text:
Talk:University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

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Untitled
The Japanese midget rumor was mentioned in The Torch. It did seem like a joke, but just for safety's sake I included it. -- LGagnon 05:49, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I saw that article now. The Clockwork Orange comparison is apt :)
 * I can confirm that the suicide rumor was rampant in the '80s though (back then, the usual story was that he found the big concrete lobby areas depressing after seeing them built). --iMb~Meow 06:14, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Images
I love how someone took the high res images I put in here and replaced them with grainy knock offs of the same places. Drake P. 17:44, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Sodexho Contract
Rumor has said that Sodexho's contract has expired and we are no longer going to use them for food services. If someone can confirm, this needs changing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CranstonIde (talk • contribs) 13:26, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Problem of the Week
I added the link to the problem of the week since I do it every week. Its very fun. Give it a try! - Terrible school. A year of my life was spent here. One I won't miss.Freddy Tsao

Academics Departments
Do we really need this section? It doesn't seem to add much to the article other than bloat. -- LGagnon 04:43, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the higher ed collaboration is/was working on a set of sections that should be in each article. While the section is currently nothing more than a list, it should eventually link to the different schools and majors. Vvuppala 04:50, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * However, the list is not internally consistent. The undergraduate section lists organizational units (departments), which do not correspond precisely to majors. (For example, the Charlton Department of Accounting and Finance offers the two majors that its name suggests.) The graduate section lists degrees offered, such as (again from Charlton), MBA. I'm not in a position to make value judgments as to which is more useful or otherwise more appropriate, but there should be some consistency between the two. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.88.248.128 (talk) 19:48, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Dan Rubin is not famous
he doesnt exist and further more I am deleting it now cause he sucks. -- User:Utterlunacy

 * This article is not your personal opinion column. -- LGagnon 12:46, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Little Red Book Controversy
I removed the phrase "the leader of the depression era 'Clyde Barrow Gang'" after the name of Clyde Barrow as it seemed to me to be a joke or hoax. The gangster Clyde Barrow died in 1934. MacPhilbin 01:29, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Wouldn't the references in this section look and work better if recycled to go into the reflist? Rammer (talk) 17:57, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:UMass-Dartmouth-logo2007.png
Image:UMass-Dartmouth-logo2007.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:58, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

RfC on disambiguation
Please see RfC at Talk:Dartmouth. --Noleander (talk) 00:53, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Not an Alumnus
Someone added Dzhokhar Tsarnaev of Boston Marathon Bombings infamy to the list of notable UMD alumni and someone else took him off the list on the ground that he was not an alumnus. The stated objection was slightly incorrect: any former student is in fact an alumnus, even if they never earned a degree. Tsarnaev is not an alumnus— but not because he hasn't earned a degree. He is (as of the day he was arrested) still currently a student, although he presumably will be unable to continue his studies. Aside from the fact that the university might expel him, he is facing a life (or even death) sentence if  (as seems almost certain) he is found guilty of any one of the many crimes he is being charged with. (Also, some news reports have stated that he was getting bad grades and was about to flunk out.) In any case, he will be an alumnus at some point in the future, once his classmates graduate, even if he himself never graduates. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 03:18, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * He is of course not really a notable person per se, aside from being one of two perpetrators of a horrendous crime. I doubt he will ever rate his own Wikipedia article. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 03:25, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

 * He has his own Wikipedia page infused with his deceased brother. Regardless of the things he did, he is famous for be it good or bad reasons. Heck, even the DC Snipers have their own Wikipedia pages as well as McVeigh and the failed 2010 Times Square bomber. Dzhokhar is notable to have (and will eventually) his own Wikipedia page. If some random Korean football player who plays in a Korean football can have his own page, then he will. weka (talk) 07:40, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I still think that he should be mentioned somewhere on this page — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.19.20 (talk) 18:35, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I just read the discussion here and apologize for my mistake... I was the one who originally removed the name from the list for not being an alumnus... it seems that I was right that he wasn't an alumnus, but for the wrong reasons, as noted above.  I had been operating off the definition of "alumnus" included elsewhere on Wikipedia: "An alumnus (masculine, plural 'alumni') or alumna (feminine, plural 'alumnae') is a graduate of a school, college, or university."   That said, I admit that I had just recently made a second correction re-removing the name with a similar reason before someone pointed out this discussion out to me; only then did I realize my error.  So, again, my removal of his name from the alumnus list is currently correct at the present time, even if my stated reason may be off, depending on the definition of alumnus used.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.88.187.192 (talk) 18:22, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Sorry but that's a misunderstanding of the modern definition of "alumnus." For better or worse - worse, IMHO - it has become watered down to simply mean "anyone who attended" without regard to whether they graduated. I suspect this has been driven by the desire to make the alumni pool larger so institutions can solicit money from more people but I'm not completely sure if the historical record would support that (but I'm about 85% sure it would). ElKevbo (talk) 19:38, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Dzhokhar Tsarnev does not belong in the "Notable Alumni" section. While the exact definition of the word "Alumni" may be up for debate here, Tsarnev does not in any way meet the definition of the word "notable" (Worthy of attention or notice; remarkable.) There are people who have done remarkable things on this list, and including a terrorist on the list is not only wrong, but it is also doing a disservice to the other people included on this list. Tsarnev's story belongs somewhere else on this page, perhaps under the "History" section, but he should not be regarded as a "Notable Alumni". For that reason, I will once again remove his name from the list. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.30.144.51 (talk) 21:01, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:NPOV and WP:N; in short, notability isn't dependent on your whether you like something or someone but on whether the subject has received a significant amount of attention in reliable sources. ElKevbo (talk) 22:33, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

 * To assert that what Tsarnaev has done isn't notable is, to put it succinctly, ignorant. I'm guessing you're a student at his university, and I can see why his actions would outrage the student body.  But to insinuate that he's not "notable" because his fame/notoriety comes from a heinous criminal act, is wrong.  By that same logic, Timothy McVeigh, the Unabomber, Eric Rudolph, John Wayne Gacy, Dahmer, Ted Bundy, Hitler, Pol Pot, Joseph Kony, etc are not notable or worthy of inclusion on this project because they, too, were evil.  Notability does NOT carry with it an implied positive connotation.  Notability can be good, bad or indifferent.  Dzhokar Tsarnaev has been talked about in the news more times in the past two weeks than any person on the planet.  His criminal act has headlined CNN, MSNBC, USA Today, BBC, etc for the past two weeks.  A Google search of his name yields 320,000,000 results, which grows every hour.  Simply put, he is notable.  Your continued insistance in engaging in an edit war and removing the content is only going to result in you being blocked from editing.  Cut it out. 208.40.242.41 (talk) 23:37, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

To this day people keep removing him from notable alumni. Whether or not people like it, he's notable and an alumnus. Why is this even a question? 173.166.109.49 (talk) 14:35, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

While he may fall in alumnus category -- Dzhokar is not "notable"; neither worthy of note, nor, remarkable: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notable  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.88.146.254 (talk) 14:30, 29 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Because some of us, REAL alumni of UMD, don't like what he did, and want him shunned. - Denimadept (talk) 07:04, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia chronicles the good, the bad, and the ugly. WhisperToMe (talk) 19:49, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Denimadept, shun him all you want, but don't use Wikipedia as your platform. Please limit yourself to arguments based in Wikipedia policy. ― Mandruss  ☎  06:03, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

I have restored Tsarnaev again. WhisperToMe (talk) 19:49, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Why not just preface the list with a specification that it contains graduates from the school? Including this name on the list seems WP:UNDUE. He was also a marine biology major, but we don't include his name on a list of marine biologists; he was born in Kyrgyzstan, but gets no mention in that article. The purpose of listing alumni is generally to note people whose later notable activities stemmed in some part from their college activities (as noted in another discussion on this topic, Pooch Hall for example joined an acting club at Dartmouth, which preceded his success as an actor). Unless there was a bomb-making club at Dartmouth, the association in this case is undue, and is redundant to the existence of a category for Dartmouth alumni which includes his name. bd2412  T 19:36, 18 May 2015 (UTC)
 * No one was concerned about the inclusion criteria until someone came along who some people didn't want in the list, for emotion-based reasons completely disconnected from Wikipedia principles and policy. Now, suddenly, the criteria are too loose and need refinement. Sorry but that fails the smell test. ― Mandruss  ☎  20:27, 18 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm offering a solution. It makes sense to discuss people whose notability was launched by obtaining a degree here, not to use this page as a WP:COATRACK for a figure who lacks that kind of connection. bd2412  T 23:53, 18 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Pointing to a degree as the cause of a subject's notability would seem somewhat problematic from a sourcing point of view. --Neil N  talk to me 23:58, 18 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Another example of a poor fit currently on the page is Joe Proctor, who attended but did not graduate, and did not take up martial arts (for which he became notable) until after he left the university. By contrast, there are people like Scott Ferson who got a degree in political science and then engaged in politics, and Susan Mohl Powers, whose M.F.A. preceded her notability in the fine arts. bd2412  T 00:06, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * This proposal needs wider participation as it affects all colleges and universities and probably high schools. Perhaps a RFC on Wikiproject Universities. --Neil N  talk to me 00:10, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * That's an idea worth discussing but to the best of my knowledge it does not reflect current practice in this or any other similar article. Without such a discussion - or at least tacit approval/acceptance signaled by edits made along those lines that are retained without objection for some period of time - it's unseemly to try to impose these new and unique standards to this article. ElKevbo (talk) 00:23, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

 * If any admins are wandering by, this article could probably benefit from semi-protection as UMass Dartmouth IPs are hitting it repeatedly. Tarc (talk) 19:52, 20 May 2015 (UTC)

The definition of 'alumni' as "graduates or former students" leaves room for interpretation because of the use of the conjunction 'or' instead of 'and', thus implying subjectivity. The use of 'and' would mean that both graduates and those who attended at any point would be considered alumni. Because this is not the case, the decision of whether or not non-graduates are included in 'alumni' should be left up to individual colleges and universities.

