text:
Tamiya Corporation

Tamiya Incorporated (株式会社タミヤ) is a Japanese manufacturer of plastic model kits, radio-controlled cars, battery and solar powered educational models, sailboat models, acrylic and enamel model paints, and various modeling tools and supplies. The company was founded by Yoshio Tamiya in Shizuoka, Japan, in 1946.

The company has gained a reputation among hobbyists of producing models of outstanding quality and accurate scale detail. The company's philosophy is reflected directly in its motto: "First in quality around the world". Tamiya's metal molds are produced from plans with the concept of being "easy to understand and build, even for beginners". The box art is also consistent with this principles. Tamiya has been awarded the Modell des Jahres (Model of the Year) award, hosted by the German magazine ModellFan.

Products currently commercialized by Tamiya include (toy and collectibles): scale plastic model cars, aircraft, military vehicles, motorcycles, figurines, radio-controlled cars, trucks, and tanks. Tamiya also produces materials and tools, including enamel paints, acrylic paints, airbrushes, aerosol paint, and marker pens.

Entrance of plastic models
The company was founded in 1946 as Tamiya Shoji & Co. (Tamiya Commerce Company in translation) by Yoshio Tamiya (ja) (15 May 1905 – 2 November 1988) in Oshika, Shizuoka City. Initially the company was a sawmill and lumber supply. With the high availability of wood, the timber company's wood products division (founded in 1947) also started to produce wooden models of ships and airplanes, which later became the company's main line of production. In 1953, the company stopped selling architectural lumber and focused solely on model making.

In the mid-1950s, wooden model sales were decreasing due to foreign-made plastic models starting to be imported. This led the company to also manufacture plastic models, starting in 1959. Their first model was the Japanese battleship Yamato. Tamiya's competitors already sold similar models for 350 yen, forcing the company to match the price. However, at this cheap price, Tamiya was unable to recover the cost of producing metal molds, so once again, they refocused on wooden models.

In the 1960s, advance in technology made the use of metal molds no longer necessary to produce plastic toys, so Tamiya was able to release a racecar mini-kit, which financed the production of their next plastic model. To their good fortune, it became a hit. They decided that their second plastic model would be the Panther tank—it had a linear form, which would make the molds simple to produce. They commissioned illustrator Shigeru Komatsuzaki (ja) to create the box art. The Panther gained a good reputation for several of its features: it was motorized, had a good moving performance and was accompanied with a clear instruction manual, which made it easy to assemble. The model was made in a 1:35 scale— which later became the standard scale for military modelling. This particular scale was chosen because it was decided that the tank would hold two Type 2 batteries, despite using just one of them for its function.

Metal molds
Initially, Tamiya ordered metal molds from outside contractors, but often had delays and unclear pricing, which led to business problems. They decided then to scout metal-mold craftsmen to hire and created their own Metal Molds division in 1964. Starting in 1966, they transferred a number of craftsmen to the Mold Manufacturing Factory. These craftsmen slowly gained the know-how and came to make molds for Tamiya. Today, computer-aided design (CAD) is also used in the development process.

Tamiya's models became renowned for the extremely high accuracy of their molds, which reflected in the final product after assembly. For example, in the early days when the company manufactured plastic models using craftsmen's skills, Tamiya represented bolts very accurately as hexagonal posts, while other companies' products represented bolts as simple hemispheric protuberances. This level of detail and thoroughness with which they produced their models earned them a high reputation, including overseas.

Packaging
On early products, from 1961 to 1967, the box art was done by outsourced illustrators, including Shigeru Komatsuzaki. These box arts, which expanded the product image and had a feeling of "compositions of achievement" or "a story contained in a picture", further enhanced Tamiya's brand.

However, in an attempt to make the box art more accurate and visually precise, the 1968 racing car model appeared on a white background without scenery. This experiment turned out to be popular, and after that, Tamiya completely switched to white background art on their packaging (except for some aircraft and ship models).

Shigeru Komatsuzaki's box art, which had contributed to Tamiya's early image, has now almost disappeared from Tamiya's products due to the change in box art strategies and the discontinuation of former products.

In the 1970s, some box art of model tanks contained images of items not included in the box. This became a problem when Tamiya began exporting these models internationally, due to false advertising laws. Tamiya dealt with this by erasing the items and retouching the backgrounds.

Timeline

 * 1960 – 1:800 battleship Yamato, Tamiya's first plastic model. Due to the poor sales, Tamiya diverted the product to battleship Musashi.
 * 1961 – 1:35 Panther tank, Tamiya's first tank model. Tamiya's famous 1:35 scale originates in the size of this motorized model (using two C batteries), which was 1:35 of the actual Panther tank by chance.
 * 1964 – Tamiya established an in-house mold and die department.
 * 1966 – Shunsaku Tamiya visited the United States Army Ordnance Museum for the first time for covering the tanks. The coverage result at this time became Tamiya's early underlying data for tank models. After this visit, Tamiya came to cover actual vehicles eagerly in the tank museums around the world, including the Bovington Tank Museum. While visiting the Aberdeen Tank Museum, Maryland, since no pictures or sketches of the classified tanks were permitted, Tamiya employees sketched all they could remember as soon as they left the grounds.
 * 1967 – 1:12 Honda F-1; completed with the cooperation of Honda. The next year, this model was shown at the Nuremberg Toy Fair in Germany where Tamiya became the first Japanese model kit manufacturer to exhibit.
 * 1968 – 1:35 German Tank Soldier Set; the first product in the Military Miniature Series.
 * 1976 – 1:12 Porsche 934 Turbo RSR. Tamiya actually purchased a real Porsche 911, dismantled it, and rebuilt it in order to better understand the car. Tamiya diverted the die to make a radio-controlled car (RC car) version of the Porsche 934. Although sale of the plastic model of the 1:12 Porsche 934 was poor, the RC car version was a great success. In 2006, Tamiya choose the 934 Turbo RSR as the product to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Tamiya's RC car series.
 * 1980s – Tamiya introduced programmable logic controllers for moving models. These used a 4-bit microcontroller.
 * 1986 – Hotshot Jr.; the first in the popular Racer Mini 4WD series.

Trademark
On the release of Tamiya's first plastic model, Shunsaku Tamiya (son of founder Yoshiro Tamiya) commissioned his younger brother, Masao, then a first-year student at Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music Design Department, to create a new trademark. He created the logo called the "Star Mark". At first, it was decorated with English. In 1960, with the release of the slot car, the design was changed to its current form. The left red star stands for creativity and passion, and the right blue star stands for youth and sincerity.

Mascot
Between 1984 and 1989, Tamiya had its own mascot called Plastic Model Moko-chan, who has a rabbit sidekick called Rabbi-kun (プラモ). Together, they were sometimes titled Moko-chan (and) Rabbi-kun (ja:プラモのモ子ちゃん). Drawn by manga artist Fujita Yukihisa, they usually appeared in various Japanese language pamphlets and in comics with Japan-released Tamiya models. They would teach kids about the various models they were building. There was even a series on how to build them, all in a comic format, as well as its only bilingual series of leaflets titled RC Lecture by Moko-chan (モ子ちゃんRC講座), teaching children RC car care and maintenance.

Although Tamiya no longer uses these characters, they still have a large following with devotees. Nowadays, in the instructions of some plastic 1:35 scale tanks, a tank crewman usually gives tips.

