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Gerda Alexander

Gerda Alexander (February 15, 1908 – February 21, 1994) was a German/Danish Dalcroze eurhythmicist and teacher, and later creator of Eutony. She was involved with the vanguards of the arts, education, and movement culture in Germany in the first decades of the 20th century, and established herself in Denmark in 1929 onwards. Through the creation of Eutony, Gerda Alexander collaborated with medical centers, pedagogical and artistic training institutes in Europe, North and South America and the Middle East.

Gerda Alexander was a pioneer among the creators of somatic education practices in the world. Her school in Copenhagen trained professionals for 45 years, and Eutony is currently taught in professional training schools in Europe and South America.

Early life and education
Gerda Alexander was born in Wuppertal, Germany, and her parents were enthusiasts of Dalcroze Eurhythmics, passing on to her a similar interest in the arts. Her parents avoided telling her explicitly about Dalcroze, but Gerda Alexander had her first contact with his work through some photos of the first festival of the Dalcroze school in Hellerau, followed by a Rhythmics course given by Otto Blensdorf in her city in the same period, and insisted on joining the classes.

She attended the Dalcroze Eurhythmics school of Otto Blensdorf (the Blensdorfschule für körperlich-musikalische Erziehung, lately named as Blensdorfschule für Rhythmik) in Wuppertal from 1915 until 1929. From 1922, at the age of 14, Gerda Alexander began to get involved in the activities, trips, stage productions and as an assistant teacher at Blensdorf's school and its affiliates in Essen, Düsseldorf, Köln, Remscheis, Solingen, etc. Around 1923, Gerda directed her first play open to the public, staging the first two acts of Humperdinck's Hänsel and Gretel. In 1924, Otto Blensdorf opened the Blensdorf-Schule (Dalcroze Seminar) für professionellen Rhythmik-Unterricht, a professional training for those who were interested in becoming Dalcroze Eurhythmics teachers, thus providing the pedagogical foundations of the method. Gerda Alexander was part of the first intake of the Seminar.

Through her early experiences, Gerda Alexander got in touch with the development of the modern dance in Germany. She performed in the local theatre in Wuppertal (at that time, known as the Vereinigten Stadttheatern Barmen-Elberfeld) and in international congresses through the country in the 1920s (e.g. GESOLEI). In later interviews and remembrances, Gerda Alexander referred to personalities as Rudolf Laban, Mary Wigman, Elsa Gindler, Heinrich Jacoby, Bess Mensendieck, Loheland school (Louise Langgaard e Hedwig von Rohden) and Anna Herrmann, and highlighted how the observation of their students were important on the development of her work.

Two of Gerda Alexander's teaching internships were remarkable. In 1926, Otto Blensdorf's oldest daughter and collaborator, Charlotte Blensdorf, was invited to teach Dalcroze Eurythmics for children and teachers at the first Institute for Scientific Pedagogical Research under the leadership of Peter Petersen, internationally known for the Jena-Plan. At the same period, Charlotte was also invited by the state government to teach at the Staatlichen Erziehungsheimen Stadtroda, a residential institution that cared for around 600 children and adolescents up to the age of 21 with physical disabilities, mental disorders, children of single mothers, prostitutes or mothers aged 13 or 14, including those from dysfunctional homes and with a criminal record in the city of Stadtroda. Gerda Alexander completed a year of practical work as Blensdorf's assistant in these experiences between 1926 and 1927, to which she refers as being "the best pedagogical education of my life, being able to come into contact with all these cases, with the guidance of teachers who have profoundly influenced my work".

Between the ages of 15 and 21, Gerda Alexander had several severe attacks of rheumatic fever, followed by heart diseases and culminating in an endocarditis, which was considered a disabling illness in the 1920s. She was hospitalized many times and had to find ways to move that would not overload her circulatory system.

Gerda Alexander graduated as a Dalcroze Eurhythmics teacher from the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin in 1929. During this period, Dalcroze Eurhythmics was taught in all large universities and music schools in Germany due to Kestenberg-reform.

Career Milestones
After attending the fifth international conference of the New Education Fellowship (founded by Beatrice Ensor), and then being invited to teach at Fröbel schools, Gerda Alexander moved to Denmark. Her early partnerships also included works in Sweden, most notably at the Royal Conservatory in Malmo, Sydsvenska Gymnastikinstitutet, Ericastiftelsen and the Karolinska Institutet. She maintained a link with her homeland, and attended courses at the Schlaffhorst-Andersen (or Rothenburg) school (1931-1934), attended Charlotte Blensdorf's courses at Landjugendheim Finkenkrug (1932) and in Sternberg (1938) and taught at Dore Jacobs's school in Essen. Gerda Alexander got in contact with Leopold Jessner, former student of Dalcroze and at that time producer and director at the Berliner Staatsoper, to teach movement to all actors and be his director assistant. As he was socialist and Jew, he left Germany when Hitler took power in January 1933 and their partnership had never happened.

Between 1939 and 1940, Gerda Alexander opened a school for Dalcroze Eurhythmics professional teacher training in Copenhagen, the first of its kind to be opened in Denmark. The training was aligned with the principles of the Dalcroze Eurhythmics teaching programmes in England, Switzerland and Germany, and it was partnered with the Royal Danish Conservatory of Music.

With the rise of Nazism and the outbreak of the Second World War, Gerda Alexander remained in Copenhagen for most of her life. By her collaboration in the Danish resistance, she was granted the Danish citizenship in the 1940s.

In 1959, Gerda Alexander organized the "First International Congress for Release of Tension and Functional Movement" in Copenhagen with the support of the Danish Ministry of Education. On this event, she gathered pioneering psychosomatic researchers and methods creators (methods later denominated as "Somatics", "somatic practices" or "somatic education techniques").

Gerda Alexander worked with institutions as diverse as the Fröbel College and Fröbel schools, Malmö Symphony Orchestra, Karolinska Institute, Ericastiftelsen, Frederiksberg Folkemusikhøjskolen, Sydsvenska Gymnastikistitut, Private Theater School, Royal Theatre Copenhagen, Theater Academy, Danish Broadcasting House (orchestra, choir and staff), Royal Music Conservatory, Danmarks Lærerhøjskole (Department of Music), Rigshospitalet, Dalcroze Societies, CEMEA (Centres d'Entraînement aux Méthodes d'Education Active, in France), and others. She gave lectures and workshops in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, USA, Israel, Greece, Italy, Holland, Mexico, Venezuela, Belgium and Argentina.

Gerda Alexander died six days after her 86th birthday in Wuppertal, where she lived in her old age. Her students today continue to teach her work in several places in the world.

The creation of Eutony
By her ongoing reflections with her students of all ages, an enthusiastic inquiry about artistic development and the overcoming of her difficulties, Gerda Alexander made her own research on human movement. In her own words: "I tried to find out how I could develop every person's own expression without programming him/her. At the same time, there was my personal need to learn how to survive" and "the creation of the principles of Eutony sprang from two important needs within myself. One was to be cured of chronic ailments which orthodox medicine was unable to treat. [...] My other wish was to develop a new medium for movement expression for opera, drama and dance". Alexander found ways of somatically modulate and regulate neuromuscular tone. The word "eutony" (from Greek Eu: good – and Latin Tonus: tension, the grade of tension or elasticity of muscle fibers) was coined with the help of the Dr. Alfred Bartussek. According to Alexander, "we use high tonus for effort, and medium tonus or low tonus for rest and sleep. In Eutony, we learn to use the best tonus for the action in question". In the creation of Eutony, Gerda Alexander was deeply engaged in developing a pedagogical approach that considers the person's own experience as a living body. Eutony is based in a student-centered learning process where sensorial experience and critical reflection are the basis for learning. She postulated that "it is important, in treatment, not to give and do more than is necessary, so that the other can rely on himself. It is not that I am a great master who gives you help. Rather, I can introduce you to my work for your own self-discovery."

The psychosomatic processes initiated by her classes were reported by the students, recognizing benefits in their psychic well-being and in their daily life, and Alexander began to receive medical referrals and make partnerships with medical centers, treating patients that "specialists could not give any hope of improvement" as paraplegic, spastic, amputees, with psychosomatic cases, among others. Scientific theories came a posteriori to support her practices, as she describes "from that time, new finding in neurophysiology have become an important support of our work, and our practical discoveries can be explained step by step".

The Gerda Alexander School
The Eutony professional training includes: Eutony (practice and theory, pedagogy and therapy), speech training, psychology, anatomy, physiology, neurology, neurophysiology, neuropathology, psychiatry and seminars from visiting specialists about current development in neurophysiology and other relevant disciplines.

Gerda Alexander opened her school in Copenhagen in 1939/1940 for teacher training in Dalcroze Eurhythmics. In 1943, Gerda Alexander changed the programme to a three-year training course for afspændingspædagoger (teachers/pedagogues of release of tension). In 1957, the school in Copenhagen got state technical college recognition, with a three to four years training with diploma. As she started to use the word "Eutony" to describe her work, the diploma was referred to as "Eutony teachers/pedagogues" and later "Eutonists". It was officially closed in 1987 by the name of "The Gerda Alexander School – International Centre of Eutonia".

