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Talk:JET Programme

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JET Program Teacher killed in earthquake
A JET ALT, Taylor Anderson, was found dead following the 2011 Tohako Earthquake. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42199441/ns/local_news-washington_dc/

69.112.245.146 (talk) 22:52, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

 * The source does not mention the JET program. Beeblebrox (talk) 23:19, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
 * She was JET here — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.163.104.56 (talk) 13:17, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The two American victims of the tsunami were both mentioned as being on JET in Hilary Clinton's Oct 7, 2011 speech. Excerpts can be found here: http://ajet.net/2011/10/18/us-secretary-of-state-hillary-clinton-speaks-about-the-jet-programme/  and the entire speech is available here: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/10/175151.htm.  "I recently heard the story of an Alaskan named Monty Dickson who taught English at Yonesaki Elementary School as part of the JET program. While in Japan, Monty came to love Japanese poetry, and on the morning of March 11th, he had translated a poem by Shiba Ryotaro into English, and it read: “There’s nothing as beautiful as dedicating one’s life for a cause.” And just a few hours after writing those words, Monty Dickson was swept away in the tsunami. In fact, both of the Americans who died that day, Monty and Taylor Anderson, were teachers in the JET program." --TheCookTravels (talk) 00:24, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

American or English English?
I just saw an edit from English to American (organi s ation -> organi z ation). There is another place in the article where it remains. The 'wikipedia policy' for which English to use is 'by article' - for British articles, use British English etc. There is no clear guideline for something like the JET Programme. but it is clear that within one article the spelling should be the same. With that in mind, I think it should be British English because that is the English I use the name of the article (JET Programme) is British English. Any comments/objections to me going ahead with this? -I guess it will be hard to enforce.--Boy.pockets (talk) 23:31, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * This becomes complex within the JET Program/Programme, since it's international by nature. It's officially called the JET Program by the American consulates and Programme by the consulates that use British spelling, so both are considered acceptable ways to refer to the program.  American English spelling is used much more often on the program/programme (in textbooks, official documents, by Japanese staff, etc) so there's a strong argument for both American and British spelling.  However, for the sake of consistency, since the title of the article is Programme, I would also support keeping the article in British English.  (And just for the sake of full disclosure, I'm an American who lived in the UK for years and had to write a dissertation in British English, so I don't really have a strong emotionally tie to either spelling system)--TheCookTravels (talk) 00:39, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The official site on the CLAIR website uses "programme" in the text of the page, but oddly uses "program" in the URL. I would say we go with the text. ··· 日本穣 ? ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 04:51, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

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History and aims of the programme
The first two years mentioned in the History and aims ... section:

 * 1) "started in 1978" (BET Scheme), and
 * 2) "added ... beginning in 1977" (MEF Programme);

just don't add up. Correction of one or both years is necessary, as are citations. The year the two schemes merged into the JET Programme (1987) also needs a citation.

Pabeaufait (talk) 07:02, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Crown Prince Naruhito
Under the picture of Naruhito on the page, should it be changed from Crown Prince to Emperor, with some indication that he was Crown Prince at the time? i.e.: "Emperor Naruhito (then Crown Prince)". TheCreator19 (talk) 18:17, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:JET Programme


text:
Dotted border

The dotted border (Agriopis marginaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1776. It is found throughout Europe, except the far north, and the Near East.

The female of this species has only vestigial wings and is totally flightless. It is usually found resting on the trunks and branches of the larval food plants. The male has orange-brown forewings with a paler yellowish band and a row of dots along the termen which gives it its common name. The hindwings are whitish with faint fascia. Melanic forms are frequently seen. The wingspan is 36–42 mm.

The adults are active from February to April, the male sometimes coming to light but not strongly attracted. The egg is ovate, greenish, becoming reddish on the upper side. The very variable larva is usually greenish-brown with dark cross-shaped markings along the back and feeds on a range of trees and shrubs (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa.

 * 1)  The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

Recorded food plants

 * Alnus - alder
 * Betula - birch
 * Corylus - hazel
 * Crataegus - hawthorn
 * Fagus - beech
 * Malus - apple
 * Prunus
 * Quercus - oak
 * Salix - willow
 * Ulmus - elm

Subspecies

 * A. m. marginaria
 * A. m. pallidata

Similar species

 * Agriopis aurantiaria
 * Erannis defoliaria

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dotted border


text:
Diocese of Nidaros

Nidaros is a diocese in the Lutheran Church of Norway. It covers Trøndelag county in Central Norway and its cathedral city is Trondheim, which houses the well-known Nidaros Cathedral. Since 10 September 2017, the Bishop of Nidaros is Herborg Finnset. The Bishop Preses, currently Olav Fykse Tveit is also based at the Nidaros Cathedral. The diocese is divided into nine deaneries (prosti). While the Bishop Preses holds episcopal responsibility within the Nidaros domprosti (deanery) in Trondheim, the Bishop of Nidaros holds episcopal authority of the other eight deaneries as well as the language based parish of the Southern Sámi.

History
The diocese of Nidaros was established in 1068. It originally covered the (modern) counties of Trøndelag, Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark, along with the regions of Nordmøre and Romsdal (in Møre og Romsdal county) and Härjedalen (in Sweden), and also the northern part of Østerdalen (Tynset, Tolga, and Os). The region of Sunnmøre (in Møre og Romsdal) was transferred from Diocese of Bjørgvin to the new Archdiocese of Nidaros some time after 1152 – to secure it more income.

The northern part of Østerdalen was transferred to the Diocese of Oslo some time after 1537. The province of Jämtland was transferred from Diocese of Uppsala to Nidaros in 1570. The region of Sunnmøre was transferred (back) from Nidaros to the Diocese of Bjørgvin in 1622. The provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen were lost to Sweden in 1645. Northern Norway was established as a diocese of its own in 1804 (formally first in 1844). The parish of Innset was transferred from Diocese of Hamar to Nidaros in 1966. The regions of Nordmøre and Romsdal (together with Sunnmøre from Bjørgvin) were established as a diocese of its own (Diocese of Møre) in 1983.

Structure
The Diocese of Nidaros is divided into nine deaneries (Prosti). Each one corresponds to several municipalities in the diocese. Each municipality is further divided into one or more parishes which each contain one or more congregations. In addition, the Parish of the Southern Sámi language area fall under the Bishop of Nidaros authority, while the Trondheim parish of the Deaf is pastored by the Deanery of Church of the Deaf and the Bishop of Oslo.

Bishops
The bishops of Nidaros since the Protestant Reformation when Norway switched from Catholicism to Lutheranism:

 * 1546–1548 Torbjørn Bratt
 * 1549–1578 Hans Gaas
 * 1578–1595 Hans Mogenssøn
 * 1596–1617 Isak Grønbech
 * 1618–1622 Anders Arrebo
 * 1622–1642 Peder Skjelderup
 * 1643–1672 Erik Bredal
 * 1672–1672 Arnold de Fine
 * 1673–1678 Erik Eriksen Pontoppidan d.e.
 * 1678–1688 Christopher Hanssen Schletter
 * 1689–1731 Peder Krog
 * 1731–1743 Eiler Hansen Hagerup
 * 1743–1748 Ludvig Harboe
 * 1748–1758 Frederik Nannestad
 * 1758–1773 Johan Ernst Gunnerus
 * 1773–1789 Marcus Fredrik Bang
 * 1788–1803 Johan Christian Schønheyder
 * 1804–1842 Peder Olivarius Bugge
 * 1843–1849 Hans Riddervold
 * 1849–1860 Hans Jørgen Darre
 * 1861–1883 Andreas Grimelund
 * 1884–1892 Niels Laache
 * 1892–1905 Johannes Nilssøn Skaar
 * 1905–1909 Vilhelm Andreas Wexelsen
 * 1909–1923 Peter W. K. Bøckman Sr.
 * 1923–1928 Jens Gran Gleditsch
 * 1928–1942 Johan Nicolai Støren
 * 1945–1960 Arne Fjellbu
 * 1960–1979 Tord Godal
 * 1979–1991 Kristen Kyrre Bremer
 * 1991–2008 Finn Wagle
 * 2008–2017 Tor Singsaas
 * 2017–present Herborg Finnset

title: Diocese of Nidaros


text:
Vice Squad

Vice Squad are an English punk rock band formed in 1979 in Bristol. The band was formed from two other local punk bands, The Contingent and TV Brakes. The songwriter and vocalist Beki Bondage (born Rebecca Bond) was a founding member of the band. Although there was a period of time when the band had a different vocalist she reformed the band in 1997. Since 2008, the band have been releasing records on their own label Last Rockers.

