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Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game

Middle Earth Strategy Battle Game, previously marketed as The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey Strategy Battle Game, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Strategy Battle Game and The Hobbit: The Battle of Five Armies Strategy Battle Game is a tabletop miniature wargame produced by Games Workshop. It is based on The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies directed by Peter Jackson, and the books that inspired them, written by J. R. R. Tolkien.

The game was initially released in 2001 to coincide in with the film The Fellowship of the Ring. New box sets with updated rules were also released for The Two Towers and The Return of the King films. Later, beginning with the Shadow and Flame supplement, Games Workshop began to add content that was featured in the original book but not in the film adaptations: e.g. Tom Bombadil and Glorfindel. Games Workshop has also expanded its licence with original material on areas such as Harad and Khand, with mixed reactions. Another complete edition of the rules, often called The One Rulebook to Rule them All, was released by Games Workshop in September 2005, while a compact edition entitled The Mines of Moria was also released. This was superseded by a new rule book in 2018, called simply Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game Rules Manual. This new rule book combined the original LotR SBG and Hobbit SBG into one cohesive, cross compatible rule set. In early 2009, Games Workshop also released an expansion to the original game called War of the Ring which, according to the company, allows players to emulate the large battles included in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings by streamlining the game system. This expansion differs from the main game in several ways. Firstly, War of the Ring uses a larger number of models but the models are placed on movement trays with two cavalry models or eight infantry models on each. This allows for much easier and quicker movement of large numbers of models at once. These are called "companies". Larger creatures such as Ents and Trolls are treated as separate models and do not use movement trays. Combat within the game is also treated differently. In the original game players both roll dice to determine who wins the fight and then the victor rolls to see how much damage is done. In War of the Ring only dice to determine damage are rolled. Also, in War of the Ring, heroes are treated more like upgrades for their company rather than individual models, as they are in the original game. In addition to gaming, The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game includes other common elements of the miniature wargaming hobby. These include the collecting, painting and conversion of miniature figures used in play, as well as the modelling of gaming terrain from scratch. These aspects of the hobby are covered in Games Workshop's monthly White Dwarf and on various gaming websites, as well as formerly in the fortnightly Battle Games in Middle-earth.

In 2015 Forge World, a division of Games Workshop focused on specialist resin miniatures and conversion kits as well as the Specialist Games ranges, assumed production of The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game and all supplements.

Background
In the 1980s, Games Workshop produced a range of miniatures for The Lord of the Rings, using original character designs based on fantasy art popular of the time. This was the first range of Lord of the Rings miniatures that Citadel created, taking over from Grenadier Miniatures in 1985, before the licence passed to Mithril Miniatures around 1987. The earliest releases were semi-solid base, having a small solid base; later releases were slot based.

Current licensing
The current Lord of the Rings range stems from Games Workshop's rights to produce a skirmish war game based on The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit books and films, in the 25mm miniature scale. (The rights to produce a role playing game version of the films were sold to another firm, Decipher, Inc.) They also have the rights to produce Battle of Five Armies, a game based on the battle of similar name from The Hobbit, using smaller miniatures to enact larger battles (more akin to the Warmaster system). Under this separate licence, the game was done using a 10 mm scale for the normal warriors, and a larger "heroic" scale for the named characters.

Games Workshop has not acquired the rights to The Silmarillion, which is still the exclusive property of the Tolkien Estate, but has the right to develop its own derivative intellectual property to fill in the gaps in The Lord of the Rings universe. This is particularly true of Harad, which has a range of invented places (such as "Kârna", "Badharkân", "Hidâr", "Nâfarat", "Abrakân", and "Dhâran-sar" ) and characters (such as the Hasharin and "Dalamyr, Fleetmaster of Umbar" ).

Designers and Peter Jackson
Four of the game's designers were in the extended Return of the King film as Rohirrim at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields: Alessio Cavatore, Brian Nelson, and Alan and Michael Perry. They can be seen near the Oliphaunt when Peregrin Took goes searching for Meriadoc Brandybuck among the debris from the battle, and are also on the base of Games Workshop's Mûmak miniature. Games Workshop created two miniatures of Peter Jackson, based on his appearance as a Breeland man during the Fellowship of the Ring: one is owned by the director, and the other is kept on display at Warhammer World in England. Games Workshop has also released a model of Peter Jackson as one of the Corsairs of Umbar from The Return of the King.

Collectors
Similar to Warhammer Fantasy Battle players, Lord of the Rings players commonly collect and paint one army (or more) of their choice and find opponents (with similarly collected armies) to play against. Armies can be built up from through the purchase of boxed sets (usually having 10 or 12 plastic miniatures in each) or "blister packs" (usually containing no more than four finely detailed metal or resin miniatures) to build up a reasonable-sized fighting force. Others simply collect the miniatures because they like the way they look. One popular way of collecting was through Battle Games in Middle-earth — a De Agostini magazine that came with one or more free miniatures (some of which were initially exclusive to the publication) and contained detailed hobby guides.

As such, there are a wide variety of miniatures in the ever-growing range, including promotional miniatures, such as "Gimli on Dead Uruk-hai". Games Workshop began to discontinue some of their metal miniatures, so that they could replace them with plastic miniatures. However, there was much complaint when they retired the popular "Boromir Captain of the White Tower" miniature, and it was later brought back into production.

There are a large number of differences from Warhammer in The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, which makes it unique and more realistic, accounting for its popularity as Games Workshop's third core system.

Modellers
Since the models are hand-painted and assembled by the player, players are often encouraged to design their own paint schemes, such as colouring them differently and so on, as well as using the pre-designed ones displayed in the various books. They are also encouraged to further modify their miniatures using parts from other kits and models (known as "Bitz" to players), modelling putty, or whatever the modeller can scrounge up. These conversions are often entered into contests at sponsored tournaments and similar gaming events, such as the Golden Demon or the One Ring Awards.

Terrain is a very important part of play. Though Games Workshop makes terrain kits available, many hobbyists prefer to make their own elaborate and unique set pieces. Common household items and hobby materials such as balsa wood, cardboard, and polystyrene can be transformed into ruins from the Second Age, woodland terrain, or the rocky wild of Middle-earth with the addition of plastic card, putty, and a bit of patience and skill.

Dioramas, often depicting scenes from the film and books, bring terrain and conversion skills together. However, due to the licensing agreements between New Line Cinema and Games Workshop, pieces of models for the Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game are not allowed to be combined with other model lines for official tournaments or conversion awards. The same is true for pieces from other manufacturers.

History and overview of rulesets

, the rules for the Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game were in their fourth edition. The first three editions of the rulebooks were released with The Lord of the Rings films, but Games Workshop used the magazine White Dwarf and various supplements to "go beyond what is presented in the films of The Lord of the Rings and delve into the rich material of J. R. R. Tolkien's books." The fourth edition, The One Rulebook to Rule them All, contained the entire set of rules updated and presented in a single large volume, including those of previous supplements. The three older editions were re-released in updated supplements, while the compact Mines of Moria edition contains the updated rules only for what was shown in the films. In February 2012, preceding the release of The Hobbit movies, all of the characteristic profiles from the old sourcebooks and White Dwarf were condensed in 5 sourcebooks: Mordor, The Fallen Realms, Moria & Angmar, Kingdoms of Men, and The Free Peoples. These also contain minor edits to the rules as written in The One Rulebook to Rule them All. For around a decade, this remained the core rules system, with only minor changes through various supplements.

With the release of The Hobbit trilogy of films, the game was rebranded, a new rulebook with various changes was released, and supplements tying in to each of the films were released. The Hobbit theme performed less well than expected, reaching nowhere near the peak popularity seen during the original Lord of the Rings trilogy release, when the game had been Games Workshop's most valuable property. The game gradually received less and less attention from Games Workshop as profits and interest dwindled.

After this period of decline, Games Workshop unexpectedly announced a revival of the game. A third rebrand, to no longer focus on The Hobbit, took place. The rules were reworked and republished in a new edition in 2018 (effectively the 5th edition), and all the profiles of all models were revised and collected in two books: Armies of The Lord of the Rings and Armies of The Hobbit, uniting the older and newer ranges of miniatures into the same system. A new starter box set, based on the climactic Battle of Pelennor Fields from The Return of the King, was designed and heavily promoted. This ushered in a new era for the game, with further, scenario-focused supplements following, significantly increased interest in the game, greater coverage of the game by Games Workshop, and cyclical rereleases of out-of-production miniatures. As of 2022, the revived form of the game is healthy and well-supported, though remains niche in comparison to Games Workshop's titans of Warhammer and Warhammer 40,000.

Below is a list of all official editions of rulebooks and supplements released:

For materials done under the previous iteration of the rules, there exist errata and FAQ files, to ensure potential rules conflicts between editions are resolved universally.

