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SS Uganda (1952)

SS Uganda was a British steamship that had a varied and notable career. She was built in 1952 as a passenger liner, and successively served as a cruise ship, hospital ship, troop ship and stores ship. She was laid up in 1985 and scrapped in 1992.

Passenger liner
Barclay Curle and Company of Whiteinch, Glasgow built Uganda for the British-India Steam Navigation Company (BI). She was a passenger and cargo liner with capacity for 167 first class and 133 tourist class passengers and 388250 cuft of cargo. Her original tonnages were, and. Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Company built her two Parsons steam turbines, which between them developed 12,300 shp.

Uganda was launched on 15 January 1952, completed six months later and made her sea trials on 16 July. On trial she achieved a top speed of 19.52 kn, but in service she normally cruised at 16 kn. Her route was between London and East Africa, calling at Gibraltar, Naples, Port Said, Aden, Mombasa, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanga and Beira.

Increasing competition from civil aviation reduced the market for passenger sailings between Britain and East Africa, leading BI to withdraw Uganda from the route in 1967.

Cruise ship
BI had Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Hamburg refit Uganda as an educational cruise ship. Decks were inserted in her former cargo holds, which were converted into dormitory cabins with a total of 920 berths. The conversion raised her passenger capacity from 300 to 1,226 and cost £2.8 million. It increased her gross and net tonnages to  but the loss of cargo capacity reduced her deadweight tonnage to.

In her new rôle Uganda sailed her first voyage on 27 February 1968. On 21 October 1969 while she was cruising in the North Atlantic in international waters off Cape Trafalgar a Spanish shore battery opened fire. Several shells landed within 1/2 nmi of the ship.

Uganda continued for 14 years cruising mainly in Scandinavia and the Mediterranean, together with her company consort SS Nevasa. In 1971 Uganda's management and operation were transferred to P&O's Passenger Division. In 1972 P&O absorbed its BI subsidiary and Uganda's ownership. However, uniquely within the P&O fleet, Uganda retained her BI livery of white hull with a black band and black funnel with two white bands. Nevasa was larger and more modern than Uganda but also more expensive to run. In 1974 she was withdrawn and scrapped, leaving Uganda as the fleet's only educational cruise ship.

Falklands service
In 1982 Uganda was a hospital ship in the Falklands War with the call sign of "Mother Hen". She was called up for military duty while on cruise 276 and discharged her 315 cabin passengers and 940 school children, who were on an educational cruise, in Naples. When Uganda docked in Naples, reporters turned up their microphones to hear a ship full of school children singing Rule, Britannia!

Uganda had a three-day refit in Gibraltar where a helicopter platform, fittings for replenishment at sea, satellite communications and wards and operating theatres were installed. Two additional water distillers were fitted on the sports deck. In accordance with the Geneva Convention she was painted white and eight red crosses were painted, two on each side of the hull, one facing forward on the bridge superstructure, one on the upper deck visible from the air, and one on either side of her funnel. A team of 136 medical staff including 12 doctors, operating theatre staff and 40 members of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service, left Portsmouth to join her taking large quantities of medical supplies with them.

The survey vessels HMS Hecla (A133), HMS Hydra (A144) and HMS Herald (H138) were converted to ambulance ships to work with Uganda. She received her first casualties on 12 May: wounded men from the Type 42 destroyer HMS Sheffield (D80). Uganda sailed to and fro between "Red Cross Box 2" – at position -50.83333°N, -58.66667°W and Middle Bay, taking on casualties, both British and Argentine, transferring those who were well enough to the converted survey ships for passage to Montevideo. On 28 May 1982 the land battles started and Uganda anchored in Grantham Sound, 11 miles northwest of Goose Green, where casualties from both sides arrived by helicopter and were treated. By 31 May 1982 she had 132 casualties aboard.

Uganda co-ordinated the movements of the three British and three Argentine ambulance ships ARA Almirante Irízar, ARA Bahía Paraíso and ARA Puerto Deseado. She conducted 504 surgical operations, treated 730 casualties including 150 Argentinians, and made four rendezvous with the Argentine ships. In deference to the TV series M*A*S*H she was nicknamed NOSH - Naval Ocean-going Surgical Hospital.

By 10 July 1982 her role as a hospital ship was over and the crew held a party for 92 Falkland children more in keeping with her peacetime role. On 13 July 1982 Uganda was deregistered as a hospital ship and the red crosses were painted out. Two days later she went back to Grantham Sound, to embark the men of the 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles and their equipment, before sailing for the UK on 18 July 1982. She arrived at Southampton on 9 August 1982, 113 days after she had sailed to join the Task Force. In this time she had sailed 26,150 miles, consumed 4,700 tons of fuel, received more than 1,000 helicopter landings on her flight deck and 3,111 personnel had been transferred to or from her.

Post war
Smiths Shiprepairers of North Shields extensively refitted Uganda, but her games deck windows never did close properly again after having Sea King helicopters landing on her quoits court. She returned to educational cruising on 25 September 1982, but in November she was chartered for two years to serve as a store ship between Ascension Island and the Falkland Islands. She was fitted with a new helicopter deck and on 14 January 1983 left Southampton for the Falklands again.

Uganda was refitted again at Falmouth in November 1983. She completed her charter in 1985, reached Falmouth on 25 April 1985 and was laid up in the River Fal on 4 May 1985.

Triton
On 29 April 1986 the Triton Shipping Company of St Vincent bought Uganda and renamed her Triton. With a crew of 21 she left the Fal on 20 May and anchored off Kaohsiung in Taiwan on 15 July to await breaking. On 22 August Typhoon Wayne drove her ashore. She was still ashore on her side in March 1992, but has since been broken up.

In popular culture
In 1970 Uganda was used in the Children Foundation Film All at Sea.

title: SS Uganda (1952)


text: User talk:67.52.185.253

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:67.52.185.253


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DudeZ

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:45, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

DudeZ
Probably not notable, looks like vanity page. Thue | talk 19:31, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 02:39, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, NO forummer identity will EVER be Wiki-worthy unless it's George Bush or someone notable on the other end. This is just (wordhere)cruft. Master Thief Garrett 07:59, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the article about ProtoWall is worth keeping, shouldn't it be mentioned in it that ProtoWall is written by someone calling himself DudeZ? Otherwise, delete them both. Wipe 09:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ProtoWall gets only 12,000 Google hits--should we cull it too while we're at it? You know, because of that old saying, "cull two vain ads with one vote"... no, wait, did I just misquote that? hehehe... Master Thief Garrett 09:53, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete -- Vanity - Longhair | Talk 12:28, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, redirect to dude or something like that. Radiant_* 10:35, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Total vanity, no doubt. Svest 16:35, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DudeZ


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User talk:Gatchinhu

You have been vandalizing Wikipedia. You should know that your actions are futile and only put you at risk. Most vandalism to Wikipedia is fixed within 5 minutes, and there is no way for you to cause any permanent damage. Please stop or your account will be recorded on the vandalism in progress page, if it is not already there. Website defacement is a crime in many countries, and you can rest assured that if you do not stop vandalizing pages after being warned, you will likely be blocked. Trying to evade this block to continue vandalizing will only prompt somebody to report you to your internet service provider. Consider this message your only warning.

If you decide to change your behavior and contribute positively and constructively to Wikipedia, your contributions will be greatly appreciated, regardless of your past behavior.-Casito⇝Talk 19:31, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gatchinhu


text:
DAQ

DAQ or variation, may refer to:

 * Data acquisition, the sampling of real-world signals to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer
 * Delivered Audio Quality, a measure of audio quality over a transmission medium
 * Madiya language (ISO 639 language code: )
 * Changping railway station (Guangdong) (station code ), in Changping, Dongguang, Guangdong, China
 * "DAQ", the code for Dominion Arsenal; see List of military headstamps
 * DJ DaQ, disc jockey on Show Me the Money (South Korean TV series) seasons 4,5,6

title: DAQ


text:
Quakers in Latin America

Latin America contains approximately 17.5% of the world's Quakers. Latin American Friends are concentrated in Bolivia and Central America. Most of these Friends are evangelical and are affiliated with Evangelical Friends Church International. Friends World Committee for Consultation organizes among them through the Comité de Amigos Latinoamericanos CoAL del Comité Mundial de Consulta de Los Amigos CMCA FWCC.

Bolivia and southern South America
There are about 30,000 Friends in Bolivia. Quakerism came to Bolivia in 1919 through a Navajo man, William Abel, who sold Bibles and preached in the capital city of La Paz. Bolivian Juan Ayllón became convinced of the truth of the preacher's message and went to study at the Friends' Biblical Institute in Guatemala. After graduating in 1924 he returned and began the Evangelical Friends Church. This yearly meeting, now INELA-BOLIVIA, Iglesia Nacional Evangélica de Los Amigos, consists of 192 congregations throughout Bolivia and sponsors several schools.