Gerda Alexander's book and translations

 * - edited and supplemented by Karin Schaefer

title: Gerda Alexander


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Our Lady and St John Catholic College

Our Lady & St John Catholic College is a mixed 11-16 comprehensive school in Blackburn, Lancashire, England.

The school was created in 1987 by the amalgamation of Notre Dame Grammar School and St. John Rigby R.C. High School. A purpose-built Vocational Centre opened in September 2009.

Attainment
In 2009, 69% of Year 11 students achieved 5 A*-C GCSE passes. The school's value-added measure was 1011 in 2007 (national average 1000).

Notre Dame High School

 * Polly James, actress who played Beryl Hennessey in The Liver Birds
 * Matt Derbyshire, professional footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Our Lady and St John Catholic College


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Dickson invariant

In mathematics, the Dickson invariant, named after Leonard Eugene Dickson, may mean:
 * The Dickson invariant of an element of the orthogonal group in characteristic 2
 * A modular invariant of a group studied by Dickson

title: Dickson invariant


text: Category:Blackburn

title: Category:Blackburn


text: File:M - New York London Paris Munich album cover.jpg


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Masontown

Masontown is the name of several places in the United States:

 * Masontown, Pennsylvania
 * Masontown, West Virginia

title: Masontown


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Direct experience

Direct experience or immediate experience generally denotes experience gained through immediate sense perception. Many philosophical systems hold that knowledge or skills gained through direct experience cannot be fully put into words.

title: Direct experience


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Massac

Massac may refer to several places in the United States:

 * Massac, Kentucky
 * Massac County, Illinois
 * Fort Massac, Massac County, Illinois

Massac is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:
 * Massac, Aude, in the Aude département
 * Massac, Charente-Maritime, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Massac-Séran, in the Tarn département
 * Massiac, Communes of the Cantal département, is the origin of the "Massac" name in Illinois.

title: Massac


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User talk:Petz~enwiki

The image has been listed for deletion at WP:IFD Please see there for justification and discussion, and to raise objections. Zeimusu | (Talk page) 14:28, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Petz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Petz~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:34, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Petz~enwiki


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Bolnisi

Bolnisi (ბოლნისი) is a city in the country of Georgia, located in the Kvemo Kartli region and capital of the Bolnisi district. It currently has an estimated 8,348 (January 1, 2024 ) inhabitants.

History
Bolnisi was settled by 95 German colonist families from Swabia in 1818, whilst part of the Georgia Governorate of the Russian Empire. Upon the arrival of the German colonists, the town was renamed Yekaterinenfeld in honor of the sister of Tsar Alexander I, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who was married to the King of Württemberg. Some eight years later, Yekaterinenfeld was pillaged by what were described as "Tartars", who burned down the German colony and massacred many of its inhabitants. In the early 20th century, Yekaterinenfeld had a mainly German and Russian population of 2,332.

Following the Russian Revolution and the Sovietization of Georgia in 1921, Yekaterinenfeld was eponymously renamed to Luxemburg (Люксембург) for the renown German communist Rosa Luxemburg. In 1941, in accordance with Stalin's callous policy on ethnic groups, all Germans residents of Luxemburg who were not married to ethnic Georgians were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan. On 3 April 1943, the town was finally renamed to Bolnisi, which remained unchanged after the fall of the Soviet Union.

On 31 December 1967, the settlement of Bolnisi received the status of a city. In 1980, the city water supply network was built.

An airfield near the city was reported to have been bombed by Russia on August 8, 2008, during the Russia-Georgia war.

Economy
The main occupations of the colonist Germans were viticulture, horticulture, fruit growing and cattle breeding. At the same time, irrigation, underground drainage and irrigation canals were constructed in Yekaterinenfeld, as well as wine, cognac and cheese factories, and leather and furniture factories. The town's contemporary economy is mostly agrarian with the notable exceptions of a winery, brewery, and a gold mine in the nearby village of Kazreti.

Religion and Cultural Heritage

Bolnisi has long been the seat of a bishop or archbishop, and is the home of the oldest dated Christian structure in Georgia. It is known as Bolnisi Sioni (Sioni being Georgian for Zion and a designation used by many of their churches). This three-nave basilica church dates to the 5th century AD and features some pagan elements in its stonework. The original roof is missing but has been replaced with a modern covering.

A dedication Bolnisi inscriptions from the Bolnisi church, carved in the late 5th century, is one of the oldest dated specimens of Georgian writing. It mentions Bishop David of Bolnisi and two Sassanid kings Peroz I and Kavadh I.

There are still remnants of the German past in Bolnisi. A small graveyard and plaque acknowledges the German influence in the village. A small street called Mill Street has evidence of 19th-century German architecture and a few signs in the German language that date from the early 20th century.

The Bolnisi Museum, opened in 2020, showcases some findings from the nearby Dmanisi archaeological site, which is on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage sites, for the "richest and most complete collection of indisputable early Homo remains outside of Africa". Starting with these Dmanisi hominins, the exhibit also covers the Sakdrisi goldmine and contains a room on the German settlers, across four halls. The museum building was designed by Gaga Kiknadze. The concept of the exhibition was developed by Lina López. The Bolnisi Museum was nominated for the European Museum of the Year Awards in 2021.

Sport
Whilst a German colony within the Russian Empire, Bolnisi had cycling, gymnast, and football teams in the 19th century.

Sioni Bolnisi, a football club founded in 1936, play at the Tamaz Stepania Stadium, named after local footballer Tamaz Stepania; they were league champions once in 2006.

Climate
Highest recorded temperature: 40.2 C on 31 July 2011.

Lowest recorded temperature:-14.8 C on 8 January 2008.

title: Bolnisi


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User talk:Agesipolis I

This user was a public account and an abusive sockpuppet of User:Iasson.

title: User talk:Agesipolis I


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Osprey

Osprey
One of the best bird photos I've seen around. There is a little motion blur on the wings, but that is more than made up for by the pose. Used on Osprey. Not quite what you expect from the NASA, but they have a number of good wildlife photos. -- Solipsist 14:29, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - Solipsist 14:29, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Mgm|(talk) 21:18, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Impressive. --Bernard Helmstetter 22:20, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. WOW! That is what I call a good animal photo --Bricktop 23:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Awesome --Fir0002 00:37, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. -- brian0918  ™  02:15, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Jonas Olson 15:47, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Absolutely stunning. Sango  123  16:02, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Some feathers are a bit fuzzy and the sky is too gray… just kidding. Support. --MarkSweep 22:25, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, support support! Circeus 23:23, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Nick Catalano (Talk) 00:27, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 22:20, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Triddle 04:25, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- yes. - Longhair | Talk 03:52, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * BrokenSegue 22:40, 9 May 2005 (UTC)


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Category:Schools in Cornwall

Schools in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

title: Category:Schools in Cornwall


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File:Silentalarmcover.jpg

Summary

 * 1) Type: Cover of Bloc Party's 2005 CD Silent Alarm.
 * 2) Photographer: Ness Sherry
 * 3) Distributors: Wichita Recordings, Vice Records, V2 Records, Dim Mak Records
 * 4) From: National Public Radio link

Fair use in Silent Alarm
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic, of which critical commentary is written.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original. In particular, copies of the image could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) It is a low resolution image.
 * 5) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 6) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Silentalarmcover.jpg


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Aberdeen South (UK Parliament constituency)

Aberdeen South is a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election.

The seat is currently held by Stephen Flynn of the Scottish National Party since the 2019 general election. Flynn has served as the leader of the SNP in the House of Commons since December 2022.

The constituency was first used in the 1885 general election, but has undergone boundary changes since then. There was also an Aberdeen South Holyrood constituency, a constituency of the Scottish Parliament, created in 1999 with the boundaries of the Westminster constituency at that time. In 2011 the Scottish Parliament constituency of Aberdeen South was abolished and replaced with the Aberdeen South and North Kincardine constituency.

Constituency profile

Aberdeen South is an affluent suburban constituency located along the south of the Aberdeen City council area. The seat covers most of Aberdeen's affluent West End and the outer villages of Bieldside, Cults, Milltimber and Peterculter. Situated within the constituency are some of Scotland's most affluent neighbourhoods, including Broomhill, Rubislaw and Queen's Cross, which was named the wealthiest part of Scotland in 2003. The seat also extends south-east across the River Dee to cover the suburb of Cove Bay and the more deprived neighbourhoods of Torry and Kincorth.

Current
Following the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the newly redrawn Aberdeen South to be contested at the 2024 United Kingdom general election is made from:

 * In full: the Aberdeen Council wards of George St/Harbour, Lower Deeside, Hazlehead/Queens Cross/Countesswells, Airyhall/Broomhill/Garthdee, Torry/Ferryhill, Kincorth/Nigg/Cove;
 * In part: the Aberdeen Council ward of Midstocket/Rosemount

1885 to 1918
From 1832 to 1885 there was a single Aberdeen constituency. Prior to 1832, the burgh of Aberdeen had been represented as a component of the Aberdeen Burghs constituency.