In addition to the official rulesets, Games Workshop has also encouraged the writing of unofficial "house rules" by wargamers. As such, there have been a number of unofficial fan supplements and other supplementary material on the internet; the most notable of which was The Age of the King, made by The One Ring. Although some of its subject matter was later covered by official rulesets, it is still considered "the benchmark against which all others are measured". In many cases, supplements are written for areas where Games Workshop's licence does not extend, such as The Silmarillion.

Legions of Middle-earth
, Games Workshop released a new expansion entitled Legions of Middle-earth, centering on theming and army building. It is not a supplement or rulebook, as it contains no rules; instead, it provides army lists for players to theme their forces around, and scenarios which are designed to work in conjunction with them. However, Games Workshop also released supplement summaries online in conjunction with Legions of Middle-earth, so effectively a player only requires Legions of Middle-earth and the main rulebook in order to use the rules of the supplements. According to one review, the army lists would transform the game "from what has essentially been a scenario-based game that appealed mostly to collectors to a genuine tournament-compatible game system," although in this it "could have been a little bit more restrictive." Some of the miniatures for the point values listed have not yet been released; in this way, the book was not to become obsolete with future releases for some time.

Variants and derived games
All at Sea is an adaptation of the rules for naval conflicts. The official rules were a modified version of the Warhammer Boat rules, adapted by Nick Davis and first presented in Games Workshop's White Dwarf magazine (US issue 295). The game's mechanics centred on boarding parties, with options for ramming actions and naval artillery in the form of ballistae and other siege engines. Model ships are built by hobbyists, just as normal miniature terrain, such as "great ships" of Pelargir, cogs of Dol Amroth and Corsair galleys.

Game systems
The standard game is played with two or more armies on a board generally 4 feet long and 4 feet wide (16 square feet, or 1.486 square meters), usually deployed within 6 inches of opposite board edges. Similar to Warhammer Fantasy, the game uses a "points-system" to assign values to each miniature, allowing players to ensure that their armies are evenly matched. The game is primarily a skirmish game, but can be played in varying scale:
 * Scenario - These are based on an event in the book or film, and the armies are predetermined and fought using Special Scenario-specific Rules.
 * Points Match - These are played between two forces of equal size, generally of 500 Points each (which is usually no more than 50 miniatures per side).
 * War Party - This is a stricter form of the Points Match, using forces of no more than 250 Points.
 * Battle Company - This is an experience-based system which is played out with no more than 25 miniatures.

The turn-system game was played using four phases originally, but is now played using five under the current rules:
 * Priority Phase - The players roll dice to see who gets to take their Turn first.
 * Move Phase - The players move their miniatures (to a maximum distance that is usually 6 inches). "Magic" (e.g. "Compel") is also used during this phase.
 * Shoot Phase - Missile-armed miniatures can shoot.
 * Fight Phase - Dice are rolled for each group of miniatures in base contact with each other to see which wins the combat.
 * End Phase - Reinforcements arrive, as well as general book-keeping

While the game is designed usually for play by only two players (as the force lists are divided into "Good" and "Evil"), very large battles (generally with more than 100 models each side) become easier to manage with multiple players working together on teams.

Troop types
There are two types of troops: Warriors and Heroes. Heroes have characteristics which set them apart from the Warriors they lead, and can be named or unnamed characters: Aragorn, Frodo, Captains, etc. Warriors are the core of the army: Warriors of Harad, Riders of Rohan, Men of Gondor, etc. Each army must be either Good or Evil, and can only include miniatures from that side (each model is named in the rules as being either Good or Evil).

Online community
Prior to the closure of Games Workshop's official forum in November 2006, the site had 3000 forum posts per day and well over 300,000 registered users. Since then, the online community has moved onto a large number of unofficial websites and forums for Lord of the Rings players, many of which were already in existence before the closure of Games Workshop's forums: these include "The Last Alliance", with over 6400 registered members (rebuilt in 2009 due to the host deleting their server for financial reasons), "The One-Ring", with over 5000, and "The Palantir", with over 2400 members. Collectively, the members of these websites have produced high-quality articles for the public, namely on The One-Ring, whose acceptance standards are very high, in greater quantity than on the official site, and White Dwarf has commented on the community as having a "huge wealth of material".

On 1 June 2005, Games Workshop launched their annual UK-based Worldwide Campaign under the name "The War of the Ring Online Campaign", featuring The Lord of the Rings for the first time. The campaign was deemed "a fantastic rollercoaster", with 3007 registered participants. Games Workshop also introduced the "Wrath of Umbar Roadshow", with custom-built Corsair models and gaming boards being brought to various cities in the United Kingdom. When the campaign formally ended on 8 September, Good emerged the victor. The combined total of the 14 weeks was 27,239 recorded wargames. The forum closed shortly after, giving way to a smaller Canada-based campaign with the same name.

Hobby websites have been key in organising sides in the Worldwide Campaigns, and indeed in creating their own campaigns and competitions, such as the "Campaign of LoTRs", a collaboration between the two websites "The Dark Council" and "Cheeseweb".

Another notable side of the community is the influence of its reaction to the company's products: many Tolkien purists, for example, reacted against the company's rendition of the Swan Knights of Dol Amroth, with some choosing to convert their own, impacting the hobby and the sales of the products. When Games Workshop subsequently showed the planned release of the Men-at-Arms of Dol Amroth, it was suggested that they had taken the response of the community into account.

Reviews

 * Envoyer #63

title: Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game


text:
Ministry of Labour (Ontario)

The Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development is responsible for labour issues in the Canadian province of Ontario.

The Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development and its agencies are responsible for employment equity and rights, occupational health and safety, labour relations, and supporting apprenticeships, the skilled trades, and industry training. The ministry's three program responsibilities are delivered from a head office in Toronto and 19 offices organized around four regions, centred in Ottawa, Hamilton, Sudbury and Toronto. As well, the ministry oversees the work of eight specialized agencies.

The current minister of labour, immigration, training and skills development is David Piccini.

History
The Province entered the field in 1882 with the creation of the Bureau of Industries, which was attached to the Department of the Commissioner of Agriculture. In 1900, it was transferred to the Department of the Commissioner of Public Works and renamed as the Bureau of Labour, which subsequently became the Trades and Labour Branch in 1916.

In 1919, the Conservative government of William Howard Hearst secured passage of an Act to raise the Branch into a Cabinet-level department to be known as the Department of Labour. Finlay MacDiarmid, the Minister of Public Works, was appointed the first Minister of Labour as well, but the first full-time minister was Walter Rollo of the Independent Labour Party in the government of E.C. Drury that took office after the Conservative defeat in the 1919 general election.

In 1972, as part of a general reorganization of departments initiated by the government of Bill Davis, the department was renamed the Ministry of Labour.

In 2019, the Ministry of Labour changed its name to Ministry of Labour, Training and Skills Development to reflect its expanding mandate of training, apprenticeships and Employment Ontario.

Following the 2022 provincial election, the ministry was renamed to Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development.

List of ministers
Minister of Labour Minister of Labour, Training and Skills Development Minister of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development
 * Walter Rollo, 1919–1923
 * Forbes Elliott Godfrey, 1923–1930
 * Joseph Dunsmore Monteith, 1930–1934
 * John Morrow Robb, 1934 (January–July)
 * Mitchell Frederick Hepburn, 1937 (April–October)
 * Norman Otto Hipel, 1938–1941
 * Charles Daley, 1943–1961
 * Bill Warrender, 1961–1962
 * Leslie Rowntree, 1962–1966
 * Dalton Bales, 1966–1971
 * Gordon Carton, 1971–1972
 * Fernand Guindon, 1972–1974
 * John Palmer MacBeth, 1974–1975
 * Bette Stephenson, 1975–1978
 * Robert Elgie, 1978–1982
 * Russ Ramsay, 1982–1985
 * Robert Elgie, 1985 (May–June)
 * Bill Wrye, 1985–1989
 * Greg Sorbara, 1987–1989
 * Gerry Phillips, 1989–1990
 * Bob Mackenzie, 1990–1994
 * Shirley Coppen, 1994–1995
 * Elizabeth Witmer, 1995–1997
 * Jim Flaherty, 1997–1999
 * Chris Stockwell, 1999–2002
 * Brad Clark, 2002–2003
 * Chris Bentley, 2003–2005
 * Steve Peters, 2005–2007
 * Brad Duguid, 2007–2008
 * Peter Fonseca, 2008–2010
 * Charles Sousa, 2010–2011
 * Linda Jeffrey, 2011–2013
 * Yasir Naqvi, 2013–2014
 * Kevin Flynn, 2014–2018
 * Laurie Scott, 2018-2019
 * Monte McNaughton, 2019
 * Monte McNaughton, 2019–2022

 * Monte McNaughton, 2022-2023
 * David Piccini, 2023-present

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ministry of Labour (Ontario)


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Ashford International railway station

Ashford International railway station is a National Rail station in Ashford, Kent, England. It connects several railway lines, including High Speed 1 and the South Eastern Main Line. Services are operated by Southeastern and Southern.