Original band
Vice Squad was formed in 1979 in Bristol. The initial line-up of Beki Bondage (vocals), Dave Bateman (guitar), Mark Hambly (bass guitar) and Shane Baldwin (drums), and played its first gig at Bristol University's Anson Rooms on 12 April 1979. Bateman and Baldwin had previously been members of the TV Brakes. The first release by Vice Squad was the track "Nothing", which was included on the 1979 compilation Avon Calling. Members of the band were involved in setting up the Riot City label with Simon Edwards, the label becoming one of the major punk labels of the era. Vice Squad took some time to make further impact, only playing six gigs in 1980. Its first single, "Last Rockers" in 1981, was well-received, selling over 20,000 copies and spending almost forty weeks in the UK Indie Chart, reaching number 7. The follow-up, "Resurrection", reached number 4, and the band undertook a tour supporting U.K. Subs. The singles received airplay and support from BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, and the band went on to record two sessions for his show, in 1981 and 1982.

In 1981, the band signed with the major label EMI (on their Zonophone subsidiary), prompting criticism from many within the DIY punk scene. Their first album, No Cause For Concern, was released in late 1981, reaching number 32 in the UK Albums Chart. A second album, Stand Strong Stand Proud, followed in 1982, and the band embarked on a tour of the United States and Canada. On returning from the US, Bondage announced that she was leaving the band. She went on to front Ligotage and later Beki and the Bombshells, and, without her, Vice Squad were dropped by EMI. The band carried on, however, replacing Bondage with a new singer called Lia (who was previously known as Jools and had been the singer for local band Affairs of the Heart). The new line-up, also including the band's manager Mark "Sooty" Byrne on second guitar, signed with Anagram Records, and recorded a session for David Jensen's BBC radio show. Indie hits continued with singles such as "Black Sheep" and "You'll Never Know", but sales dwindled, and the band split up in 1985.

New band
Bondage formed a new version of Vice Squad in 1997, along with former members of The Bombshells, after being persuaded to perform the old material at the Holidays in the Sun festival. The line-up was initially Bondage on vocals, Paul Rooney (guitar), Stilton (bass guitar) and Pumpy (drums). The rhythm section was replaced by Michael Giaquinto (bass guitar) and Tony Piper (drums) in late 1999/early 2000. This new line-up recorded several albums and toured Europe and the United States. In 2006, they released the album Defiant, produced by Rooney.

Dave Bateman died in 2007.

Back to "old school punk"
2008 was spent recording the album, Fairground for the Demented which was shelved as the band decided the finished collection of songs did not represent the 'Old School' punk sound that the band wanted to achieve. This collection of songs is currently released in digital form with retailers such as iTunes and Napster. The gritty punk style was eventually realised in 2009 when Vice Squad released the London Underground album which was co-produced by Bond and Rooney. Released on their own Last Rockers Label, London Underground has received rave reviews on the Studs And Punks website and songs such as "Punx United", "Old Skool" and "Sniffing Glue" form a major part of the band's live show.

Vice Squad returned to America in 2009 on an 18 date tour of the western states promoting London Underground with the American drummer Nick Manning, and Wayne Cotton on Bass (Ex Stuntface bass / front man) with support from The Lower Class Brats.

The album Punk Rock Radio was released in 2011.

In 2014, the album Cardboard Country was completed and released on the band's own Last Rockers Records label. The album was funded on with via the band's first ever PledgeMusic campaign. The first 500 copies of the album came with a 6 track EP.

During 2018, the band started recording the album, Battle of Britain. Six singles/EPs were released prior to the album's release, including two versions of Ignored To Death.

On 11 April 2020, due to the lockdown in the UK, The Beki and Lumpy Show was launched on Facebook, featuring Beki and Paul, with videos, chat and quizzes, broadcasting every Saturday evening. The album Battle of Britain was released in October by Last Rockers and Cargo Records.

On 30 January 2024, original drummer Shane Baldwin died. He had been ill and largely immobile for a few years, after suffering a bad fall which saw his body rapidly deteriorate. Despite this, his death was still unexpected. The cause of death was heart failure.

Studio albums

 * No Cause for Concern (1981) Zonophone (UK No. 32)
 * Stand Strong Stand Proud (1982) Zonophone (UK No. 47)
 * Shot Away (1985) Anagram
 * Get a Life (1999) Rhythm Vicar
 * Resurrection (1999) Rhythm Vicar
 * Lo-Fi Life (2000) Sudden Death
 * Rich and Famous (2003) EMI
 * Defiant (2006) SOS
 * Unreleased 2008 (2009) Last Rockers
 * London Underground (2009) Last Rockers
 * Punk Rock Radio (2011) Last Rockers
 * Cardboard Country (2014) Last Rockers
 * Battle of Britain (2020) Last Rockers

Live albums
Track Listing: A Side: Resurrection / We're Still Dying / Coward / Young Blood. B Side: The Times They Are A Changing / 1981 / Change The Record / Saturday Night Special / Sell Out.
 * Live in Sheffield (1981) Chaos Tapes Cat: Live003 – cassette only release – limited edition of 3000
 * Live and Loud!! (1988) Link

Compilation albums

 * Last Rockers – The Singles (1992) Abstract
 * The Punk Singles Collection (1995) Anagram
 * The BBC Sessions (1997) Anagram
 * The Rarities (1999) Captain Oi!
 * The Very Best Of (2000) Anagram
 * Bang to Rights: The Essential Vice Squad Collection (2001) EMI
 * The Riot City Years (2004) Step-1
 * Fuck Authority (2007) Anarchy
 * Punks for a Princess Vol.2 (2012)

Singles and EPs

 * "Last Rockers" (1980) Riot City (UK Indie No. 7)
 * "Resurrection" (1981) Riot City (UK Indie No. 4)
 * Special Edition Tour EP (1982) Riot City (UK Indie No. 21)
 * "Out of Reach" (1982) EMI/Zonophone (UK No. 68)
 * "Stand Strong" (1982) EMI/Zonophone
 * "State of the Nation" (1982) Riot City
 * "Black Sheep" (1983) Anagram (UK Indie No. 13)
 * "You'll Never Know" (1984) Anagram
 * "Teenage Rampage" (1985) Anagram (UK Indie No. 44)
 * "Lavender Hill Mob" (2000) Combat Rock
 * Bah Humbug EP (2010) Last Rockers – limited edition of 50, four track CD single, (includes "Santa Claws Is Coming to Town")
 * Rockin Xmas EP (2009) Last Rockers – limited edition of 100, seven track CD single, (includes "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree")
 * London Lowlife EP (2011) Last Rockers – limited edition of 100, four track CD single (tracks: "Drama Queen" / "Plain Jane" / "Jimmy Jaguar" / "Dead Doll")
 * "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" (2012) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, four track CD single
 * "A Dog Is For Life" (2013) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, four track CD single
 * Christmas Hangover EP (2014) Shout Proud – Germany only, limited edition 7" single (3 formats)
 * "Run, Run Rudolph" (2015) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500
 * Sock It To Me Santa EP (2016) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, five track CD single
 * Hey Mr Christmas EP (2017) Last Rockers – limited edition of 200, four track CD single
 * "Ignored To Death" (2018) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, four track CD single, white sleeve
 * "I Dare To Breathe" (2019) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, five track CD single
 * "Mainstream Media" (2019) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, four track CD single
 * "Born in a War" (2019) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, four track CD single
 * "Ignored To Death" (2019) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, four track CD single, black sleeve
 * "When You Were 17" (2020) Last Rockers – limited edition of 500, four track CD single
 * Vice-o-lation Vol 1 EP (2020) Last Rockers – limited edition of 300, four track CD single, green sleeve
 * Vice-o-lation Vol 2 EP (2020) Last Rockers – limited edition of 300, four track CD single, purple sleeve
 * Vice-o-lation Vol 3 EP (2020) Last Rockers – limited edition of 300, four track CD single, red sleeve
 * Vice of Spades EP (2021) Last Rockers – limited edition of 300, four track CD single, Motörhead covers EP
 * Road Crew EP (2021) Last Rockers – limited edition of 300, four track CD single, Motörhead covers EP
 * Rooms at the Top (2022) four track EP
 * Bang Bang Bang (2022) four track EP
 * Hidden Vices Volume 1 (2022) four track EP
 * The Winter of Discontent (2022) five track EP
 * If I Knew What I Know Now (2023) four track EP
 * Spitfire vs Bomber (2024) four track EP

Reception
AllMusic described the band as significant in the second wave of British punk rock, noting their promotion of animal rights and vegetarianism.

title: Vice Squad


text:
Nikolay Fyodorov (politician)

Nikolay Vasilyevich Fyodorov (Никола́й Васи́льевич Фёдоров, Фёдоров Николай Васильевич, Fyodorow Nikolay Wasilyewich; born 9 May 1958) is the First Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council. He is also the former President of the Chuvash Republic in Russia.

Early life
Nikolai Fyodorov was born in 1958 in the village of Chyodino, Mariinsko-Posadsky District of the Chuvash ASSR (now part of Novocheboksarsk), into a large family of a WWII veteran. In 1980, after graduating from the law faculty of Kazan State University, he came to Cheboksary and taught the disciplines "Soviet law" and "Scientific communism" in 1980–82 and 1985–89 at the Chuvash State University.