Also during 1919 the Holiness Friends Mission, an association of independent Indiana Friends, established meetings in Bolivia's northern Andes surrounding Sorata village. When the mission reorganized as Central Friends Mission in 1952 the Bolivian meetings divided into two Yearly Meetings—Junta Anual de Amigos Central (Bolivian Friends YM), and Holiness Friends (Junta Anual de Misión Santidad de Los Amigos de Bolivia). At first, Bolivian Yearly Meetings consisted only of members of Aymara heritage. Aymara Friends are now working among Quechua, Moseten, Chimane, and other indigenous groups. Yearly Meetings include Iglesia Evangélica Amigos Central (semi-programmed congregations in the Friends Church related to Central YM), Iglesia Evangélica Unión Boliviana "Amigos" (Bolivian Union Evangelical Friends Church), Iglesia Nacional Evangélica Los Amigos de Bolivia (National Evangelical Friends Church of Bolivia) or INELA-Bolivia, and Iglesia Evangélica Misión Boliviana de Santidad Amigos (Bolivian Evangelical Mission of Holiness Friends Church).

In Peru there are about 5,000 Friends; they are a part of INELA-Perú Iglesia Nacional Evangélica Los Amigos del Perú (National Evangelical Friends Church of Peru), an outgrowth of INELA-Bolivia. This church has grown through extensive youth outreach. Bolivian Friends are also supporting missions in northwest Argentina, especially among indigenous people there.

Two other small Friends groups exist in Bolivia: Iglesia Nacional Evangélica 'Estrella de Belén, Iglesia Nacional Evangélica 'Seminario Bíblico are beginning to cooperate with the other Yearly Meetings.

Central America and other Latin American countries
There are approximately 20,000 Friends in the nation of Guatemala. Missions from California and Oregon YM early in the 20th century led to the founding of Central America Yearly Meeting, with headquarters at Chiquimula. Due to the closing of borders because of war conditions, and because of theological distinctions, the Chiquimula Yearly Meeting formed daughter Yearly Meetings: Iglesia Nacional 'Los Amigos' de Guatemala (National Evangelical Friends Church of Guatemala), the official successor, Iglesia Evangélica Embajadores Amigos (Friends Ambassadors Evangelical Church) (a Monthly Meeting with several preparative meetings that functions as a Yearly Meeting), and Junta Anual Amigos de Santidad (Holiness Friends Yearly Meeting). There is also Guatemala Monthly Meeting, a small unprogrammed meeting affiliated with Pacific Yearly Meeting (meetings alternating between Guatemala capital and Guatemala Antigua), which operates PROGRESA (formerly Guatemala Friends Scholarship Program), an educational program at the high school and university level serving primarily highlands indigenous communities. (This last was laid down in 2018. )

Honduras Yearly Meeting of the Friends Church was formed from the eastern missions of CA YM. In the 1950s an agreement among North American missionaries abandoned Tegucigalpa and nearby meetings and Junta Anual Evangélica Amigos de Honduras is concentrated around San Pedro Sula, Santa Rosa de Copán and San Marcos Ocotepeque, where there is a school/seminary. Tegucigalpa Friends Church has returned to the YM.

In El Salvador there are about 550 Friends, members of Junta Anual de la Iglesia Evangélica de Los Amigos en El Salvador (Friends Evangelical Church YM in El Salvador). They have a number of congregations and YM offices in Soyopango, a suburb of San Salvador. Recently the YM has taken on the project of promoting "Proyecto Alternativas a la Violencia" PAV (AVP - the Alternatives to Violence Project)

There are also about 72 Friends in Costa Rica. Monteverde Monthly Meeting was founded as a colony by a group of young Conservative Friends families in 1952, trying to find a place that was not militaristic. Many of the men in the group had been incarcerated in the United States as conscientious objectors and they were attracted when Costa Rica abolished its army. El Centro de Los Amigos para la Paz, with a small hostel, was founded as a community center and a home for San José Quakers' unprogrammed silent worship in the 1980s.

Mexico has about 800 Friends in two meetings—the Asociación Religiosa de las Iglesias Evangélicas de los Amigos (the yearly meeting of the Religious Association of the Friends Evangelical Churches EFCI) and the Reunion General de los Amigos en México (General Meeting of Friends in Mexico), which meets sesquiannually (every 18 months), comprising several churches around Ciudad Victoria monthly meeting (founded by missions from FUM), and Mexico City Monthly Meeting, affiliated with Pacific Yearly Meeting, an open worship, liberal meeting in the Mexican capital. They manage the Casa de Los Amigos in Mexico DF, which has numerous programs, including refugee support. There are similar groups in Sonora as well. A new evangelical mission is forming as Junta Anual de la Iglesia Evangélica de Los Amigos in the Valle de México.

There are about 373 Friends in Cuba. They are members of Cuba Yearly Meeting ("Junta Anual de la Iglesia de Los Amigos (Cuáqueros) en Cuba"), which is affiliated with Friends United Meeting. The first MMs in Banes and Gibara were begun in 1904. All but one of the 11 monthly meetings are in former Oriente province, around Holguín. Also in Cuba there was a small unprogrammed group in Havana starting in 1994, which spread silent worship across the Island; there were unprogrammed groups in Holguin for two years, one in Santiago de Cuba and in Santi Spiritus for a while, but all have been laid down. Looking at their missionary heritage and developing their Quaker roots while seeking to develop a Cuban Quakerism in the rapidly changing national environment, the YM founded the Cuban Quaker Peace Institute, "Instituto Cuáquero Cubano de Paz" in Gibara in 2013, with courses promoting the Quaker Testimonies and peace-building.

After the Conference of Friends in the Americas in 1977, Latino Friends got to know each other and FWCC began an effort to help them organize. This led to the founding of CoAL in Mexico City in 1982. EFCI also began trying to bring all the Evangelical mission church YMs of the region into a region of their denomination, as well as other programmed Quakers. Today pastoral and Evangelical Friends in Latin America are in regular contact, but they are only slowly constructing links to one another.

There have been unprogrammed worship meetings and groups in Latin America for several years, the oldest and most permanent in Costa Rica and Mexico; the majority of the others are expatriates' worship groups plus about 20 in Colombia, Bogotá Monthly Meeting. Unprogrammed Friends in Latin America had their first meeting in November 2006 in Monteverde, Costa Rica.

title: Quakers in Latin America


text:
Talk:Baháʼí administration

Elections
Here are a some quotes from Shoghi Effendi and the Univeral House of Justice to clarify the guidance on Baha'i administration. While no local or national spiritual assembly is perfect, this is what Baha'is are aiming for. I'm not sure that long quotes are suitable for the article, which is why they are being copied here.

Character of Baha'i Administration
 * In "The Dispensation of Baha'u'llah", Shoghi Effendi states:

The three forms of secular government to which the Guardian refers are Autocracy (rule by one person), Aristocracy (rule by the best people) and Democracy (rule by all the people). Referring again to these three forms of secular government, the Guardian writes, later in that same document: (Letters of The Universal House of Justice, 1995 Dec 02, Email Discussion Group Concerns) Occamy 20:16, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This new-born Administrative Order incorporates within its structure certain elements which are to be found in each of the three recognized forms of secular government, without being in any sense a mere replica of any one of them, and without introducing within its machinery any of the objectionable features which they inherently possess.
 * Whereas this Administrative Order cannot be said to have been modelled after any of these recognized systems of government, it nevertheless embodies, reconciles and assimilates within its framework such wholesome elements as are to be found in each one of them. The hereditary authority which the Guardian is called upon to exercise, the vital and essential functions which the Universal House of Justice discharges, the specific provisions requiring its democratic election by the representatives of the faithful -- these combine to demonstrate the truth that this divinely revealed Order, which can never be identified with any of the standard types of government referred to by Aristotle in his works, embodies and blends with the spiritual verities on which it is based the beneficent elements which are to be found in each one of them. The admitted evils inherent in each of these systems being rigidly and permanently excluded, this unique Order, however long it may endure and however extensive its ramifications, cannot ever degenerate into any form of despotism, of oligarchy, or of demagogy which must sooner or later corrupt the machinery of all man-made and essentially defective political institutions.

Purpose of Baha'i Administration
 * ...the the purpose of Baha'i administration is primarily to lend strength and directive to the teaching work and to promote the establishment of the Faith. It should never be regarded as an end in itself but purely as a means to canalize and make effective a spiritual vitality generated by the Word of God in the hearts of the believers. (From a letter of the Universal House of Justice to the National Spiritual Assembly of Australia, November 12, 1973. Lights of Guidance, Page: 2)

Qualifications for Membership
 * It is incumbent upon the chosen delegates to consider without the least trace of passion and prejudice, and irrespective of any material consideration, the names of only those who can best combine the necessary qualities of unquestioned loyalty, of selfless devotion, of a well-trained mind, of recognized ability and mature experience. (Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 88).

