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Calgary West

Calgary West was a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1953, and from 1979 to 2015. It was in the western part of the City of Calgary.

The electoral district was originally created in 1914 from Calgary riding. It was abolished in 1952 with parts being transferred to Calgary North, Calgary South, Bow River and Red Deer ridings. It was re-created in 1976 from Calgary North, Calgary South, Calgary Centre, and Palliser ridings. It was abolished during the 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution into Calgary Signal Hill (58%), Calgary Rocky Ridge (25%), and Calgary Confederation (17%).

From 1993 to 1997, Calgary West was represented by Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015. Harper represented the nearby riding of Calgary Southwest as leader of the Opposition (from 2002) and prime minister (from 2006).

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

1917–1949
''Note: Progressive Conservative vote is compared to "National Government" vote in 1940 election. Social Credit vote is compared to New Democracy vote in 1940 election.''

''Note: "National Government" vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election. New Democracy vote is compared to Social Credit vote in 1935 election.''

Note: Conservative vote is compared to Unionist vote in 1917 election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Calgary West


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The Egoist

The Egoist may refer to:

 * The Egoist (periodical), a London literary magazine
 * The Egoist (novel), an 1879 novel by George Meredith

title: The Egoist


text:
Population count

Population count may refer to:

 * A census, the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population)
 * Hamming weight, the number of non-zero entries ('1' bits) in a byte, string, word, array or other similar data structure

title: Population count


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User:Kappelmeister~enwiki

This is my user page. Kappelmeister is my name. Further updates as events warrant!

August 1, 2008: It appears that events have not warranted.

I hereby warrant an event. Bravo, Kappelmeister!

title: User:Kappelmeister~enwiki


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Southern Red Sea Region

The Southern Red Sea Region (ዞባ ደቡባዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ, Italian: Regione Meridionale del Mar Rosso), is an administrative region of Eritrea. It lies along the southern half of the Red Sea, and contains the coastal city of Assab. It borders the Northern Red Sea Region, and has an area of around 27,600 km2.

As of 2005, the region had a population of 83,500 compared to a population of 73,700 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.74%. The total area of the province was 27600.00 km2 and the density was 3.03 persons per km2.

Geography
The Southern Red Sea Region extends over 500 km along Red Sea coast but is only around 50 km wide. Forming the major part of the Danakil Desert, its major towns include Asseb, Beilul, Rahaita and T'i'o. The highest point in this region is Mount Ramlu (2248 m). It is generally considered one of the hottest, driest, and most inhospitable regions in the country. The topography of the region has coastal plains, which are hotter than the regions around the highland plateau. There are two rainy seasons, the heavier one during summer and the lighter one during spring. The climate and geography of the region along with other regions of Eritrea are similar to the one of Ethiopia. The hottest month is May recording temperatures up to 30 °C, while the coldest month is December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around 200 mm of rainfall and the soil is salty and not conducive for agriculture.

Wildlife such as hamadryas baboons, Soemmerring's gazelle, dorcas gazelle, warthog, black-backed jackal, Ruppells sandfox, dikdik, African golden wolf, hyena, Abyssinian hare, wild ass and ostriches are found in this region. African wild dog was also found in this region, but their present condition is unknown. There have been reports of cheetah occurring in this region, but there has been no evidence of their presence. It is extremely likely that both cheetah and wild dog are extinct in Eritrea.

Demographics
As of 2005, the region had a population of 83,500 compared to a population of 73,700 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.74%. The total area of the province was 27600.00 km2 and the density was 3.03 persons per km2. As of 2002, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), defined as the children per woman was 3.9. The General Fertility Rate (GFR), defined as the births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 45 remained at 135.0. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR), the number of births per 1,000 population, was 34.0. The percentage of women pregnant as of 2002 out of the total population was 8.9%. The mean number of children ever born stood at 5.1. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), defined as the number of deaths of children for every 1,000 born was 122.0 while the Child Mortality Rate (CMR), defined as the number of child deaths for every 1,000 children 5 years of age was 74.0. The under-5 mortality rate stood at 187.0. The number of children with the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) was 174, fever was 174, and Diarrhea was 174. The number of women with the knowledge of AIDS was 324 and the number of people with no knowledge of the disease or its prevention was 0.2%.

Education and economy
As of 2002, the number of males completing or attending the highest level of schooling in the region was 410 while it was 567 females. The percentage of literate males was 60.00 and the percentage of literate females was 41.60. A fraction of 37.60 males had no education, while the corresponding number for females was 54.80. The fraction of males completing secondary school stood at 8.40 and the fraction of males completing more than secondary was 003. The corresponding numbers for females were 4.10 and 000 respectively.

As of 2002, the number of people engaged in Professional/technical/managerial activities was 3.30%, Clerical was 9.30%, Sales and services was 21.10%, Skilled Manual was 4.50%, Unskilled Manual was 0.50%, Domestic Service was 25.00% and Agriculture was 34.60%. The total number of employed men was 345 and the total number of employed women was 409. The number of men who were paid their total earnings in cash was 77.70%, in-kind was 0.10, and in both was 0.20. The number of women who were paid their total earnings in cash was 58.80%, in-kind was 0.60%, and in both was 0.30%.

Administration
The region also includes the following districts: Are'eta District, Central Denkalya District and Southern Denkalya District. Eritrea has a one party national Assembly governed by People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) (originally Eritrean Liberation Front), an authoritarian government. From the time of independence since 30 May 1991, the country has been continuing with a transitional government elected during the elections in April 1993. The scheduled elections in 2001 has been postponed indefinitely. The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis on a restricted framework. All men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. No parties or groups other than PFDJ are allowed to contest and the elections are presided by representatives from PDFJ. Policy decisions should be centered around the party mandate and opposition and dissenters have been imprisoned.

title: Southern Red Sea Region


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Category:Seafood

This category is for fish, shellfish, and other seafood as food.

title: Category:Seafood


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User:Mikkeldack

Mikkel Dack is a twenty-three year old man from Canada. He was born on June 7, 1982 in the city of Calgary, Alberta.

title: User:Mikkeldack


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Catherine LaCugna

Catherine Mowry LaCugna (August 6, 1952 – May 3, 1997) was a feminist Catholic theologian and author of God For Us. LaCugna's aim was to make the doctrine of the Trinity relevant to the everyday life of modern Christians.

LaCugna earned her bachelor's degree at Seattle University, her Masters and Doctorate at Fordham University, and joined the faculty at University of Notre Dame in 1981. There, she taught systematic theology to graduate and undergraduate students, eventually holding the Nancy Reeves Dreux Chair of Theology at the University of Notre Dame.

Trinitarian theology
LaCugna, a Western Theologian, sought common ground with Eastern Christians through re-examining early Christian scholars or Church Fathers. She rejected modern individualist notions of personhood and emphasised the self-communication of God.

Building on the work of Karl Rahner, LaCugna argued that the "demise of the doctrine of the Trinity" started when early church theologians had to respond to the teachings of Arius, arch-heretic of the Christian Church. Arius' doctrine required a response, and the Church Fathers' response began the theological trek into speculation on the inner, hidden life of God, commonly referred to as the Immanent Trinity. Whereas before, theologians had concentrated on the nature of God as revealed in God's actions in history (commonly called the Economic Trinity).

According to LaCugna, the Church Father Augustine furthered this divide between economic and immanent Trinity with his psychological model of the Trinity, which described the inner life of God as being like a human's memory, intellect, and will. Thomas Aquinas's scholastic theology took theological speculation to a whole new level.

Against Rahner and Karl Barth (in Church Dogmatics I/1, §9), LaCugna wished to retain the use of the word persons in relation to the three persons of the Trinity (cf. God for us, p. 252). LaCugna saw Rahner's manners of subsisting and Barth's modes (or ways) of being as too easily adopting the modern notion of individualistic personhood, instead of a relational and interdependent model.

LaCugna says that God is known ontologically only through God's self-revelation in the economy of salvation, and that "[t]heories about what God is apart from God's self-communication in salvation history remain unverifiable and ultimately untheological." She says faithful Trinitarian theology must be practical and include an understanding of our own personhood in relationship with God and each other, which she calls "living God's life with one another".

LaCugna's doctrine of the Trinity has been challenged by theologians such as Nicholas Lash and James William McClendon, Jr..

Awards
Professor LaCugna received two significant teaching awards from Notre Dame University. In 1993, she received the Frank O'Malley undergraduate teaching award, and she received the Charles E. Sheedy Teaching Award in 1996.

Published works

 * God for Us: The Trinity and Christian Life ISBN 0-06-064913-5
 * Freeing Theology : The Essentials of Theology in Feminist Perspective ISBN 0-06-064935-6

title: Catherine LaCugna


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Celebrinots

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:22, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Celebrinots
Reads like an anonymous user complaining about a local fashion trend and speculating as negatively as possible about the mindset of people who engage in it. Nothing in the article indicates the term has been used (or the phenomenon described) by anyone other than the original editor. Since the only google hits for it are mirrors of Wikipedia, I rather suspect the editor just made it up himself. Delete. Binabik80 18:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism —Wahoofive | Talk 19:14, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A quick glance at the Categories give away how non-serious the author is. This borders on vandalism. -Casito⇝Talk 22:59, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Megan1967 04:54, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism and personal essay/rant. Joyous 21:43, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, one-man neologism. Philthecow 16:47, May 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. neologism, idiosyncratic, non-encyclopedic. Also suggest looking over any other contributions by same writer for similar stuff. -- Karada 17:04, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if you wish. However, I wish to state that I did not start this article. I was merely trying to be helpful by attempting to improve the entry. At the top of VFD notice, it is clearly stated that one may try to improve the entry and that is all I had I attempted to do today. I don't always sign in when making edits or improvements. To Karada, I don't think you should be casting aspersions on my writing integrity or question ALL of my contributions on the basis of only one item which you didn't like. I am addressing this issue here as I am new to Wikipedia and couldn't figure out how to contact you directly. Ladycascadia 22:39, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Justin Stangel

Justin Stangel is a radio and television showrunner, writer and producer. In 1998, Stangel and his brother Eric Stangel become the head writers of Late Show with David Letterman, positions they held until 2013.

Biography
Stangel and his brother Eric Stangel created a stage show in Manhattan, titled Big City Comedy. The success of the show led to writing work for Norm Macdonald's Weekend Update on Saturday Night Live, the cartoon show The Tick on Fox Television, and the USA Network. The comedy shorts they created to air between shows for the USA Network helped land the Stangel brothers staff writing jobs with Late Show with David Letterman, in 1997.

In 1998, Stangel and his brother become the head writers of the Late Show, positions they held until 2013. As co-head writer for The Late Show, Stangel was part of a team that has won two Primetime Emmy Awards (in 2001 and 2002), received twenty-one total Emmy nominations, and was nominated for Writers Guild of America awards four times. In December 2009 Stangel and his brother Eric were promoted to executive producers for The Late Show. The Stangel brothers are the longest-serving head writers in the history of Letterman's late night shows.