Federal minister
In 1989 he was elected People's Deputy of the USSR. He was one of the leaders of the committee on legislation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He was the Justice Minister of Russia from 14 July 1990 to 24 March 1993. In December 1991, Fyodorov stated that the 79-year-old former leader of the GDR Erich Honecker, who was in the Chilean embassy in Moscow, must leave the USSR territory (six months later, in July 1992, Honecker was extradited to Berlin). In March 1993, during the power struggle between the reformist cabinet and anti-reform legislature Fyodorov resigned protesting against the unconstitutional introduction of a "special procedure for governing" by Boris Yeltsin. Fyodorov critically assessed the dispersal of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of Russia in October 1993.

President of Chuvashia
In December 1993, he ran simultaneously to the 1st State Duma and for the president of Chuvashia, his home region. Fyodorov was elected to the State Duma on the list of the Democratic Party of Russia, became a member of the Defense Committee. In the Chuvash presidential elections, none of the candidates received the required 25% of the vote. Fyodorov with 24.9%, and Lev Kurakov, the rector of the Chuvash University, who gained 21.9%, entered the second round. On December 26, Fyodorov won the majority of the vote. On 21 January 1994, he took office as president of the Chuvash Republic, and in February he resigned as a State Duma deputy.

He was reelected in 1997 and 2001, and appointed by president Putin in 2005. As a head of the region, he was a member of the second Federation Council from 1996 to 2001. In December 2000, Fyodorov was the only senator who voted against the new law on the National Anthem of Russia, adopting Alexandrov's melody (lyrics by Sergey Mikhalkov were adopted later; Oleg Chirkunov was the only one voting against it).

He served as the first President of Chuvash Republic to 29 August 2010. He was a supporter of market reforms. Fyodorov opposed Russian President Boris Yeltsin's policies in Chechnya and Vladimir Putin's 2000 federal reform initiatives.

Post-presidency
On 8 September 2010, at the session of the State Council of Chuvashia, he was approved as a member of the Federation Council of Russia.

He had been the Minister of Agriculture from 21 May 2012 until April 2015. Two days after his appointment he sent a letter to Mikhail Ignatyev, who was his successor as the president of Chuvashia. Fyodorov criticized the economic policy of Ignatyev's administration. From April to September 2015 Fyodorov was an advisor to the President of Russia on agroindustrial complex issues.

In January 2014, Fyodorov arrived in Berlin for the Green Week agriculture exhibition on a business-class Cessna private jet, which was registered in Serbia. The photo of Fyodorov leaving the cabin was first retouched and then removed from the website of the Ministry of Agriculture. In March 2015 deputy chairman of the Committee on Agrarian Policy of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry Pavel Grudinin criticized Fyodorov's department for imposing transport tax on agricultural machinery operating in the fields, despite the fact that this transport is not intended to use the motorways.

After his resign from the federal cabinet Fyodorov was appointed a member of the Federation Council from Chuvashia for the second time. In 2015–2020 he was the First Deputy Chairman of the council.

Sanctions
Sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to Russo-Ukrainian War.

Personal life
He is an ethnic Chuvash. He is married and has one son and a daughter. His son Vasily is a lawyer. In addition to his native Chuvash, he speaks Russian and German.

Honours and awards

 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland;
 * 3rd class (5 August 2003) — for outstanding contribution to strengthening Russian statehood and many years of diligent work
 * 4th class (9 May 1998) — for services to the state and a major contribution to socio-economic development of Chuvash Republic
 * Order of Alexander Nevsky (2017) — for his great contribution to the development of Russian parliamentarism and legislative activity
 * Order of Honour (11 September 2008) — for outstanding contribution to the socio-economic development of the long and fruitful work
 * State Prize of the Russian Federation for science and technology, 1999 — for the revival of the historic part of the capital of Chuvashia — the city of Cheboksary
 * Honorary Builder of the Russian Federation
 * Medal "For Services to the national health care"
 * Medal "75 years of civil defence"
 * Order "For Services to the Chuvash Republic" (29 August 2010)
 * Order of St. Sergius, 1st class
 * Order of the Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow, 1st class
 * Winner of the All-Russian legal award "Themis"
 * Title of "President of the Year - 2001" All-Russia public premium "Russian National Olympus"
 * Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
 * Medal of Merit in the All-Russia Census
 * Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg"
 * Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"
 * Medal in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of Russian Ministry of Justice
 * Medal "200 Years of the Russian Interior Ministry"

title: Nikolay Fyodorov (politician)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tina the Llama

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:00, 27 July 2005 (UTC) This page is completly redundant. There is no reason to have a page about this character in the movie. You never even see it. It's currently a stub and the thing is it will remain a stub. I vote for deletion. - Benw

 * I agree completely. Another vote for deletion. - Radarthreat

 * You do see it, but still, delete. Adam Bishop 00:54, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. This isn't even wordth of the name 'stub'. - Ec5618 18:54, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete it. It's not like Tina has a starring role in another movie.

 * Keep it. She may have a role in a future movie. Besides, everyone loves Tina. User:Julian Aguilar 00:20, 25 June 2005
 * Delete -- useless, nonencyclopedic, unnotable --Zpb52 July 3, 2005 21:03 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Leadenhall Street

Leadenhall Street is a street in the City of London. It is about 1/3 mile and links Cornhill in the west to Aldgate in the east. It was formerly the start of the A11 road from London to Norwich, but that route now starts further east at Aldgate.

Leadenhall Street has always been a centre of commerce. It connected the medieval market of Leaden Hall with Aldgate, the eastern gate in the Roman city wall. The East India Company had its headquarters there, as later did the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). By the mid 20th century, grand stone-faced offices lined the street. Today it is closely associated with the insurance industry and particularly the Lloyd's insurance market, with its dramatic building in the adjacent Lime Street. It forms part of a cluster of tall buildings including the 48-storey “Cheesegrater” and the 38-storey “Scalpel”. Other buildings planned for the street include the 57-storey “Diamond”, the 50-storey “Prussian Blue” and the 34-storey “Gotham City”. Older buildings like the medieval church of St Katherine Cree seem incongruous among these towers, but the medieval heritage is preserved in the narrow slightly curving street and dense commercial activity.

History
Although Leadenhall Street is within the walls of Roman Londinium, and a map published in 1897 showed it as a Roman street, this remains speculative. The basilica, the largest building in Londinium, extended beneath the western end of Leadenhall Street. Roman remains have also been found on both sides of Leadenhall Street, beneath East India House (now No 12) and the P&O Building (now St Helen’s Square).

The street probably originated in the medieval period. It appears in a map of London in 1270, then named Cornhulle in the west and Alegatestrete in the east. The name derives from a lead-roofed mansion, first used as a poultry market in 1321. The street runs from this Leaden Hall towards Aldgate, the eastern gate of the city wall. The only remaining buildings from this period are the churches of St Katherine Cree and St Andrew Undershaft in the adjacent street of St Mary Axe.

The name “Ledenhall Street” first appears on a map from 1658. In the Great Fire of London in 1666, the north-eastern edge of the damaged area reached Leadenhall Market, leaving Leadenhall Street itself intact.

From 1729 to 1861 the largest building in the street was East India House, the headquarters of the East India Company. In 1840 Leadenhall Street comprised mainly 4-storey stone buildings, as shown in a pictorial record by John Tallis. Its business directory lists 158 separate premises with a wide variety of trades and merchants. Apart from St Katherine Cree, there are no survivors from this period. The oldest is the former Leadenhall Press building (No 50) from 1868.

In the Victorian era, merchants were progressively replaced by banks, typically sturdy 6-storey stone buildings. Notable survivors include Lloyds Bank (No 113), the former Bank of Adelaide (No 11), the former Grace & Co (No 147) and the Lutyens designed No 139.

Bomb damage during World War II mainly affected the south side of Leadenhall Street to the east of Lime Street (No 26 to 49). Early post-war reconstruction matched the height of existing buildings, while introducing modern styles such as the former Scandinavian Bank (No 36) and the former Bank of Credit and Commerce International (No 100). In the late 1980s, the former Midland Bank (No 69) and the former Swiss Re House (No 77) introduced the post-modern style.

Today Leadenhall Street is closely associated with the insurance industry and particularly the Lloyd's insurance market, which occupied No 12 from 1928 to 1958, and has since been based in the adjacent Lime Street. The 14-storey Lloyd's building, completed in 1986, started a trend for dramatic architecture in the area.

Tall buildings on Leadenhall Street are constrained by the protected view of St Paul's Cathedral from Fleet Street. To avoiding impinging on this view, the 48-storey Leadenhall Building (No 122) adopted a distinctive sloping profile, known as “The Cheesegrater”, while “The Scalpel”, a 38-storey building across the street (52 Lime Street), slopes in the opposite direction. Other buildings being developed, including the 57-storey "Diamond" (No 100) and the 50-storey “Prussian Blue” on the corner with Bishopsgate, will fill in the gaps in this cluster of buildings.

