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Talk:Glasnost

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i am doing a report on glasnost in the soviet union and some more help would be greatly appriciated if you could please help me thank you which glasnost?

What's "perestroikaaa"? I don't know, but I changed it to read perestroika so that the link goes where we want it to.

There is a lot of opinion in this article.

Sections
I don't think the Objectives section needs to be separate from the Glasnost in USSR and in Russia section. There's more about the objectives in the first section. If no one objects, I will change it. -Athaler 16:08, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Front Image
Is the front image really that relevant? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.40.132.53 (talk) 20:47, 6 May 2007 (UTC).

 * If you're talking about the destroyer, I agree. There may be some relevance, but it's not obvious right now. -Athaler 16:09, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I was wondering about it too. It seems to better illustrate the end of the Cold War than glasnost. Anyway, the article could use at least one image. Maybe a portrait of Gorbachev from the period? None of the images on commons really seem appropriate (undated, not contemporary, or include other politicians). Perestroika has an excellent image for that article. Was glasnost ever used in slogan? --Jtir 22:43, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what this is about, but the cartoon is interesting — and probably under copyright. --Jtir 23:07, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Found some posters dated 1987 and 1988 — presumably also under copyright. --Jtir 23:22, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Non-free poster claims fair use when the image is low resolution and is used to illustrate the subject at hand.
 * I translated "смелее, товарищ! гласность- наша сила!" as "Be Bold, Comrade! Openness- Our Strength!" using http://babelfish.altavista.com/, http://www.multitran.ru, and some guesswork, so it could probably be improved.
 * --Jtir 21:37, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

"Neutrality" and "accuracy" tags
The article gives false impression that all political upheaval in late Soviet Union was thanks to glasnost. This is a biased, incomplete, and is some places false view.

The whole section "Effects" does not belong to this page, because these "effects" were result of the total political situation in the country, which cannot be captured by a couple of slogans invented by Gorbachev. The section "Effects" must be merged into the corresponding historical part, where each effect must be carefully (and with references) attributed to the whole spectrum of causes. `'Míkka>t 17:51, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Also, the article is completely unreferences, and I have an impression that this is someone's personal view on the events, rather than taken from opinions of reputable politologists. `'Míkka>t 17:53, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Example of nonsense (one of many): "Relaxation of censorship resulted in the Communist Party losing its grip on the media. " This apparently smart, but de-facto meaningless, phrase exposes complete lack of understanding of what it was about censorship/Party/media in the Soviet Union. `'Míkka>t 18:00, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, there is a good reference for this,

 * Even through all of this talk, I do not see the reason why a "Neutrality" tag should be displayed on this page. Though the accuracy is a bit off course, I dont see the other tag. Correct me if I am wrong by pointing out a better reason why it should be there.--HCV= 01:37, 12 November 2009 (UTC)--
 * The problem of this article, and particularly of the section under discussion, is that it does not keep to just facts. It should talk only of what is known to have happened, e.g. what publications were made available, who talked of what, who didn't talk of what, what talk happened in response, etc. Instead of that, we have conclusions on what cannot be checked, termed with weasel words. Not facts, but opinions. For example: 'This began to undermine the faith of the public in the Soviet system.' Any surveys? Surveys in 1980, surveys in 1988? Unavailable or suspected biased? Then we can't have any source. Boris Strugatsky, for example, reports, that, when publishing previously illegal fiction books was made lawful, the public suddenly lost any interest in what was so deliciously forbidden before (see here: «Времена  переменились,  и  ранее  запрещенное  сделалось разрешенным. И -- о смех богов! -- сделавшись разрешенным, запрещенное сразу же стало всем  безразлично»).

 * So, instead of telling live and exact facts about what censorship looked like in the late 1980s, this article promotes opinions, whose kind is, by the way, very typical for the English Wikipedia: those are historical simplifications, 'validated' by very generic premises instead of real facts, and thus lacking concreteness (this is why the 'weasel words' like 'the faith of the public (of whom exactly?)' are used in such articles). Ironically, the very methods of promoting opinions coincide in Wikipedia with the methods that were/are used by State Propogandas, including the Soviet Propoganda.

 * I could, for example, say that 'the public' (i.e. those few who care) had no faith in the Soviet System even back in the 1970s, and my opinion is just as unvalidated as the opinion of Scott Shane. - 92.100.182.4 (talk) 16:46, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

Grammar
I just did a quick sweep on grammar and punctuation. Hope nobody minds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.158.149.105 (talk) 11:17, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Neutrality
Surely, claiming that soviet Government has killed 25-60 mln soviet people is neutral and needs only bullshit to become a fact. Only liberal point of view is neutral because liberal media informs us. We can accuse anybody in any crimes. It is not neutral to point to the opposite statements, even when they are made by official researcher. --Javalenok (talk) 11:47, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Effect of glasnost
It is clear to me that Gorbachev, from a peasant background, rather than a Bolshevik background, was himself relatively uninformed regarding Soviet history, most notably the occupation of the Baltic states. Thus he was blindsided by the legitimate claims of independence that they made. Not sure I can find a decent source for this. The closest is User:Fred Bauder Talk 18:22, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Translation
Every translation I've ever seen on Glasnost has defined the term as being 'openness' not 'publicity'. Whoever put 'publicity' down as an accurate English definition of Glasnost should justify their translation. 184.76.56.97 (talk)JSJR 10182013 —Preceding undated comment added 10:01, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

 * According to https://dictionary.com/browse/glasnost, "First recorded in 1980-85, glasnost is from the Russian word glásnost' literally, publicity (taken to mean openness)". Developer45 (talk) 19:30, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:22, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

"previously suppressed events such as the first manned moon landing by the United States"
not only is this unsourced but this https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/apollo-moon-khrushchev/ interview with the son of nikita khruschev says that it was in Pravda:

q- How widely was the news of the moon landing disseminated in the Soviet Union in advance of the event?

a- "Of course, you cannot have people land on the moon and just say nothing. It was published in all the newspapers. But if you remember [back then] when Americans spoke of the first man in space, they were always talking of "the first American in space" [not Yuri Gagarin]. The same feeling was prevalent in Russia. There were small articles when Apollo 11 was launched. Actually, there was a small article on the first page of Pravda and then three columns on page five. I looked it up again."

if this was false information i would suggest removing the entire paragraph until you can properly factcheck it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.109.61.206 (talk) 18:06, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glasnost


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Saturated and unsaturated compounds

A saturated compound is a chemical compound (or ion) that resists addition reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidative addition, and binding of a Lewis base. The term is used in many contexts and for many classes of chemical compounds. Overall, saturated compounds are less reactive than unsaturated compounds. Saturation is derived from the Latin word saturare, meaning 'to fill'.

Organic chemistry
Generally distinct types of unsaturated organic compounds are recognized. For hydrocarbons: For organic compounds containing heteroatoms (other than C and H), the list of unsaturated groups is long but some common types are:
 * alkene (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated)
 * alkyne (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated)
 * arene (unsaturated) vs cycloalkane (saturated)
 * carbonyl, e.g. ketones, aldehydes, esters, carboxylic acids (unsaturated) vs alcohol or ether (saturated)
 * nitrile (unsaturated) vs amine (saturated)
 * nitro (unsaturated) vs amine (saturated)

Unsaturated compounds generally carry out typical addition reactions that are not possible with saturated compounds such as alkanes. A saturated organic compound has only single bonds between carbon atoms. An important class of saturated compounds are the alkanes. Many saturated compounds have functional groups, e.g., alcohols.

Unsaturated organic compounds
The concept of saturation can be described using various naming systems, formulas, and analytical tests. For instance, IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming conventions used to describe the type and location of unsaturation within organic compounds. The "degree of unsaturation" is a formula used to summarize and diagram the amount of hydrogen that a compound can bind. Unsaturation can be determined by NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy, or by determining a compound's bromine number or iodine number.

Fatty acids and fats

The terms saturated vs unsaturated are often applied to the fatty acid constituents of fats. The triglycerides (fats) that comprise tallow are derived from the saturated stearic and monounsaturated oleic acids. Many vegetable oils contain fatty acids with one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds in them.

Organometallic chemistry
In organometallic chemistry, a coordinatively unsaturated complex has fewer than 18 valence electrons and thus is susceptible to oxidative addition or coordination of an additional ligand. Unsaturation is characteristic of many catalysts. The opposite of coordinatively unsaturated is coordinatively saturated. Complexes that are coordinatively saturated rarely exhibit catalytic properties.

Surfaces
In physical chemistry, when referring to surface processes, saturation denotes the degree at which a binding site is fully occupied. For example, base saturation refers to the fraction of exchangeable cations that are base cations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saturated and unsaturated compounds


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User:BonfireBuddhist

I am a 27 year old male.

I enjoy reading Wiki.

My Religion
I was raised from birth an Evangelical Christian of the born-again variety. In my late teens, I began to doubt my faith, leading towards my desire to find a religion that fits. That lasted a couple years, to where I discovered that religion is not something that I think I need, but which people other than myself think I need. I am now an atheist with an interest in understanding why previously, as a Christian, I felt it necessary that I should believe one ideology over another, and later, any at all.

Upon examination, I have not found necessity to believe anything, with religious beliefs being held solely for the psychologically enslaving emotions of (1) fear, and/or (2) desire, and no other reason.

My Interests

 * Suing Telemarketers and Debt Collectors under the FCRA and FDCPA for fun and profit
 * Texas Hold 'Em (I play in the APL league)
 * Philosophy (everything I can read)
 * Religion (the viciousness of religion, Bertrand Russell, Andrew D. White, etc)
 * The Entheogen-induced dissociative cognitive state (Amanita muscaria)
 * Jesus-myth Phenomenology
 * Block-universe determinism ("No-Free-Will")
 * Debating axiomatically (topological argument vs. axiom)
 * Comedian Bill Hicks
 * Writing
 * Nature
 * Electromagnetism, Water electrolysis and Telluric current

Entries I have Started

 * Jesus-Myth
 * Ex-Christian
 * Papal Authority
 * Ordnung

Links

 * egodeath.com
 * near-death.com
 * ex-christian.net

title: User:BonfireBuddhist


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Queens (Nova Scotia federal electoral district)

Queens was a federal electoral district in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1896. It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the County of Queen's. It was abolished in 1892 when it was merged into Shelburne and Queen's riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:


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Nebaioth

Nebaioth (נְבָיוֹת Nəḇāyōṯ; نابت) or Nebajoth is mentioned at least five times in the Hebrew Bible, according to which he was the firstborn son of Ishmael, and the name appears as the name of one of the wilderness tribes mentioned in the Book of Genesis 25:13, and in the Book of Isaiah 60:7.