Eric and Justin in 2012 published their first book Goodnight Husband, Goodnight Wife which won an Independent Publishing Award in the category of Humor.

In 2012 he wrote additional material for the 84th Academy Awards hosted by Billy Crystal which was nominated for an Emmy Award for outstanding Writing for a Variety Special.

In 2015, Justin and Eric Stangel were added to the staff of Opie with Jim Norton on Sirius XM. On March 15, 2016, Opie announced that the Stangel Brothers officially left their role with the show to be executive producers on the daytime television show Harry starring Harry Connick Jr. In two seasons, Harry was honored with 11 Daytime Emmy nominations (2 wins) and a Critics Choice Award nomination.

In 2020, Justin and Eric signed one-day contracts with baseball teams starting with the Portland Pickles, Cleburne Railroaders, and the Lake Erie Crushers.

In February 2021 the Stangels signed with the AAA ballclub for Major League Baseball's Minnesota Twins, the St. Paul Saints,

Then in May 2021, Eric and Justin signed with the Cleveland Indians AA club, the Akron RubberDucks, and were promised items from the extreme menu including a 21 scoop ice cream sundae served in a full-size helmet if they show up to the ballpark.

Following this signing, they appeared on ESPN+'s SportsNation to detail their story and announce the 6th team they will be signing with, the Carolina Disco Turkeys.

In June 2021, they officially signed with the Disco Turkeys

On August 17, 2021, the Stangels announced they signed with the New York Yankees High-A club, the Hudson Valley Renegades, and were offered the chance to throw out the first pitch at an upcoming game.

April 2, 2022, Eric and Justin signed with the Kingsport Axmen of the Appalachian League. Logan Davis, the team General Manager signed the brothers to the back end of the bullpen.

The brothers signed with team number 9 on May 18, 2022, with the Spearfish Sasquatch of Independence League Baseball. Team Owner and General Manager Eric Schmidt also offered Eric and Justin the opportunity to model merchandise on the team website.

On May 26, 2022, Eric and Justin hit double digits, signing with their 10th team, the Norwich Sea Unicorns of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League. Team General Manager Lee Walter Jr. gave them a contract allowing the brothers to make announcements over the Dodd Stadium PA system during a game.

In February 2023, the brothers signed with team number 11, the Springfield Lucky Horseshoes of the Prospect League. Team “Emperor of Engagement” Andrew Miller signed them over Zoom and offered them a chance to face 90 per hour pitching.

In January 2024, the High-A affiliate of the Miami Marlins, the Beloit Sky Carp of the Midwest League gave Eric and Justin their 12th one-day contract.

History may have been made in March 2024, when the AAA affiliate of baseball’s Detroit Tigers, the Toledo Mud Hens and the affiliate of hockey’s Detroit Red Wings, the Toledo Walleye signed the brothers to one-day deals.

title: Justin Stangel


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Domenico Silvio Passionei

Domenico Silvio Passionei (2 December 1682 – 5 July 1761) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

Biography
Domenico Silvio Passionei was born in Fossombrone near Urbino, Marche, the second of the two children of Count Benedetto Passionei and Virginia Sabatelli. At the age of thirteen, he went to Rome in 1695, where he studied philosophy at the Collegio Clementino, an elite school for young noblemen. He studied law at the university La Sapienza. Already in these early years he corresponded with scholars throughout Europe, including Protestants and Jansenists.

In 1706, he was sent to Paris, where he stayed for two years as secretary to his relative, Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio. Later he traveled through the Netherlands, where he participated as official representative of the Holy See at the peace conferences of The Hague (1708) and Utrecht (1712). However, he temporarily retired from 1717 (after his father's death) to his estate in Fossombrone.

While at the Collegio Clementino, Passionei studied music. An enthusiastic amateur musician and composer, during his temporary retirement, Passoinei composed a set of twelve cello sonatas, which he published in 1718. Under the new Pope Innocent XIII, he was named Nuncio in Lucerne, Switzerland, and also made titulary archbishop of Ephesus. From 1730 to 1738, he was Nuncio in Vienna, where he blessed the marriage of Princess Maria Theresa. In 1738, he was created Cardinal Priest of San Bernardo alle Terme, and three years later, he became pro-librarian of the Vatican Library to Cardinal Angelo Maria Quirini, whom he would succeed as librarian in 1755. He was also a corresponding member of Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis.

As Cardinal priest of San Bernardo alle Terme, Passionei had an apartment built on the second floor of the monastery. Intended for use during annual spiritual devotions, it was also used to entertain friends and house a collection of books and impressive portrait prints.

Passionei was decidedly anti-Jesuit, opposing the beatification of the Jesuit Cardinal Bellarmine in 1754. Other than that, he was a proponent of a liberal Catholicism and considered a protector of Jansenists, and defended authors like Montesquieu and Helvétius in Index trials. He was also a manuscript collector, minuscule 847 and minuscule 848 were his manuscripts.

Passionei retired to a Camaldolese monastery near Frascati where he died on July 5, 1761, from complications of a stroke.

title: Domenico Silvio Passionei


text: User talk:194.165.220.94

title: User talk:194.165.220.94


text:
Algiers Agreement (2000)

The Algiers Agreement was a peace agreement between the governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia that was signed on 12 December 2000, at Algiers, Algeria, to formally end the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, a border war fought by the two countries from 1998 to 2000. In the agreement, the two parties reaffirmed the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities, which had been signed on 18 June 2000.

The Algiers Agreement provided for the exchange of prisoners and the return of displaced persons and established a Boundary Commission to demarcate the border and a Claims Commission to assess damages caused by the conflict.

Conditions and structure of the agreement
The purpose of the agreement was to:

 * End/terminate hostilities permanently and agree to refrain from the threat or use of force.
 * Respect and implement fully the provisions of an agreement on cessation of hostilities signed on 18 June 2000.
 * Release and repatriate all prisoners of war and all other persons detained.
 * Provide humane treatment to each other's nationals and persons of each other's national origin within their respective territories.

The agreement established three commissions: the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (to delimit and demarcate the border between the two states), the Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission (to assess claims for damages stemming from the war), and an independent and impartial body appointed by the UN Secretary General to investigate the beginnings of the war.

Each commission was composed of five members and located in The Hague, Netherlands. Each country was to appoint two commissioners who were not nationals of the country. The president of each commission was selected by the other commissioners. Provision was made that if they failed to agree on a president within 30 days, the Secretary-General of the United Nations would appoint a president after consultation with the parties. The Boundaries Commission and the Claims Commission would work with the Permanent Court of Arbitration to judge each party’s claims.

In July 2001, the Commission sat to decide its jurisdiction, procedures and possible remedies. The result of this sitting was issued in August 2001. In October 2001, following consultations with the Parties, the Commission adopted its Rules of Procedure. In December 2001, the Parties filed their claims with the commission. The claims filed by the Parties relate to such matters as the conduct of military operations in the front zones, the treatment of POWs and of civilians and their property, diplomatic immunities and the economic impact of certain government actions during the conflict.

Final ruling
On 13 April 2002, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission, in collaboration with Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, agreed upon a "final and binding" verdict. The ruling awarded some territory to each side, but Badme (the flash point of the conflict) was awarded to Eritrea. At the same time, on 21 December 2005, another commission at the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that Eritrea broke international law when it attacked Ethiopia in 1998, triggering the broader conflict. At the end of 2005, final awards had been issued on claims on Pensions, and Ports. Partial awards have been issued for claims about: Prisoners of War, the Central Front, Civilians Claims, the Western and Eastern Fronts, Diplomatic, Economic and property losses, and Jus ad bellum.

The Ethiopia–Eritrean Claims Commission ruled that:"15. The areas initially invaded by Eritrean forces on that day [12 May 1998] were all either within undisputed Ethiopian territory or within territory that was peacefully administered by Ethiopia and that later would be on the Ethiopian side of the line to which Ethiopian armed forces were obligated to withdraw in 2000 under the Cease-Fire Agreement of 18 June 2000. In its Partial Award in Ethiopia’s Central Front Claims, the Commission held that the best available evidence of the areas effectively administered by Ethiopia in early May 1998 is that line to which they were obligated to withdraw in 2000. ...

16. Consequently, the Commission holds that Eritrea violated Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations by resorting to armed force to attack and occupy Badme, then under peaceful administration by Ethiopia, as well as other territory in the Tahtay Adiabo and Laelay Adiabo Weredas of Ethiopia, in an attack that began on 12 May 1998, and is liable to compensate Ethiopia, for the damages caused by that violation of international law."

Reactions and later developments
Both countries initially vowed to accept the decision wholeheartedly the day after the ruling was made official. A few months later, however, Ethiopia requested clarifications, then stated it was deeply dissatisfied with the ruling. In September 2003, Eritrea refused to agree to a new commission, which they would have had to agree to if the old binding agreement was to be set aside, and asked the international community to put pressure on Ethiopia to accept the ruling. In November 2004, Ethiopia accepted the ruling "in principle".

Still, the border question remained in dispute. In September 2007, Ethiopia alleged that Eritrea was violating the agreement, and warned that it could use this as grounds to terminate or suspend the agreement. In November 2007, the EEBC concluded the demarcation phase of the Algiers Agreement; by the end of 2007, however, an estimated 4000 Eritrean troops remained in the 'demilitarized zone' with a further 120,000 along its side of the border. Ethiopia maintained 100,000 troops along its side, and low-scale conflict had continued in the meantime.

Overall, while the treaty succeeded in stopping the full-scale war, it failed to fully resolve the border dispute, as the fighting over this would continue until 2018.

Christine Gray, in an article in the European Journal of International Law (2006), questioned the jurisdiction of the Claims Commission to decide whether Eritrea had violated international law, saying that "there were many factors which suggested that the Commission should have abstained from giving judgment," and that making this ruling through an arbitration court was inappropriate. Additionally, she stated that the hearing for this claim – according to the Algiers Agreement – was to be heard by a separate commission, and to be an investigation of exclusively factual concern, not compensation.

2018 Peace Agreement
The Ethiopian government under the leadership of new prime minister Abiy Ahmed unexpectedly announced on 5 June 2018 that it fully accepted the terms of the Algiers Agreement. Ethiopia also announced that it would accept the outcome of the 2002 UN-backed Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) ruling which awarded disputed territories including the town of Badme to Eritrea.

title: Algiers Agreement (2000)


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Rematerialization

In computer science, rematerialization or remat is a compiler optimization which saves time by recomputing a value instead of loading it from memory. It is typically tightly integrated with register allocation, where it is used as an alternative to spilling registers to memory. It was conceived by Gregory Chaitin, Marc Auslander, Ashok Chandra, John Cocke, Martin Hopkins and Peter Markstein and implemented in the Pl.8 compiler for the 801 Minicomputer in the late 1970s. Later improvements were made by Preston Briggs, Keith D. Cooper, and Linda Torczon in 1992.

