text:
Talk:Cone cell

Error in First Image
In the first image, the curve for L cones is missing the small secondary peak that exists at 410 nm. I'm guessing that the creator of this image simply deleted that part of the curve because he/she thought it would confuse people. However, this secondary peak plays an important role in humans perceiving violet and purple to be similar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.195.76.57 (talk) 17:48, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

 * @192.195.76.57 you are either confusing the opsin sensitivities with the color matching functions, which are very different things, or are referring to the beta band of the opsin sensitivity, which only exists in vitro. In vivo, you must incorporate the UV filter of the lens and the beta band disappears, giving only the alpha band, as you see in the image in this article. Curran919 (talk) 23:14, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

Untitled
A bit on colour blindness would be interesting. Would it belong here? --Cuervo 11:34, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

--- Re the comment above, there's a really interesting site at http://www.iamcal.com/toys/colors/index.php (thsi is nothing to do with me) that allows you to select text color and background color and then replicate what folks woudl see if suffering with different forms of color blindness -- I was VERY impressed.

Also, I recently spent a lot of time writing a paper on color vision -- this includes info on cone cells and on the evolution of vision systems.You can find it on my site at www.diycalculator.com/sp-cvision.shtml. I think it provides a very useful background piece that's worth an external link. But I'll leave that up to whoever is in charge. Cheers -- Max (max@diycalculator.com).

and there have been reports of people with four or more types of cone cells This could be the case if the subject is female, since the genes lie on the X chromosome, making it possible, in theory, to have two different kinds of L and M cones, all differing slightly in sensitivity maximum. I do not know if any test exist to test people for this condition, nor is it clear if subjects would benefit and if so to what extent. 88.211.131.57 22:25, 8 February 2007 (UTC) (koenb)

The article states that "Destruction of the cone cells from disease would result in blindness." Should this not read "... would result in colour blindness."? George963 au (talk) 03:44, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

Animals
The article deals chiefly with human cones - would it be reasonable to mention a few things about animal cones? The loss of a cone in the majority of mammals for example, the reclaiming of a third cone by primates through evolution, the fact that many birds in fact possess 4 types of cone, with one having the ability to detect ultraviolet light and giving them a much more complex colour tetrahedron (rather than the triangle of colour available to humans)?

 * Agreed. Too bad I know nothing about it. I'd like to see those things added. Twilight Realm 18:49, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I just read all about it in The Making of the Fittest. Great story.  But long for summarizing here. Dicklyon 05:10, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Violet
Why does "spectral violet" (light with shorter wavelength than blue, as opposed to light with both blue and red wavelengths) appear different than regular blue? There aren't any additional cones to detect sub-blue light. Is it because of the slight increase in sensitivity for red cones for wavelengths shorter than 450 nm? Twilight Realm 18:47, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

When we are seeing 440nm spectral blue, it activates the S cones fully, and also a little bit of of M cones. Our brain is used to treat this as "blue", and it is indeed the color that activates S cones the most. When we see spectral violet, only the S cones are activated, not the M or L ones. That's the difference which makes us see a different color, treated by our brain as "violet", even though it only activates S cones. Ratfox 00:07, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Indeed, it has been suggested elsewhere that we should think of red, green, and blueviolet cones for this reason. MXVN (talk) 23:25, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Then we'd have to change the name of the red cone to the lime-green cone, since that's typically what 557 nm looks like. We begin to see red when the r/g ratio rises above 5 or so, i.e., red cones stimulated 5 times as much as the green cones. The green cones, on the other hand, are about in the right place for the average young adult with average macular pigment density, which declines with age. (For very young children the purest green is at about 495 nm, for young adults 525, for the elderly about 560. Zyxwv99 (talk) 00:28, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Human cone response
Please provide the complete un-normalized response curves of the three types of humans color receptors, and show how this adds up to (or differs from) the Luminosity function.-69.87.203.133 02:22, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * see Talk:Luminosity function – Dicklyon 05:06, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Rods vs Cones?
If there are more rods than cones in the human retina, then rods provide finer details, not cones (as the introduction says). Similarly for the speed, I was taught that rods are faster, again in contrast to the introduction. Pavel —Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.33.113.54 (talk) 14:57, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The fovea is all cones, and that's where you get detail. Cones are fast at high enough light levels; at low light levels where only rods operate, they operate slowly.  I'm not sure if what the lead says is really right, though; can you find some sources to check it? Dicklyon (talk) 15:54, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Image not found
Image Cones_SMJ2_E.svg is not found. Link is ok. Is there anyone who can fiy? I don't know how to include images. -- Ernsts (talk) 15:31, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

variation of cone pigments?
It is mentioned in the article (without citation) that S/M/L cones vary from person to person in their specific pigment (and I assume wavelength peak sensitivity). It'd be nice to know more about this -- to what degree do they vary? What impact if any on color perception/discrimination/etc? Might be good to add to the article? Chconnor (talk) 06:48, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

Error in Cone Cell Picture
On the image displaying the cone cell and all of its features, near the top you will see that it says "forms a stacks of regular discs."

Bomb319 (talk) 04:53, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

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Colour of cone cells
Cone cells are usually depicted as RGB in colour, according to their sensitivity. But this MUST be wrong. They can only detect absorbed light, not reflected. Are they therefore complementary colours to the light they detect? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Andrewjlockley (talk • contribs) 21:50, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not quite sure what you mean. The cones are not a specific colour, the detect specific colours. Primefac (talk) 00:13, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, they probably do have a bit of color complementary to what they absorb and detect (which are not very close to green and red in the case of the medium- and long-wave-sensitive ones). So the "blue" ones are a bit yellowish or brownish, while the "red" and "green" ones are probably a bit blueish.  Or so I guess. Dicklyon (talk) 01:13, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Get your act together!!
The SAME section Structure|Types claims that the peak wavelengths are (about) 560, at 530 & at 420 (nm) and in the same paragraph claims the peaks are 564-580, 534-545 & 420-440!!! Come ON!40.142.185.236 (talk) 00:52, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

Women can't see blue? What?
"Cone cells differ in men and women. The blue cone cell reacts differently in both genders, as a result their perspective of the colour blue is a separate primary colour. The female gender does not have the proper cones required to see the colour blue, they have an entirely different set." First paragraph, with no citations or sources (of course). What in the frick? 2600:1700:6D20:CFF0:4139:7677:3A52:CD20 (talk) 05:31, 17 February 2020 (UTC)Kerguelen

Psychophysics (and history)
The article should explain more about the psychophysics, i.e., how (and when) the number and kinds of photoreceptor were learned of, and how the response curves are now determined.

Particularly, Stockman and Sharpe (2000) is an example of recent accepted response curves. It details how the methods have traditionally used detection of a target from a background, and that this method is generally only able to disentangle 2 (not 3) receptor types. Instead, they describe a method of performing genetic sequencing of colorblind participants, to confirm their exact variants of the cone pigments. This allowed them to select participants lacking particular cone types while excluding participants with abnormal remaining cone types. Using these participants they could characterise individual cone types, without having 3 kinds simultaneously interacting. (Those authors also refer to work of Stiles in 1950s, and to other methods that rely on how neural signals from particular cone types are processed differently e.g. using transient stimuli.)

This Neuroscience textbook attributes Thomas Young (scientist) for recognising trichromatic vision, and describes experiments where the participant matches a sample colour by adjusting three superimposed light sources.

Cesiumfrog (talk) 01:46, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Red cone cells
"The first responds the most to light of longer wavelengths, peaking at about 560 nm; this type is sometimes designated L for long,"
 * Any reason we're not calling this the "red cone cell" since, you know, it detects the color red? That's pretty common parlance. 97.122.84.35 (talk) 00:26, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Local peak of L cone sensitivity at about 400 nm?
I was wondering why red and blue light mixed to violet, so I googled it and found some cone response curves that show the L cone actually being a bit sensitive to spectral violet light as well.

Example: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cone-response-en.svg

But that doesn't match up with the cone response curve in this article. Which one is right, or are they both right somehow? JonathanTybirk (talk) 13:29, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I think your picture would actually be much more appropriate for this article. Keep in mind though that even though the cones themselves are sensitive in the ultraviolet, the lens gradually blocks more and more light as the frequency increases. Where the light gets in practical terms invisible, the ultraviolet starts, conventionally at 400 nm. Aphakic (lenseless) observers however may see well into the ultraviolet, although generally they wear a contact to focus, which blocks ultraviolet. And that may be just as well, because ultraviolet light is bad for the retina; a finch lives only five to ten years or so, but we live a lot longer and would prefer to be able to enjoy the use of our eyes well into old age. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.61.180.106 (talk) 20:59, 7 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Bonus: ultraviolet absorbtion by the lens as a function of age: https://2020mag.com/courses/117716/fig2.jpg Note that although one might think colours might appear more and more yellow with age, in practice one gets used to the yellowing and what actually happens is that it becomes harder to distinguish tints, especially in the blues.
 * On the red side, the transparent window stretches so far into the infrared that in practice the cone responses themselves are the bottleneck: https://telescope-optics.net/images/retinal_absorption.png — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.61.180.106 (talk) 00:13, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

The picture in the infobox
This picture doesn't display the cone response curves, but the S&S2000 LMS curves. Although called ‘cone fundamentals’, they're just a matrix transformation applied to the old CIE XYZ curves, which were based on very crude measurements which were interpolated, extrapolated and standardised with considerable haste. Many of the detail-level features are unphysical and caused by the questionable interpolation method used and the global shape of the curves is probably off as well, especially near the ends of the spectrum. For example, the red and green cones are probably considerably more sensitive in the blue end, with at least the red cones probably having an extra lobe. And if I recall correctly it has recently been discovered that at very long wavelengths, the perceived colour turns from red to slightly orange again, suggesting the green curve is flatter than the red curve there. To be clear, I'm not saying the picture misrepresents the S&S2000 LMS curves, just that this article isn't about that: it's about the cones, so showing different curves is misleading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.61.180.106 (talk) 20:31, 7 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cone cell


text: Category:Sport in Essex

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Sport in Essex


text:
Shut Up and Dance (duo)

Shut Up and Dance are an English duo that fused hip hop, house and hardcore. They are acknowledged as one of the pioneers of breakbeat hardcore and jungle music.