Biblical occurrences
In the Book of Genesis, Nebaioth is listed as the firstborn son of Ishmael:
 * ...Now these are the generations of Ishmael, Abraham's son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's handmaid, bore unto Abraham. And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations: the first-born of Ishmael, Nebaioth; and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam, and Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa; Hadad, and Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedem; these are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their villages, and by their encampments; twelve princes according to their nations... (Book of Genesis 25:12-16)

Nebaioth is portrayed as the brother of Mahalath, one of Esau's wives:
 * (1): ...and Esau saw that the daughters of Canaan pleased not Isaac his father; so Esau went unto Ishmael, and took unto the wives that he had Mahalath the daughter of Ishmael, Abraham's son, the sister of Nebaioth, to be his wife... (Book of Genesis 28:8-9)

 * (2): ...Esau took his wives of the daughters of Canaan; Adah the daughter of Elon the Hittite, and Oholibamah the daughter of Anah, the daughter of Zibeon the Hivite, and Basemath Ishmael's daughter, sister of Nebaioth... (Book of Genesis 36:2-3)

Nebaioth is again mentioned as Ishmael's firstborn in the genealogies of the First Book of Chronicles:

 * ...These are their generations: the first-born of Ishmael, Nebaioth; then Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam, Mishma, and Dumah, Massa, Hadad, and Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedem. These are the sons of Ishmael... (1 Chronicles 1:29-31)

In the Book of Isaiah, Nebaioth is mentioned along with his brother Kedar:
 * ... All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered together unto you, the rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto you; they shall come up with acceptance on my altar, and I will glorify my glorious house... (Book of Isaiah 60:7)

Extra-biblical occurrences
Josephus, the Jewish historian of the Roman era, described the descendants of Ishmael as Arabs, linking them with the historical Nabataeans of Hellenistic and Roman times (Jewish Antiquities 1.12.4):

"twelve sons in all were born to Ishmael, Nabaioth(es), Kedar, Abdeêl, Massam, Masma, Idum(as), Masmes, Chodam, Thaiman, Jetur, Naphais, Kadmas. These occupied the whole country extending from the Euphrates to the Red Sea and called it Nabatene. And it is these who conferred their names on the Arabian nation (to tōn Arabōn ethnos) and its tribes."

The identification of the Arabs as Ishmaelites has also been expressed by Apollonius Molon and Origen, and was later adopted by Eusebius and Jerome. Some modern historians reject any connection of the Nabataeans to the "tribe of Nebaioth". Classical Arab historians sometimes name Nebaioth as an ancestor of Muhammad. However the majority of traditions point to Kedar, another son of Ishmael, as his ancestor.

title: Nebaioth


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Talk:Battle of Algiers (disambiguation)

There seems to be no link to the article about the Battle of Algiers on the disambiguation page, which makes it impossible to access the article (if it exists). Can someone fix this?

Why do we have this and The Battle of Algiers (film)?

---

I have just removed the content from this page and redirected to The Battle of Algiers. The DVD Box cover, subtitles, and IMDB all give the English title with the article "The." Andrew Levine 02:46, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Algiers (disambiguation)


text: User talk:67.191.156.202

title: User talk:67.191.156.202


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Hércules Florence

Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence (February 29, 1804 – March 27, 1879) was a Monegasque-Brazilian painter and inventor, known as the isolate inventor of photography in Brazil, three years before Daguerre (but six years after Nicéphore Niépce), using the matrix negative/positive, still in use. According to Kossoy, who examined Florence's notes, he referred to his process, in French, as photographie in 1834, at least four years before John Herschel coined the English word photography.

Early life
Hercules Florence was born on February 29, 1804 in Nice, France, the son of Arnaud Florence (1749–1807), a tax collector, and Augustine de Vignolis, a minor noblewoman. As a child he manifested interest for drawing and the sciences, as well as for the voyages of the great explorers to the New World and already as a 14-year-old boy he worked as a calligrapher and draftsman in Monaco, where his parents had been living since 1807.

After a period of wandering and working on board of warships and merchant ships, Hércules Florence set sail to Brazil as a crew member of the French warship Marie Thérèze, arriving in the port of Rio de Janeiro on May 1, 1824, two years after the declaration of independence from Portugal. He was already an accomplished draftsman and painter with considerable talent and many scientific interests, particularly in the natural sciences and ethnography. Soon after his arrival, he got a job in a women's fashion store and then as a lithographer in a bookstore and printing shop, owned by his compatriot Pierre Plancher.

The great expedition
Florence's life changed dramatically when he decided to respond to a newspaper advertisement put by Baron von Langsdorff (1773–1852), the consul general of the Russian Empire in Brazil, a German-born physician and naturalist who was organizing on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences a scientific expedition to the Amazon. He was hired as an illustrator and topographic draftsman, together with German painter Johann Moritz Rugendas (1802–1858) and the young French illustrator Adrien Taunay (1803–1828). In the year of 1825 they travelled by sea from Rio to the village of Santos. Florence eventually published his memoirs of the expedition in Voyage fluvial du Tieté à l'Amazone. This expedition lasts from June 1826 to March 1829, when, exhausted, sick, the survivors arrived in Rio, after a large journey in the Paraguay and Amazon Basin.

Shop-keeper and inventor
Soon after the end of the expedition, in 1830, Florence married Maria Angélica de Vasconcellos, the daughter of his acquaintance and benefactor Francisco Álvares Machado, and went to live with her in the city of Campinas (then named Vila de São Carlos), in the province of São Paulo. There he became a successful farmer, publisher, and owner of the first printer in the town, and in Campinas, he remained for the next 49 years until his death in 1879. Maria died in 1850; four years later he married Carolina Krug, a German immigrant born in 1828 in Kassel. Together they founded in 1863 a school for girls, the Florence College, which was moved to Jundiai after Hercule's death. He fathered a total of 20 children, being 13 with Maria Angélica and 7 with Carolina.

Soon after settling in Campinas, Hércules Florence began a prolific career as inventor and businessman. During the Langsdorff expedition, he had developed a new system of using musical notation to record the songs of birds and vocalizations of other animals, which he named "zoophonia". Then, in 1830, when he was searching for a simplified way of printing his more than 200 illustrations performed during the Langsdorff Expedition, other than using expensive and time-consuming engravings on wood and metal (xylography and lithography), he invented a new process, similar to the mimeograph, which he named "polygraphia", and began using this commercially in his printing office. As his technique evolved, he was able to combine colors, and to produce uncounterfeitable bank notes.

In 1833, with the help of a pharmacist friend, Joaquim Correa de Mello, Florence began to study ways of permanently fixing camera obscura images, which he named "photographia". They settled on silver nitrate on paper, a combination which had been the subject of experiments by Thomas Wedgwood around the year 1800. Unlike Wedgwood, who was unable to make photographs of real-world scenes with his camera or render the photograms that he did produce light-fast, Florence's notebooks indicate that he eventually succeeded in doing both. Unfortunately, partly because he never published his invention adequately, partly because he was an obscure inventor living in a remote and undeveloped province, Hércules Florence was never recognized internationally as one of the inventors of photography during his lifetime. He died in Campinas, Brazil.

A photographic image of several pharmaceutical flask labels, produced by Hercules Florence in Campinas, Brazil, in 1833 and entitled Epréuve Nº2 (photographie), currently in the collection of the Instituto Moreira Salles (IMS) in São Paulo Brazil, (acquired by the IMS in 2002 from the collection of Pedro Corrêa do Lago), is described by the IMS as the "oldest photographic record existing on the American continent, based on the sensitivity of silver salts to light".

Cultural references
A film documentary, featuring Adriana Florence, a grand-grand-granddaughter of Hércules Florence living in Campinas, Brazil, has been made by the Discovery Channel and retraces part of the Baron von Langsdorff expedition's itinerary. It also visited the St. Petersburg's Langsdorff museum collections. The director was Mauricio Dias.
 * Tras las Huellas de la Expedición Langsdorff. Discovery Channel in Spanish.

title: Hércules Florence


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Iyasu I

Iyasu I (Ge'ez: ኢያሱ ፩; 1654 – 13 October 1706), throne name Adyam Sagad (Ge'ez: አድያም ሰገድ), also known as Iyasu the Great, was Emperor of Ethiopia from 19 July 1682 until his death in 1706, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty.

Described as the last “great” Gondarine monarch, Iyasu temporarily halted the trend of decline through his brilliance as a military leader, reestablishing control over rebellious vassals and conquering areas to the south of his domain. In addition to his military and political exploits, Iyasu was a patron of architecture, arts and literature. He also attempted to settle doctrinal differences within Ethiopia's Coptic Church, but without long-lasting success.

Iyasu was deposed by his own son Tekle Haymanot I in 1706 and assassinated by the relatives of one of his concubines. A series of ineffectual emperors followed and imperial power declined until the advent of Tewodros II in the middle of the nineteenth century.

Ancestry
Of Amhara descent, Iyasu I was the son of Emperor Yohannes I by his wife Sabla Wangel.

Iyasu's siblings were brothers Yostos, Tewoflos and Gelawdewos, and sisters Amlakawit and Eleni.

Rise to the throne
After the death of his eldest brother Yostos in June 1676, Iyasu inherited the governorship over Semien. In 1677–1678, he accompanied his father on a military campaign against the region of Lasta.

Iyasu fell out with his father in 1681, and according to the chronicles, the prince and his followers crossed the Blue Nile and found refuge in pagan controlled areas. At a place called Bete Walato, in Oromo occupied territory, Iyasu met a large number of his father's former subjects, the Kordidas, a largely Amhara group who wished to free themselves from Oromo rule and return to Christianity, the religion of their ancestors. The group made Iyasu promise them that if and when he came to the throne he would help them achieve this ambition. Not long after this Iyasu reconciled with his father.

On 15 July 1682, the ailing Emperor Yohannes I made Iyasu his successor. The dignitaries witnessing Yohannes I final proclamation were Kanafero and Za-Wald (both Azzaz), basha Lesana Krestos, blattengeta Akala Krestos, dejazmach's Anestasyos and Delba Iyasus, and fitawrari Fesseha Krestos among others.

Yohannes I died on 19 July 1682 and Iyasu ascended the throne, with the serag masare Malkea Krestos putting the crown on his head. The Tsehafi Taezaz's Hawarya Krestos and Walda Haymanot sent sealed letters to various countries to announce the death of Yohannes I, and that the reign of his son Iyasu I has begun.