Traditional optimizations such as common subexpression elimination and loop invariant hoisting often focus on eliminating redundant computation. Since computation requires CPU cycles, this is usually a good thing, but it has the potentially devastating side effect that it can increase the live ranges of variables and create many new variables, resulting in spills during register allocation. Rematerialization is nearly the opposite: it decreases register pressure by increasing the amount of CPU computation. To avoid adding more computation time than necessary, rematerialization is done only when the compiler can be confident that it will be of benefit — that is, when a register spill to memory would otherwise occur.

Rematerialization works by keeping track of the expression used to compute each variable, using the concept of available expressions. Sometimes the variables used to compute a value are modified, and so can no longer be used to rematerialize that value. The expression is then said to no longer be available. Other criteria must also be fulfilled, for example a maximum complexity on the expression used to rematerialize the value; it would do no good to rematerialize a value using a complex computation that takes more time than a load. Usually the expression must also have no side effects.

title: Rematerialization


text: User talk:209.152.56.107

title: User talk:209.152.56.107


text:
Mercedes-Benz M112 engine

The Mercedes-Benz M112 engine is a gasoline-fueled, 4-stroke, spark-ignition, internal-combustion automobile piston V6 engine family used in the 2000s. Introduced in 1996, it was the first gasoline V6 engine ever built by Mercedes. A short time later the related M113 V8 was introduced.

All are built in Bad Cannstatt, Germany, except the supercharged C 32 AMG and SLK 32 AMG, assembled in Affalterbach, Germany.

All M112 engines have silicon/aluminum (Alusil) engine blocks with a 90° vee angle. The aluminum SOHC cylinder heads have 3 valves per cylinder. All use sequential fuel injection with two spark plugs per cylinder. All have forged steel connecting rods, a one-piece cast camshaft, iron-coated aluminum pistons and a magnesium intake manifold. To deal with the vibration problems of a 90 degree V6, a balancer shaft was installed in the engine block between the cylinder banks. This essentially eliminated first and second order vibration problems (see engine balance). A dual-length Variable Length Intake Manifold is fitted to optimise engine flexibility.

E24
The E24 is a 2398 cc version. Bore and stroke is 83.2x73.5 mm. The engine produces 168 bhp at 5900 rpm and 225 Nm of torque between 3000 and 5500 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.0:1.

Applications:

 * M112.910: 1996–2000 C 240 (W202)
 * M112.911: 1996–2000 E 240 (W210)

E26
The E26 is a 2597 cc version. Bore and stroke is 89.9x68.2 mm. Output is 125 kW ECE at 5,500 rpm 240 Nm of torque at 4,500 rpm in all applications except in the 2003-2005 W211 E-Class where power rose to 130 kW. The compression ratio is raised to 10.5:1.

Applications:

M112.912: M112.914: M112.916: M112.917: M112.950:
 * 1999–2005 C 240 (W203)
 * 2001–2005 CLK 240 (C209)
 * 1999–2002 E 240 (W210)
 * 2002–2005 C 240 4MATIC (W203)
 * 2001–2005 E 240 (W211)
 * 2000–2001 C 240 (S202)

E28
The E28 is a 2799 cc version. Bore and stroke is 89.9x73.5 mm. It produces 201 bhp (W220 S280, R129 SL280 and W210 E280) or 194 bhp (W202 C280) at 5,700 rpm and 270 Nm of torque between 3,000 and 5,000 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.0:1.

Applications:
 * M112.920: 1996–2000 C 280 (W202)
 * M112.921: 1996–2002 E 280 (W210)
 * M112.922: 1997–2005 S 280 (W220)
 * M112.923: 1997–2001 SL 280 (R129)

E32
The E32 is a 3199 cc version. Bore remains at 89.9 mm but the engine is stroked to 84 mm. Output is 215-224 bhp ECE at 5,700 rpm (depending on model) with 315 Nm of torque at 3,000-4,800 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.0:1. It has fracture-split forged steel connecting rods.

Applications:
 * M112.940: 1996–2002 CLK 320 (C208)
 * M112.941: 1998–2003 E 320 (W210)
 * M112.942: 1998–2003 ML 320 (W163)
 * M112.943: 1998–2001 SL 320 (R129)
 * M112.944: 1998–2002 S 320 (W220)
 * M112.945: 1997–2006 G 320 (W463)
 * M112.946: 2000–2005 C 320 (W203) & C 320 SportCoupé (CL203)
 * M112.947: 2000–2003 SLK 320 (R170)
 * M112.949: 2002–2005 E 320 (W211)
 * M112.951: 2003–2015 Viano 3.0/Vito 119 (W639)
 * M112.953: 2002–2005 C 320 4MATIC (W203)
 * M112.954: 2003–2004 E 320 4MATIC (W211)
 * M112.955: 2002–2005 CLK 320 (C209)
 * 2004–2008 Chrysler Crossfire

E32 ML
The E32 Kompressor is a special version of the 3199 cc, fitted with a helical Twin-screw type supercharger. The supercharger was developed in conjunction with IHI and features Teflon-coated rotors producing overall boost of 14.5 psi with the factory 74mm clutch-activated pulley. A water-to-air intercooler made by Garrett is fitted beneath the supercharger inside the V, with a 0.8L Heat-Exchanger mounted under the bumper run by an electric water pump. Output is 260 kW ECE at 6,100 rpm with 450 Nm of torque at 3,000-4,600 rpm. The compression ratio is 9.0:1.

Applications:
 * M112.960: 2000–2004 SLK 32 AMG (R170)
 * M112.961: 2000–2004 C 32 AMG (W203) & C 32 AMG SportCoupé (CL203)
 * 2002 A 32K AMG
 * 2005–2006 Chrysler Crossfire SRT-6

E37
The E37 is a 3724 cc version. It retains the stroke of the E32 but is bored to 97 mm. Output is 173 to 180 kW ECE at 5,750 rpm with 344 Nm of torque at 3,000-4,500 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.0:1.

Applications:
 * M112.970: 2001–2004 ML 350 (W163)
 * M112.972: 2002–2005 S 350 (W220)
 * M112.975: 2002–2005 S 350 4MATIC (W220)
 * M112.973: 2001–2006 SL 350 (R230)
 * 2004–2008 V 350

title: Mercedes-Benz M112 engine


text:
Grandma Gatewood

Emma Rowena Gatewood ( Caldwell; October 25, 1887 – June 4, 1973), better known as Grandma Gatewood, was an American ultra-light hiking pioneer. After a difficult life as a farm wife, mother of eleven children, and survivor of domestic violence, she became famous as the first solo female thru-hiker of the 2168 mi Appalachian Trail (A.T.) in 1955 at the age of 67. She subsequently became the first person (male or female) to hike the A.T. three times, after completing a second thru-hike two years later, followed by a section-hike in 1964. In the meantime, she hiked 2000 mi of the Oregon Trail in 1959. In her later years, she continued to travel and hike, and worked on a section of what would become the Buckeye Trail. The media coverage surrounding her feats was credited for generating interest in maintaining the A.T. and in hiking generally. Among many other honors, she was posthumously inducted into the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame in 2012.

Early life and education
Gatewood was born to a family of 15 children in Guyan Township, Gallia County, Ohio. Her father Hugh Caldwell, a farmer, turned to a life of drinking and gambling after his leg was amputated in the Civil War. The child-rearing of the family was left to her mother Evelyn (Trowbridge) Caldwell. Emma and her siblings slept four to a bed in their log cabin. Her formal education ended with the eighth grade, but she enjoyed reading encyclopedias and the Greek classics, and taught herself about wildlife and woodland plants that could be used as medicines and food. She also enjoyed writing poetry.

Marriage and children
On May 5, 1907, at the age of 19, she married 27-year-old Perry Clayton (P. C.) Gatewood, a college-educated primary school teacher, and later tobacco farmer, with whom she had 11 children. Almost immediately her husband set her to work burning tobacco beds, building fences, and mixing cement, in addition to her expected housework duties.

Although P. C. was recognized in the community as a man of above-average intellect, he had a mean streak. Within months of the wedding, he started to beat his wife, a vicious pattern that continued for the duration of their marriage. In 1924, he was convicted of manslaughter after killing a man during an argument. He was ordered to pay restitution to the widow of the victim, but his prison sentence was suspended because he had nine children and a farm to take care of. Emma recalled being beaten nearly to death on several occasions. When her husband became violent, she would often run into the woods, where she found peace and solitude.

In 1939, after yet another violent fight, P. C. arranged to have his wife arrested and jailed. Seeing her with broken teeth and a cracked rib, the town mayor took her in and found her a job. She filed for divorce in September 1940, and in February 1941 she testified against her husband in a hearing that resulted in the divorce being granted, giving her custody of the three children still at home and with alimony to be paid by P. C. This was at a time when divorce was difficult, and after her husband had repeatedly threatened to have her committed to an insane asylum as a means of maintaining control over her.

Six years later, she began working at various jobs, renovating her house, and writing poetry. By 1951, all of her children were on their own.

Hiking career
In the early 1950s, while reading a discarded copy of the August 1949 edition of National Geographic magazine, Gatewood found an article about the Appalachian Trail (A.T.). The description and photographs captivated her and made it sound like something she could do. All that was needed was "normal good health" and "no special skill or training." She set out in July 1954 at the age of 66 to hike south from Mount Katahdin in Maine. After a few days, she got lost, broke her glasses, and ran out of food. The rangers who found her convinced her to return home, but she decided not to tell anyone about her failure.

The following year, at the age of 67, Gatewood told her grown children that she was going for a walk. They did not ask where or for how long, as they knew she was resilient and would take care of herself. This time, she started earlier in the year and walked north from Mount Oglethorpe in Georgia beginning on May 3, 1955, and ending 146 days later on September 25 at Mount Katahdin. At the top of Baxter Peak, she signed the register, sang the first verse of the song "America the Beautiful" and spoke out loud, "I did it. I said I'd do it and I've done it."

Because the National Geographic magazine article had given her the impression of easy walks and clean cabins at the end of each day's expedition, she took little in the way of outdoor gear – no tent or sleeping bag, just a shower curtain to keep the rain off. She wore canvas Keds shoes on her misshapen feet and carried a small notebook, some clothes and food in a homemade denim bag slung over one shoulder. When she couldn't find shelter, she slept on piles of leaves. On cold nights, she heated large flat stones to use as a warm bed. When she ran out of food, she ate berries and other edible forest plants she recognized.

