of Anjou (later Henry II of England).

Gilbert died unmarried and without issue in 1152 and was buried at Clare Priory. He was succeeded by his brother Roger de Clare.

title: Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford


text:
User:Alice Purcell

My name is Alice Purcell. I completed a PhD in lock-free data-structures, and my main interaction with Wikipedia has been in this area.

title: User:Alice Purcell


text:
Beer in Norway

Beer in Norway has a long history, stretching back more than a millennium. Until some 200 years ago, most farms where it was possible to grow grain south of the Arctic Circle, brewed their own beer. From the early 20th century brewing was industrialized and home brewing was restricted. Significant consolidation in the brewing sector reduced the number of major breweries to just a handful. With the exception of the farmhouse ales, most beer styles brewed in Norway trace their ancestry to central Europe.

Market
The Norwegian beer market is dominated by two large brewers: The major Carlsberg-Ringnes based in Oslo and Copenhagen, Denmark, and the smaller Hansa Borg Bryggerier, based in Bergen and Sarpsborg. Each produce beer branded in a variety of traditional Norwegian beer brands, as well as foreign brands bottled on licence. This system is a result of the large-scale consolidation of Norwegian breweries that has taken place over the last 50 years.

Brewing has a long history in Norway, harking back to the pre-Christian era, when beer was a central element in all religious and social gatherings of any importance. The farmers brewed from their own grain, and most larger farms had a separate building used for drying both grain and malts. Home brewing in Norway is common, and divided in two separate traditions. On the one hand the, mostly city-based, modern home brewing of styles familiar from the rest of the world. On the other, in remote rural regions, farmhouse brewers brewing the same styles their parents and grandparents brewed. These are styles that don't exist elsewhere.

As with most countries in Europe and America, the most popular style of beer in Norway is pilsner-style pale lager. According to the Norwegian brewers' association, most beer brewed in Norway is pale lager. Until recently, this was the only style of beer to be had, except at Christmas time, when Christmas beers become available. These are dark malt beers traditionally brewed for the holiday season. Today, the craft beer market has continued to develop in Norway offering a number of different styles; including the popularization of kveik yeast for both traditional and modern beers.

Due to government restrictions, beers above 4.75% ABV are only available from licensed premises or from the state-run Vinmonopolet ("wine monopoly") liquor stores. This has resulted in some foreign breweries lowering the alcohol percentages in their beer in order to make them legal for supermarket retail.

Norway has a "pay to play" market meaning the breweries must pay to get their beers on tap in most pubs, restaurants and nightclubs. The brewery must provide the bar with all the systems required for pulling beer, including tanks, taps, and glasses. In place of the tap selection, bars often carry a number of bottled beers. However, these usually carry a much higher price tag. The only exception is when the bar themselves own their own draft system and equipment. This has created a slow growth of small local breweries and limited the consumers options to which beers they can access at their local bars and restaurants.

Styles
Styles of beer that are typical of Norwegian commercial brewing are:

Pilsner - the pale lager style which originated in the Czech city of Plzeň. This is the dominant beer type with almost 92% of the market share. The weaker (below 4.75% abv.) types are the most common, but most breweries also brew stronger varieties (similar to the Bavarian Spezial beer style) for sale through the Vinmonopol.

Bayer - a dark lager with roots in Bavaria (Bayern). The Norwegian version is often slightly sweeter than German dark lagers. Once rivaling pilsner in popularity, its market share has dropped from 20% in 1950 to 0.2% in 2004. It was the most popular industrial-brewed beer before the Second World War, but it lost its popularity due to the German occupation.

Juleøl - a dark, malted beer exclusively available at Christmas time. Traditionally this was a strong ale which was brewed at home. In modern times each brewery produces their own variety of Christmas beer, mostly a lager. Most breweries brew both weaker varieties (for sale in supermarkets) and more traditional, stronger varieties.

Bokkøl - a strong, dark style of lager, typically 6-7% ABV, with a sweet, complex flavor. It originates from Germany, where it is known as Bock bier.

In addition, Norway has a strong tradition of farmhouse brewing, which has given rise to several styles, known under the common name of "maltøl" (and more recently sometimes "gårdsøl"). Only a few commercial examples of these exist.

Heimabrygg - From the Hardanger, Voss, Sogn region. Usually dark and very strong (8-12%), mostly brewed from barley malts, with juniper and often kveik yeast. The wort is boiled, often for several hours.