South side
Starts at: Gracechurch Street

One Leadenhall – a 36-storey office building, including a 5-storey base with a grid of pre-cast concrete and glass panels, and a recessed glass tower above, designed by Make Architects. Construction started in 2021. The site was part of the Roman basilica in the 2nd century, and was occupied by the original Leaden Hall, first recorded in 1309.

Side street: Whittington Avenue leading to Leadenhall Market.

7-10 Leadenhall Street – a 6-storey office building, built in 1924–27. It was the head office of Friends Provident during 1929–57. It was occupied by the Iraqi Rafidain Bank until it went into liquidation in 2008. The building was acquired shortly after by the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, initially used as a Commercial Attaché to its main embassy in Kensington. The Ministry still retains the freehold interest in the property, although the building has been vacant for a number of years. The building was briefly taken over by the Occupy London movement in January 2012.

11 Leadenhall Street - a 6-storey 3-bay office building, built in 1912 for the Bank of Adelaide. It was later occupied by the National Westminster Bank.

12 Leadenhall Street - a stone arch is all that remains of the former Lloyd’s Building, which was built in 1928 and demolished in 1979. The arch was designed by Sir Edwin Cooper in 1922 as a war memorial for the Lloyd’s Rooms at the Royal Exchange, and moved to Leadenhall Street in 1928. From 1729 to 1861 this site was occupied by East India House.

Lloyd’s of London, 1 Lime Street - a 14-storey office building designed by Richard Rogers Partnership and built in 1978-86 for the insurance market, Lloyd’s of London. The building exemplifies the high-tech style, and is distinctive in having services such as staircases, lifts, ducts, electrical conduits and water pipes on the outside, with the aim of creating a flexible uncluttered space inside. It was the youngest structure to obtain Grade I listing.

Side street: Lime Street

The Scalpel, 52 Lime Street - a 38-storey office building designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and built in 2013-18 as the European headquarters of the insurance company W R Berkley. The building consists of a series of triangular planes of partially reflective glass with bright metallic fold lines.

36-38 Leadenhall Street - a 9-storey office building designed by Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall and built in 1970-73 for the Scandinavian Bank. It was built in a Chicago-derived flush-fronted style, with uniform floors and piers of polished yellow-brown stone, flush smoked-glass bands, and sharp mitred glass joints on the Billiter Street corner.

Side street: Billiter Street

40 Leadenhall Street - a 34-storey office and retail development, designed by Make Architects and built in 2020-23. The site between Leadenhall Street and Fenchurch Street, surrounding the Grade II listed 19-21 Billiter Street, comprises a series of vertical slices from 14 to 34 storeys, nicknamed “Gotham City”. The north façade has floor to ceiling glazing with flush back-painted glass panels across the floor slabs, creating a smooth wall of glass, within a perimeter metal frame. The site was previously occupied by the Institute of London Underwriters.

50 Leadenhall Street - a 3-bay, 5-storey office building. From 1868 to 1905 it was the home of the Leadenhall Press.

Hallmark Building, 52-56 Leadenhall Street - a 12-bay, 7-storey office building in the Beaux-Arts style designed by M.E. Collins & L.S. Sullivan and built in 1919–21. It was previously known as Furness House, and occupied by the London Metal Exchange. The site was occupied by the Tylers’ and Bricklayers’ Hall from 1538 to 1833.

65 Leadenhall Street - a 5-bay, 7-storey office building designed by A.H. Kersey and Richardson & Gill and built in 1922 in yellow sandstone.

Landmark House, 69 Leadenhall Street and 94-95 Fenchurch Street - a 7-storey office building in the post-modern style designed by Terry Farrell Partnership and built in 1986-87 for the Midland Bank. The corner location is emphasised by a drum entrance and a glazed turret above containing a boardroom. The side elevations are in coloured granite with alternating layers on the lower floors.

In front of Landmark House is the Aldgate Pump, a Grade-II listed 18th Century water pump.

Ends at: Fenchurch Street

North side
Starts at: Mitre Street

77 Leadenhall Street - a 7-storey office building in the post-modern style designed by GMW Partnership and built in 1986-87 for Swiss Re. The site was once part of the Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate, which was dissolved in 1532 and mainly demolished, although a fragment remains inside the modern building.

78 Leadenhall Street - a 7-storey office building in the post-modern style designed by Ley, Colbeck & Partners and built in 1989–91.

80 Leadenhall Street - a 7-storey office building designed by Hamilton Associates and built in 1988–90.

St Katherine Cree - an Anglican church, founded in 1280. The tower is from c1504, with a cupola and doorcase from 1776. The church itself was built in 1628–31, using squared ragstone on the foundations of the previous building, still visible on the south wall facing Leadenhall Street. The church is Grade 1 listed.

Side street: Creechurch Lane

88 Leadenhall Street - a 7-storey office building designed by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners and completed in 1999. It is clad in limestone, granite and brick. The design references the art deco style Cunard House, built on the site in the 1930s.

100 Leadenhall Street - a 7-storey office building designed by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners and built in 1971–75. It was the UK headquarters of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, which was liquidated in 1991 after widespread fraud and money laundering. The building was reclad in glass and stone in 2002 as part of a refurbishment programme designed by Rolfe Judd Architects. It will be redeveloped as a 57-storey building designed by SOM. It will have an angled façade with diamond pattern glazing, and has been nicknamed “The Diamond”.

106 Leadenhall Street - a 6-storey office building in the art deco style designed by Joseph Architects and Surveyors and built in 1924. It has 3 giant bronze-spandrelled windows framed by Portland stone pilasters, with a projecting stone cornice above. It will be demolished as part of the 100 Leadenhall Street redevelopment.

Bankside House, 107 Leadenhall Street - a 7-storey office building built in 1931 by Bankside Investment Trust. It is built in Portland stone with deeply modelled classical features, in two sections stepping down towards St Andrew Undershaft church. It will be demolished as part of the 100 Leadenhall Street redevelopment.

Lloyd’s Bank, 113-116 Leadenhall Street - a 5-storey Victorian bank designed by E. B. Ellis and built in 1891.

Side street: St Mary Axe

St Helen’s Square - a public space at the junction of Leadenhall Street and St Mary Axe, between the Leadenhall Building and St Andrew Undershaft, named after nearby St Helen’s church. The piazza was created in 1963 by the demolition of the P&O building (No 122), to enable the construction of the 10-storey Indosuez House and the 28-storey Commercial Union building. The piazza was refurbished in 2019.

Leadenhall Building, 122 Leadenhall Street - a 48-storey office building designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, built during 2011–14, and known as “The Cheesegrater”. The steel ladder frame is visible through the glass façade and exposed in the atrium at the base. 122 Leadenhall Street was formerly the Kings Arms Inn and Hotel. It became the head office of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) in 1848. P&O demolished adjacent residential properties at 123-125 Leadenhall Street to create a new office in 1854. A new 10-storey P&O tower (later Indosuez House), was completed in 1969. The building was damaged by an IRA bomb in 1992 and demolished in 2007. A relic of the P&O building, a sculpture of Navigation, is now sited on the east wall of No 139-144.

139-144 Leadenhall Street - a 7-bay 5-storey bank with an elevation by Lutyens on a building designed by Whinney, Son & Austen Hall, built in 1929–31, now Grade II listed. The Portland stone front includes an arcaded ground floor that opens to a vaulted lobby, a mezzanine with arched windows with curved sills, a second floor with pedimented windows, two plain storeys above, and end-pavilions in front of a two-storeyed attic.

St Andrews House, 145-146 Leadenhall Street - a 3-bay 5-storey bank designed by William Nimmo & Partners, built in 1989–92. It copies proportions and details from No 139-144 next door.

Grace Hall, 147-148 Leadenhall Street - a 3-bay 4-storey bank building designed by J W O’Connor and built in 1926-27 for the New York bank Grace & Co. It is now a Grade II listed private events venue. It is built in Portland stone, with a pedimented entrance to the banking hall, and an arch that extends into the mezzanine floor. Above are 3 floors with recessed sash windows with original wood frames and glazing bars.

6-8 Bishopsgate - this site, which includes the former 150 Leadenhall Street, will be a 50-storey mixed-use tower designed by WilkinsonEyre, originally known as “Prussian Blue”. The design comprises a series of stacked blocks, differentiated by variations in glazing and aluminium fins, and by cantilevering the upper block. The corner building will be an 11-storey stone-clad block with deeply recessed openings.

Ends at: Bishopsgate

Cultural references
The Leadenhall Street Mosaic is a Romano-British mosaic pavement from the first or second century depicting Bacchus astride a tigress. It was discovered during building work on East India House. The surviving pieces have been in the British Museum since 1880.

One of the first telephone exchanges in London was installed at 101 Leadenhall Street in 1879.