The station opened in 1842 as Ashford by the South Eastern Railway (SER) as a temporary terminus of the line from London to Dover via Croydon. Connections to Folkestone, Canterbury and Hastings opened within ten years. It was renamed Ashford (Kent) in 1923. There have been two significant rebuilds; in the 1960s for the South Eastern Main Line electrification, and to accommodate international services in the 1990s. The station was renamed as Ashford International in 1996. International services were reduced following the completion of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link and the opening of Ebbsfleet International in 2007, but were partially restored before being suspended indefinitely in 2020. Domestic services along High Speed 1 to St Pancras have been running since 2009.

Location and services
The station is to the southeast of the town centre at the convergence of several important lines. These are High Speed 1 from London St Pancras International to the Channel Tunnel, the South Eastern Main Line from London Charing Cross to Dover Priory, the Maidstone line from London Victoria via Maidstone East, the Ashford to Ramsgate line via Canterbury West and the Marshlink line to Hastings. It is 56 mi down the line from Charing Cross (via Chelsfield) and 59 mi from Victoria (via Herne Hill). While all tracks are electrified with 750 V DC third rail, platforms 3 to 6 are also electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead lines.

The station has six platforms. Eurostar trains have previously used platforms 3 and 4, while domestic trains use the original platforms 1 and 2, and a new island platform (numbered 5 and 6) built by British Rail when the Channel Tunnel opened. The Eurostar platforms have bilingual signs, in both French and English. The domestic terminal to the north of the tracks and the international terminal to the south are connected by a subway which has access to the platforms; access to the international trains on platforms 3 and 4 is only possible through an overbridge from the international terminal. The local bus stops and taxi ranks are at the entrance to the domestic terminal.

There are ticket office windows in the domestic booking hall, as well as ticket vending machines. There has been a domestic ticket office window in the Eurostar station, staffed during morning peak only. The international ticket counter in the Eurostar station was only staffed for part of the day. The international terminal is connected to a multi-storey car park by a footbridge, while other parking facilities are adjacent to the domestic entrance.

South Eastern Railway
The station was built by the South Eastern Railway (SER) and planned during the initial Railway Mania as a stop between Croydon and Dover. A special train from London Bridge ran on 28 November 1842, and the station formally opened on 1 December, along with the rest of the line from Redhill. The journey from London to Ashford could now be made in three and a half hours. A more direct route was ruled out by Parliament, who felt that more than one railway south of London was undesirable.

The original station consisted of two platforms with two through lines, along with wooden buildings. The line ended at Ashford until the extension to Folkestone opened on 28 June 1843. A connection to Canterbury West was authorised on 23 May 1844, and opened on 6 February 1846. The Marshlink line connection to Hastings opened on 13 February 1851, after several false starts owing to problems with constructing the line and rivalry with other lines. The station became known sometimes as Ashford Junction.

The Ashford railway works was established in 1847, on a site to the east of the station and the River Stour. The first locomotive, known as the "Coffee Pot" for its unusual vertical boiler, was designed there the following year and constructed in 1850. It remained in service until 1861. The works led to the creation of Alfred Town, later known at New Town which is now an Ashford suburb.

Another station, Ashford West, was opened by the rival London, Chatham & Dover Railway (LCDR) on 1 July 1884 for services via Maidstone East to London. It was based to the southwest of the town centre, adjacent to the cattle market. A link from the LCDR line to the SER station opened on 1 November 1891.

South Eastern and Chatham Railway
On 1 January 1899, as part of the formation of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), passenger services were diverted to the former SER station and Ashford West closed. At the same time, the track was modified to give six separate approaches into the station, so that trains could pull up simultaneously. The complete Ashford West station, including buildings and platforms, were converted into a works for cleaning cloths used in locomotive cleaning. Over a million were processed annually, with the reclaimed oil being re-used in the lubrication of points and point rodding. The platform canopies survived to the 1930s, while the station site was largely intact as of 1985, with the main station building still standing in 1994. The station buildings were demolished in 1999 for the construction of High Speed 1.

In November 1904, the SECR agreed to a £47,000 rebuilding of the scheme in order to accommodate Maidstone traffic, which included removing a cattle dock so trains would not have to run on part of the South Eastern Main Line. The work was completed in 1907. Further resignalling work continued into the next year.

Southern Railway
The station became part of the Southern Railway (SR) during the grouping of 1923. It was renamed to Ashford (Kent) on 9 July to avoid confusion with Ashford (Middlesex) railway station. Ashford became the main works depot in the south east after the SR reduced the works at Brighton to repairs-only in 1928. Steam locomotive construction was discontinued in 1936, though repair work continued to take place.

British Rail
The station passed on to the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. It was rebuilt in the early 1960s as part of the "Kent Coast Electrification – Stage 2" stage of the British Railways Modernisation Plan to accommodate electrification of most lines entering the station. Electric services began to be used on the South Eastern Main Line on 12 June 1961, and on the Maidstone line on 9 October. The two bay platforms were demolished and replaced by two island platforms. This required the demolition and rebuilding of the Station Road / Beaver Road bridge immediately to the west. Ashford's four signal boxes were replaced by a single control centre on 29 April 1962. The main station buildings on either side of the line were replaced between 1963 and 1966 by a footbridge including a booking hall, newsagent and catering facilities. The new scheme was the design of the Southern Region Architect, Nigel Wikeley. Although most of the original station was demolished during this rebuild, two substantial platform canopies dating from the SECR era were retained, although the original wooden valences were covered by asbestos. At the same time, the mechanical signalling system, consisting of five lever-operated boxes, was replaced with an all-electric system, coming into service on 29 April 1962.

When sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s by British Rail, the station was served by Network SouthEast until privatisation. In 1984, the track layout at the station was simplified, restricting the Maidstone and Canterbury West connections to the north of the track layout, and the Marshlink line to the south. This allowed the speed limit through the station to be increased to 85 mph.

International station
The station was rebuilt as Ashford International to serve trains to mainland Europe. Construction was planned to begin in 1991 but delayed owing to a lack of government approval. It was planned as a partial park and ride side, catering for up to 2,000 vehicles, and as a means of regenerating the town. Work started on the rebuilding in June 1994 and continued for 18 months. The project was designed by the British Rail Architecture and Design Group, and was inspired by the Maison de Verre, Paris. Two new platforms were built to the north of the station, with the original down island platform taken over by international services. The total cost of the work was £80 million. The platforms reallocated for international services needed to be lengthened to 412 m in order to accommodate the 392 m British Rail Class 373 trains used by Eurostar.

To segregate passengers from domestic and international services, a dedicated entrance from the ticket barrier to the platforms was built. This included a separate departure lounge that could accommodate up to 800 passengers. A multistorey car park was built, connecting to the international end of the station via a footbridge.

The rebuilt station opened for international services on 8 January 1996, with the first stop being the 06:19 service from Waterloo. The station was formally renamed Ashford International on 28 February. When phase 1 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link was completed in 2003, a dedicated fast line was built allowing through trains to bypass the station via a 1.5 km tunnel and a 1.4 km viaduct.

Before the completion of High Speed 1 in November 2007, twelve Eurostar trains a day called at Ashford, seven heading to Paris and five to Brussels. However, after the opening of Ebbsfleet International, this was reduced to three trains to/from Paris, and a daily service to Disneyland Paris. Eurostar defended the reduction, saying stopping at Ashford International added 8 minutes to journey times and required 25 people joining the train there to make it economically viable. A petition to reinstate services gathered 11,000 signatures. A single direct train in each direction to Brussels was reinstated in 2009, following campaigning from Kent County Council and Ashford Borough Council. This was expanded the following year to allow direct services between Ashford, Lille and Brussels-South on weekends, making day trips to European cities from Ashford possible. In May 2015, a service to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon began running up to five times a week.

In 2018, it was announced that the international platforms would undergo a £10m refurbishment to make them compatible with Eurostar's units, branded as Eurostar e320, as well as to allow other operators to use the station. The first Eurostar e320 stopped at Ashford on 3 April, with the Secretary of State for Transport, Chris Grayling, and the MP for Ashford, Damian Green, on board. No other e320s stopped at Ashford International because of a technical fault until January 2020.

Closure
In September 2020, Eurostar announced that due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent collapse in ticket revenue (down by 90%), both Ebbsfleet and Ashford International stations would not be served by Eurostar services until at least 2022. In September 2021, Eurostar confirmed that services would not resume until 2023, despite complaints by local politicians that this was "bad for Kent". Eurostar stated that they will resume services when commercially sensible to do so, as they will initially "focus on destinations where demand is highest". A further update in August 2022 confirmed that the station (along with Ebbsfleet International) would likely not open until at least 2025. Additional processing work caused by Brexit has also contributed to suspension of services. At the start of 2024, Eurostar re-iterated services would not run from Ashford for the entire year, with the following year to be reviewed at a later date.