Career
The group was formed in 1988 in Stoke Newington, London, by Philip 'PJ' Johnson and Carlton 'Smiley' Hyman. In 1990, they made the lower end of the UK chart with two singles, "£10 to Get In" and "Lamborghini", both released on their own record label, Shut Up and Dance Records. At this time, they also worked with the Ragga Twins for the first time and produced their first releases.

In 1992, they reached No. 43 with their double A-side single "Autobiography of a Crackhead / The Green Man", before hitting the headlines in May of that year when they released "Raving I'm Raving", based on Marc Cohn's hit single "Walking in Memphis". Upon its release, Cohn obtained an injunction to stop production of further copies of the single due to the lack of clearance. A court order was also sought to prevent the sale of any copies already produced, but Cohn was persuaded to allow such sales on condition that all the proceeds went to charity. This caused panic-buying of the copies on sale, as consumers knew that no more would be produced. The single soared to No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart, but plummeted to No. 15 the following week, before leaving the chart completely. Nevertheless, the No. 2 chart position earned them a live performance slot on BBC One's Top of the Pops alongside Bassheads, Don-E and Lisa Stansfield on the 28 May 1992 episode, though as they could not perform the "Walking in Memphis" melody they had to sing the lyrics to another tune.

Shut Up and Dance released one further single from their Death Is Not the End album, "The Art of Moving Butts", which featured singer Erin. The album itself reached No. 38 on the UK Albums Chart in June 1992.

Throughout 1994/5, they released a number of jungle tracks under the alias 'Red Light'. This was followed by the 1995 album Black Men United which encompassed jungle, downtempo, reggae and hip hop. A single from this album, "Save It 'Til the Mourning After", which samples Duran Duran's hit "Save a Prayer", reached No. 25 on the UK chart and was track 14 on ''Now That's What I Call Music! 30. In 1995, "Walking in Memphis" was covered by Cher for her twenty-first studio album titled It's a Man's World'' and when it was released as a single on 16 October 1995 it came with remixes produced by Shut Up and Dance.

In the early 2000s, they re-emerged releasing a number of UK garage tracks, followed by the breakbeat album Reclaim the Streets.

Albums

 * Dance Before the Police Come (Shut Up and Dance, 1990)
 * Death Is Not the End (Shut Up and Dance, 1992) - UK No. 38
 * Black Men United (Pulse 8, 1995)
 * Reclaim the Streets (Shut Up and Dance, 2004)
 * The Great British Public (Shut Up and Dance, 2007)

Compilations

 * How the East Was Won 1989-2009 (Shut Up and Dance, 2009)

Singles

 * "5, 6, 7, 8", (Shut Up and Dance, 1989) - UK No. 42
 * "£10 to Get In / Raps My Occupation", (Shut Up and Dance, 1989) - UK No. 56
 * "Lamborghini / A Change Soon Come" (Shut Up and Dance, 1990) - UK No. 55
 * "Dance Before the Police Come" (Shut Up and Dance, 1991)
 * "Derek Went Mad / This Town Needs a Sheriff" (Shut Up and Dance, 1991) - UK No. 81
 * "Autobiography of a Crackhead / The Green Man" (Shut Up and Dance, 1992) - UK No. 43
 * "Raving I'm Raving" (Shut Up and Dance, 1992) - UK No. 2
 * "The Art of Moving Butts" (Shut Up and Dance, 1992) - UK No. 69
 * "Hands in the Air" (Shut Up and Dance, 1994)
 * "Say Party" (Shut Up and Dance, 1994)
 * "Save It 'Til the Mourning After" (Pulse 8, 1995) - UK No. 25
 * "I Love U" (Pulse 8, 1995) - UK No. 68
 * "Black Men United" (Pulse 8, 1995)
 * "The Weekend's Here" (Pulse 8, 1995) - UK No. 82
 * "Green Man" (Shut Up and Dance, 1998)
 * "Hold Me Down" (Shut Up and Dance, 1998)
 * "Got Em Locked" (Shut Up and Dance, 1998)
 * "Psycho Jump" (Shut Up and Dance, 1999)
 * "No:Doubt" (Shut Up and Dance, 2001)
 * "Moving Up" (Shut Up and Dance, 2001)
 * "4th Floor" (Shut Up and Dance, 2002)
 * "Heaven on Earth" (Shut Up and Dance, 2002)
 * "Reclaim the Streets" (Shut Up and Dance, 2003)
 * "Release the Gimp" (Shut Up and Dance, 2003)
 * "Arrest the President" (Shut Up and Dance, 2003)
 * "SuperNova" (Shut Up and Dance, 2003)
 * "Sensation / Culture Clash" (Shut Up and Dance, 2007)
 * "Outta National / Da Night Bus" (Shut Up and Dance, 2007)
 * "Make the Needle Jump" (Shut Up and Dance, 2007)
 * "Glory Days / All Loved Up" (Shut Up and Dance, 2007)
 * "Come to Turn It Out" (Shut Up and Dance, 2008)
 * "Epileptic" (Shut Up and Dance, 2008)
 * "Cream" (Shut Up and Dance, 2009)
 * "Tell Me / Love Will" (Shut Up and Dance, 2009)
 * "Suicide" (Shut Up and Dance, 2009)

title: Shut Up and Dance (duo)


text:
User:RexNL

About me Talk to me Accounts Barnstars My photos Notepad E-mail me CSS / JS

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Talk:Marginal sea

Caribbean
Now that we have marginal seas for three oceans, a question:

Is the Caribbean regarded as a marginal sea?

Bathrobe

 * It is not a marginal sea because it is a part of the American Mediterranean Sea. See mediterranean sea for detail. - TAKASUGI Shinji 12:54, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)

 * Apparently there is no article for mediterranean seas as a feature of physical geography, instead it redirects to the Mediterranean Sea. --Big Adamsky 15:57, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

There is an article for mediterranean seas as a feature of physical geography. Just go to Mediterranean sea (common "s", not capital "S" - otherwise you will get the article on The Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa). Thus, as has been pointed out before, the Caribbean is not a marginal sea, because it is part of the American mediterrean sea.72.27.107.50 22:22, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

mediterranean sea as marginal sea
Following is a definition of mediterranean seas which includes them within the definition of marginal seas: “Mediterranean seas are a special class of marginal seas, which are defined as those parts of the World Ocean that are separated from the major deep ocean basins by topographic features such as islands or bay-like coastline configurations. Examples of marginal seas are some of the major shelf regions, e.g. the North Sea or the East China Sea, and topographically semi-enclosed ocean regions, e.g. the Tasman Sea or the Bay of Bengal. While the circulation and stratification in these marginal seas may be strongly modified by thermohaline or tidal forcing it is still dominated by the wind. Mediterranean seas are the only marginal seas where thermohaline forcing dominates.” Regional Oceanography: an Introduction Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey 2nd edn (2003) (pdf pg 2 of 22 depicting page 84 of printed textbook)

The same website http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/index2.html links to another oceanography text online that agrees with the presentation of mediterranean seas as being distinct from all marginal seas. “Mediterranean Seas are mostly surrounded by land. By this definition,the Arctic and Caribbean Seas are both Mediterranean Seas, the Arctic Mediterranean and the Caribbean Mediterranean. Marginal Seas are defined by only an indentation in the coast. The Arabian Sea and South China Sea are marginal seas.” Introduction To Physical Oceanography Robert H. Stewart Department of Oceanography Texas A & M University Copyright 2006 September 2006 Edition (pdf pg 31 depicting pg 23 of printed textbook ****NB: 9+MB.pdf: hispeed connection recommended)

More importantly, there are numerous internet examples of the term marginal sea being applied to individual seas recognized as mediterranean seas. I will cite them (or one can do a search on 'marginal sea') only if necessary.

I don't think the situation is ambiguous with different author(itie)s having different definitions. I think it's a common human process when one special subset arises among a set of things, that the term for the whole set 'drifts' away from the special case (which now has its own 'special' name) and becomes associated only to the non-special case (e.g., even if we know better, there is tendency to think of a square and a rectangle as two different things; when considered singularly, it's difficult to think of the thumb as a finger). However, I think technically, correctly, and commonly, mediterranean seas are regarded as marginal seas, and should be presented in Wikipedia as such (while, perhaps more importantly, elaborating on their special features).