Kornøl - From the Nordfjord and Sunnmøre regions. Usually pale, hazy, and 6-8%. Mostly brewed from barley malts, with juniper and kveik yeast. Traditionally the wort was not boiled, but more in recent decades some brewers have begun boiling.

Stjørdalsøl - From the Stjørdal region. Usually deep dark red and slightly hazy. Brewed from home-made heavily alder smoked barley malts. Usually fermented with bread yeast. Traditionally it was brewed with both hops and juniper, but the use of both, particularly juniper, has declined over the last few decades.

Legislation
In Norway, beer is classified into four categories by ABV (alcohol by volume), labeled from A to D. The class both determine the tax level, age restrictions, where, and when it can be sold.

 * Class A beer has an ABV of less than 0.7%, and is for all intents and purposes alcohol-free beer. It is not taxed more than general foodstuffs, and can be sold anywhere, any time, and be bought by anyone.
 * Class B beer has an ABV between 0.7% and 2.75%, and is considered "lettøl" (light beer). It is lightly taxed, and can be sold anywhere, anytime, with an age limit of 18 years.
 * Class C beer has an ABV between 2.75% and 3.75%. This category is not in common use.
 * Class D beer has an ABV between 3.75% and 4.75%, and is considered standard strength. Taxation is significant, age limit is 18 years, and sales are subject to local regulation. In most parts of Norway, class D beer can be purchased from common supermarkets, but only before 20:00 on weekdays and 18:00 on Saturdays. In some parts of Norway it can only be purchased through licensed beer stores.
 * Beer over 4,75% is considered sterkøl (strong beer) and is only sold through the government-controlled liquor store chain Vinmonopolet. It is taxed according to ABV level as with wines and spirits, and carries an 18-year age limit.

Notable breweries

 * Ringnes Bryggeri in Oslo, owned by the Danish brewery Carlsberg.
 * Hansa Brewery in Bergen, owned by Hansa Borg Bryggerier.
 * Aass Bryggeri in Drammen.
 * Borg Bryggerier in Sarpsborg, owned by Hansa-Borg.
 * Christianssands Bryggeri (CB) in Kristiansand, owned by Hansa-Borg.
 * E. C. Dahls Bryggeri in Trondheim, owned by Ringnes.
 * Grans Bryggeri in Sandefjord.
 * Mack Bryggeri in Nordkjosbotn.

Craft breweries

 * Nøgne Ø Brewery in Grimstad, and Christianssands Bryggeri in Kristiansand.
 * Austmann Bryggeri in Trondheim.
 * Haandbryggeriet Brewery in Drammen.
 * Kinn Bryggeri in Florø.
 * Lervig Aktiebryggeri in Stavanger.
 * Sagene Bryggeri in Oslo.
 * Svalbard Bryggeri in Longyearbyen.
 * Ægir Bryggeri in Flåm.

Microbreweries and brew pubs
Norway started late with microbreweries. There are over a hundred microbreweries in Norway, especially in the major cities. Brew pubs sell beers from their own microbreweries.

Craft beer
There are an increasing number of microbreweries producing variations of craft beer. Some craft beers have an alcohol content more than 4.7%, and must be sold in Norway only through Vinmonopolet.

Norwegian craft beers are for the most part based on foreign styles, but in recent years beers based on the local farmhouse brewing tradition have come onto the market. Although the volume of craft beer is significantly lower than beer from the larger other parts of the brewery industry, about 25% of the employees of the Norwegian brewery industry works with craft beer brewing.

An example of the revival of old brewing is that many current Norwegian brewers brew traditional and modern beer types using the Norwegian yeast kveik.

Literature

 * Mortensen, Hylje and Johnsen, Vidar: Norsk øl. Tun forlag 2009. ISBN 978-82-529-3286-7
 * Jørgensen, Gustav: Skummende lidenskap - fem stabeiser og deres øl. Bibere forlag 2013 ISBN 9788299942201
 * Almås Kvig, Jørn Idar: Ølboka. Front Forlag 2014 ISBN 978-82-826-0329-4
 * Smith-Gahrsen, Gahr; Hatland, Hugo Ivan and Ekeland, Skjalg: Den norske ølrevolusjonen. Kagge Forlag 2014 ISBN 9788248915249
 * Solem, Knut Albert: Norsk øl- og bryggeriguide. Vega Forlag, Oslo, 2016 ISBN 978-82-8211-459-2
 * Almås Kvig, Jørn Idar: Den norske ølboka - en guide til norske øl og bryggerier. Goliat Forlag AS, 2016 ISBN 9788293430155
 * Almås Kvig, Jørn Idar: Sommerøl - en guide til sommerens øl. Goliat Forlag AS, 2016 ISBN 9788293430025
 * Almås Kvig, Jørn Idar: Den store ølboka - en guide til skandinavisk øl og bryggerier, Goliat Forlag AS, 2017 ISBN 9788293430544