Administrative reforms
His reign is noteworthy for the attention he devoted to administration, holding a large number of councils to settle theological and ecclesiastical matters (the first in 1684, in the public square of Gondar), matters of state, and to proclaim laws.

In the late 17th century, Iyasu I established the Lewa; the first separate armed force with police functions. Its duties were to keep public order in the towns and on the roads.

In 1698, after reports of extortion suffered by merchants, Iyasu I reasserted his control over the growing lawlessness in the Tigray province. In November, Iyasu I summoned the chiefs of Tigray, and interrogated them on the taxes then exacted at the customs posts (also known as the Kella system). This led to decrease of taxes, and tax exemptions for small merchants, which encouraged trade. The monarch declared that anyone attempting to tax them would have his property confiscated, and be punishable by death. Iyasu I ordered the chiefs, and the location of all Tigray Kella, be announced by herald, and recorded in the royal chronicle.

Alliances
Iyasu I strengthen his control over his southern domains through his alliance with two influential Amhara warlords, Demetros of Merhabete and Negasi of Menz. Having accepted the suzerainty of their northern monarch, Demetros was granted the old imperial title of Sahafe Lam while Negasi was honoured in Gondar with pomp and circumstance receiving gifts from the Emperor.

It was during his reign that individual Oromo first found service in the Imperial court. In 1704, Iyasu I settled various Oromo groups who accepted Amhara culture, adopted the Amharic language, and converted to Christianity such as the Gawe on the north bank of the Abbay as a bulwark against attacks by other hostile Oromos living south of the Abbay.

Several ethnic groups suffering from persecution and raids in Oromo occupied territories, from the Kordidas Amharas in 1681 to the Talatas in 1695, aligned themselves with Iyasu's government, in hope of securing succour from the monarch. In 1689, Iyasu's Armenian trade agent, Khodja Murad told the Dutch in Batavia that the king of Hadiya had ‘‘submitted of his own free will to the rule of Abyssinia.’’ after suffering defeats and pressures by Oromos. The chief of Hadiya ‘‘together with his entire people’’ had ‘‘embraced the Christian religion’’, and married ‘‘a certain princess from the dynasty of the Abyssinian emperors.’’

Iyasu I also had a separate squadron of soldiers from the Beta Israel and units of Wellag soldiers under his command.

Conflicts
In the second year of his reign, he confronted an invasion of the Wollo Oromo into Amhara, defeating them at Melka Shimfa.

Campaign against the Wechales and Wollo
In 1684, Iyasu despatched scouts to areas under the control of Oromos. Scouts returning from Wollo Province informed Iyasu. The Emperor, after consulting his advisers, decided to proceed to Wollo. Before doing so, however, he sent his commander, Ras Anestasyos, to confront another nearby Oromo group, the Wechales, who lived west of Wollo. Iyasu then carried out his main assault on the Oromos living in Wollo, who were so terrified by the fate of the Wechales, and so afraid of passing through the latter's burning fields, that they were unable to offer any resistance. The Emperor pillaged their area, killed many of their soldiers, and seized many women, and large herds of cattle.

After Qegnazmach Wale of Damot and Tabdan the Hermit proclaimed Yeshaq emperor in his fourth year (1685), Iyasu quickly suppressed this revolt, and captured Yeshaq, then waited a year before marching beyond southern Gojjam in a punitive expedition against the Agaws who had supported the rebels.

In 1688, he led a campaign in Dera, passing through Woremo against a rebellion in the Tulama country. The leader of the rebellion, a native of Debre Werq was captured after a pitched battle in a narrow defile, and condemned by a tribunal of ecclesiastics.

Expedition against Gisa, Gorsi and Wambarya
Iyasu carried out his first expedition against the Shankella in 1688, when, advancing by way of Metekel he attacked the ‘‘Shankella town’’ of Gisa. He set fire to it, killed many of its inhabitants, and led away not a few slaves, besides numerous cattle. He proceeded to Gorsi, another ‘‘Shankella town’’, where he also captured many male and female slaves.

He advanced next to what the chronicle refers to as the ‘‘rebel country’’ of Wambarya, which had defied three previous rulers, Susenyos, Fasilides and Yohannes I. Killing two of the enemy, one with a rifle and the other with a spear, Iyasu reportedly wrought further destruction, killing many of his adversaries, and taking tremendous loot. He then crossed the Dura river, where the Shankella, on seeing the size of his forces and the number of his fire-arms, fled, and ‘‘disappeared like smoke’’.

King's promise
In 1689, Iyasu delivered on the promise he had made to the Kordidas, while still a prince years ago. The Kordidas were suffering under Oromo rule, and begged the then prince to assist their return to the Christian fold once he became Emperor. This happened when he marched south to Dara, where he took many of the Tulama Oromos prisoner. He then freed the Kordidas, no less than hundred thousand of whom, accompanied by their women and children, are reported to have entered his camp singing and dancing with joy. This figure, if correct, was truly immense in view of the country's small population at the time.

In 1692, the king undertook an expedition in the Mareb river valley, against the Dubani, or Nara, in present-day Gash Barka. At the sound of the musket, the tribesmen were terrified and fled.

In 1704, emperor Iyasu I campaigned south of Abay in the kingdom of Ennarea, where he was confronted with a civil war between two throne claimants.

His Royal Chronicle recounts how when the Ottoman Naib of Massawa attempted to levy a tax on Iyasu's goods that had landed at Massawa, he responded with a blockade of that island city until the Naib relented.

Foreign contacts
Solomon Getahun observes that "unlike his immediate predecessors, Iyasu's tenure was noted for endeavors to establish diplomatic ties with Christian monarchies like Louis XIV of France and Ethiopian delegates had been sent to foreign countries." In 1689, an embassy, led by an Armenian named Murad was sent to Batavia, Dutch East Indies. One of the benefits of these efforts was that Emperor Iyasu received a bell from Johannes Camphuys, governor of the Dutch East Indies, which was then donated to Debre Berhan Selassie Church in Gondar.

This also led to the visit by a French physician, Charles Jacques Poncet, who traveled to the Empire to treat Iyasu and one of his sons. Poncet arrived at Gondar 21 July 1699 and stayed until September 1700. Poncet published an account of his visit to Paris in 1704, which included his personal impression of Iyasu the Great:

 * Although' he is not above one and forty years old, yet he has already a numerous issue. He has eight princes and three princesses. The Emperor has great qualities – sagacious genius, a sweet and affable humor, and the stature of a hero. He is the most handsome man I have seen in Aethiopia. He is a lover of curious arts and sciences, but his chief passion is for war. He is brave and undaunted in battles, and always at the head of his troops. He has an extraordinary love for justice, which he administers to his subjects with great exactness; but whereas he is averse to blood, 'tis not without reluctance that he condemns a criminal [to death]. Such eminent qualities make him equally fear'd and belov'd by his subjects, who respect him even to adoration.

Concubine's death
In 1705, while he was campaigning in Ennarea against the Oromo. Iyasu learned that his favorite concubine, Kedeste Kristos was suffering from a terrible illness, he abandoned his campaign and returned to Gojjam where he found her already dead. Stricken with grief, he retired to an island in Lake Tana.

Iyasu's assassination
In 1706, supported by the scheming concubine Malakotawit, some of the officials argued, that he had abdicated, and crowned his son Tekle Haymanot Emperor. According to some accounts, this was not Iyasu's intent, and he marched from his hermitage in Lake Tana towards to Gondar to protest this; in any case, during this time he fell sick and was assassinated at Tekle Haymanot's orders by his maternal uncle's, Dermen and Pawlos.

Aftermath
Iyasu's death caused much distress in the capital, especially amongst the priests of Debre Berhan Selassie, who openly displayed his gifts to them, and mourned their dead monarch for a month. Bruce writes that Iyasu was buried on Mitraha Island, where he was shown Iyasu's body interred amongst "the bodies of all his ancestors".

Once his brother Tewoflos became Emperor, he initiated Iyasu's canonization.

Consequences for the Kingdom
The political history of Gondar after the assassination of Iyasu I is that of a fairly steady decline. The power of the monarchy was weakened by frequent coups d'etat: no fewer than twenty-five emperors were deposed in the century and a half between Iyasu I and Tewodros II.

Spouse and concubines
In September 1683, Iyasu married Walatta Seyon, a native from the northern region of Hamasien, located in modern day Eritrea. They had a son and a daughter. Walatta Seyon died in May 1693. She was Iyasu's only wife by marriage.

Iyasu's numerous offspring (including four of his sons who became emperors) were children of his concubines. One of them, Malakotawit was one of the main co-conspirators behind Iyasu's abdication and later assassination. Emperor Tewoflos ordered a prosecution of all those who participated in the conspiracy against Iyasu, his brother. On 13 October 1708, Malakotawit and her brothers (Dermen and Pawlos) were executed.

Iyasu's favorite concubine was Qeddesta Krestos; with whom he had five children. Qeddesta was a native from Bahrkanta, a settlement near the Lake Tana shore. The cause of her death (either killed or succumbed to illness) in 1705 is disputed by the sources. It was however a turning point in Iyasu's life, and a precursor to events that led to his abdication and then murder.

Another concubine mentioned by the sources is Maryamawit the mother of Emperor Bakaffa.

Descendants

 * Fasilades was Iyasu's firstborn son by his official wife, Walatta Seyon. The prince was Iyasu's initial heir and was given the namesake of his great-grandfather Emperor Fasilides. The prince died prematurely in 1700.
 * Walatta Rufael was his daughter by his wife, Walatta Seyon.
 * Emperor Tekle Haymanot I was Iyasu's son by his concubine; Malakotawit, who later encouraged him to seize power from his father in 1706. Tekle Haymanot brief reign ended in the spring of 1708, when he was killed during a hunting expedition.
 * Emperor Dawit III was his son by Qeddesta Krestos. Iyasu seemed to have later favored his son Dawit and sometime between 1698-1699 had him leave the royal prison of Wehni, a mountain fortress where all the candidate heirs to the throne were kept. From that time on Dawit accompanied him. Dawit reigned from 1716 to 1721 as Emperor.
 * Emperor Yohannes II was his son by Qeddesta Krestos, Yohannes briefly assumed the throne in 1769.
 * Yonathan was his third son by Qeddesta Krestos.
 * Emperor Bakaffa was the son of Maryamawit, Bakaffa succeeded his half brother Dawit and reigned from 1721 to 1730.
 * Yostos was Iyasu's seventh son, mother is unknown. His descendant Iyasu IV would briefly ascend the throne in the early 1830s, albeit as a figure head.
 * Walatta Selassie was Iyasu's second daughter, mother is unknown.
 * Walatta Israel was Iyasu's third daughter, mother is unknown. Her son was Gerazmach Iyasu, the second husband of Empress Mentewab.

title: Iyasu I


text:
User:Arctic.gnome

My name is Jeffery Nichols and I am an editor living in Yellowknife, Canada. I have been a Wikipedian since April 2005 and an administrator on the English language Wikipedia since May 2007. I spent five years as board member and secretary of Wikimedia Canada. I hold degrees in Canadian studies, political science, public administration, and law.