In 2022, the Members of Parliament for Ashford and Dartford, Damian Green and Gareth Johnson, met with Eurostar's CEO to persuade re-starting services, but described the meeting as "frustrating". The Transport Minister, Huw Merriman was a regular Eurostar passenger and supported their positions. Local residents have complained that the stopping of international services has harmed Ashford and caused decline in the local area. In 2023, the Bring Back Eurostar Group was formed, campaigning to reintroduce the services. A related petition attracted 23,000 signatures by June, and 36,000 by October. Local councillor Derek Murphy said they were attempting to lobby the British Embassy in Paris and Brussels for a change.

Domestic services
In 2007, a new maintenance depot, operated by Hitachi, opened to the northeast of the station, alongside the Canterbury West branch. A high-speed domestic service, operated by Southeastern to London St Pancras via Ebbsfleet International and Stratford International, began with a trial service in June 2009. A test train running at up to 140 mph covered the distance between Ashford International and St Pancras in 29 minutes. A full service began in December 2009, which has allowed Ashford to become a commuter town for London.

In 2018, Thameslink announced services from London Bridge to Ashford International via Swanley, Otford and Maidstone East. These plans were put on hold, and then abandoned following the steep decline in rail traffic as a result of COVID lockdown.

Southern
The Marshlink line from Ashford International to Ore is one of the few in the south east that has not yet been electrified, and is mostly single track beyond Appledore, which limits capacity. In May 2018, Southern announced the direct service from Ashford International to Brighton via Eastbourne would be discontinued and cut back to Eastbourne. The company wanted to cancel the service for some time, as it would allow them to add additional capacity between Eastbourne and Hastings, but had repeatedly faced objections from councillors along the line, including at Lewes.

Future
Because Ashford International connects High Speed 1 to the Marshlink line, it creates potential for a fast service from St Pancras to Hastings and Eastbourne. In November 2017, the Secretary of State for Transport, Chris Grayling, proposed a modification of the track layout at Ashford International to accommodate such a service. The scheme was supported by Amber Rudd, a former Hastings MP.

To connect the two lines, the junction at the west end of the station would need to be rebuilt, with 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead wires being installed along platform 2. This would relieve pressure from platforms 5 and 6, which currently handle all High Speed 1 domestic services. In 2018, a spokesman for Network Rail said remodelling the station could be complete by 2022.

Domestic
Domestic services at Ashford International are operated by Southeastern and Southern using, and  EMUs by the former and  DMUs by the latter.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London St Pancras International
 * 2 tph to London Charing Cross via Tonbridge
 * 1 tph to London Victoria via Maidstone East
 * 1 tph to Dover Priory
 * 1 tph to Ramsgate via Dover Priory and Deal
 * 1 tph to Ramsgate via Canterbury West
 * 1 tph to Margate via Canterbury West
 * 1 tph to Eastbourne via Hastings

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street call at the station during the peak hours.

International
Eurostar are not currently stopping at Ashford International. In July 2020, the off-peak timetable was: Direct Eurostar services from St Pancras to Amsterdam Centraal did not stop at Ashford, though a connection can be made by changing at Brussels.
 * 3 trips per day to Paris – Gare du Nord
 * 1 trip per day to Brussels South
 * 1 trip per day to Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy (Disneyland Paris)
 * Up to 3 trips per week to Marseille – Saint-Charles via Lyon and Avignon – seasonal service from May to September
 * Up to 3 trips per week to Bourg-Saint-Maurice in the French Alps – seasonal service from December to April

Incidents
The first fatality on the South Eastern Railway occurred at Ashford in May 1843. A guard had stepped onto a running board to look for lost luggage, when the train suddenly started. He was decapitated when his head hit a sentry box.

title: Ashford International railway station


text:
Golden Rule (fiscal policy)

The Golden Rule is a guideline for the operation of fiscal policy. The Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending. In layman's terms this means that on average over the ups and downs of an economic cycle the government should only borrow to pay for investment that benefits future generations. Day-to-day spending that benefits today's taxpayers should be paid for with today's taxes, not with leveraged investment. Therefore, over the cycle the current budget (i.e., net of investment) must balance or be brought into surplus.

The core of the 'golden rule' framework is that, as a general rule, policy should be designed to maintain a stable allocation of public sector resources over the course of the business cycle. Stability is defined in terms of the following ratios: If national income is growing, and net worth is positive this rule implies that, on average, there should be net surplus of income over expenditure.
 * 1) The ratio of public sector net worth to national income
 * 2) The ratio of public current expenditure to national income
 * 3) The ratio of public sector income to national income.

The justification for the Golden Rule derives from macroeconomic theory. Other things being equal, an increase in government borrowing raises the real interest rate consequently crowding out (reducing) investment because a higher rate of return is required for investment to be profitable. Unless the government uses the borrowed funds to invest in projects with a similar rate of return to private investment, capital accumulation falls, with negative consequences upon economic growth.

In the United Kingdom
The Golden Rule was one of several fiscal policy principles set out by the incoming Labour government in 1997. These were first set out by then Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown in his 1997 budget speech. Subsequently, they were formalised in the Finance Act 1998 and in the Code for Fiscal Stability, approved by the House of Commons in December 1998.

In 2005 there was speculation that the Chancellor had manipulated these rules as the treasury had moved the reference frame for the start of the economic cycle to two years earlier (from 1999 to 1997). The implications of this were to allow for £18 billion – £22 billion more of borrowing.

The Government's other fiscal rule is the Sustainable investment rule, which requires it to keep debt at a "prudent level". This is currently set at below 40% of GDP in each year of the current cycle.

Between 2009 and 2021, the Golden Rule was abandoned, however after the October 2021 budget speech by Rishi Sunak the Golden Rule was restored.

In France
In France, the lower house of parliament voted in favour of reforming articles 32, 39 and 42 of the French constitution on 12 July 2011. In order to come into force the amendments need to be passed by a 3/5 majority of the combined upper and lower houses (Congress).

In Germany
In 2009 articles 109, 115 and 143 of Germany's constitution were amended to introduce the Schuldenbremse ("debt brake"), a balanced budget provision. The reform will come into effect in 2016 for the state and 2020 for the regions.

In Spain
On 7 September 2011, the Spanish Senate approved an amendment to article 135 of the Spanish constitution introducing a cap on the structural deficit of the state (national, regional and municipal). The amendment will come into force from 2020.

In Italy
On 7 September 2011, the Italian Lower House approved a constitutional reform introducing a balanced budget obligation to Article 81 of the Italian constitution. The rule will come into effect in 2014. That reform is rooted in the European Stability and Growth Pact and in the s.c. fiscal compact. It has led to the abandonment of the ideological neutrality that characterized the Italian fiscal constitution in favor of a clearly neoclassical inspiration.

title: Golden Rule (fiscal policy)


text:
Ángel Rozas

Ángel Rozas (born 22 March 1950) is a retired Argentine politician. A member of the Radical Civic Union (UCR), Rozas was Governor of Chaco Province from 1995 to 2003, and served as a National Senator for Chaco from 2013 to 2019.

Rozas was born in General Pinedo, Chaco, to a smallholding family. He earned a law degree at the Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Rozas first held elected office in 1983 as a Chaco Provincial Deputy, serving for three terms. He was a candidate to be vice-governor in 1987.

Rozas served as governor of Chaco Province from December 1995 to December 2003, re-elected in 1999. In 1999 he was also elected vice-president of the national committee of the UCR and in 2001 was elected president, serving until 2005 when he was replaced by Roberto Iglesias. He was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies for Chaco in 2005. As a leading figure in his party, he was seen as a possible candidate for the 2007 presidential elections, although the UCR was (and continues to be) electorally weak and split between supporters of President Néstor Kirchner and Roberto Lavagna. Eventually Rozas ran to be Governor of Chaco once again, in support of the presidential campaign of Lavagna. He lost to Jorge Capitanich by just 0.8% of the vote.

From June 2005 Rozas has headed the Leandro N. Alem Foundation. He is married with two daughters. His son died in 1990.

In the 2015 Argentine general elections, he was elected to the Argentine Senate for the Chaco province. On the preparatory season of the Argentine Senate on December 3, 2015, he was elected as the leader of the Radical Civic Union caucus on the Senate, also replacing Luis Petcoff Naidenoff as the Senate minority leader.

title: Ángel Rozas


text:
Heinrich Mendelssohn

Heinrich Mendelssohn (21 February 1881 – 7 August 1959) was a German contractor and real estate developer.

Early life
Mendelssohn was born in Posen, German Empire( today Poznań, Poland) in 1881.