Some examples of non-graduates being excluded from the definition: http://alumni.harvard.edu/terms http://cms.bsu.edu/about/administrativeoffices/alumni/aboutus/policies/wordusepolicy http://www.antioch.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/7.201-Distinguished-Alumni-Award.pdf http://sydney.edu.au/internationalhouse/documents/Proposed_SUIHAA_Charter_2012.pdf

In addition, the disagreement between definitions of 'alumni' alone is proof of subjectivity. The following links all make the clear distinction that alumni are graduates.

http://grammarist.com/usage/alumna-alumnae-alumni-alumnus http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/alumni.html http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/british/alumnus http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/alumnus

Tsarnev is not a graduate, the only definitive definition of 'alumnus', and should be eliminated from the page. 71.174.171.2 (talk) 02:08, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * And again, this proposal affects all university/college articles and should be made in a central location. --Neil N  talk to me 02:15, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

While it does affect all higher education articles, this issue is currently affecting this article and needs to be resolved. It's ridiculous that the page has to be semi-protected, restricting other changes from being made. 71.174.171.2 (talk) 02:22, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Again, why it is suddenly urgent to resolve this for this article, just when Tsarnaev becomes an issue? That list has existed for about 9 years; need I pin down how long it has contained non-graduates? ― Mandruss  ☎  02:30, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

It is unlikely the majority of people who visit the page recognize most of the names on that list, nevermind know whether or not they are actual graduates. The addition of Tsarnaev stands out because it is known that not only did he not graduate, but he is also not 'notable'. Being a terrorist is hardly "worthy of note", "distinguished", "remarkable", "outstanding", etc.

The timing hardly matters. Nothing is going to be noticed until something calls attention to it. Tsarnaev's addition called attention to this discrepancy. 71.174.171.2 (talk) 02:49, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * See WP:NOTABILITY. No special attention is needed for this article. --Neil N  talk to me 02:58, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * (ec) Apparently you don't understand what "notable" means in the Wikipedia context. It certainly has absolutely nothing to do with words like "distinguished", "remarkable", and "outstanding". See WP:Notability. Tsarnaev has qualified for his own article, and the standard there is even higher than that for a list such as this. ― Mandruss  ☎  03:00, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The entire thing boils down to whether or not 1) he's an alumni of the university and 2) whether he's notable. As to the first point, the definition of alumni is "graduate OR former student."  Tsarnaev is a former student, he meets that criteria.  The second is whether or not he's notable.  I've seen the (ridiculous) arguments that notability only pertains to the positive things, and not the negative.  That's simply untrue.  Tsarnaev is notable, by any metric you look at.  "Worthy of note" is not, itself, inherently positive.  There are very negative things that are "worthy of note," the Holocaust, for example, is worthy of note.  As to whether or not he's "remarkable," you have to look at "remarkable" in a neutral aspect as well.  Remarkable is a synonym of things like "incredible," which can be used to show a degree of happiness or sadness, thus, it's not only a positive connotation.  Other synonyms for "remarkable" are stunning, momentous, unbelievable, etc.  All of which can be used to refer to the crimes he's convicted of committing.  Simply put, the fact that UMass Dartmouth students and alumni don't want him associated with their school, is irrelevant, he clearly meets the criteria for inclusion.  We don't just include only the good people.  Aaron Hernandez is still listed in various places.  The Unabomber is still listed as an alumni of UM. 208.40.242.41 (talk) 02:26, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Page semi-protected
Without predjudice to any outcome of any discussion regarding content or any policies or guidelines governing  the inclusion of former students in school/college articles, I  have temporarily restricted the editing of this article in order to stop the edit warring. --Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 04:04, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Did something go awry? AN IP editor just edited a moment ago, and the page protection log shows no entries. Tarc (talk) 15:01, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Possily. I've done it again. Should work now. Thanks for the heads up. --Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 15:10, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Still not working, and still needed. ― Mandruss  ☎  21:49, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
 * This talk page has been semied, not the article. --<b style="color:navy">Neil N </b> <i style="color:blue">talk to me</i> 21:59, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

UMass system ranking that are not specific to the Dartmouth campus
I have removed info regarding UMass system ranking that are not specific to the Dartmouth campus (e.g., the Times Higher Education ranking and Reuters ranking). Such info belong in University of Massachusetts article. --Wcam (talk) 17:59, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

~ Yes, but UMass Dartmouth is a part of UMass system, thus students need to know these achievements which belong to UMassD as well — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ogandzyuk (talk • contribs) 18:16, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Please stop engaging in edit warring. Readers are aware that UMass Dartmouth is a part of UMass system because the lead section said so, and this article is about UMass Dartmouth. The Times Higher Education ranking and Reuters ranking info is off-topic. Readers can refer to University of Massachusetts article for such information. --Wcam (talk) 19:17, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

~ Dear Wcam, let it be, but I don't find your arguments reasonable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ogandzyuk (talk • contribs) 00:33, 30 September 2016 (UTC)
 * The USNews national ranking is about the Dartmouth campus, whereas the Times ranking is about the UMass system. It's very misleading that you list these rankings together in the ranking infobox since they are about different entities. Also, UMass Dartmouth is not even listed in the USNews global ranking so why do you insist on listing it? --Wcam (talk) 13:43, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

~ It's just because you're not familiar with the UMass - you perceive it wrong. First of all, there is only one diploma within all five campuses, the only difference between all of them - the city where University of Massachusetts degree was granted. There is an separate Office of Institutional Research at the President's office, which not all University Systems have in the country, giving an idea to Reuters, Times, RUR and other to consider University of Massachusetts not as a consolidation of different universities, but as a one university with different locations. Thirdly, there is one payroll, admission, online courses, research systems within all campuses, thus the only difference in terms of administration between all campuses - is their geographical location, the rest remains the same. I personally have been working on different projects with the university, I assume you have more experience in Wiki publishing, but since you're not familiar with the university - I kindly ask you to allow me to work on it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ogandzyuk (talk • contribs) 14:30, 1 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I understand that Reuters, Times, and RUR consider UMass as one entity, and we both agree that the way Reuters, Times, and RUR treat UMass in their rankings are different than USNews and Washington Monthly do. But if you list all of them together in this article, it is like comparing apples and oranges. Also you say you "personally have been working on different projects with the university", this page Conflict of interest may be relevant. --Wcam (talk) 11:34, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

~ Dear Wcam, no, there's no conflict of interest in this matter, I'm neither an employee of the University, nor family members work there. The entire point of my discussion related to ranking - how to perceive UMass & UMassD. I am trying to explain you that UMassD is UMass, while UMass is NOT just UMassD, that's why having relevant ranking info on UMassD's page about UMass' rankings makes more logic. I would agree with you if the information about UMassD was published on UMass' page, here your point would me more reasonable, and there's no reason to post UMassD's rankings on UMass' page. Just for your better understanding, you may be confused with different types of "University Systems". If we look at CUNY/SUNY - there is a coalition of multiple universities, which are run under some specific authority and use the association for their own purpose. But at the same time, you probably heard about University of Toronto. Each agency ranks this university as a whole school, but did you know that there is University of Toronto - Scarborough? Which has its own admission standards and so on? But none of the agencies rank UoT - Scarborough separately, there is only one UofT university. That's the main point of my discussion, that I think these "General" rankings of Reuters, RUR, Times are relevant not only to UMass System's page, but each campus' page, since many students are visiting these pages and think that UMass is different than UMass Amherst, UMass Lowell, UMass Boston, UMass Dartmouth. I think it's good to have this information in educational purposes, so that students/visitors/general audience were aware, that speaking about UMassD's rankings they can also refer to that agencies like RUR, Reuters, Times etc. Thank you for your contribution and patience. If you really want to help with UMass - I would lovely accept your help creating a page for UMass Dartmouth Charlton College of Business. I am going to visit this school sometime this month, and I will take some pictures over there. But if you could build some initial body of the page (you have more skills) - it would be fantastic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ogandzyuk (talk • contribs) 17:09, 2 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Since our discussion isn't going anywhere I listed it on Third opinion. Hopefully we get some comments.--Wcam (talk) 23:41, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

Third opinion
I agree with that the info that s/he removed would be more suitable at the main University of Massachusetts article, as that info doesn't appear to apply to the article about this "offspring" campus. (SN: Wcam, I think this would have been better coming from an uninvolved editor (your edit summary states that it was a 3RR violation, but all edit wars aren't necessarily 3RR violations).)  Erpert  blah, blah, blah... 19:20, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your input. If you don't object I will remove the UMass system ranking info. --Wcam (talk) 19:34, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

List of student clubs and organizations
JaredAlmeida has begun an edit war to add an unsourced listing of student clubs and organizations. Even if a source were added, I would still object to this detailed listing of specific organizations that have no discussion or context. ElKevbo (talk) 17:28, 12 April 2021 (UTC)


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Brooks School

Brooks School is a private, co-educational, college-preparatory boarding school in North Andover, Massachusetts, United States, on the shores of Lake Cochichewick.

History
Brooks School was founded in 1926 by Endicott Peabody, who had previously established Groton School in 1884. It was named after Phillips Brooks (1835–1893), a well-known clergyman and author who spent summers in North Andover, Massachusetts, and briefly served as the Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts during the 1890s. Other founders included Harvard professor Roger Bigelow Merriman and Charles Slattery, the acting (and future) Bishop of Massachusetts.

The school opened on September 29, 1927, with fourteen boys in the first and second forms (seventh and eighth grades), two masters, a headmaster and headmistress, and one dormitory. The school added one form (grade) each year thereafter until it comprised grades 7–12, denoted by the British educational notations, Forms I, II, III, IV, V, and VI, respectively. Forms I and II (seventh and eighth grades) were later dropped.

Brooks School has had just four heads of school in over 80 years.