Most of my edits are about Canadian politics, history, and culture (wikiprojects WP:PPAP & WP:GOC). I used to spend a lot of time establishing featured topics, but real life responsibilities have kept me from being a full-time worker there. I have written a few templates that seem to be working, notably ones related to Canadian election results. I have dabbled in edits outside of the encyclopedia, mostly Wiktionary and Commons.

If you have any questions, please visit my talk page. Cheers.

As with all articles, these were group efforts, but I have made major contributions to the following featured content:

Elections and parliaments

 * 39th Parliament of Canada
 * Canadian election timelines
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 * Main page as "today's featured article" 31 October 2011
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Lists of federal office-holders

 * List of current Canadian first ministers
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 * List of premiers of British Columbia
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 * Editor_-_bufonite_star.jpg Master Editor III -- This editor is a Master Editor III and is entitled to display this Bufonite Editor Star.
 * Barnstar_of_National_Merit.png The Barnstar of National Merit -- I, Arknascar44, do so humbly present you this Barnstar of National Merit, for your outstanding contributions to articles about Canada.
 * Golden-wiki-mapleleaf.png Golden Maple Leaf Award --You have made an amazing amount of contributions towards achieving feature status for so many prominent CA articles, and helping out with the building of the Canadian Wikiproject areas. Thank you ~ you deserve this award.-- SriMesh |  talk, 18 November 2007
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fr:Utilisateur:Arctic.gnome

title: User:Arctic.gnome


text:
The Story of My Typewriter

The Story of My Typewriter is a 2002 book, by Paul Auster, mostly with pictures by the painter Sam Messer. It is about the author's old Olympia (de) typewriter. Auster bought the typewriter in 1974 from an old college friend who had owned it since 1962. Allegedly, everything Auster has written since has been typed on it.

Reception
Publishers Weekly described the book as "undeniably odd but captivating", praising both Auster's writing and Messer's artwork.

title: The Story of My Typewriter


text:
Yarmouth (electoral district)

Yarmouth was a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917. It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the County of Yarmouth. It was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Yarmouth and Clare riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Yarmouth (electoral district)


text:
Talk:Youthquake (album)

Do not ever replace another person's post.

 * Please read Welcome, newcomers and other pages about Wikipedia provided there. By contributing to Wikipedia, you are signing over your contributions to further edits, often merciless, by any other member of the community. Every article belongs to everyone, and no one. Samaritan 20:30, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DeadOrAliveYouthquake.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 00:34, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Youthquake (album)


text:
Tekle Haymanot I

Tekle Haymanot I, throne name Le`al Sagad (Ge'ez: ለዓለ ሰገድ, 28 March 1684 – 30 June 1708) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 27 March 1706 until his death in 1708, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the son of Iyasu I and Empress Malakotawit. He is often referred to as "Irgum Tekle Haymanot" or "Tekle Haymanot the Cursed".

Background
Tekle Haymanot I was a son of Emperor Iyasu I by one of his concubines named Malakotawit.

Malakotawit was later given the title of Etage or Itege, meaning "Empress", during the reign of her son. She was crowned at Gondar.

Tekle Haymanot I had several half siblings as his father sired with several concubines. His half brothers who ascended the throne were Dawit III, Bakaffa and Yohannes II.

Reign
Tekle Haymanot became Emperor following Iyasus' retirement to an island in Lake Tana. With the support of his mother Empress Malakotawit, some of the officials argued that Iyasu had abdicated, and crowned Tekle Haymanot as nəgusä nägäst in Gondar. This act was not embraced by the entire state, and the resulting civil strife led to Iyasu's murder at the order of his son Tekle Haymanot.

In September, 1707, a rebel in Gojjam declared himself nəgusä nägäst under the name Amda Seyon, and made his way to the capital city, where he had himself crowned. Tekle Haymanot quickly returned to Gondar, despite the difficulty of travel during the rainy season, forced the usurper to flee, and celebrated his triumph. Amda Seyon was later killed in battle in Maitsa. However his unpopularity for having ordered the murder of his widely revered father was profound and he never overcame it. The involvement of his mother Melekotawit, and the acceptance of his position by other members of the dynasty did irreparable harm to the image of the monarchy. His own courtiers plotted against him, and discussions abounded about whether it was worthy to keep such a corrupt dynasty in power.

While travelling in the provinces, Tekle Haymanot was stabbed to death by some of his late father's courtiers.

The band of assassins then attempted to establish Tekle Haymanot's young son, Naod on the throne and failed. Tekle Haymanot was buried on the island of Kebran at Lake Tana

Some historians date the beginning of the Ethiopian Zemene Mesafint or "Era of the Princes" (a time of disorder when the power of the monarchy was eclipsed by the power of local warlords) the murder of Iyasu the Great by his son Tekle Haymanot, and the resultant decline in the prestige of the dynasty.

title: Tekle Haymanot I


text:
Talk:Pain and pleasure

My view on this article for my psych class
I think its a good article but its kind of just there. There isnt a ton of info but sometimes less is more. --Bthompson3691 (talk) 23:04, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Critique for Psychology 101
I was reading your article, however there is not much information in your article. Also the use of the word probably when referring to a statement shows uncertainity in the information, that is provided in your article. This article would be greatly inproved by adding more information to the content of the article and less links. R.Tonioli10 (talk) 20:34, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pain and pleasure


text: User talk:81.156.11.49

title: User talk:81.156.11.49


text:
Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic

Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic is the twenty-third studio album by American recording artist Prince, who was at the time going by the unpronounceable "Love Symbol" (as shown on the album cover). Released on November 9, 1999, by NPG Records and Arista Records, the album was issued shortly after the release of The Vault: Old Friends 4 Sale (1999). It includes several guest appearances, including by Gwen Stefani, Eve, and Sheryl Crow; Prince also completed a cover of Crow's 1996 single "Everyday Is a Winding Road". A pop and R&B album, it departs from the soul genre found on Prince's previous efforts.

The album received generally mixed reviews from critics, who enjoyed the guest appearances on the album, but were confused by Prince's attempts at harnessing the pop music market. Commercially, the album peaked at number eighteen in the United States and number five in Canada, becoming his most successful album in North America in over three years, with moderate results elsewhere. By the end of 1999, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album's sole single, "The Greatest Romance Ever Sold", peaked at number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100. Duets "So Far, So Pleased" and "Hot Wit' U" were planned for release as singles in summer 2000, but were both cancelled after the album's lukewarm commercial success. Instead, two promotional singles were released, "Baby Knows" and "Man'O'War". To promote the album, Prince hosted a pay-per-view event, entitled Rave Un2 the Year 2000 which would later be released on DVD.

Background and release
Development of the album began in 1988, under the working title Rave Unto the Joy Fantastic. However, when the recording and writing sessions proved fruitless, the entire project was abandoned. A majority of the songs written for the album were originally made for Prince's previous works, such as Lovesexy (1988) and Graffiti Bridge (1990). In June 1998, Prince resumed the project, creating a "reworked" version of the title track, and enlisting help from other musicians, such as Gwen Stefani, Eve, and Sheryl Crow. Recording sessions took place in Prince's hometown of Chanhassen, Minnesota, at Paisley Park Studios, as well as at Electric Lady Studios, New York City, and O'Henry Sound Studios, in California. The production for the record concluded in September 1999, nearing two months to its scheduled release date. A digital version of the album was released exclusively to both of Prince's official website (1800new-funk.com and love4oneanother.com) and features enhancements that are not included on the physical edition. Prince described his decision to wear a blue jacket made out of faux wool instead of actual fur for the cover artwork: If this jacket were real wool, it would have taken seven lambs whose lives would have begun like this ... Within weeks of their birth, their ears would have been hole-punched, their tales chopped off and the males would have been castrated while fully conscious. [E]xtremely high rates of mortality [a]r[e] considered normal: 20-40% of lambs die b[efore] the age of 8 weeks: 8 million mature sheep die every year from disease, [e]xposure or neglect. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, a non-profit organization regarding the humane treatment of animals, supported Prince, with member Alisa Mullins claiming that "Prince deserves a lifetime achievement award based on his empathy for animals alone". Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic was released on November 9, 1999, in the United States, his first major-label release since Emancipation (1996). In select European countries, including Germany and Spain, the record was released on November 11, two days later. Instead of using his name, Prince displayed the unpronounceable "Love Symbol" as the album's artist. The CD's standard edition release included sixteen tracks, plus two hidden tracks, "Segue III" and "Prettyman". The record also includes some of Prince's first radio releases since Chaos and Disorder (1996), to which he commented: "I look forward to hearing my songs on the radio again. It's been a while."

Composition

Musically a pop and R&B album, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic explores the former two genres after the frequent use of soul on The Vault: Old Friends 4 Sale. The album's opening title track, originally recorded in 1988, is one of Prince's "most pop-oriented" tracks in years. "Undisputed" contains rap verses by Chuck D, a feature uncommon on Prince's works. Intended to serve as a "comeback", "The Greatest Romance Ever Sold" is a "smooth" ballad with Prince's multi-layered vocals featured in the chorus. The album's fourth track, "Segue I", is four seconds of silence followed by "Hot Wit' U", a hip hop track featuring vocals from Eve. "Tangerine" follows and contains acoustic bass orchestrated by musician Rhonda Smith.

"So Far, So Pleased" is the album's seventh track, and features verses from Gwen Stefani. The pair's collaboration was called an "utterly delightful, effervescent duet". "The Sun, the Moon and Stars" is a ballad containing production catered to the same crowd. A cover of Sheryl Crow's 1996 single "Everyday Is a Winding Road" is the album's ninth track, but contains a more "sexualized" structure compared to Crow's rendition. "Segue II" is a short instrumental track, followed by promotional singles "Man'O'War" and "Baby Knows", the former of which is a "sexy ballad" and the latter featuring contributions from Crow, including her vocals and use of a harmonica.