The Leadenhall Building (No. 122) is used as the venue for the BBC's The Apprentice interviews.

title: Leadenhall Street


text:
Talk:Gram stain

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Attention
The attention tag was added since the article looks too much of a procedure, and not an encyclopedic article. One solution would be to move the procedure to Wikibooks. Or it could be rewritten. -- Egil 09:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * There is little to say about Gram staining other than its uses and how it's done. Perhaps the procedure should be trimmed. JFW | T@lk  02:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I added some clinical uses and Gram's original reference. I don't agree that the procedure should be omitted. JFW | T@lk  02:27, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd like to see some more information on what happens to the bacteria at each step. More information on roles the cell wall structures have with gram-staining? Thanks.. -Anonymous, 2 August 2005 (ACST)

 * I think the procedure how gram staining is done is important enought to be mentioned in Wikipedia. Not in a Howto style; listing the basic steps should be enought. Besides the Picture is good, but a photo showing gram positive an d negative bacteria side by side would be much better. --Thewob 20:51, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The procedure should definitely be kept in. It is important to understand how staining and counter-staining work, and the method should explain that Gram+ retain the original stain, while Gram- do not. The article itself is about the Gram Stain, so why would the steps involved in the Gram stain be left out?

 * As for the merge tag, is anyone going to discuss why they added it? G+ and G- should keep their own articles. There is enough information on each article to warrant their existence. This tag has been present since the 29th October 2005, if nobody replies to this post soon then I will remove the tags. Mushintalk 01:46, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * On another note, "a photo showing gram positive an d negative bacteria side by side would be much better. "--Thewob. I agree, and will attempt to find a suitable photo of a mixed sample stain. I will also at some point add information on the use of fluorescence microscopy to reduce G-staining to a one-step procedure. (ref: Brock) Mushintalk 01:52, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

I must oppose merging Gram-negative into Gram-staining. Gram-negative and Gram-Positive are more than just the results of tests to identify sickness. Based on those tests, the terms have been applied to two subkingdoms of Eubacteria. From a medical point of view, this may be insignificant, but from a biologist's point of view, it is not. It's like merging "Oaks" and "Walnuts" into "Nuts: edible or not?"
 * Don't forget to sign your posts with four tildes (4x~) even if you aren't a signed in user! Post above attributed to User:70.88.233.70. I agree, there is no good reason to merge the articles. Mushintalk 20:35, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

I also oppose merging Gram Negative with Gram Staining. I arrived at Gram Negative from Proteobacteria and took that path because I was interested in the gram-negative properties of such bacteria. Gram Staining per se holds no interest to me. Bacteria browser. 1st January 2007 (Happy New Year)

Gram stain v. Wright stain
The picture is wrong. This is NOT a picture of a Gram stain. This is a picture of a Wright stain - a stain meant to stain WBC's, not bacteria. If this was really a Gram stain, then the nucleus of the cells would be decolorized and would end up being pink, not purple. However, I don't know how to change the picture. Please, someone has to correct this picture.

 * Interesting--the CDC has it identified as a Gram stain: . Are they being sloppy in their terminology, perhaps?  TenOfAllTrades(talk) 18:34, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Sloppy or not, it's just wrong. I work in a clinical lab. I work with Gram stains and Wright stains. Please find a correct picture.

 * Two things: 1) Please sign your posts on talk pages so we can follow the discussion. 2) While I have been able to locate a large number of public-domain G+ve/G-ve images, I have not been able to find a high-quality image of a mixed culture Gram stain. Do you have any suitable PD images to illustrate the differential staining? MarcoTolo 23:27, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This really is a Wright's rather than Gram stain; the nuclear detail in the white cells is far too good for an underdecolorized Gram; this one slipped past the reviewers for the EID article, it would've taken a lab person to catch it. The second image is fine; but the CDC anthrax image needs to go away from this article.  If more good Gram stain images are needed I can provide some for public-domain use.SCampb29 (talk) 21:22, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Apologies for talk section necromancy. I agree. The nuclear and cytoplasmic staining characteristics of the white cells really lend credence to this being a Wright's stained slide. Note the pale blue cytoplasm of the lymphocytes - this would be very difficult to attain with most conventional Gram staining methods. Problematically, most bacteria when stained using Wright's stain appear purple, which leads to many neophytes of clinical lab science mistakenly calling Gram positive bacteria from a Wright's stained slide. While it's a very beautiful image, I do not believe it is representative of a Gram's stain.Clevelandr01 (talk) 08:38, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

'Most Useful' to 'Most Common'
Gram staining is useful, but I wouldn't consider it the most useful stain. It helps determine the nature of the cell wall, but that alone is not terribly useful when it comes to identifying an organism. I've changed it to 'most common' because it's the most basic, most taught stain for microbiology. --Sugarskane 04:36, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The classification of gram negative and gram positive organisms is the essential first step in deciding the nature of an infection and the appropriate antibiotic coverage for an infection before a culture and sensitivity is available. It is the most common stain performed precisely because it is the most useful. - Nunh-huh 04:47, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Discrepancies
You're wrong. Sputum, urine, CSF and wound drainage specimens are routinely gram stained. If lab personel are not on duty, resident housestaff provide this essential service. You're certainly right that not all hospitals staff their microbiology labs round the clock. -- Nunh-huh 04:45, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Under "Medical", I've never heard of gram staining for infection. Can anyone verify this?  I'm almost positive this is incorrect -- you would have to culture in order to have enough bacteria to get a good stain.  Additionally, I don't think hospitals require 24 hour staff just to do gram stains...  I've removed this section, as I see nothing valid about it. --Sugarskane 04:41, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you sure you aren't confusing a gram stain with a culture on a medium? What kind of a 'result' can be produced?  I'm doubtful that there would be a significant amount of bacteria to get a good stain. --Sugarskane 00:36, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep, he's sure. To take a random example, you can Gram stain CSF fresh from a lumbar puncture; this is routinely done to look for the presence of bacteria when bacterial meningitis is suspected.  (Our article has a picture of a Gram – or maybe a Wright – stain of CSF showing anthrax bacilli.) All of the fluids listed above can be centrifuged to concentrate bacteria and other solidish things that shouldn't be there in those liquidish samples, the concentrated stuff can be stained readily.  Certainly, those samples can also be cultured to detect lower levels of bacteria as well.  TenOfAllTrades(talk) 01:01, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, if you're sure then that's fine I guess -- it just seems like a simple gram stain wouldn't be descriptive enough to prove meningitis. Sounds good though.

 * The idea is to get fast feedback. Continuing with the meningitis example, suppose you suspect bacterial meningitis based on symptoms (headache, stiff neck, etc.).  Performing a lumbar puncture and Gram stain of the CSF you immediately determine two important bits of information:
 * Bacteria are present (or not)
 * Bacteria are Gram-positive (or negative)
 * The morphology (appearance, shape) of the stained bacteria can give you what is sometimes a very good idea of the identity of the pathogen; just knowing whether the bacteria are Gram-positive or -negative will allow the selection of an appropriate antibiotic. Waiting for a culture in the case of bacterial meningitis might well kill your patient. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 01:41, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Would bacteria be present in enough concentration to show up?

 * Often, yes. CSF doesn't usually contain any cells, so you can concentrate any that are there using a short spin in the centrifuge.  Any contaminating yeast or bacteria, and the white blood cells that show up to fight infection, are going to be easily visible under the microscope once stained.  This page indicates that 105 colony forming units (CFUs) per mL of fluid will reliably give a positive Gram stain; this falls to about 25% chance of a positive stain when you're down to 103 CFU/mL.  In practice, about 10% of bacterial meningitis cases will not be detected on a Gram stain but will show up later on culture.  TenOfAllTrades(talk) 02:35, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Very, very cool! The centrifuge was the flaw in my entire thinking -- sorry for the removal of the section...you learn something new every day =)  --Sugarskane 04:51, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Name - gram staining vs. gram stain
Should this article be named gram staining or gram stain? All of the other articles in category:staining are of the "stain" type, but I see the usefulness in having this article named gram staining. I am undecided. However, I am strongly opposed to renaming the other articles in the category. -- Kjkolb 02:22, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Original Purpose
I am not sure if this stain was originally "invented" to differentiate between those two bacteria mentioned in the article. I was under the impression that it was developed to isolate bacteria in animal tissue, where the bacteria is one colour and the tissue is another. I will attempt to produce documentation of this! :) Rikku (talk) 18:06, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

-- Also doesn't really highlight the implications; is one dangerous and one not, are they both dangerous, or is that orthogonal issue, with some and some. If both dangerous does it imply different antibiotics should be used. What is the de-facto purpose. 77.86.117.208 (talk) 13:45, 16 February 2018 (UTC) Uhh, the de facto purpose is stated in the very first sentence of the lede. Maybe you have overlooked this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.191.164.107 (talk) 13:02, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

Section removed
This section was removed per WP:NOTHOWTO: -- œ ™ 04:48, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

How-To
see the results — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.190.107.202 (talk) 14:25, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * 1a. If Sample is from BROTH: Apply 1 or 2 loopfuls of broth to a clean slide. Air dry.
 * 1b. If Sample is from PLATE: Place a drop of water onto a slide. Add a colony to the water and mix. SPREAD out the liquid as much as possible. Air.
 * 2. Heat fix the slide. Allow the slide to cool.
 * 3. Stain with Crystal Violet for 30-120 seconds by flooding the slide with stain.
 * 4. Apply Iodine solution for 30-120 seconds by flooding the slide with iodine.
 * 5. CAREFULLY, decolorize for 1-3 second(s) with Acetone, or as long as needed (10-60 seconds) with 70% IPA/ 30% Acetone.  Immediately after, rinse with water.
 * 6. Counterstain with Safranin for 30-60 seconds by flooding the slide with stain. Rinse with water.
 * 7. Blot the slide with a disposable towel, gentle heat OK for the last of the moisture. Remove slide and view organisms using the oil immersion objective of your microscope.