Duties of Elected Representatives -- Occamy 19:36, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The duties of those whom the friends have freely and conscientiously elected as their representatives are no less vital and binding than the obligations of those who have chosen them. Their function is not to dictate, but to consult, and consult not only among themselves, but as much as possible with the friends whom they represent.  They must regard themselves in no other light but that of chosen instruments for a more efficient and dignified presentation of the Cause of God.  They should never be led to suppose that they are the central ornaments of the body of the Cause, intrinsically superior to others in capacity or merit, and sole promoters of its teachings and principles.  They should approach their task with extreme humility, and endeavor, by their open-mindedness, their high sense of justice and duty, their candor, their modesty, their entire devotion to the welfare and interests of the friends, the Cause, and humanity, to win, not only the confidence and the genuine support and respect of those whom they serve, but also their esteem and real affection.  They must, at all times, avoid the spirit of exclusiveness, the atmosphere of secrecy, free themselves from a domineering attitude, and banish all forms of prejudice and passion from their deliberations.  They should, within the limits of wise discretion, take the friends into their confidence, acquaint them with their plans, share with them their problems and anxieties, and seek their advice and counsel.  And, when they are called upon to arrive at a certain decision, they should, after dispassionate, anxious and cordial consultation, turn to God in prayer, and with earnestness and conviction and courage record their vote and abide by the voice of the majority, which we are told by our Master to be the voice of truth, never to be challenged, and always to be whole-heartedly enforced.  To this voice the friends must heartily respond, and regard it as the only means that can insure the protection and advancement of the Cause. (Shoghi Effendi, From a letter to the Baha'is of America, February 23, 1924: Baha'i Administration, p. 64).

 * I think it might be an idea to remove the reply to the critics because... they're all kind of obvious. -- Tomhab 22:31, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Character of Baha'i Administration
The quote referring to the British parliament on the Character... section has been deleted because in this context it implies Baha'u'llah preferred parliamentary democracy, which is not the case. Baha'u'llah writes of the importance of kingship too, which is not democratic in nature: In any case, the Baha'i Administrative Order in its current early form is not identified with the future world government foretold by Baha'u'llah and outlined by Shoghi Effendi in a letter written on his behalf:
 * "Although a republican form of government profiteth all the peoples of the world, yet the majesty of kingship is one of the signs of God. We do not wish that the countries of the world should remain deprived thereof.  If the sagacious combine the two forms into one, great will be their reward in the presence of God.". Baha'u'llah, Tablets of Baha'u'llah, page 28
 * "As regards the International Executive referred to by the Guardian in his "Goal of a New World Order", it should be noted that this statement refers by no means to the Baha'i Commonwealth of the future, but simply to that world government which will herald the advent and lead to the final establishment of the World Order of Baha'u'llah. The formation of this International Executive, which corresponds to the executive head or board in present-day national governments, is but a step leading to the Baha'i world government of the future, and hence should not be identified with either the institution of the Guardianship or that of the International House of Justice." Shoghi Effendi 17 March 1934 letter to two believers; Peace, page 193; also Lights of Guidance, page 321. --Occamy 09:39, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hierarchy vs. Holarchy
The "hierarchical" structure of local-national-global, or hierarchies of scope are not, strictly speaking, simplified political hierarchies, but Holarchies. They are microcosm-macrocosm levels. Additionally, while authority flows from the top, funding flows from the bottom up, as does "power" in the sense that Spiritual Assemblies cannot really do much on their own without active participation of the generality of believers in their area of scope. I'm not sure how to represent this, or if it's even possible to do so without confusing the issue, but hierarchy is loaded, and it implies certain aspects of the relationships - some of which are true, and others of which are untrue. -- ChristianEdwardGruber 17:01, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Errrrrm, but doesn't the authority lie in the people of any democrasy too? Anyway perhaps word it "heirarchy (strictly speaking holarchy)"? I really have never heard the term before -- Tomhab 19:51, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm a bit new to the term, but it seemed to me to fit the structure within structure of the Assemblies. Anyway, as to authority lying with the people... that's the point.  In democracy, authority derives from the people, and power acretes from the people.  In the Baha'i system authority derives from God to the Universal House of Justice, where power (used by Shoghi Effendi more in the mechanical sense, IMO) accretes from individual initiative and fund participation to the LOCAL spiritual assemblies, which then support the National which supports the Global.  While there are short-cuts here (ie, an LSA or an individual can give to the international funds, or serve at hte world center) the main movement of money and power is from the bottom to hte next stage up.  Modern democracies are usually federalisms of some kind, and money goes from the citizen to the state at the highest level, which is then doled out to smaller units like states/provinces, or cities.  In the above way, democracies are often electoral autocracies, because they take resources and express law in such a way as to mimic kings.  They're just a collective king.  I think the US might be an exception, because I don't know if states and cities collect their own income taxes (for example), or whether the IRS collects it and gives a portion to the states. -- Christian Edward Gruber 20:21, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)

criticism
I removed this:
 * Critics
 * Criticisms include:
 * The Bahá'í election process reduces the level of democracy since the delegate does not know whom Bahá'ís in his or her area would prefer as National Spiritual Assembly members and the Bahá'ís have no knowledge of who their delegates voted for. The individual believers therefore have no direct say or input in who, at the national and worldwide level, leads their faith. These critics contend that this lack of accountability means that the public and voters:
 * cannot voice their candidate preference to their delegates or national representatives
 * do not know who their delegate or National Spiritual Assembly members voted for
 * has resulted in increasing fundamentalism in the Bahá'í administration..
 * Although no nominations are made, the incumbants and individuals appointed to prominant Bahá'í offices may be seen as effectively nominated due to their larger exposure to the public.
 * Some feel the balance between the autocratic and the will of the Bahá'í voter as described in the Character section above is tilted too heavily in the autocratic direction.

 * At a worldwide level no Universal House of Justice member has ever been voted out, and in recent elections, it has become common for the vacancies to be filled by the members of the International Teaching Centre. Since this board is appointed by the Universal House of Justice, it has been suggested that the Universal House of Justice elections have been reduced to a process of self-appointment.

 * Response
 * It is worth noting that the selection of religious leaders by other than direct election is common. The first presidency of the Latter Day Saints is attained by seniority in the appointed board of Councelors.  The Pope is elected by cardinals appointed by the Pope. In each of these cases, and in the Bahá'í case, believers contend that the selection process is divinely directed. But mimicking flaws in other religious orders has never been the intention when the Bahá'í Administrative Order was drawn up by its founders. Their intention was to improve upon these systems as suggested in the 'character' above, where the ills of autocracy are to be eliminated by balancing autocracy with the strengths of democratic rule.

It is obviously POV and needs to be re-worked. There needs to be references too. Cuñado  -  Talk  20:28, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This section feels like another Dawud classic: find some blogs and cut-and-paste them into a "Criticisms" section which no Bahá'í related article can live without.

 * Seriously, the whole section lacked sources, so yanking it is fine with me. MARussellPESE 22:40, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't see how any article on Baha'i elections could be considered NPOV if it doesn't refer to the issue of incumbency and information-poor elections. I would like to see some of this section included, albeit as a NPOV description of the features of the Baha'i system. I suggest it is included under the Campaigning section. I'll have a think and see if I can propose some text for it. AndrewRT 23:42, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem with Dawud's edits have always been no valid sources. He got almost all his information from web blogs which are mostly just people complaining. I think it can be mentioned with better writing and a solid reference. Cuñado  [[image:Bahaitemplatestar.png|20px]] -  Talk  17:18, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I understand your frustration, but I think it's important to assume good faith and abide by no personal attacks. By focussing on our common goal of an accurate and neutral article we can avoid turning this into a competition of agendas, which is what it sometimes feels like to me. AndrewRT 21:40, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

As far as I can see, the Baha'i contributors to these articles are trying hard to edit in an NPOV way; Wikipedia is a wonderful opportunity for Baha'is to apply their principle of "independent investigation of the truth". Picking up on the incumbency issue, i.e. "...no Universal House of Justice member has ever been voted out...", it really is a non-issue and a red herring, insofar as the House of Justice is concerned. Unlike political parties, which are voted in and out by electors according to partisan political and economic factors, International Conventions elect House of Justice members on the basis of individual suitability. Someone elected in his forties is likely to be just as suitable when he is in his sixties, so there is no real reason for voters to elect someone else, especially when Baha'is are assured in their Writings that the House of Justice (i.e. regardless of membership) operates under the protection of the Bab and Baha'u'llah. And concerning membership of the International Teaching Centre, I have not seen any denial that its members are among the most brilliant and selflessly devoted Baha'is; i.e. the House of Justice is selecting ITC members on the basis of their qualities rather than "self-selection". One point that is overlooked by sceptics is the unique relationship between House members: where else would you find nine powerful personalities working intimately with each other over decades without them splitting into cliques? I have heard retired House members Ali Nakhjavani and Douglas Martin refer several times movingly about the deep brotherly love that characterises the relationship between House members; this may be a tough fact for sceptics to swallow. The electoral process is not perfect: for example, should electors afflict another five years of crushing responsibilities on someone in his late seventies? But participants in multiple International Conventions will agree that the maturity of voting and consultation at the five-yearly gatherings improves significantly each time. --Occamy 23:29, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In my experience most criticism of the Bahá'í electoral process, whatever direction it comes from, usually boils down to "the Bahá'í system differs too much from generally accepted democratic principles, so it must be deficient." As it appears we may delve into this deeply, I'd like to present these selections that highlight the distinction between the Bahá'í electoral process and those found in politics. (Apologies for the length, but it's difficult to edit down for length without sacrificing content on this subject.)