Publications
Tamiya News has been published by Tamiya Model and is an informational, monthly publication about the company's own models. Started in 1967, it was published bimonthly with an occasional special supplement. For a long time, it cost 50 yen, but was later raised to 100 yen. The unique, thin publications were placed in envelopes and sent out via standard mail. Introductory articles on new products, model shops, model clubs, and conversions were included, as well as articles on famous and obscure modelers. A sister publication with articles focused on miniature vehicles and bullet racers, Tamiya Junior News, exists as a free publication (formerly costing 20 yen, but now is available for download as a PDF from Tamiya's website).

Other model-related publications held doll-conversion contests or scenic photo contests, and then they published the results in booklets. In the UK in 1985, Tamiya Model Magazine was launched. It was published initially as a quarterly title, then bimonthly, and finally monthly, as it remains now. The magazine is produced by British publisher Doolittle Media. It promotes new and existing Tamiya products, but also includes the model products from other manufacturers.

Representative models
The early Military Miniature Series differed from the western standard scales of the time and used 1:35 scale. The models had the option for the inclusion of batteries and a gear box for motorization. These models were easy to assemble, looked good after assembly, and had accurate parts. These qualities gave the series a good reputation since its release. However, the option for motorization meant that the models needed to be inaccurate in some respects in order to work as motorized kits. More scale-accurate products which did not allow for motorization were renewed after the Tiger I's later model.

After that, Tamiya's family of products was seen world-wide. Noticing other companies were imitating their ease of assembly and accuracy of parts, Tamiya went a step further and added deformities in order to make the finished models look more realistic. However, some modelers felt these deformities were out of place.

In 2004, the new 1:48 scale series began, and World War items were released at a remarkable pace.

A small-scale 1:700 Water Line Series proudly displayed Tamiya's skill. There are many kits in this series. Kihachiro Ueda handled most of the box art for the Water Line Series. It includes:

 * Sports Car Series
 * Grand Prix Series
 * Motorcycle Series
 * Mini-jet Series (after 2004, this was re-released as the Combat Plane Series)
 * Warbird Collection

Cars
In 1976, Tamiya entered the RC market with their first RC model, the Porsche 934 Turbo RSR. Today, these models are sold both in Japan and worldwide. To commemorate the 30th Anniversary of this first Tamiya RC model, Tamiya re-released a limited number of models in December 2006, including their flagship model, the Porsche Turbo RSR 934 Racing Edition, which was part of the early phase of Tamiya's RC career.

Radio-controlled model types have included:

 * Countach Competition Special
 * Super Champ
 * Ford F-150 Ranger
 * Toyota Hilux 4x4
 * Chevrolet S-10
 * Hilux 4x4 High-lift
 * Mountaineer
 * Ford F-350 High-lift
 * Can-Am Lola Racing Master Mk.1
 * Subaru BRAT
 * Lancia Rally
 * Grasshopper
 * Mighty Frog
 * Wild One
 * Hornet
 * Falcon
 * Hotshot
 * Boomerang
 * Fast Attack Vehicle
 * Desert Gator
 * Sand Viper
 * Avante
 * Avante 2001
 * Top Force
 * Dyna Storm
 * Dark Impac
 * Keen Hawk
 * Avante Mk. II
 * Twin Detonator
 * Wild Dagger
 * Double Blaze
 * Blackfoot Xtreme
 * Clod Buster
 * TXT1
 * Tamtech Series
 * Terra Crusher
 * TNX (Tamiya)
 * TNX 5.2R
 * Nitrage 5.2
 * Bigwig
 * Fox
 * Monster Beetle
 * Celica
 * Porsche 959 Paris-Dakar Rall
 * Blackfoot
 * Midnight Pumpkin
 * Super Shot
 * Super Sabre
 * Striker
 * Sonic Fighter
 * Lunch Box
 * Nissan King Cab
 * Wild Willy
 * Wild Willy 2
 * Farm King
 * Tumbling Bull
 * Big Wig
 * TRF 416X
 * TRF 417
 * TRF 417X
 * Nissan R91CP
 * Mazda 787B
 * Mercedes C-11
 * Jaguar XJR-12
 * Sand Scorcher
 * TRF 201
 * Rising Fighter
 * TT-01 series

The TRF 416X, TRF 417, and TRF 417X models can be fitted with a Hydrogen Fuel Cell with the H-Cell 2.0 product, making this one of the only (if not the only) professional quality, hydrogen powered model car. The manufacturer claims enhanced run times of over 4 hours on a single hydrogen charge.

Mini four-wheel drives

 * Ford Ranger 4x4 (July 13, 1982: Mini 4WD) – An early Mini 4WD, released at the same time as the Chevrolet Pickup 4x4.
 * Hotshot Jr. (June 16, 1986: Racing Mini 4WD) – An early Racing Mini 4WD.
 * Avante Jr (December 15, 1988: Racing Mini 4WD) – Said to be the first appearance of a mini 4WD for serious racing use.
 * Sonic Saber (September 7, 1994: Fully Cowled Mini 4WD) – An early Fully Cowled machine, released at the same time as the Magnum Saber.
 * Nitro Thunder (November 18, 2005: Mini 4WD PRO) – An early Mini 4WD PRO, released at the same time as Nitro Force.
 * Aero Avante (July 14, 2012: Mini 4WD REV) – An early Mini 4WD REV, featuring a new, aerodynamic, and monocoque chassis design.
 * Lord Spirit (August 28, 2021: Laser Mini 4WD) – An early Laser Mini 4WD, featuring a chassis with removable front and rear bumpers, and special clear-colored parts to help with the car's stability.

They also produce very high end mini four-wheel drive models in the EVO chassis. These are chassis that have carbon fiber and aluminum components.

Other
Tamiya produces components for moving toys and models (such as their Fun Craft Series), and also produces kits to make simple robots. Another popular product is the older Mabuchi Motor, which runs in water.

In 1960, beginning with the Honda F1 (RA273), Tamiya dealt with many plastic models of Formula One (F1) racecars. This led the company to sponsor Team Lotus in.

Since 1976's Tyrrell P34, Tamiya pays royalties to the teams whose cars their models were based on. Because of Tamiya's reputation for quality, they built strong relations with the teams, even to the point where the teams' well-guarded engineering designs (CAD data) were shown exclusively to Tamiya and no other model makers. However, recently this sort of arrangement has lessened, models are based on alternative references (like news photographs), and royalties demanded by F1 teams have risen. Thus, sales of new models have become more difficult in recent years. Other model companies have taken over the F1 market (such as Model Factory Hiro) and now have the connections that Tamiya used to have with current and past F1 teams.

Tamiya's 1:48 Mini Military AFV, complete even to the point where it was given weathering, aimed to expand the market for completed, painted models. In order to accommodate that, Tamiya employs about 1,200 workers to make finished die cast models which are then shipped to hobby markets around the world. In September 2000, policemen in Cebu City, Philippines began operations to arrest people betting on Tamiya toy car races, which they consider a form of illegal gambling.

Association with CAVE
In March 2005, Tamiya partnered with the game developer CAVE. In June of the same year, they started developing content for mobile phones. Coinciding with releasing the Mini 4WD PRO model car that November, the online game "Mini 4WD Online Racer" and corresponding website were announced. At first, the service schedule was for spring 2006, but because of delays, official service was postponed to summer 2007.

On February 1, 2006, Tamiya and CAVE established Mini 4WD Networks Co., Ltd., a spin-off business dealing with miniature vehicles. In July of the same year, the company began the "MINIon Club" service, a social networking site which also gave special deals on miniature vehicles.

Overseas subsidiaries
Internationally, Tamiya has several subsidiaries:
 * Tamiya America, Inc.
 * Tamiya Philippines, Inc.
 * Tamiya Hong Kong, LTD
 * Tamiya Europe, GmbH

Tamiya is a major shareholder of Creative Master Bermuda Limited, a Hong Kong-based contract manufacturer which includes Tamiya among its clients.