A claimed connection to the family of the famous Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn has not yet been confirmed. He is most likely the father [illegitimately] of the British actor Daniel Gerroll, whose mother was Heinrich's paramour from 1949 to 1959.

Activity
Mendelssohn participated in the construction and development of numerous projects located in Berlin, i.e: the Hansaviertel, the Bavarian quarter, the Kurfürstendamm and the Olivaer Platz. He was also behind a development of the skyscraper at the Anhalter Station in Berlin which was named after the Saxon royal family.

In cooperation with Albert Heilmann, Mendelssohn constructed the Europahaus (House of Europe) in Berlin, which today houses the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. He emigrated during the Third Reich.

Death
Mendelssohn died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1959. He found his final resting place at the cemetery of Petit-Saconnex. His wife Hildegarde (1897-1992) was buried at this side.

title: Heinrich Mendelssohn


text:
User talk:LeahG

Is there any possibility of obtaining The Journey and Flight from Ashiya on DVD or VHS? It seems a shame that more of his movies aren't available for purchase.

title: User talk:LeahG


text:
EmCare

EmCare Holdings Inc., or EmCare, was an American provider of physician practice management services for emergency departments, inpatient physician services or hospitals, acute care surgery, trauma and general surgery, women's and children's services, radiology / teleradiology programs and anesthesiology services. Founded in 1972, EmCare had more than 1,000 contracts with client hospitals in 42 states.

Laidlaw acquired EmCare in 1997. In 2004, Laidlaw sold EmCare and American Medical Response to Onex. Onex formed Emergency Medical Services Corporation as the parent of its two acquisitions. EMSC went public in December of that year. In 2011, EMSC was acquired by Clayton, Dubilier & Rice. On June 11, 2013, EMSC changed names to Envision Healthcare and went public as EVHC. AMR and Evolution Health also are a part of Envision Healthcare.

The company had been criticized for encouraging the practice of "out-of-network billing", which causes patients to be billed directly and at a much higher rate for medical services. This practice is particularly frequent in emergency room visits, in which the patient has little to no ability to choose their doctors. Researchers found that in half of 16 hospitals that used EmCare's services, out-of-network billing rose quickly and precipitously, and in the other half the out-of-network was already near 100% and did not decrease. In a larger sample of 194 hospitals in which EmCare handled billing, the average out-of-network billing rate was 62 percent, far higher than the national average. In contrast, when Emcare competitor TeamHealth took over billing in other hospitals, there was a much smaller increase in out-of-network billing.

EmCare Holdings Inc., was purchased by Envision Physician Services and is no longer in business.

title: EmCare


text:
User talk:Soupy

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia. Please do not create articles about yourself. It's part of Wikipedia policy. If you are well known enough, someone will create an article about you. If you are not Soupy then plese don't write insults about other people. If you want to tell us about yourself, you have a user page here where you can write whatever you like (within reason).

If you want to know more about what we are doing here, please read Welcome, newcomers. If you want to ask questions you can do so here.

Have fun, and happy editing. DJ Clayworth 14:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Soupy


text:
Talk:Linux on IBM Z

31-bit or 64-bit
31 or 32 bits mode?

 * When Linux on zSeries is running on s/390 (31-bit hardware) then Linux can only run in 31-bit mode. When running on zSeries (64-bit hardware) then Linux can run in either 31-bit or 64-bit mode.

 * 31. The mainframes never had a 32-bit mode. It is more accurate to say that the mainframes never had a 31-bit addressing mode (the registers were 32-bit however). It shifted from 24-bit to 31-bit (the last bit indicating the used addressing mode) with the ESA architecture.
 * Actually XA introduced 31-bit addressing and was supported by MVS v2 in the early 1980's. ESA introduced access registers increasing the addressing range horizontally rather than vertically.  It was supported by MVS v3 in the later 1980s.

 * You're right for MVS/XA (I read my history notes). The first part of my post is accurate however. If I do not make mistake, access register are used to address address spaces?

 * Yes, everything you said was correct, esp if you substitute ESA with XA. access register mode allowed (and still does) addressing to address spaces and data spaces (which are like address spaces but were never originally an address space, so they only contain data as opposed to executable code, but can be shared or accessed by other address spaces ... esp if you know how to manipulate the address translation tables'-)  Thus the `horizontal' analogy; being able to address multiple address/data spaces in 31 bit mode at the same time.
 * I apologize, these are my first entries to a wiki so I don't know how to attribute the comment to myself or how to format the discussion thread properly.
 * If you are Linas, then I had some correspondence with you while bigfoot was still going strong. Today I amuse myself working on the hercules emulator. --[gsmith]

 * I'm not Linas, sorry.
 * I wanted to refer to data space when I said address spaces... I never used those though. the only assembler programs i did were less than 4096 bytes :)

 * >I don't know how to attribute the comment to myself or how to format the discussion thread properly.
 * No problem, me neither.
 * About Hercules, I never tried to run the emulator. It seems complicated to set up. At my shop, we're installing some linux on Z/VM. With Hercules, I could theorically emulate a single S/390 Linux image legaly on my PC, no? --[fred]

 * IANAL, but I believe you are talking about running GPL'ed software, so I see no reason why not. --Maru (talk) Contribs 04:09, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks --142.213.160.67 14:36, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

NPOV?
This article reads very much like an IBM ad... --Liam Proven 19:54, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, shouldnt there be an "Criticism" paragraph? For instance, the zLinux has some problems: http://www.zdnet.com/blog/murphy/mainframes-ifl-and-linux/595

 * Probably because 80% of the anon contributors are IBM employees. But is there something in particular you object to? Something you think is incorrect?  Don't just say its POV without saying what's wrong with it.  --linas 22:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is pure marketing. I.e it has been stated the German Railway corporation is dumping it's Intel servers, in favour of going on zSeries. This is wrong. We bought hundrets of Intel and AMD64 Linux servers recently. The zLinux rollout is standing still, as it proved less powerful, problematic and instable. We have apart from some SAP appservers ONLY IBM stuff running on zLinux. The consolidation of Tivoli Storage Manager caused big downtimes. Lotus Notes was running on Windows before, not Linux. Now,after unsuccessfully deploying to zLinux we are moving the Notes servers from zLinux to Intel Linux. This articel is clearly representing the past (fantasizing and wish thinking of some people around our company), not the future. Cannot print my name here. So please do set an NPOV mark in the article !

 * Ok, I went through and improved it. Is it any more NPOV now? --Maru (talk) 01:57, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed! it does not even mention a price in € or dollares under "pricing". very low quality article thus. 93.204.48.79 (talk) 18:01, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

 * While it seems slightly more neutral now, you've changed concrete statements to softer statements that aren't true. For example you said "IFL hardware tend to be less expensive than general purpose engines (CPs)."
 * There is no question that IFLs are always cheaper for running Linux than full CPs, hence the reason they exist. Saying they tend to be is incorrect.
 * You also added that "Like most other versions of Linux, Linux on zSeries is governed by the GPL"
 * As far as iI know, there are no versions of Linux that aren't governed by the GPL.

 * I have no idea what IFLs are compared to GPUs, so I erred on the side of NPOV. If you know what the deuce those are, then please feel free to change that. And there are indeed versions of Linux effectively not governed by the GPL. The GPL only applies to software publicly relelased (the P in the GPL).  So Google's version of Linux could well be under some crazy Google license, since AFAIK they do not release the binaries publicly. If they did though, and tried to keep it under their crazy license, all hell would break loose, so it is a curious loophole, but largely of little relevance (though I hear GPL v3 is going to address services, closing that loophole).  --Maru (talk) 04:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

That's not right, google is still obligated under the GPL. They cannot put their version of Linux under "some crazy Google license". (However, they do not have to disclose their source modifications). linas 04:47, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Looks like the last little bit of edits put back a bunch of the marketing-speak. Jay Maynard 16:59, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree that this reads like marketing. IBM has a schizophrenic attitude toward zLinux.  They want Linux users to migrate to mainframe Linux, but they do NOT want mainframe zOS or zVSE users to migrate to zLinux.  Why?  IFLs provide the same CPU capacity as general purpose CPUs at ~1% of the price, restricted to zLinux (and zVM).  So, while this information is available, it is poorly understood, and this article goes a long way toward correcting that.  I was very surprised at its thoroughness, and I think it is providing a unique and needed service.  And I have absolutely no connection to IBM personally, though I do work with ports from mainframes to zLinux.