 * This link is to the complilation of Shoghi Effendi's writings on Bahá'í Elections. This is a must-read to be fully informed of the characteristics and distinctive views of the Bahá'í electoral process.

 * This is oft-quoted and representative:

 * We see therefore that we must do two things — Shun politics like the plague, and be obedient to the Government in power in the place where we reside."
 * (Hornby, Helen (Ed.) (1993). From a letter from Shoghi Effendi dated December 21, 1948 reproduced in Lights of Guidance, A Bahá'í Reference File, p. 445)

 * This is from the BIC and seems to me to offer a broad overview of the sociology of this system:

 * "In this regard, the Bahá'í community offers its own administrative system as a model for study. Bahá'ís attach great importance to cooperative decision-making and assign organizational responsibility for community affairs to freely elected governing councils at the local, national, and international levels. This hierarchy devolves decision-making to the lowest practicable level-thereby instituting a unique vehicle for grassroots participation in governance-while at the same time providing a level of coordination and authority that makes possible collaboration on a global scale. A unique feature of the Bahá'í electoral process is the maximum freedom of choice given to the electorate through the prohibition of nominations, candidature and solicitation. Election to Bahá'í administrative bodies is based not on personal ambition but rather on recognized ability, mature experience, and a commitment to service. Because the Bahá'í system does not allow the imposition of the arbitrary will or leadership of individuals, it cannot be used as a pathway to power. Decision-making authority rests with corporate bodies. All members of the Bahá'í community, no matter what position they may temporarily occupy in the administrative structure, are expected to regard themselves as involved in a learning process, as they strive to understand and implement the laws and principles of their Faith. Significantly, in many parts of the world, the first exercises in democratic activity have occurred within the Bahá'í community."
 * (Bahá'í International Community (2001). Overcoming Corruption in Public Institutions )

 * This is from the UHJ, and is fundamentally important in contrasting the distinctive views between Bahá'í and political elections.

 * "But occupation with the mechanics of Bahá'í Administration, divorced from the animating spirit of the Cause, leads to a distortion, to an arid secularization foreign to the nature of the Administration. Equally significant to the procedures for election — to further extend the example — is the evocation of that rarefied atmosphere of prayer and reflection, that quiet dignity of the process, devoid of nominations and campaigning, in which the individual's freedom to choose is limited only by his own conscience, exercised in private in an attitude that invites communion with the Holy Spirit. In this sphere, the elector regards the outcome as an expression of the will of God, and those elected as being primarily responsible to that will, not to the constituency which elected them. An election thus conducted portrays an aspect of that organic unity of the inner and outer realities of human life which is necessary to the construction of a mature society in this new Age. In no other system do individuals exercise such a breadth of freedom in the electoral process.

 * The equilibrium of responsibilities implied by all this presupposes maturity on the part of all concerned. This maturity has an apt analogy in adulthood in human beings. How significant is the difference between infancy and childhood, adolescence and adulthood! In a period of history dominated by the surging energy, the rebellious spirit and frenetic activity of adolescence, it is difficult to grasp the distinguishing elements of the mature society to which Bahá'u'lláh beckons all humanity. The models of the old world order blur vision of that which must be perceived; for these models were, in many instances, conceived in rebellion and retain the characteristics of the revolutions peculiar to an adolescent, albeit necessary, period in the evolution of human society. The very philosophies which have provided the intellectual content of such revolutions — Hobbes, Locke, Jefferson, Mill, come readily to mind — were inspired by protest against the oppressive conditions which revolutions were intended to remedy.

 * These characteristics are conspicuous, for example, in the inordinate scepticism regarding authority, and consequently, in the grudging respect which the citizens of various nations show toward their governments; they have become pronounced in the incessant promotion of individualism, often to the detriment of the wider interests of society. How aptly, even after the lapse of half a century, Shoghi Effendi's views, as conveyed by his secretary, fit the contemporary scene: "Our present generation, mainly due to the corruptions that have been identified with organizations, seem to stand against any institution. Religion as an institution is denounced. Government as an institution is denounced. Even marriage as an institution is denounced. We Bahá'ís should not be blinded by such prevalent notions. If such were the case, all the divine Manifestations would not have invariably appointed someone to succeed Them. Undoubtedly, corruptions did enter those institutions, but these corruptions were not due to the very nature of the institutions but to the lack of proper directions as to their powers and nature of their perpetuation. What Bahá'u'lláh has done is not to eliminate all institutions in the Cause but to provide the necessary safeguards that would eliminate corruptions that caused the fall of previous institutions. What those safeguards are is most interesting to study and find out and also most essential to know.

 * We make these observations not to indulge in criticism of any system, but rather to open up lines of thought, to encourage a re-examination of the bases of modern society, and to engender a perspective for consideration of the distinctive features of the Order of Bahá'u'lláh. What, it could be asked, was the nature of society that gave rise to such characteristics and such philosophies? Where have these taken mankind? Has their employment satisfied the needs and expectations of the human spirit? The answers to such questions could lay the ground for a contrasting observation of the origin and nature of the characteristics and philosophy underlying that Order."
 * (The Universal House of Justice (1988). Individual Rights and Freedoms, pp. 5-7 )

 * These certainly don't even suggest a lock-step blind obedience to Bahá'í administration or institutions. Far from it. Clearly each individual Bahá'í is required to be an active, engaged and informed elector in their communities.

 * But neither is this system a "tweaking" of democratic principles and processes. Comparisons between the two, may be interesting, but the standard for Bahá'ís is the the writings.

 * "... inasmuch as man can never hope to attain unto the knowledge of the All-Glorious, ... unless and until he ceases to regard the words and deeds of mortal men as a standard for the true understanding and recognition of God and His Prophets."
 * (Bahá'u'lláh, The Kitáb-i-Íqán, p. 3)

 * Ciao, MARussellPESE 19:43, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Structural Adjustment
Ok, the title of this comment is really just a personal in-joke, and a mild reference to the "Structure" section rework that cunado is doing. I just wanted to approve of the clean-up so-far, and suggest that we need to really work on referencing in this section. I'm as bad as the rest, and have added stuff without proper referencing. I'll try to improve that, but we can all improve. --Christian Edward Gruber 19:54, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Diagram
Hey everyone, I noticed that the picture diagram of the administrative order was moved to the election "rulers" section. However, the scope of the diagram is much more inclusive in scope as it also includes the appointed "learned". Thus, its current placement may not be ideal. The diagram was designed to show the overview of the entire process. Perhaps it is better at the top as it was originally located. What does everyone think? Nmentha 08:26, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I actually don't like the image at all; it's way too detailed, and if it's going to be in the page, I don't think it deserves to be at the top because it doesn't give any quick information. It fits in the Structure section, but the current picture at the top of the Structure section, in my mind, is much nicer. -- Jeff3000 13:43, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't like the image because it doesn't convey information very well. I would like to get rid of it. Particularly, the part about the "stages of evolution" on the bottom left doesn't jive well with me. Cuñado  [[image:Bahaitemplatestar.png|20px]] -  Talk  14:54, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I do not like this diagram that much either. However, it was the only one that I could find. I am actually not concerned about our opinions but rather about the visual learners who have difficulty understanding a complex system without some diagram. Therefore, I suggest that we find another diagram and until then use this one. Nmentha 16:50, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * What about creating a new diagram based the slide 'Administrative Order' on ? Wiki-uk 17:33, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Concur regarding the current slide. Frankly, I think we should get rid of it even without a replacement. We could keep an external link to the source for those really interested.
 * The problem with the slide's diagram is that it's wrong. The House isn't subordinate to either `Abdul-Baha or Shoghi Effendi. The split between the two branches is immediately beneath Baha'u'llah. There would be dotted lines between the Guardian and UHJ. And while the Counsellors are junior to the Hands in the Learned branch, they are appointed by the House, so there'd be a solid line there. I have no clean way of diagramming this, sorry. MARussellPESE 23:28, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Wiki, I couldn't see anything at that link. It looks all black. Maybe a browser issue on my side. Cuñado  -  Talk  01:06, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I couldn't see it either until I tried IE. -- Jeff3000 01:11, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Jeez, when will people learn that life is so much better as a Microsoft automaton? Now, if you would please pass the soma. MARussellPESE 13:06, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

What about the way this is solved in Peter Smith's A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith? The title of the diagram on page 26 is 'Present structure of Bahá'í administration'. It shows only the UHJ with on the left the Institutions of the Rulers (NSA's and LSA's) for 'direction and administration' and on the right the Institutions of the Learned (ITC, Counsellors, ABM's and their assistants) for 'advice and encouragement'. Wiki-uk 12:47, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a good one for the present structure. I'd like to see it and one that includes Baha'u'llah, Abdul-Baha, Shoghi Effendi, the Hands and the UHJ. MARussellPESE 02:07, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