title: Beer in Norway


text:
User:Bebenko

I'm mostly active on slovak version as Bebe, if you want drop me a message on discussion page over there or send me an email.

de:Benutzer:Bebenko sk:Redaktor:Bebe

title: User:Bebenko


text:
User talk:Hajduci~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Hajduci~enwiki


text:
Terraces (Baháʼí)

The Baháʼí Terraces, or the Hanging Gardens of Haifa, are garden terraces on Mount Carmel in Haifa, and one of the most popular tourist destinations in Israel. Completed in 2001, there are 19 terraces and more than 1,500 steps ascending the mountain. The central terrace has the Shrine of the Báb, one of the main religious sites of the Baháʼí Faith. The architect was Fariborz Sahba from Iran, and the structural engineers were Karban and Co. from Haifa.

The terraces are part of a complex of Baháʼí holy places in Haifa, Acre, and western Galilee that were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2008.

The gardens rest in the neighborhoods of Wadi Nisnas and Hadar HaCarmel.

Symbolism
The terraces represent the first eighteen disciples of the Báb, who were designated "Letters of the Living", although no terraces are connected with particular individuals.

Design
Nine concentric circles provide the main geometry of the eighteen terraces. Just as the identification of a circle presupposes a centre, so the terraces have been conceived as generated from the Shrine of the Báb. The eighteen terraces plus the one terrace of the Shrine of the Báb make nineteen terraces total. Nineteen is a significant number within both the Baháʼí and Bábí religions.

The gardens have elements of the Persian gardens of Shiraz, Iran, the Nishat Bagh gardens of Jammu and Kashmir, India and English gardens, isolating the site from the noise of the surroundings and connecting the different Baháʼí buildings on Mount Carmel together.

Fariborz Sahba began work in 1987 designing the gardens and oversaw construction. The terraces were opened to the public in June 2001. Beginning at its base, the gardens extend almost 1 km up the side of Mount Carmel, covering some 200,000 m2 of land. The gardens are linked by a set of stairs flanked by twin streams of running water cascading down the mountainside through the steps and terrace bridges.

Water and ecology
The irrigation system includes a computer which, based on meteorologic data it receives, controls hundreds of valves to distribute water throughout the gardens by sprinkling and dripping. This is done at night and in the early morning, to avoid wasting water by evaporation. The water that flows alongside the stairs is circulating in a closed system within each terrace, so that little water is wasted.

Tourism
In 2013, 917,031 tourists and 8,000 Baháʼí pilgrims visited the gardens.

Haifa's Mayor Amram Mitzna described the gardens as the eighth wonder of the world. "We have been very lucky," he said, "not many cities get a park that is so incredibly beautiful – free of charge."

title: Terraces (Baháʼí)


text:
Party of Separated and Divorced

Party of Separated and Divorced (in Spanish: Partido de Separados y Divorciados), is a political party in Spain.

title: Party of Separated and Divorced


text:
Party of Labour and Progress of Melilla

The Party of Labour and Progress of Melilla (Partido del Trabajo y el Progeso de Melilla) is a political party in Melilla, Spain. Its unclear whether the party is still active.

title: Party of Labour and Progress of Melilla


text:
Tamara Jaber

Tamara Jaber (تمارا جابر; born 13 August 1982) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the hit TV show Popstars. She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us. Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002, Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles "Ooh Ahh" and "Hard for Me". In 2007, she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle, before resuming her solo career in 2011. Jaber released her debut extended play Felt, Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012.

Early life
Tamara Jaber was born in Paddington, New South Wales on 13 August 1982. Jaber's mother is of New Zealand origin and her father is Lebanese. She began singing and dancing at the age of three. At the age of eight, Jaber had begun formal tap, jazz and ballet lessons. She later auditioned for the Newtown High School of the Performing Arts and was accepted, studying dance and drama. At the age of fourteen, Jaber represented Australia in the America Song and Dance Championships and won first prize. She also won a scholarship to the Australian Institute of Music for years 11 and 12, completing a Diploma of Music, at the same time also completing her HSC.