Local newspapers began picking up on her story in late June, beginning in Virginia with an article in The Roanoke Times. Then the Associated Press did a national profile of her while she was in Maryland, leading to an article in Sports Illustrated when she reached Connecticut. This publicity made her a celebrity even before the hike was over; she was often recognized and received "trail magic" (assistance from strangers) in the form of friends, food and places to sleep.

After the hike, Sports Illustrated ran a follow-up article describing her experiences on the trail. She was quoted as saying that, based on the National Geographic article's rosy descriptions, she thought "it would be a nice lark. It wasn't." She continued, "This is no trail. This is a nightmare. For some fool reason, they always lead you right up over the biggest rock to the top of the biggest mountain they can find." Newspapers across the United States, including The Baltimore Sun, carried articles about the "jovial little grandmother" who conquered the A.T. In addition, she was invited as the featured guest on the news and talk television program the Today Show with Dave Garroway and won two hundred dollars on the televised quiz show Welcome Travelers. In June 1956, U.S. Representative Thomas A. Jenkins of Ohio entered a description of Gatewood's accomplishment and subsequent publicity in the Congressional Record.

Gatewood thru-hiked the A.T. again in 1957. She reported that the trail was in better condition that year, due to the efforts by local hiking clubs to clean and mark parts of it. She was invited to speak to students and various civic groups about her experiences. In addition, she spent time with Girl Scouts and 4-H members at their camps. In 1958, she climbed six mountains in the Adirondack Mountains of New York.

In 1959, at the age of 71, she was inspired by publicity about the Oregon Centennial Exposition to walk the 2000 mi of the Oregon Trail by herself, following in the footsteps of the pioneer women who had walked the route behind covered wagons one hundred years earlier. The trip took her three months from Independence, Missouri, to Portland, Oregon, averaging 22 mi a day. Her arrival in Portland was celebrated as Grandma Gatewood Day. Among her many gifts and accolades were trips to Hollywood for guest appearances on the television programs Art Linkletter's House Party and You Bet Your Life with Groucho Marx.

Gatewood completed her third hike of the A.T., this time in sections, in 1964 at age 76, making her the first person to complete the trail three times. She was also credited with being the oldest female thru-hiker by the Appalachian Trail Conference.

Every January beginning in 1967, she led a six-mile hike through Hocking Hills State Park in Ohio. For her last hike in 1973, more than 2,500 hikers showed up. The annual hike has become even more popular over the years; in January 2013, more than 4,000 people joined in.

When she was in her early eighties, she spent ten or more hours a day clearing and marking a 30-mile hiking trail through Gallia County, Ohio that would later be connected to the Buckeye Trail. In 1973, shortly before her death, she took a lengthy bus trip with an open-ended ticket, visiting all of the contiguous United States, plus three Canadian provinces.

Gatewood was a life member of the National Campers and Hikers Association and the Roanoke Appalachian Trail Club. She was one of the founding members, Director Emeritus and a lifetime member of the Buckeye Trail Association. By the end of her life, she had walked more than 14000 mi, or the equivalent of more than halfway around the Earth.

Death and funeral
At the time of her death at age 85 from a heart attack, Gatewood had one surviving sister plus 66 living descendants: 11 children, 24 grandchildren, 30 great-grandchildren, and one great-great-grandchild. Her funeral was held at the Waugh-Halley-Wood Funeral Home, and she was buried in Ohio Valley Memory Gardens. Her grave marker says simply "Emma R. Gatewood – Grandma."

Honors and legacy
Gatewood received numerous honors during her lifetime, and her legacy lives on through various tributes, artistic works, and other commemorative projects.

 * In her last few years, Gatewood received several awards, including the Ohio State Conservation Award and the Governor's Community Action Award. Upon her death, the Ohio Senate passed a resolution in her memory.
 * In Hocking Hills State Park in Ohio – where the North Country Trail, the Buckeye Trail, and the American Discovery Trail coincide – a six-mile section connecting Old Man's Cave to Cedar Falls to Ash Cave was designated as the Grandma Gatewood Memorial Trail in January 1981.
 * The Appalachian Trail Museum includes exhibits about her, and in June 2012, she was inducted into the museum's Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame.
 * She has been the subject of various projects, including a story-telling program (2011), a one-act play (2013), and picture albums designed by Eden Valley Enterprises.
 * Trail Magic: The Grandma Gatewood Story, which premiered in May 2015 and was shown on the Public Broadcasting System in 2016, is an Emmy Award-nominated 60-minute documentary by filmmaker Peter Huston.
 * Jeff & Paige, a children's music duo based in Boulder, Colorado, released a song in her honor, titled "Grandma Gatewood", on their 2015 album "Mighty Wolf".
 * The village of Cheshire, Ohio, together with the Buckeye Trail Association and the Ohio History Connection, dedicated a historical marker in her memory on May 28, 2016. The front of the marker is a summary of her accomplishments. On the reverse side is a poem entitled The Reward of Nature, which is believed to have been written by Gatewood during one of her hikes of the A.T.
 * In 2018, her story was retold in the New York Times Overlooked series, which adds stories of remarkable people whose deaths went unreported in the historically male-dominated obituaries of the Times. The piece details her hiking accomplishments and abusive family life.
 * She inspired the Gatewood Cape, a lightweight combination rain cape and shelter.
 * "Grandma Gatewood Took a Walk" by Barter Theatre Resident Playwright Catherine Bush made its debut at the Appalachian Festival of Plays and Playwrights (AFPP) as a reading in 2023 and is now a captivating full-length play running from May 12 to June 9, 2024 at Barter Theatre's Smith Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia.

Biographies

 * Trail Magic: The Grandma Gatewood Story (PBS documentary). Eden Valley Enterprises and FilmAffects.
 * Trail Magic: The Grandma Gatewood Story (PBS documentary). Eden Valley Enterprises and FilmAffects.
 * Trail Magic: The Grandma Gatewood Story (PBS documentary). Eden Valley Enterprises and FilmAffects.

title: Grandma Gatewood


text:
Love Connection

Love Connection is an American television dating game show in which singles attempt to connect with a compatible partner. Originally hosted by Chuck Woolery, the show debuted in syndication on September 19, 1983, and ended on July 1, 1994, after 2,120 shows. Reruns continued to air until September 8, 1995. The series was relaunched for one season in 1998 under the same title with Pat Bullard as host. In 2017, the series returned on Fox with Andy Cohen hosting. This second revival ran for two seasons.

Love Connection was produced by Eric Lieber Productions in association with and distributed by Telepictures (1983–1986), Lorimar-Telepictures (1986–1989), Lorimar Television (1989–1990), and Warner Bros. Television (1989–1994).

Format
Love Connection's main premise was to arrange dates for couples. A guest appeared on the show after going on a date with one of three contestants, having chosen on the basis of the contestants' videotaped profiles. After the date, the televised appearance was scheduled.

Love Connection tapings took place before a live studio audience. Woolery introduced the guest and show excerpts from the three candidates' videos. The studio audience then secretly voted on which candidate they preferred for the guest. (In the 1998–99 version, home viewers voted online and were included in the tally.) The guest then revealed whom he or she had actually dated, and the date joined the conversation from backstage via closed-circuit television camera. Woolery led the guest and date to discuss their time together. If they both agreed that the date had been successful, the couple would be reunited onstage; otherwise, the date's participation in the show ended. Woolery then revealed the vote result; if the guest had had a successful date with the vote winner, Woolery congratulated the couple for making a "love connection", and they would usually (but not always) accept the offered prize of a second date at the show's expense.

After a successful date, the guest was always offered another date with that person. However, if the vote winner was one of the other contestants, the guest could choose a date with the vote winner, regardless of the success of the first date. In addition, if the guest had already unsuccessfully dated the audience pick, the guest could choose to go on a date with either of the other contestants. If a second date took place, the couple would be invited back for a second interview at a later taping. Two or three segments usually aired per show. In a variation that aired on Fridays, a bachelor or spinster who had not yet chosen a date made an appearance and allow the studio audience to make the choice for him or her, based on video excerpts. The couple would report back in the usual fashion several weeks later. If the couple hit it off, they were entitled to a second date at the show's expense. If not, the contestant could choose between the two losing candidates for the second date.

In the 2017 revival, the guest appeared on the show after having gone on a date with each of the three contestants, and all three were interviewed from backstage after the video intros and audience vote. This version added a segment where guests and contestants rate their first impressions of each other's looks on a scale of 1–10; however, some contestants have acknowledged basing this rating in part on factors other than physical looks, such as punctuality or fashion sense. After the interviews, the guest received an overnight date with the contestant of his or her choice, along with a chance to receive a $10,000 cash prize. In season 1, the guest automatically received the prize if the audience vote matched his or her choice; otherwise, the guest was given the option to instead spend the overnight date with the vote winner and thereby receive the monetary prize. In season 2, the option to switch was dropped; the guest spent the overnight date with the contestant he or she chose, and the $10,000 prize was awarded if the audience vote matched that choice.

The great majority of contestants in the original series were in their twenties and had never been married. However, older never-married, widowed, and divorced (some multiple times) contestants were occasionally selected as well. The relationship status of the contestants was noted on-screen in their profile summary in both syndicated iterations of the show, but is not referenced in the 2017 revival unless it arises in conversation between the guest, dates, and host. In the original series, men were paired only with women, and vice versa; the 2017 revival has included same-sex pairings. The show paid the expenses incurred on the date, plus $75 for incidentals. The incidental amount was increased to $100 for the 1998–1999 revival. In the 2017 revival, contestants were given $500 for each date.

Legacy
The show was one of the biggest game show hits of the 1980s and early 1990s, and helped revive Chuck Woolery's hosting career. At 11 seasons and 2,120 episodes, it was one of the longest lasting game shows in syndication. For many years it was third behind Merv Griffin's Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune (formerly hosted by Woolery) for longest lasting game show in syndication, but since has been surpassed by Family Feud and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. Coincidentally, the show premiered on the same date (September 19) that Woolery's former show, Wheel of Fortune, debuted its syndicated edition in 1983.

There is a scene in the 1990 movie Misery where Annie Wilkes is watching the show while eating Cheetos.

As of 1993, among the couples who met on the show, there were a total of 29 marriages, 8 engagements, and 15 children, according to Woolery.

A year later, in a Daily Variety trade ad promoting the end of the original show's run after 11 seasons, it was stated that there were 35,478 taped interviews, 2,120 episodes, 31 marriages, and 20 children.

"Two and two"
Woolery created his catch phrase "we'll be back in two and two" on Love Connection, often accompanied by a two-fingered hand gesture. The line referred to the fact that the program would return in two minutes and two seconds, the total length of a standard commercial break at the time, including the fade-out and fade-ins bookending each break. Woolery would later use this phrase on other shows he hosted as well.