When Aberdeen South was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and first used in the 1885 general election, so was Aberdeen North. Aberdeen South then consisted of the municipal wards of St Nicholas, Rosemount, Rubislaw and Ferryhill, and the 9th Parliamentary Polling District. The rest of the county of Aberdeen was covered by the county constituencies of Eastern Aberdeenshire and Western Aberdeenshire.

The same boundaries were used in the 1886 general election, the 1892 general election, the 1895 general election, the 1900 general election, the 1906 general election, the January 1910 general election and the December 1910 general election.

1918 to 1950
In 1918 constituency boundaries were redefined by the Representation of the People Act 1918. By then the county of city of Aberdeen had been created; Aberdeen North and Aberdeen South became the two constituencies covering the city (which was one of four counties of cities in Scotland) and entirely within the city. The new boundaries were first used in the 1918 general election, and Aberdeen South then consisted of the wards of Ferryhill, Rosemount, Rubislaw, Ruthrieston and St Nicholas. The county of Aberdeen was covered by Aberdeen and Kincardine East, Central Aberdeenshire and Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire. East Aberdeenshire and West Aberdeenshire were entirely within the county of Aberdeen. Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire covered the county of Kincardine (minus the burgh of Inverbervie, which was included in Montrose Burghs) and part of the county of Aberdeen.

The same boundaries were used in the 1922, 1923, 1924, 1929, 1931, 1935 and 1945 general elections.

1950 to 1955
For the 1950 general election boundaries were redefined again, by the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949. A new list of wards defined Aberdeen South – Ferryhill, Holburn, Rosemount, Rubislaw, Ruthrieston and Torry – but the county of city of Aberdeen remained a two-constituency city, divided between Aberdeen South and Aberdeen North, with both constituencies entirely within the city.

The county of Aberdeen was then again divided between East Aberdeenshire and West Aberdeenshire, with both of these constituencies entirely within the county.

The same boundaries were used for the 1951 general election.

1955 to 1983
By the time of the 1955 general election, a boundary review had taken account of a small enlargement of the city area. However, the same list of wards – Ferryhill, Holburn, Rosemount, Rubislaw, Ruthrieston and Torry – continued to define Aberdeen South, and the same boundaries were used for the 1959 general election, the 1964 general election, the 1966 general election, the 1970 general election, the February 1974 general election and the October 1974 general election.

In 1975, throughout Scotland, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, counties were abolished, and the enlarged City of Aberdeen district was formed by including areas formerly within the county of Aberdeen and the county of Kincardine. The city became a district within the Grampian region. The enlarged City of Aberdeen district included areas covered by the constituencies of West Aberdeenshire and North Angus and Mearns. North Angus and Mearns had been created in 1950 to cover the county of Kincardine and part of the county of Angus.

The 1979 general election was held before a review of constituency boundaries took account of new local government boundaries.

1983 to 1997
For the 1983 election, the electoral wards used to create this seat were Rosemount, Rubislaw, St Clements, St Nicholas, Hazlehead, Holburn, Ferryhill, Torry, Nigg.

The 1983 general election, the 1987 general election and the 1992 general election took place during this period. At the 1992 general election the constituency was the only seat which Labour had won at the 1987 election to be gained by the Conservatives.

In 1996, under the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994, local government regions and districts were abolished and the city became one of 32 unitary council areas of Scotland. Also, the name of the city became, officially, Aberdeen City.

1997 to 2005
As redefined for the 1997 general election, Aberdeen South was one of three constituencies covering and entirely within the Aberdeen City area, the other two being Aberdeen North and Aberdeen Central. Aberdeen South shared boundaries with both of the other two constituencies.

The same boundaries were used for the 2001 general election.

2005 to 2024
As redefined by the Fifth Review of the Boundary Commission for Scotland, and subsequently first used in the 2005 general election, Aberdeen South is entirely within the Aberdeen City council area and one of five constituencies covering that council area and the Aberdeenshire council area.

To the south and west of Aberdeen South there is West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine, which is entirely within the Aberdeenshire area. To the north there is Aberdeen North which, like Aberdeen South is entirely within the Aberdeen City area. Further north there is Gordon, which covers part of the Aberdeen City council area and part of the Aberdeenshire council area. To the north of Gordon there is Banff and Buchan which, like West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine, is entirely within the Aberdeenshire area.

Voting patterns
Aberdeen South was traditionally a strong Liberal Party constituency until it was won by the Unionist Party at the 1918 general election. The constituency subsequently went on to return Unionist MPs to Parliament until the party amalgamated with the Conservatives in 1965. The constituency developed into a Unionist-Labour marginal in 1964 and was gained by Labour's Donald Dewar in 1966, who went on to become the leader of the Scottish Labour Party and later the first-ever First Minister of Scotland in 1999. From the 1970 general election onwards, Aberdeen South returned Conservative MPs to Parliament. The seat was gained by Labour in 1987 and regained by the Conservatives in 1992. At Labour's 1997 landslide election victory Aberdeen South fell to Labour's Anne Begg, who represented the constituency until the 2015 general election when the constituency was gained by Callum McCaig of the Scottish National Party.

Throughout the 2000s, the Liberal Democrats emerged as the main challenger to Labour in Aberdeen South, taking second place in 2005 behind Labour by just 3.2% of the vote. In the Scottish Parliament the equivalent Aberdeen South constituency was represented by the Liberal Democrats from 1999 until 2011, when the constituency of Aberdeen South and North Kincardine was gained by the SNP. Recently the Conservatives have made a set of substantial advances in Aberdeen South, making gains in the constituency at the 2015 UK general election despite seeing a drop in their national vote share across Scotland. At the 2016 Scottish Parliament election the Conservatives finished in second place in the Aberdeen South and North Kincardine constituency, more than doubling their vote share in the constituency and coming behind the SNP by 8.5% of the vote.

Ross Thomson of the Conservatives went on to gain the seat at the 2017 snap general election with a majority of 4,752 votes (10.6%) ahead of the sitting SNP MP Callum McCaig.

In 2019, the seat went back to the SNP when Thomson declined to stand again after controversy. Stephen Flynn became the MP with a majority of 3,990 votes with 44.7% of the vote. This means that in the 10 years between 2010 and 2019, four MPs from three different parties had represented the seat. Notably, since 1964 no candidate has ever managed to secure an absolute majority - 50% of the vote or more.


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Mills' constant

In number theory, Mills' constant is defined as the smallest positive real number A such that the floor function of the double exponential function

 * $$ \lfloor A^{3^{n}} \rfloor$$

is a prime number for all positive natural numbers n. This constant is named after William Harold Mills who proved in 1947 the existence of A based on results of Guido Hoheisel and Albert Ingham on the prime gaps. Its value is unproven, but if the Riemann hypothesis is true, it is approximately 1.3063778838630806904686144926... .

Mills primes
The primes generated by Mills' constant are known as Mills primes; if the Riemann hypothesis is true, the sequence begins
 * $$2, 11, 1361, 2521008887, 16022236204009818131831320183,$$
 * $$4113101149215104800030529537915953170486139623539759933135949994882770404074832568499, \ldots$$.

If ai denotes the i th prime in this sequence, then ai can be calculated as the smallest prime number larger than $$a_{i-1}^3$$. In order to ensure that rounding $$A^{3^n}$$, for n = 1, 2, 3, ..., produces this sequence of primes, it must be the case that $$a_i < (a_{i-1}+1)^3$$. The Hoheisel–Ingham results guarantee that there exists a prime between any two sufficiently large cube numbers, which is sufficient to prove this inequality if we start from a sufficiently large first prime $$a_1$$. The Riemann hypothesis implies that there exists a prime between any two consecutive cubes, allowing the sufficiently large condition to be removed, and allowing the sequence of Mills primes to begin at a1 = 2.

For all a > $$e^{e^{34}}$$, there is at least one prime between $$a^3$$ and $$(a+1)^3$$. This upper bound is much too large to be practical, as it is infeasible to check every number below that figure. However, the value of Mills' constant can be verified by calculating the first prime in the sequence that is greater than that figure.

As of April 2017, the 11th number in the sequence is the largest one that has been proved prime. It is
 * $$\displaystyle (((((((((2^3+3)^3+30)^3+6)^3+80)^3+12)^3+450)^3+894)^3+3636)^3+70756)^3+97220$$

and has 20562 digits.

, the largest known Mills probable prime (under the Riemann hypothesis) is
 * $$\displaystyle (((((((((((((2^3+3)^3+30)^3+6)^3+80)^3+12)^3+450)^3+894)^3+3636)^3+70756)^3+97220)^3+66768)^3+300840)^3+1623568)^3+8436308$$

, which is 1,665,461 digits long.

Numerical calculation
By calculating the sequence of Mills primes, one can approximate Mills' constant as
 * $$A\approx a(n)^{1/3^n}.$$

Caldwell and Cheng used this method to compute 6850 base 10 digits of Mills' constant under the assumption that the Riemann hypothesis is true. There is no closed-form formula known for Mills' constant, and it is not even known whether this number is rational.

Generalisations
There is nothing special about the middle exponent value of 3. It is possible to produce similar prime-generating functions for different middle exponent values. In fact, for any real number above 2.106..., it is possible to find a different constant A that will work with this middle exponent to always produce primes. Moreover, if Legendre's conjecture is true, the middle exponent can be replaced with value 2.