Facilities
Tamiya has several large regional divisions, notably in Irvine, California, home of Tamiya America, the North, Central, and South American branch responsible for many of the company's racing developments. Tamiya America also features a world-class racing facility in Aliso Viejo, California—which is the site of several world championship events—as well as an annual scale model contest called Tamiya/Con, the last of which was held in 2006.

Presently, over half of Tamiya's products are manufactured in Antipolo City, Philippines. An assembly plant is located in Mactan Export Processing Zone, Cebu, Philippines.

Tamiya Europe is located in Germany.

Guinness World Records
Tamiya radio-controlled models previously held two Guinness World Records, both for distances travelled:
 * Greatest distance by a radio-controlled model car on one set of batteries
 * 38.28 km by David Stevens of Australia, Templestowe Flat Track Racing Club, Templestowe, Victoria, Australia on 20 April 2013. Car used: Tamiya F104 v2 with LRP 2S Lipo motor.
 * Greatest distance by a radio-controlled model car in 24 hours
 * 269.7 km by students of Anna-Schmidt-Schule at a route between Hesse and Thuringia, Germany, on 24 July 2011, taking 14 hours and 50 minutes. Car used: Tamiya Desert Gator with LRP Quantum Bullet motor.
 * The school previously held the record for the single battery pack 34.1958 km at Tamiya Raceway Sonneberg in Sonneberg.

title: Tamiya Corporation


text:
Rowe Findley

Cecil Rowe Findley (1925 – April 9, 2003) was an American freelance journalist best known for his work as writer and assistant editor for National Geographic magazine.

Career
After graduating from the University of Missouri with a degree in journalism and serving in the United States Air Force during World War II for 36 months, Findley joined the National Geographic Society in 1959 and worked for the magazine for 31 years. He traveled more than 25,000 miles for assignments such as retracing the routes of historical photographer William Henry Jackson and the routes of the Pony Express. His article on the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was voted by its readers as the most popular ever published. Findley also wrote for Missouri newspapers and the Kansas City Star for ten years. During his time at the Society, Findley wrote 18 articles and one book.

Personal
He resided in Falls Church, VA, with his wife Mary Virginia until his death in April 2003. He is survived by his wife and his sons David, Stephen, and John, all of whom live in Northern Virginia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rowe Findley


text:
Talk:Big Bug Man

Untitled
If the content is true, we should probably have an article about this film. Rich Farmbrough 20:34, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

We all hope that the team is able to complete the film one day. It would be a wonderful thing to have Marlon's final film completed and released. Thanks to all that support the team.

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title: Talk:Big Bug Man


text:
Talk:Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 September 2021 and 14 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Cooper.Lee21.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

97% chance
The stat on a solider having a 97% survival rate once they reach a MASH unit is very hard to verify. There are no reliable references to this stat that I can find on the web, nor a search through some papers on MASH units. The stat appears to originate from the TV series MASH, Season 4, Episode 24. I think that unless someone can find some stats to back it up, it needs to be removed. Besides, my own personal view (which shouldn't come in to it, but does) says that 97% is an incredibly high survival rate for battlefield injuries. The only way I can see that working is that since the MASH unit is back from the war front, in the time it takes to get the wounded to the unit, those that were going to die, already have done so, and therefore don't weigh the stat down. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.98.166.152 (talk) 11:26, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Mac-Pap
The Mac-Pap Battalion entry claims that Dr. Norman Bethume invented the MASH. I don't know who's right but I wanted to point out the disrepency. —User:207.200.137.3 15:35, 9 April 2005 (UTC)

 * Bethume developed the first modern mobile military medical units during the Spanish Civil War. Strictly speaking a “MASH” (Mobil Army Surgical Hospital) was a specific type of U.S. Army medical unit, eventually replaced by a CSH (Combat Support Hospital).  Due to the popularity of the series M*A*S*H, many people now informally use “MASH” to refer to any mobile military field hospital. —MJBurrage •  talk  • 15:17, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Bethume's article has a vague reference to developing medical units for use near the front, but look at the picture in the article. It is a truck carrying supplies. The MASH was fully functional as a hospital unit, self sufficient in many regards for use in the field. E.g., it had tents for housing patients & staff, surgical units, pharmacy, lab, x-ray equipment, etc. The present article has an excellent WP:RS for the pioneers of the concept -- a NYT obit. I've modified the claim in Bethume's articles (both) to describe what he did as a precursor, not a model for the MASH.--S. Rich (talk) 03:17, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Still a Stub?
Is this article a stub? It provides enough links and information in my opinion to have the stub banner at the bottom removed...

If no one replies to this comment I'll remove it 5 July. —User:Flydpnkrtn 00:53, 3 July 2005 (UTC)

An essay some may be interested in reading
I closed a VFD debate, Votes for deletion/M*A*S*H developments in Korea, over an essay which some people expressed interest in having merged with this article. I have left the essay in the history, and can be found at this link. —Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:11, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Decommissioned?
This article states that the last MASH unit was decommissioned in 1997. However AP reported today that the US Army sent a MASH unit to Pakistan. —User:69.157.125.216 16:58, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The link provided to the 212 website insinuates the MASH is still operating. Why does the article then say that the last unit was decommissioned?Michael Dorosh 19:55, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
 * NPR Story indicating decommissioning: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5219020 Darthnice 20:26, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

The 1997 story was for the unit in Korea, not the very very last MASH.--S. Rich (talk) 03:18, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

I shall add, the NPR story I looked at does not mention decommissioning. Perhaps the confusion arises from the term decommission. My guess is we gave surplus/excess equipment to the Paks and the 212 continued on. Indeed, I've updated the Article webpage that shows them as active and which lists a Soldier and NCO of the Year for 2009. With this in mind, I'm going to tag or delete the material in the article.--S. Rich (talk) 04:07, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

A History
http://www.nmanet.org/JMNA_Journal_Articles/May-JNMA/Hist648.pdf

Among other things it mentions MUST and MAST being in Viet Nam. —User:Gbleem 01:46, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

MASH in M*A*S*H*
It should be noted that this comparison is only to the TV series. In the movie, the staff was much larger. There were 17 nurses, and several other surgeons. Even The Swamp had one more resident and they didn't all work the same shifts. 174.91.4.181 (talk) 05:55, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

MASH
The usage of is up for discussion, see Talk:M*A*S*H -- 70.24.250.103 (talk) 06:03, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

More details about what a MASH consisted of please?
Whilst providing a general overview of what it did, this article gives no insight into the scale of a MASH - how many doctors / nurses / patients / other staff were part of it. Of course this may reflect that many configurations existed over the years, but it seems to be a lack. Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 20:48, 7 July 2014 (UTC)

Hello Ender&#39,

I will be uploading a bunch of information at some point soon. Please stay tuned.