Syndication
The Chuck Woolery episodes were rerun on the USA Network from October 16, 1995 to June 6, 1997 and on the Game Show Network from January 6, 2003 to July 18, 2008. Beginning November 9, 2009, the Woolery episodes returned to GSN's weekday lineup but have since been removed. The Pat Bullard version has not been aired since its cancellation. GameTV will start airing the Chuck Woolery season on March 6, 2020. Only a few episodes have aired on there since.

Revivals
In 2015, a remake of the show was in development by Warner Bros. for a shot in 2016 with comedian Loni Love as host, but those plans fell through.

On January 11, 2017, Fox announced plans to revive the series for Summer 2017, with Andy Cohen serving as host. The reboot premiered at 9:00 p.m. ET on May 25, 2017. On August 10, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on May 29, 2018. The second season concluded on September 18, 2018. Cohen announced the series' cancellation on February 27, 2019.

title: Love Connection


text:
Alfredo Palacio

Luis Alfredo Palacio González (born 22 January 1939) is an Ecuadorian cardiologist and former politician who was President of Ecuador from 20 April 2005 to 15 January 2007. From 15 January 2003 to 20 April 2005, he was vice president, after which he was appointed to the presidency when the Ecuadorian Congress removed President Lucio Gutiérrez from power following a week of growing unrest with his government.

Biography
Born in Guayaquil, Palacio is a physician by profession, specializing in cardiology. He studied in his home town and, later, at Cleveland, Ohio, doing residency at Case Western Reserve University, followed by a two-year cardiology fellowship at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri. He later lectured in cardiology and public health at the University of Guayaquil's faculty of medicine.

Palacio was chosen as Lucio Gutiérrez's running mate in the 2002 election. It was a common sight during the campaign to see Gutiérrez, dressed in his army fatigues, accompanied by Palacio, wearing surgical scrubs. Palacio previously was the minister for health during the administration of Sixto Durán Ballén. Many of the ministers he chose were from Ecuador's left.

One of Palacio's first proposals made as president was to hold a Constitutional Assembly to amend Ecuador's 1998 Constitution. For a period of several months prior to assuming office, he had been a critic of the Gutiérrez regime, saying that the country was "falling apart" and in need of "intensive care".

Rafael Correa was elected president in November 2006 and replaced Palacio as president on 15 January 2007.

World Health Organization
Palacio was one of the candidates for the position of director-general of the World Health Organization, to be decided in a vote on 9 November 2006. However, on 18 October 2006, he announced he would not be pursuing the position, preferring to concentrate on his presidency until the last day of his mandate.

Approval rating
Palacio began his presidency with an approval rating of 53%. Palacio left office with a 29% approval rating, according to a CEDATOS survey.

title: Alfredo Palacio


text:
Ken Babstock

Ken Babstock (born 19 January 1970) is a Canadian poet. He was born in Newfoundland and raised in the Ottawa Valley. Babstock began publishing his poems in journals and anthologies, winning gold at the 1997 Canadian National Magazine Awards. He lives in Toronto, Ontario.

Early years
Babstock discovered poetry in his teens, growing up in Pembroke, Ontario, in the Ottawa Valley.

Career and awards
Babstock's first collection in 1999, Mean, won him the Milton Acorn Award and the 2000 Atlantic Poetry Prize. According to the official edition of 1999, Mean is a "stunning exploration of the threshold and divide between our primeval origins and the meanness of our everyday lives." Babstock has since published a second collection, Days into Flatspin, which has also come in for high critical praise.

He was the winner of a K.M. Hunter Award. His poems have won gold at the National Magazine Awards, have been anthologized in Canada and the United States, and have been translated into Dutch, Serbo-Croatian, and Latvian.

Babstock worked as Poetry Faculty at the Banff Centre for the Arts and lives in Toronto, Ontario.

Babstock's collection, Airstream Land Yacht, won the Trillium Book Award, was shortlisted for the 2007 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize, and was nominated for the 2006 Governor General's Award for poetry.

Babstock's collection Methodist Hatchet, won the 2012 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize. In 2014, he won the inaugural Latner Writers' Trust Poetry Prize.

Babstock published a book-length poem, On Malice, in 2014. His most recent collection is Swivelmount, released in late 2020 from Coach House Books, and was shortlisted for the ReLit Award for poetry in 2021.

title: Ken Babstock


text: User:Diberri/LTP references

title: User:Diberri/LTP references


text:
Bishop Wordsworth's School

Bishop Wordsworth's School is a Church of England boys' grammar school in Salisbury, Wiltshire for boys aged 11 to 18. The school is regularly amongst the top-performing schools in England, and in 2010 was the school with the best results in the English Baccalaureate. It was granted academy status in March 2011 and is an Additional Member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. It is within the grounds of Salisbury Cathedral, adjacent to the Cathedral School.

Sixth form teaching was in collaboration with South Wilts Grammar School for Girls until June 2020; from September 2020 the school admitted girls direct to its sixth form, with 45 joining Year 12.

The school's full name is Bishop Wordsworth's Church of England Grammar School, shortened to BWS. It is known colloquially as Bishop's, and its students as Bishop's Boys. The school's motto is Veritas in Caritate, taken from the Latin text of Ephesians 4:15: "(Speaking the) truth in love."

History
The school was founded in June 1889, when the bishop of Salisbury, John Wordsworth, announced to his friend Canon Woodall, "I should like to see Salisbury a great educational centre. I should like to found a school which shall be equal to the greatest and best of our public schools." His initial desire that working class boys were not to be admitted caused much controversy. Fees were initially set at £1.10s.0d, and boarding fees were £2 per term; however, the fees were raised to £9 in 1894 to meet the unexpected costs of the school. During the first year, classes were taught in the bishop's palace of Salisbury itself. Bishop Wordsworth personally donated £3000, which was used to purchase an area of land in the cathedral close and to build the school's first buildings. After Wordsworth's death, the school was renamed Bishop Wordsworth's School, having been previously known as "The Bishop's School".

In 1905, the school became a grammar school, its buildings consisting of the current Chapel Block and Bishopgate. Between 1905 and 1927 the school also used buildings in the Friary and also on New Street in Salisbury. Until 1928 the school admitted both boys and girls, but from 1927, with the founding of a girls' grammar school in the city called South Wilts Grammar School, the school admitted boys only.

In 1931 a hall, science laboratories and a library were built. By the 1930s, the school had achieved a reputation for pioneering educational work, and in 1936 became a public school. During the Second World War, pupils from the Priory School in Portsmouth moved to BWS to avoid the bombing of the city. In 1948 the governors accepted voluntary controlled status, which meant being funded by Wiltshire County Council as local education authority and accepting its supervision. Boarding at the school in the Bishopgate buildings ended in the 1950s, and the buildings were used for teaching thereafter.

The school now educates boys aged 11 to 18 in years 7–13 and girls aged 16 to 18 in years 12–13.

In 2002, a major redevelopment of the school's site and buildings commenced. A new classroom block and drama studio were followed by an extensive sports hall and physical education facilities, and a sixth form block was finished in July 2010. The old sports hall was converted to house the art department, and the design technology block has been expanded. In 2011 a new cookery room was completed with the reception moved from The Close to Exeter Street and in 2017 the new Maths Block was completed.

In 2004 the school was awarded its first specialism in languages. In 2008 the school achieved an additional specialism in science. As part of its specialist work the school has supported all of the city primary schools in Salisbury in languages, and many with science too.

The school converted to single academy status in 2011. It has five houses, named after bishops of Salisbury: Poore, Osmund, Jewell, Martival and Ward.

In 2016 the school was criticised for asking parents for money towards their sons' exam costs. One Bishop Wordsworth’s School parent said the school was not private and should not be "money grabbing". Headmaster Stuart Smallwood defended the school saying it did not receive enough government funding and that the payments were entirely optional.

In October 2021, it was reported that Wiltshire Police had investigated drugs activity among a small number of pupils. The previous month, a 14-year-old boy had been arrested on suspicion of being involved in the supply of Class A drugs.

In March 2023, it was reported that a student in Year 10 had been arrested on suspicion of sending social media messages threatening to perform a mass shooting at the school.

Entrance
Entry to the school is regulated by the 11-plus. Applicants sit the test in year 6, at the age of 10 or 11. The exams are held in September at the school itself. There are also limited twelve plus and thirteen plus admissions, similarly by examination. Sixth form admission is administered by the head of sixth form, and is granted on the basis of GCSE results. Pupils must achieve more than 48 points (including 5 in maths and English) in their GCSEs to continue their studies in sixth form, as well as a relatively high grade in the options they propose to take.

Notable staff
Sir William Golding, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, was a schoolmaster teaching philosophy and English in 1939, then English and religious education from 1945 to 1962. Lord of the Flies was Golding's first book, written in 1954, and it is widely believed that its main characters were based on Golding's students.

Golding also regularly sang with Bishop Wordsworth's School choir. He was known affectionately as "Scruff" by the pupils due to his sometimes unkempt hair and beard and his carefree dress sense. After Golding's death in 1993, the school choir sang at his memorial service in Salisbury Cathedral. In March 2005 a plaque was placed at the school to commemorate Golding's time as a teacher. Headmaster Happold was also noted for the foundation of the "Company of Honour and Service". Kenelm Foster wrote:

"'[the company is] a sort of modernist Grail (for Boys) or Solidarity which Dr Happold founded in 1935 at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury. This is his nucleus, his 'order', his new aristocracy, which is to permeate England: a little cohort of leaders, of seers, of doers.' (Cited in Happold, 1964, pp. 33)."

Alan Harwood was a notable organ scholar and taught music at Bishop Wordsworth's School. After Harwood's death in 2003, composer Sam Hanson (organist/director of music at St Peter's Church, Bournemouth, formerly organ scholar at Jesus College, Cambridge), dedicated a requiem to him.

Former headmaster Clive Barnett (who left the school in 2002) is patron of the charity EdUKaid, a role he shares with Glenys Kinnock.

In 2009 a retired teacher who was being investigated for indecent assault killed himself by inhaling helium. Nicholas Bray was found dead at his home by police officers on 12 June 2009 after failing to attend an appointment at Salisbury Police Station. He had been arrested in 2007 for an assault dating back several years and was also being investigated for possessing indecent images.

Headmasters

 * 1890–1928: Reuben Bracher
 * 1928–1960: Frederick Crossfield Happold
 * 1960–1964: Ernest Ethrin Sabben-Clare
 * 1964–1974: Robert Cabot Rowsell Blackledge
 * 1974–1992: Glyn Evans
 * 1992–2002: Clive Barnett
 * 2002–present: Stuart Smallwood

Notable alumni
The "Old Wordsworthian" AGM and lunch is traditionally held after the cathedral service and Founder's Day celebrations in July.