Gram-indeterminate bacteria need expansion
Gram-indeterminate bacteria lacks of examples, a comprehensive list of non-gram staining bacteria or even its own wikipedia entry, that I think should be. I will add a link in 'See also' to 'Acid fast' that could be a substitute for now.

Standardized spelling & punctuation
Standard form used by the US Federal Government's Center for Disease Control is as follows:

 * gram
 * Gram should be capitalized and never hyphenated when used as Gram stain; gram negative and gram positive should be lowercase and only hyphenated when used as a unit modifier.
 * Gram staining
 * gram negative
 * gram-positive bacteria

It would be helpful for this article, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria to be standardized accordingly. Wikiuser100 (talk) 15:03, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I've opened this for broader discussion and resolution at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ<  06:47, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

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Requested move 26 October 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: MOVED (non-admin closure) . Crow  Caw  23:50, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

Gram staining → Gram stain – All other pages use the noun - Giemsa stain, Leishman stain, Papanicolaou stain, Wright's stain, Romanowsky stain, May–Grünwald stain. Iztwoz (talk) 08:21, 26 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:CONSISTENCY, WP:CONCISE, and our basic, noun-centric naming conventions.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ<  06:37, 27 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Dicklyon (talk) 01:51, 28 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Support for consistency and conformity with WP:MOS as generally applied. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 19:01, 28 October 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Counterstaning?
When I learnt this, it was 1971, and for counterstaining we used Eosin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.191.164.107 (talk) 13:00, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

Move Taxonomy sections here
We have two sections talking about the same thing, Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, that I believe are better put together in this article. They both start with "staining is part of traditional taxonomy, in most cases this stain corresponds to this structure", then goes off to talk about the outliers, much of which overlap. Artoria2e5 🌉 01:18, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't see the point in this proposal. Gram stain covers what it is, and does not need any further expansion of gram negative and gram-positive bacterial structures. It might be more suitable to do a bit more fine tuning of the mentioned sections. Each article needs to explain their structure ? There seems to be very nearly always some overlap between pages which is mostly unavoidable, imo. --Iztwoz (talk) 22:35, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

Biology botany
What is gram staining procedure 2409:40F4:AC:868F:8000:0:0:0 (talk) 15:18, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

 * It is in the article. Graham Beards (talk) 15:28, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gram stain


text:
File:SlappHappy AlbumCover SlappHappy.jpg

Summary
Slapp Happy – left to right: Peter Blegvad, Dagmar Krause and Anthony Moore

Cover of their 1974 album Slapp Happy

 * Source: scan of original Slapp Happy Slapp Happy LP cover

Fair use for Slapp Happy (album)
The use of this image in the article named above is claimed as Fair use of copyrighted material because:
 * 1) It is a low-resolution copy of an album LP cover;
 * 2) The article named above concerns the album in question;
 * 3) The inclusion of the image in the named article makes a significant contribution to the article because it:
 * 4) identifies the subject of the article;
 * 5) identifies the album in question;
 * 6) No free version of the image is available that would serve the equivalent purpose;
 * 7) The inclusion of the image in the named article does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the original album or the music on it in any way;
 * 8) The image cannot be used to replace the original market role of the album in question.


text:
Talk:Link grammar

[Untitled]
An explanation of the grammar syntax would be helpful. E.g. what does {}, +, -, etc mean?

A number of points about link grammars seem to have gotten lost here.

The example shows the links between words, that's good, but it doesn't show that the links can form cycles. What's shown is a tree and that misleads the reader into thinking this is forming parse trees. You can form parse trees of constituents using the links as input but that's quite secondary to the idea.

It should be emphasized that words and links for the atomic units in this approach. Given the words in your language you declare _for each word_ one or more patterns of the links that would satisfy (meet the requires of) that word. For example you state that the word "red" can be satisfied by being linked to a noun on it's right. You do this for each word, one at a time!

In answer to the question above all the syntax used in the grammar examples are syntactic sugar to help write out these link patterns quickly and concisely. As such they are a bit misleading; because you don't declare a class of words. They are only introducing a macros which are then used to help define large number of words quickly.

A successful parse in this framework must uses these atoms and conform to three rules. The unsurprising first two rules are that the words in a sentence must be linked together, and each word has to have one of it's required linkage patterns satisfied.

Most interesting, and the feature observed in the wild upon which this approach is based, is that the resulting link graph is planar; links never cross.

English has a few dozen different kinds of links; a half dozen examples would be a big help. That punctuation, idioms, and sentence boundaries are handled in the same model is one of the delightful aspects of this approach. Bhyde 15:10, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Sourceforge Project
I am planning on starting a sourceforge project whose goal is to continue maintenance of the CMU Link Grammar Parser.

I am already carrying a dozen or so patches, with everything from cosmetic fixes, to a Makefile that builds shared libraries, to a couple of bug fixes in the code and the dictionaries, and also a Java JNI binding. It would certainly be appropriate to include the OCaml, perl and ruby bindings as a part of this distribution.

I got tired of carrying around these patches, and would like to post them publicly. To do so, I envision creating a sourceforge project. I invite you to participate, and/or tell me that I'm going in the wrong direction, and/or tell me that there already is such a project somewhere else.

Please let me know your thoughts. Please forward this email to anyone else you feel would be interested in, or affected by, this project.

Dr. Linas Vepstas linas (talk) 22:58, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That sounds great. Hopefully this will bring together work done by the Debian Link Grammar package mantainers.  –jonsafari (talk) 21:33, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Vulnerability
Since there has been some reverting going on, we should discuss this. My personal opinion is that it's not very appropriate to put a vulnerability notice in an encyclopedia article. We wouldn't expect a vulnerability notice for other software articles like, eg. Firefox, OpenCCG, or exim. –jonsafari (talk) 03:50, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, I removed this bit from the article: "A serious vulnerability in this program was reported in November 2007 by Alin Rad Pop from Secunia Research, this vulnerability was quickly patched and is fixed in version 4.2.5. " I suppose if the description of the program was more verbose it may be relevant to include the vulnerability…? — fnielsen (talk) 11:29, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Link grammar


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Talk:Kirov, Kirov Oblast

Old talk
Should this be a disambiguation page between the city and the politician Kirov? It strikes me that people are at least as likely to type in "Kirov" looking for the person as the city. Everyking 09:13, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

City renamed
This city was renamed back to the pre-Soviet name Vyatka in 1991. The oblast still is called Kirov. Should this article be moved? Jordi·✆ 13:52, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Was it renamed? I still see it being called "Kirov", for instance in weather reports, ru:Киров (Кировская область), train timetables, website of the city government. Markussep 16:02, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Kirov never renamed in Viatka. Kirov is Kirov. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.39.67.126 (talk) 09:13, 12 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The present governor of the Kirov Oblast supports returning to city the historical name (Vyatka). --Heller2007 (talk) 20:58, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Monument to Ivan Konev
Was moved there from Kraków in early 1990s. Could somebody take a photo of it?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 21:11, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Bad ISBN
Because it is causing a Checkwiki error #73: "ISBN-13 with wrong checksum", I removed the ISBN from the entry:

(Russian)"15 лет от имени народа : Законодательное Собрание", под общ. ред. В. А. Васильева. (Киров:Триада-плюс, 2009) – 280 с. ISBN 978-5-91387-034-5

I have tried unsuccessfully to locate the correct ISBN on the Internet. Knife-in-the-drawer (talk) 17:57, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
 * According to this library website, the ISBN is correct. I wonder if it's a typo in the catalog... or in the actual book.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); April 27, 2015 ; 18:30 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kirov, Kirov Oblast


text:
Talk:Marginalization

explanation
"Marginalisation or -marginalization- (US) refers in general to the overt or subvert acts and trends within societies whereby those perceived as lacking function or desirable traits are killed or otherwise excluded from existing systems of protectionism, thereby limiting their means for survival.

 * In what respect is this explanation of marginalization flawed?
 * It seems to lack a comment about how marginalization is often just as much about insular cultures insulating themselves and establishing dominance as it is excluding cultures that are "lacking in function or desirable traits".

Article presentation reads as POV, or Original Research
As primarily used in political analysis and discussion, marginalisation is surely about the exclusion of individuals or groups or ideas from the main stream of a society or a debate, in particular (but not exclusively) if opponents are actively trying to make them seem irrelevant or unimportant.