Okay -- sorry -- I have nothing against IBM, but Jay is right. This reads like a frigging brochure, not an encyclopedia entry. I think about 70 percent of this material should go. Rhombus 18:07, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure it should go, really...but it definitely needs a rewrite. If I get some free time this week, I'll take a crack at it. Jay Maynard 15:59, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Hey, Jay, when and if you do...a lot of the language seems awfully familiar to me. I think pieces of it may have been cut-and-pasted from my z/Journal articles. I'll see if I can find specifics in the next few days. If this is in fact the case, well, there's your NPOV right there. My articles were never intended to be neutral: they're very much, "Hey, look at the neat things you can do with Linux on z" -- Adam Thornton

Here's an example: "System z earned EAL5+ certification, no other commercial system in the industry has been certified higher under the Common Criteria security evaluation." The first part of the sentence is fine. Everything after the comma is marketing. I'll be bold and remove it. Fordsfords (talk) 13:17, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

I tripped over this article in a Google search of "mainframe security linux" and this really does constitute an ad. I did wikipedia searches of "ibm linux" and "unisys linux". There is no similar "Linux on ClearPath" article about using Linux on the Unisys mainframes. This article mentions advantages and pricing for zLinux that read like a marketing white paper while NOT even mentioning that it has direct competition in performance and pricing from Unisys. The solution to the NPOV problem is not to have the article mention Unisys. Nor is the solution for Unisys to have it's own article. This article should be dropped as not being encyclopedic. My background: I'm a federal employee (IT specialist - DBA, series 2210) who programs on Unisys mainframes using CODASYL/COBOL. ThomThom (talk) 13:25, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

Running on Hercules
I think the existing language violates NPOV, since there's only one person who's ever raised the issue of whether Hercules violates any IBM patents. See, especially, the undue weight section of that page. IBM itself has never approached anyone with such a concern. Further, this page is not the place to discuss those concerns, as they're not specific to Linux.

I propose replacing the language with this:

 * The open source Hercules software is also available. While Hercules is not sanctioned for running licensed mainframe operating systems, such as z/OS, software licensing issues do not apply to running Linux on Hercules.

If someone thinks that the patent issues are that important, then an NPOV discussion can be added to the Hercules entry.

-- Jay Maynard 16:52, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Section on emulators says FLEX-ES is "the officially sanctioned option" Says who? Shouldn't that be amended to say something more NPOV that it is a commercially supported option, rather than "official" in any respect? Further wrt to NPOV, I think it might be worth mentioning in the Price/Cost section that alternatives for virtualization exist on other platforms, so the consolidation benefits claimed for Linux on z are not necessarily unique to this one platform, and that the cost of porting an application from its original platform also need to be factored in. Jsavit (talk) 18:29, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

zUbuntu
The article should probably have something on zUbuntu, the Ubuntu port for zSeries. --Easyas12c 18:33, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Is there anything beyond an original project announcement? Has any actual work been done? Jay Maynard 19:26, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, there's a stub article at ZUbuntu :-) Seriously, it looks dead to me. RossPatterson 23:49, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Large installation
While 1700 installs might be large considering how many mainframes that are still out there, it's not a large user base. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.136.85.66 (talk) 01:19, 7 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Not a very large user base but I've taken the liberty of pointing out that each system might be supporting thousands of "seats". MarkMLl 23:42, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Most of these systems are trial installations. Then they were counting zLinux Server instances not zSeries machines. So Formerly 1700 installations will be perhaps 170 Machines.

By now, there are less if you are honest. Unfortunately true numbers will not be published, neither by IBM, nor by those few customers who were so keen to try it out in production.

I've cut the quote down to a strict statement of the facts: that IBM claimed a certain number of installations at a certain time. This much can be supported by the cite given. JeffLicquia (talk) 20:10, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

History
Sorry but I've tagged part of this as dubious. Please could the original author justify the statement "This 100% open source status is unusual among Linux distributions, many of which still contain OCO drivers from various vendors who wish to hide proprietary implementation details from the Linux community". Granted that on many architectures there is a small number of peripheral controllers that require proprietary microcode but I don't see IBM GPLing channel controller programs/firmware/microcode so in practice there's very little difference. MarkMLl 23:54, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

I slightly revised this language. And no, we're not talking about microcode, BIOS, etc., here, which almost nobody publishes or provides as open source. The old and, better yet, new language makes it clear we're talking about drivers. And yes, this is a big deal to the Linux community, closed source drivers. So the new language has two changes: one is to repeat the word "drivers," since that's what's being hidden. The second is to remove the "from the Linux community" part since, in fact, closed source drivers hide implementation details from everyone. -- BBCWatcher —Preceding unsigned comment added by BBCWatcher (talk • contribs) 06:57, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Article quality
'''Simply one of the worst Wiki articles I have read. No Encylopedia article should ever include slang or non-standard grammar conventions. This whole article is full of very isolated slang used in the "xxx" format and all of it should be removed. In fact all of the "xxx" points should be removed period as the convention voilates professional writting conventions unless completely necessary which is to say almost never needed. Also, from working in IT I get the impression the author does not actually know what he is talking about. Any article written for an encyclopedia should not convey any opinion or emotion at all - it should be just the facts. This article is clearly not that.

I strongly suggest a complete rewrite''' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.203.43.103 (talk • contribs) 28 November 2007

 * I guess it has been started by IBM marketing dept. Is it better now? I think a rewrite is an overkill for such low-traffic article.
 * Btw, it seems you understand wikipedia guideline to be bold to literally :)) --Kubanczyk (talk) 14:58, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Performance
Not sure how or if to interject performance into this story. Linux on zSeries is both a nice bit of work, and a bit of a joke. The nice part comes of getting Linux to work on mainframe hardware. The joke comes from the extremely weak performance of zSeries CPUs in comparison to common desktop CPUs. What this means is that programs that run well on current mainstream desktop or server hardware - and use significant CPU - will perform very poorly on mainframe hardware. Attempting to use mainframe hardware to host web servers - for anything other than static files - is likely a mistake.

At least this was true when I had access to zSeries hardware. Is this still true?

IBM used to disallow publishing benchmark results. Do they still? If so that means finding references for the Wikipedia article is unlikely. pbannister (talk) 21:49, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not aware of any published benchmarks comparing zLinux to x86Linux, but I haven't looked either. As to your suggestion that non-static websites do poorly on the mainframe, is http://www.nationwide.com a static webpage?  It's served up by a IBM z9 mainframe running Linux.  --TreyGeek (talk) 22:15, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * The lack of public benchmarks is by no means proof, but is a pretty strong clue. When you have a good performance story, you want everyone to know. (Did poke around a bit, and came up essentially empty - though there are strong hints: mainframe vs Linux, licensing costs, refuting IBM exaggerations). As to the nationwide.com site, did they make the mistake of paying far to much for the capacity they need? pbannister (talk) 01:13, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
 * This is important to know for those considering to virtualize Linux on Mainframes. If a company think they can virtualize number crunching, they should know this weakness. I have created a header "Disadvantages" that tells this story. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.73.15.6 (talk) 08:21, 28 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It is also important to provide a source for information you add to Wikipedia. --TreyGeek (talk) 08:49, 28 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are absolutely right. Here are three links. Here is a source from Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2003/sep03/09-15LinuxStudies.mspx? "we found that each [z9] mainframe CPU performed 14 percent less work than one [single core] 900 MHz Intel Xeon processor running Windows Server 2003." The z10 is 50% faster than z9, and the z196 is 50% faster than z10, which means a z196 is 1.5 x 1.5 = 2.25 times faster than a z9. This means a z196 corresponds to 2.25 x 900MHz = 2 GHz Intel Xeon. But todays modern server x86 cpus have 8 cores, which means they have in total 8 cores x 2 GHz = 16 GHz. We see that x86 at 16GHz is more than z196 at 2GHz. This shows that a z196 is not suited for scientific calculations nor number crunching. Here is another source from a famous Linux expert that ported Linux to IBM Mainframe, who says 1MIPS == 4MHz x86. http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-390@vm.marist.edu/msg18587.html This shows that a z196 with 1400 MIPS corresponds to 5,6GHz x86. But a modern x86 has 8 cores, that means it has in total 16GHz, which is 3x faster than 5.6GHz. Again, we see that the Mainframe is not suited for number crunching. Here is another link where the cofounder of TurboHercules says that a 8-way Nehalem-EX gives 3.200 MIPS using software emulation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurboHercules#Performance But software emulation is 5-10x slower. This means a 8-way Nehalem-EX running native code should be 5-10x faster, that is, 16.000 - 32.000MIPS. This big MIPS number matches a fully equipped z196 mainframe with 24 cpus. Again, we see that the Mainframe is not suited for number crunching. Now, as you deleted my text because I provided no links, please add my text again, as here you have three links. The customers will be disappointed if they try to virtualize number crunching on Mainframes, they need to know this. Dont you agree? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.73.15.6 (talk) 11:34, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Why is this statement here in "Appropriate workloads" it looks weird: "mainframes in general, and Linux on zSeries in particular, do not perform well, at least on a cost basis, for single task computations"? The three links above shows that Mainframes do not perform well for single task computations. It is not about "at least on a cost basis" - it is about Mainframes do not perform well at all for number crunching. Please remove "at least on a cost basis" which might fool the reader that if it was free to compute anything on a Mainframe, the Mainframes would excel on number crunching. But they dont. Read the three links above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.73.15.6 (talk) 13:07, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Why was this part of assessment of emulation performance removed? It was very relevant for people wanting to know more about what emulation can give. Was that part removed by an IBM salesperson wanting to hide this information? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.114.157.231 (talk) 18:32, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Free software cite
I'm at a loss as to what would constitute a cite for the following statement: "However, currently Linux on System z is completely free software under the GNU General Public License." (currently marked as "citation needed") The s390 and s390x architectures are in the mainline kernel, and are used to build kernel packages suitable for Debian main, Fedora, etc. Ditto for the support packages (libc, gcc, binutils, etc.). Is it good enough to just link to, say, the s390 tree on kernel.org? JeffLicquia (talk) 20:21, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
 * OK, since no one seems to know, I'm removing "citation needed". If you disagree, please discuss what a cite would look like. JeffLicquia (talk) 18:48, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