Science

 * Mark Oxborrow, professor at Imperial College London, co-discoverer of the room-temperature solid-state maser

Military
 * Walter Edward Maxfield, lieutenant colonel 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF (The Bishop's School: 1890–1892)
 * William Sholto Thesigerwst Douglass, colonel, Royal Engineers
 * Tom Adlam, lieutenant colonel, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment, Victoria Cross recipient
 * George Woolnough, lieutenant colonel, The Wiltshire Regiment (Duke of Edinburgh's)
 * Chris Moon, captain, Royal Anglian Regiment
 * Richard Crisp, lieutenant, Special Air Service Regiment, executed by enemy forces during SAS/SOE Operation Bulbasket
 * F N Robertson, flight sergeant, No 261 Sqn, Hurricane fighter ace with 11th most kills of any Commonwealth pilot in World War II
 * Dudley Cockle, flight sergeant, Royal Air Force airman; recipient of the British Empire Medal
 * Percy Morfill, squadron leader, a flying ace of the Royal Air Force during World War II

Sports
 * Dudley Cockle, cricketer
 * David Egerton, England rugby international player
 * Richard Anthony Hill, former Saracens and England international rugby union flanker, player/captain/winner RWC 2003
 * Richard John Hill, coach and former Bath and England international rugby union scrum half, player/captain
 * John Shaw, England XI hockey captain and Olympian
 * Tom Heathcote, Bath Rugby fly-half
 * John Coundley, racing driver
 * Jonathan Copp, (BWS: 1969–1977) England and Great Britain Olympic hockey squad coach
 * James McIntosh, English Channel swimmer

Business
 * Colin Sharman, Baron Sharman, chairman of Aviva Group and former chairman of KPMG International, Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to Morocco

Arts Education
 * Ralph Fiennes, actor
 * Joseph Fiennes, actor
 * Tim Hampton, film producer
 * Anthony Robert Klitz, major, Middlesex Regiment, artist
 * Hamish Milne, concert pianist and professor of piano at the Royal Academy of Music
 * David Oakes, actor
 * Otto Plaschkes, movie producer
 * Andy Sheppard, jazz musician
 * Nigel Shore, principal oboist with the Komische Oper Berlin
 * Peter Thursby, sculptor
 * David Bates, conductor
 * Barney Norris, novelist and playwright
 * James Marriott, musician
 * Basil Chubb, professor of Irish history at Trinity College Dublin, author, and interned during the Second World War in Stalag Luft III
 * Andrew Copp, neurobiologist
 * Andrew Tym Hattersley, head of the Exeter Diabetes Genetics Centre, professor of molecular medicine, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, consultant physician, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, great-grandson of John Wordsworth, the bishop of Salisbury, who founded BWS.
 * Prof. Chris Sangwin, mathematician, University of Edinburgh

Legal
 * Ken Macdonald, warden of Wadham College, Oxford, director of public prosecutions (DPP), head of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) from 2003 to 2008

Politics
 * David Munro, Conservative police and crime commissioner for Surrey 2016–2020
 * Tom Copley, Labour Party London Assembly member

Religion
 * Mervyn Alexander, the 8th bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clifton, from 1974 to 2001
 * Wilfred Frank Curtis, major, Royal Artillery, Anglican priest

Journalism
 * Andrew Harvey, BBC newsreader
 * Anthony Hayward, journalist and author

Other
 * Cecil Chubb, last private owner of Stonehenge
 * Mark Labbett (born 1965), quizzer
 * Frank Noyce, member of the Governor-General of India's Executive Council from 1932 to 1937, and member of the Indian Public Schools' Society (IPSS)
 * Sir Graham Smith, HM chief inspector of probation from 1992 to 2001
 * Ralph Whitlock farmer, broadcaster, conservationist, journalist and author

title: Bishop Wordsworth's School


text:
Talk:Is This It

Soma
Does anyone know if the song "Soma" is named after the fictional drug in "Brave New World?" --PulpAffliction 14:14, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it isn't a direct allusion to that book, but the word soma is synonymous with ecstasy the emotion, however I think Julian might be talking about the drug MDMA. Bozu 13:06, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think Julian was talking about the drug, too. Considering there are lines in the song like, "They tried it once and they liked it."

Soma is the trade name for carisoprodol, a muscle relaxant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.121.67.202 (talk) 01:14, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Album Cover
Since The Strokes are a US band, shouldn't the US cover of Is This It go on top? Starla Dear 17:06, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I changed it. Starla Dear 00:38, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I changed it back. The international cover is the original one. BGC 01:13, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course the original, actual albumn art should be used. Why on Earth would the American release take precedence? Is Wikipedia an American initiative or a Global inititiative? Open source for the web; not just for Americans.119.161.71.12 (talk) 10:00, 20 February 2011 (UTC)INFX.com.au

But why are there two covers ? -- Beardo 15:23, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The International cover is the official cover of the record. The Strokes thought the cover would be too controversial in the united states, so they changed it in the US. This cover comes from the video for "Hard to Explain" Doc Strange (talk) 23:34, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 23:15, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

you might want to mention the UK release had a completely different cover ... -- Tarquin 11:52 Mar 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * Duly noted (I thought I'd gone mad or something when I saw the artwork here). --Camembert

I have a weird copy ...
I bought this album a few years ago, I have what is apparently the U.S. version -- U.S. cover art,, with track 9 being listed in the liner notes as "When It Started." But the song that plays as track 9 is "New York City Cops," whihc is on the U.K. version. I didn't realize the error for a few years, I just thought the refrain of "When It Started" has the phrase "New York City Cops." Anyway, does anyone know if that is a common issue, does anyone else have a version of the album that lists "When It Started" but really has "New York City Cops" like mine? --Icemanjeff (talk) 02:34, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hey, I just came to this page because of the same thing; the song that's been on my iPod for 3 1/2 years as "When It Started" is, apparently, the song called "New York City Cops." So, who knows how rare it is.Choiniej (talk) 19:52, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Factory error, perhaps? Maybe you have my CD and I have yours. My jewel case says "New York City Cops" on the back, but my CD has When It Started. BrianRecchia (talk) 00:40, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Why it's top importance
Essentially just read the Commercial and Accolades sections. And stop changing it to mid or something else ridiculous. There haven't been that many albums with the same coverage, awards, and list making ability of this one in the past 10 years or maybe even longer. Especially for Alt music. RB88 (T) 05:33, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The sales aren't that substantial. In terms of importance, could you honestly say this album is as important as Sgt. Pepper ot Thriller? Critically acclaimed, sure, but wider cultural impact is relatively minimal. By the way, this articles needs to use American English, as this is an American band. WesleyDodds (talk) 10:04, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree with "Top" importance. What RB88 said above might be enough for "High" importance but even that's a leap of faith, as RB88 didn't really say very much. Given the standing of this band and album in the overall history of rock, I would rate this a "Mid" importance. I could change it real easy but I'm sure someone will just change it back. Of course, it is very easy for fans to inflate the importance of their fave albums. Step back and ask yourself what a neutral observer would think. -- D OOMSDAYER 520  (Talk|Contribs) 22:52, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
 * After many months of no comments, the Importance is being changed to something realistic. Saying this album is "Top" is undeserved boosterism.-- D OOMSDAYER 520  (Talk|Contribs) 18:40, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The Strokes' PR hack must be thrilled ... - Dunks (talk) 09:22, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Canada certification in April 2002
The article states that the album was certified Gold in Canada in April 2002. here is the list of April 2002 certifications in Canada, and it is not there. Is there a different source? --Muhandes (talk) 20:48, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Accolades
Think this section needs a table as the album has received so many accolades from America, Britain, Australia etc Magazines, newspapers and websites. I do intend to find more because there are plenty of big names who have ranked this album in their "best of the decade" lists. Poiuytre (talk) 23:35, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Summary is best, meaning an accolades table wouldn't be too feasible, particular since there is no way we could (or should) list them all. WesleyDodds (talk) 08:34, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

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Album Cover II
I would like to have another discussion whether the American or original/international album cover should be used first in the box. I get the feeling that some people just cannot cope with the depicted nudeness of the original, since it is always reset by random IPs. In an artistic sense, to me, this equals censorship. The band's origin ist not really an argument to me, because the album sales were even better abroad (where the original cover is used). What do you think? --Clemens Stockner (Talk) 12:37, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Is This It


text:
Adolfo Suárez Rivera

Adolfo Antonio Suárez Rivera (9 January 1927 in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas – 22 March 2008 in Monterrey, Nuevo León) was a Mexican cardinal in the Catholic Church who also served as Bishop of Tepic, Tlalnepantla and Archbishop of Monterrey.

Suárez Rivera studied classical literature at the conciliar seminary of Chiapas in San Cristóbal, where he was ordained a priest in 1952, and then philosophy at the archdiocesan seminary of Xalapa and the Pontifical Seminary of Montezuma in Montezuma, New Mexico, in the United States. After these studies, he completed a doctorate in theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.

Suárez Rivera worked for about ten years as a professor of classical literature and philosophy at the diocesan seminary of San Cristóbal de las Casas, then was a department head and secretary in the Archdiocesan Curia. He advised the Christian Family Movement and helped found the Union for Mutual Episcopal Aid in the 1960s and 1970s, in addition to serving as a parish priest.

In 1971, Suárez Rivera was named Bishop of Tepic. From 1979 to 1983, he served as an adjunct member of the Congregation for Bishops, and he was a delegate to the 1983 Sixth General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on Reconciliation and Penance.

From 8 November 1983 until 25 January 2003 he served as Archbishop of Monterrey. He was made a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of 26 November 1994, and given the title of Cardinal-Priest of Nostra Signora di Guadalupe a Monte Mario.

Although eligible to vote in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI, Suárez Rivera was one of only two cardinal electors unable to attend for medical reasons (the other being Jaime Sin of the Philippines).

The cardinal died on Holy Saturday, 22 March 2008, in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

title: Adolfo Suárez Rivera


text: User talk:70.60.164.150

title: User talk:70.60.164.150


text:
Grönwall's inequality

In mathematics, Grönwall's inequality (also called Grönwall's lemma or the Grönwall–Bellman inequality) allows one to bound a function that is known to satisfy a certain differential or integral inequality by the solution of the corresponding differential or integral equation. There are two forms of the lemma, a differential form and an integral form. For the latter there are several variants.

Grönwall's inequality is an important tool to obtain various estimates in the theory of ordinary and stochastic differential equations. In particular, it provides a comparison theorem that can be used to prove uniqueness of a solution to the initial value problem; see the Picard–Lindelöf theorem.

It is named for Thomas Hakon Grönwall (1877–1932). Grönwall is the Swedish spelling of his name, but he spelled his name as Gronwall in his scientific publications after emigrating to the United States.

The inequality was first proven by Grönwall in 1919 (the integral form below with $α$ and $β$ being constants). Richard Bellman proved a slightly more general integral form in 1943.