The album's thirteenth track, "I Love U, but I Don't Trust U Anymore", features a guest appearance from folk rock singer Ani DiFranco, who plays an acoustic guitar. "Silly Game" uses features strings performed by the NPG Orchestra. "Strange but True" uses a "spoken-word soliloquy with a funky foundation", similar to Prince's previous song, "Irresistible Bitch". The album's final mentioned track, "Wherever U Go, Whatever U Do", is another "subtle" ballad, similar to "So Far, So Pleased" and "The Sun, the Moon and Stars". The standard edition of the album contains two hidden tracks, "Segue III" (also appears as "1-800-Newfunk Ad" on select releases), which is like the other two similarly titled tracks, and "Prettyman", which is a jazz song, including a special appearance from saxophonist Maceo Parker.

Promotion

Unlike Prince's previous albums, the release for Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic did not coincide with promotional appearances in the United States. Instead, Prince performed several of the album's tracks live on European television programs, in hopes that the performances would strengthen his appeal there. On December 31, 1999, Prince debuted a television special, Rave Un2 the Year 2000, as a pay-per-view program to promote the album. The event included renditions of Prince's songs with guest appearances from Rosie Gaines, Morris Day, Maceo Parker, and Lenny Kravitz. On April 29, 2001, Prince released his first remix album, entitled Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic. The album contained 13 of Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic's tracks, along with additional remixes and an unreleased song called "Beautiful Strange". However, the remix album was not made commercially available and was only purchasable by members of his official fan club. In 2019 a special edition box set was released posthumously containing both the albums Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic, Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic and the DVD Rave Un2 the Year 2000 called Ultimate Rave. The box set charted in the Netherlands.

Singles
"The Greatest Romance Ever Sold" was released as the album's lead and only single on October 5, 1999, a month before the album's release; a CD single featuring the track plus three remixes was released in European countries on November 23, 1999. The issue additionally contained remixes with vocals from Eve. "So Far, So Pleased" and "Hot Wit' U", featuring guest vocals from Gwen Stefani and Eve, respectively, were also planned to be released as singles in 2000. The release would have included an extended play titled The Hot X-perience with remixes of both tracks, but the release was subsequently cancelled. However, both single versions were later released on Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic.

Two promotional singles, "Baby Knows" and "Man'O'War", were released in late 1999 and early 2000, respectively. "Baby Knows" features vocals from Sheryl Crow, and was released exclusively in the Netherlands. "Man'O'War" was released exclusively in the United States as a CD single; the package included three versions of the song: the album version, a non-guitar version, and a "Call Out Research" 15-second hook.

Critical reception
After its release, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic received generally mixed reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic commented that the album "is frighteningly similar to Prince's 1998 album, Newpower Soul" and praised the collaborations, but stated that the effort "is one for the dedicated, like every album he's made since he changed his name to a symbol". Village Voice critic Robert Christgau said Prince's "shtick" was less tired than Ray Charles' after 20 years, describing the album as a lofty brand of "generic", "where pro forma cameos failed to produce the hits Clive Davis banks on". Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club congratulated Prince for "mark[ing] his return not just to major labels, but to commercial ambition and accessibility" while Adam Mattera in Echoes called the album "a savvy attempt to reignite his career through a series of radio-friendly missiles and superstar collaborations similar to Clive Davis' recent triumph with Santana’s "Supernatural"." Chris Willman, writing for Entertainment Weekly, was also impressed by the effort and praised Prince for "trying to recapture the spirit of '99". Wendy Hermanson from Yahoo! Music favored the record, and highlighted the singer's decision to work with other artists, particularly with Chuck D on "Undisputed".

On a mixed note, Toure of Rolling Stone stated that the album's "few sublime moments outweigh[ed] the lackluster album around them," further praising "Prettyman" for being "a roaring up-tempo number", but panning "Undisputed" and "Hot Wit' U" for being "the worst of his nineties work". Eamon Sweeney from Hot Press was also mixed in his review, stating that it "would be hard to name another artist who can produce such a perfect soundtrack", but found at times that the singer "ha[d] lost his magic". Similarly, Robin Rothman of Village Voice enjoyed the collaborations, but opined that they would "be better described as augmentations". In a very negative review, a critic from NME stated "To paraphrase Woody Allen, genius is like a shark; it has to move forward or it dies. And what we have here is a patchily impressive, fleetingly satisfying, but very, very dead shark". In a list compiled by staff members from Stereogum ranking the singer's albums out of thirty positions, they listed Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic at number 25. The site's consensus stated that among the album's tracks, his cover of "Everyday Is a Winding Road" was the only highlight.

Commercial performance
Commercially, the album was unsuccessful compared to Prince's previous efforts. Despite this, it was able to peak at number eight on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums component chart, becoming one of Prince's highest charting albums. Although released shortly after his previous studio album, The Vault: Old Friends 4 Sale (1999), Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic debuted and peaked at number eighteen on the Billboard 200, while the former only peaked at number eighty-five. In Canada, the album was more successful, peaking and debuting at number five. In Europe, the record achieved varied chart positions, reaching the top 20 in the Netherlands (where it lasted 13 weeks on the charts and peaked at number 17) and Switzerland, but peaking within the lower regions of the charts in Germany and the United Kingdom (at numbers 53 and 145, respectively). On December 10, 1999, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 500,000 copies, becoming his seventeenth album to reach this achievement.

Track listing
All songs written and produced by Prince, except "Everyday Is a Winding Road" by Sheryl Crow, Jeff Trott and Brian McLeod.

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the album's official liner notes and Guitarcloud.

 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, electric guitars, Oberheim OB-8, Roland JV-80, Roland VK-7, Clavia Nord Lead 2, Roland A-90, Roland JD-800, Korg TR, Roland JV-2080, bass guitar, drums, Linn LM-1, Roland PAD-80 Octapad II; LinnDrum (1)
 * Mike Scott – guitar (3)
 * Ani DiFranco – acoustic guitar (13)
 * Rhonda Smith – acoustic bass (6), bass guitar (7)
 * Kirk Johnson – drums (7), percussion (11)
 * Michael B. – drums (12)
 * Kenni Holmen – saxophone (5)
 * Kathy Jensen – saxophone (5)
 * Maceo Parker – saxophone (18)
 * Steve Strand – trumpet (5)
 * Dave Jensen – trumpet (5)
 * Michael B. Nelson – trombone (5)

 * Gwen Stefani – co-lead vocals (7)
 * Sheryl Crow – co-lead vocals and harmonica (12)
 * Marva King – backing vocals (7)
 * Larry Graham – backing vocals (9)
 * DuJuan Blackshire – backing vocals (9)
 * Johnnie Blackshire – backing vocals (9)
 * Kip Blackshire – vocoder vocals (2, 9)
 * Chuck D – rap (2)
 * Eve – rap (5)
 * Bros. Jules – scratches (2, 18)
 * Clare Fischer – orchestration (8, 10, 14)

title: Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic


text:
Richmond (Nova Scotia federal electoral district)

Richmond was a federal electoral district in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917. It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the County of Richmond. A law to abolish the riding was passed to merge it with Cape Breton South into Cape Breton South and Richmond in 1914. This was duly carried out when the first elections were held with new boundaries and the new name in 1917.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:


text:
Shelburne (federal electoral district)

Shelburne was a federal electoral district in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1896.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the County of Shelburne. It was abolished in 1892 when it was merged into Shelburne and Queen's riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Shelburne (federal electoral district)


text:
Tewoflos

Tewoflos (Ge'ez: ቴዎፍሎስ), throne name Walda Anbasa (Ge'ez: ወልደ አንበሳ, died 14 October 1711), was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1 July 1708 to 14 October 1711, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the brother of Iyasu I, and one of five sons of Yohannes I.

Reign
Following the murder of his nephew Tekle Haymanot I, Tewoflos was brought out of captivity at Mount Wehni and made Emperor. At first he faced a rival in the person of the four-year-old son of his nephew who was supported by the Master of Horse Yohannes and Empress Malakotawit. His nephew's name was Na'od and he was crowned at Emfraz upon the death of Tekle Haymanot I. However, Tewoflos moved quickly by having Yohannes, and several other non-royals accused of aiding in the murder of Tekle Haymanot, arrested then sent into exile.

According to James Bruce, at first he behaved as if he would not seek vengeance on those thought responsible for the death of his brother Iyasu; but this was a deception, and once this party relaxed their guard he acted. He accused his late nephew Emperor Tekle Haymanot of regicide and patricide, and Tekle Haymanot has been known as Irgum ("Cursed") ever since. Empress Malakotawit was publicly hanged, while her two brothers were speared to death; Bruce states that in one afternoon a total of 37 persons were executed. Not long afterwards he decided to move against all regicides, and ordered that all who had taken part in the plot that led to the death of his brother Iyasu I be found and executed.

Tewoflos also initiated the canonization of his brother Iyasu I.

His reign was an unquiet one. In 1709, Nebahne Yohannes was proclaimed nəgusä nägäst in a revolt that lasted until July 1710. Tewoflos also found himself compelled to support the doctrine known as Wold Qib; when the monks of Debre Libanos asked the Emperor why he embraced the belief they opposed, he reportedly told them, "It is not because I hate you, but so that Gojjam will be subject to me."

Tewflos died under suspicious circumstances. He was buried at Teda.

title: Tewoflos


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Napoleon Murphy Brock

Napoleon Murphy Brock (born April 23, 1943) is an American singer, saxophonist and flute player who is best known for his work with Frank Zappa in the 1970s, including the albums Apostrophe ('), Roxy & Elsewhere, One Size Fits All, and Bongo Fury. He contributed notable vocal performances to the Zappa songs "Village of the Sun," "Cheepnis," and "Florentine Pogen."

Career
Brock's musical career began in the San Francisco South Bay Area in the late 1960s with a seven and eight piece band he had organized named "Communication Plus". He was the lead singer, songwriter, and arranger of the band's strongly R&B-influenced rock performances. He also played the saxophone and flute. He played in a variety of local clubs including The Brass Rail, The Mecca, and Gary R. Schmidt's, The Odyssey Room. He was discovered playing for a dance band in Hawaii in the early 1970s by Zappa's road manager. The participation of George Duke and Jean-Luc Ponty convinced Brock to join the band as lead singer.

Brock's numerous performances with Zappa include the role of the "Evil Prince" on the Thing-Fish album. He has also performed with George Duke, Captain Beefheart and more recently with Neonfire and. He remains a regular performer at Zappanale.

Brock appeared in the 2005 film Rock School, a documentary about The Paul Green School of Rock Music, an extracurricular music program that he and Project/Object have closely supported for several years.