Especially if there is no response to the contrary, I would like to eventually change this article to be in accord with the idea of mediterranean seas being special cases of marginal seas. Jauntymcd 14:27, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

baltic sea
is the baltic not a marginal sea of the atlantic and what about the black sea? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.146.59.145 (talk) 21:06, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Big update done, followup required
The category Marginal sea had a bunch of seas that weren't listed here. I just added them to this article. But unlike the seas previously listed here, the seas I just added don't say what landforms separate them from their oceans. Someone else might want to add that information to the seas I just added. - Shaheenjim (talk) 01:31, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

The Mediterranean Sea's marginal seas
Note that I added a section to this article for the marginal seas of the (European) Mediterranean Sea (for example, the Aegean Sea). I did that because the Category:Marginal seas includes a section for the marginal seas of the (European) Mediterranean Sea. But the description of marginal sea on this article makes it sound like marginal seas are different than mediterranean seas, so I don't know if the section I added should really be in this article. But if it shouldn't be in this article, then someone should probably remove it from the category Marginal Seas too. And if the Aegean Sea's relationship to the (European) Mediterranean Sea shouldn't be listed here, then I'm not sure where it should be listed. - Shaheenjim (talk) 02:34, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I think they are just subdivisions of the Mediterranean Sea rather than marginal seas. I'll wait for professional opinions. - TAKASUGI Shinji (talk) 03:41, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Certainly they're subdivisions. But I think marginal seas ARE subdivisions of the larger ocean/sea.  So just because they're subdivisions, that doesn't mean they aren't also marginal seas.  The question is:  What do you call a sea that is NOT a marginal sea, and do the (European) Mediterranean Sea's subdivisions fall into that category?  I'm not sure of the answer. - Shaheenjim (talk) 01:55, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It looks like the Red Sea is listed in this article as a Marginal Sea, but it's also included on the list of Mediterranean seas. That's another thing that would be a contradiction, if Marginal Seas are different than Mediterranean seas. - Shaheenjim (talk) 04:22, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

The idea of a marginal sea (like the Aegean) of a non-marginal sea (like the Mediterranean) is very confusing. I can understand that in the context of the Mediterranean Sea one can talk of one of its marginal seas, but in a broader, oceanographic, context, this seems not right. Perhaps the article should be modified in this regard. --İnfoCan (talk) 15:16, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Many sources say the Mediterranean is a marginal sea. This book, for example (which also says the Gulf of Mexico and Labrador Sea are marginal seas), and this book, and this one too (which focuses on four specific marginal seas: the Baltic Sea, North Sea, Black Sea, and Mediterranean Sea). Other sources use different definitions. Some distinguish between "marginal seas" and "mediterranean seas". Some don't. Pfly (talk) 09:58, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Wiktionary def
The wictionary definition is unsourced and wictionary itself is not an WP:RS. If a contradiction exists, then it could be because wictionary got it wrong or incomplete. Wictionary's def may be correct, but it needs to be verified. Please find a valid reliable source before slapping a contradict tag on an article. Vsmith (talk) 18:47, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Nonsense definition
"As an oceanographic term, marginal sea indicates a partially enclosed sea adjacent to or widely open to the open ocean at the surface, but bounded by submarine ridges on the sea floor"

If this definition is right ( which I doubt ),  then most of the alleged marginal seas listed further down would have to be deleted,   because hardly any of them are bounded by "submarine ridges".Eregli bob (talk) 07:56, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

Please clarify...
The article describes a "marginal sea" as "a sea partially enclosed by islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas, adjacent to or widely open to the open ocean at the surface..."

From that definition, examples like the Arabian Sea make sense, because they are only *partially* enclosed and widely open on one side.

But then the Mediterranean Sea, which strikes me as the farthest thing from the definition given, is also listed as "marginal," when it's a large sea that's only connected by a rather narrow straits to the rest of the Atlantic. Likewise, even the Black Sea is listed as "marginal," when its connection with the rest of the Mediterranean is even narrower still!

One thing which would be helpful would be to list examples of any seas which are *not* deemed to be "marginal" and explain why. Because, as the article's currently written, it gives the impression that *every* sea is "marginal," in which case the label is rather useless... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.225.128.130 (talk) 09:02, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marginal sea


text:
Crenicichla

Crenicichla is a genus of cichlids native to South America commonly known as the pike cichlids. They are found in most tropical and subtropical freshwater habitats between the Andes and the Atlantic.

Description
The smallest species of Crenicichla (notably members of the C. wallacii species group) are no larger than 6 - 14 cm, and are referred to as "dwarf cichlids" for the aquarium hobby – though their aggressive and territorial habits make them unsuitable for novice keepers. The biggest pike cichlids can grow to about 50 cm long. Most Crenicichla measure in the range of 15 - 30 cm. Like many other predatory fishes, a pike cichlid has a wide mouth and elongated body.

Distribution and ecology
The genus Crenicichla is native to freshwater in tropical and subtropical South America east of the Andes, ranging from Trinidad and the Guiana Shield (including Orinoco), through the Amazon and Río de la Plata Basins, south as far as Río Negro in Argentina. Although widespread as a group, the individual species are often restricted to a single river or river basin. They are found in a wide range of habitats, including rivers, streams, pools and lakes; some species are rheophilic.

The vast majority of pike cichlids are predatory and feed on fish, insects, and other small animals. They usually place themselves where they can stay undetected by the prey, like close to a sunken tree stem or behind a rock. This behavior, as well as the correspondingly adapted shape, which resembles that the unrelated pikes (Esocidae) of the Holarctic, gives the pike cichlids their common name. An exception is C. tapii, which is similar in general appearance to other pike cichlids, but unusual for being gregarious and feeding on periphyton.

Species
There are currently around 93 recognized species in this genus:

 * Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862
 * Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840
 * Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904
 * Crenicichla alta C. H. Eigenmann, 1912
 * Crenicichla anamiri P. M. M. Ito & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015
 * Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872
 * Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792)
 * Crenicichla britskii S. O. Kullander, 1982
 * Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911
 * Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987
 * Crenicichla chicha H. R. Varella, S. O. Kullander & F. C. T. Lima, 2012
 * Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905
 * Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986
 * Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987
 * Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870
 * Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986
 * Crenicichla empheres C. A. S. de Lucena, 2007
 * Crenicichla frenata T. N. Gill, 1858
 * Crenicichla gaucho C. A. S. de Lucena & S. O. Kullander, 1992
 * Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903 (Half-banded pike cichlid)
 * Crenicichla gillmorlisi S. O. Kullander & C. A. S. de Lucena, 2013
 * Crenicichla hadrostigma C. A. S. de Lucena, 2007
 * Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974
 * Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989
 * Crenicichla hemera S. O. Kullander, 1990
 * Crenicichla hu Piálek, Říčan, Casciotta & Almirón, 2010
 * Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla igara C. A. S. de Lucena & S. O. Kullander, 1992
 * Crenicichla iguapina S. O. Kullander & C. A. S. de Lucena, 2006
 * Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911
 * Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911
 * Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986
 * Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840
 * Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968
 * Crenicichla jurubi C. A. S. de Lucena & S. O. Kullander, 1992
 * Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831)
 * Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855)
 * Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840
 * Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840 (Pike cichlid)
 * Crenicichla lucenai Mattos, I. Schindler, Ottoni & Cheffe, 2014
 * Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870
 * Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840
 * Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840
 * Crenicichla maculata S. O. Kullander & C. A. S. de Lucena, 2006
 * Crenicichla mandelburgeri S. O. Kullander, 2009
 * Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904
 * Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla minuano C. A. S. de Lucena & S. O. Kullander, 1992
 * Crenicichla missioneira C. A. S. de Lucena & S. O. Kullander, 1992
 * Crenicichla monicae S. O. Kullander & H. R. Varella, 2015 (Wallace’s pike cichlid)
 * Crenicichla mucuryna R. Ihering (pt), 1914
 * Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903
 * Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987
 * Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891)
 * Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913
 * Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla percna S. O. Kullander, 1991
 * Crenicichla phaiospilus S. O. Kullander, 1991
 * Crenicichla ploegi H. R. Varella, Loeb, F. C. T. Lima & S. O. Kullander, 2018
 * Crenicichla prenda C. A. S. de Lucena & S. O. Kullander, 1992
 * Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872
 * Crenicichla punctata R. F. Hensel, 1870
 * Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989
 * Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840)
 * Crenicichla rosemariae S. O. Kullander, 1997
 * Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ring-tail pike cichlid)
 * Crenicichla scottii (C. H. Eigenmann, 1907)
 * Crenicichla sedentaria S. O. Kullander, 1986
 * Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892
 * Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840)
 * Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987
 * Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862
 * Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla taikyra Casciotta, Almirón, Aichino, S. E. Gómez, Piálek, & Říčan, 2013
 * Crenicichla tapii Piálek, Dragová, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan, 2015
 * Crenicichla tendybaguassu C. A. S. de Lucena & S. O. Kullander, 1992
 * Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926
 * Crenicichla tesay Casciotta & Almirón, 2009
 * Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & E. J. G. Ferreira, 1991
 * Crenicichla tingui S. O. Kullander & C. A. S. de Lucena, 2006
 * Crenicichla tuca Piálek, Dragová, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan, 2015
 * Crenicichla urosema S. O. Kullander, 1990
 * Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903
 * Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991
 * Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840
 * Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905
 * Crenicichla yaha Casciotta, Almirón & S. E. Gómez, 2006
 * Crenicichla ypo Casciotta, Almirón, Piálek, S. E. Gómez & Říčan, 2010
 * Crenicichla zebrina C. G. Montaña, López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2008

In addition to these, several undescribed species are known.

title: Crenicichla


text:
Talk:Grand Council of the Crees

Untitled
This article on the Grand Council of the Crees is self-promoting. It is, undoubtedly an excerpt from one of the many public relations documents produced by the Grand Council. However much of it can be taken as reasonably accurate in the sense of the title of that famous though probably aprocryphal history entitled: "An Unbiased History of the Civil War from a Southern Point of View". Caveat lector

Inaccurate?
Seems pretty factual to me, as it merely outlines the political structure of the organization as well as the circumstances surrounding its formation. What part(s) of it are self-promoting and/or inaccurate?
 * Please do remember to sign your posts. Thanks, Shawn in Montreal (talk) 16:50, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

show the mineral wealth
They get 70 million dollars from power lines across their land. They get money from dams. They have a lot of mining companies they deal with also. Need to show how their now prosper. http://news.yahoo.com/video/flourishing-cree-quebec-033000871.html  D r e a m Focus  14:22, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Grand Council of the Crees


text:
Honda CMX450

The Honda CMX450 "Rebel" is a motorcycle manufactured by Honda for the model years 1986 and 1987 only. In contrast to the Rebel 250 250cc cruiser, it has a 450cc engine. The introduction of the Rebel 250 and 450 has been cited as a way for Honda to attract female riders, new to motorcycling, due to the bikes' low seat heights, low center of gravity, and overall ease of handling. However, the September 1985 issue of Motorcyclist magazine, when the Rebel was first introduced, states "by targeting the bike to a young audience, such as those who watch MTV, Honda hopes to attract newcomers and expand the motorcycle market ... Honda is not marketing this motorcycle as a woman's bike". It has a single disc brake in the front and a drum in the rear. The only gauge is a speedometer that includes gear recommendations based on speed; there is no tachometer. The transmission is a standard down-1st, up-2nd to 6th. The 6th speed acts as an overdrive.

title: Honda CMX450


text:
Símun av Skarði

Símun av Skarði (3 May 1872 – 9 October 1942) was a Faroese poet, politician, and teacher.