 * Frank D. Ashburn was appointed at the age of 25 and served for 46 years until his retirement in 1973.
 * H. Peter Aitken served from 1973 to 1986.
 * Lawrence W. Becker (previously the assistant headmaster of Hotchkiss School) served from 1986 to 2008.
 * John R. Packard (previously the faculty dean of Brooks) became head of school in 2008.

The school started admitting day students in the early 1950s and became co-educational in 1979.

In the 21st century, Brooks has focused on renovating the campus. New buildings include the arts center, the science center, the admissions building, and a crew boathouse on Lake Cochichewick.

Student body
In the 2022-23 school year, Brooks enrolled 353 students (76 freshmen, 83 sophomores, 92 juniors, and 102 seniors). 70% of Brooks students live on campus; the other 30% commute to Brooks from surrounding communities in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.

30% of Brooks students identify as people of color. In the 2021-22 school year, of the 351 Brooks students, 249 (70.9%) were white, 42 (12.0%) were Asian, 23 (6.6%) were black, 20 (5.7%) were Hispanic, 3 (0.9%) were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 1 (0.3%) was Native American, and 13 (3.7%) were multiracial.

Tuition and financial aid
Tuition for the 2023-24 school year is $73,400 for boarding students and $60,300 for day students. 35% of the student body is on financial aid, and the average aid grant is $49,000. In 2023, 122 Brooks families received financial aid grants; after deducting financial aid, 33 families paid between $0 and $5,000 for tuition, and another 19 families paid under $10,000. 38 families receiving aid had family incomes under $100,000/year.

Endowment and expenses
Brooks' financial endowment stands at $101.9 million. In its Internal Revenue Service filings for the 2021-22 school year, Brooks reported total assets of $196.7 million, net assets of $142.4 million, investment holdings of $83.6 million, and cash holdings of $17.6 million. Brooks also reported $27.2 million in program service expenses and $6.2 million in grants (primarily student financial aid).

The school completed a $60 million fundraising campaign in 2008. It is currently conducting the Centennial Campaign, which seeks to raise $80 million for various initiatives, including $30 million in endowment funds for financial aid and $10 million to support faculty salaries.

Notable alumni

 * Barry Bingham Jr. '54, publisher of the Louisville Courier-Journal
 * Molly Bingham '86, journalist and filmmaker
 * Frank Blake '67, CEO and Chairman of Home Depot
 * Doug Burden '83, rower, 1992 Olympic silver medalist and 1988 Olympic bronze medalist
 * Jake Burton Carpenter, founder and chairman of Burton Snowboards
 * Gene Clapp '68, rower, 1972 Olympic silver medalist
 * Charlie Davies '04, soccer player
 * Peter B. de Menocal '78, president of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 * William R. Ferris '60, chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities
 * Steve Forbes '66, editor-in-chief of Forbes magazine; ran for president in 1996 and 2000
 * Pat Freiermuth '18, football player
 * Mike Fucito '04, soccer player
 * Eric M. Genden '83, professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
 * Robert L. Gerry III '56, petroleum executive
 * Charles Jencks '57, architect
 * William W. Kellogg '35, president of the American Meteorological Society
 * John LeBoutillier '71, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * Nekima Levy Armstrong '94, community activist and law professor
 * Elle Logan '06, rower, 2008/2012/2016 Olympic gold medalist
 * Esmond Bradley Martin '59, conservationist
 * Lughano Nyondo '24, soccer player
 * Anthony Perkins, actor, notably Norman Bates in Psycho
 * Thomas Collier Platt, Jr. '43, Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York
 * Trevor Potter '74, chairman of the Federal Election Commission
 * Tim Prentice '49, sculptor
 * Theodore Sedgwick '66, U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia
 * Lorenzo Semple Jr. '40, screenwriter, notably Batman and Three Days of the Condor
 * Mark Shuttleworth (exchange student), founder of Canonical, the company developing the Linux Ubuntu operating system; first African in space
 * Richard V. Spencer '72, U.S. Secretary of the Navy
 * Wells Stabler '37, U.S. Ambassador to Spain
 * Parker Stevenson '71, actor, notably The Hardy Boys and Baywatch
 * Michael Weatherly '86, actor, notably NCIS
 * Archduke Dominic of Austria, Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Prince of Tuscany, a contested claimant to the Spanish throne

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brooks School


text:
Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont

Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont (21 April 1769 – 26 October 1810) was a French artillery general.

He was born in Strasbourg and educated at the Metz school for engineer and artillery cadets. In 1785, he was commissioned in the artillery, in which he served as a regimental officer for fifteen years. In 1800, he won great credit both by his exertions in bringing the artillery of the Army of Reserve over the Alps and by his handling of guns in the Battle of Marengo. In 1806, as a brigadier general and commander of the artillery of an army corps, he took part in the Jena and Eylau.

But he is remembered chiefly for the case shot attack, which was the central feature of Napoleon's matured tactical system and which Sénarmont put into execution for the first time at the Battle of Friedland. For this feat, he was made a baron, and in 1808, he was promoted to divisional general by Napoleon on the field of battle in front of Madrid. He was killed at the Siege of Cadiz in October 1810.

In 1811, an urn with his heart was interred in the Panthéon, Paris.

title: Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont


text:
Acacia Ridge, Queensland

Acacia Ridge is a southern suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the, Acacia Ridge had a population of 7,486 people.

Geography
Acacia Ridge is 15 km south of the central business district. It is within the local government area of City of Brisbane.

Primarily residential, Acacia Ridge is also known for its heavy industrial area in the suburb's east, occupying much of the suburb's area east of Beaudesert Road.

History
The name Acacia Ridge derives from the number of Acacia species growing in the area.

In October 1884, 275 allotments of "Flemington Estate" were advertised for sale by T. Howling & Co. A map advertising the sale states that the estate was close to the Coopers Plains railway station and that coaches passed the estate every day.

Cooper's Plains Provisional School in 1869 opened on 1 April 1869, later becoming Cooper's Plains State School. On 10 July 1956, it was renamed Acacia Ridge State School. The school was at 1277 Beaudesert Road (-27.5811°N, 153.0252°W). After the closure of Acacia Ridge State High School in 1997, Acacia Ridge State School relocated to the high school site in Nyngam Street, while the Murri School took over the Beaudesert Road site.

The suburb was established after World War II to house returning servicemen and their families. Many of the original post-war dwellings still stand today. Our Lady of Fatima Catholic Church was established on 5 acres on land on the corner of Beaudesert and Mortimer Roads in Coopers Plains which was bought in April 1949 from Arthur Harper for by the parish priest of Moorooka, Father Flanagan. He also arranged for an old army hut to be relocated from the Archerfield Airport to the church site and spent converting the building into a church. The church was officially dedicated on Sunday 26 March 1950 by James Duhig, the Archbishop of Brisbane, with about 150 people attending. Two further army huts were relocated to the site. One of them was used to establish Our Lady of Fatima Primary School which opened on 25 January 1954. At its opening, the school had 78 pupils taught by two Sisters of St Joseph led by Sister Ibar. On 5 June 1966, Archbishop Patrick Mary O'Donnell opened the new brick church building, with the former church building being used as a hall. On 24 January 1971, the new school was officially opened by Bishop Henry Joseph Kennedy with 8 classrooms, an office, a staff room and a sick room. By that time, there were 260 students and 7 staff. Acacia Ridge Methodist Church was established in 1966. On the creation of the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, it became the Acacia Ridge Uniting Church.

Watson Road State School opened on 23 January 1967.

Acacia Ridge State High School opened on 25 January 1971 and closed on 31 December 1997, when it amalgamated with Salisbury State High School to form the new Nyanda State High School. Acacia Ridge State High School was at 67 Nyngam Street (-27.5795°N, 153.0155°W). Acacia Ridge State School was then relocated onto the Nyngam Street site.

The suburb was officially named and bounded on 11 August 1975.

St Alban's Anglican Church closed circa 1980. The church building relocated to the Anglican Church of the Holy Spirit in neighbouring Algester to be used as a parish hall.

The Aboriginal and Islander Independent Community School (also known as The Murri School) was founded on the initiative of Gungalu and Birri Gubba man Ross Watson. It was opened 1 January 1986 in a disused Catholic primary school in Highgate Hill. In 1995, the school relocated to a disused state school in Milton. In 1997, the school obtained its current site in Acacia Ridge, which was the original site of Acacia Ridge State School before its relocation to the site of the former Acacia Ridge State High School, after that school's closure.

Demographics
In the, Acacia Ridge had a population of 6,945 people.

In the, Acacia Ridge had a population of 7,429 people, 49.8% female and 50.2% male. The median age of the Acacia Ridge population was 34 years, 3 years below the national median of 37. 61.6% of people living in Acacia Ridge were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were New Zealand 3.9%, India 3.1%, Philippines 2.3% and Vietnam 2%. 59.6% spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 2.8% Somali, 2.6% Vietnamese, 2.4% Arabic, 1.8% Spanish, 1.8% Mandarin.

In the, Acacia Ridge had a population of 7,486 people.

Heritage listings
Acacia Ridge has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Carr's Quarry (former), 174 Mortimer Road (-27.5775°N, 153.0156°W)
 * Acacia Ridge Air Raid Shelter, 174 Mortimer Road (-27.5771°N, 153.0158°W)
 * Our Lady of Fatima Catholic Church Hall, 350 Mortimer Road (-27.5794°N, 153.025°W)

Economy
From 1966 until the mid-1980s, Acacia Ridge accommodated one of Holden's main vehicle manufacturing plants, which produced both full-sized and smaller models including the Holden Gemini. When local production of the Gemini ceased in October 1984, the manufacturing plant closed down. The manufacturer remained, retaining a small area of the site for its regional headquarters until the early 2000s, when it relocated to Murarrie. Since closure of the plant, Woolworths occupied the area, utilising its space as a regional distribution centre until recently, when an independent retail grocery chain resumed the site for similar purposes.

On the opposite side of Beaudesert Road from the former manufacturing plant, Toyota has based its southern Queensland regional headquarters. This site is primarily used for managerial and distribution related duties, as opposed to vehicle production.