A nonlinear generalization of the Grönwall–Bellman inequality is known as Bihari–LaSalle inequality. Other variants and generalizations can be found in Pachpatte, B.G. (1998).

Differential form
Let $$I$$ denote an interval of the real line of the form $$[a, \infty)$$ or $$[a, b]$$ or $$[a, b)$$ with $$a < b$$. Let $$\beta$$ and $$u$$ be real-valued continuous functions defined on $$I$$. If $$u$$ is differentiable in the interior $$I^\circ$$ of $$I$$ (the interval $$I$$ without the end points $$a$$ and possibly $$b$$) and satisfies the differential inequality

 * $$u'(t) \le \beta(t)\,u(t),\qquad t\in I^\circ,$$

then $$u$$ is bounded by the solution of the corresponding differential equation $$v'(t) = \beta(t) \, v(t)$$:

 * $$u(t) \le u(a) \exp\biggl(\int_a^t \beta(s)\, \mathrm{d} s\biggr)$$

for all $$t \in I$$.

Remark: There are no assumptions on the signs of the functions $$\beta$$ and $$u$$.

Proof
Define the function

 * $$v(t) = \exp\biggl(\int_a^t \beta(s)\, \mathrm{d} s\biggr),\qquad t\in I.$$

Note that $$v$$ satisfies

 * $$v'(t) = \beta(t)\,v(t),\qquad t\in I^\circ,$$

with $$v(a) = 1$$ and $$v(t) > 0$$ for all $$t \in I$$. By the quotient rule

 * $$\frac{d}{dt}\frac{u(t)}{v(t)} = \frac{u'(t)\,v(t)-v'(t)\,u(t)}{v^2(t)} = \frac{u'(t)\,v(t) - \beta(t)\,v(t)\,u(t)}{v^2(t)} \le 0,\qquad t\in I^\circ,$$

Thus the derivative of the function $$u(t)/v(t)$$ is non-positive and the function is bounded above by its value at the initial point $$a$$ of the interval $$I$$:

 * $$\frac{u(t)}{v(t)}\le \frac{u(a)}{v(a)}=u(a),\qquad t\in I,$$

which is Grönwall's inequality.

Integral form for continuous functions
Let $I$ denote an interval of the real line of the form $[a, ∞)$ or $[a, b]$ or $[a, b)$ with $a < b$. Let $α$, $β$ and $u$ be real-valued functions defined on $I$. Assume that $β$ and $u$ are continuous and that the negative part of $α$ is integrable on every closed and bounded subinterval of $I$.
 * (a) If $β$ is non-negative and if $u$ satisfies the integral inequality
 * $$u(t) \le \alpha(t) + \int_a^t \beta(s) u(s)\,\mathrm{d}s,\qquad \forall t\in I,$$
 * then
 * $$ u(t) \le \alpha(t) + \int_a^t\alpha(s)\beta(s)\exp\biggl(\int_s^t\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r\biggr)\mathrm{d}s,\qquad t\in I.$$

 * (b) If, in addition, the function $α$ is non-decreasing, then

 * $$u(t) \le \alpha(t)\exp\biggl(\int_a^t\beta(s)\,\mathrm{d}s\biggr),\qquad t\in I.$$

Remarks:
 * There are no assumptions on the signs of the functions $α$ and $u$.
 * Compared to the differential form, differentiability of $u$ is not needed for the integral form.
 * For a version of Grönwall's inequality which doesn't need continuity of $β$ and $u$, see the version in the next section.

Proof
(a) Define

 * $$v(s) = \exp\biggl({-}\int_a^s\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r\biggr)\int_a^s\beta(r)u(r)\,\mathrm{d}r,\qquad s\in I.$$

Using the product rule, the chain rule, the derivative of the exponential function and the fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain for the derivative

 * $$v'(s) = \biggl(\underbrace{u(s)-\int_a^s\beta(r)u(r)\,\mathrm{d}r}_{\le\,\alpha(s)}\biggr)\beta(s)\exp\biggl({-}\int_a^s\beta(r)\mathrm{d}r\biggr),

\qquad s\in I,$$

where we used the assumed integral inequality for the upper estimate. Since $β$ and the exponential are non-negative, this gives an upper estimate for the derivative of $$v(s)$$. Since $$v(a)=0$$, integration of this inequality from $a$ to $t$ gives

 * $$v(t) \le\int_a^t\alpha(s)\beta(s)\exp\biggl({-}\int_a^s\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r\biggr)\mathrm{d}s.$$

Using the definition of $$v(t)$$ from the first step, and then this inequality and the property $$e^ae^b=e^{a+b}$$, we obtain

 * $$\begin{align}\int_a^t\beta(s)u(s)\,\mathrm{d}s

&=\exp\biggl(\int_a^t\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r\biggr)v(t)\\ &\le\int_a^t\alpha(s)\beta(s)\exp\biggl(\underbrace{\int_a^t\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r-\int_a^s\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r}_{=\,\int_s^t\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r}\biggr)\mathrm{d}s. \end{align}$$

Substituting this result into the assumed integral inequality gives Grönwall's inequality.

(b) If the function $α$ is non-decreasing, then part (a), the fact $α(s) ≤ α(t)$, and the fundamental theorem of calculus imply that

 * $$\begin{align}u(t)&

\le\alpha(t)+\alpha(t)\int_a^t\beta(s)\exp\left(\int_s^t\beta(r)dr\right)ds\\ &\le\alpha(t)+\alpha(t)\biggl({-}\exp\biggl(\int_s^t\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r\biggr)\biggr)\biggr|^{s=t}_{s=a}\\ &=\alpha(t)\exp\biggl(\int_a^t\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r\biggr),\qquad t\in I.\end{align}$$

Integral form with locally finite measures
Let $I$ denote an interval of the real line of the form $[a, ∞)$ or $[a, b]$ or $[a, b)$ with $a < b$. Let $α$ and $u$ be measurable functions defined on $I$ and let $μ$ be a continuous non-negative measure on the Borel σ-algebra of $I$ satisfying $μ( [ a, t ] ) < ∞$ for all $t ∈ I$ (this is certainly satisfied when $μ$ is a locally finite measure). Assume that $u$ is integrable with respect to $μ$ in the sense that

 * $$\int_{[a,t)}|u(s)|\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s)<\infty,\qquad t\in I,$$

and that $u$ satisfies the integral inequality

 * $$u(t) \le \alpha(t) + \int_{[a,t)} u(s)\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s),\qquad t\in I.$$

If, in addition,
 * the function $α$ is non-negative or
 * the function $t μ( [ a, t ] )$ is continuous for $t ∈ I$ and the function $α$ is integrable with respect to $μ$ in the sense that

 * $$\int_{[a,t)}|\alpha(s)|\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s)<\infty,\qquad t\in I,$$

then $u$ satisfies Grönwall's inequality

 * $$u(t) \le \alpha(t) + \int_{[a,t)}\alpha(s)\exp\bigl(\mu(I_{s,t})\bigr)\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s)$$

for all $t ∈ I$, where $I_{s,t}$ denotes to open interval $(s, t)$.

Remarks

 * There are no continuity assumptions on the functions $α$ and $u$.
 * The integral in Grönwall's inequality is allowed to give the value infinity.
 * If $α$ is the zero function and $u$ is non-negative, then Grönwall's inequality implies that $u$ is the zero function.
 * The integrability of $u$ with respect to $μ$ is essential for the result. For a counterexample, let $μ$ denote Lebesgue measure on the unit interval $[0, 1]$, define $u(0) = 0$ and $u(t) = 1/t$ for $t ∈$$(0, 1]$, and let $α$ be the zero function.
 * The version given in the textbook by S. Ethier and T. Kurtz. makes the stronger assumptions that $α$ is a non-negative constant and $u$ is bounded on bounded intervals, but doesn't assume that the measure $μ$ is locally finite. Compared to the one given below, their proof does not discuss the behaviour of the remainder $R_{n}(t)$.

Special cases

 * If the measure $μ$ has a density $β$ with respect to Lebesgue measure, then Grönwall's inequality can be rewritten as

 * $$u(t) \le \alpha(t) + \int_a^t \alpha(s)\beta(s)\exp\biggl(\int_s^t\beta(r)\,\mathrm{d}r\biggr)\,\mathrm{d}s,\qquad t\in I.$$

 * If the function $α$ is non-negative and the density $β$ of $μ$ is bounded by a constant $c$, then

 * $$u(t) \le \alpha(t) + c\int_a^t \alpha(s)\exp\bigl(c(t-s)\bigr)\,\mathrm{d}s,\qquad t\in I.$$

 * If, in addition, the non-negative function $α$ is non-decreasing, then

 * $$u(t) \le \alpha(t) + c\alpha(t)\int_a^t \exp\bigl(c(t-s)\bigr)\,\mathrm{d}s

=\alpha(t)\exp(c(t-a)),\qquad t\in I.$$

Outline of proof
The proof is divided into three steps. The idea is to substitute the assumed integral inequality into itself $n$ times. This is done in Claim 1 using mathematical induction. In Claim 2 we rewrite the measure of a simplex in a convenient form, using the permutation invariance of product measures. In the third step we pass to the limit $n$ to infinity to derive the desired variant of Grönwall's inequality.

Claim 1: Iterating the inequality
For every natural number $n$ including zero,

 * $$u(t) \le \alpha(t) + \int_{[a,t)} \alpha(s) \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \mu^{\otimes k}(A_k(s,t))\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s) + R_n(t)$$

with remainder

 * $$R_n(t) :=\int_{[a,t)}u(s)\mu^{\otimes n}(A_n(s,t))\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s),\qquad t\in I,$$

where

 * $$A_n(s,t)=\{(s_1,\ldots,s_n)\in I_{s,t}^n\mid s_1<s_2<\cdots<s_n\},\qquad n\ge1,$$

is an $n$-dimensional simplex and

 * $$\mu^{\otimes 0}(A_0(s,t)):=1.$$

Proof of Claim 1
We use mathematical induction. For $n = 0$ this is just the assumed integral inequality, because the empty sum is defined as zero.

Induction step from $n$ to $n + 1$: Inserting the assumed integral inequality for the function $u$ into the remainder gives

 * $$R_n(t)\le\int_{[a,t)} \alpha(s) \mu^{\otimes n}(A_n(s,t))\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s) +\tilde R_n(t)$$

with

 * $$\tilde R_n(t):=\int_{[a,t)} \biggl(\int_{[a,q)} u(s)\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s)\biggr)\mu^{\otimes n}(A_n(q,t))\,\mu(\mathrm{d}q),\qquad t\in I.$$

Using the Fubini–Tonelli theorem to interchange the two integrals, we obtain

 * $$\tilde R_n(t)

=\int_{[a,t)} u(s)\underbrace{\int_{(s,t)} \mu^{\otimes n}(A_n(q,t))\,\mu(\mathrm{d}q)}_{=\,\mu^{\otimes n+1}(A_{n+1}(s,t))}\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s) =R_{n+1}(t),\qquad t\in I.$$

Hence Claim 1 is proved for $n + 1$.