Best,

Cooper.21 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cooper.Lee21 (talk • contribs) 18:44, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 21 January 2018

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move, after extended discussion. bd2412 T 01:50, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Mobile army surgical hospital (US) → Mobile army surgical hospital – There is nothing to disambiguate from. RadiculousJ (talk) 00:19, 21 January 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. bd2412  T 20:00, 30 January 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:50, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

 * queried move request Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:52, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * other countries usually call them field hospitals but the US term has spread as the US mobile element has been copied. Either retain (US) or capitalize. In ictu oculi (talk) 00:28, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * see above Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:55, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose so as above; either it's a proper noun, in which case capital Mobile A.. S.. H... Or it's a generic common noun phrase (since other field hospitals can also be mobile) and retain (US). In ictu oculi (talk) 08:32, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose and suggest MASH unit - I believe this is the more WP:COMMONNAME for this, demonstrated by this google ngram. Mobile Army Surgical Hospital comes in a close second on the ngram and would acceptable also. The (US) part is redundant/out-of-place and should be eliminated. -- Netoholic @ 10:05, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Many nations' armies have mobile army surgical hospitals, even if they are not called that officially. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 13:34, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * That's irrelevant here. If other topics aren't called by this name, it's not ambiguous.--Cúchullain t/ c 22:14, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Only the US Army commonly uses this name for its field hospitals. No need for disambiguation or capitalisation. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:20, 26 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Move. There are no other articles titled "Mobile army surgical hospital", and the base name redirects here, so disambiguation is unnecessary. Sources don't appear to consistently capitalize the phrase, so MOS:CAPS would recommend decapitalizing it. "MASH unit" doesn't appear to be more common in a straight Google Books search, so my !vote goes for writing out the acronym.--Cúchullain t/ c 22:14, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Reiterate oppose, and call for speedy close as invalid: the discovery of Mobile army surgical hospital (Norway) article which none of the supports noticed makes the rationale for the move invalid. Not that it wasn't already invalid by the fact that the idea was developed by the French in WWI and the AEF Mobile Hospital No.1 was developed following French advice. In ictu oculi (talk) 23:02, 30 January 2018 (UTC)
 * A hatnote is perfectly sufficient for that single instance. The overwhelming use of this term is for American hospitals, so it still qualifies as primary topic. Note that I'm British and I certainly wouldn't associate its use with any country other than the USA. The concept may be identical to other units from other countries; the name is unique to the USA (I would suspect the Norwegian hospital was only given that name in Korea to facilitate international co-operation, as opposed to it being the standard name for Norwegian field hospitals). -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:22, 31 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Especially as that article is actually titled "Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital" and was known as NORMASH, not "mobile army surgical hospital". At any rate the present topic is the clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC in terms of both page views and historical significance.--Cúchullain t/ c 21:23, 31 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Mobile Army Surgical Hospital


text:
Aston railway station

Aston railway station serves the districts of Aston and Nechells in Birmingham, England. The passenger entrance is on Lichfield Road and accessable via the staircase or lifts to take you to the platform which is raised. The station is on the Cross-City Line and the Chase Line. It is one of two local stations for Aston Villa Football Club (the other being Witton) and near to the Aston Expressway and to Gravelly Hill Interchange (Spaghetti Junction).

History
The route of the Grand Junction Railway, sweeping in a wide arc from Perry Barr through Aston to its terminus at Vauxhall, was dictated by the refusal of James Watt the younger, the tenant of Aston Hall, to allow the railway to encroach upon Aston Park in the grounds of the Hall as planned in the Grand Junction's Act of 1833. The line was originally intended to enter Birmingham through a mile-long tunnel under the high ground on which the park is situated. In clause IV of a second Act of 1834, the Grand Junction was forbidden from:

 * "enter(ing) upon or into, take, injure or damage, for the purposes of this Act...any Part of a certain Park lying within the parish of Aston-juxta-Birmingham in the County of Warwick, and Handsworth in the County of Stafford, known by the name of Aston Park..."

In 1846, the Grand Junction was one of several railways which were merged and incorporated into the London and North Western Railway (LNWR). Aston was opened by the LNWR in 1854 and became a junction in 1862, when a line was opened to Sutton Coldfield by the same railway.

In 1880, the LNWR opened a line from Aston to Stechford, on the Birmingham to Coventry line, which also gave access to the Metropolitan Carriage and Wagon Company's works (later Metro-Cammell) at Saltley. It was reached by a short private siding, known in LMS days as the Metropolitan Siding, opened in 1904; this is what the LNWR termed Washwood Heath Junction, at the point where the Aston-Stechford line passed over the Midland Railway from Birmingham to Derby. The Metropolitan Siding descended on an incline from Washwood Heath Junction and was the subject of detailed instructions on the working of trains and prevention of what the instructions term "breakaway" wagons on the siding. The new line was also used for the Wolverhampton portions of some London expresses and also to provide through carriages between Euston and Walsall. In May 2022 the arched viaduct carrying the Aston-Stechford line was replaced with a new steel bridge, 92 metres long with space below for the future HS2 tracks to run parallel to the Birmingham-Derby line.

The first station at Aston was replaced by a new building during the construction of the Stechford line, with a booking office level with Lichfield Road. Stairs and hydraulic lifts for goods traffic gave access to each of the two platforms.

Also in 1880, the LNWR opened a line for freight traffic from Aston to Windsor Street goods depot. The latter line closed in 1980. The LNWR's Aston locomotive depot ("Aston Shed") was opened in 1883, in the area between the Aston to Birmingham and the Aston to Stechford lines; it had an entrance on Long Acre, Nechells. It was closed in 1965, by then under British Railways ownership.

The line between Aston, Vauxhall and Duddeston was quadrupled in 1891.

In 1900, a connection to Nechells gas works was opened from a point near Nechells Park Road bridge on the line towards Birmingham New Street. When the gas works closed in 1969, the branch was taken out of use at the same time. Although the tracks have been lifted, the embankment on which it ran remains substantially intact.

The station became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. It then passed to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.

When sectorisation was introduced, the station was served by Regional Railways on behalf of the West Midlands PTE, for whom British Rail had been running the trains since the PTE's inception.

In 2011, London Midland, proposed a major reduction in the opening hours of the ticket office, with complete closure at weekends.

Electrification and resignalling
Apart from the Sutton Coldfield branch, all of the routes passing through Aston, including the Windsor Street branch, were electrified in 1966 as part of the London Midland Region's electrification programme. The line from Coventry to Walsall, via Aston, was energised on 15 August 1966.

In preparation for electrification, Aston's two mechanical signal boxes, Aston No. 1 and No. 2, were closed; semaphore signalling was replaced by multiple-aspect colour light signals and control transferred to the power signal box at Birmingham New Street.

Electrification of the line to Sutton and Lichfield was completed in 1992, as part of the modernisation of the Cross-City Line.

In 2017, control of the signalling at Aston was transferred to the West Midlands Signalling Centre at Saltley.

Location
The station is situated adjacent to and above the Lichfield Road (A5127), crossed by a bridge as the railway line, part of the original Grand Junction Railway, opened in 1837, is on an embankment through what was "pastoral parkland" at the time of its construction. The line also crosses the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, just south of Lichfield Road, on a bridge which is all that remains of a longer viaduct of ten arches, described as "one of the most beautiful structures on the line of the Grand Junction".

The section of the viaduct crossing Lichfield Road, immediately south of the station, was replaced by a steel bridge in 1906.

Services

Aston is served by West Midlands Trains with regular services on both the Cross-City Line and the Chase Line Cross-City services are operated using  and  Electric multiple units (EMUs) while Chase Line services are operated using  and  EMUs.

The typical service pattern is as follows:

Mondays to Saturdays:
 * 4 trains per hour (tph) northbound to Four Oaks via Sutton Coldfield, departing from Platform 1.
 * Of which:
 * 2 tph continue to Lichfield Trent Valley via Lichfield City.
 * 2tph to Walsall via Tame Bridge Parkway, departing from Platform 1.
 * Of which:
 * 2tpd continue to Rugeley Trent Valley
 * 6 tph southbound to Birmingham New Street via Duddeston, departing from Platform 2.
 * Of which:
 * 4 tph continue to Longbridge via University, calling at all stations Five Ways to Longbridge.
 * 2 tph extend further to Redditch via Alvechurch.
 * 2 tph extend further to Bromsgrove, 1tph does not call at Barnt Green.
 * 2 tph continue to Wolverhampton via Smethwick Galton Bridge, calling at all stations Smethwick Rolfe Street to Wolverhampton.
 * Services towards Redditch and Wolverhampton call at Duddeston, services towards Bromsgrove do not.