Acacia Ridge is home to one of Queensland's largest railway freight yards, dealing with interstate freight and the break-of-gauge from to. In 2008, the Beaudesert Road level crossing was replaced by an overbridge, so that the sidings in the yard could be extended for the shunting of longer 1500 m trains. Because space was not sufficient for all potential users of this yard. In 2009, the line between Acacia Ridge and Bromelton was converted to dual gauge to enable another break-of-gauge freight hub to be established at Bromelton in 2017.

Acacia Ridge also borders one corner of Archerfield Airport; a small, privately owned airport (°N, °W).

Education
Acacia Ridge State School is a government primary (Early childhood-6) school for boys and girls at 67 Nyngam Street (-27.5795°N, 153.016°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 302 students with 28 teachers (26 full-time equivalent) and 27 non-teaching staff (16 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Watson Road State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 210 Watson Road (-27.5931°N, 153.0184°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 122 students with 15 teachers (13 full-time equivalent) and 14 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent).

Lady of Fatima Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 350 Mortimer Road (-27.5791°N, 153.0227°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 151 students with 15 teachers (13 full-time equivalent) and 10 non-teaching staff (5 full-time equivalent).

Murri School is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 1277 Beaudesert Road (-27.5815°N, 153.0257°W). It caters for the cultural needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students, and aims to improve the literacy, numeracy, employment and educational opportunities for its students, and has partnerships with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Health Service; the Institute of Urban Indigenous Health; Queensland University of Technology; University of Queensland; and Triple A Murri Country radio station. In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 245 students with 25 teachers (22 full-time equivalent) and 35 non-teaching staff (29 full-time equivalent).

YMCA Vocational School is a private secondary (7-12) facility of YMCA Vocational School at Kingston at 24 Mannington Road (-27.5849°N, 153.0258°W).

There is no government secondary school in Acacia Ridge. The nearest government secondary schools are:

 * Glenala State High School in Durack to the west
 * Sunnybank State High School in Sunnybank to the east
 * Calamvale Community College in Calamvale to the south

Amenities
Brisbane City Council provides a community centre at 13 Coley Street, off Charmaine Road (-27.58773°N, 153.02616°W). It was formerly the Coopers Plains Senior Citizens Community Hall.

Iceworld Acacia Ridge is one of Brisbane's two ice skating rinks and is at 1179 Beaudesert Road (-27.5773°N, 153.0241°W).

Our Lady of Fatima Catholic Church is at 350 Mortimer Road (-27.5792°N, 153.0245°W).

Acacia Ridge Uniting Church is at 4 Chandler Street (-27.5853°N, 153.0215°W).

Acacia Ridge Church of Christ is at 51 Learoyd Road (corner of Bradman Street, -27.5981°N, 153.0361°W). Omega International Church is at 16 Mitchell Street (-27.5899°N, 153.0267°W).

The Samoan Acacia Ridge Church is part of the Wesleyan Methodist Church; it meets at the Omega International Church.

Notable residents

 * Mabior Chol, AFL player
 * Steven Herrick, poet and author
 * Jeff Horn, boxer
 * Steve Price, rugby league player
 * Johnathan Thurston, rugby league player
 * Joel Turner, musician

title: Acacia Ridge, Queensland


text:
J. Joseph Curran Jr.

J. Joseph Curran Jr. (born July 7, 1931) is an American lawyer and the longest serving elected attorney general (1987 to 2007) in Maryland history, and previously the fourth lieutenant governor of Maryland from 1983 to 1987. His son-in-law, Martin J. O'Malley, served as the 61st governor of Maryland from 2007 to 2015.

Background
Curran was born in West Palm Beach, Florida, the son of Catherine Mary (Clark) and Baltimore City Council member J. Joseph Curran Sr. He attended Baltimore parochial schools. He graduated from Loyola High School and then from the University of Baltimore. He served in the U.S. Air Force from 1951 to 1955. Curran returned to Baltimore and entered the University of Baltimore School of Law where he earned a LL.B. in 1959. Curran was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1959 and is a member of the Maryland State Bar Association.

Career
A Democrat, Curran previously served as the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland from 1983 to 1987 under Governor Harry Hughes. Prior to that, Curran was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1959 to 1963 and the Maryland Senate from 1963 to 1983.

Attorney general
In 1986, Curran was elected attorney general after serving four years as lieutenant governor under Harry Hughes. In 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2002, he won re-election. Citing his age and his long career, Curran decided not to seek re-election in 2006, preventing any conflict of interest that might arise in having O'Malley as governor and his father-in-law as attorney general.

Family
Curran is the brother of Martin "Mike" Curran and Robert W. Curran who both also served on the Baltimore City Council. Curran is married, with four living children, three daughters and one son. His wife, Barbara Curran is an esteemed painter. His youngest daughter, Katie, was a state district court judge (2001–2021) and the wife of former Governor Martin O'Malley. His middle daughter, Alice, is the chief financial officer at Miami Country Day School, a private school in South Florida. His son, J. Joseph "Max" Curran, is a partner at the Venable law firm. His eldest daughter, Mary Carole Curran, is an accomplished photographer in Baltimore City. His first cousin was Gerald Curran.

Awards and honors
AARP Maryland named its lifetime achievement award after Curran, which is presented to those "who have exhibited a lifetime of exemplary commitment to volunteerism and civic involvement".

title: J. Joseph Curran Jr.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simon Yang

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 19:45, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Simon Yang
Vanity page. Not notable. Delete. Andrew pmk 05:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article fails to establish notability. Sjakkalle 11:56, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN. --Fuzzball! (talk) 20:24, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Externship

Bimaristan hospitals and user Jagged 85
The reference relating to Bimaristan hospitals leads to an article entitled Education in Encyclopaedia Britannica that mentions neither the word Bimaristan nor the word externship. The Bimaristan article has a note about misused sources relating to user Jagged 85 and a subsequent cleanup. The claim relating to Bimaristan hospitals may very well be true, so I have left it in.

I think there is a proper way of relating this present article to the Jagged 85 cleanup, but it is beyond my skill so I have not attempted it.

From the history of this article I can see that the reference to Bimaristan was indeed added by Jagged 85 on 12:49 30 September 2008.

Would anyone like to take this further? FrankSier (talk) 17:03, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Externship


text: Category:Maryland politician stubs

title: Category:Maryland politician stubs


text:
User talk:Pius XIII

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Antandrus 05:56, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

eat shit.

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Antandrus 01:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pius XIII


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex Shanks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 03:24, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Alex Shanks
This is most certainly a vanity page, and if it weren't, it would be a stub. Asides, its dull.

This should be removed, so that if something encyclopaedic with this name comes along, the space is free.

--TheAdversary 06:00, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Vanity Dsmdgold 10:37, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied. No real content. 131.211.210.12 11:36, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's me, in case you're wondering how an anon can speedy something. ;) Mgm|(talk) 11:38, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Hureau de Sénarmont

Hureau de Sénarmont is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont (1769–1810), French general
 * Henri Hureau de Sénarmont (1808–1862), French mineralogist

Hureau de Sénarmont

title: Hureau de Sénarmont


text:
Talk:Streetly

Where is Streetly
- Phenomenal amount of nonsense being put onto this page about "ties with Birmingham & Sutton Coldfield" - removing. This is opinion and not fact. Musicalphilosophy (talk) 12:10, 26 January 2012 (UTC) - Actually Streetly is indeed Geographically in Walsall Borough. We are in the Post Town of Sutton Coldfield. We pay our council tax to Walsall Council --Musicalphilosophy (talk) 10:21, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Errrmmm... IINM, Streetly's only *postally* Sutton Coldfield - I think it's actually either in Walsall Borough or Lichfield District (can't remember which). 82.36.26.229 05:57, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Streetly pays both Walsall Council and Birmingham City Council tax. As Sutton Coldfield is it's post town Streetly much more associated with it and is now most definately more related with Birmingham, so it should go down on the page as part of Sutton Coldfield opposed to Walsall.

To say Streetly is wholly in Walsall is incorrect as it has a Birmingham Post and Telephone Code. To say Streetly is in Birmingham is also incorrect as it lies in the borough of Walsall. Streetlys closest ties are with Sutton Coldfield which is well documented on the internet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nigel C. Fortune (talk • contribs) 14:43, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * "Streetly" pays no council tax. It is whereever the local authority boundaries say it is. Phone codes and postal codes don't locate a street. Dougweller (talk) 15:38, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

I know phone and post codes don't locate a street. I was merely pointing out that it is incorrect to state Streetly is entirely in Walsall (or Birmingham). With regards to the local authority Streetly used to be in Staffordshire until the creation of West Midlands County in 1974. N. C. Fortune (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:01, 16 March 2012 (UTC).

As someone who was born and raised in Streetly i can attest to the fact that the village is also not 'in' Sutton Coldfield. It is physically separated from the town by Sutton Park. N. C. Fortune (talk)

title: Talk:Streetly


text: Talk:Patibulum

title: Talk:Patibulum


text:
Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts

The Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College is a performance hall located in the Hudson Valley hamlet of Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. The center provides audiences with performances and programs in orchestral, chamber, and jazz music, and in theater, dance, and opera. Designed by architect Frank Gehry, the 110000 sqft center houses two theaters, four rehearsal studios for dance, theater, and music, and professional support facilities. The building's heat and air-conditing systems are entirely powered by geothermal sources, enabling the Fisher Center to be fossil fuel free during standard operations. The total cost of the project reached $62 million and took three years to complete, opening in April 2003. The New Yorker calls it "[possibly] the best small concert hall in the United States." The Sosnoff Theater, an intimate, 900-seat theater with an orchestra, parterre, and two balcony sections, features an orchestra pit for opera and acoustics designed by Yasuhisa Toyota, including an acoustic shell that turns the theater into a concert hall for performances of chamber and symphonic music.

The smaller of the two theaters is the flexible 200-seat LUMA Theater, which houses Bard's Theater and Dance Programs during the academic year.