2001–2005: Scandal'us and solo career
Jaber began her music career as a member of the pop group Scandal'us, which also consisted of Anna Belperio, Jason Bird, Simon Ditcham and Daniela Scala. The group became the winners of the second season of Popstars Australia in 2001 and received a record deal with Festival Mushroom Records as a result. Their debut single "Me, Myself & I" debuted at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart, where it remained for three consecutive weeks. The song was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling over 140,000 copies. It also won the award for Highest Selling Single at the 2001 ARIA Music Awards. Scandal'us' debut album, Startin' Somethin', debuted at number two on the ARIA Albums Chart. The group's second and final single "Make Me Crazy" peaked at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Scandal'us later disbanded in 2002.

After the disbandment of Scandal'us, Jaber signed to her then-boyfriend and radio DJ Kyle Sandilands' record label, King Kyle Records. In 2004, she was featured on singer Kacey Baker's single "Ice Ice Baby". The following year, Jaber released her debut solo single "Ooh Ahh", which peaked at number 13 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Sandilands was criticised in a Today Tonight segment for dishonestly promoting the single on Today Network radio stations, including 2Day FM. "Hard for Me" was released as Jaber's second single and peaked at number 23 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

2007–2011: Scarlett Belle
In 2007, Jaber became a member of the Australian girl group Scarlett Belle with Reigan Derry and Hayley Aitken. The group signed a record deal with US label Def Jam Recordings later that year. Based between Los Angeles and Sydney, Scarlett Belle began to work on their debut album with Ne-Yo, Snoop Dogg, JR Rotem, Nate Dogg and StarGate, as well as Australian producers Rudy Sandapa and Israel Cruz. However, in 2008, Scarlett Belle were dropped from Def Jam Recordings and Aitken left the group, leaving Jaber and Derry as a duo.

They later signed with Sony Music Australia and released their debut single "Closure" in June 2010, which peaked at number 38 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Scarlett Belle released their second single in August 2010, a cover of Cruz's 2009 song "Freak Tonight". Featuring guest vocal appearances from Cruz and rapper Miracle, the song peaked at number 29 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Their third and final single "Lover Boy" was released in November 2010, but failed to impact the charts. In May 2011, Jaber announced in an interview with Australia's OK! magazine that Scarlett Belle had disbanded and that she would be pursuing a solo career in the United States and the Middle East.

2012–present: Return to solo career
Following the disbandment of Scarlett Belle, Jaber moved to Los Angeles to focus on her solo career. Her debut extended play (EP) Felt, Not Heard was released through US independent label Cleopatra Records on 12 November 2012. The EP was written in the wake of her split from Sandilands.

Dancing with the Stars
In 2010, Jaber was selected along with other celebrities to appear on the tenth season of Dancing with the Stars. Her dancing partner on the show was Carmello Pizzino. Throughout the season, Jaber was at the top of the leaderboard, winning the highest score for each week, all except for week four. This included week one for the Cha-Cha-Cha, week two for the Tango, week three for the Paso Doble, week five for the Samba, week six for the Aussie Smooth, week seven for the Jive, week eight for the Salsa and week nine for the Segue and the Swing Dance Off, between the four remaining stars. In week 10, Jaber also received the highest score out of the three remaining stars for the Rumba and the Cha-Cha-Cha. The grand finale was held on 29 August 2010 and Jaber was announced runner-up to Rob Palmer.

Personal life
On 28 September 2008, Jaber married then boyfriend and radio presenter Kyle Sandilands. However, after two years of the marriage, on 12 July 2010 it was announced in the media that the couple had split. In November 2023, Jaber gave birth to a daughter, Hermione.

title: Tamara Jaber


text: Talk:Emocore

title: Talk:Emocore


text:
General Instrument

General Instrument (GI) was an American electronics manufacturer based in Horsham, Pennsylvania, specializing in semiconductors and cable television equipment. They formed in New York City in 1923 as an electronics manufacturer. During the 1950s, the company began a series of acquisitions under the direction of Moses Shapiro. Among the more notable purchases was General Transistor in 1960, which led to GI becoming a major producer of transistors, and later, integrated circuits (ICs). By the late 1960s, the company was mostly depending on sales into the television industry, which was further bolstered by the 1967 purchase of Jerrold Electronics.