The talk about killing at the top of the article seems wholly OTT, and especially so for an opening sentence.

Okay, I can see you're trying to present the idea by putting it explicitly in a Darwinian framework. But there is no necessity for marginalisation to be analysed in such terms. Most people coming to the article cold would expect a much more general presentation, at least initially; with any Darwinian interpretation discussed, if at all, well down the article.

In its present form, the article seems a particularly individual take on the subject, and thus a strong candidate for being seen as POV or Original Research.

-- Jheald 22:26, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Cleanup tag added -- Jheald 10:28, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Restructure tag
The Lead section is way too long for this article. The way it's read makes it slightly confusing of how I can split the article in subsections. Anybody help? -- w L <speak·check·chill> 06:46, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Consistent operational definitions needed
The original author of this article confuses terminology and transmutes a marginalized subject into a minority group. This leap in logic is not supported by the definition of marginalization put forth by Wing Leung who describes a marginal person as "...one who does not belong...the marginal man...[who dwells] at the margin of two cultures and two societies...[and possesses] a marginal mentality...[with its] unresolved identity crises." A minority group, on the other hand, is a distinct subculture as defined by certain sociological characteristics. To be a marginalized minority, the subject that is a member of a minority group, who is seeking to become a member of another group, and who struggles with that transition,is by definition marginalized due to the inherent identity crisis. The article devolved into a personal attack on a conservative straw man. This article begins with faulty logic and confusion of operational terms. This unfortunately negates the remainder of the topic. Editing should be objective, sociological and scientific without political overlay. This will also require reputable references.

--Mfinneran 12:35, 8 February 2007 (UTC)mfinneran

Does marginalization only happen in the presence of numerical superiority?
The article reads:

In this respect, what is apparent first is a distinctive social group, with their own characteristic features, then the singling out or victimization by the more numerically dominant members of the host society, and hence the subsequent unequal treatment leading to acts of discrimination, social ostracism, etc. This is the essence of marginalisation.

Later, the article refers to the poor as a "minority," but the poor are in fact the vast numerical majority of the population in almost every country, and in the world as a whole. 216.23.105.35 05:55, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Article needs wholescale cleanup
After a reasonable introductory definition,
 * marginalization = exclusion from meaningful participation in society

the article then completely loses the broad picture of the range of different types of participation that definition can relate to -- eg economic, political, social, cultural... Rather than setting out a broad unifying overview, the article then dives headlong into a helter-skelter of apparently random, very specific (and often very tendentious) examples, which serve to bury rather than bring out the concept as a whole.

Sure, the article can get to labour market participation, the position of women, of single parents, of Aboriginal groups, etc, etc, etc eventually. But first it needs to review the concept as a whole.

Other issues:
 * the article is written like a personal essay, not an encyclopedic overview
 * the article should also reflect the countervailing criticism of the right, that the rhetoric of marginalization has become overused and led to a "victim society", where more and more of society has become unhealthily obsessed with trying to present its "victimhood".

Because the article IMO is so fractured, disconnected and badly targetted at the moment, I have tagged it with limited and as needing cleanup. -- Jheald (talk) 11:42, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I could not agree more; it is a godawful rambling mess. I will try to do some work on it in the coming days. thanks Peter morrell 12:16, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguation?
I found this page when looking for info. on statistical marginalization. Should some disambiguation appear on this page?

131.225.224.150 (talk) 16:11, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. Or rather, restored.  It seems to have been nuked when someone did a wholesale re-write of the page in October '07, leaving nothing standing, . -- Jheald (talk) 16:34, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The disambig links to Conditional probability, but the term marginalization isn't explained or even mentioned there. Maybe it should link to Marginal distribution instead. --88.73.33.129 (talk) 13:09, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Ambiguous
" An example of marginalization at the individual level is the exclusion of single mothers from the welfare system prior to the welfare reform of the 1900s." WHERE?! Article is not specific in a lot of areas, too much assumption regarding identity of reader, poor syntax as well, generally still needs work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.255.96.249 (talk) 16:13, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

In academia
How about the marginalization of academics and other professionals whose ideas about scientific matters run counter to the mainstream? Jack Drescher speaks of psychoanalysts and other dissenters like Robert Spitzer who were marginalized from the APA because of their views on the mutabability of homosexuality. --Uncle Ed (talk) 22:29, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Absolutely correct but they are also marginalised because of their dissenting, radical or controversial views on a range of other topics, including HIV/AIDS, climate change, evolution, alternative medicine, green energy, third world politics, to name a few. They are intellectual rebels and dissenters whose ideas and views run against those of the mainstream. Forsure they are marginalised and abused, often systematically. A new section is required for this; please go ahead and make one. thanks Peter morrell 04:38, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Some off-the-cuff examples might include Andrew Wakefield, Immanuel Velikovsky and Peter Duesberg?? Peter morrell 05:36, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I think what your reference shows with Spitzer is not him being marginalized, but him being taken seriously... and his claims addressed, and found to be flawed. Far from being some sort of kneejerk reaction to what he had to say, it was reasonable analysis that ultimately convinced Spitzer himself that he had drawn inappropriate conclusions from his study. See here. --Nat Gertler (talk) 03:30, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marginalization


text:
Cgm 558

The Cgm 558, or Codex germanicus monacensis is a convolution of two 15th-century manuscripts with a total of 176 folia, bound together in the 16th century. It is kept at the Bavarian library in Munich. The first manuscript contains two chronicles composed by one Otmar Gassow in 1462, one concerned with Zürich, the other with the Toggenburg (see Old Zürich War), and a copy of the 13th century Schwabenspiegel law codex.

Contents

 * first part, by Otmar Gossow 1462, foll. 1–100.
 * 1r–94v: Schwabenspiegel
 * 94v–100r Landfried König Rudolf, 1287 (biography of Rudolph I)
 * second part, in two 15th century hands, foll. 101–160.
 * scribe A, 101–124
 * 101r–109v Chronik von Zürich, Eberhard von Müllner (chronicle of Zürich)
 * 109v–113r Chronistische Notizen zur Schweizergeschichte, 1385–1446, appendix to the Zürich chronicle)
 * 113r–124r	Kleine Toggenburger Chronik, 1314 (Petite Chronique de Toggenburg)
 * scribe B (Hugo Wittenwiler), 125–150
 * 125r–136v	Fechtbuch (combat treatise)
 * 136r–141r	Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches (on hunting the stag)
 * 141r–150r	Beizbüchlein (hunting manual, incomplete)
 * scribe A, 151–160
 * 151r-153r Planetenverse (astrological verses)
 * 153r-160r Monatsregimen, mit verworfenen Tagen (calendars)

The Fechtbuch
The second part contains a short Fechtbuch on 12 pages, penned  in Hand B, attributed on fol. 141r to per manus Hugonis dicti Wittenwiller (c.f. Heinrich Wittenwiler who may be of the same family), together with an illegible date. The text's language is High Alemannic, and it was probably written in or near the Toggenburg.

The treatise consists of 122 short paragraphs, numbered by de Grenier (2004), treating the long sword (1–50), pole weapons (halberd, spear 51–55), combat on horseback with sword or spear (56–64), the baselard (65–80), dagger on foot and on horseback (81–85), knife (86–90), unarmed defense against an attack with a baselard, a dagger or a knife (91–98) and grappling (99–122).

Paragraphs numbered 44 consists of three rhymed couplets, the last one reading
 * Iunk man lern maister ler / hab got lib und frowen er
 * "Young man, learn masters' lore, love God and honour noble women"

This is reminiscent of one of Johannes Liechtenauer's verses, c.f.
 * Jung Ritter lere / got lip haben frawen io ere
 * "Young knight, learn to love god, and to honour noble women"

The long sword terminology seems also loosely influenced by the German school, but it has some terms that are not encountered elsewhere (gassen how, schlims how (two strikes), drig angel "triangle" (a stance or stepping action)).

title: Cgm 558


text:
User:Sajin

Been there, done that

 * Had my graduation here and post-graduation here
 * This is where my parents grew up
 * Working in Bangalore at Dell

title: User:Sajin


text:
Sky burial

Sky burial (, lit. "bird-scattered" ) is a funeral practice in which a human corpse is placed on a mountaintop to decompose while exposed to the elements or to be eaten by scavenging animals, especially carrion birds like vultures and corvids. Comparable excarnation practices are part of Zoroastrian burial rites where deceased are exposed to the elements and scavenger birds on stone structures called Dakhma. Sky burials are endemic to Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Inner Mongolia, as well as in Mongolia, Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of India such as Sikkim and Zanskar. The locations of preparation and sky burial are understood in the Vajrayana Buddhist traditions as charnel grounds. Few such places remain operational today, as the Chinese Communist Party initially banned the practice completely during the Cultural Revolution as feudal superstition, and continues to restrict the practice due to its allegations of decimation of vulture populations.