The Fisher Center is also the home of the Bard Music Festival, hosting companies from around the world during Bard SummerScape, a festival of opera, theater, and dance. The Performing Arts Center is primarily devoted to teaching and college events during the academic year and used as a public performing-arts facility and venue for the college's graduate programs in the arts during the summer months.


text:
Futari Ecchi

Futari Ecchi (ふたりエッチ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Katsu Aki. It has been serialized in Young Animal since December 1996, with the chapters later combined into tankōbon volumes by Hakusensha, of which there are ninety-one as of June 2024. The series follows a newlywed couple in their mid-twenties, both virgins when they married, and chronicles their sexual explorations. The manga combines erotic elements with factual and informative statistics. Its title Futari Ecchi ("two person ecchi") is a play on a slang term for masturbation, hitori ecchi ("single person ecchi"). The series has 29.5 million copies in print and is most famous for being a how-to guide combined with a story.

Two spin-off manga have been released, Futari Ecchi for Ladies focusing on the sexuality of women and Futari Ecchi Gaiden: Akira, The Evangelist of Sex focusing on Akira. There are also two sex manuals and an art book. The series was adapted into a three episode live-action television drama that aired on WOWOW in 2000. A four-volume original video animation (OVA) series was produced from 2002 and 2004. In 2011, a twelve-episode live-action web series was streamed on Ustream. Also in 2011, a live-action theatrical film series began. Four films have been released. A second three episode OVA series was released in 2014 by Production Reed.

In 2007, the manga series was licensed in North America by Tokyopop as Manga Sutra, only four volumes were released, comprising eight Japanese volumes. Also in 2007, Media Blasters licensed and released the OVAs on DVD as Step Up Love Story.

Characters

 * Makoto Onoda (小野田 真)
 * The series' protagonist, a 25-year-old foreign cosmetics maker and elite salaryman. He was introduced to Yura through an omiai. He is very critical of his own sexual abilities, but that does not hinder him from having sexual fantasies with any pretty girl in his vicinity (ultimately, though, he stays faithful to Yura). Nevertheless, after his marriage he attracts the attention of a lot of female admirers. In addition to his inexperience, Makoto suffers from premature ejaculation.
 * He is voiced by Mitsuo Iwata (radio drama) and Yūji Ueda (2002 OVA), Yuichi Nakamura (2014 OVA) and portrayed by Sō Yamanaka (TV series), Shinnosuke Fukushima (web series), Riki Miura (1st film) and Hikaru Okada (2nd film).

 * Yura Onoda (小野田 優良)
 * Makoto's wife. Also 25 years old. Makoto is the first man she has ever kissed or had sex with. She is loving, but extremely naïve on sexual matters and too shy to try something new by herself (even through the series she is fully determined to overcome her limitations and be a better lover to Makoto), as well as insecure about her looks; she is unaware how beautiful and charming she is. She is also the target of attention by many men (although their behavior is – compared to the women who adore her husband – mostly passive longing). She additionally has the knack of befriending most of the women whom she should consider her rivals for Makoto's affections (Makoto's colleague Makie Sugiyama is a notable exception). Yura is also a big fan of undead-themed horror movies. When she was in high school, she was a member of the Tennis club.
 * She is voiced by Yumi Ichihara (radio drama) and Tomoko Kawakami (2002 OVA), Ayumi Tsunematsu (2014 OVA) and portrayed by Chika Inada (TV series), Nana Nanaumi (web series) and Yūri Morishita (films).

 * Rika Kawada (河田 梨香)
 * Yura's 20-year-old sister. Sexually experienced and rather promiscuous (to the point where, early in the series, she keeps a boyfriend and three "sex friends" – in addition to miscellaneous flings), she constantly teases and goads both Makoto and Yura into improving their "night life". At first in an on-and-off relationship with her "number-one boyfriend", Taku Yamada, for most of the series, she eventually decides to settle down, even marrying the son of Makoto's boss Katori, though their matrimony rapidly disintegrates soon afterwards following personal differences.
 * She is voiced by Fumie Kusachi (radio drama) and Naoko Takano (2002 OVA), Chiwa Saitō (2014 OVA) and portrayed by Ayaka Tomoda (web series) and Miyuki Yokoyama (films).

 * Akira Onoda (小野田 明)
 * Makoto's older brother. A 29-year-old lawyer. He is very nosy and frequently pesters Makoto about his sex life and fancies himself as Makoto's tutor on the topic of pleasuring the wife. In order to appease his own sex drive, he frequently visits brothels.
 * He is portrayed by Yuichi Tsuchiya (3rd film).

 * Jun Onoda (小野田 淳)
 * Makoto's 17-year-old sister. Initially she has a rather romantic look on a relationship, and her quest for true love lets her drift through a number of affairs before she finally finds happiness with her first boyfriend, Yosuke.
 * She is portrayed by Natsumi Kamata (web series) and Kirara Asuka (2nd film).

 * Sanae Onoda (小野田 早苗)
 * Makoto's sister-in-law and Akira's 27-year-old wife. She is annoyed at Akira's habit of patronizing brothels.
 * She is portrayed by Sasa Handa (web series) and Rika Kawamura (3rd film).

 * Mamoru Onoda (小野田 守)
 * Makoto's father. A 52-year-old company officer. He is overly sensitive about his sex life, and far too protective of his youngest child, Jun.
 * He is portrayed by Bengaru (3rd film).

 * Akiko Onoda (小野田 明子)
 * Makoto's mother. A 54-year-old housewife. Akiko proves to be more liberal (and encouraging) than her husband is when it comes to the topic of her sex life.
 * She is portrayed by Motoko Sasaki (3rd film).

 * Hideki Kawada (河田 秀樹)
 * Yura's father. A 49-year-old camera operator. He has a liking for cats and dogs, and raises a large number of them. He is also a fan of the Hanshin Tigers. While not as active as his daughters, he still enjoys a fulfilling sexual relationship with his wife Chiharu.
 * He is voiced by Ken Mizukoshi (2014 OVA).

 * Chiharu Kawada (河田 千春)
 * Yura's mother. A 47-year-old with a youthful appearance and a tender personality. Like her husband, she is a cat/dog aficionado. She frequently suffers from lumbago.
 * She is voiced by Aina Yasukuni (2014 OVA).

 * Kyoko Omiya (大宮 杏子)
 * Makoto's second cousin and an obstetrician and gynecologist. At the request of Makoto's mother, she moved in next door to the Onodas to encourage them to reproduce. A very dominant personality, she was still a virgin at age thirty, but she finally does get settled down with Koichiro Matsuzaki.
 * She is portrayed by Momoko Tani (3rd film).

 * Taku Yamada (山田 拓)
 * Rika's "number-one boyfriend", who is a rather self-centered sexist. And just like Rika, he is not very concerned about having more than one relationship, although he does react jealously when he finds her involved with other men. Eventually, however, Rika dumps him, settles down, divorces and rekindles their relationship.
 * He is voiced by Kappei Yamaguchi (2002 OVA) and portrayed by Yukio (web series).

 * Yosuke Inoue (井上 洋助)
 * Jun's first and current boyfriend; also her former classmate and now fellow student. Jun had her first time with him, but due to their then differing views of a relationship they broke apart for a couple of years before finding each other again. They have since moved together and are exploring (and deepening) their feelings for each other.
 * He is portrayed by Rakuto Tochihara (web series).

Manga
Written and illustrated by Katsu Aki, Futari Ecchi has been serialized biweekly in Young Animal since December 1996. The chapters are later combined into tankōbon volumes by Hakusensha, of which there are ninety-one as of June 2024. In December 2002, a side story called began serialization in Silky, running for twelve chapters until its conclusion in October 2004. It focused on the women in the series, the individual chapters were collected and published into two tankōbon volumes by Hakusensha. Another side story titled began in Young Animal on June 23, 2017 and ended on November 24, 2017. It commemorates the series' 20th anniversary and is written by Monkey Chop and supervised by Katsu. It was compiled into one volume. There are also two sex manuals and an art book, entitled Yura Yura.

Tokyopop licensed Futari Ecchi for an English-language release in North America under the name Manga Sutra - Futari H in 2007, with two volumes of the original Japanese release combined into a single volume. However, before the release of the first volume, which was published in January 2008, several major retailers had announced they would not carry the title due to its content. A representative of Tokyopop also said that the volumes were expensive to produce. They planned to release the first ten Japanese tankōbon in five volumes, but only four were released, the fourth published in January 2009. Tokyopop ceased all manga publications in 2011.

Radio drama
From January 5 to March 30, 1997, a radio drama was broadcast on Nippon Cultural Broadcasting. The roughly 30 minute program aired on Tuesdays at 1:00am and was later released on two CDs, by Bandai Music, as Futari Ecchi: The CD Show (ふたりエッチ THE CD SHOW).

Original video animations
Beginning in 2002, a four-volume original video animation series was produced by Chaos Project. It is split into two stages; the first two episodes, released on July 26 and September 7, 2002, make up one, and the last two, released on November 27, 2003 and January 22, 2004, make up the second.

On July 2, 2007, Media Blasters announced that they had licensed the OVA series at Anime Expo. They first released it as Step Up Love Story on two DVDs, each containing two episodes, on November 27, 2007 and January 29, 2008. On December 30, 2008 it was released in a box set, which was re-released on July 10, 2012 as part of their Anime Works Classic line.

Another three episode OVA, telling an original story, was released on October 10, 2014 by Production Reed.

Live-action
A three-part live-action mini-series adaptation of Futari Ecchi aired on the pay-per-view channel Wowow in 2000. They were titled, and , and all directed by Gen Yamakawa.

The June 2011 issue of Young Animal Arashi announced Futari Ecchi would be receiving both a live-action film adaptation and a live-action web series.