A new diagram has been added to the article now. With thanks to MARussellPESE for improving it. Wiki-uk 16:18, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I cropped out some whitespace. Note that you will have to reload the page's cache to see it correctly, otherwise it will be distorted. Hit ctr+shift+R at the same time. Cuñado  [[image:Bahaitemplatestar.png|20px]] -  Talk  01:50, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Open Questions
Is it true that elections always happen on the same day? If yes, should this information be added to the text? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.131.8.100 (talk) 16:52, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * more or less yes - mostly yes. The local, national and universal house of justice elections happen on Ridván. Delegates, if elected, happen on other days as do regional elections. Something to look for details on but yes something should be mentioned. --Smkolins (talk) 23:13, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Counsellors 2005-12-28.jpg
Image:Counsellors 2005-12-28.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:47, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Neutrality
There has been significant criticism of the Baha'i administration in reliable sources, e.g., Juan Cole, Denis MacEoin, Bei Dawei. This is not reflected in the article. Furthermore, it is based on many primary religious texts, and otherwise Baha'i sources most of which aren't RS (though some are). There is one newspaper article but we would hope for scholarly material if possible. I am tagging this for now, but hopefully I will get to improving it soon. Gazelle55 (talk) 01:08, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Just added a neutral review (about 5 pages) that I summarized by a few quotes. As for those there is clearly a problem of the toxic relationship they have with the Baha'is. Smkolins (talk) 13:42, 24 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding the Ripley source to the article. I think it's a good addition. With that said, the fact that certain authors are ex-Baha'is who are now critics of the religion doesn't invalidate them as sources anymore than sources written by Baha'is should be excluded from the article. We should cover all major viewpoints with due weight in proportion to their appearance in reliable sources in line with WP:NPOV, and their biographical details would be at most a marginal detail in determining reliability. I wrote more about that here. And we can't assume Ripley (non-Baha'i who writes favorably) is more "neutral" than Bei Dawei (non-Baha'i who writes critically). I'm going to re-introduce the POV template that another editor removed since I still feel the article doesn't reflect critical viewpoints (even if more non-Baha'i sources are now included). Hopefully I can get to making additions soon to balance out the article.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  22:41, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Could you clarify that? I am not aware of any toxic relationship, only with certain people being dissatisfied with the mainstream Bahá'í practice of literature review. That cannot be called a toxic relationship. Mineemod (talk) 14:48, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baháʼí administration


text:
Geologic province

A geologic province is a spatial entity with common geologic attributes. A province may include a single dominant structural element such as a basin or a fold belt, or a number of contiguous related elements. Adjoining provinces may be similar in structure but be considered separate due to differing histories.

Geologic provinces by resources
Some studies classify provinces based upon mineral resources, such as mineral deposits. There are a particularly large number of provinces identified worldwide for petroleum and other mineral fuels, such as the Niger Delta petroleum province.

title: Geologic province


text:
Philip Hawkins

Philip Hawkins may refer to:
 * Philip D. Hawkins, British railway painter and photographer
 * Philip Hawkins (MP), British politician
 * Phillip Thomas Hawkins, molecular biologist
 * Phil Hawkins, television and film director

title: Philip Hawkins


text: File:UAIOE (KMFDM album - cover art).jpg


text:
Poedit

Poedit (formerly poEdit) is a shareware and cross-platform gettext catalog (.po file) editor to aid in the process of language localisation. According to WordPress developer Thord Hedengren, Poedit is "one of the most popular programs" for editing portable language files.

It is written in C++ and depends on some subclasses from the wxWidgets, but utilizes graphical control elements from the GTK library.

title: Poedit


text:
Rusty Brown

Rusty Brown is a continuing series of comics by American cartoonist Chris Ware, named after its protagonist. In the strip, Brown is shown as a young Nebraskan boy and as a man approaching middle age, who has a lifelong obsession with collecting action figures and similar pop cultural detritus, particularly Supergirl.

Rusty Brown's only friend throughout his life is Chalky White. White is also a collector of G.I. Joe and other action figures, but gives up collecting as he grows up, gets married, and starts a family, unlike his friend Rusty, who remains locked in a permanent manchild state, always looking for elements of his lost childhood like lunchboxes, Funny Face drink cups, and more.

A recurring theme in the series is Rusty's greedy, egocentric, and bold behavior opposed to Chalky's kind, timid, and often naïve nature. Rusty is often utilizing tricks to swindle Chalky of his action figures, while Chalky, being highly gullible, is never able to see through Rusty's true nature.

Pantheon Books published in September 2019 the first volume of Rusty Brown (collecting stories Ware began writing and illustrating in 2001).

title: Rusty Brown


text:
PC/104

PC/104 (or PC104) is a family of embedded computer standards which define both form factors and computer buses by the PC/104 Consortium. Its name derives from the 104 pins on the interboard connector (ISA) in the original PC/104 specification and has been retained in subsequent revisions, despite changes to connectors. PC/104 is intended for specialized environments where a small, rugged computer system is required. The standard is modular, and allows consumers to stack together boards from a variety of COTS manufacturers to produce a customized embedded system.

The original PC/104 form factor is somewhat smaller than a desktop PC motherboard at 3.550 xx. Unlike other popular computer form factors such as ATX, which rely on a motherboard or backplane, PC/104 boards are stacked on top of each other like building blocks. The PC/104 specification defines four mounting holes at the corners of each module, which allow the boards to be fastened to each other using standoffs. The stackable bus connectors and use of standoffs provides a more rugged mounting than slot boards found in desktop PCs. The compact board size further contributes to the ruggedness of the form factor by reducing the possibility of PCB flexing under shock and vibration.

A typical PC/104 system (commonly referred to as a "stack") will include a CPU board, power supply board, and one or more peripheral boards, such as a data acquisition module, GPS receiver, or Wireless LAN controller. A wide array of peripheral boards are available from various vendors. Users may design a stack that incorporates boards from multiple vendors. The overall height, weight, and power consumption of the stack can vary depending on the number of boards that are used.

PC/104 is sometimes referred to as a "stackable PC", as most of the architecture derives from the desktop PC. The majority of PC/104 CPU boards are x86 compatible and include standard PC interfaces such as Serial Ports, USB, Ethernet, and VGA. A x86 PC/104 system is usually capable of standard PC operating system such as DOS, Windows, or Linux. However, it is also quite common to use a real-time operating system, such as VxWorks.

History and standardization
The PC/104 bus and form factor was originally devised by Ampro in 1987 (led by CTO Rick Lehrbaum), and later standardized by the PC/104 Consortium in 1992. An IEEE standard corresponding to PC/104 was drafted as IEEE P996.1, but never ratified. In 1997, the PC/104 Consortium introduced a newer standard based on the PCI bus. A PCI Express-based standard was introduced in 2008.

PC/104-related specifications are controlled by the PC/104 Consortium. There are currently 47 members of the Consortium. All specifications published by the Consortium are freely available. Membership in the Consortium is not required to design and manufacture a PC/104 board.

Bus structure vis-à-vis form factor
The specifications released by the PC/104 Consortium define multiple of Bus Structures (ISA, PCI, PCI Express) and Form Factors (104, EBX, EPIC). Bus Structure defines the location and pinout of the bus connector(s). Form Factor refers to size and shape of the board. It is possible to find one of the PC/104 stackable expansion buses on a number of different form factors. While most commercially available products using the Bus Structures will comply with the Form Factors listed below, it is possible for a non-standard or proprietary form factor to incorporate one of the PC/104 Bus Structures for expandability.

Note the term "PC/104" is often used interchangeably to refer to either the Bus Structure or Form Factor. This can be a source of confusion. For example, a product datasheet may refer to a board as "PC/104" due to its size and shape when it in fact has a PCI-104 expansion bus.

Bus structures
The PC/104 Consortium specifications define a variety a computer buses, all of which derive from the ISA, PCI, and PCI Express buses found in a desktop PC.

PC/104
The original PC/104 bus derives from the ISA bus. It includes all the signals found on the ISA bus, with additional ground pins added to ensure bus integrity. Signal timing and voltage levels are identical to the ISA bus, with lower current requirements. The PC/104 specification defines two versions of the bus, 8-bit or 16-bit. The 8-bit version corresponds to the IBM XT and consists of 64 pins. The 16-bit version corresponds to the IBM AT and adds 40 additional pins, bringing the total to 104 (hence the name "PC/104"). The signals marked J1/P1 are found on both versions, while the signals of J2/P2 are found only on the 16-bit version.

Since PC/104 is based on the ISA bus, it is often necessary to set the base address, IRQ, and DMA channel when installing a peripheral board. This is usually accomplished via the use of jumpers or DIP switches on the peripheral board. Failure to configure the peripheral correctly can cause a resource conflict and lead to erratic behavior.

PC/104-Plus
The PC/104-Plus standard adds support for the PCI bus, in addition to the ISA bus of the PC/104 standard. The name is derived from its origin: a PC/104-Plus module has a PC/104 connector (ISA) plus a PCI connector. The standard defines a 120-pin connector for the PCI bus, located on the opposite side of the board from the PC/104 connector.