Matomäki showed unconditionally (without assuming Legendre's conjecture) the existence of a (possibly large) constant A such that $$\lfloor A^{2^{n}} \rfloor$$ is prime for all n.

Additionally, Tóth proved that the floor function in the formula could be replaced with the ceiling function, so that there exists a constant $$B$$ such that

 * $$\lceil B^{r^{n}} \rceil$$

is also prime-representing for $$r>2.106\ldots$$. In the case $$r=3$$, the value of the constant $$B$$ begins with 1.24055470525201424067... The first few primes generated are:

 * $$2, 7, 337, 38272739, 56062005704198360319209, 176199995814327287356671209104585864397055039072110696028654438846269, \ldots$$

Without assuming the Riemann hypothesis, Elsholtz proved that $$ \lfloor A^{10^{10n}} \rfloor$$ is prime for all positive integers $n$, where $$A \approx 1.00536773279814724017$$, and that $$ \lfloor B^{3^{13n}} \rfloor$$ is prime for all positive integers $n$, where $$B \approx 3.8249998073439146171615551375$$.

title: Mills' constant


text:
Talk:NORA (band)

Untitled
It appears most of the original article was taken from the NORA website. I have amended the first part but given I am not familiar with the band hope someone else can tidy it up. Is there a tag for copyright issues? Paul foord 14:33, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Deleted the material from the we3bsite! Paul foord 06:42, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

- most of the info is legit. working on a little more info, like former members and Steve's real last name. 9917

-their excellence in the studio etc is opinion. cut? and, frankly, they do not have a hectic touring schedule. they hardly ever tour in the US, although they do play frequently. because of carl's label and other band member's jobs, the mostly play out of the nj/ny area on weekend trips. 9917 21/3/06

Out of curiosity, would anyone happen to know why there is no page for their latest release? I would like to publish a page of my own design, and I just wanted to make sure it wasn't for any other reason than lack of interest. Baphometix (talk) 07:31, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

-I am deleting the part about the band name being in all capital letters. A cursory glance of the band's MySpace site alone has the band written as "Nora" in the biographical section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.34.3.11 (talk) 16:19, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:NORA (band)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/American Bank Note Company

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Jpgordon (nonsense) --cesarb 00:43, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

American Bank Note Company
Company is valid and site is linked - but contents are nonsense created by anon? Thanks --Doc Glasgow 20:25, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Deleted as patent nonsense. No history. Just mark these things . (And sign your entries here!) --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 16:34, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:80.77.82.31

title: User talk:80.77.82.31


text:
Talk:Armagetron

no idea why someone at IP address "80.135.6.143" undid my update note and wants to create the impression that "armagetron advanced" is the official version. it was never official in the first place, AFAIK. --nicolas.b 14:34, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Go look at the "Old official homepage" there is a statement that the original developer has now joined with armagetron advanced, and that it can now be considered official.

Open Source != Free Software
Armagetron is under the GNU GPL which is a free software license and not just "open source" which is something totally different. See Open source vs. free software. I changed "open source" to "free software." Mosquitopsu 22:21, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Armagetron


text:
Invesco

Invesco Ltd. is an American independent investment management company that is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with additional branch offices in 20 countries. Its common stock is a constituent of the S&P 500 and trades on the New York Stock Exchange. Invesco operates under the Invesco, Invesco Perpetual, and Powershares brand names.

History
Invesco (then officially spelled with all-capital letters: INVESCO) was created in Atlanta in 1978 when Citizens & Southern National Bank divested its money management operations. In 1988, the company was purchased by the British firm Britannia Arrow, based in London, which later took the INVESCO name. In 1997 INVESCO PLC merged with AIM Investments. Upon completion of the merger the company adopted the name Amvescap. In 2007 the company reverted to the Invesco name.

Since 2000 Invesco has grown through acquisitions such as the ETF firm PowerShares Capital Management and the restructuring of WL Ross & Co.

In 2004, the company agreed to a $450 million settlement with the Attorneys General of New York, Colorado and the SEC after allegations of improper trading practices.

In May 2007 the company changed their name to Invesco (initial cap only) PLC, moved its primary stock market listing from the London Stock Exchange to the NYSE and became domiciled in Bermuda, adopting the name Invesco Ltd. As a result, the company's shares were withdrawn from the FTSE 100 Index and added to the Russell 1000 Index. In November 2007, Invesco moved its headquarters from London to Atlanta.

Invesco planned to list the PowerShares Global Progressive Transportation Portfolio (PTRP on the Nasdaq Stock Market). This fund was closed in 2010.

On October 19, 2009, Invesco bought Morgan Stanley's Retail Unit, including Van Kampen Investments for $1.5 billion.

In April 2010, Invesco Aim became Invesco. Later that year, it was reported that Invesco had plans to introduce a Risk parity commodity fund according to regulatory filings.

In December 2013, Invesco reported assets under management (AUM) of $778.7 billion

In September 2017, Invesco agreed to buy Guggenheim Investment's exchange-traded fund business for $1.2 billion in cash.

On October 18, 2018, Invesco purchased OppenheimerFunds from MassMutual for about $5.7 billion in stock.

In March 2020 amid a major stock market crash triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc., a branch handling Real Estate Investment Trusts, announced they were unable to cover margin calls due to dramatic devaluations and investors selling shares. The company also announced they would delay dividend payments.

title: Invesco


text:
User:Tomhet~enwiki

Tomhet ("emptiness" in Swedish) is a young lad residing in a capital city of Minsk. Quite creative and talented, he is somewhat prone to depression and melancholia. He has a little predilection towards every thing Polish.

title: User:Tomhet~enwiki


text:
Carnival of Monsters

Carnival of Monsters is the second serial of the tenth season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 27 January to 17 February 1973.

In the serial, set on the planet Inter Minor, the alien time traveller known as "The Doctor" (in his third incarnation, played by Jon Pertwee) and his travelling companion Jo Grant (Katy Manning) are trapped inside a miniscope, a device used by the showman Vorg (Leslie Dwyer) to shrink life forms and put them on display for entertainment.

It is the first serial since The War Games (1969) in which the Doctor is allowed to pilot the TARDIS completely under his own control.

Plot
The TARDIS misses Metebelis Three and materialises on the SS Bernice, a ship that suddenly disappeared while travelling the Indian Ocean. Being repeatedly arrested as stowaways, the Third Doctor and Jo find out that ship's occupants keep repeating their actions, having no recollection of earlier encounters. The pair escape from the ship through a strange hatch plainly visible to them both but ignored by the crew and passengers. The Doctor and Jo venture through the circuitry of some sort of giant machine and arrive at marshlands.

They soon discover that they are not outside but are still inside the machine. Chased by Drashigs, huge swamp-dwelling carnivores, they escape back into the circuitry. Here, the Doctor realises that they have materialised inside the compression field of a Miniscope, a machine that keeps miniaturised groups of creatures in miniaturised versions of their natural environments. The Time Lords have banned such machines, but apparently one escaped. The Drashigs break into the circuitry and the Doctor and Jo flee back to the ship. They are separated in the confusion as the crew defend against the Drashigs.

The events inside the miniscope are intercut with events involving its owners, travelling showman Vorg and his assistant Shirna, who have just arrived at the planet of Inter Minor but are suspected of being spies and refused entrance by a tribunal. The tribunal learns that objects removed from the machine soon return to their normal size when Vorg extracts a foreign object stuck in the circuitry – actually the TARDIS – from the machine. Two of the tribunal members, Kalik and Orum, dissatisfied with the leadership of their planet, plot to let the Drashigs escape from the machine and allow them to wreak havoc, causing a crisis and the president's resignation.

The Doctor eventually finds a way to the real outside and is restored to normal size. He cooperates with a reluctant Vorg to return into the machine by linking it with the TARDIS. After he goes back into the Scope, which is now overheating and losing its life support due to the Drashigs' damage, the device he attached is shot by a tribunal member and ceases to function, leaving the Doctor stranded. He finds Jo, but they collapse on the floor as the life support on the machine fails.

Two Drashigs escape, but Vorg kills them by fixing the eradicator, sabotaged by the mutinous tribunal members, who later are killed by the Drashigs. He fixes the Doctor's device, pushing the Phase Two switch which brings the Doctor and Jo back, just in time, and also returning all of the Scope's other occupants to their rightful space-time positions.

As the penniless Vorg tries to get enough credit bars to return home by using the old three-magum-pods-and-a-yarrow-seed trick, the two travellers depart in the TARDIS.

Continuity
The aliens on display in Vorg's miniscope include: Drashigs, Ogrons and Cybermen.

Production
Working titles for this story included Peepshow. This story was recorded as part of the production block for the previous season but deliberately held over for Season 10. This was to enable Barry Letts to direct, since his role as producer would have made it difficult to do so at the start of a production block (as he had found out with Terror of the Autons).