The web series was streamed on Ustream and stars Nana Nanaumi and Shinnosuke Fukushima as Yura and Makoto with Takaso Kase as Akira Onoda and Sasa Handa as Sanae Onoda. It premiered in July 2011 and had fifteen 12-minute episodes created. The entire series was released in DVD and Blu-ray box sets on September 16, 2011, with three additional episodes and a bonus DVD with a making-of feature.

The film stars Yūri Morishita and Riki Miura as Yura and Makoto, was directed by Kazuhiro Yokoyama and written by Juri Sanemura. The first film was released on June 18, 2011 and received a DVD release on September 2. At an event for the DVD release, a sequel called was announced to begin filming in October. Hikaru Okada replaces Miura as Makoto in the sequel, which hit theaters on December 17, 2011. Just like previously, a third film was announced at the second's DVD release party. The third and fourth films, titled and  were both released on May 12, 2012. They were released on DVD on June 15 and August 3 respectively.

In 2019 Futari Ecchi: Love Again (映画版 ふたりエッチ 〜ラブ・アゲイン〜) and Futari Ecchi: Double Love (映画版 ふたりエッチ 〜ダブル・ラブ〜) have been released.

Reception
The Futari Ecchi manga has 29.5 million collected volumes in print as of February 2018; 27 million in Japan, including digital copies, and 2.5 million overseas.

title: Futari Ecchi


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Algester, Queensland

Algester is a southern suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the, Algester had a population of 9,020 people.

Geography
Algester is 18 km south-west of the central business district. The suburbs of Algester, Calamvale and now Parkinson, sit on the southern border or boundary of the City of Brisbane local government area with suburbs of Logan City such as Browns Plains and Regents Park.

The suburb's name is a corruption of the name of the English town of "Alcester". Briefly in the mid-to-late-1970s the suburb was colloquially named Ridgewood Heights after the Ridgewood Heights property development that then made up most of its land area, but had officially been known as Algester from 1972.

History
Algester was detached from Acacia Ridge and named in 1972, after the main road in the district. The road's name dates from about 1910 when a local family formed it and gave it the name 'Alcester', after an English town.

In 1968, Leighton Properties planned a suburban estate with the proposed name of 'Ridgewood Heights'. Whilst the estate's main access route retains that name, the Queensland Place Names Board, substituted 'Algester' in 1972. During this time, Algester Road and Dalmeny Street were connected as non-sealed roads and the only thoroughfare into the suburb, which was then still virgin bushland. Dalmeny Street ended at the first house to be built in the suburb known then as Lot 22 (now numbered as 133). These early residents were exposed to the abundance of native Australian flora and fauna, before development in the mid-1970s. Algester was heavily developed from the mid-1970s and has also seen considerable recent development. It forms part of the Brisbane Agricultural Reserve, which once covered a large area of southern Brisbane.

Algester State School opened on 24 January 1977 with a student population of about 200.

In 1977, the Anglican Church of the Holy Spirit began with a small congregation meeting at the library of the Algester State School. In 1979 land was purchased in Algester Road and a kit home was built for a rectory with the first service being conducted on 21 October 1979 and the first baptism on 4 November 1979. In 1980 St Alban's Anglican Church at Acacia Ridge was decommissioned and the church building relocated to the Algester Road site to be used as a parish hall. The Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane, John Grindrod, laid the foundation stone for the new church building on 4 July 1981 with the first service being held in the church on 9 August 1981 with its official dedication on 18 October conducted again by John Grindrod. All debts having been paid, Archbishop Peter Hollingworth consecrated the new church on 29 May 1993.

The Islamic Society of Algester began in 1990 as the population of Moslems grew in southern Brisbane. In 1997 an old house was purchased to use as a mosque and community centre at 48 Learoyd Road. It has continued to acquire adjacent land amassing 2.5 acres where it will build a purpose-built mosque costing $4.5 million.

St Stephen's Catholic Primary School opened on 26 January 2004 on a 3.5 hectare site offering Prep to Year 3, extending each year until the full range of Prep to Year 6 was on offer.

In July 2007, a major leak of an oil pipeline resulted in the forced evacuation of residents in Algester.

Demographics
In the, Algester had a population of 7,368 people.

In the, Algester recorded a population of 8,262 people, 51.3% female and 48.7% male. The median age of the Algester population was 34 years, 3 years below the national median of 37. 58.5% of people living in Algester were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were New Zealand 7.1%, England 4%, China 2.9%, Philippines 1.8%, India 1.5%. 70.9% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 4% Mandarin, 2.2% Cantonese, 1.2% Spanish, 0.9% Hindi, 0.8% Vietnamese.

In the, Algester had a population of 8,433 people.

In the, Algester had a population of 9,020 people.

Education
Algester State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 19 Endiandra Street (-27.6156°N, 153.0319°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 990 students with 68 teachers (61 full-time equivalent) and 39 non-teaching staff (24 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

St Stephen's School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 156 Ridgewood Road (-27.6181°N, 153.0287°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 510 students with 33 teachers (30 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Algester. The nearest government secondary school is Calamvale Community College in neighbouring Calamvale to the east.

Amenities
The Anglican Church of the Holy Spirit is at 362 Algester Road (-27.6183°N, 153.0355°W), now within Calamvale.

Notable people

 * Karmichael Hunt, Brisbane Broncos fullback
 * Kym Tollenaere, Australian softball catcher

title: Algester, Queensland


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Dodge A100

The A100 is a range of compact vans and trucks manufactured and marketed from 1964 to 1970 by Chrysler Corporation under the Dodge marque in the United States and the Fargo marque in Canada.

The A100 competed with the Ford Econoline, Chevrolet Van, Chevy Corvair Greenbrier, and the Volkswagen Type 2. The range included a pickup truck and van, both with a "forward control" design. Placing the driver on top of the front axle with the engine between the front seats, just behind the front wheels makes it a "cab over" vehicle. The unibody vehicles used a short 90 in wheelbase. An A108 was also available from 1967 to 1970, with a longer 108 in wheelbase. The A108 was popular with camper conversion companies. A substantially modified, Hemi-powered A100 wheelstanding exhibition pickup called the "Little Red Wagon" driven by Bill "Maverick" Golden was a popular drag strip attraction from the 1960s to the early 2000s.

Engines

 * 1964–1966 170 in3 (2.8 L) Slant-6 I6, 101 hp
 * 1970 198 in3 (3.2 L) Slant-6 I6, 125 hp
 * 1964–1970 225 in3 (3.7 L) Slant-6 I6, 145 hp
 * 1965–1966 273 in3 (4.5 L) LA V8
 * 1967–1970 318 in3 (5.2 L) LA V8, 210 hp

L-Series trucks
From 1966 to 1971, Dodge built L-Series medium-duty Cabover Engine trucks with a tilting forward-control cab based on the forward body of the A-100.

Dodge A100 in popular culture
The Dodge A100 was featured in the American television series That '70s Show episode "Red's Last Day", as Michael Kelso's new van. It also appeared in the movie Cars as the character Dusty Rust-eze, in the remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, as well as the comedy Stealing Harvard. An A100 appeared in many different colors in the 1960s Batman TV series. More often than not, it was the preferred getaway vehicle of each episode's villain.

The Dodge Little Red Wagon was a famous exhibition drag racing truck introduced in 1965 based on the A100 pickup.

title: Dodge A100


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Swallow (disambiguation)

Swallow is a family of birds.

Swallow or Swallows may also refer to:
 * Swallowing, transferring a substance from the mouth to the stomach

Music

 * Swallow (British band), a 1990s duo
 * Swallow (American band), a 1970s blues rock band or their 1973 album
 * The Swallows, a 1950s R&B group
 * La rondine or The Swallow, an opera by Giacomo Puccini
 * Swallow Records, a record label formed by Floyd Soileau

Albums

 * Swallow (Steve Swallow album)
 * Swallow (Zhao Wei album)

Songs

 * "Swallow" (song), a song by Sleeper
 * "The Swallow" (Yoasobi song), a song by Yoasobi
 * "Swallow", a song by Emilie Autumn from Opheliac
 * "Swallow", a song by Crystal Fighters from Follow / Swallow
 * "Swallow", a song by Korn from Life Is Peachy

Sports

 * Dingli Swallows F.C., a Maltese football club
 * Mbabane Swallows, a Swazi football club
 * Moroka Swallows FC, a South African football club
 * Tokyo Yakult Swallows, a Japanese baseball team
 * Estonia men's national ice hockey team or the Swallows

Transport

 * Swallow Sidecar Company
 * Swallow, a GWR Iron Duke Class locomotive
 * Swallow, a GWR 3031 Class Great Western Railway locomotive
 * Swallow, an RB545 rocket engine

Aeronautics

 * British Aircraft Swallow, a 1930s light aircraft
 * De Havilland DH 108 Swallow, an experimental British aircraft designed in 1945
 * Fly Air Swallow, a Bulgarian ultralight trike design
 * Messerschmitt Me 262 Schwalbe or Swallow, a World War II German fighter aircraft
 * Republic SD-4 Swallow, a 1960 American drone project
 * Swallow Airplane Company, an American aviation company in operation 1923-1956
 * Swallow, an experimental jet aircraft design by Barnes Wallis

Ships

 * HMS Swallow, several ships of the Royal Navy
 * HM REVENUE CUTTER Swallow, several ships
 * USS Swallow, several ships of the United States Navy
 * Swallow, several ships
 * Swallow (keelboat), a class of sailboats, used at the 1948 Olympics

Other uses

 * Swallow (surname)
 * Swallow (2019 film), American–French drama
 * Swallow (2021 film), Nigerian film
 * Swallow (hieroglyph)
 * Swallow (novel), 1899, by H. Rider Haggard
 * Swallow, Lincolnshire, England
 * Swallows, Colorado, a ghost town in the United States
 * Swallow Hotels
 * Swallow (food), dough-like African staple food made of cooked starchy vegetables and/or grains

title: Swallow (disambiguation)


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Talk:Serenus Sammonicus

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OCD doesn't mention the "Quintus", and lists the "Serenus" first; I think we should follow them. Stan 06:05, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Any dates on birth and death, if only approximate? I can't find anything online, but maybe someone knows something. Dylan 21:38, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Serenus Sammonicus
The son of Serenus Sammonicus never existed. He was an invention of the author of the "Historia Augusta," a forger of the last decade of the fourth century: Ronald Syme, Ammianus and the Historia Augusta, Oxford, 1968, 186.