Biography
Símun was born in the village of Skarð on Kunoy. In 1893, he entered the seminary in Tórshavn, which he graduated from as a teacher in 1896. He attended Askov Højskole from 1896 to 1898, and then the State Teachers College in Copenhagen from 1898 to 1899. In 1899, he co-founded the Faroese folk high school (Føroya Fólkaháskúli) together with Rasmus Rasmussen (1871–1962). He worked there as headmaster and teacher from 1899 to 1942. Símun's sister, Anna Suffía Rasmussen (1876–1932), who had married Rasmus Rasmussen, served as the superintendent. Rasmus Rasmussen worked there as a teacher until 1947.

He was the husband of the educator Sanna av Skarði (1876–1978), who also taught at Føroya Fólkaháskúli. They were the parents of the journalist Sigrið av Skarði Joensen (1908–1975) and linguist Jóhannes av Skarði (1911–1999). Danish Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen is his great-grandson-in-law. His best-known work as a poet is the Faroese national anthem, Mítt alfagra land, better known by its incipit Tú alfagra land mítt. He was a member of parliament for the Self-Government Party (Sjálvstýrisflokkurin) from 1906 to 1914.

Other sources

 * Løgtingið og høvundarnir 2: Løgtingið 150 (1st ed.) p. 350. Tórshavn Løgtingið 2002.

title: Símun av Skarði


text:
China Forbes

China Forbes (born April 29, 1970) is an American singer and songwriter who has been the lead singer of the band Pink Martini since 1995. In 2022 she was the Ella Fitzgerald award winner at the Montreal International Jazz Festival.

Life and career
The daughter of Peggy (née Woodford) and Donald Cameron Forbes, China Forbes was born and raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her father was of French and Scottish descent, and her mother is African-American. She attended Phillips Exeter Academy ('88), then studied visual arts at Harvard University, where she met Thomas Lauderdale, a classically trained pianist. They became friends and met regularly to play music together. At Harvard, she won the Jonathan Levy Prize for acting.

After graduating in 1992, Forbes worked as an actress for several years, performing Off-Broadway in New York City. She then became a musician, forming a band and recording a solo album. She sang the song "Ordinary Girl" for the television series Clueless and "Que Sera Sera" over the credits for the movie In the Cut. While living in Portland, Oregon, Lauderdale asked her to sing with Pink Martini, a band he had assembled to play at political fundraisers. After three years commuting from New York, she moved to Portland in 1998 to work full-time with the band. Forbes and Lauderdale co-wrote the band's hit "Sympathique (Je ne Veux Pas Travailler)" among many other band originals.

Apart from her work with Pink Martini, she has released solo albums, including Love Handle (November 1995) and '78 (Heinz 2008) which includes her song "Hey Eugene" in its original version. She is featured on Michael Feinstein's album The Sinatra Project, singing a duet of "How Long Will It Last?". She recorded two songs in French with Georges Moustaki for his album Solitaire.

She is a cousin of former U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and indie-rock musician Ed Droste of Grizzly Bear. Her sister is Maya Forbes, a screenwriter and director.

Discography

 * Love Handle (November, 1995)
 *  '78 (Heinz, 2008)

With Pink Martini
 * Sympathique (Heinz, 1997)
 * Hang on Little Tomato (Heinz, 2004)
 * Hey Eugene! (Heinz, 2007)
 * Splendor in the Grass (Heinz, 2009)
 * Joy to the World (Heinz, 2010)
 * Get Happy (Heinz, 2013)
 * Je Dis Oui! (Heinz, 2013)

With others
 * 2003 Cruising Attitude, Dimitri from Paris
 * 2008 Solitaire, Georges Moustaki
 * 2008 The Sinatra Project, Michael Feinstein

title: China Forbes


text:
Sturry railway station

Sturry railway station is a railway station Kent, England, serving Sturry and Fordwich on the Ashford to Ramsgate line in Kent. It is 2+1/4 mi north east of Canterbury West, and lies either side of a level crossing. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

Location and facilities
The station is north of Sturry village. It is also the nearest station to the town of Fordwich.

The two platforms are staggered and are either side of the A28 road which passes through a central level crossing. The A291 road to Herne Bay is also near the station. Platform 1 provides services towards Canterbury West, Ashford International and London. Platform 2 provides services towards Ramsgate and Margate. This platform also has a part-time staffed booking office and ticket machines.

The unusual layout of the station has caused problems, as there is no direct pedestrian access between the two platforms. In 2020, a man was fined for trespassing by Network Rail when he jumped the level crossing barriers in order to make a train connection.

History
The station was opened by the South Eastern Railway on 1 June 1847 It was on the line from Canterbury West to Ramsgate, which had opened on 13 April the previous year. A booking office was added in 1851.

In 1887, the station was renamed Sturry for Herne Bay. It reverted to its original name around 1898.

The line through the station was electrified in 1962, with new services starting on 18 June.

Services
All services at Sturry are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross via Tonbridge
 * 1 tph to Ramsgate

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street and London St Pancras International call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Sturry railway station


text:
HMS Bee (1915)

HMS Bee was an Insect-class gunboat of the Royal Navy, launched on 8 December 1915. This class are also known as "Large China Gunboats".

Initially built for service on the River Danube, after World War I the Insects were transported to China and served on the Yangtze River. In 1920, Bee became the flagship of the Yangtze patrol.

On 12 December 1937, Bee, along with HMS Ladybird (1916), became involved in the Panay incident and came under fire from a Japanese artillery unit near Wuhu on the Yangtze. Ladybird took six shells and Bee dodged a shell as she came upon the scene.

Bee was paid off in 1938 when the gunboat HMS Scorpion (T67), the new flagship, arrived. She was sold in Shanghai for scrap on 22 March 1939 for £5,225.

title: HMS Bee (1915)


text:
Ruth Cracknell

Ruth Winifred Cracknell AM (6 July 1925 – 13 May 2002) was an Australian character and comic actress, comedienne and author, her career encompassing all genres including radio, theatre, television and film. She appeared in many dramatic as well as comedy roles throughout a career spanning some 56 years. In theatre she was well known for her Shakespeare roles.

Early life and education
Ruth Winifred Cracknell was born on 6 July 1925 in Maitland, New South Wales to Charles and Winifred Goddard (nee Watts). When she was four years old, the family moved to Sydney. She was educated at North Sydney Girls High School and, after graduating, worked at the Ku-ring-gai Council as a stenographer. In 1943 she joined the Modern Theatre Players drama school, run by Edna Spilsbury, and she resigned from the council in 1945 to become a professional actress.

Radio and theatre
Cracknell's first acting jobs were in radio, starting at AWA recording studios in 1945. By 1946, she was performing five episodes of radio plays a week. She also performed on stage with the Sydney-based companies the Independent Theatre and the Mercury Theatre. In 1948, she joined the John Alden Company and had roles in King Lear, Measure for Measure and The Tempest. In 1952, at the age of 27, she left Australia to work in London for two years.

Screen
Cracknell appeared in many TV serial productions, and made for TV films. One of her first roles was Reflections in Dark Glasses, a one-off drama broadcast in 1960 and the 1973 award-winning ABC-TV dramatisation of Ethel Turner's Australian children's classic Seven Little Australians. She was a hostess of children television series Play School in the mid to late 1960s. In the 1980s she guest starred in A Country Practice.

Cracknell is best known for her role in the ABC television series Mother and Son. Written by Geoffrey Atherden, who previously had written The Aunty Jack Show, he based the series on the writer's own family experience. Mother and Son first screened on 16 January 1984; it continued for six seasons for over a decade and is often repeated. Cracknell played an elderly woman, Maggie Beare, who was slowly becoming senile. She was cared for by her long-suffering younger son Arthur (Garry McDonald), to whom she was often indifferent but on whom she was also dependent and whom she often cynically played off against her self-centred older son Robert (Henri Szeps) and daughter-in-law Liz (played by Judy Morris).

Cracknell appeared in film productions including opposite Chips Rafferty in the 1958 classic Smiley Gets a Gun, The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1978), the 1983 The Night the Prowler in 1978 and The Dismissal as Margaret Whitlam in 1983. Later in 1996, she starred opposite Toni Collette in Lilian's Story as Sydney eccentric Beatrice Miles.

Theatre companies
Cracknell acted for most of the major Australian theatre companies, especially the Sydney Theatre Company. She performed many different roles; Elaine in Williamson's

Emerald City (1987), Grandma Kurnitz in Lost in Yonkers (1992), Shafer's Lettice and Lovage Her best known role was in the stage production of The Importance of Being Earnest as Lady Bracknell. The production was so popular that it was an "ongoing" stage production from 1988 to 1992 and was televised by the ABC. She was also Patron of the Australian Theatre for Young People.

Personal life and memoirs
Cracknell married Eric Phillips in 1957 and they had three children. Phillips was an engineer.

In 1997 Cracknell published her autobiography, A Biased Memoir, which was a bestseller in Australia. In 2000 she published her memoir, Journey from Venice, which related how she and her husband, Eric Phillips, were visiting Venice when he had a paralysing stroke; she did not speak a word of Italian but she had to organise medical treatment for him and have him returned to Australia in the face of significant obstacles. He later died in a Sydney hospital.

Cracknell died of a respiratory illness in a Sydney nursing home on 13 May 2002, aged 76, shortly after a visit from her children.

Honours and awards
In the 1980 Australia Day Honours, Cracknell was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM), "in recognition of service to the performing arts".

She received honorary doctorates from the University of Sydney (1985) and the Queensland University of Technology (1995).