PC/104-Plus CPU boards provide active communication on both buses, and are capable of communicating with both ISA and PCI peripheral cards. On PC/104-Plus peripheral modules, the PC/104 connector is simply a passive connector for stackability; the module actively communicates on the PCI bus only. As a corollary, a PC/104-Plus peripheral module may not be used with a PC/104 CPU board. However, a PC/104-Plus CPU board may be used with a PC/104 peripheral module.

Since PC/104-Plus is based on PCI, there is no need to set a Base Address, IRQ, or DMA channel on the peripheral boards. However, it is necessary to specify the PCI Slot Number of a peripheral board when it is installed. This is commonly set by a rotary switch, DIP switch, or jumpers on the peripheral board. Each PCI peripheral board in the system must have the PCI Slot Number set to a unique value. Failure to do so may cause erratic system behavior. The peripheral closest to the CPU should be set for the first slot, the next board should be set for the second slot, etc.

PCI-104
The PCI-104 form factor includes the PCI connector, but not the PC/104 connector, in order to increase the available board real estate. Even though the PCI connector has 120 pins instead of 104, the established name was kept. The PCI connector location and pinout is identical to PC/104-Plus.

Since the ISA bus is omitted, a PCI-104 board is incompatible with PC/104 peripheral module. However, PCI-104 and PC/104-Plus are compatible, since they both utilize the PCI bus. Most PC/104-Plus boards can be manufactured as PCI-104 by simply not populating the PC/104 connector.

PCI-104 utilizes the same PCI Slot Number selection scheme as PC/104-Plus. Each device must be assigned to a unique slot number.

PCI/104-Express
The PCI/104-Express specification incorporates the PCI Express bus (PCIe) in addition to the previous-generation PCI bus. The specification defines a 156-pin surface mount connector for the PCI Express signals. The new connector occupies the same board location as the legacy PC/104 ISA connector. In addition to PCI Express, the specifications also defines pins on the connector for additional modern computer buses, such as USB, SATA, and LPC.

The PCI/104-Express specification currently defines two possible pinouts for the PCIe connector: CPU boards and peripherals may be designed as Type 1, Type 2, or Universal (which only uses the common subset of signals between the two types, PCIe x1 and/or USB 2.0). The Type 2 pinout was not introduced until Version 2.0 of the specification (released in 2011). PCI/104-Express products introduced prior to 2011 will be either Type 1 or Universal, but may not be explicitly labeled as such. A Type 1 bus is incompatible with Type 2 peripherals, or vice versa. The specification requires the system to remain in reset and not boot in the case of a Type mismatch (no physical damage will occur). Universal peripheral boards may be used with either Type 1 or Type 2 pinouts.
 * 1) Type 1 offers four x1 PCI Express links, two USB 2.0 ports, and one x16 PCIe link.
 * 2) Type 2 offers four x1 PCI Express links, two USB 2.0 ports, two PCIe x4 links, two USB 3.0 ports, two SATA ports, and LPC.

Because the PCIe bus connector is surface-mount, not through-hole, it is also possible for a board to use different bus pinouts on the top side of the board vs the bottom side. For example, a CPU board may have a Type 1 bottom PCIe connector and a Type 2 top PCIe connector. Such a CPU board would be compatible with Type 1 and/or Universal peripherals on the bottom, and compatible with Type 2 and/or Universal peripherals on the top.

Similar to PC/104-Plus, a PCI/104-Express CPU boards will provide active communication on both PCI and PCIe buses. A PC/104-Express CPU board may be used with PCI-104 and PC/104-Plus peripheral modules. However, a PCI/104-Express peripheral module will communicate on the PCIe bus only; the PCI connector is simply a pass-through connector for stackability. A PC/104-Express peripheral module may not be used with a PCI-104 or PC/104-Plus CPU board (unless an ISA bridge device is used).

PCI/104-Express incorporates link shifting, which eliminates the need for the PCI slot selection switches/jumpers found on PCI-104 and PC/104-Plus peripherals. Some peripheral boards re-populate the PCIe links, which allows the stack to have additional peripheral boards beyond the initial set of PCI Express links provided by CPU board. Link repopulation is not a requirement in the specification, and must be implemented on the peripheral board with a PCI Express packet switch.

PCIe/104
PCIe/104 is similar to the PCI/104-Express standard, but omits the legacy PCI bus to increase available space on the board (similar to the relationship between PC/104-Plus and PCI-104). The PCI Express connector location and pinout options the same as PCI/104-Express (both Type 1 and Type 2). Because the PCI bus connector is omitted, a PCIe/104 board is incompatible with PC/104-Plus and PCI-104 systems (unless a PCIe-to-PCI bridge device is used).

Form factors
The PC/104 Consortium's specifications cover three form factors which define the size and shape of the board. Each form factor may utilize one of the Bus Structures listed above.

104 or PC/104
The 104 Form Factor is defined to be 3.550 xx, with mounting holes at all four corners of the board. The specifications also allow for a 0.5 in area beyond the edge of the PCB for I/O connectors. Some PC/104 products have oversized PCBs which extended into the I/O connector area. The extended PCB "wings" is not addressed in the specification, generally does not cause mechanical issues as long as the overall PCB + I/O connector overhang is within the maximum allowable dimensions of 4.550 xx.

The dimensions were originally defined in the PC/104 Specification, and as a result the form factor is still commonly referred to as "PC/104". The PCI/104-Express and PCIe/104 Specification introduced the "104" name to distinguish the form factor from the legacy PC/104 bus.

EBX and EBX Express
EBX (Embedded Board eXpandable) is a single board computer form factor, 5.75 xx. The EBX form factor applies to the CPU board, but supports PC/104 form factor peripheral boards for expansion. The original EBX specifications allowed for the PC/104, PC/104-Plus, and PCI-104 buses. EBX Express adds the PCI-104/Express and PCIe/104 buses.

EPIC and EPIC Express
EPIC (Embedded Platform for Industrial Computing) is a single-board computer form factor which, like EBX, supports PC/104 peripheral boards but is smaller than EBX at 6.5 xx. It allows I/O connections to be implemented as either pin headers or PC-style ("real world") connectors. The standard provides specific I/O zones to implement functions such as Ethernet, serial ports, digital and analog I/O, video, wireless, and various application-specific interfaces. EPIC Express adds PCI Express expandability.

Stacking limits
In general, every PC/104 stack will contain a CPU board, power supply board, and one or more peripheral boards. The maximum number of boards supported by a PC/104 stack will depend on which buses are used by the peripheral boards.

 * 1) ISA Bus - There is no strict limit to the number of ISA boards which can coexist in one system.  However, there is a limited number of Base Addresses, IRQs, and DMA channels which may become a limiting factor.  ISA boards may be stacked on either side of the CPU board.
 * 2) PCI Bus - The PC/104-Plus and PCI-104 specifications allows for four PCI "slots".  This imposes a hard limit of four PCI peripheral boards per system.  All PCI peripheral modules must connect consecutively on one side of the controller due to the signaling requirements of the PCI bus.
 * 3) PCI Express - The total number of PCI Express peripheral boards will depend on the number of PCIe links provided by the CPU board.  For example, if the CPU board provides four x1 PCIe links, then a maximum of four x1 PCIe peripheral cards may be installed.  If one or more of the peripheral boards provide PCIe link repopulation, additional modules may be installed.  PCIe links on the upper side of the CPU board are independent from the links on the underside.  Installing a PCIe peripheral under the CPU board will not consume one of the top side links.  The quantity and width of PCIe links available may vary between the top and bottom connectors of the CPU board.
 * 4) USB and SATA - The PCI/104-Express and PCIe/104 Specification provides signals for USB and SATA, which may be used by peripheral boards in the stack.  Peripheral which use USB and SATA will be limited to the number of links provided by the CPU board.  USB peripherals may provide link repopulation by incorporating an onboard USB hub.

Regardless of the buses used, the maximum number of boards of a PC/104 stack may be limited due to size, weight, and power restrictions for the target application.

Mechanical interference between boards
When stacking PC/104 boards together, mechanical interference between adjacent boards is a concern.

 * 1) Bus Connectors - When assembling a system composed of multiple Bus Structures, it is possible for the bus connectors to interfere with components on an adjacent board.  For example, if a PC/104-Plus board is stacked on top of a PC/104 board, it is possible for the pins on the underside of the PCI connector to run into components on the lower board.
 * 2) Out of Spec Components and Connectors - The PC/104 specifications limit the height of components and connectors that may be placed on either side of the board.  A constrained height region is intended to guarantee that boards will not interfere with other neighbors stacked above or below.  However, it is not uncommon to find boards which violate these constraints.
 * 3) Heatsinks - The standard spacing between stacked PC/104 boards is 0.600 inches (15.24 mm).  Components with significant power consumption (CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs) often require a larger heatsink which does not fit within the traditional board spacing.  It is not uncommon to find PC/104 CPU boards with relatively large heatsinks that do not allow for peripheral boards to be stacked above it.  Later revisions of the PCI/104-Express and PCIe/104 specification introduced an optional taller 0.866 inch (22.00 mm) connector that is compatible with the traditional height connector.