Several modern scholars have proposed that Serenus Sammonicus was identical with Septimius Serenus, the author of a lost bucolic poem, and also with a mysterious Septimius, allegedly translator of the Homeric romance ascribed to Dictys Cretensis: Keyser, HSCP 96 (1994), 369-89; 375-8; Champlin, HSCP 85 (1981), 189-212; Cameron, HSCP 84 (1984), 127-75; 141-4; 163-4; 172-5.

M.T.

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Denham Roundabout

The Denham Roundabout is a road junction in Denham, Buckinghamshire. It was originally opened in 1943 in conjunction with the completion of the new Western Avenue route into west London. The Western Avenue took over the classification of the A40, with the previous route to London, via Uxbridge and Ealing, being reclassified as the A4020. The roundabout also included a new link to A412 that formed part of the outer London orbital route.

Since 1973, the westbound A40, now flows into the M40 motorway at this point. The roundabout below facilitates junction 1 (J1) of the motorway to connect with the westbound continuation of the A40, together with the intersection of the road from Uxbridge (A4020) and the road from Slough to Watford (A412).

When the M40 from Denham to High Wycombe was built, Western Avenue was extended at high level to make an end-on join with the motorway, and a larger roundabout was built below the bridges carrying the motorway. When first laid out, the roundabout had the traffic going round it clockwise in the usual way, but as traffic volumes built up, the layout was altered so that the traffic moved round the roundabout in both directions, making it a ring junction with roundabouts at the points that other roads join the main roundabout.

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Katsu Aki

Katsuaki Nakamura (中村 克明), pen name Katsu Aki (克・亜樹), is a Japanese manga artist best known for his works The Vision of Escaflowne, Futari Ecchi, and Psychic Academy. Mine Yoshizaki is one of Aki's former assistants.

Manga creations
The following is a list of Katsu Aki's works, both major and minor, since his debut:
 * Happy Chokuzen (はっぴぃ直前)
 * Hoshikuzu Paradise (星くずパラダイス)
 * After his mother died, high school student Hiroshi Houjou's long lost father suddenly reappears, with two new family members: a new mother who's also a famous actress, and her daughter, the popular and beautiful idol singer Rina Yuuki. Adapted to OAV
 * Chouryuu Senki Sauros Knight (超龍戦記ザウロスナイト)
 * This is Eden (こちらはエデン)
 * Dynamite Peach (ダイナマイトピーチ)
 * Angel Hard (エンジェル・ハード)
 * The Vision of Escaflowne (天空のエスカフローネ)
 * Hitomi Hoshino, a 16-year-old high school student with an interest in mysticism, experiences strange dreams at night. A mysterious temple. a tremendous jewel, a shadowy prince... the images trouble her, and a strange incantation keeps echoing in her mind. One day - during a simple fortune telling at school - Hitomi feels a magical pull, and in a shocking moment she is pulled from her body. She wakes up in a strange world where the Earth hangs in the sky and a headstrong prince asks her to power his god, the deity Escaflowne. Loosely based on the TV series.
 * Futari Ecchi (ふたりエッチ)
 * Makoto and Yura are two 25-year-old virgins who get married. We follow the comedic adventures and mishaps of their attempts at learning how to have sex as influenced by each other, other peoples' experiences, and the media. Adapted to OAV
 * Aya
 * After his fiancée, Aya, dies in a car accident, Keisuke meets her 3 sisters, who not only look exactly like Aya but are all named Aya as well.
 * Psychic Academy (サイキックアカデミー煌羅万象)
 * The Psychic Academy is a school for students who have "aura ability." These people can use certain elements (i.e. fire, water, earth) depending on their aura. Shiomi Ai is a new student, unsure of his ability, which has yet to reveal itself. He hopes to reunite with his childhood friend/crush Orina but once there, he meets Mew, a powerful aura user who doesn't like to talk. "Psychic Academy" follows Shiomi's relationships between Orina and Mew while he tries to figure out his place in the aura world. Adapted to ONA
 * Harem Revolution (ハーレム革命)
 * Love Lucky (ラブ♡らっきぃ)
 * Futa Kinashi is a single, average salaryman who has always had terrible luck with women. After being set up and cheated by two girls, he looks for help from a marriage arrangement agency. At a party held by the agency, he meets a strange girl wearing sunglasses and a mask asking him for a date. Accepting her explanation that she's painfully shy, Fuuta decides to go through with the date as planned. Slowly he finds himself falling for this mystery girl's sweet and shy demeanor, despite the fact that she insists on wearing a different disguise each time they meet. Ultimately deciding that her looks don't matter, the two of them get married. On their first night together, she finally removes her mask and reveals her true identity: Kirari, a beautiful and famous pop idol (and Futa is her biggest fan), who has a secret wish: to get married with a man who doesn't love her beauty, money, or fame—but her true self (which is why she hid her face). Unfortunately, there is a catch: the marriage must be kept secret from the world for one full year in order for Kirari's record company to accept it... and if anyone discovers their relationship before then, they will be forced to get a divorce. Fuuta decides that no price is too high to pay for true love, and so the newlyweds swear that they will do whatever it takes to stay together.
 * Daddy Virgin (DADDY★バージン)

title: Katsu Aki


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Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida

Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case which held that Article One of the U.S. Constitution did not give the United States Congress the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states that is further protected under the Eleventh Amendment. Such abrogation is permitted where it is necessary to enforce the rights of citizens guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment as per Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer. The case also held that the doctrine of Ex parte Young, which allows state officials to be sued in their official capacity for prospective injunctive relief, was inapplicable under these circumstances, because any remedy was limited to the one that Congress had provided.

Indian gaming history
The Seminole Tribe of Florida owned property in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, seven miles southwest of downtown, and in the late 1970s, built a large bingo facility on that land. As this was before the enactment of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, the tribe then sued the Broward County Sheriff in federal court to prevent him from enforcing state law on tribal land. The Southern District of Florida heard the case and issued a preliminary injunction in favor of the tribe in 1979 and a permanent injunction the following year. The sheriff appealed, and the Fifth Circuit affirmed the lower court's decision.

That court decision opened the floodgates for Indian gaming, which had been shut down in 1949 by a decision in Wisconsin that Indians could not use slot machines or other gambling instruments on their reservations. Since bingo did not use those prohibited instruments, the tribes were free to open bingo halls. By 1983, about 180 bingo halls were being operated by tribes on reservations across the nation. This prompted a flood of litigation as the individual States attempted to shut down Indian gaming by either civil or criminal cases, efforts which typically failed, as in California.

As the various Indian tribes sought to obtain a steady source of revenue through gaming, some tribes went further than others. While abiding with the federal prohibition on gambling machines and instruments, the Puyallaup Indian tribe, on their reservation, opened casinos that offered blackjack, poker, and craps. Federal law enforcement authorities arrested the tribal members operating the casino and charged them with violating the Organized Crime Control Act. Similar results occurred in Michigan with the Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians.

Legislation
Beginning in 1984, Congress began to hold hearings on Indian gaming. Based on the Supreme Court decision in Cabazon that basically prohibited state regulation while allowing federal enforcement, Congress had to take some type of action. The Department of Justice (DOJ) took the position that it would be unable to prevent organized crime from being involved in Indian gaming operations. At the same time, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) called for preemptive legislation allowing tribal control and prohibiting state interference. States and non-tribal gaming interests opposed any tribal gaming.

In 1988 Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA). The final result was a compromise between the competing interests, and established three classes of gaming: Class I, traditional, low value gaming, often for ceremonial purposes; Class II, bingo and like games such as pull-tabs, and punchboards; and Class III, which included all other gaming, such as slot machines, craps, poker, and so on. Tribes are allowed to regulate all Class I/II Indian gaming, and the act set requirements for regulating Class III gaming, which was regulated by compacts between the tribes and the states, and overseen by the NIGC.

Many of the American Indian tribes were opposed to the legislation and the Mescalero Apache and Red Lake Band of Chippewa sued in an attempt to declare the law unconstitutional. The lawsuit was the first major attempt by an Indian Tribe to reverse the federal policy announced in Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, which allowed Congress to exercise plenary power over the tribes, to include reneging on treaties. The attempt was unsuccessful, with the D.C. District Court holding that existing precedent allowed Congress to regulate actions of the tribes.

The IGRA required the states to negotiate with Indian tribes to create compacts governing Indian gaming. The statute provided that if a state failed to enter into such negotiations, or to negotiate in good faith, the Tribes could sue the state in federal court in order to compel the states to negotiate. If the states still refused, the statute provided that the matter would ultimately be referred to the Secretary of the Interior. Congress had asserted its power under the part of the Commerce Clause relating to commerce with Indians to pass such a statute, abrogating the immunity of states pursuant to its express powers.

Facts of the case
The Seminole Tribe of Florida requested that the state enter into such a negotiation. When the state refused, the Tribe filed suit, as allowed by the statute, against both the state of Florida and the governor, Lawton Chiles. The District Court declined to dismiss the case, but the Eleventh Circuit reversed, holding that the Eleventh Amendment barred the suit, and that the doctrine of Ex parte Young could not be used to force good faith negotiation. The tribe then filed a petition for certiorari to the Supreme Court, which granted the petition and docketed the case. While Florida prepared to argue the case, thirty-one additional states filed amicus briefs supporting Florida's position.