Virtualization
I propose removing all paragraphs in this section except the first, second, and sixth, and heavily editing the sixth paragraph. There are too many uncited technical details. I'm pretty sure I can find cites for the first paragraph, but if not, then maybe that one needs to go as well. JeffLicquia (talk) 19:35, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Just reworked the entire section, moving a lot of the non-Linux-related content to the IBM System z page. JeffLicquia (talk) 00:51, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Though there are no obstacles to running any Linux on Z distribution on an IBM z System... Say what?!?
I suspect that there are actually some obstacles to running any distribution that doesn't have zSystem specific software, pre-compiled binaries, documentation, support, consulting services, etc.

While some Linux sysadmins could figure out how to bootstrap Yellow Dog Linux, etc. from source, I bet there are a few obstacles for even the most hard-core.

It might be worth pointing out that while not the officially endorsed by IBM distribution, openSUSE, just like the commercial version of SUSE Linux, has versions for zSeries (Leap for s390x). 2601:449:8300:AA50:39E8:1820:58FE:48FA (talk) 21:52, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

 * The claim you're quoting says "any Linux on Z distribution". Yellow Dog isn't a Linux on Z distribution.
 * openSUSE Leap for s390x is a Linux on Z distribution. Guy Harris (talk) 22:01, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes and no. Various IBM z models have different architectural levels. Any given release of, e.g., OpenSUSE LEAP, will only run on processors with a supported architectural level. As for Yellow Dog, read Guy Harris's note above. --Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 12:02, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes and no. Various IBM z models have different architectural levels. Any given release of, e.g., OpenSUSE LEAP, will only run on processors with a supported architectural level. As for Yellow Dog, read Guy Harris's note above. --Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 12:02, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 6 November 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved as requested per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 17:42, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Linux on Z Systems → Linux on IBM Z – The page starts out with "Linux on IBM Z ... is the collective term...", and IBM's term for the mainframe line is now just "IBM Z", not "IBM z/Systems" or "IBM System z". Guy Harris (talk) 17:40, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I fully agree. IMHO, the page could be moved right now, but maybe there are other POVs, so let's wait. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Initramfs (talk • contribs) 10:43, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

 * It could be moved - by an administrator, because, I assume, Linux on IBM Z is a redirect with history so the move operation won't just let Linux on Z Systems be moved atop it. It's not an interesting history, but the servers don't recognize that. Guy Harris (talk) 17:27, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

S/390 is not IBM z
The article states Linux on IBM Z (or Linux on Z for short, and previously Linux on z Systems) is the collective term for the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes, especially IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE servers. Similar terms which imply the same meaning are Linux on zEnterprise, Linux on zSeries, Linux/390, Linux/390x, etc. However, the versions released for ESA/390 were never called Linux on Z, since at the time IBM had not announced the Z designation. Further, those versions cannot run on current IBM z boxes, since IBM no longer offers the ability to run in ESA/390 mode. How about

"Linux on IBM Z (or Linux on Z for short, and previously Linux on z Systems) is the collective term for the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM z/Architecture mainframes and development systems, especially IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE servers. Similar terms which imply the same meaning are, e.g., Linux on zEnterprise, Linux on zSeries, Linux/390x,." as a replacement? Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 11:14, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The page also discusses the S/390 port. Perhaps it should be renamed "Linux on IBM mainframes", which can cover both S/390 and Z, and opening with something such as
 * "Linux on IBM mainframes is the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes, especially IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE servers; earlier versions ran on ESA/390 servers. Terms used for it include Linux on IBM Z, Linux on Z, Linux on z Systems, Linux on zEnterprise, Linux on zSeries, Linux/390, Linux/390x, etc."
 * "Linux on IBM mainframes is the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes, especially IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE servers; earlier versions ran on ESA/390 servers. Terms used for it include Linux on IBM Z, Linux on Z, Linux on z Systems, Linux on zEnterprise, Linux on zSeries, Linux/390, Linux/390x, etc."

 * or something such as that? "Linux on IBM Z" will redirect here, so people looking for it under that name will still find it. Guy Harris (talk) 19:17, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * or something such as that? "Linux on IBM Z" will redirect here, so people looking for it under that name will still find it. Guy Harris (talk) 19:17, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

There was another Linuxone back in 1999
https://www.forbes.com/1999/12/28/mu1.html?sh=2473ec934d26

http://ars.userfriendly.org/cartoons/?id=20211226

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinuxONE&redirect=no

2600:1700:D0A0:21B0:20B9:2AD1:E56C:3372 (talk) 16:03, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
 * According to the Forbes article, it was spelled "LinuxOne" rather than "LinuxONE".
 * The Wikipedia article was introduced as a redirect to the page on Linux for z/Architecture; it never had anything to do with the LinuxOne company. Guy Harris (talk) 21:15, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
 * However, the redirect is inappropriate. LinuxONE is a family of processors in the IBM z line, starting with the August 2015 announcement of two processors named after penguins: IBM LinuxONE Emperor™ and IBM LinuxONE Rockhopper™. Linux on z runs one far more than just LinuxONE, and the redirect is inappropriate. If someone ever writes a LinuxONE section for IBM z then it would be appropriate to have a redirect with printworthy and R to section. --Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 15:05, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

COI tag (October 2023)
At least one contrib has a COI Widefox ; talk 23:02, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linux on IBM Z


text:
Mass-independent fractionation

Mass-independent isotope fractionation or Non-mass-dependent fractionation (NMD), refers to any chemical or physical process that acts to separate isotopes, where the amount of separation does not scale in proportion with the difference in the masses of the isotopes. Most isotopic fractionations (including typical kinetic fractionations and equilibrium fractionations) are caused by the effects of the mass of an isotope on atomic or molecular velocities, diffusivities or bond strengths. Mass-independent fractionation processes are less common, occurring mainly in photochemical and spin-forbidden reactions. Observation of mass-independently fractionated materials can therefore be used to trace these types of reactions in nature and in laboratory experiments.

Mass-independent fractionation in nature
The most notable examples of mass-independent fractionation in nature are found in the isotopes of oxygen and sulfur. The first example was discovered by Robert N. Clayton, Toshiko Mayeda, and Lawrence Grossman in 1973, in the oxygen isotopic composition of refractory calcium–aluminium-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite. The inclusions, thought to be among the oldest solid materials in the Solar System, show a pattern of low 18O/16O and 17O/16O relative to samples from the Earth and Moon. Both ratios vary by the same amount in the inclusions, although the mass difference between 18O and 16O is almost twice as large as the difference between 17O and 16O. Originally this was interpreted as evidence of incomplete mixing of 16O-rich material (created and distributed by a large star in a supernova) into the Solar nebula. However, recent measurement of the oxygen-isotope composition of the Solar wind, using samples collected by the Genesis spacecraft, shows that the most 16O-rich inclusions are close to the bulk composition of the solar system. This implies that Earth, the Moon, Mars, and asteroids all formed from 18O- and 17O-enriched material. Photodissociation of carbon monoxide in the Solar nebula has been proposed to explain this isotope fractionation.

Mass-independent fractionation also has been observed in ozone. Large, 1:1 enrichments of 18O/16O and 17O/16O in ozone were discovered in laboratory synthesis experiments by Mark Thiemens and John Heidenreich in 1983, and later found in stratospheric air samples measured by Konrad Mauersberger. These enrichments were eventually traced to the three-body ozone formation reaction.