The company changed markets continually. Through the 1970s they focused mostly on the off-track betting market through their purchase of American Totalisator, but this market faced significant competition in the late 1970s. At this time, GI became well known for their IC's including the CP1600 used in the Mattel Intellivision game console, the AY-3-8910 series of sound chips that were used in a huge variety of designs, and the PIC microcontrollers which remain in production. They also became increasingly active in the cable television field, emerging as the primary supplier in this market by the late 1980s. They sold off their IC division to form Microchip Technology in 1987, leaving them almost entirely dependent on the television market.

GI became a major leader in the development of high definition television. As this market began to saturate, the company split into three parts in 1997; CommScope took the cable infrastructure products, NextLevel the consumer television side, and General Semiconductor the power electronics products. NextLevel took over the GI name the next year. This new GI was purchased by Motorola in 2000, which was in turn purchased by Google who spun out the television side to ARRIS. ARRIS was then purchased by CommScope in 2018, once again bringing together all of GI's original television divisions. General Semiconductor continues to operate separately.

History
Moses Shapiro, father of former Monsanto head Robert B. Shapiro, was chairman from 1969 to 1975. Frank G. Hickey served as chief executive officer from 1975 to 1990, as did Donald Rumsfeld from 1990 to 1993.

Shapiro era
The company initially formed in New York City in 1923 as an electronics manufacturer.

In the 1950s, the company president Moses Shapiro began buying a variety of electronics companies, mostly from the New York area. An early purchase was F. W. Sickles Company, a radio manufacturer, which was fully merged in 1951. In April 1957 they added Radio Receptor Company, in 1959 Harris Transducer, and among their more notable purchases, closed General Transistor in 1960. Most of these were left to operate as wholly-owned but independent divisions. The buying continued through the 1960s, added Signalite in 1966 and Universal Controls and American Totalisator in 1967. A more major purchase was Jerrold Electronics in December 1967, which became the company's consumer-facing brand for television-related products, mostly through their cable television products.

1970 saw a series of layoffs and downsizing as the poorly performing parts of the conglomerate began to drag down profits. As part of this, the company's interest in several cable television stations were sold off, mostly through their Jerrold division. As soon as the company's financials improved, the buying spree started anew, buying another five companies by 1975. This had turned them into a $500-million-a-year company, but left them deeply in debt.

Hickey era
Shapiro retired in 1975 and was replaced by Frank Hickey, who focused the company on its two most profitable markets, cable television and gaming. The gaming market was primarily through their purchase of American Totalisator, who ran racetrack systems. GI expanded this into off-track betting and by 1979 they supplied 90% of all the off-track systems in North America.

By 1980, Hickey had managed to sell off most of the poorly-performing divisions and company debt had been reduced from 100% of assets to 20%. The success with American Totalisator began to wane as other companies, notably Control Data and Datatrol, began to push down profits. But any losses in this market were overshadowed by the massive expansion of cable television, which quickly took over from the betting systems as the company's primary profit center. In October 1982 they won a $100 million contract to supply over 300 cable TV stations with head end systems.

Through the mid-1980s the company suffered a series of reversals. Looking for new markets, in 1986 they bought M/A-COM's cable division. M/A-COM had earlier purchased VideoCipher, who had developed the industry-standard system for scrambling and decoding satellite television signals, VideoCipher II. This product took some time to start to sell, but by 1987 they were seeing demand outstrip supply. By the end of the year they had total sales of $1.16 billion. This success was short-lived, and by 1990 they were once again operating at a loss.

Rumsfeld era
In August 1990, the company was purchased in a friendly leveraged buyout of $1.6 billion by the FLGI Holding. In October 1990, they announced that Hickey would be replaced by Donald Rumsfeld. He sold off several divisions to cut overhead. The company then began investing heavily in the emerging high definition television (HDTV) market. To continue operations they laid off large numbers of staff, mostly at the headquarters. In 1992 they demonstrated their HDTV system and won a contract for 100,000 compressors. This led Rumsfeld to launch an initial public offering in 1993, after which he left the company in August.

Breakup
The HDTV market stabilized the company for a time, but by the mid-90s other entrants were once again eroding the company's profits. In 1997 the company split into three parts, General Semiconductor (power electronics), CommScope (cable infrastructure) and NextLevel Systems (cable and satellite systems). NextLevel took over the GI name in February 1998.