In 1995, Cracknell was the recipient of a lifetime achievement award at the Glugs Theatrical Awards in Sydney.

In 1998, the National Trust of Australia named her one of "100 National Living Treasures".

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.

Helpmann Awards
The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia (LPA) since 2001. In 2001, Cracknell received the JC Williamson Award, the LPA's highest honour, for their life's work in live performance.

 * 2001
 * Herself
 * JC Williamson Award
 * awarded
 * awarded

Logie Awards
In 2001, Cracknell was awarded the TV Week Logie Hall of Fame for her services to Australian television. Her appearance at the ceremony was the last before her death. She was the first (and for 15 years) only woman to be inducted.

(wins only)
 * 1993 || Herself || Most Outstanding Actress || Won
 * 1994 || Herself || Most Outstanding Actress || Won
 * 1994 || Herself || Most Popular Comedy Personality || Won
 * 2001 || Herself || Logie Hall of Fame || awarded
 * 1994 || Herself || Most Popular Comedy Personality || Won
 * 2001 || Herself || Logie Hall of Fame || awarded
 * 2001 || Herself || Logie Hall of Fame || awarded
 * 2001 || Herself || Logie Hall of Fame || awarded

title: Ruth Cracknell


text:
Talk:Digital Signal Designation

i want to see the digital signal desination

title: Talk:Digital Signal Designation


text:
Petrus Torkilsson

Petrus Torkilsson (lat. Petrus Tyrgilli) was Bishop of Linköping, 1342–1351 and Archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden, 1351–1366.

It is unknown when he was born, but the first mentioning of him is from 1320, when he was vicar in Färentuna. He was chancellor of the King Magnus Eriksson in 1340 and continued to support him during the civil wars in the 1360s.

title: Petrus Torkilsson


text:
Robert IV of Sablé

Robert IV de Sablé (or de Sabloil; 1150 − 23 September 1193) was Lord of Sablé, the eleventh Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1191 to 1192 and Lord of Cyprus from 1191 to 1192. He was known as the Grand Master of the Knights Templars and the Grand Master of the Holy and Valiant Order of Knights Templars.

Personal life
Sablé was born to a respected military family in Anjou and was "a leading Angevin vassal of the King". His lordship was based in a cluster of lands in the River Sarthe valley, which he inherited in the 1160s. He married Clemence de Mayenne (died before 1209). He was succeeded in Anjou by his daughter Marguerite de Sablé, who by marriage passed the entire estate to William des Roches, also a knight of the Third Crusade. Robert died in the Holy Land on 23 September 1193. Although there are no exact records of his birth date, it is believed that he was relatively old at the time of his death compared to the average life expectancy of the 12th century.

Angevin Civil War
In 1173, Sablé supported Henry the Young King, heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of England and duchy of Normandy, in a revolt against his father Henry II during the Revolt of 1173-1174. The uprising was crushed, but Robert is believed to have remained in favour with the Angevin Kings, as Richard I would later be instrumental in his appointment as Grand Master. He contributed money to French monastic houses in 1190 as a way of making amends.

Third Crusade
According to the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, Robert was one of the chosen leaders of the Crusading Fleet of Richard I that departed from Dartmouth in the spring of 1190. The fleet scattered in the sea of Bisquay a result of a storm and arrived at different times to the Portuguese port of Lisbon. One of these groups was involved in helping the Portuguese monarch Sancho I repel an Almohad attack against the city of Santarem, while another went on a rampage against the local Jews and Muslims in the Christian controlled city of Lisbon. Robert arrived as the Portuguese monarch captured the misbehaved crusaders and was forced to swear an oath to control his forces while in Portuguese territory.

Despite only having a short tenure, Sablé's reign was filled with successful campaigning. Before his election as Grand Master, he led King Richard I's navy from England and Normandy to the Mediterranean, getting involved in the Reconquista in the passage. The combined might of Richard the Lionheart's strategy, seasoned troops, and the elite Templar knights scored many victories. During the Third Crusade, they laid siege to the city of Acre, which soon fell. Throughout August 1191, they also recaptured many fortresses and cities along the Levantine coast in the Eastern Mediterranean, which had been lost previously.

The new coalition's biggest success was the Battle of Arsuf, on 7 September 1191. Saladin's Muslim forces appeared to have become far stronger than the Christians, and a decisive victory was desperately needed. Pooling all of the crusaders' strength, the Knights Hospitaller joined the ranks, plus many knights from Sablé's native Anjou, Maine, and Brittany. They met Saladin's troops on the dry plains and soon broke his ranks. Those who stayed to fight were killed, and the remaining Islamic troops were forced to retreat.

Acquisition of Cyprus
At the end of 1191, Richard the Lionheart agreed to sell Cyprus to the Templars for 25,000 pieces of silver. Richard had plundered the island from the Byzantine forces of the tyrant Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus some months earlier and had no real use for it. The Hospitallers would later establish solid bases on the islands of Rhodes and Malta, but Sablé failed to do the same with the island of Cyprus. He was lord for two years, until he gave (or sold) the island to Guy de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, as he was without a kingdom.

Sablé did manage to establish a Chieftain House of the Order in Saint-Jean d'Acre, which remained for almost a century.

Delayed election
At the time of Gerard de Ridefort's death, Sablé was not even a member of the Templar Order. However, the senior knights had become increasingly opposed to Masters fighting on the front line, and the capture and beheading of Grand Master Gerard de Ridefort became the final straw. They delayed elections for over a year so that the rules regarding active service of Grand Masters could be reviewed. During this hiatus, Sablé did join the order, just in time to be considered for election. When he was made Grand Master, he had been a Templar knight for less than a year. He died in 1193.

In popular culture
Robert de Sablé is the secondary antagonist in the 2007 video game Assassin's Creed. He is the leader of the Knights Templar who are the main antagonists and are depicted as acting behind the scene on both sides of the holy war, to further their own ideological goals and to obtain the Piece of Eden. Al Mualim, the leader of the Assassins (and the game's main antagonist) orders Altaïr to kill Robert after eliminating his eight conspirators, which is depicted as taking place in 1191 at the battle of Arsuf. Maria Thorpe, his stewardess, later became Altaïr's wife.

title: Robert IV of Sablé


text:
The Origin of the Feces

The Origin of the Feces is the second studio album by the American gothic metal band Type O Negative, released in 1992.

Recording and production
The album was recorded in a studio but produced to sound "live" by adding crowd noises, banter with the fictitious audience, and even a song stopping because the venue supposedly had received a bomb threat. This was done to simulate the controversy the band faced during the European leg of their Slow, Deep and Hard tour. The band is known among fans for weaving this type of humor into their often gloomy music.

Album content
The album is composed primarily of slightly altered, re-recorded versions of tracks that had appeared already on Slow, Deep and Hard. They appear on The Origin of the Feces under new titles: "I Know You're Fucking Someone Else" was "Unsuccessfully Coping with the Natural Beauty of Infidelity" on the previous album, "Gravity" was "Gravitational Constant: G = 6.67 x 10⁻⁸ cm⁻³ gm⁻¹ sec⁻²", "Pain" was "Prelude to Agony", and "Kill You Tonight" was "Xero Tolerance".

One song, "Are You Afraid?", is an original composition that the band played live as an introduction to "Gravity" but never included on an official studio album. It foreshadows the gothic sound the band would adopt on their next album, Bloody Kisses.

This album also started the tradition of Type O Negative recording cover songs performed in their distinct, gothic metal sound. The album included the band's cover of Billy Roberts' "Hey Joe" which was made famous by the Jimi Hendrix Experience. The song was retitled "Hey Pete" for its inclusion on The Origin Of The Feces and it featured re-worked lyrics. The new title and revised lyrics were references to Type O Negative frontman Peter Steele. The reprise of "Kill You Tonight" includes a sample of the closing piano strike from The Beatles' "A Day in the Life". The remastered 1994 reissue of The Origin Of The Feces also included a bonus cover track of Black Sabbath's "Paranoid" (which also contains the main riff of Black Sabbath's "Iron Man" midway through). This cover was originally recorded for inclusion on the 1994 compilation album "Nativity in Black: A Tribute to Black Sabbath" however it was scrapped from the project when a more prominent band signed on and requested they perform "Paranoid" on the album. As a result, Type O Negative was forced to record another Black Sabbath song in order to be included on the tribute album. The band settled on the song, "Black Sabbath" itself and ironically Black Sabbath themselves were very impressed with Type O Negative's take on the song. Original Black Sabbath drummer, Bill Ward cited Type O Negative's performance as his favorite from the album.

In another instance of the band's sense of humor, circus impresario P. T. Barnum is credited as a co-producer for the record, despite the fact that he had been dead for over 100 years at the time the album was released.

Packaging
The original cover of the album has a close-up of Steele's anus. This was changed for the reissue two years later, to a green and black version of the 1493 Michael Wolgemut painting The Dance of Death. The album's title is a play on Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.

Track listing
All lyrics and music by Peter Steele, except where noted.

Credits

 * Peter Steele – lead vocals, bass guitar
 * Kenny Hickey – backing vocals, co-lead vocals (on "Hey Pete"), electric guitar
 * Josh Silver – backing vocals, keyboards, sound effects
 * Sal Abruscato – drums, percussion
 * Johnny Kelly – drums, percussion (on "Paranoid")

title: The Origin of the Feces


text:
Modasa

Modasa is a town and a municipality in Aravalli district in the Indian state of Gujarat.

Modasa became headquarters of new Aravalli district, carved out from Sabarkantha. The new district was declared on 26 January 2013 and formed on 15 August 2013.

It is an economic centre for agricultural exports, at both the provincial and national levels. As a centre for the surrounding villages, Modasa acts as a transportation hub for both residents and tourists, and has two large hospitals. The city also provides a nucleus of doctors for the people of northern Gujarat and some migrants of southern Rajasthan.