Sundays:
 * 2tph northbound to Lichfield Trent Valley.
 * 1tph to Walsall.
 * 2tph southbound to Redditch.
 * 1tph to Wolverhampton.

The average journey time to Birmingham New Street is around 7 minutes.

Early days
In January 1858 there were eight trains from Aston (originating in Birmingham) to Wolverhampton via Bescot Junction and Willenhall, the first at 08:21 and the last at 21:11 on weekdays. In the opposite direction, on weekdays, nine trains from Wolverhampton arrived at Aston between 08:51 and 22:25. The Sunday service consisted of six trains in each direction. The timetable shows one "government" or Parliamentary train in each direction, running every day. Most trains provided through carriages to Derby via Walsall and Lichfield, dividing at Bescot.

Twentieth century
In the LNWR timetable dated 3 October 1921, the service to and from Lichfield City (the extension from Sutton Coldfield to Lichfield was opened in 1884) is shown as roughly hourly on weekdays, with additional trains terminating at Four Oaks approximately every 30 minutes. On Sundays five trains ran to and from Sutton. Trains to Wolverhampton and Walsall ran at irregular intervals on weekdays, with service of five trains to and from Walsall on Sundays. An interesting service was the New Street to New Street "circular" via Aston, Perry Barr, Soho Road and Monument Lane, with two trains completing the full anti-clockwise circuit, but only one in the opposite direction. Most clockwise trains finished their journey at Vauxhall and Duddeston. There was no Sunday service.

Trains on the circular route are shown in the Summer 1939 London, Midland and Scottish Railway timetable as taking 43 minutes for the complete New Street-New Street circuit. Otherwise, the pattern of services in the months leading up to the outbreak of the Second World War had hardly changed since 1921.

The London Midland Region timetable dated 10 September 1951 shows an irregular interval service of approximately hourly trains to and from Walsall and a similar service to Lichfield City via Sutton, with some trains running only as far as Four Oaks (tables 68 and 69). In the Summer 1963 timetable, by which time diesel multiple units were operating on both routes, there was a regular-interval service pattern throughout the day: on weekdays every hour to Walsall and Rugeley Town, and every 30 minutes to Sutton and Lichfield, with occasional trains still terminating at Four Oaks.

After electrification, services to Walsall were operated by Class AM4 (later re-designated British Rail Class 304) electric multiple units. The 1970-1971 London Midland timetable (Table 9) shows a weekdays only service of regular-interval hourly trains throughout the day, augmented at peak periods with additional services. There was also one service, originating at Walsall, which left Aston at 0717 for Coventry via Stechford. (There was no corresponding service in the Walsall direction). The Sutton and Lichfield service was largely unchanged from 1963 on weekdays but there was now no Sunday service.

The above patterns applied also to trains to and from Birmingham New Street, where all trains from Aston to Walsall and Four Oaks or Lichfield originated.

Following the introduction of the Cross-City Line in 1978, Aston gained through trains to and from Longbridge via Birmingham New Street. The basic pattern was Lichfield to Longbridge and vice versa hourly throughout the day Monday-Saturday, with additional trains running from Four Oaks to Longbridge and vice versa at 15-minute intervals. There were also additional trains to and from Redditch at peak times. On Sundays, Aston was served by a 30-minute frequency of trains to and from Four Oaks and Longbridge. Trains were operated by British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units. The Walsall service remained basically unchanged from 1970 to 1971, with no Sunday service.

Bus connections
Buses 65 and 67 operated by National Express West Midlands pass the station.

Amenities nearby
The station serves:
 * Aston Hall
 * Aston Events Centre
 * Aston Villa F.C.
 * Aston University (using one of the frequent bus services listed above along Lichfield Road towards Birmingham City Centre).
 * Church of SS Peter & Paul, Aston
 * King Edward VI Aston School

title: Aston railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zit (comic)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 03:44, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Zit (comic)
As near as I can tell, this may be made up. Googling any of the characters' names returns zero results. Feco 20:35, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Since this is in fact a real thing, I revoke my nomiation for VfD. Google has failed me and I've lost all faith in the world. One must admit, the article does look suspicously like a clever hoax. Let it run the VfD course and it will be kept. Feco 20:10, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

As a side note: Googling for 'zit comic' finds several references. --Vodex 21:56, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - It is a real comic. A search on eBay.co.uk brings up a few copies of it for sale.  Several online video retailers list "Zit Magazine - The Video" (though it has long been deleted).  --Daniel Lawrence 20:41, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I created this article and I read dozens of issues of Zit. If it didn't exist then I spent my teenaged years hallucinating. Seriously though, despite an alarming absence on Google searches, there are a few links, like an illustrator who lists "Zit" amongst his credits and someone selling an old copy of Zit. Robert Mercer 21:54, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting, haven't seen a case like this before. I'd say weak keep on the argument that a published comic (other than by vanity press, by self-publishing, or only on the internet) would be somewhat encyclopedic. If we have a lot of similar material we might need to form some guideline for this, akin to the 'music inclusion guideline'. Radiant_* 22:34, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's notable, sadly. It was like Viz without the tact. Dbiv 23:03, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Iccch. I wish I could vote delete, but this is real, so keep. If anyone tries to create an individual entry for Micky Munk and his Magic Spunk, I say we ban their IPs and have them killed. DS 01:28, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Legitimate publication. Wasn't this the title of an underground comix publication, too? 23skidoo 04:51, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Legitimate publication, and a member ofUK underground Viz knockoffs in good standing. --Vodex 16:42, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I, too, remember this, and may flesh it out later. CatCrofts 05:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Iron(III) chloride

Production
The article is about the 3 chloride, but one of the production methods listed is;

"Solutions of iron(III) chloride are produced industrially both from iron and from ore, in a closed-loop process.

1. Dissolving pure iron in a solution of iron(III) chloride

Fe(s) + 2 FeCl3(aq) → 3 FeCl2(aq)"

Reducing the 3 chloride to the 2. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.152.25.154 (talk) 12:49, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Old talk
Hi Martin, this is it: as simple as that. Wim van Dorst 20:36, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)

Hi Wim- does this template go on the talk page, or the article page? Does it apply if we use any of the templates, or just certain ones? Thanks, Walkerma 21:25, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

These wikiproject templates go on the talk page. Sofar 'we' have defined only two templates in the wikiproject: the which can be used both in stub articles or on their talk page, and this  which you see above. Note that on the Chemistry Wikiproject wikipage, I preliminarily defined this one template as applicable to all Chemistry wikiprojects and its sub-wikiprojects, although that can be elaborated if we choose so. Wim van Dorst 22:06, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC).