A little less than two decades earlier, in Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, the Court had held that Congress can abrogate state sovereign immunity pursuant to its powers under the Fourteenth Amendment, which clearly contemplates limiting the power of the states. In Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co., the Court had held that Congress could also abrogate sovereign immunity under the Commerce Clause – but there was no majority in that decision. Justice Brennan was joined by three other justices in asserting that the Eleventh Amendment was nothing more than a reflection of common law sovereignty that could be swept aside by Congress; Justice Scalia was also joined by three other justices in taking the opposite view; and Justice Byron White wrote a separate opinion holding that Congress had such power, but stating his disagreement with Brennan's opinion (but not his own rationale).

Now, the Supreme Court was once again presented with the question of whether Congress has the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states, pursuant to the powers granted to it in Article One.

Opinion of the Court
The Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, struck down this abrogation as unconstitutional and further held that the doctrine of Ex parte Young does not apply in this situation.

The Court began by repudiating the precedential value of Union Gas, noting that there was no single majority rationale, and characterizing it as a major departure from the 19th century case of Hans v. Louisiana, which had established the modern doctrine of sovereign immunity. The Court suggested that allowing Congress to abrogate sovereign immunity improperly expanded the jurisdiction of the federal courts beyond what Article Three of the U.S. Constitution permitted. The Eleventh Amendment, it contended, had further protected the states' sovereign immunity; the Fourteenth Amendment placed limitations on the Eleventh Amendment, but only with respect to the rights guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Court also found that the doctrine of Ex parte Young did not apply, invoking the rationale of an earlier case, Schweiker v. Chilicky, for the proposition that where Congress had provided a remedial scheme, the Courts would not imply the existence of additional remedies.

Dissenting Opinions
Justice Souter wrote a lengthy dissent in which he was joined by Justices Ginsburg and Breyer. Souter's dissent focuses on the language of the Eleventh Amendment, which only appears to eliminate diversity jurisdiction between states and citizens of other states. He rejects the "critical errors" in Hans, which had read common law sovereign immunity to extend the jurisdictional bar of the Eleventh Amendment to suits between states and their own citizens. Souter discounts the importance of the common law in interpreting the Constitution because the Constitution itself was such a new and unprecedented device at the time of its creation that it was clearly intended as a rejection of the common law that came before it. As support for this contention, Souter notes that the framers of the U.S. Constitution did not include language adopting the common law that had already been adopted by many of the states in their own constitutions. Souter also notes that Congress had rejected proposed language for the Eleventh Amendment which would clearly have barred suits between states and their own citizens, and which would clearly have prevented Congress from abrogating this bar.

Souter also disagrees with the Court's rejection of Ex parte Young, noting that where Chilicky was a rejection of the extra-statutory remedy proposed, Young was merely a jurisdictional device. Souter found it implausible that Congress would wish to see their statute made completely unenforceable simply because they had included a remedy for those injured by the failure of states to abide by it.

Justice Stevens dissented separately, agreeing with the points raised in Souter's dissent, but adding some additional observations. In particular, Stevens noted that neither Justice Iredell's dissent in Chisholm v. Georgia, nor the majority opinion in Hans had addressed situations in which Congress had specifically authorized a lawsuit against a state and suggested that both opinions had in fact presumed that such a suit was possible.

Subsequent developments
The decision in Seminole Tribe was described as having "exemplified the Court's increasingly adamant refusal to countenance the headlong expansion of Congress's regulatory power under the Constitution's Commerce Clause". In Alden v. Maine (1999), the Court clarified:

"[S]overeign immunity derives not from the Eleventh Amendment but from the structure of the original Constitution itself.... Nor can we conclude that the specific Article I powers delegated to Congress necessarily include, by virtue of the Necessary and Proper Clause or otherwise, the incidental authority to subject the States to private suits as a means of achieving objectives otherwise within the scope of the enumerated powers."

In Central Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006), the Court narrowed the scope of its ruling in Seminole Tribe v. Florida. It held the Bankruptcy Clause of Article I abrogated state sovereign immunity.

title: Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida


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Paul Merage

Paul Merage (born 1943) is an American billionaire businessman who co-founded Chef America Inc., the company that popularized the microwavable frozen snack Hot Pockets.

In 2015, his net worth was estimated at $1.8 billion.

Biography
Merage was born in Iran in 1943 to a Jewish family, the son of Katherine and Andre Merage. He has four siblings: Louise, Camron, David, and Lin. His father ran an import/export business in France before he was forced to flee back to Iran prior to World War II. He attended Alborz High School in Tehran.

In 1961, at the age of 17, he immigrated to the United States to attend the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a B.A. in economics and an M.B.A.

After college, he worked for nine years in a succession of increasing responsibilities in product management at General Foods (now Kraft Heinz Company), Hunt Wesson and Specialty Foods where he was director of new products. In 1977, he Founded Chef America, Inc. with his younger brother David. Initially, Paul Merage had to obtain three mortgages on his home to fund the business. When the company ran out of initial funding the brothers also had to borrow money from their parents. Chef America started by selling frozen Belgian waffles - then largely unfamiliar in the United States - to restaurants as they were difficult to cook. In 1977, the company had $12 million in sales and was the largest mass-producer of frozen Belgian waffles in the US.

In 1983, he noticed that as more women entered the work force there was a newly emerging need for a hot meal or snack that children could easily prepare themselves when returning from school. This demographic trend coincided with the development of microwave oven for home use. Even though microwave ovens did not have widespread distribution in US households in 1983, Merage correctly predicted that microwave oven usage would continue to grow exponentially. Merage developed the concept of a quick two-minute microwaveable meal which was all enclosed in a crust for ease of handling, using nothing more than a paper towel. He named it “Hot Pockets”, and promoted it as the “Hot Meal without a Big Deal. " He personally led the effort to formulate this product; after two years of testing and experimentation, he developed and patented a unique process which resulted in a product with tasty fillings and a crispy crust. Chef America then marketed Hot Pockets nationally. By 1986, approximately 25% of US households owned a Microwave. As microwave ownership increased and as more women entered the workforce Hot pockets gained greater recognition and eventually became a success. In later years the company expanded the brand to Lean Pockets, Croissant Pockets and Breakfast Pockets.

In October 2002, he sold Chef America to Nestlé SA for $2.6 billion;, at the time, the company had sales of $750 million and over 1,800 employees.

After the sale, he co-founded MIG group of investment companies in 2003 with Richard Merage and Greg Merage. He serves as chairman of MIG parent companies. MIG Capital LLC, managed by Richard Merage is a highly ranked US Hedge fund managing over US$1 billion in assets. MIG Real Estate, managed by Greg Merage is involved in development and management of commercial real estate. It manages a large portfolio of commercial properties coast to coast. MIG Private Equity is a fund of funds with a portfolio of investments ranging from consumer products to technology companies.

Philanthropy
In 2005, Paul and Lilly Merage donated $30 million to the School of Business at University of California, Irvine, which was renamed Paul Merage School of Business in his honor. Merage also donated $3 million to the Merage Jewish Community Center of Orange County, California. He has been an active member of the Business School's advisory board which he chaired for a number of years. He has been board member and a leading donor for the Pacific Symphony and has served on the board of the Orange County Performing Arts Center. For over a decade Merage has been a major and active supporter of El Sol Academy, a dual immersion charter school in Santa Ana, California founded in 2001 with 110 students, later enrolling nearly 1,000 students in preschool through eighth grade. One of Merage's major ongoing philanthropic programs is Merage Institute for U.S.-Israel Trade. The Institute's Innovation Bridge Program has brought almost 1000 of the leading high tech Israeli scientists and business leaders to Newport Beach for a special two week business “boot camps”. The “boot camps” are focused practical, best practices, on how to best introduce and promote new Israeli technologies in the U.S. to the mutual benefit of both nations. It addresses new technologies in such fields as life sciences, security, military, IT, food/agriculture and Financial Transactions.

Personal life
Merage is a member of the University Synagogue, a Reconstructionist synagogue in Irvine, California.

title: Paul Merage


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The Wanderer (Waltari novel)

The Wanderer (in the USA) or The Sultan's Renegade (in the UK) is a 1949 historical novel by Mika Waltari. It is a sequel to The Adventurer, which tells of the adventures of a young Finnish man, Mikael Karvajalka, in 16th-century Europe. The Wanderer tells the story of how Mikael converts from Christianity to Islam and rises to a high position in the court of Suleiman the Magnificent. Many historical events are recounted in the book, but Mikael's involvement in them is fictitious.

Reception
The Mikael duology won the 1950 State Literary Prize of Finland.

title: The Wanderer (Waltari novel)


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Pedro Garfias

Pedro Garfias Zurita (May 27, 1901 – August 9, 1967) was a Spanish poet.

Garfias was born in Salamanca, Spain, but spent his childhood and youth in the Andalusian cities of Seville and Córdoba. In 1918 he moved to Madrid in order to study Law at University; however, he did not finish these studies. That year, Pedro Garfias, along with the young poets Guillermo de Torre, César A. Comet and José Rivas Panedas wrote the first Manifiesto Ultraísta (Ultraist Manifesto). It was published in the Seville-based literary magazine Grecia in 1919. In the 1920s, along with other poets, he founded the poetry magazines Horizonte and Tableros. Pedro Garfias was one of the Spanish poets of the Generation of 1927 who was more enthusiastic regarding all the avant-garde movements, as Ultraism. His first book, El Ala del Sur (Southern Wing, though can be translated as Southern Side) was published in Seville in 1926. He joined the Partido Comunista de España (Spanish Communist Party) when the Spanish Second Republic arrived. In 1938, when the Spanish Civil War was already in its second year, he was given the National Award of Literature for Poesías de la Guerra Civil Española. One of his more popular poems is Asturias, that was made into a song by the Spanish singer Víctor Manuel.

Garfias was forced into exile during the Spanish Civil War, along with other artists, writers, and intellectuals.

Garfias died in Mexico in 1967. A bronze monument stands in his honor in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Published works

 * El Ala del Sur (roughly: "Southern Wing", 1926)
 * Poesías de la Guerra Civil Española ("Poetry of the Spanish Civil War", 1938)
 * Primavera en Eaton Hasting ("Spring in Eaton Hasting", 1939)

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