The "new" GI Corporation was acquired by Motorola in January 2000 for $17 billion and became the new Broadband Communication Sector (BCS) along with an acquisition of Zenith Network Systems a few months later. After being called Connected Home Solutions, it was renamed Home and Networks Mobility in 2007. When Motorola split on January 4, 2011, this division became part of Motorola Mobility. On December 19, 2012, ARRIS announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility's Home unit (the former GI company) from Google for $2.35 billion in cash and stock. The acquisition was completed on April 17, 2013.

On November 8, 2018, CommScope announced that it would acquire ARRIS in a cash deal valued at $7.4 billion including the repayment of debt. This acquisition brings back together two of the former General Instrument companies from the 1997 split.

VideoCipher Division
General Instrument produced receivers for old C and Ku band satellites. They also produced Videocipher units as well as digital equipment. 4DTV was a system for picking up free and encrypted analog and digital satellite subscription channels. It also included an interactive guide. The product line included:
 * 2700 Series: on screen displays, C/Ku switching, digital sound, satellite memory increases with the model number.
 * 2600 Series: similar to 2400 except with on-screen displays.
 * 2400/2500 Series: There were no on-screen displays: everything was controlled from the remote and front panel. Two alphanumeric displays indicated the current satellite and transponder. A GI 2000PS was needed to use a dish motor. Digital Stereo Audio was available on VideoCipher channels, C/Ku compatible. The 2400 was re-branded in the early 1990s by Rural Cable and sold with a fixed C band dish pointed at Galaxy 5.
 * 350 Regular: simple receiver with a separate dish mover (some will have a stationary G5 satellite).
 * 350i Super: extensive on-screen displays, 50 satellites (C or Ku with external switch), digital sound.
 * 450i/550i/650i: extensive on-screen displays, C/Ku pre-programmed satellites, digital sound, extras.
 * 4DTV: interactive program guide, two favorite lists, C/Ku band, many other features.
 * InfoCipher 1500P: an early satmodem used with one-way data services, such as X*Press X*Change.

American Totalisator Corporation/AmTote
American Totalisator was a division of General Instrument Corp. It manufactured tote boards for the horse racing industry. It is now owned by horse-track operator Magna Entertainment Corporation.

Underseas Lab (Harris ASW)
Underseas Lab, a division of General Instrument Corp., located in Westwood, Massachusetts. It invented and manufactured multibeam sonars used in ocean floor mapping. It was acquired by Channel Technologies and is now owned by L-3 Communications.

Jerrold
Jerrold was GI's original cable TV brand, active from 1948 into the early 1990s. Around 1993, GI dropped the Jerrold name from their product lines. The Jerrold brand was prominent on both addressable and non-addressable cable TV converter boxes that were used on non-cable ready sets and cable-ready sets with premium pay services. "Jerrold" is the middle name of the company's founder, Milton Jerrold Shapp, who became Pennsylvania's 40th governor in 1971. Shapp's given name was Milton Shapiro.

GI Microelectronics
GI Microelectronics was a manufacturer of LSI circuits and a pioneer in MOS technology and Electrically Alterable ROM (EAROM), with both off-the-shelf and custom circuits. GI spun the division off as Microchip Technology in 1987.

In 1980, their product catalog included:

 * 16-bit Microprocessor: CP1600 and 1610, a 16-bit CPU, used in the GIMINI TV-game set and in Mattel's Intellivision
 * 8-bit Microcontroller: the PIC1650, an NMOS chip. The CMOS version of this chip is the basis of today's PIC microcontrollers.
 * ROM
 * EAROM
 * Telecommunications chips

Other products included the famous AY-3-8910/11/12/14 series of sound chips, the AY-3-85xx, 86xx, 87xx series of game chips and a single-chip speech synthesizer, the SP0256 Narrator. A version of the SP0256 appeared in Mattel's Intellivoice. The popular SP0256-AL2 variant came with a set of allophones built in.

In 1965, Frank Wanlass moved to General Instrument Microelectronics Division in New York. Wanlass and other GI engineers promoted four-phase logic throughout the industry. J. L. Seely, manager of MOS Operations at General Instrument Microelectronics Division, also wrote about four-phase logic in late 1967.

title: General Instrument