Thanks! I see I missed the bit about the talk page before (sorry!), but this clarifies it all nicely. Walkerma 22:23, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Whoever did the bulk of the work here did a good job, because this is a nfty report. One suggestion: the article conflates anhydrous and hydrated forms, which can be misleading and even dangerous. They are quite different chemical critters. --Smokefoot 18:29, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I wrote a lot of this. Yes, I know they are very different beasts, just like with SnCl4 and AlCl3.  You're doing a nice job on rewriting the page, keep it up!  I think it would be hard justifying separate pages for the anhydrous and the hydrate, we need to find a format that works well without conflating.  What you see is my attempt, in effect a first attempt, I started from a blank page.  Whatever you can come up with to improve on that may be worth discussing, perhaps we can apply an ideas you have to the many other halides that have similar issues.  One minor thing, Greenwood & Earnshaw say anhydrous FeCl3 is brown-black; where are you getting the green-black color from?  Thanks for your excellent work, Walkerma 19:41, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Well you did a great job on a species whose applicability I underestimated until reading your article and confirming it in my sources. About the color, I'll recheck, because I did feel uncomfortable with the factoid I found.--Smokefoot 04:21, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey, who'd have thought it - reflected vs transmitted light! You learn something every day! Thanks for digging that up, Smokefoot, now we have an interesting quirky property instead of a boring piece of data! Walkerma 06:03, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Dear Sirs,

a discussion about the commerciality of "Suppliers" is started here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:213.188.227.119

My main sorrow is, that these "suppliers" are in front of the literature and external links, making the commercial links seem to be more important than the scientific contents.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:213.188.227.119

Best regards — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.188.227.119 (talk) 00:04, 2006 May 26 (UTC)

Can someone confirm if it is possible to use FeCl3 when one whant proof of H2S in a gas and how it would be done. / Martin — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.179.220.50 (talk) 21:47, 2006 February 16 (UTC)

Id just like to say thank you to whoever added the little part about using the ferric chloride test to detect for phenols. i need info on this test for my a level coursework and its proved very helpful as there is not much info on this test anywhere else onthe net! Thank you wikipedia! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.46.180.18 (talk) 20:21, 2006 October 23 (UTC)

GA Re-Review and In-line citations
Members of the WikiProject Good articles are in the process of doing a re-review of current Good Article listings to ensure compliance with the standards of the Good Article Criteria. (Discussion of the changes and re-review can be found here). A significant change to the GA criteria is the mandatory use of some sort of in-line citation (In accordance to WP:CITE) to be used in order for an article to pass the verification and reference criteria. Currently this article does not include in-line citations. It is recommended that the article's editors take a look at the inclusion of in-line citations as well as how the article stacks up against the rest of the Good Article criteria. GA reviewers will give you at least a week's time from the date of this notice to work on the in-line citations before doing a full re-review and deciding if the article still merits being considered a Good Article or would need to be de-listed. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us on the Good Article project talk page or you may contact me personally. On behalf of the Good Articles Project, I want to thank you for all the time and effort that you have put into working on this article and improving the overall quality of the Wikipedia project. LuciferMorgan 02:24, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

The formula for Iron (III) Chloride
Just a note for anyone to edit, as I don't know which is right, is the formula for Iron(III) Chloride FeCl3 or Cl3Fe. I'm asking because in the first paragraph it says FeCl3 but in the infobox on the side it says Cl3Fe. Can someone fix this error to which ever one is correct as I do not know the correct formula. ☺ E fansayT/C☺ 04:33, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Either one is right, depending on which convention you are following. The usual convention for binary compounds like this is to put the metal first, but the table uses the Hill formula system which goes C then H then others alphabetically. Walkerma 14:45, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Hill sequence is uncommon for inorganic compounds, and highly uncommon for FeCl3. Therefore I corrected this in the table. Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 21:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC).

GA sweeps review
Conducting another GA sweeps review to re-review all Good Articles to verify that they continue to meet the Good Article criteria. This article meets all criteria except the inline citation criteria, as there are significant sections of the article that are not cited. I don't believe this is a major issue, as it looks like this can be solved by converted the 'further reading' items over to inline citations. If someone familiar with these sources could do this, the article can remain listed at WP:GA. I'll put this on hold at GA sweeps until this is done. Cheers! Dr. Cash 19:53, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * There is an in-line reference for each section (I added one). For the rest the article is in my perception well-enough referenced for GA. Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 20:54, 26 October 2007 (UTC).

 * Ok, the article looks acceptable now, although there is still information under 'Other uses' that should be sourced. That particular section is also looking rather "listy", and could be written a little better. Other than that, it looks ok. Dr. Cash (talk) 17:00, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Oxidation of iron II chloride with sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide, according to the Standard electrode potential (data page), is not strong enough to oxidize iron II to iron III. The reduction potential for sulfur dioxide to sulfur is only +0.50. The potential for oxidation of iron II to iron III is +0.77. (The potential sign is reversed for oxidation, as the table is for standard reduction potentials. The reduction potential has to be higher than the oxidation potential for the reaction to occur spontaneously (e.g., without any electric current or extreme heat). --Cheminterest (talk) 21:52, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Iron alkoxides
I'm not sure if the reaction with alkoxides should be clarified or altered based on this report 87.102.13.111 (talk) 17:39, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I've clarified the text, but may still be worth an expert look.87.102.13.111 (talk) 19:53, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Preparation, #5
Hi, #5 states: "Reacting Iron with hydrochloric acid, then with hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is the catalyst in turning iron chloride into ferric chloride" Did I understand well? iron chloride = ferric chloride, or it is supposed to be talking about a conversion from ferrous clhoride to ferric clhoride? Sorry to sneak here, I have not enough knowledge of chemistry, perhaps the sentences just confused me. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mothernatura (talk • contribs) 20:08, 2014 November 22 (UTC)

Different colours for differing Iron(III)Chloride Types
Just as Copper Sulphate appears white when anhydrous AND blue when hydrated, so I would guess that Iron (III) Chloride has different colours in its different hydrated forms. WHY DOES THE PICTURE SHOW IRON (III) CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE *AND NOT* THE ANHYDROUS FORM (assuming that these are the only forms of Iron (III) Chloride - something I cannot be certain of myself). I have a picture of what I believe to be ANHYDROUS Iron (III) Chloride, it is dark green to the point of being black (as stated in the text). So clearly, the text reinforces the fact that Anhydrous Iron (III) Chloride is NOT Yellow (as confusingly shown in the picture) BUT that it is Dark-Green/Almost Black.

WHAT FOLLOWS MAY NOT BE ABSOLUTELY TRUE, BUT LIKELY IS and is based on past sample notes:

I also believe that Anhydrous Iron (III) Chloride can APPEAR to melt at 37 degrees C (according to the Wikipedia page ONLY the Hexahydrate melts at this temperature). This leads me to conclude that THE WIKIPEDIA PAGE *has a Devil in the detail* IN RELATION TO THE MELTING POINTS OF ANHYDROUS Iron (III) Chloride **AS** there is a tendency for Anhydrous Iron (III) Chloride to become hydrated in air and THEN melt due to its Deliquescence. Thus, naive attempts to measure the melting point of Anhydrous (III) Chloride in Air ought to take into account that energy will be directed towards evaporating absorbed moisture from the atmosphere AND the Water of Crystallisation (ie: the water that makes hexahydrate hydrated). According to the information in the article, what happens is that the HEXAHYDRATE melts when heated, then at 100 degrees C, the water evaporates, at which point the sample becomes SOLID Anhydrous Iron (III) Chloride AND THEN, at 306 degrees C, the sample MELTS AGAIN (TWICE!). This is notable. ASavantDude (talk) 18:33, 29 October 2015 (UTC)
 * These problems seem to have been fixed now. --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 06:51, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 19:07, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

GA Reassessment

 * I tried to improve the article but there may not be sufficient qualified editors to reinstate its GA status. --Smokefoot (talk) 22:23, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iron(III) chloride


text:
State action

In United States constitutional law, state action is an action by a person who is acting on behalf of a governmental body, and is therefore subject to limitations imposed on government by the United States Constitution, including the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments, which prohibit the federal and state governments from violating certain rights and freedoms.