The titles for Carnival of Monsters were prepared, alongside the next serial, Frontier in Space, with a new arrangement of the theme music performed by Paddy Kingsland on a synthesizer. Known as the "Delaware" arrangement (the BBC Radiophonic Workshop was based on Delaware Road), it proved unpopular with BBC executives, so the original Delia Derbyshire theme was restored, and only appears on an uncorrected version of episode two that was shipped to Australia in error. This edit, which also featured a few extra scenes, was used in the 1995 VHS release. (The opening and closing title sequence versions of the theme have been included as an extra on the DVD release of the story. The original 2m 30sec theatrical release of this music was wiped many years ago.)

The ship used was the RFA Robert Dundas which had been decommissioned and was scrapped immediately after filming. As the ship was actually in transit on its final voyage down the River Medway in Kent, all external shots had to be filmed at a low angle or the banks of the estuary would have been visible.

Cast notes
Ian Marter later played the Fourth Doctor companion Harry Sullivan. He had previously auditioned for the role of Captain Mike Yates. Tenniel Evans was a long-time co-star of Jon Pertwee in The Navy Lark. Michael Wisher had already appeared twice in Third Doctor stories and provided Dalek voices in others, and would later be the first actor to portray Davros. Peter Halliday had appeared previously in the Second Doctor story The Invasion (1968).

Both Cheryl Hall and Jenny McCracken were earlier considered for the part of companion Jo Grant. According to the DVD commentary for the 'Special Edition' of the story, they were on the final shortlist of six actresses seen for the role. Producer Barry Letts promised both actresses he'd use them in the future after offering the part of Grant to Katy Manning.

Broadcast and reception
When the serial was repeated on BBC2 in November 1981, daily, Monday-Thursday (16 November 1981 to 19 November 1981), at 5.40pm as part of "The Five Faces of Doctor Who", Barry Letts (then Doctor Who executive producer) requested that the last few moments of episode 4 be edited to remove a shot where actor Peter Halliday's bald cap had slipped. The ratings for the repeats were 4.9, 4.5, 5.6 & 6.0 million viewers respectively.

In 2010, Mark Braxton of Radio Times wrote that "the premise is ingenious" and "[furnished] with rich, imagination-kindling fare". He praised the guest cast, though he felt the Drashigs were a mixed bag. DVD Talk's John Sinnott gave the serial three and a half out of five stars, describing it as "light and fun" and praising the Miniscope and guest actor Leslie Dwyer. Neela Debnath of The Independent wrote that Carnival of Monsters had a "well-crafted plot that keeps the audience guessing for quite a while and this suspense serves as the driving force behind the serial". She felt that the Drashigs still worked because they were "such hideous-looking creatures". On the other hand, IGN reviewer Arnold T. Blumburg named the serial one of the worst of the Pertwee tenure, stating that it had "the most appalling character, set, and costume design in the era's history" and that some of the guest actors were wasted. In 2013, Den of Geek's Andrew Blair selected Carnival of Monsters as one of the ten Doctor Who stories that would make great musicals.

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Terrance Dicks, was published by Target Books in January 1977.

Home media
Carnival of Monsters was released on VHS in 1995. Episode 2 was an early edit with extra scenes and the "Delaware" arrangement of the theme tune. Episode 4 accidentally used the 1981 edit. This story was released on DVD in the United Kingdom on 15 June 2002, using the originally transmitted versions of episodes 2 and 4. It was released on DVD in the United States on 1 July 2003. A special edition of the DVD was released in the United Kingdom on 28 March 2011 in the second of the Revisitations box sets. It was released on Blu-ray as part of "The Collection - Season 10" boxed set in July 2019.

Target novelisation

 * On Target – Doctor Who and the Carnival of Monsters
 * On Target – Doctor Who and the Carnival of Monsters

title: Carnival of Monsters


text:
Matrix method

The matrix method is a structural analysis method used as a fundamental principle in many applications in civil engineering.

The method is carried out, using either a stiffness matrix or a flexibility matrix.

title: Matrix method


text:
Richard Arnold Epstein

Richard Arnold Epstein (March 5, 1927 in Los Angeles, California – July 5, 2016), also known under the pseudonym E. P. Stein, was an American game theorist.

Education
Epstein obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1948. He then studied at the University of California Berkeley. He received his doctorate in physics, on the Born formalization of isochromatic lines, in 1961, from the University of Barcelona.

Career
He then shifted from spectroscopy to space communications, and worked for eighteen years as an electronics and communications engineer for various U.S. space and missile programs. He was variously employed by Parsons-Aerojet Company at Cape Canaveral, Glenn L. Martin Company, TRW Space Technology Laboratories, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Hughes Aircraft Space Systems Division. Epstein has numerous technical publications in the areas of probability theory, statistics, game theory, and space communications. In 1956, he was made a member of the IEEE.

Achievements
The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic ranks as the most popular of Epstein's technical books. He served as a consultant to public and private gambling casinos in Greece and Macao, and has testified on technical aspects of gambling in several court cases.

Under the pseudonym "E. P. Stein", he authored various popular works of fiction as well as historic and non-fictional books, and writes for TV and motion pictures.

Death
Epstein died on July 5, 2016.

Books by Epstein

 * Richard A. Epstein, The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic (revised edition), Academic Press, 1995, ISBN 0-12-240761-X. (Second edition), Academic Press, 2009, ISBN 0-12-374940-9.

Selected journal publications by Epstein

 * Richard A. Epstein, "An automatic synchronization technique," IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, Vol. 13(4), pp. 547–550, 1965.
 * Richard A. Epstein, "Relative coverage of large ground antennas," IEEE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry, Vol. 10(1), pp. 31–83, 1964.

Popular works under the pseudonym E. P. Stein

 * Anna K. Brando and E. P. Stein, Brando for Breakfast, Berkley Pub Group, 1980, ISBN 0-425-04698-2.
 * E. P. Stein, Flight of the Vin Fiz, Arbor House, 1985, ISBN 0-87795-672-3.

title: Richard Arnold Epstein


text:
Talk:S4C

Logo
S4C now has a new logo

Programmes on S4C
I have now added several links from the S4C article to articles (which I have written) about notable programmes on S4C. Could someone add to them? Would it be an idea that I translated them into Welsh as well? Here are the articles:
 * Con Passionate
 * Wedi 7
 * Cowbois ac injans
 * Newyddion

Also could someone make an article about Y byd ar bedwar, I don't know much about that programme)

Programming
The infobox says:
 * Terrestrial Analogue: Usually channel 4 (Wales only)

But this can't possibly be true, since use of channel 4 ended with the termination of VHF television broadcasting in the UK, and in any case the actual channel 4 (as opposed to Channel 4 and S4C) would have been 405-line BBC1 service. What I think the author means to say is "usually television receivers are programmed to identify this service with the number 4" since most UK receivers do not identify the actual channels on which stations are received. If I understand the UK national bandplan correctly, however, it should be possible to identify a specific set of analogue broadcast channels on which the S4C service is transmitted. 18.26.0.18 14:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're correct to say that tv receivers are normally programmed to identify the service with the number 4. The actual UHF channels used in the Wales and West of England transmitter region can be found here, but as you can see, the number of repeater transmitters makes it wholly impractical (and pointless) to list in Wikipedia. -- Arwel 17:42, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * But nearly all of those repeaters are flea-power fill-in transmitters; there appear from that list to be only three or four "primary" stations operating with a meaningful ERP (for UHF we can arbitrarily define that as being more than 50 kW peak ERP). To consider a similar situation from a country I know more about, one could write, "CBC Montreal broadcasts on CBMT, channel 6 in Montreal, on CBVE-TV, channel 5 in Quebec City, both with 100 kW peak ERP, and a network of more than 50 rebroadcasters in Quebec and three in northern Manitoba."  In the UK, since almost all transmitter facilities are shared by all the terrestrial broadcasters, it probably makes more sense to simply link to a list of the principal transmitter sites, with the services they carry, rather than repeating this information in multiple articles.  (There's a guy in SE England, whose name I don't remember, who has a huge Web site with photos of all the important facilities in the UK; he might be persuaded to allow reuse of some of his content here.)  18.26.0.18 04:30, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Those repeaters are important! My childhood home was only six or seven miles from the main transmitter at Moel-y-Parc, but thanks to badly-sited mountains it was absolutely useless to us even in the days of VHF television broadcasts - BBC Wales on channel 6 and TWW on channel 11, I think, were absolutely unwatchable through the snowstorm. We used to watch BBC North, Leeds, on channel 2 and Granada TV, Manchester, on channel 9 so I grew up knowing a lot more about north west England and Yorkshire local news than I did about what was happening in Wales! It wasn't until the Llanarmon-yn-Ial retransmitter opened in the late 1970s that we could get UHF, including BBC2 and later S4C, that made it worthwhile for us to get a colour tv (and I was about ready to leave home then, anyway!). See the HHG website under "The Seventies" to see what happened when HTV had to list its transmitters when the station opened up each day. -- Arwel 12:43, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, that's little different from what (to use my example) CBMT used to do (it took five minutes to do the whole thing, from "A tradition in broadcasting, we are CBC Television Montreal 6, proudly serving the province of Quebec" to "Good morning, and welcome to another broadcast day.") In any event, this rather obscures my main point, which is that the "analogue terrestrial" row in the infobox is misleading, and should probably just point to a central article about the UK TV bandplan.  18.26.0.18 22:41, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A choice on S4C2?
I am surprised to read about S4C-2 that "It has two audio feeds, allowing viewers to select between an untranslated version and an English-only version where all Welsh spoken is translated into English." I never get a choice! I remember when I first saw it, when people spoke Welsh, they were drowned out by the translation. But just recently, I noticed that the Welsh was no longer being translated. Some time between the two events we gave up on Sky or NTL or whatever we had and dropped back to Freeview. I don't know whether that is related? --Telsa 09:47, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Really? I'll have to check it out again - I gave up watching S4C2 because the forced dub into English made me want to kill kittens.  I seem to remember the Welsh speeches on the Senedd opening day were all dubbed into English on S4C too. (This was on Sky) Vashti 16:04, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I watched parts of the opening day thing on S4C-2 (via Freeview still, we haven't missed NTL or Sky or whatever it was). Welsh (what little there was: part of the poem, and some croesos in speeches was it, really) wasn't dubbed into English, and English wasn't dubbed into Welsh. Whenever I channel-hop and get the assembly coverage, I get English at the moment, though, so I can't confirm that this is still going on. Telsa (talk) 17:16, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Contradictory!
S4C does not produce programmes of its own; instead, it commissions programmes in Welsh from the BBC and independent producers (although the quantity purchased from HTV has greatly reduced since the early years of S4C), and it has particularly developed a reputation for producing cartoons