In 2006, he toured with Frank Zappa's son Dweezil on the latter's Zappa Plays Zappa shows. He also regularly tours with fellow Zappa alumnus Ike Willis and others with Andre Cholmondeley's Project/Object. Other Zappa related projects in which he has been involved include the Tampa, Florida based band Bogus Pomp, and the 16 piece Ed Palermo Big Band from New York City.

He is most frequently seen fronting The Grand Mothers Of Invention with Roy Estrada, Tom Fowler and Don Preston (the only Frank Zappa alumni from The Mothers of Invention regularly performing the music of Frank Zappa), performing over 91 times since 2002.

His own most recent release is the 2003 album Balls.

Brock is mentioned in the 2007 memoir My Lobotomy by Howard Dully and Charles Fleming, which describes Dully's experiences before and after undergoing an icepick transorbital lobotomy in 1960, at 12 years of age. Brock, while studying psychology and music at San Jose State University, was employed in the mid-1960s as a counselor at Rancho Linda, a "residential center for special education" where Dully lived after having the procedure and being released from juvenile hall and a mental asylum. Dully had fond memories of Brock, and described him as "cool" and having "played all kinds of instruments."

Grammy Award
At the 51st Grammy Awards on February 8, 2009, Napoleon won a Grammy for his performance of the song "Peaches en Regalia" with the band Zappa Plays Zappa, which also featured Steve Vai and Dweezil Zappa. The song originally appeared on Frank Zappa's 1969 Hot Rats LP.

Film
Brock has appeared in several Zappa documentaries and movies. They include:
 * Baby Snakes (background)
 * The Dub Room Special
 * A Token of His Extreme
 * The Amazing Mr. Bickford (on a television screen in the background)
 * The True Story of Frank Zappa's 200 Motels (background)
 * Roxy the Movie [DVD, 2015]

title: Napoleon Murphy Brock


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Victoria (Nova Scotia federal electoral district)

Victoria was a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the County of Victoria. It was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into North Cape Breton and Victoria electoral district.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:


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Islamic University in Uganda

The Islamic University in Uganda (IUIU) is a multi-campus university offering courses at certificate, diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The main campus of the university is in Mbale, about 222 km north-east of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.

History
The idea to start IUIU was conceived at the second summit of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference in 1974. The university was inaugurated in February 1988 with 80 students. The main objective of the university is to serve the higher education needs of the English-speaking Muslim community in Southern and Eastern Africa. The university also enrolls non-Muslim  students, who are free to practice their different religions.

University campuses
As of December 2014, IUIU had four campuses:

 * The Main Campus is approximately 2 km north of Mbale's central business district in the Eastern Region of Uganda, on the Mbale-Soroti road. The coordinates of the main campus are 1°06'02.0"N, 34°10'25.0"E (Latitude:1.100556; Longitude:34.173611).
 * The Kampala Campus is on Kibuli Hill, approximately 3.5 km south-east of the central business district of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda.
 * The Females' Campus is in Kabojja, 8 km west of Kampala's central business district. This campus is for female students only.
 * The Arua Campus is in the town of Arua, approximately 400 km north-west of Kampala.

Academics
The university has the following faculties, as of January 2021:

 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Health Sciences
 * Faculty of Science
 * Faculty of Education
 * Faculty of Management Studies
 * Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Islamic Studies & Arabic Language
 * Faculty of Health Sciences
 * Faculty of Technology & Engineering (Expected)
 * Center for Postgraduate Studies.

Students

Islamic University in Uganda, affectionately called IUIU boasts, has students from across the African continent. The first West African student to be admitted to the university was Mr. Abdul Ishaq Hussein from Ghana between 1989 and 1990. He was later followed by Mr. Ahmed Gedel, also from Ghana and four other Nigerians including Imam Rufai, Ismail, Dr. Uba Inuwa and Dr. Taufik.

There were many other West African students from Mali, the Gambia, famous of whom is Alieu K. Jammeh, who served as Minister of Sports under Yahya Jammeh. He is currently Gambia's High Commissioner to Guinea.

There were students from Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, South Africa, Djibouti and Eritrea as of July 1998.

University halls
Currently, the university has four very competitive halls of residence.

Umar-Khadija, the oldest, is also arguably the most successful hall of residence in sports activities. Two West African students were privileged to serve in high positions of the hall. They are Abdul Razak Abdul Hamid Musah, chairman and Anas Abubakar as the general secretary in 1998. Their rise to these positions was mainly because they were among three of the best table tennis players the university had ever produced. The third player was Dr. Asiso. Suraqa. He was probably the best table tennis player on campus. However, the first West African Chairman of a hall of residence of the university was Nurudeen Abdul Hamid of Ali- Hafswa Hall. The other halls are Uth-Fat Hall and Abu-Aisha Hall.

Notable alumni

 * Acaye Kerunen (B.S. 2009), artist
 * Faridah Nakazibwe, journalist
 * Magezi Masha, Computer Scientist

title: Islamic University in Uganda


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Onyx River

The Onyx River is an Antarctic meltwater stream which flows westward through the Wright Valley from Wright Lower Glacier and Lake Brownworth at the foot of the glacier to Lake Vanda, during the few months of the Antarctic summer. At 32 km in length, it is the longest river in Antarctica.

Geography
The Onyx River flows away from the ocean, an example of endorheic drainage, as the Wright Lower Glacier blocks the mouth of the Wright Valley. It has several tributaries, and there are multiple meteorological stations along the length of the river. Flow levels are highly variable, both during the day and between summers, with the river failing to reach the lake some years. In contrast, it can cause significant erosion in flood years, and was rafted in 1984 by New Zealand researchers. At one time, the river's discharge reached 700 cuft/s.

Environment
There are no fish in the Onyx River, but it supports microscopic life, and the algal blooms can be quite extensive. The environment consists mainly of cyanobacteria and other algae. A few micro-animals (nematodes, tardigrades, and rotifers) live in the river. Skuas are also occasionally present in the area.

Monitoring
The Onyx River is one of the many sites studied by the United States Antarctic Program of the National Science Foundation. Discharge data has been collected at the downstream gauge near Lake Vanda since 1969 and at the upstream gauge near the Wright Lower Glacier since 1972. The Antarctica New Zealand program once maintained a semi-permanent camp at Lake Vanda which has since been removed. NSF's McMurdo Long Term Ecological Research site has been maintaining the Onyx River record since 1993. There is a small research shelter at Lake Vanda at its eastern end. Nearby is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Seismic station at Bull Pass.

Since records have been kept, the Onyx River's flow season has shifted earlier and gotten longer.

title: Onyx River


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Yostos

Yostos, throne name Tsehay Sagad (, died c. 1716), was Emperor of Ethiopia from 14 October 1711 to 19 February 1716, and a member of Solomonic dynasty. After the death of Tewoflos, the nobles chose one of their own as nəgusä nägäst to avoid a cycle of vengeance. Yostos, facing challenges to his authority, remained in Gondar throughout his reign, only venturing out for hunting.

Once the political situation stabilized, he built two churches in Gondar. Yostos faced a conspiracy to depose him but thwarted it, punishing the conspirators. He led a slave-raiding expedition, captured children, and ended the campaign after the death of his confidant. Yostos fell ill in January 1716, withdrew from public life, and unintentionally caused a fire during a fumigation attempt. Amid conflicts over his successor, Dawit III was proclaimed Emperor while Yostos remained alive but forgotten. He was eventually given a proper burial in Lideta church.

Reign
According to James Bruce, he was the son of Delba Iyasu and a daughter of Emperor Iyasu I.

According to E. A. Wallis Budge, his mother was Walatta Hawaryat, daughter of princess Amlakawit and granddaughter of Yohannes I.

Yostos had served as governor of Samien under Emperor Tekle Haymanot, but fell out of favor under Emperor Tewoflos —despite it was Yostos who, immediately after the assassination of Emperor Tekle Haymanot travelled to Mount Wehni and brought Tewoflos down.

According to Richard Pankhurst, on the death of Tewoflos, the chief nobles of Ethiopia feared that the cycle of vengeance that had characterized the reigns of the previous two rulers would continue if a member of the Solomonic dynasty were picked for the throne, so they selected one of their own to be nəgusä nägäst. However Yostos encountered many challenges to his authority, and was forced to remain in the capital of Gondar for his entire reign, leaving the city only to hunt. After a few years, the political situation stabilized enough for him to construct two new churches in Gondar, Lideta Mariyam ("Birth of the Virgin Mary") in 1713, and Abba Antons ("Father Anthony") in 1715.

Bruce notes that Yostos faced a conspiracy to depose him shortly after taking the throne: while he was away from Gondar on a hunt, a group of men he had entrusted his government to had planned to overthrow him. Yostos, with a body of picked men, returned to his capital at night and surprised them sitting in council. His chief minister, Ras Hezekias, and his Master of his Household, Heraclides, along with five others, had their nose and ears cut off then thrown into prison. One of the chief conspirators, Benaia Basile, however managed to escape, having been warned of Yostos' sudden return, but was later caught and punished.

The following year Yostos led a slave-raiding expedition against one of the peoples, once collectively referred to as the Shangalla, who lived along the western border of his kingdom, specifically the people known as the Baasa. These he surprised, slaying the adults and taking their children captive. Yostos had his expedition brought to an end after this first predation when the death of his confidant Ras Fasa Krestos.

In January 1716 Yostos grew ill, and according to his Royal Chronicles withdrew from public life. Bruce provides more information: while supervising the work on the Abba Antons church Yostos "was taken suddenly ill, and, suspecting some unwholesomeness or witchcraft in his palace, ordered his tent to be pitched without the town until his apartments should be smoked with gunpowder." However, the fumigation accidentally burned down part of the palace, which was seen as a "very bad omen". Yostos, still unwell, took up residence in another part of the Royal Enclosure, but fear that he would make his son Fasil heir to the throne led to a battle between his courtiers (who wanted the ailing Emperor to proclaim an heir) and the Imperial Guard (who were loyal to the Solomonic dynasty). Victorious, the Imperial Guard proclaimed Dawit III emperor on 30 January. Meanwhile, Emperor Yostos was still alive in the palace, forgotten in his sick bed until his death. He was given a respectful burial in Lideta church.

title: Yostos


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Dawit III

Dawit III (Ge'ez: ዳዊት), throne name Adbar Sagad (Ge’ez: አድባር ሰገድ), also known as Dawit the Singer was Emperor of Ethiopia from 8 February 1716 to 18 May 1721, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the son of Iyasu I and his concubine Qeddesta Krestos.

Reign
Three important religious events happened during Dawit III's reign. The first was the death of Abuna Marqos – Dawit sent to the Patriarch of Alexandria for a new candidate for the office, and Krestodolos arrived a few years later.