Claim 2: Measure of the simplex
For every natural number $n$ including zero and all $s < t$ in $I$

 * $$\mu^{\otimes n}(A_n(s,t))\le\frac{\bigl(\mu(I_{s,t})\bigr)^n}{n!}$$

with equality in case $t μ( [ a, t ] )$ is continuous for $t ∈ I$.

Proof of Claim 2
For $n = 0$, the claim is true by our definitions. Therefore, consider $n ≥ 1$ in the following.

Let $S_{n}$ denote the set of all permutations of the indices in ${1, 2, . . ., n}$. For every permutation $σ ∈ S_{n}$ define

 * $$A_{n,\sigma}(s,t)=\{(s_1,\ldots,s_n)\in I_{s,t}^n\mid s_{\sigma(1)}<s_{\sigma(2)}<\cdots<s_{\sigma(n)}\}.$$

These sets are disjoint for different permutations and

 * $$\bigcup_{\sigma\in S_n}A_{n,\sigma}(s,t)\subset I_{s,t}^n.$$

Therefore,

 * $$\sum_{\sigma\in S_n} \mu^{\otimes n}(A_{n,\sigma}(s,t))

\le\mu^{\otimes n}\bigl(I_{s,t}^n\bigr)=\bigl(\mu(I_{s,t})\bigr)^n.$$

Since they all have the same measure with respect to the $n$-fold product of $μ$, and since there are $n!$ permutations in $S_{n}$, the claimed inequality follows.

Assume now that $t μ( [ a, t ] )$ is continuous for $t ∈ I$. Then, for different indices $i, j ∈ {1, 2,. . ., n}$, the set

 * $$\{(s_1,\ldots,s_n)\in I_{s,t}^n\mid s_i=s_j\}$$

is contained in a hyperplane, hence by an application of Fubini's theorem its measure with respect to the $n$-fold product of $μ$ is zero. Since

 * $$I_{s,t}^n\subset\bigcup_{\sigma\in S_n}A_{n,\sigma}(s,t) \cup \bigcup_{1\le i<j\le n}\{(s_1,\ldots,s_n)\in I_{s,t}^n\mid s_i=s_j\},$$

the claimed equality follows.

Proof of Grönwall's inequality
For every natural number $n$, Claim 2 implies for the remainder of Claim 1 that

 * $$|R_n(t)| \le \frac{\bigl(\mu(I_{a,t})\bigr)^n}{n!} \int_{[a,t)} |u(s)|\,\mu(\mathrm{d}s),\qquad t\in I.$$

By assumption we have $μ(I_{a,t}) < ∞$. Hence, the integrability assumption on $u$ implies that

 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty}R_n(t)=0,\qquad t\in I.$$

Claim 2 and the series representation of the exponential function imply the estimate

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \mu^{\otimes k}(A_k(s,t))

\le\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\bigl(\mu(I_{s,t})\bigr)^k}{k!} \le\exp\bigl(\mu(I_{s,t})\bigr)$$

for all $s < t$ in $I$. If the function $α$ is non-negative, then it suffices to insert these results into Claim 1 to derive the above variant of Grönwall's inequality for the function $u$.

In case $t μ( [ a, t ] )$ is continuous for $t ∈ I$, Claim 2 gives

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \mu^{\otimes k}(A_k(s,t))

=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\bigl(\mu(I_{s,t})\bigr)^k}{k!} \to\exp\bigl(\mu(I_{s,t})\bigr)\qquad\text{as }n\to\infty$$

and the integrability of the function $α$ permits to use the dominated convergence theorem to derive Grönwall's inequality.

title: Grönwall's inequality


text:
Category talk:Special territories of the European Union

Proposed category renaming
(discussion moved from User talk:Seabhcan)

I notice the creation of Category:Special territories of the EU. The category (or at least a number of the articles currently categorised thereunder) seems rather misleading/unhelpful in that some of the territories are not in the European Union at all and can therefore hardly be described as being territories of the EU. Greenland at least used to be in the EU... Would you care to have a look at removing incorrect categorisations? Or renaming the category perhaps along the lines of Territories with special relationships with the EU (bit of a mouthful, though!). Sîncéthement Man vyi 18:13, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, fair point. I'd prefer the re-nameing option as even Greenland has a close relationship with the EU. Dispite being outside it, Danish citizens who live there are EU citizens. All the territories I put in this category have an explicit legal relationship with the EU which has been codified in some treaty or other - and so it does make sense to put them in one category. How about "Special territories and the EU"? (Short but accurate) or "EU member special territories"? I'll copy this conversation to Category talk:Special territories of the EU and wait for comment before doing anything. Seabhcán 18:58, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * European Union member special territories seems more reasonable to me. Man vyi 05:50, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Å
Shouldn't Åland be put under Å rather than A? If nobody objects, I will make this change.

Papal territories in France
I read "somewhere" that there is an area of land belonging to the Papacy (from the time in Avignon), which is currently managed by the local commune.

If this is still an active issue it could be noted here.

Ditto Upper Savoy and Gex which is "open" to Switzerland. Jackiespeel 16:57, 2 February 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:U.S. Route 41

Untitled
US 94 should have its own article, IMHO, not a misdirection to US 41. It was a separate entity in the U.S. Highway System. To click on a link to US 94 and then have US 41 appear would not make any sense to someone without any prior knowledge of the assimillation 0f US 94 into US 41. -- Fingers-of-Pyrex 19:04, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)

That's why I bolded US 94 in the history section. I've expanded it to U.S. Highway 94 to make the bolding clearer. --SPUI (talk) 20:42, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I also added a sentence up top to make it clearer why one is being redirected. --SPUI (talk) 20:44, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I still think the articles should be separate, no matter what gets done to US 41. Redirection is for articles for the same topic but with different names (e.g., Route 66 and U.S. Highway 66). US 41 and US 94 were separate entities under the 1926 commissioning of numbered U.S. highways. -- Fingers-of-Pyrex 21:45, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)

Redirection is also for when articles cover roughly the same topic and have been merged. In this case there was a simple merging of pre-1949 US 41 and US 94 into post-1949 US 41. --SPUI (talk) 21:51, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

By that argument, Florida State Road 90, which is entirely the historical US 94, should be redirected here as well -- either that or an article on the historical US 94 written and SR 90 be redirected to it instead. The latter makes much more sense. B.Wind 21:23, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Name
Can/should we write an article on names of highways/roads with telescopic names, that is, one combining the names of the two termini, like Tamiami, or the various ones in China, like the Jingshi Expressway and Jingzhu Expressway? ~ Dpr 16:32, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tamiami Trail
Tamiami Trail should have its own article, not a redirection to US 41. While the Tamiami Trail is currenly signed at US 41, it has its own history within the history of Florida. To redirect to US 41 is like redirecting "Asphault" to "Freeway"

But redirecting it to US 41 is more like redirecting "Indiana Toll Road" to "Interstate 80."

 * Historical US 94 is most, but not all, of the Tamiami Trial. It might be better to have a separate article on the Tamiami Trail with redirects from historic US 94 and Florida State Road 90 as their history is identical.  Then, of course, the article should have a reference saying that the Trial is roughly the southernmost 275 miles of US 41 and a link to the US 41 article.  B.Wind 21:23, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

I have just written an article on the Tamiami Trail (which is in need of a few pictures and external links). All references to the Trail, US 94, and Florida State Road 90 should link to the new article. B.Wind 17:41, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Article reorganization
I have just edited the article a bit to try to conform with the standard format for U.S. Highways. I'm not sure myself what to write under "Description of route" for each state, as I don't know the route that well north of Tennessee. Most of the information that was listed here was moved to (or already contained in) "States Traversed", "Major Cities", "Bypasses", or "Notes", as it seemed more appropriate there. What else needs to be done to get the "cleaned up to conform to both a higher standard..." tag removed from the article? Any ideas? Ufwuct 16:20, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Royalbroil: Sorry for leaving out those Wisconsin cities. The standards for a "notable city" or "major city" are much lower than your standard of 40,000 for some of the other highway articles. Ufwuct 16:24, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Jwfergie: I added detail to the Tennessee portion of Hwy 41, namely from Monteagle to the Kentucky State Line. (Nov 2008). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jwfergie (talk • contribs) 17:33, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

History notes
Obviously the detailed history should go in the state articles. Here are some general notes. --NE2 16:17, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Tamiami Trail, Miami, FL to Dunnellon, FL
 * Dixie Highway, Ocala, FL to High Springs, FL
 * Dixie Highway, Macon, GA to Nashville, TN (roughly)
 * Dixie Bee Line, Nashville, TN to Lyford, IN?
 * Yellowstone Highway, Chicago, IL to Oshkosh, WI (roughly)

 * State highway numbers
 * FL: 27, 5, 16, 2
 * GA: 7, 11, 19, 7, 3
 * TN: 2, 1, ?
 * KY: no signed routes
 * IN: 10
 * IL: 42A
 * WI: 57, 15

Georgia re-route
In the vicinity of Acworth and Kennesaw, Georgia, the route was "straightened out" before 1950. This may have been necessitated by the daming of a river resulting in Lake Acworth or Lake Altoona OR it may be that the skipped towns were just not amenable to four-laning which happened about the same time.Student7 (talk) 02:58, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Southern Terminus
This article states (and even includes a nice photo from 2006) that the southern terminus is at Brickell Ave in Miami; however,Google Maps shows it continuing over the MacArthur Causeway into Miami Beach. Has the road been extended, or is Google Maps wrong (again)?Joe (talk) 00:27, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Strange. All the internet maps are showing this now.  Also the 2008 Rand McNally Road Atlas shows US 41 being the MacArthur Causeway.  Last year's atlas shows Florida State Road A1A.  Maybe there was a change?  If so, they haven't changed any road signs.  I drive over it just about every day and it still says A1A in both directions.  -  Marc Averette (talk) 15:40, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Georgia Specific Page
U.S. 41 does not have its own page in Georgia, but all the other states the route goes through have one. There should be a specific page about U.S. 41 in Georgia. BashurMan (talk) 15:19, 10 February 2019 (UTC)
 * yes, there should be one eventually. Feel free to create the missing article any time you like. It should have at least a route description section and the start of the junction list to start, otherwise it would likely be redirected back here again.  Imzadi 1979  →   18:17, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

Michigan
Why is the Michigan portion of the highway a different shade of red than the rest of it? NintendoTTTEfan2005 (talk) 19:20, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:U.S. Route 41