 * O + O2 → O3* + M → O3 + M*

Theoretical calculations by Rudolph Marcus and others suggest that the enrichments are the result of a combination of mass-dependent and mass-independent kinetic isotope effects (KIE) involving the excited state O3* intermediate related to some unusual symmetry properties. The mass-dependent isotope effect occurs in asymmetric species, and arises from the difference in zero-point energy of the two formation channels available (e.g., 18O16O + 16O vs 18O + 16O16O for formation of 18O16O16O.) These mass-dependent zero-point energy effects cancel one another out and do not affect the enrichment in heavy isotopes observed in ozone. The mass-independent enrichment in ozone is still not fully understood, but may be due to isotopically symmetric O3* having a shorter lifetime than asymmetric O3*, thus not allowing a statistical distribution of energy throughout all the degrees of freedom, resulting in a mass-independent distribution of isotopes.

Mass-independent carbon dioxide fractionation
The mass-independent distribution of isotopes in stratospheric ozone can be transferred to carbon dioxide (CO2). This anomalous isotopic composition in CO2 can be used to quantify gross primary production, the uptake of CO2 by vegetation through photosynthesis. This effect of terrestrial vegetation on the isotopic signature of atmospheric CO2 was simulated with a global model and confirmed experimentally.

Mass-independent sulfur fractionation
Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur can be observed in ancient sediments, where it preserves a signal of the prevailing environmental conditions. The creation and transfer of the mass-independent signature into minerals would be unlikely in an atmosphere containing abundant oxygen, constraining the Great Oxygenation Event to some time after. Prior to this time, the MIS record implies that sulfate-reducing bacteria did not play a significant role in the global sulfur cycle, and that the MIS signal is due primarily to changes in volcanic activity.

title: Mass-independent fractionation


text:
Talk:Bangor

Bangor Daily News
Bangor Daily News is a journal published in Maine.

Reformatting
I've completely reformatted this page, as it was very cluttered and didn't have much of a structure to it: Silverhelm 05:37, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The countries have been made into sections, and are now in alphabetical order.
 * Where appropriate, each country has been split into two groups; firstly, for places called simply Bangor; and then, for other place-names (eg, Bangor Township). The places are listed alphabetically within each group by the name of the state (etc).
 * I've also renamed some of the links that don't yet exist.
 * I think the original Bangors in the British Isles should be listed first. Consensus? Andrew Oakley (talk) 08:54, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * agreed, Bangor in Northern Ireland should appear first Ashiwashi (talk) 14:08, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bangor


text:
ZBR

ZBR may refer to:
 * Bermuda Radio (callsign: ZBR), a radio station in Bermuda
 * Konarak Airport, Chabahar, Iran
 * Żabbar, Malta
 * Zone bit recording

title: ZBR


text:
University of Benin (Nigeria)

The University of Benin (UNIBEN) is a public research university located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. It is among the universities owned by the Federal Government of Nigeria and was founded in 1970. The school currently has two campuses with fifteen faculties including a central library called the John Harris Library. The buildings in UNIBEN are sparsely built, they are not close to each other.

UNIBEN has a teaching hospital called the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH).

History
The University of Benin was founded in 1970. It first started as an Institute of Technology until it was recognized as a full-fledged university and accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC) on 1 July 1971. It became a federal government-owned University on the 1st of April, 1975.

John Harris Library

The John Harris Library is an academic library of university of Benin. The Library is named after a pioneer University librarian, John Harris. The parent institution of the library is the University of Benin which was founded in 1970 and formerly called the Institute of Technology.

The library, which holds large volumes of collections in print and non-print format, is situated directly opposite the clinical Student Hostel, popularly called 'Medical Hostel', within the university premises. The books acquired and shelves in the library cover all courses being offered at the university. It is headed by a university librarian who oversees its affairs.

The John Harris Library was established through the promulgation of the Institute of Technology edict of 1970 but was accorded the status of a university by the National University Commission (NUC) on 1 July 1971.

Branch Libraries

 * Faculty of Arts Library

 * Faculty of Environmental Science Library

 * Faculty of Law Library

 * Faculty of Pharmacy Library

 * Faculty of Agriculture Library

 * Faculty of Education Library

 * Faculty of Engineering Library

 * College of Medical Sciences Library

 * Faculty of Physical Sciences Library

 * Faculty of Management Sciences Library

 * Faculty of Life Sciences Library

 * Faculty of Social Sciences Library

 * Medical Sub-Library (UBTH)

College of Medical Sciences
The UNIBEN College of Medical Sciences teaches medicine and awards a professional degree to physicians and surgeons. The College of Medical Sciences is made up of three schools and an institute, namely:

School of Medicine
The School of Medicine was established in 1973, then the Faculty of Medicine to Medicine to run a 6-year Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) full-time degree program. The first Dean of the school was Professor T. Belo-Osagie. He was Dean from 1973 to 1975. With the exit of Professor T. Belo-Osagie, Professor K. Diete-Koki became the Dean of the school. Since then, the School has had various Deans and Heads of Departments in the last 30 years. The immediate past Dean of the school was Prof. Dr. (med.) E. Oviasu while the present Dean is Professor Wilson E. Sadoh.

School of Basic Medical Science
The School of Basic Medical Science was established in December 2003, by the College of Medical Sciences and was finally launched in January 2004. The school undertakes undergraduate programs for B.Sc.

In addition, the school provides services for other schools within the college: Schools of Medicine and Dentistry as well as other Faculties in the university: Sciences and School of Pharmacy.

The School of Basic Medical Science has the following seven departments:
 * 1) Anatomy
 * 2) Medical Biochemistry
 * 3) Medical Laboratory Science
 * 4) Nursing Science
 * 5) Physiology
 * 6) Physiotherapy
 * 7) Radiography and Radiation Science.

School of Dentistry
The School of Dentistry coordinates courses and curricula within the college leading to the award of a Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree. The School of Dentistry, as it was known then, was established in 1976 and the first batch of students was admitted in the 1976/77 academic session. It was established as an integral part of the College of Medical Sciences in 1975 by an amendment to the Edict establishing the University of Benin. In 2012, with support from the International Federation of Endodontic Associations(IFEA), donations from the University of Texas at Houston School of Dentistry, and the Owen family, Dr. Mbachan Collins Okwen BDS. (Benin), DDS., MBA. introduced regenerative endodontics and modern microscopic endodontics at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital.

Vice chancellors

 * Kenneth Robson Hill, pioneer Vice Chancellor
 * T.M. Yesufu, the first indigenous  Vice Chancellor
 * Adamu Baike, 2nd indigenous Vice Chancellor
 * Grace Alele-Williams, Nigeria's first female vice-chancellor. She served from 1985 to 1991
 * Andrew Onokheroraye
 * Abhulimen Richard Anao
 * Emmanuel Nwanze
 * Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, 2009-2014
 * Faraday Osasere Orumwense, 2014- 2019
 * Lilian Salami, 2019–present

Notable alumni

 * Enyinnaya Abaribe, a politician from Abia State
 * Oladipo Agboluaje, actor
 * Emmanuel Agwoje, banker
 * Winifred Akpani, businesswoman, and founder/CEO of Northwest Petroleum & Gas Company Limited
 * Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, co-founder Access Bank Plc and founder & chairman, Africa Initiative for Governance
 * Josephine Anenih, lawyer and former minister
 * Helen Asemota, professor of biochemistry and biotechnology
 * Lota Chukwu, actress
 * George Edozie, artist
 * Abiodun Falodun, rector, Edo State Polytechnic
 * Babatunde Fashola, former Lagos State governor, who served two terms from May 29, 2007, to May 29, 2015, and current minister of Power, Work & Housing in Nigeria
 * James Ibori, former Governor of Delta State from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007
 * Tom Ilube, founder and CEO, Crossword Cybersecurity
 * Wellington Jighere, 2015 WESPA Scrabble champion
 * Patience Maseli, first female deputy director of Upstream Division at the Department of Petroleum Resources
 * Richard Mofe-Damijo, Nollywood actor
 * Darlington Obaseki, medical doctor and professor
 * Gideon Obhakhan, former Commissioner for Education, Edo State, Nigeria
 * Omoni Oboli, a Nigerian actress, film director and producer
 * Loretta Ogboro-Okor
 * Bright Okpocha ("Basketmouth"), comedian
 * Suyi Davies Okungbowa, author and scholar
 * Ovie Omo-Agege, senator in the Nigerian eighth senate
 * Chike Onuorah artist and painter
 * Osonye Tess Onwueme, writer and professor
 * Victor F. Peretomode, academic and professor
 * Benedict Peters, founder of Aiteo group
 * Amaju Pinnick, President Nigeria Football Federation
 * Ijeoma Uchegbu, scientist and professor
 * Emmanuel Uduaghan, former governor, Delta State
 * Sabina Umeh, singer

Awards
Africa Outstanding University of the Year Award, 2023

Notable faculty

 * Alexander Oppenheim (1973–1977), mathematician

title: University of Benin (Nigeria)


text:
User:Fredrikh

Hi, my name is Fredrik Karl Erik Holmberg, and my blog is located here.

title: User:Fredrikh