The second was when three Capuchin missionaries entered Ethiopia without imperial permission, were tried by an ecclesiastical council, found to be heretics, and together with a child who accompanied them were stoned to death at Mount Abbo, just east of Gondar.

The third was a synod of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, presided over by Dawit, concerning Christology disputed between the monks of the House of Ewostatewos in Gojjam and the monks of Debre Libanos, and where the Emperor sided with the Ewostathians. The monks of Debre Libanos then demonstrated against the results of the council, irritating Emperor Dawit to the point he sent a party of pagan Oromo from his Guard to slaughter them.

Dawit was also known for his patronage of Amharic folk songs, building an amusement hall (Dawit's Hall) in the Royal Enclosure, where he could hear ministrels perform, for which he was known as "Dawit the Singer". However, this epithet has a connotation of "playboy, which Donald Levine writes "was not deserved". "Knowledgeable Gondares today insist that, at first, even the priests were happy to join him in the amusement hall to listen to the one-string fiddles and the witty songs." Only after the conclusion of the Synod of Gondar did the priests begin to besmirch his name.

Dawit fell ill shortly after this synod, and died under mysterious circumstances. His courtiers and a Muslim apothecary were accused of poisoning him and executed.

title: Dawit III


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Bakaffa

Bakaffa (Ge'ez: በካፋ) birth name: Missah; throne name Aṣma Giyorgis  (Ge'ez: ዐፅመ ጊዮርጊስ), later Masih Sagad (Ge'ez: መሲሕ ሰገድ) was  Emperor of Ethiopia from 18 May 1721 to 19 September 1730, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was a son of Emperor Iyasu I and brother to Emperors Tekle Haymanot I and Dawit III.

Life
Bakaffa spent his childhood confined on Wehni, but during the unrest in the last year of Emperor Yostos' reign he escaped to live with the Oromo; when he was recaptured, part of his nose was cut off as punishment, with the intent of disqualifying him for the throne. Nevertheless, upon the death of his brother Emperor Dawit III, he was selected to succeed him against the wishes of a sizable group backing Welde Giyorgis, the son of Nagala Mammit.

While his reign was disturbed by few wars, Donald Levine observes that he "spent his days breaking the power of the feudal lords and strengthening the hand of the monarchy." However, Paul B. Henze believes that "his most valuable contribution to his capital and his country was his second wife, Mentewab.

He also devoted much of his rule travelling in disguise around his realm to seek out inequities to correct, acts which, according to Edward Ullendorff, "have long become part of Ethiopian folklore." James Bruce retells at length the folk story of how Bakaffa met Empress Mentewab (his second wife) while he was on one of his frequent trips in disguise, and fell ill while visiting her home province of Qwara. He was put to bed in her father's house and she had nursed him during his illness, and upon his recovery, he had married her.

An enduring tragic mystery is that of the death of his first wife. The Emperor had crowned his previous wife in the palace, and she had proceeded to the banqueting hall to preside over her coronation banquet. After taking part in the meal, she suddenly took ill and died that very night. Rumors of poisoning were rife. His second wife, Mentewab arrived as the new Empress in Gondar to a court that was suspicious and full of intrigue and danger. That she was able to engineer her way to power and influence in such an environment is very impressive, not to mention the dominant role that she would seize upon her husband's death. However, Bakaffa's reign at the time was not entirely happy. Fearful of the danger of insurrections against him, in 1727 he tested the attitude of his subjects by hiding in his palace for many days, with the result that the nobles and populace were alarmed. The governor of the city put a guard around the Royal Enclosure, at which point the crafty ruler emerged and rode to the Debre Berhan Selassie Church. While the unfortunate governor and several associates were executed the next day, Richard Pankhurst notes the public shared in this disaffection, quoting James Bruce that when rumor of Bakaffa's death circulated, "the joy was so great, so universal, that nobody attempted to conceal it"; and when he revealed that he was actually still alive,

 * There was no occasion to accuse the guilty. The whole court, and all strangers attending there upon business, fled, and spread a universal terror through the whole streets of Gondar. [...] What this sedition would have ended in, it is hard to know, had it not been for the immediate resolution of the king, who ordered a general pardon and amnesty to be proclaimed at the door of the palace.

Notwithstanding this clemency, Bakaffa later was quoted as remarking that although he loved the inhabitants of Gondar, they only responded with hate.

Bakaffa added several new buildings to the capital city of Gondar. He is credited with the construction of a vast banqueting hall on the north side of the Royal Enclosure, which might be the structure where he held a lavish feast for all in 1725; next to it stands Mentewab's Castle, which might have been built by Bakaffa's son and heir Iyasu II, but definitely was constructed before Mentewab retired from the capital to her palace at Qusquam in 1750. These are last new buildings erected in the Royal Enclosure.

A marvel of his reign, recorded in his Royal Chronicle, was the construction of a new kind of boat on Lake Tana in 1726 by two foreigners from Egypt, Demetros and Giyorgis, unlike the traditional ones built from reeds.

title: Bakaffa


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Chinchay Suyu

Chinchay Suyu or Chinchasuyu (Chinchaysuyo) was the northwestern provincial region of the Tawantin Suyu, or Inca Empire. The most populous suyu (or Quarter, the largest division of the Inca Empire), Chinchasuyu encompassed the former lands of the Chimú Empire and much of the northern Andes. At its largest extent, the suyu extended through much of modern Ecuador and just into modern Colombia. Along with Antisuyu, it was part of the Hanan Suyukuna or "Upper Quarters" of the empire.

The name is due to the Chincha culture, which was a trader kingdom in what is now the Ica Region. Chinchay in Quechua stands for the tigrillo, animal present, although not physically, in some cultures of this region due to the Amazonian influence during the Early Horizon and Early Intermediate, such as the Chavín culture or the commercial exchange between the Huarpa -civilization located in modern-day Ayacucho that had trading routes to the Amazonas- and Nazca cultures.

Before the Inca Civil War began, Atahualpa, the son of the deceased Inca Emperor Huayna Capac, inherited and ruled the majority of Chinchasuyu from his capital city in Quito, supported by Huayna Capac's veteran Inca generals and soldiers. The 12th Inca, Huayna Capac, knowing that he was about to die, gave orders to place his heart and organs in an Urn and have it buried in Quito, the city he loved. Moreover, Huayna Capac gave instructions that his mummified body should be transported to Cuzco for burial beside the mummified bodies of his royal ancestors. The Inca Emperor Huascar who was the eldest son of Huayna Capac, ruled the rest of the Inca Empire from Cuzco, and was displeased that Atahualpa was crown King in Quito. Spanish chroniclers refer to Atahualpa's Kingdom as the Kingdom of Quito. The Inca Huascar was not able to do anything since the best soldiers in the Inca Empire swore allegiance to Atahualpa.

After 4 or 5 years of peace, the nobles as well as the mother of the Inca Huascar, Rava Ocllo. encouraged him to reconquer the Kingdom of Atahualpa which spanned most of the Chinchasuyu. Huascar sent an ultimatum to Atahualpa asking for submission, Atahualpa refused, and a young General Atoc was sent to invade and reconquer the Kingdom of Quito from Atahualpa.

Wamani
Each suyu was divided into wamani, or provinces. Chinchaysuyu included the wamani of:
 * Atavillo of Atawillu, in the modern province of Canta.
 * Ayavaca or Ayawax’a
 * Cajamarca or Q’asamarka
 * Cajatambo or Q’asatampu
 * Calva or Kalua
 * Casma
 * Chachapoya, including the Wanka tribe
 * Chancay
 * Chao or Suo
 * Chicama
 * Chicla or Chillqa
 * Chimbote or Sancta
 * Chimu, also called Moche.
 * Chincha
 * Chinchayqucha, also called in sources by the name of Junín.
 * Conchuco
 * Huacrachuco
 * Huamachuco
 * Huamali
 * Huambo or Wampu
 * Huancabamba or Wañkapampa
 * Huancavilca or Wankawillka
 * Huánuco
 * Huarco, also called Runawana and Cañete
 * Huarmey
 * Huaura, also called Huacho or Supe
 * Huayla or Waylla
 * Lambayeque, whose people spoke Mochica.
 * Lima or Rimaq, a large province of perhaps 150,000 inhabitants.
 * Lurin, home of the Oracle at Pachacamac.
 * Mala
 * Moyobamba or Moyopampa
 * Nepeña or Wampachu
 * Ocro, including both the Ocro and Lampa tribes.
 * Olmos or Olmo
 * Pacasmayo
 * Parmunca
 * Pinco, in Ancash Department
 * Pisco
 * Piura
 * Shawsha or Jauja
 * Tarma or Tarama
 * Tumbes or Tumpis
 * Virú or Wanapu, likely the origin of the word Perú.
 * Yauyo, including the Larao tribe.

title: Chinchay Suyu


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Iyasu II

Iyasu II  (Ge'ez: ኢያሱ; 21 October 1723 – 27 June 1755), throne name Alem Sagad (Ge'ez: ዓለም ሰገድ), was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1730 to 1755, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the son of Emperor Bakaffa and Empress Mentewab (also known by her baptismal name of Welete Giyorgis).

The Empress Mentewab played a major role in Iyasu's reign, perhaps against her will. Shortly after he was proclaimed Emperor, a rival claimant assaulted the Royal Enclosure for eight days, only leaving the capital Gondar when an army of 30,000 from Gojjam appeared. Although the rebels failed to penetrate its walls, much of Gondar was left in ruins. Instead of taking the title of regent upon the succession of her underage son, Empress Mentewab had herself crowned as co-ruler, becoming the first woman to be crowned in this manner in Ethiopian history. Empress Mentewab wielded significant authority throughout the reign of her son, and well into the reign of her grandson as well.

Ancestry
Of Amhara descent, Iyasu II was only son of Emperor Bakaffa and Mentewab.

Iyasu had two sisters, one married Takle of Tigray, another married Ras Elias of Begemder.

Reign
During Iyasu II's reign, a Czech Franciscan named Remedius Prutky visited his kingdom, and engaged Iyasu in talks about religion and European politics. Although he and his two companions were popular because of their medical skills, after a year Prutky and his Catholic companion were asked to leave because of complaints from the local clergy.