So does it produce its own cartoons or has it just developed a reputation for commissioning good cartoons? garik 12:57, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Garik, thanks for that. You point out something even I had missed. Sianel Pedwar Cymru does not produce any in house material at all. It is a commissioning broadcaster, and only commissions cartoons from other sources. I will make sure that the main article is corrected, and I thank you for bringing this to our attention. Thor Malmjursson 13:26, 11 August 2006 (UTC) Thor's multilingual talk page

The selection of notable programmes
We seem to have acquired a section of "notable programmes" with their own pages, and a section of "English-language programmes shown on S4C analogue". Why? Why on earth do we need the second, and what are the criteria for either? Ok, I grant Pobol y Cwm, but an entire article on the S4C Closedown Screen? Hip neu Sgip?? ''O Na! Y Morgans!''? Can we hammer out some criteria for these? At the moment they're a bit arbitrary -- where is Cefn Gwlad, for example, or any of the arts programmes? I was tempted to add them, but at this rate we'll be including the entire contemporary schedule (and there are surely some older programmes that might have a claim to fame), and I think some sanity is called for.

My first thoughts were: either high viewing figures within Wales (Pobol y Cwm); or award-winning (films, some of the cartoons); or they are particular to Wales. (Almost every channel in the world carries football, for example, but how many channels show the trotting?)

Even after they are mentioned on this article, do these all need their own articles? Almost all of the articles created so far need a lot of clean-up for a variety of reasons. (Help needed there, I think.)

Telsa (talk) 15:58, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've gone through and snipped a lot of them. While TV series are inherently notable, I agree that in order to be listed here programmes should have distinguished themselves in some other way.  I've also had a go at the children's TV list, but since I don't watch children's TV I may have cut things that are very notable - please put them back if I have! I also feel that since we're talking about Welsh-language broadcasting, programmes should be listed by their Welsh names, which are also usually the original broadcast names, and I've done the best I can to achieve this.  I also cut the Channel 4 programming list, as especially with the advent of digital TV this is becoming less and less relevant, and Channel 4 covers this topic in excruciating detail. Vashti 22:56, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't you agree that programmes such as Con Passionate and Cowbois ac injans which have won awards, deserve an article and a link from the S4C main article just like any other notable programme? (Cepb 12:58, 13 December 2006 (UTC))

 * [reformatted previous comment] How many S4C programmes have won awards since 1982?

 * To be honest I've got a good mind to do away with the lists entirely. A list of titles is meaningless and breeds nothing but everyone wanting to add their exceptional favourite programme to it.  Anyone with me? Vashti 01:23, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Definitely. There is a nice clearly-written paragraph or two about some programmes. Someone spent some time doing that. Adding long lists to it doesn't look good, and it seems impossible to keep the list short. Since so many of the programmes apparently have their own articles (and, as before, I would suggest that quite a few need some polishing), I wouldn't object to creating a separate page: "List of programmes produced by S4C". In fact, I think it might be worth doing. (Ye gods, I can't believe I just suggested a "List of.." page.) But, yes, let's lose the lists from this article. Telsa (talk) 08:29, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've done the zappage, and very cathartic it was too. :D I'll create a list at the suggested location now which I urge people to add to - go wild. :) Vashti 18:57, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Tipit - Notable?
I don't know much about S4C, except for watching it whilst there on holiday!!! However, in the listed: "Pobol y Cwm," "Dechrau Canu, Dechrau Canmol" and of course "Tipit" - are three different programmes, a soap, a religious program and a game show respectively, meaning there is some notability in it being that it is one of the only game shows broadcast in Welsh. Richard n 21:13, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As the person who added it, my rationale was that if it was notable enough to have a Wikipedia entry, then it might as well go on the list. Remove it if you want, I'm beyond caring. --Q4

 * The thing is that many TV programmes have Wikipedia pages, as they are all notable. However, they are *not* all notable beyond that, at a level that merits them being listed on the page with the channels that broadcast them - imagine what most TV channel pages would look like if that were the case! Vashti 20:27, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Is it also possible therefore that the channel listing should have an entry for Mastermind Cymru, since that is from what I can find, alongside Tipit, the only other game show to be broadcast in the Welsh language? Thor Malmjursson 11:43, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would think that anyone who has seen Jacpot, Risg, Cinio Caru, Siôn a Siân or the variety produced for the Planed Plant children's programming stream might take issue with the statement that in 40 years of Welsh-language television those are the only two Welsh-language game shows in existence. :) Chris talk back 19:12, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Note to self: Don't edit Wikipedia whilst also posting to a message board Chris cheese whine 14:01, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

WHO GOT RID OF THE S4C ARTICLE?
Why? Who? When? Please Respond. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Cepb (talk • contribs) 13:23, 5 December 2006 (UTC).

Notice
Can anyone add an article about Y Byd ar Bedwar? Please Respond. (Cepb 13:04, 6 December 2006 (UTC))
 * Comment moved from article. Gareth 13:44, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

On screen identity?
Would this make a good "basic" on-screen identity paragraph...?

From the original launch to the early 90's, S4C's ident was based off their colored logo, featuring a stylized form-up which then morphed into the logo. But, around the early 90's, S4C began using an ident based off a Dragon Kite, representing the dragon on the flag of Wales. In 1995 (alongside the launch of their new logo), S4C expanded on this idea with idents based around the idea of suggesting the Welsh Dragon without actually showing it, by utilizing fire and flames stylized alongside household items, such as Scissors, a Trombone, a Lawnmower, and a Computer Mouse. The theme would last until 2007, where a major rebrand occured based around the magnetisim of the Welsh sociey, where objects would "gather" in a specific place.

ViperSnake151 14:35, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

S4C SE
What's the story with this sat/internet only channel? matturn 13:22, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:S4C.png
Image:S4C.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:53, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Programmes
The programmes currently listed seem to be entirely children's programmes. I'm going to change the section to include news, sport and entertainment programmes.

If there's a problem with this then you can revert my edit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.232.192 (talk) 09:04, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

No interest in S4C?
Is there any good reason to continue including this phrase: Those who have no interest in Welsh-language television have been known to point their aerials at the nearest English transmitters to avoid S4C, as well as BBC Wales and ITV Wales it seems to be saying that people who want to watch another channel, watch another channel - eh? I propose its deletion. Geopersona (talk) 05:13, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The wording does seem a bit POV, and also since digital switch over, is this still an issue? I support it's removal.--Rhyswynne (talk) 08:29, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Digidol?
Is this just Welsh for "digital" - it isn't made 100% clear... --Τασουλα (talk) 01:39, 22 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cymru123 (talk • contribs) 00:13, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Name
The name of the presently existing independent statutory corporation as established by section 56 of the Broadcasting Act 1990 – although it derives, of course, from the earlier Sianel Pedwar Cymru – is simply S4C (pronounced "es pedwar ec" in Welsh and "ess four see" in English). I therefore propose revising the intro and info box accordingly. --Picapica (talk) 20:46, 10 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Support, per proposer. Rangoon11 (talk) 21:04, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Done. --Picapica (talk) 09:05, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