Meaning
Though the term would seem to include only persons who are directly employed by the state, the United States Supreme Court has interpreted these amendments and laws passed pursuant to them to cover many persons who have only an indirect relationship with the government. Controversies have arisen, for example, over whether private companies that run towns (the "company-town") and prisons (traditionally a state function) can be held liable as having performed a state action when they violate fundamental civil rights. This question remains unresolved, but the Supreme Court has held private citizens to be liable for state action when they conspire with government officials to deprive people of their rights.

The 1989 case of DeShaney v. Winnebago County was decided on the basis of the state action doctrine. Social workers separated a young son Joshua from his abusive father Randy, but concluded there was not enough evidence for a permanent separation, and later reunited son with father; later, the father beat his son into a persistent vegetative state. The Supreme Court ruled that despite involvement by state social workers, the wrongful action was attributable only to the father, making it a private action. Accordingly, the Fourteenth Amendment protections did not apply.

Unlike state action, private action is generally not required to afford individuals the constitutional rights mentioned above. In nearly all U.S. states, private shopping center owners can eject protesters from their land for trespassing, and private associations can eject members or deny admission to applicants, with no warning and for no reason. But in a handful of states, notably California, state constitutional protections and certain common law rights have been extended to limit private action. California allows the peaceful exercise of free speech in private shopping centers (see Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)) and requires certain types of private action to afford current or potential members a rudimentary version of procedural due process called fair procedure.

Cases
There are a number of situations where the United States Supreme Court has recognized the conduct of individuals or private organizations to be "state action," and therefore subject to provisions of the Constitution such as Equal Protection, Due Process, or the First Amendment. Equal Protection is guaranteed under Section I of the 14th Amendment and Due Process is guaranteed under the 5th Amendment. The Supreme Court has held the following:

 * Merely opening up a business to the public is not state action, but the performance of a "public function" (a function that has been traditionally and exclusively performed by the state) is state action (Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501 (1946));
 * If an individual or organization merely enters into a contract or asserts a contractual right outside of court it is not state action, but if an individual or organization sues to judicially enforce a contractual right it can be state action (Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948));
 * If the government merely acquiesces in the performance of an act by a private individual or organization it is not state action, but if the government coerces, influences, or encourages the performance of the act, it is state action (Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830 (1982));
 * If the government merely enters into a contract with an individual or organization for the goods or services, the actions of the private party are not state action, but if the government and the private party enter into a "joint enterprise" or a "symbiotic relationship" with each other it is state action (Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 U.S. 715 (1961));
 * If government agencies are simply members of a private organization, the actions of the organization are not state action, but if the government is "pervasively entwined" with the leadership of the private organization, the acts of the organization are state action (Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, 535 U.S. 971 (2002)).

Scholarly commentary
According to constitutional law scholar Gillian E. Metzger:

"The underlying presumption is that cases where private action wields public power are rare and occur mainly when the government tries to hide behind private surrogates whom it controls. Current doctrine pays little attention to whether the government is, in fact, delegating power to private entities to act on its behalf. To the extent private delegations are considered, it is under the rubric of private delegation doctrine, which assesses whether the Constitution's separation of powers and due process requirements prohibit the government from delegating certain types of powers to private hands. But constitutional law makes no attempt to link the constitutionality of a private delegation to the risk that it will place government power outside of constitutional controls."

title: State action


text:
Mura

Mura may refer to:

Administrative areas

 * Mura, Barcelona, a municipality in the Province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
 * Mura, Lombardy, a comune in the Province of Brescia, Italy
 * Mura Statistical Region, in Slovenia

Rivers

 * Mura (Angara), a tributary of the Angara in Russia
 * Mura (Drava), a tributary of the Drava in Austria, Hungary, Slovenia and Croatia

Ethnic groups

 * Munda people of Tripura, India, also known as Mura
 * Mura people, an indigenous people in Brazil

Individuals

 * Mura, mother of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire in ancient India
 * Mura (actor), Filipino actor and comedian
 * Mura (surname)
 * Saint Mura (c. 550–645), first abbot of the monastery at Fahan, County Donegal, Ireland

Danava in Hindu scriptures

 * Mura (danava) A danava general in Narakasura's army who fought against Shri Krishna.

Slovenian football clubs

 * ND Mura 05, a defunct Slovenian football club
 * NK Mura, a defunct Slovenian football club
 * NŠ Mura, a Slovenian football club

Other uses

 * MurA, aka UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase, an enzyme
 * Mura, administrative units of modern villages of Japan and Edo-period villages
 * Mura, an extinct member of the family of Muran languages
 * Mura, the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies online catalogue
 * Mura (cicada), a genus of cicadas
 * Mura (Japanese term), meaning unevenness or inconsistency in physical matter or human spiritual condition
 * MURA, the Midwestern Universities Research Association, from 1953 to 1967
 * MURA or Modified Uniformly Redundant Array, a type of mask used in coded aperture imaging

title: Mura


text:
Talk:Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Question in regards to the selection process of who got to serve in the Majlis prior to the Iranian Revolution and if it is different today. I noticed that they did hold elections, especially if items were being passed that granted women's suffrage, but I think it is a safe assumption that they didn't vote for the shah. So in the selection of who is to serve in the Majlis, was that left up to the plebiscite or did the Shah choose the members? Thank you in advance. xcuref1endx 8:51 August 31, 2006 (UTC)

Does anybody know if there are female members of the Majlis and if so, how many seats are taken by women? Thank you in advance, Bontenbal 20:40, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Last I heard there were 12. Here is one biography. And here is a good article.--Zereshk 00:21, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Bontenbal 17:44, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It seems, there are actually, 14.--Zereshk 15:42, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * According to link to iranian election (see article below): Distribution of seats according to sex:

--Constanz - Talk 09:53, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Men: 281
 * Women: 9
 * Percent of women: 3.10

Fair use rationale for Image:DSC--Majlis5323.JPG
Image:DSC--Majlis5323.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:10, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Malapportionment?
Are any members elected by districts? If so, are they of equal population, like state legislatures in the United States? Or do some districts have more people than others?216.27.182.48 (talk) 00:39, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Majlis picture
Picture showing the inside of the building. http://thegreenlineblog.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/majlis2.jpg —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.137.205.104 (talk) 07:50, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Revert of sourced material
This delete by KneeJuan is justified with the edit summary: ''rv - this is encyclopedia, not a newspaper editorial. Gangi is a partsian commentator, not a neutral source''

The journal it's from, Foreign Affairs, is probably the oldest and most famous journals of foriegn policy in the U.S. Akbar Ganji is not a politician, he's one of the most famous journalists in Iran. --BoogaLouie (talk) 15:38, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I am restoring it with a clear attribution, per our agreement. --Kurdo777 (talk) 22:14, 16 June 2009 (UTC)


text:
Mur, Switzerland

Mur is a former municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

The municipalities of Bellerive, Chabrey, Constantine, Montmagny, Mur, Vallamand and Villars-le-Grand merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Vully-les-Lacs.

History
Mur is first mentioned in 1396 as Murs.

Geography
Mur has an area,, of 1.78 km2. Of this area, 1.33 km2 or 74.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.16 km2 or 9.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.26 km2 or 14.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.02 km2 or 1.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 7.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.1%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 2.2% of the area Out of the forested land, 7.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 55.6% is used for growing crops and 11.2% is pastures, while 7.9% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Avenches District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Mur became part of the new district of Broye-Vully.

The village is divided by the Fribourg-Vaud border with the easternmost part of the village belonging to the Fribourg municipality of Haut-Vully.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Sable and Vert, overall a Wall embattled Argent masoned Sable. This is an example of canting as the word for wall in French is le mur.

Demographics
Mur has a population of 211. , 3.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 24.1%. It has changed at a rate of 24.7% due to migration and at a rate of -1.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (124 or 71.7%), with German being second most common (43 or 24.9%) and Portuguese being third (3 or 1.7%).