Despite Mentewab's counsel, Iyasu proved to be an ineffectual monarch. Frequently, Iyasu engaged in hunting expeditions, near Sennar, bringing game such as wild buffaloes, rhinoceroses, and elephants. According to Paul Henze, Iyasu "came under criticism for devoting too much time to pleasure (he loved hunting) and for spending too many resources on embellishing the capital, paying foreign workmen, and importing luxury goods, ornaments and mirrors from Europe." Prutky, on the other hand blamed Iyasu's constrained revenues to the actions of his mother Mentewab: "Since the youthful emperor Jasu had only reached the age of eight when he ascended the throne, his mother the Queen divided out the provinces among the chief ministers in such a way that, at the time of my sojourn there, the Emperor, now over thirty years of age, saw his treasury diminished and scarcely enough for his ordinary expenses." Prutky adds that during the year he was in Ethiopia (1752), the emperor was engaged in a struggle with his own sister over the revenues from Gojjam.

In a bid to gain the respect of his subjects, the Emperor Iyasu engaged in a campaign against the Kingdom of Sennar, which ended in defeat at the Battle of the Dindar River in 1738; an icon of Christ and a piece of the True Cross carried into battle were captured, and had to be ransomed for 8,000 ounces of gold. This defeat decisively ended any hope by Iyasu to prove himself competent in military affairs; as Donald Levine writes, "The subsequent subdual of Lasta, a rebel region for generations, and Iyasu's raids against tribes in the Atbara district were not sufficient to redeem that defeat or restore the force of Gondar."

During his reign two infestations of locusts afflicted the land, and an epidemic took the lives of thousands. When Abuna Krestodolos died, the treasury lacked money to pay for procurement of a new abuna. According to Edward Ullendorff, Iyasu's authority "scarcely extended beyond Begemder and Gojjam; Shoa and Lasta acknowledged only a token allegiance, while in the Tigray the long rule of the powerful Ras Mika'el had begun."

Iyasu II also conferred the dignity of Kantiba of the Habab (Nakfa and Sahel areas of present-day Eritrea) to Habtes, of the Bet Asegede family, after the latter came to Gondar to pay homage. As insignias of this appointment Habtes received a negarit, jewellery and other gifts.

Emperor Iyasu also resented deeply the romantic liaison his mother entered into with a young member of the Imperial family. Empress Mentewab became involved with Iyasu, the son of her former sister-in-law Romanework, who was herself the sister of the late Emperor Bakaffa, and on her father's side descended in male line from another cadet line of the Solomonic dynasty. Mentewab's relationship with the much younger nephew of her late husband was considered a great scandal, and the young Prince was derisively referred to as "Melmal Iyasu", or "Iyasu the Kept". The Empress had three daughters by this Melmal Iyasu, one of whom was the beautiful Woizero Aster Iyasu who took Ras Mikael Sehul in 1769 as her third husband. Emperor Iyasu became very attached to his half-sisters, but was deeply resentful of their father. It is said that it was the Emperor himself that ordered the murder of his mother's lover by having him pushed from a cliff top near Lake Tana in 1742.

Death
Iyasu fell seriously ill in May, 1755, and died the next month. It was generally believed that he had been poisoned by the sister of Melmal Iyasu, in revenge for her brother's death. When the Empress Mentewab sought funds from the treasury for his funeral, only a few dinars could be found. Saddened by this situation, she threatened to retire to her palace convent at Qusquam, but a group of nobles persuaded her to instead become regent for her grandson Iyoas I.

First marriage and descendants
Iyasu II had two wives. The first Amhara woman, with whom he had three sons named Adigo, Hailu and Atseku and one daughter Wald Saala. This woman wished to take part in the government of Ethiopia and as a result she and her sons were sent to the fortress of Wanhi on the orders of Mentewab.

● Adigo was his Iyasu's firstborn son. Adigo's son, Salomon II reigned as Emperor between 1777 and 1779 during the turbulent Zemene Mesafint era. Salomon's son, Baeda Maryam II was briefly on the throne for a few months in 1795.

● Hailu was his second son.

● Atseku was his third son. Atseku's son, Iyasu III reigned as Emperor between 1784 and 1788

● Wald Saala was Iyasu's first daughter.

Second marriage and descendants
Mentewab wished to make an alliance with the "Galla" people (Oromo people) and as such chose a second wife for Iyasu II who was from "Galla land". The second wife was a daughter of Amitzo, a member of the Edjaw tribe. The wife was christened "Bersabeh" and had a son who later succeeded Iyasu II as Iyoas I.

title: Iyasu II


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Antisuyu

Antisuyu (anti lit. 'east', suyu lit. 'quadrant'; Antisuyo) was the eastern part of the Inca Empire which bordered on the modern-day Upper Amazon region which the Anti inhabited. Along with Chinchaysuyu, it was part of the Hanan Suyukuna or "upper quarters" of the empire, constituting half of the Tahuantinsuyu, the "four parts bound together" that comprised the empire.

Antis is a collective term for the many varied ethnic groups living in the Antisuyu such as the Asháninka or the Tsimané.

Description
Antisuyu is the second smallest of the suyus. It was located northeast of Cusco in the high Andes. Indeed, it is the root of the word "Andes". 'Anti' is the likely origin of the word 'Andes', Spanish conquerors generalized the term and named all the mountain chain as 'Andes', instead of only the eastern region, as it was the case in Inca era. According to some sources, Antisuyu was not the smallest of the Incan suyus, citing that its territory may have included the eastern slope of the Tahuantinsuyu as well as the adjoining tropical lowlands along the length of the empire.

Antisuyu and Chinchaysuyu were bordered by a line west of the Inca road that ran from Cusco to Tambomachay. The suyu was also separated from Collasuyu by the Huatanay River, which flowed through the city to the eastern end of the valley.

Most of the lowland jungle was not part of Tawantinsuyu. Only the jungle region could not be dominated by the Incas, given that they could not colonize the jungle region. Arguably, the first organized and planned naval action of Peru, was in time of the Sapa Inca Tupac Inca Yupanqui, as it mobilized 10,000 men and their supplies on large rafts navigating the rivers, a task that took two years, After that campaign, he went to the rupa rupa of the Ch'unchus, which was a catastrophe for the Incas, since, according to some authors, only 1,000 soldiers returned alive. After subjugating the Ch'unchus, very few arrived at Musu.

The region of Antisuyu was the final retreat of the Neo-Inca state as they fled Spanish conquest. Notable among the Inca settlements here were Vilcabamba, and Vitcos. It is also thought that the mythical city of Paititi may exist somewhere within this region. Historian Andrew Nicol published research in 2009 in which he concluded that the existence of a city such as Paititi is possible within the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Research as recent as 2016 by Vincent Pélissier provides a possible location for the lost city to the northeast of Vilcabamba.

Annexation
Antisuyu was previously not part of the Incan empire. It was later conquered to address the problem of the shrinking space for crops along the coastal region of the empire.

Wamani
Each suyu was divided into wamani, or provinces. Antisuyu included the wamani of:

 * Campa
 * Chunchos
 * Cunibo
 * Lare or Lari, whose people were “Incas by privilege”
 * Machiguenga
 * Omasayo or Umasuyu
 * Paucartambo or Pawqartampu
 * Piro
 * Shipibo
 * Vilcabamba or Willkapampa

title: Antisuyu


text:
Kuntisuyu

Kuntisuyu or Kunti Suyu (Quechua kunti west, suyu region, part of a territory, each of the four regions which formed the Inca Empire, "western region"; Contisuyo) was the southwestern provincial region of the Inca Empire. Kuntisuyu was the smallest suyu of all and was located along the southern coast of modern Peru, extending into the highlands towards Cusco. Along with Qullasuyu, it was part of the Urin Suyukuna or "Lower Quarters" of the empire.

Wamani
Each suyu was divided into wamani, or provinces. Kuntisuyu included the wamani of:
 * Acari
 * Angará
 * Arequipa or Ariqipa
 * Atico
 * Aymara
 * Camaná, inhabited by the Maje people
 * Caravelí
 * Cavana or Qhawana
 * Chanca or Chanka, also called Andahuayla or Andawaylla.
 * Chilque, whose people were “Incas by privilege”.
 * Choclococha or Chuqlluqucha
 * Chocoruo or Chukurpu
 * Chumbivilca or Chumpiwillka
 * Contisuyo or Kuntisuyu, including the Allqa (Alca), Kutawasi (Cotahuasi) and Aruni peoples
 * Cotabamba or Kutapampa
 * Huanca or Warka, including three saya
 * Ica or Ika
 * Nazca or Naska
 * Ocoña or Ukhuña
 * Parinacocha or Pariwanaqucha
 * Quechua or Qhichwa
 * Quilca or Qillqa
 * Rucana or Ruk'ana
 * Sora, divided into three saya
 * Vilcas or Willka
 * Yanahuara or Yanawara, whose people were “Incas by privilege”
 * Yauca or Yawka

title: Kuntisuyu


text:
Qullasuyu

Qullasuyu (Quechua and Aymara spelling, ; Collasuyu, Kholla Suyu; Collasuyo) was the southeastern provincial region of the Inca Empire. Qullasuyu is the region of the Qulla and related specifically to the native Qulla Quechuas who primarily resided in areas such as Cochabamba and Potosí. Most Aymara territories which are now largely incorporated into the modern South American states of northern Chile, Peru, Bolivia and the Argentine northwest were annexed during the reign of Sapa Inca Huayna Cápac in the sixteenth century.

Recently, there have been movements to form a "Greater Qullasuyu" (or Qullana Suyu Marka) which would incorporate a territory similar to the former Tawantinsuyu in extent. This ideal has been proposed by the office of the Apu Mallku and the parliament of the Qullana. Qullasuyu was the largest of the four suyu (or "quarters", the largest divisions of the Inca empire) in terms of area. This suyu encompassed the Bolivian Altiplano and much of the southern Andes, running down into northwest Argentina and as far south as the Maule river near modern Santiago, Chile. Along with Kuntisuyu, it was part of the Hurin Suyukuna or "Lower Quarters" of the empire.

Etymology
From Quechua, composite of qulla (meaning south, but also the namesake people) and suyu (region, quarter of the Inca Empire), with the meaning of "southern region".

Wamani
Each suyu was divided into wamani, or provinces. Qullasuyu included the wamani of:

 * Arica or Arika
 * Cana or Kana
 * Canche or Kanche
 * Caranga or Karanka
 * Caruma
 * Cavina or Kawina, whose people were “Incas by privilege”
 * Chicha
 * Cochabamba or Quchapampa
 * Collagua
 * Lipe
 * Locumba
 * Lupaqa
 * Moquegua
 * Pacajes or Pacasa
 * Qolla Urcosuyu or Qulla Urqusuyu
 * Sama
 * Tambo or Tampu
 * Tarata
 * Ubina
 * Yampará or Yampara

title: Qullasuyu