The mechanical interference issues listed above can often be addressed with a Bus Spacer, which allows additional room between the boards. However, Bus Spacers increase overall stack height, and may not be suitable for space-constrained applications. It may also be possible to re-arrange the boards in the stack to remove the interference. Another option is to modify the offending boards to remove the interference (e.g. depopulate a connector), but this may require the vendor to supply a customized version of the board.

Potential compatibility issues
In theory, PC/104 boards are interoperable. It is possible to assemble a system using boards from several different vendors, subject to the fundamental Bus Structure compatibility issues listed above. However, compatibility issues sometimes appear.

 * PC/104 Keying Pins – the PC/104 specification defines two keying pins to prevent misalignment of the connector.  These pins are not to be populated on the connector.  However, some vendors do not utilize keyed PC/104 connectors.  The may cause issues when using boards from multiple vendors.  It is often possible to modify the non-keyed board by clipping the offending pins.
 * Required Power Supply Voltages – the PC/104 buses provide for several supply voltages (+5V, +3.3V, +12V, etc.).  Which voltages are actually used by a board is at the discretion of the board manufacturer.  Care must be taken to supply all of the voltages required for the boards in the stack.
 * Power Supply Contention – some boards will provide power on the stack (e.g. a CPU board).  This may conflict with a power supply in the stack.
 * PCI Signaling Levels – the PCI bus may operate at +3.3V or +5V signaling levels.  Some boards may expect one voltage, others may expect a different voltage.
 * PCI VIO Line – the VIO signal on the PCI bus is supposed to be driven by the CPU board.  However, some peripheral boards and power supplies drive this signal (in violation of the PCI specification).
 * ISA Bus with modern chipsets – the legacy ISA bus has been omitted from modern chipsets.  Newer CPU boards that provide an ISA bus often do so by utilizing an ISA bridge chip (either PCI-to-ISA or LPC-to-ISA).  In some cases, the ISA bus is not fully implemented, and compatibility issues may appear.
 * 4 Bus Masters – the PC/104-Plus and PCI-104 specifications did not originally allow for 4 sets of Grant/Request pairs on the PCI bus.  This was resolved in newer revisions of the specification.  However, older boards may have issue using DMA in the 3rd or 4th PCI slot position.

Software development
The majority of PC/104 CPU boards are x86 compatible, and are capable of running commercially available off-the-shelf PC software without modification. The standard PC I/O interfaces of a PC/104 system (Serial Ports, USB, Ethernet, VGA, etc.) are typically supported via the native drivers built into the operating system. Certain peripheral boards, such as data acquisition may require special drivers from the board manufacturer.

From a software development perspective, there is little difference between compiling software for a desktop PC or compiling for an x86 PC/104 stack. Software can be developed using standard x86 compilers (e.g. Visual Studio if the PC/104 system is running Windows). There is typically no need for specialized development tools, such as cross compilers, Board Support Packages, or JTAG debuggers. This is a significant departure from non-x86 embedded system platforms, which often require a development toolchain from the board manufacturer.

Non-x86 PC/104 CPU boards based on ARM or PowerPC are also commercially available. However, such boards are not capable of running off-the-shelf PC software. In these cases, a Board Support Package is usually provided by the manufacturer for the supported operating system(s).

Spelling variations and abbreviations
When printing "PC/104" or its variants, it is common for the forward slash or dashes to be omitted. PC/104 may be abbreviated as PC104, PCI-104 abbreviated as PCI104, etc. Additionally, it is common for PC/104-Plus to be abbreviated with a plus sign (e.g. PC104+). Such abbreviations are not officially recognized in any PC/104 Consortium specifications or literature, however they have been in use for some time.

Storage
PC/104 systems often require small, non-volatile storage, such as that afforded by compact flash and solid state disk (SSD) devices. These are often more popular than mechanical (rotating) hard drives. Compared to rotating disks, flash-based storage devices have limited lifetimes in terms of write cycles, but they are faster and draw less power. Additionally, their compactness and physical durability is often better-suited to rugged PC/104 applications; the size of magnetic hard drives can be cumbersome and their many delicate parts are more susceptible to failure in harsh environments.

title: PC/104


text:
Talk:Candy Candy

Incorrect Info
Some informations are incorrect. - Information is an uncountable noun. There is no such word as 'informations'.

The English used is extremely below par with awful grammar and syntax rendering it nonsensical.

There are also too many sources which have not been properly cited.

Most sources derive from acutely biased fan-fiction pages, blogs and other websites.

Candy Candy Manga was serialized on Nakayoshi in April of 1975, and ran until March 1979.

and the 115 episodes of TV Anime are aired begining September of 1976 to February of 1979.

which means TV show followed even before the Manga was completed.

Then the Anime was dubbed and aired in other countries in Asia almost right away, as early as 1977, and reached Latin America and Europe little bit later.

Candy Candy was never aired in English language, dispite the fact, or because of the fact it is story set in United States and England.
 * Actually there was an English dubbing for this series back in the 80s. But apparently it wasn't as popular as the original one, so it had been discontinued. I remember that because I used to have English version in Beta. HoneyBee

In France, the anime began airing in september 1978... around the same time as UFO Robot Grendizer, the other series that truly introduced France to Japanime (Before then, some Osamu Tezuka series like Prince Sapphire/Princess Knight and King Leo/Kimba the White Lion, had been aired, but those never rocked the general consensus that animation was kid stuff the way Candy and Grendizer (and later classics like Captain Harlock did) --Svartalf 10:06, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

The lastname アードレー should be Ardley (instead of Andrew). There is a book "DK Eyewitness Guides: Music" by Neil Ardley published in Japan as 楽器図鑑 by アードレー，ニール.

There are spoilers in the introduction: it states clearly how she's going to break up with both Anthony and Terry and how she end's up at the orphanage. Someone coming across this who is only halfway through the story would be pretty bummed out I imagine. How about moving the spoiler warning up, or rewriting the introduction? Ninja neko 20:03, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Candy versus Candice
Is Candy's full name Candice White, or just Candy White? I remember from my old comics that her official name was Candice, but everyone called her Candy. But since I've lost my copy, I only have my memory... So can anybody confirm this? Is there an official site or another resource we could use to check this? I searched around and found this:
 * ANN refers to her as Candice here
 * IMBD databases refers to her as Candice here
 * The Spanish Wikipedia article also uses Candice (but that info is not solid, since the article also states the anime was directed by Miyazaki...)
 * The Anime Academy review also uses Candice (maybe not that 'official', but they usually know their stuff)

Ninja neko 19:30, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not denying that Candice may be her birth name. I just feel dodgy about mentioning it too prominently, as it is seldom, if ever used in the series proper (I could not be sure, between not having the anime at hand for viewing, and the fact I was exposed to the imprecise and possibly altered French dubbed version). --Svartalf 09:10, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have the manga right in front of me. And the series also mentioned Candice name, at least in Japan and other dubbed languages. Her birth name is Candice, but she is known as Candy. It would be better if we put her real name in the beginning but for the rest of the article to mention the name 'Candy', just like Terry whose real name is Terrence.HoneyBee 01:09, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

When she is listed in the nurse exam results list her name is spell as 'Candis' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.195.163.146 (talk) 03:08, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

External Links = fan-spam?
There are too many fan fiction references. The entire article is biased and poorly written in terms of grammar and syntax.

All external links are fan sites! There are too many of them, and it seems like this article is used to attract visitors to these sites... Links are inserted at the top of the list so they would stand out more.

Could we replace them with more 'official' links, or weed them out and keep one or two important ones?

I'd do it myself but I'm not involved in the CandyCandy fan community, so I can't judge which fan sites are actually of importance... Ninja neko 17:16, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Keiko Nagita, is the official author of Candy Candy (which she wrote under the pen name Kyoto Mizuki) and that is the first link, therefore it should be considered the official link.

 * I went ahead and removed the abundance of fan sites, per WP:NOT. They are not very useful and contain a lot of copyrighted material (see this part of the official Wikipedia policy). I kept the author's site, and 2 links to ANN entries. Ninja neko 19:20, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

THe official author link arrived at a mistake message, or content not available message. So, I removed it Sweetsunray 18:06 30 November 2010 —Preceding undated comment added 17:06, 30 November 2010 (UTC).

Candy Candy in Australia
Just writing to inform the author that there were legitimate english language releases of at least one candy candy VHS here in Australia. I had the video as a child (rather my sister did) which we purchased from a supermarket (if memory serves correctly). This was probably fifteen years ago and my memory i very blurred and we certainly don't still have the video, but I thought it relevant to the article (and maybe of general interest to fans??).

I believe the it may have been one of the first episodes/films as it was based around Candy's attempts to be adopted and included a number of scenes with horses, as well as a scene where she had to rescued from a river.