Of the population in the municipality 65 or about 37.6% were born in Mur and lived there in 2000. There were 31 or 17.9% who were born in the same canton, while 64 or 37.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 12 or 6.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 4 live births to Swiss citizens and were 2 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population remained the same. There were 2 Swiss men and 2 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 8 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 2 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.1%.

The age distribution,, in Mur is; 21 children or 10.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 26 teenagers or 12.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 17 people or 8.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 15 people or 7.1% are between 30 and 39, 41 people or 19.4% are between 40 and 49, and 43 people or 20.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 28 people or 13.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 13 people or 6.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 6 people or 2.8% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older.

, there were 74 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 76 married individuals, 13 widows or widowers and 10 individuals who are divorced.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.53 which is fewer people per room than the cantonal average of 0.61 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 68.8% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 67 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 20 households that consist of only one person and 8 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 68 households that answered this question, 29.4% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 17 married couples without children, 23 married couples with children There were 6 single parents with a child or children.

there were 46 single family homes (or 67.6% of the total) out of a total of 68 inhabited buildings. There were 7 multi-family buildings (10.3%), along with 12 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (17.6%) and 3 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.4%). Of the single family homes 12 were built before 1919, while 6 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (4) were built before 1919 and the next most (1) were built between 1919 and 1945.

there were 80 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 20. There were 1 single room apartments and 42 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 64 apartments (80.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 10 apartments (12.5%) were seasonally occupied and 6 apartments (7.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
Guévaux Castle is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The prehistoric settlement at Chenevières de Guévaux I is part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 28.05% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (20.17%), the SP (18.82%) and the Green Party (10.44%). In the federal election, a total of 81 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 54.0%.

Economy
, Mur had an unemployment rate of 2%. , there were 32 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 6 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 17 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 88 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.5% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 39. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 23, of which 21 were in agriculture and 2 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 5, all of which were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 11. In the tertiary sector; 3 or 27.3% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 18.2% were in the information industry, 4 or 36.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 1 was in education.

, there were 6 workers who commuted into the municipality and 51 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 8.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 6.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 58% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 21 or 12.1% were Roman Catholic, while 131 or 75.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church who belonged, and there were 5 individuals (or about 2.89% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 14 (or about 8.09% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individuals (or about 0.58% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Mur about 47 or (27.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 36 or (20.8%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule). Of the 36 who completed tertiary schooling, 61.1% were Swiss men, 36.1% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 26 students in the Mur (VD) school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 155 children of which 83 children (53.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 12 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 13 students in those schools. There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 5 students in Mur who came from another municipality, while 37 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Mur, Switzerland


text:
Kirkconnel

Kirkconnel (Gaelic: Cille Chonbhaill) is a small parish in Dumfries and Galloway, southwestern Scotland. It is located on the A76 near the head of Nithsdale. Principally it has been a sporting community. The name comes from The Church of Saint Conal. In 1850 the village had only a single street. Next to Kirkconnel is a separate village called Kelloholm.

It is also associated with the ballad Helen of Kirkconnel.

History
The early church and settlement were situated at the foot of Kirkland Hill on the drove road from Ayrshire to Lanarkshire, which followed the steep incline beside the Glenaylmer Burn. Whether Saint Conal was an Irish monk or the son of a local shepherd befriended and educated by Glasgow's Saint Mungo, Christianity came early to this part of Nithsdale. A Celtic cross, erected in 1880 by the Duke of Buccleuch at the instigation of the minister, the Rev. John Donaldson, marks the reputed burial place of Saint Conal. From the neighborhood of the cross, on a clear day, can be seen the churches at Kirkconnel, Sanquhar and Kirkbride, all associated with Saint Conal.

St Conal's Church is one of the oldest church sites in Southern Scotland with archaeological remains dating to the 9th century and the present foundations of a church dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries.

Life changed dramatically for this small town in the 1890s when a coal pit was opened at Fauldheld. Coal had always been mined in the district before, but never in large quantities. From then on coal dominated the life of the little town. The coal industry moved away in recent decades, and with it much of the population.

Transport
The A76 road runs through the area. Kirkconnel is served by bus routes 221 and 246.

Kirkconnel is served by Kirkconnel railway station on the Glasgow South Western Line.

Notable people

 * Willie Ferguson - footballer with Chelsea F.C. and Queen of the South F.C.
 * Kris Haddow - playwright, poet, performer and author (born Kris Clark)
 * Bill Taylor - footballer with St Johnstone F.C.
 * Sam Hastings - footballer with Hamilton Academicals and Clyde F.C.
 * Alex Parker - footballer with Falkirk F.C., Everton F.C. and the Scotland national football team, started his career with the local club, Kello Rovers F.C.

title: Kirkconnel


text:
Talk:Azrael

Azrael in Music

 * The 1999 self-titled album by Demons & Wizards features a three song epic about a gnome named Azrael, "who is unhappy with the universe he created and begins to disassemble it." (http://www.demonsandwizards.za.net/ns_demonsandwizards.htm).

 * The 1986's album Horse Rotorvator by Coil, which contains only songs devoted to death, features The Golden Section describing visions of death in different cultural traditions, including Azrael. The lyrics can be read here.

 * Azrael is an artist in Seattle's highly respected Oldominion crew.

 * The Azrael is the name of an album by Black Sunrise, a Portuguese hardcore-metal band.

 * Asrael is a symphony by Czech composer Josef Suk from 1906.

 * Azrael (Angel of Death) is a song from on re-issues of the 1967 album The Thoughts of Emerlist Davjack by progressive band The Nice

 * Azrael is a song on the 1986 album Crimson Glory by progressive metal band Crimson Glory about the angel of mercy, Azrael.

 * Azrael is a song from on the 1998 album No Limits by heavy metal band U.D.O.

 * The single for the song Darkangel by VNV Nation contains the tracks Darkangel (Gabriel), and Darkangel (Azrael).

 * There is a Japanese power metal band by the name of Azrael.

 * There is a Marduk song called Azrael.

 * There is a death metal band from Buffalo, New York called Sons of Azrael

 * Azrael is also a power metal band from Granada, Spain.

 * "Upon Azrael's wings" is a song by British stoner/doom metal band Cathedral

 * "Twilight Of Azrael" is a song from the "Beyond The Cursed Eclipse" album by the black metal band Vesperian Sorrow.

 * "Azrael at Dawn" is a german indie rock musician.

 * There is a poem by Robert Gilbert Welsh titled "Azrael", depicting him as the Angel of Death

In standard Arabic transliteration it is `IzrA'Il or `Izraa'iil Chambers English dictionary gives Azrael, but it doesn't seem to be in the Oxford English Dictionary.

Semi-protected edit request on 3 May 2024
Remove Izra’il, in Arabic and Hebrew the vowel is ‘a’ it has never been ‘i’ Wyatt427 (talk) 17:51, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 17:58, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Azrael


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Googolion

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:10, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Googolion
A Google search on this number turns up nothing. I think it falls in the number family between skillion and jillion. Feco 20:44, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Neologism. Xezbeth  20:45, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax, neologism. --InShaneee 20:59, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Googol. Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:30, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a specific grammar thing, like "This is the googolionth time I've voted for deletion this week." Not notable, or even interesting really. --Asriel86 00:38, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Or even extant. Invention. Not a hoax, just garbage. Delete. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 03:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, neologism. Megan1967 04:54, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete content, replace with redirect to Zillion (which is a merger of all *illion articles I could find). Radiant_* 09:52, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn garbagecruft. ComCat 06:36, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.