S4/Croeso
I notice that it my online TV guide, S4C appears as S4/Croeso. Is this a temporary rebranding or an extra service or something? There's doesn't appear to be any mention of it in the article. danno_uk 20:58, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Can't find it. Link please? Llywelyn2000 (talk) 11:16, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * There's no such channel - "S4/Croeso" seems to be something invented by these low-quality scammy websites that claim to let you watch thousands of TV channels online for free, but usually they're actually just web clips or nothing like what they claim to be. The entrance to S4C's headquarters in Carmarthen does bear the legend "S4/Croeso" - Croeso is Welsh for "Welcome" - but that's quite obviously not the name of the channel. Bonusballs (talk) 11:54, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * It's from TV Guide (https://www.tvguide.co.uk/), not an overly scammy website as far as I'm aware! If you click on the Freeview tab in the Channel Selector, the S4/Croeso logo represents S4C. The fonts all look correct, so I'd assumed that S4C had given that to them to use for some reason. The only other use of that particular logo that I can find (aside from photos of the headquarters building) is connected to an article on techdigest.tv about Ofcom issuing Channel 4's HD licences. danno_uk 21:40, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, I'm Tomos, a Communications Officer for S4C. Thank you for bringing this to our attention, we will contact the website with an up-to-date logo, the one which is seen on the S4C page. For those who may be interested, there is also a WikiProject currently underway, where we are submitting press articles to help update entries which are directly and indirectly associated with S4C -cy:Wicipedia:Wicibrosiect S4C. We hope to develop this project further in the near future. In relation to any matters concerning S4C, please feel free to contact me any time. Diolch! Tomos S4C (talk) 11:17, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:S4C


text:
New York–London–Paris–Munich

New York–London–Paris–Munich (styled New York · London · Paris · Munich) is M's first album, released in 1979, the title being taken from a line in the verse of the March 1979 hit single "Pop Muzik", an extended version of which is featured on the album. The album features future Level 42 members Phil Gould on drums, Wally Badarou on keyboards and Gary Barnacle on saxophone and flute.

Cash Box said of the single "Moonlight and Muzak" that it uses "synthesized electronic effects to create an airy Latin rhythm behind [M/Robin Scott's] spoken vocals."

Record World said that that the single "That's the Way the Money Goes" is a "loveable electronic dancer here that's sure to be a staple on AOR and the club circuit," particularly praising the keyboards.

Original 12" LP
All songs written by Robin Scott.

Side A Side B
 * 1) "Pop Muzik" – 5:00
 * 2) "Woman Make Man" – 2:18
 * 3) "Moderne Man/Satisfy Your Lust" – 6:32
 * 4) "Made in Munich" – 5:36
 * 1) "Moonlight and Muzak" – 5:36
 * 2) "That's the Way the Money Goes" – 4:27
 * 3) "Cowboys and Indians" – 3:54
 * 4) "Unite Your Nation" – 5:44

1997 re-release
This is the track listing for the 1997 re-release of the album in the United Kingdom by Westside Records, which featured 11 bonus tracks. The "Pop Muzik" tracks were spelled as "Popmuzik" here. Bonus Tracks "Fanfare" – 0:08 "Cry Myself to Sleep" – 2:59 "Cowboys and Indians" (Dead or a 'Live' Mix) – 3:11 "Cowboys and Indians" (Featuring James Stewart) – 3:40 "Satisfy Your Lust" (Single Version) – 3:12 "Modern Man" (Single Version) – 3:31 "M Factor" (Single Version) – 2:26 "M Factor" (U.S. Single Version) – 2:29
"Moonlight and Muzak" ('92 Remix) – 4:43

"Popmuzik" (Hip–Hop–Pop Muzik) – 3:10

"Popmuzik" (Latino Cappuccino) – 1:56

"Popmuzik" ('89 Reshuffle)" – 3:53

"Finale" – 0:14

 * 1) "Popmuzik" '79 (Nick Launay 12" Mix) – 4:56
 * 2) "Woman Make Man" – 2:18
 * 3) "Moderne Man/Satisfy Your Lust" – 6:32
 * 4) "Made in Munich" – 5:36
 * 5) "Moonlight and Muzak" – 5:36
 * 6) "That's the Way the Money Goes" – 4:27
 * 7) "Cowboys and Indians" – 3:54
 * 8) "Unite Your Nation" – 5:44

2002 re-release
This is the track listing for the 2002 re-release of the album in the United States by Razor & Tie, which featured five bonus tracks and was retitled "Pop Muzik". Bonus Tracks
"M Factor" – 2:26

"Pop Muzik" (Hip-Hop-Pop Muzik) – 3:10

"Cowboys and Indians" (Dead or a 'Live' Mix) – 3:11

"Moonlight and Muzak" ('92 Remix) – 4:43

"Pop Muzik" ('89 Reshuffle) – 3:53

 * 1) "Pop Muzik" – 4:56
 * 2) "Woman Make Man" – 2:18
 * 3) "Moderne Man/Satisfy Your Lust" – 6:32
 * 4) "Made in Munich" – 5:36
 * 5) "Moonlight and Muzak" – 5:36
 * 6) "That's the Way the Money Goes" – 4:27
 * 7) "Cowboys and Indians" – 3:54
 * 8) "Unite Your Nation" – 5:44

Personnel

 * Robin Scott – vocals, Roland Jupiter synthesizer, guitar, producer
 * Brigit Novik Vinchon – harmony vocals
 * Wally Badarou – keyboards, synthesizers
 * Julian Scott – bass
 * Philip Gould – drums, percussion
 * Gary Barnacle – saxophone, flute
 * David Bowie – handclaps
 * The Philharmonic Odd-Job Orchestra - orchestra on "Moderne Man/Satisfy Your Lust", arranged by Bobby Richards

Production

 * Arranged & Produced By Robin Scott
 * David Richards, Rafe McKenna, Tim Hunt - engineer
 * Rafe McKenna & Tim Hunt - recording, mixing
 * All Titles Published by Platinum Productions International, except tracks 1 & 3 (Pop Muzik Ltd.)
 * Stan Kerr - front cover illustration

title: New York–London–Paris–Munich


text:
John Fox (statistician)

Anthony John Fox (born 25 April 1946) is a British statistician, who has worked in both the public service and academia.

He was born on 25 April 1946, the son of Fred Frank Fox OBE. He was educated at Dauntsey's School, University College London (BSc) and Imperial College London (PhD). He was a statistician at the Employment Medical Advisory Service, 1970-5 and then the Medical Statistics Division of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) until 1979. In the latter job, he helped to set up the England and Wales Longitudinal Survey, which monitors the health, address changes and fertility of a 1% sample of the population of England and Wales over time for statistical purposes.

During 1980–8, he was Professor of Social Statistics at City University, building up his department into one of the world's leading centres for social statistics. He returned to OPCS in 1988 as the United Kingdom Chief Medical Statistician. In 1990, he took on the additional post of honorary professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

In 1996, following the creation of the Office for National Statistics (ONS) (into which OPCS was incorporated), cuts in the senior Civil Service meant that his responsibilities were widened to include demographic statistics and he became Director of the Census, Population and Health Group there. In 1999, he moved to the Department of Health as Director of Statistics. Due to further cuts in senior statistical posts in the Civil Service, he soon became the most senior government statistician outside the ONS.

In 2004, he became the "Change Manager" responsible for setting up the new English Information Centre for Health and Social Care (since renamed the Health and Social Care Information Centre), which officially came into existence on 1 April 2005. This centre was an NHS special health authority, so he and his staff were part of the NHS. He was the Director of Customer and Stakeholder Engagement. The permanent Chief Executive from July 2005 is Professor Denise Lievesley, formerly director of Statistics at UNESCO.

John has published several books on mortality and health statistics.

title: John Fox (statistician)


text:
Technify Motors

Technify Motors GmbH is an aircraft Diesel engine manufacturer based in Sankt Egidien, Germany. In July 2013, Chinese state-owned Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) acquired the aircraft Diesel engine designs and manufacturing assets of the former Thielert Aircraft Engines GmbH and added them to the Continental Motors Group as Technify Motors GmbH. The 5,000th engine was delivered in April 2017 after 15 years of production, accumulating more than 5.25 million flying hours and equipping over 2,750 aircraft.

History
Thielert AG was a German financial holding company that has owned engine development and manufacturing companies. It was headquartered in Hamburg. Companies owned were Thielert Aircraft Engines GmbH with sites in Lichtenstein, Saxony and Altenburg, Thuringia. Thielert AG was quoted on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and was a member of the SDAX.

Founded in 1989, turnover increased from €3.3 million in 1997 to €16.2 million in 2002, while employees grew from 27 to 112; Thielert Aircraft Engines was founded in 1999 to adapt Diesel engine for general aviation, entered Centurion 1.7 serial production in 2002 and had 86 employees in 2003.

The main operating unit, Thielert Aircraft Engines GmbH, declared insolvency on 24 April 2008 and was then run by an insolvency administrator, Bruno M. Kübler. The holding company, Thielert AG, also filed insolvency a week later on 30 April 2008 after the loss of its operational unit, Thielert Aircraft Engines GmbH. The holding company ceased operations in autumn of 2008. It was sold in July 2013 to Continental Motors, a subsidiary of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).

Insolvency
On 6 March 2008 Thielert's financial statements for 2003, 2004 and 2005 were nullified by a Hamburg court, on the basis that the company had breached valuation provisions. As a result of these events the company's stock dropped to a record low of €0.36 from previous highs of €25.22 on the German stock market.