Modasa is emerging as an education center for the area, with new pharmacy and engineering colleges and CBSE school supplementing the more traditional educational faculties. The city now has colleges of law, science, education, arts, commerce, and pharmacy, as well as business administration to MBA, BBA and BCA levels. Study courses run by the Government Engineering college include mechanical, computer, electronics and communication, civil engineering, electrical, and automotive engineering.

History
The history of Modasa dates back thousands of years. It is believed that region around Modasa has been populated since the days of Indus valley civilization. Many architectural items, coins, religious artifacts, brick etc. are found at excavation sites around Modasa. These findings are evidence of the prominent role Modasa played during various periods of Indian history. Modasa has been place of significance in the times of Mauryas, Shatvahns, Kshtraps Guptas, Maritrakas, Rastrakutas etc. It is believed that Modasa is refereed as Maulayashah tirth in Skand puran. Also a more-than-2000-year-old stone has been found that refers to place as Mandasan. It is also claimed that in past Modasa was called Modhak vas or Mohadakvas. Though it is not clear where this name came from.

Modasa has been referred to in many religious stories from past. Temples of many diverse faith and religion are found throughout the town. Among Hindus, Jains and Shiva worshipers dominated town for many years. Pusti marg was introduced only about 300 years ago.

In medieval times Modasa used to be the rest point for travellers going to Surat port for Mecca from northern Indian places like Delhi, etc.

The architectural sites around Modasa indicate that once there was a kote (wall) around the town. Also there are indications that the kote has been destroyed many times. Though details are limited it is believed that town was sacked in past by armies from Muslims subas of Gujarat as well as Marathas.

It was an important frontier fortified post during Gujarat Sultanate (1415) under Sultan Ahmed Shah I. At the close of the sixteenth century it was the chief place in a tract of 162 villages, yielding a yearly revenue of £80,000 (Rs. 8,00,000). Under the Mughals, Shahab-ud-din, the 3rd Viceroy (1577-1583), repaired the fort at Modasa, and stationing a party of cavalry there completely settled the country. During the eighteenth century Modasa greatly declined, and when (1818) it came under British management, the town was most backward. Quickly recovering, it had in 1825 a numerous and respectable body of traders with an estimated capital of £90,000 (Rs. 9,00,000).

During British rule though most of the area around Modasa was under state of Idar, Modasa was under direct control of British government in India. This might have brought some stability in the late 19th century. During the days of independent struggle, led by Mahatma Gandhi, Modasa participated very actively. Starting from 1930's Modasa was a vibrant place for the non-violent styagrah movement.

There was a British passenger ship named after Modasa. The "S.S Modasa" was one of a class of six near-sister ships owned by British-India Steam Navigation Co. Built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson.

Modasa RTO code is GJ-31 instead of GJ-33

Geography
Modasa is located at 23.47°N, 73.3°W. It has an average elevation of 197 metres (646 feet). Most of the water for Modasa comes from the Mazum river, on which, about 5 kilometers from Modasa, the Mazum reservoir is situated.

Educational institutions

After independence, the leader of Modasa decided to take the opportunity to provide higher education to the needy of this area and establish a public charitable trust which is registered in the Act. The purpose of this trust is to establish and run an institution for higher education catering to the needs of this area and bringing them into the mainstream. The trust is aptly named after a well-known revolutionary, freedom fighter, social worker, and educationist "Shri Mathuradas Laljidas Gandhi". The M. L. Gandhi Higher Education Society started Arts and Science College first with the donation of generous donors like Sir Purushottamdas Thakordas and Shir Somalal Kasturdas Shah and the partners of Shir Krishan Oil Mill. So, the college was named after them. Thus the first college was called Shir S.K.Shah & Shri Krishan O.M.Arts College and Sir P.T.Science College in 1960. In a short time this college started throbbing with vitality under the academic leadership of its first principal Dhirubhai Thakar, who, after his retirement is busy making an encyclopedia in Gujarat named Gujarati Vishwakosh, a most prestigious work. The first president of this education society was the late shri Raichanddas Katudas Shah.

 * Institutes By Modasa College Campus

 * 1) Sir P T Science College
 * 2) Shri S K Shah And O.m arts college
 * 3) Shri H S Shah College Of Commerce
 * 4) B D Shah College Of Education
 * 5) Shri N S Patel law College
 * 6) Shri B M Shah College Of Pharmacy
 * 7) Shrimati M L G Bhalavat Pharmacy P G Centre
 * 8) P T C college
 * 9) Shrimati K A Modi M S W College
 * 10) Shri B H Gandhi BBA College
 * 11) Matrushri L J Gandhi BCA College
 * 12) Dr. N J Shah PGDCA College
 * 13) Shri K H Patel M.ed Institute
 * 14) Shri J B Shah English Medium School{Primary To Higher Secondary}
 * 15) Shri M J Mehta IGNOU Study Centre
 * 16) BAOU Study Centre
 * 17) A R Sura Museum
 * 18) PCSS Career Development Academy
 * 19) GEC Modasa

Other institutes include Makhdum Education society, Chanakya Vishwavidyala, New leap, Karimi Education society, etc. which run different schools from primary education to higher education

Modasa also Has two engineering Colleges namely (1) Government Engineering College, Modasa (popularly known as GEC MODASA). (2) Tatva Engineering College.

GEC modasa was inaugurated on 23 August 1984 By then Chief Minister of Gujarat Shri Madhav Singh Solanki near the bank of Mazum river. The institute is known for its best Mechanical & Civil Engineering facilities and Faculties. The GEC Modasa has given many excellent Engineers to the nation who are in the national and state level institutions such as IIT, Kharagpur, Gujarat Technological University and other Government of India established technological and scientific institutions and organisations.

GEC, MODASA offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the field of engineering as the name suggests. Offered Engineering fields are mainly Mechanical, Civil, IT and Computer science Engineering, Electrical engineering and electronics and communication engineering.

The GEC, Modasa is the leading institute in the north Gujarat province. It is also the GTU affiliated institute since 2007. The institute was affiliated to Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan during the period of 1984 to 2007.

Demographics

India census, Modasa had a population of 90,000. Males constitute 51% of the male population and females 49%. Modasa has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, with female literacy at 67%. In Modasa, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. The Modasa Municipality has population of 67,648 of which 34,917 are males while 32,731 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

Notable residents

 * Jivaraj Papriwal, a wealthy merchant of Modasa who had thousands of Jain images carved and transported to towns across India. All of them bear an inscription mentioning that they were installed at Modasa in Samvat 1548.
 * Jigar Shah (Born in Modasa), founder of "Sun Edison", who creates billions of green economy of solar power generation. He shows the world that sustainable solar energy is a future of power generation.
 * Ramanlal Soni: A Gujarati writer was also born in Modasa. He is Famous for his Novels and stories for Children.
 * Anees Bazmee : popular Hindi film director
 * S M Osama : Pharmacist who worked on many medicinal researches notably Gout and Transdermal Patch
 * Bhogilal Gandhi : Gujarati Poet who wrote more than 80 books

In popular culture

 * Modasa appears in Gujarati short story "Porter na panjama" by Pannalal Patel.
 * Influenza Outbreak of Modasa was shown in Aamir Khan's TV series Satyamev Jayate in season 2 Episode 3.
 * It came into news due to Gangrape and Murder of Dalit Girl during 2020.

title: Modasa


text:
Bernkastel-Kues

Bernkastel-Kues is a town on the Middle Mosel in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a well-known winegrowing centre. The town is a state-recognized health resort (Erholungsort), seat of the Verbandsgemeinde of Bernkastel-Kues and birthplace of one of the most famous German polymaths, the mediaeval churchman and philosopher Nikolaus von Kues (Cusanus).

Location
Bernkastel-Kues lies in the Mosel valley, roughly 50 km from Trier. The greatest elevation is the Olymp (415 m above sea level), and the lowest point (107 m above sea level) lies on the Mosel's banks. The municipal area totals 23 657 101 m2, of which 7 815 899 m2 is used for agriculture, thereby making Bernkastel-Kues one of the Middle Moselle's biggest towns by land area.

Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, these are Graach, Longkamp, Monzelfeld, Veldenz, Mülheim, Lieser, Maring-Noviand, Platten and Zeltingen-Rachtig.

Constituent communities
Bernkastel-Kues is subdivided into the four Stadtteile of Andel, Bernkastel, Kues and Wehlen. The former two lie on the Moselle's right bank, while the latter two are on the left. All together, 7,794 people live in all four centres (3,696 men, 4,098 women), of whom 268 – or 3.44% – are foreigners.

Climate
The town lies in a transitional zone between temperate oceanic climate and continental climate. The barrier formed by the Eifel shields Bernkastel-Kues from west winds, putting it in a rain shadow and sometimes subjecting it to a föhn effect.

Yearly precipitation in Bernkastel-Kues amounts to 706 mm, falling into the middle third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. At 41% of the German Weather Service's weather stations lower figures are recorded. The driest month is February. The most rainfall comes in August. In that month, precipitation is 1.6 times what it is in February. Precipitation varies hardly at all, being evenly spread throughout the year. At only 22% of the weather stations are lower seasonal swings recorded.

History
The earliest evidence of human habitation (3000 BC) was discovered by archaeologists in Kues. About AD 370, Decimus Magnus Ausonius, the Roman poet and teacher at the Imperial court, wrote his poem Mosella. Adalbero von Luxemburg (d. 1036 or 1037), Provost of the Trier Monastery of St. Paulin, became Lord of Bernkastel in the early 11th century.

In the first half of the 11th century, Bernkastel had its first documentary mention.

At the turn of the 8th century, a geographer described a place called Princastellum. This is said to be evidence of a Roman castellum in the 4th century near today's Landshut castle ruin. Pointing to this are, among other things, fittings and finds of ceramic and iron underneath the castle.

The 12th-century form of the name, Beronis castellum, was a learned re-Latinization, which was related to Adalbero von Luxemburg. Work was begun on the third castle building under the lordship of Archbishop of Trier Heinrich II of Finstingen.