The majority of Tibetan people and many Mongols adhere to Vajrayana Buddhism, which teaches the transmigration of spirits. There is no need to preserve the body, as it is now an empty vessel. Birds may eat it or nature may cause it to decompose. The function of the sky burial is simply to dispose of the remains in as generous a way as possible (the origin of the practice's Tibetan name). In much of Tibet and Qinghai, the ground is too hard and rocky to dig a grave, and due to the scarcity of fuel and timber, sky burials were typically more practical than the traditional Buddhist practice of cremation, which has been limited to high lamas and some other dignitaries.

Other nations which performed air burial were the Caucasus nations of Georgians, Abkhazians, and Adyghe people, in which they put the corpse in a hollow tree trunk.

Name
"Sky burial" is a Western term; it is not used by Tibetans, who call it "giving alms to the birds" or "to carry to the mountain." The practice may also be referred to as "celestial burial".

History and development
Tibetan sky burials may have evolved from Chöd practices introduced by Dampa Sangye (d. 1117), but other evidence suggests an adoption of non-Buddhist, Zoroastrian practices of defleshing the dead as an animal offering. These practices most likely came out of practical considerations,  but they could also be related to more ceremonial practices similar to the suspected sky burial evidence found at Göbekli Tepe (11,500 years before present) and Stonehenge (4,500 years BP). Most of Tibet is above the tree line, and the scarcity of timber makes cremation economically unfeasible. Additionally, subsurface interment is difficult since the active layer is not more than a few centimeters deep, with solid rock or permafrost underlying the surface.

The customs are first recorded in an indigenous 12th-century Buddhist treatise, which is colloquially known as the Book of the Dead (Bardo Thodol). Tibetan tantricism appears to have influenced the procedure. The body is cut up according to instructions given by a lama or adept. Mongolians traditionally buried their dead (sometimes with human or animal sacrifice for the wealthier chieftains), but the Tümed adopted sky burial following their conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan during the Ming dynasty. Other banners subsequently converted under the Manchu Qing dynasty.

Sky burial was initially treated as a primitive superstition and sanitation concern by the Communist governments of both the PRC and Mongolia; both states closed many temples, and the practice was banned during the Cultural Revolution, as sky burials were considered among the Four Olds, the umbrella term used by Communists to describe "backwards" customs, cultures and ideas. As a result of these policies, many corpses would simply be buried or thrown in rivers. Many families believed the souls of these people would never escape purgatory and became ghosts. Sky burial nonetheless continued to be practiced in rural areas and has even received official protection in recent years. However, the practice continues to diminish for a number of reasons, including restrictions on its practice near urban areas and diminishing numbers of vultures in rural districts. Finally, Tibetan practice holds that the yak carrying the body to the charnel grounds should be set free, making the rite much more expensive than a service at a crematorium.

Purpose and meaning
For Tibetan Buddhists, sky burial and cremation are templates of instructional teaching on the impermanence of life. Jhator is considered an act of generosity on the part of the deceased, since the deceased and their surviving relatives are providing food to sustain living beings. Such generosity and compassion for all beings are important virtues in Buddhism.

Although some observers have suggested that jhator is also meant to unite the deceased person with the sky or sacred realm, this does not seem consistent with most of the knowledgeable commentary and eyewitness reports, which indicate that Tibetans believe that at this point life has completely left the body and the body contains nothing more than simple flesh.

Only people who directly know the deceased usually observe it, when the excarnation happens at night.

Vajrayana iconography
The tradition and custom of the jhator afforded Traditional Tibetan medicine and thangka iconography with a particular insight into the interior workings of the human body. Pieces of the human skeleton were employed in ritual tools such as the kapala (skullcup) and kangling (thigh-bone trumpet).

The 'symbolic bone ornaments' (Sanskrit: ; Tibetan: rus pa'i rgyan phyag rgya) are also known as "mudra" or 'seals'. The Hevajra Tantra identifies the Symbolic Bone Ornaments with the Five Wisdoms and Jamgon Kongtrul in his commentary to the Hevajra Tantra explains this further.

Setting
A traditional jhator is performed in specified locations in Tibet (and surrounding areas traditionally occupied by Tibetans). Drigung Monastery is one of the three most important jhator sites.

The procedure takes place on a large flat rock long used for the purpose. The charnel ground (durtro) is always higher than its surroundings. It may be very simple, consisting only of the flat rock, or it may be more elaborate, incorporating temples and stupa (chorten in Tibetan).

Relatives may remain nearby during the jhator, possibly in a place where they cannot see it directly. The jhator usually takes place at dawn.

The full jhator procedure (as described below) is elaborate and expensive. Those who cannot afford it simply place their deceased on a high rock where the body decomposes or is eaten by birds and animals.

In 2010, a prominent Tibetan incarnate lama, Metrul Tendzin Gyatso, visited the sky burial site near the Larung Gar Buddhist Institute in Sertar County, Sichuan, and was dismayed by its poor condition. With the stated goal of restoring dignity to the dead and creating a better environment for the vultures, the lama subsequently rebuilt and improved the platform where bodies are cut up, adding many statues and other carved features around it, and constructed a large parking lot for the convenience of visitors.

Procedure
Accounts from observers vary. The following description is assembled from multiple accounts by observers from the U.S. and Europe.

Participants
Prior to the procedure, monks may chant mantra around the body and burn juniper incense – although ceremonial activities often take place on the preceding day.

The work of disassembling of the body may be done by a monk, or, more commonly, by rogyapas ("body-breakers"). All the eyewitness accounts remarked on the fact that the rogyapas did not perform their task with gravity or ceremony, but rather talked and laughed as during any other type of physical labor. According to Buddhist teaching, this makes it easier for the soul of the deceased to move on from the uncertain plane between life and death onto the next life.

Some accounts refer to individuals who carry out sky burial rituals as a tokden which is Tibetan for 'master' of the process. While a Tokden has an important role in burial rites, they are often people of low social status and sometimes receive payment from the families of the deceased.

Disassembling the body
According to most accounts, vultures are given the whole body. Then, when only the bones remain, these are broken up with mallets, ground with tsampa (barley flour with tea and yak butter, or milk) and given to the crows and hawks that have waited for the vultures to depart.

In one account, the leading rogyapa cut off the limbs and hacked the body to pieces, handing each part to his assistants, who used rocks to pound the flesh and bones together to a pulp, which they mixed with tsampa before the vultures were summoned to eat. In some cases, a Tokden will use butcher's tools to divide the body.

Sometimes the internal organs were removed and processed separately, but they too were consumed by birds. The hair is removed from the head and may be simply thrown away; at Drigung, it seems, at least some hair is kept in a room of the monastery.

None of the eyewitness accounts specify which kind of knife is used in the jhator. One source states that it is a "ritual flaying knife" or trigu (Sanskrit kartika), but another source expresses skepticism, noting that the trigu is considered a woman's tool (whereas rogyapas seem to be exclusively male).

Vultures
The species contributing to the ritual are typically the Himalayan and griffon vultures.

In places where there are several jhator offerings each day, the birds sometimes have to be coaxed to eat, which may be accomplished with a ritual dance. According to Buddhist belief, it is a bad omen if only a small number of vultures come down to eat, if portions of the body are left over after the vultures fly away, or if the body is completely left untouched. Such cases are believed to reflect badly upon the deceased, indicating that they may have lived a bad life or accumulated bad karma, thus predetermining them to a bad rebirth.

In places where fewer bodies are offered, the vultures are more eager, and sometimes have to be fended off with sticks during the initial preparations. Often there is a limit to how many corpses can be consumed at a certain burial site, prompting lamas to find different areas. It is believed that if too many corpses are disposed of in a certain burial site, ghosts may appear.

Not only are vultures an important aspect to celestial burial but also to its habitat's ecology. They contribute to carcass removal and nutrient recycling, as they are scavengers of the land. Due to an alarming drop in their population, in 1988, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife added certain species of vultures into the "rare" or "threatened" categories of their national list of protected wild animals. Local Chinese governments surrounding sky burial locations have established regulations to avoid disturbance of the vultures during these rituals, as well as to not allow individuals who have died due to infectious diseases or toxicosis from receiving a sky burial in order to prevent compromising the health of the vultures.

title: Sky burial


text:
Talk:Hey! Spring of Trivia

Untitled
Is this really the show with the highest ratings in Japan still? I somehow doubt that. Can anyone back that up? Jeshii 09:18, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Hardly "exact"
For the record, the English-dubbed version on Spike TV is played for laughs. Many extraneous gags are inserted and many lines that are accurate translations are purposely delivered in a humourous fashion. However, it's not like MXC in that the English dialogue at least resembles the Japanese original. --feitclub 02:51, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

i think so, its like the best — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.6.121.124 (talk) 02:18, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hey! Spring of Trivia


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mobotropolis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 02:15, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Mobotropolis
Delete; NN. See also vfd: "The Day Mobotropolis Fell." Lectonar 09:19, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, fancruft. Megan1967 12:24, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into a locations section on the Mobius (Sonic the Hedgehog) page. — RJH 15:00, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.