13:39, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Candy is not sent to the stable because annie's ribbon is found. That happens after she is sent to the stable. Candy actually gets sent to the stable right after the dance.

Correct me if I'm wrong..
I've watched the Spanish version of "Candy Candy" and I'm almost sure the Ardlay's last name is pronounced "Andre" in Spanish. Am I going deaf? Eenyminy 00:58, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

-- Not you, but probably the latin/spanish translators were confused about the pronunciation, for example, in the same spanish version the Leagans are called Reagans towards the end of the series. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.195.163.146 (talk) 03:06, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
 * They are called Ardlay in Spanish (according to the Spanish article) but their name was changed to "André" in the French version. Mezigue (talk) 13:04, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Film
When I was living in Italy between 1979 and 1981 I saw one of the films. It might no have been on general release in Italy but it was released in Italian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emptyart (talk • contribs) 17:39, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

plot?
i don't know the manga/book/product. i ended up here from a facebook friend that said she was a fan. i wanted to find out more: the article does not achieve this purpose. After having read it all, i am at loss regarding what "Candy" is all about. You need a more informative plot description other than "it's all about love" of whatever horse home was mentioned there. It simply makes no sense to people without prior knowledge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.83.234.10 (talk) 11:32, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

The plot synopsis was altered to mention characters that solely exist in the anime: Clynn for example is a pure anime character, but does not exist in the manga or novel. Tom is only mentioned in the manga at the start, but plays little or no part later on. Ages differ for events as well up to the aoption by the Ardleys. I suggest that these detail characters are left out of the synopsis. sweetsunray (talk) 20:48, 6 December 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.11.245.78 (talk)

Candy Candy plot
The various translations of this story are misleading and profoundly inaccurate. The same issue of inaccuracy applies to the case of the anime and the manga. The only original and authentic story is the Japanese novel (novelised manga) by Keiko Nagita and the Japanese manga by Yumiko Igarashi. The anime is different from the original novel as well as the original manga. The further translations to the anime, however, have added even further to the intense level of inaccuracy.

Just to add that in the final story. Suzanne Marlow dies and Terence writes to Candy and tells her that nothing has changed with him. Leaving room for a possible reunion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.3.43.243 (talk) 10:48, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

In English?
Was this ever released in English? Who owns the publishing rights? I'm thinking of begging them for an English release but I'm not sure who to ask... It's a great classic and I'd love to (legally!) get hands on it. Tabbycatlove (talk) 23:15, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Candy Candy


text:
User talk:Csaw

Good work!
Just wanted to say that I like the work that you've done to the Bottled water article, it reads much better now. -- Joolz 19:45, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Csaw


text:
Lutheran Book of Worship

The Lutheran Book of Worship (LBW) is a worship book and hymnal published in 1978 and was authorized for use by several Lutheran denominations in North America, including predecessors of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada. The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod was initially involved in the hymnal's development but officially withdrew.

Additional hymns and service music are contained in the companions Hymnal Supplement 1991 and With One Voice (WOV). A successor was published in 2006 titled Evangelical Lutheran Worship, although Lutheran Book of Worship remains in use by some congregations.

The LBW is sometimes called the "green book", as opposed to With One Voice, which is bound in blue, or the older Service Book and Hymnal and The Lutheran Hymnal, which were bound in red.

History
When Lutheran churches were first established in North America, the immigrants from Germany, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and other non-English-speaking countries retained services in their native languages. However, as the children and grandchildren of these immigrants began speaking English in their everyday lives and the various Lutheran denominations began uniting, many felt that the North American Lutheran churches needed a common English-language liturgy and hymns. Although the eighteenth-century missionary Henry Melchior Muhlenberg had hoped for the day when Lutherans would be "one church [with] one book", it was not until the 1888 "Common Service" that a majority of English-speaking Lutherans in North America began to use the same texts for worship, albeit with minor adaptations. (Senn, 584–591.) The "Common Liturgy" included in the 1958 Service Book and Hymnal was a major revision of the "Common Service", and introduced a Eucharistic Prayer into American Lutheran usage. Culto Cristiano, a 1964 service book, attempted to offer a unified liturgy for Spanish-speaking Lutherans.

The process leading to the publication of the LBW was started in 1965 when the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) invited other North American Lutheran denominations to join it to work on a common service book. Together with the LCMS, the Lutheran Church in America, the American Lutheran Church, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Canada formed the Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship to undertake this project. The commission conducted its work through four sub-committees: Liturgical Text Committee, Liturgical Music Committee, Hymn Text Committee, Hymn Music Committee. The work of the committees was validated via provisional liturgical and hymn materials, questionnaires, conferences, and dialogs. The Rev. Dr. Eugene Brand was named project director for the development work and The Rev. Leonard Flachman was named publishers' representative and managing editor. The LBW was published in 1978. The LCMS pulled out of the ILCW just prior to the publication of the LBW, but having been a participant in the development of the materials its name appears on the title page. The LCMS published its own hymnal, Lutheran Worship (LW), in 1982. Although the LW liturgies are very similar to those in the LBW, there are differences which reflect differing theologies. For example, LW lacks the option for a Eucharistic Prayer.

The Lutheran Book of Worship has remained in service for more than forty years. There are a couple reasons for that longevity. The first is the careful, forward-looking, inclusive work of the ILCW and the four subcommittees. The second is the careful work done by the staff of Augsburg Publishing House in selecting and testing the materials with which the book was manufactured; the books did not wear out.

The first printing of the LBW was one million copies and required 19 semi-trailers to carry the book from the printer to 14 distribution points around the United States.

While it is in its twenty-seventh printing and widely used by the ELCA and the ELCIC, the LBW was replaced in October 2006 as the primary worship resource in the two denominations by Evangelical Lutheran Worship. The new book is intended to reflect the changing demographic of the church bodies and the subsequent changes in language and ritual practice.

title: Lutheran Book of Worship


text:
Powderhorn Park, Minneapolis

Powderhorn Park is a neighborhood within the larger Powderhorn community of Minneapolis. The neighborhood is located approximately three miles south of downtown and is bordered by East Lake Street to the north, Cedar Avenue to the east, East 38th Street to the south, and Chicago Avenue to the west. Its namesake is the city's Powderhorn Park facility in the northwestern part of the neighborhood around Powderhorn Lake.

History
Developed mainly between 1905 and 1920, it is a residential area consisting of single-family homes, duplexes, and three-story brick apartment buildings.

The neighborhood is in Minneapolis City Council Ward 9, currently represented by Jason Chavez.

In 2009, a group of residents started the Powderhorn365 program that documents the day-to-day life of the neighborhood, through a daily photograph from the neighborhood.

On May 25, 2020, the neighborhood was the site of the murder of George Floyd. In response, residents of the neighborhood have vowed not to call the police; "doing so, they believed, would add to the pain that black residents of Minneapolis were feeling and could put them in danger." Protesters converted the 38th and Chicago intersection into George Floyd Square, an occupation protest and memorial site for George Floyd that persisted into 2021.

Demographics
Approximately 8,500 people live in Powderhorn Park, down from about 9,000 in 2000. Since 2000, the proportion of residents who are non-Hispanic whites has increased to nearly 50%. Hispanic or Latinos of any race are 30% of the population. Along Lake Street, there are numerous Hispanic and African-American-owned businesses. Around 28% of residents speak a language other than English at home, and 16% are foreign-born residents.

Park
The Powderhorn Park neighborhood is named for the park in its center, run by the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board. The name Powderhorn initially comes from Powderhorn Lake, which was curved in a powder horn shape until the mid-1920s, when its northern arm was filled. The park and lake are used as the setting for the last act in the city's annual May Day parade.

An encampment for people experiencing homelessness emerged at the park in mid-2020 as a result of civil disorder in the aftermath of George Floyd's murder. The Powderhorn Park encampment was considered the largest in the history of the Twin Cities metropolitan history.

Notable residents

 * Alison Bechdel, cartoonist
 * Peter Gross, comic book artist and writer

title: Powderhorn Park, Minneapolis


text:
User talk:Hypergirl~enwiki

OKay hey peeps! This Courtney Rose here, I'm new but I can be cool once you get to know me. Just have to give me a chance. I love to watch scary movies (not PG13 how lame!) I also play sports (even football)and I love to hang out and just talk with friends. Well, I suppose that's all for now. TTYL.

Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hypergirl~enwiki


text:
User:Abögarp

Hola! I´m a Mexican wikipedian.

States in the world i have visited: 🇨🇳 🇮🇳 🇶🇦 🇫🇷 🇲🇨 🇬🇮 🇮🇹 🇪🇸 🇩🇪 🇬🇧 🇧🇪 🇻🇦 🇹🇷 🇬🇷 🇳🇴 🇸🇪 🇫🇮 🇱🇻 🇷🇺 🇩🇰 🇨🇦 🇺🇸 🇦🇷 🇵🇪  🇺🇾 🇧🇷 🇲🇽

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title: User:Abögarp


text:
User talk:Equity

Welcome to my talk page! equity 19:53, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Equity