On 29 May 1291, King Rudolph I of Germany granted Berrincastel town rights. The castle, Burg Landshut, which was built at that time, was given this name only in the 16th century. In 1332, the town rights were reaffirmed by Emperor Louis the Bavarian's Sammelprivileg (a kind of omnibus decree that dealt with many rights and privileges). Under the terms of the Golden Bull of 1356, Bohemond II became Elector. According to legend, he was brought back to health from a serious illness by a glass of wine, giving rise to the legend of the Berncastler Doctor winery.

In 1401, Nikolaus von Kues, also known by his Latinized name Nicolaus Cusanus, was born in Moselle shipowner Henne Cryfftz's house, which is well preserved and can be visited. In 1451, the St.-Nikolaus-Hospital, a hospital for the poor, was built.

In 1505, in an Electoral edict from Jakob II, the name Landshut for the archiepiscopal castle crops up for the first time. Emperor Maximilian I spent a night in Bernkastel in 1512 on the way to the Imperial Diet at Trier.

The Plague raged in Bernkastel in 1627, and in Kues in 1641. In 1692, Castle Landshut fell victim to fire and since then it has been a ruin.

From 1794 to 1814, Bernkastel was a cantonal chef-lieu under French rule. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bernkastel and Kues were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1821 Bernkastel became a district seat. In 1848, the Revolution came to Bernkastel as it had to many of the then politically disunited German lands: The black-red-gold flag was hoisted at the town hall and a militia was formed.

The first road bridge between Bernkastel and Kues was built between 1872 and 1874, as was the first railway link in 1882 and 1883. In 1891, Bernkastel marked its 600-year jubilee as a town.

The town in its current form came into being on 1 April 1905 through the merger of the town of Bernkastel with the winemaking village of Kues across the river. In 1926 there arose great unrest among winemakers along the Moselle, and the financial office in Bernkastel and the customs office in Kues were stormed.

On Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), there were great riots against Jewish inhabitants, and the synagogue was destroyed.

In 1946, the first democratic elections after the Second World War were held. Hans Weber became mayor.

In 1970, Andel and Wehlen were amalgamated with the town. With administrative reform in Rhineland-Palatinate, the Verbandsgemeinde of Bernkastel-Kues was formed through the merger of the Ämter of Bernkastel-Land, Lieser, Mülheim, Zeltingen and the town of Bernkastel-Kues.

In 1997, the Burgbergtunnel, a traffic bypass, had its festive opening.

Bernkastel-Kues was the host town for the annual Intercamp Camporee for the year 2008. Scouting councils from the USA, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, France, and many other European countries attended the event on May 9–11.

In 2000 began the partnership between Bernkastel-Kues and Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic. In 2005, the town celebrated the centenary of the merger of Bernkastel and Kues, and the municipality became a “climatic health resort” (Heilklimatischer Kurort).

Town council
The council is made up of 22 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:

Mayors
The honorary mayor is Wolfgang Port (CDU). He was first elected in 2000 and last re-elected in 2019 with 61.6% of the votes.

Port's predecessor, Helmut Gestrich, was mayor beginning in 1994 and was reëlected in 1999, but he resigned the mayoralty on 22 November 2000 after having been linked to the so-called Doerfert Affair (a corruption scandal; its namesake, Hans-Joachim Doerfert, was sentenced to seven years and three months for fraud and breach of trust, although he only served five years).

Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Quarterly, first and fourth sable a key palewise argent, the wards to chief and sinister, second Or a bear passant of the first, and third Or a crayfish palewise gules, the head to chief.

The arms borne until 1951 were similar, but there were two notable differences:
 * The third quarter bore another bear, like the second quarter, but it was turned to sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right);
 * There was a silver inescutcheon at the fess point (centre) charged with a red cross, (i.e., the arms of the Archbishopric of Trier).

The keys are meant to be the keys of heaven held by Saint Peter, to whom the Archbishopric of Trier is consecrated. The bear is the town's armorial bearing, and is canting (“bear” is Bär in German). The crayfish, also canting, as the blazon calls it a Krebs (a word applied to any of a number of crustacean creatures), stands for Nikolaus von Kues, whose family name was Cryfftz (the same as Krebs in High German). There are only two other towns in Germany whose arms bear a crustacean charge, namely Bad Wurzach in the Allgäu and Cottbus.

Culture and sightseeing
Worth seeing in Bernkastel is the mediaeval marketplace with its gabled timber-frame houses from the 17th century, foremost among which is the narrow Spitzhäuschen (“Pointed House”) from 1416. Around the St. Michaelsbrunnen (“Saint Michael’s Fountain”) from 1606 gathers a row of well-preserved buildings and also the Renaissance Town Hall from 1608. The Graach Gate is an often visited tourist attraction. Above the constituent community of Bernkastel lie the Castle Landshut ruins, a former summer residence of the Archbishops of Trier that was destroyed by fire on 8 January 1692. It today serves as a popular lookout point over the Moselle valley. Also worth seeing is the only town gate that is still standing, the Graacher Tor (“Graach Gate”).

The town furthermore has several squares at its disposal; beyond the mediaeval marketplace are the Platz am Bärenbrunnen (“Square at the Bear’s Fountain”) and the Karlsbader Platz (“Karlovy Vary Square” – named after the partner town, which is called Karlsbad in German) opened in July 2005. The Doctorbrunnen (“Doctor Fountain”) depicts scenes of the old legend about a local wine, the famous "Bernkasteler Doctor". Another well-known point of interest is the Late Gothic St. Nikolaus-Hospital (Cusanusstift), an Electoral complex of Nikolaus von Kues. The institution's library has an outstanding scientific range of works. It is also well known for its chapel, where the heart of the great philosopher, cardinal and polymath Nikolaus von Kues (Cusanus) is buried. Near the outlying centre of Wehlen lies the former Machern Monastery in whose rooms are now found a winery, a house brewery and a restaurant.

Regular events

 * MoselMusikFestival (May to October)
 * Weinfest der Mittelmosel (“Wine Festival of the Middle Moselle”, each year on the first weekend in September) – with, among other things, a parade and fireworks
 * Christmas market in the mediaeval town. Many local vendors sell everything from mulled wine to handmade trinkets.
 * Tage alter Chormusik (“Days of Choir Music”, each year in the week after Easter
 * International rowing regatta on the Moselle for the Grüner Moselpokal (“Green Moselle Cup”) in September
 * Mittelalter-Spectacel (a mediaeval spectacle, every other year)
 * Bernkastel-Kueser Reitertage (“Riding Days”)
 * Moselfestwochen (classic music festival)
 * Straßenfest (street fair) in the constituent community of Kues
 * Tage der offenen Weinkeller (“Open Wine Cellar Days”) in the constituent community of Kues where the winemakers of Kues present and sell their wine in their own wine cellars.
 * Annual horse show on the Easter weekend

Education

 * Nikolaus-von-Kues-Gymnasium
 * Freiherr-vom-Stein-Realschule
 * Hauptschule with all-day school
 * Grundschule Kues (Cusanusschule) (primary school)
 * Grundschule Wehlen (primary school)
 * Professional training schools (Berufsbildende Schulen) with professional school (Berufsfachschule) I and II, upper professional school (Berufsoberschule)
 * Hotelfachschule and Höhere Berufsfachschule für Hotelmanagement
 * Medizinisches Ausbildungszentrum Moseltal, Fachschule für Physiotherapie (medical training centre, specialization in physiotherapy)
 * Burg-Landshut-Schule für Lernbehinderte (for students with learning difficulties)
 * Rosenbergschule (special school with focus on holistic development)

Authorities

 * Amtsgericht
 * Bundesagentur für Arbeit (Federal agency for labour)
 * Cusanus-Krankenhaus (hospital, part of CTT Verbundkrankenhaus Bernkastel-Wittlich)
 * Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum (a Rhineland-Palatinate institution that concerns itself with a broad array of matters relating to agriculture, winegrowing and oenology, schools teaching in agricultural disciplines, and many other related things, in both advisory and developmental capacities)
 * Finanzamt Bernkastel-Wittlich (financial office – branch location)
 * Kraftfahrzeugzulassungsstelle Bernkastel-Wittlich (vehicle licensing centre – branch location)
 * Polizeiinspektion (police service)
 * Verbandsgemeindeverwaltung Bernkastel-Kues (Verbandsgemeinde administration)
 * Vermessungs- und Katasteramt (surveying and cadastral office)
 * Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Trier (water and shipping office – branch location)
 * Wasserschutzpolizei (water protection police)

Established businesses

 * Mageba, a producer of textile machinery
 * Median Kliniken GmbH with its rehabilitation centre, biggest employer in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district
 * Moselland eG, biggest winemaking cooperative in Rhineland-Palatinate, turnover: €47,500,000
 * Peter Mertes Weinkellerei GmbH, biggest German winery, turnover: €130,000,000 (2004)

Winegrowing
Historically, the most important economic sector has been winegrowing. Within the Bernkastel area, vines are worked overwhelmingly in steep-slope vineyards in an area of 5,844 ha. There are still many wineries in Bernkastel-Kues today. Riesling is the customary grape variety, although smaller quantities of other varieties, such as Burgunder, Rivaner, Kerner and Dornfelder, are also grown.

Within town limits, the winemaking appellations – Großlagen – Münzlay (Wehlen), Badstube (Bernkastel) and Kurfürstlay (Bernkastel, Kues and Andel) are represented by the following vineyards:

Road
Bernkastel-Kues lies on Bundesstraßen 50 and 53. With the opening of the Burgbergtunnel (550 m), heavy traffic in the constituent community of Bernkastel was alleviated. Also, two bridges are found in town, one of which is the only suspension bridge across the Moselle. Both were renovated in the 1990s. Public transport is integrated into the Verkehrsverbund Region Trier (VRT), whose fares therefore apply.

Rail
Until 31 December 1962, the narrow gauge Moseltalbahn, also called the Saufbähnchen, ran through Bernkastel-Kues. The railway station building stands at the water's edge in the constituent community of Bernkastel (right bank). Furthermore, there was a Deutsche Bahn terminal station in the constituent community of Kues (left bank) whence a further railway track, the Wengerohr–Bernkastel-Kues line, linked the town with Wittlich and the Moselle line (Cannons Railway). Both railways are disused and the tracks have been torn up. The slate-block railway station building, built “Moselle-style” in the early 20th century by Reichsbahn building director Franz Schenk, has likewise been preserved. An adjoining goods building was restored and is now used as a multifunctional building (Güterhalle). In what was once the track area there was at first an unsecured carpark. Now here is the Forum Alter Bahnhof, a municipal service centre with an underground parking garage. The track itself was first converted as far as Lieser into the Mosel-Radweg (cycling trail), and then later into the Maare-Mosel-Radweg through Wittlich to Daun in the Eifel.

Water
Bernkastel-Kues is a stop on Rhine-Mosel cruises. Along the shore of the Mosel are many landing stages from which there are many tours daily.

Notable people

 * Nikolaus von Kues (Cusanus) (1401–1464), philosopher, theologian, jurist and astronomer
 * Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine (1604–1675), Duke of Lorraine, died in Bernkastel
 * Hermann Schroeder (1904–1984), composer
 * Heiner Thiel (born 1957), sculptor and curator
 * Stuart Pigott (born 1960), British, wine specialist, author and journalist

Twin towns – sister cities

Bernkastel-Kues is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇿 Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic

In popular culture
The first string before the hyphen, "Bernkastel" is the name of a character in the visual novel series Umineko: When They Cry.

title: Bernkastel-Kues


text: User talk:65.95.88.160

title: User talk:65.95.88.160


text:
Chartham railway station

Chartham railway station is in Chartham, Kent, on the Ashford to Ramsgate line. The station, and all trains serving it, is operated by Southeastern.

Facilities
The station is to the north of Chartham village and south of the A28 road which runs parallel from Ashford to Canterbury. It is unstaffed, but has electronic indicator boards and a ticket machine. There are two platforms, connected by a footbridge. A level crossing at the south end of the station, by the signal box, was formerly manually operated but was replaced with automated crossing gates in December 2022.

History
The station was opened by the South Eastern Railway (SER) in September 1850, some time after the line from Ashford to Canterbury was completed. In common with several other stations on the line, there was a level crossing as the SER did not believe the line would attract sufficient traffic for bridges.

Goods services were withdrawn from the station on 19 November 1962.

Incidents
At around 06:45 on 9 October 1894, a wagon of hop-pickers on their way to work at Horton Chapel Farm was struck by the delayed 04:15 down Ashford to Canterbury West goods train. Canterbury West goods train. Five hop-pickers were killed instantly, with a further two dying from their injuries later. The investigation found that the wagon driver had left the opening of the gates to children in poor visibility, and had failed to stop before crossing. The train crew whistled at least three times while approaching the crossing. The inspecting officer, Charles Scrope Hutchinson, criticised the South Eastern Railway for the excessively long rostered hours of the train crew. Ultimately, blame was assigned to the wagon driver and the SER was exonerated.

Services

All services at Chartham are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross via Tonbridge
 * 1 tph to Ramsgate

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street and London St Pancras International call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Chartham railway station


text: Template:Provinces of Spain

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Template:Provinces of Spain


text:
Chilham railway station

Chilham railway station is a railway station in Chilham, Kent. It is on the Ashford to Ramsgate line between Ashford International and Canterbury West. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by Southeastern.

History
The station was opened by the South Eastern Railway (SER) on 6 February 1846, as the first part of their line towards Thanet, which opened as far as Canterbury West on this date.

There are level crossings near both ends of the station, since the SER were unsure about the levels of traffic on the line and decided to cross several roads at-grade instead of bridges. Trains that delayed cars at the crossings for more than five minutes would be fined.

The station attracted attention from other railway companies. A proposal was put forward for a branch line from Chilham to Faversham, but rejected by the SER. In retrospect, this turned out to be a mistake as the East Kent Railway, later to become the London, Chatham & Dover Railway (LCDR), built their own line to Faversham, competing with the SER for London - Thanet traffic. In response, the SER proposed building a line from its station at Strood to Chilham across the River Medway and the North Downs, in order to cut demand for the LCDR. This plan was withdrawn after the SER realised such a scheme would probably involve also constructing a line from Canterbury to Dover.

Goods services were withdrawn from the station on 15 August 1966.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 20 October 1848, a fish and luggage train was derailed near Chilham when a bridge over the River Stour was washed away under it. All three crew were uninjured.
 * On 11 August 1858, an excursion train was derailed near Chilham. Three people were killed.
 * On 15 July 1970, an electric multiple unit was in collision with a lorry on an occupation crossing between Chartham and Chilham due to an error by the crossing keeper. The driver of the lorry and the guard of the train were killed.
 * On 26 July 2015, electric multiple unit 375703 was in collision with a herd of cattle on the line between Wye and Chilham. Two carriages were derailed. There were no injuries amongst the 70 passengers.

Services
All services at Chilham are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross via Tonbridge
 * 1 tph to Ramsgate

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street and London St Pancras International call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Chilham railway station


text:
Laser trimming

Laser trimming is the manufacturing process of using a laser to adjust the operating parameters of an electronic circuit. One of the most common applications uses a laser to burn away small portions of resistors, raising their resistance value. The burning operation can be conducted while the circuit is being tested by automatic test equipment, leading to optimum final values for the resistor(s) in the circuit.

The resistance value of a film resistor is defined by its geometric dimensions (length, width, height) and the resistor material. A lateral cut in the resistor material by the laser narrows or lengthens the current flow path and increases the resistance value. The same effect is obtained whether the laser changes a thick-film or a thin-film resistor on a ceramic substrate or an surface-mount resistor. The surface-mount resistor is produced with the same technology and may be laser trimmed as well.

Trimmable chip capacitors are built up as multilayer plate capacitors. Vaporizing part of the top layer with a laser decreases the capacitance by reducing the area of the top electrode.

Passive trim is the adjustment of a resistor to a given value. If the trimming adjusts the whole circuit output such as output voltage, frequency, or switching threshold, this is called active trim. During the trim process, the corresponding parameter is measured continuously and compared to the programmed nominal value. The laser stops automatically when the value reaches the nominal value.

Trimming LTCC resistances in a pressure chamber
One type of passive trimmer uses a pressure chamber to enable resistor trimming in a single run. The LTCC boards are contacted by test probes on the assembly side and trimmed with a laser beam from the resistor side. This trimming method requires no contact points between the resistances, because the fine pitch adapter contacts the component on the opposite side of where the trimming occurs. Therefore, the LTCC can be arranged more compactly and less expensively.

Function mode: Advantages of this method:
 * The LTCC is mounted in the contact unit.
 * From the opposite side a rigid probe contacts the circuit.
 * From the top side the chamber is pressurized to 1 to 4 bars, with a controlled exhaust port to achieve air flow through the chamber.
 * As the resistance material is vaporized, the waste particles are removed in the air flow.
 * Trimming of unlimited number of printed resistors in one step without obstruction from test probes.
 * No contamination on board, adapter or in system.
 * Density up to 280 points/cm².

Trimming potentiometers
Often designers use potentiometers, which are adjusted during end testing until the desired function of the circuit is reached. In many applications, the end user of the product would prefer not to have potentiometers, as they can drift, be mis-adjusted or develop noise. Therefore, manufacturers determine the needed resistance or capacitance values by measurement and calculation methods and afterwards solder the suitable component into the final PCB; this approach is called "Select on Test" (SOT) and is quite labor-intensive.

It is simpler to substitute the potentiometer or the SOT part with a trimmable chip resistor or chip capacitor, and the potentiometer adjusting screwdriver is replaced by the laser trimming. The achieved accuracy can be higher, the procedure can be automated, and the long-term stability is better than with potentiometers and at least as good as with SOT components. Often the laser for active trimming can be integrated in existing measurement systems by the manufacturer.

Program from digital logic circuits
A similar approach can be used to program digital logic circuits. In this case, fuses are blown by the laser, enabling or disabling various logic circuits. An example of this is the IBM POWER4 microprocessor where the chip contains five banks of cache memory but only requires four banks for full operation. During testing, each cache bank is exercised. If a defect is found in one bank, that bank can be disabled by blowing its programming fuse. This built-in redundancy allows higher chip yields than would be possible if all cache banks had to be perfect in every chip. If no bank is defective, a fuse can be blown arbitrarily, leaving just four banks.

title: Laser trimming


text:
Saltuarius swaini

Saltuarius swaini, also known as the southern leaf-tailed gecko or Border Ranges leaf-tailed gecko is endemic to Australia where it is found in coastal mountain ranges of southeastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. It inhabits rainforests and lives inside large tree root systems and hollows of strangler figs. Its scientific name is after Malcolm Swain of the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.

Description
Southern leaf tailed geckos are a light to dark brown colour with darker patterns. The gecko is approx. 134 mm long from snout to vent.

Their tails are broad and leaf-life hence their common name. When threatened or caught geckos can drop their tail to confuse predators. Eventually a new tail will be regenerated, although only the original tail will have the tubercules and matching colour and pattern to the torso; new tails will be very different in both colour and pattern.

Life cycle
Female southern leaf-tailed geckos usually lay one or two soft-shelled eggs in late spring. These eggs are up to 28 mm in length. The eggs are buried in moist soil or leaf litter to prevent their drying out. Left to develop unattended, 3 months later the offspring hatch and begin fending for themselves, catching insects within only a few days of birth. They take up to two years to fully mature and then can survive for up to eight more years.

Diet
The southern leaf-tailed gecko eats mostly insects.

title: Saltuarius swaini