On 23 April 2008 it was announced that the company Board of Directors had dismissed "with cause" company founder Frank Thielert and also cancelled his employment contract, due to evidence found during a criminal investigation by the Hamburg Office of Criminal Investigation. The allegations included that false invoices had been written, which were used to boost accounts receivable and create the appearance of a better financial position for the company. The board also dismissed Chief Financial Officer Roswitha Grosser and sold off €24.4 million to cover immediate financial requirements.

In April 2008 a stockholder restructuring plan was put on hold and as a result on 24 April 2008 Thielert Aircraft Engines GmbH, responsible for all engine production, filed for insolvency at the Chemnitz County Court. As the situation deepened, the Thierlert board stated on 26 April 2008: "The going concern of Thielert Aircraft Engines GmbH can only be ensured permanently by restructuring activities with the support of investors, due to the fact that the Holding Thielert AG is not capable to do so anymore." The company announced that it would name a new executive board and an interim insolvency trustee.

In April 2008 Cessna suspended plans to sell a Diesel-equipped Cessna 172TD as a result of the insolvency.

On 1 May 2008 the board appointed a new CEO, lawyer Marcel Kleib and lawyer Achim Ahrendt of Hamburg was appointed to oversee the insolvency proceedings. On 5 May 2008 bankruptcy administrator attorney Bruno M. Kubler issued a letter to company customers indicating that the business would continue to operate producing engines and parts, meet existing orders, to preserve its capability to reorganize. On 14 May 2008 Thielert announced that it would no longer honor existing engine warranties for engines installed in Diamond Aircraft and also dramatically increased the price of parts. Owners who required warranty work were required to pay cash in advance for parts. This announcement caused an immediate negative reaction from Diamond DA42 owners and also from Diamond Aircraft.

On 18 June 2008 the company announced that it was resuming production of all its Diesel engine products, with a production target of 80 units per month. Thielert guaranteed the new engines against defective materials and labor, but parts prices remained at the previously announced high levels.

On 10 July 2008 Diamond Aircraft announced that it was dropping out of the bidding to purchase Thielert, citing that Thielert withheld key information "vital to the due diligence process", although Thielert disagreed. On Friday 11 July 2008, Thielert issued a press release stating: "the reasons Diamond is presenting for its non-participation are clearly pretext". Thielert implied that Diamond was not a serious prospective buyer and that "Diamond's actions clearly serve the purpose of derogating Thielert's reputation in the naive assumption to be able to subsequently purchase Thielert far under value."

As part of its insolvency, Thielert indicated that it would not honor warranties or inspect and replace life-limited parts as was the case when the engines were sold to customers. This change in policy has resulted in Thielert-powered aircraft being grounded or no longer economically viable to fly. In November 2008 Diamond Aircraft CEO Peter Maurer said the insolvency commissioner responsible for Thielert's restructuring has come to understand that the eventual sale of the company will depend on product support. This led to Thielert reducing the cost of parts and actively working on extending inspection and replacement requirements for gearbox clutches as well as other parts.

In January 2009, Bruno M. Kübler, Thielert's insolvency administrator announced that the company was, "in the black and working to capacity". On 6 April 2009 the company announced that insolvency administrator had "transferred the company's operative new business to a company that is unaffected by the insolvency proceedings". The new company, Centurion Engines, is responsible for worldwide sales of Centurion Diesel engines and spare parts.

At the end of November 2010 the company was making a profit and actively seeking new investors. Kübler indicated that major lending institutions have loosened credit enough that investment is more likely than it was in 2008 or 2009.

In 2016 Thielert was sentenced to four years in prison for fraud in misrepresenting the value and financial position of the company during attempts to find buyers and investors. In 2017 the Federal Court of Justice overturned the ruling of the Hamburg Regional Court in 2016 and referred the court back to it.

On 23 July 2013 the company was sold to Continental Motors, Inc. Continental is owned by AVIC International, which is, in turn, wholly owned by the Government of the People's Republic of China. Thielert was renamed Technify Motors GmbH. Continental uses Chinese investment to continue development of the company's products, with an emphasis on extending gearbox inspection periods initially.

Products
Thielert Aircraft Engines GmbH was well known as the manufacturer of the Centurion range of aircraft Diesel engines that run on jet fuel. Two engine models were built, the Centurion 2.0 with a power output of either 135 hp (101 kW) and the Centurion 2.0s with 155 hp (116 kW). The development of the third model, a 350 hp (261 kW) Centurion 4.0, was not completed. A fourth model, the 230 hp (172 kW) Centurion 3.2 was announced for 2008, but its final development was cancelled.

New built aircraft equipped with Thielert Centurion engines include:
 * Diamond DA40 Diamond Star (Centurion 2.0)
 * Diamond DA42 Twin Star (Centurion 2.0)
 * Apex Aircraft's Robin DR400 135 CDI Ecoflyer (Centurion 2.0)
 * Cessna 172 Skyhawk TD (Centurion 2.0 S) — Development suspended May 2008

Kits for the installation of retrofit Thielert engines exist for a number of aircraft, including the Piper PA-28 Cherokee and the Cessna 172 for the Centurion 2.0.

A Thielert Centurion 2.0 engine also powers an unmanned aerial vehicle, the General Atomics Warrior, an upgraded version of the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator.

A third field of activity is contract engine development and manufacture of engine parts for prototypes and small series for the automotive industry.

title: Technify Motors


text:
Leena Peltonen-Palotie

Leena Peltonen-Palotie (16 June 1952 – 11 March 2010 ) was a Finnish geneticist who contributed to the identification of 15 genes for Finnish heritage diseases, including arterial hypertension, schizophrenia, lactose intolerance, arthrosis and multiple sclerosis. She was considered one of the world's leading molecular geneticists.

Biography
Peltonen-Palotie was born in Helsinki, but her family moved to Oulu when she was five years old. She completed her secondary education at the Finnish Co-educational Lycée of Oulu, graduating in 1971. Peltonen-Palotie went on to study medicine, receiving her Licentiate of Medicine degree in 1976, and completed her doctoral thesis at the University of Oulu in 1978.

Peltonen-Palotie worked at the National Public Health Institute of Finland from 1987 to 1998. From 1998 to 2002 she helped found the UCLA Department of Human Genetics. She had a professorial position in the Academy of Finland since 2003. In April 2005 Peltonen-Palotie was employed at the University of Helsinki and the National Public Health Institute of Finland. She was also the project director for the EU project GenomEUtwin that was formed to define and characterize the genetic components in the background of different diseases. In 2004 she became a member of the Board of Directors of Orion Corporation, the largest Finnish pharmaceutical company. In September 2007, Peltonen-Palotie joined the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute as the head of Human Genetics. She also headed research groups at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University.

Peltonen-Palotie published over 500 research articles and almost 80 invited articles, and mentored over 70 PhD students in her career.

She died on 11 March 2010 at age 57 from bone cancer.

Awards and honours

 * In addition to many academic awards she received an honorary degree from the Faculty of Medicine at University of Uppsala in 2000,
 * In 2004, the Finnish television show Suuret suomalaiset listed Peltonen-Palotie as 77th of the 100 greatest Finns of all time.
 * In 2006, Peltonen-Palotie was awarded the Belgian Prix van Gysel and the Swedish Stora Fernströmpriset prizes. In 2009, she was awarded the Finnish honorary title of Academician of Science.
 * On International Women's Day 2010, her achievements were honored in the form of a commemorative postage stamp issued by the Finnish Post.
 * The Leena Peltonen Prize for Excellence in Human Genetics is named in her honor.

title: Leena Peltonen-Palotie


text:
Miko Hughes

Miko John Hughes (born February 22, 1986) is an American actor known for his film roles as a child, such as Gage Creed in Pet Sematary (1989), Kindergarten Cop (1990), Apollo 13 (1995), Spawn (1997), Mercury Rising (1998), Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994), as well as his recurring role as Aaron on Full House from 1990 to 1995.

Early life
Hughes was born in Apple Valley, California, the son of Mary (née Phelps) and John Hughes, a special effects technician (not to be confused with late Breakfast Club director John Hughes). He has three older half-siblings: Mike, Mitch and Molly. He has English and Chickasaw ancestry.

Career
Hughes started his acting career in a public service announcement when he was 22 months old, and followed that up by appearing in his first feature film five months later. From his years as a child actor, Hughes was consistently one of the busiest young actors in Hollywood. One of his first films was Jack the Bear, opposite Danny DeVito; in addition, he has starred on film in Pet Sematary (1989), Kindergarten Cop (1990), Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Spawn (1997), Zeus and Roxanne (1997), and Mercury Rising (1998) alongside Bruce Willis.

Hughes has also appeared in numerous television films. He has been a series regular, recurring character or guest star on many television series. He played Aaron Bailey on Full House from 1990 to 1995. Other appearances have been in Baywatch (1998), Sister Kate (1989–90), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1991), Melrose Place (1992), Touched by an Angel (1994), and The Nanny (1994). Hughes received an Emmy Award certificate for his participation as the voice of Tommy in the number-one-rated Fox animated television series Life with Louie (1995). His other voice-over credits include twin babies, Sly and Witt, in the feature film Baby Geniuses (1999).

After a break in his career, Hughes re-emerged as a teen in the science-fiction series Roswell. He played a villain who was part of a renegade group of aliens. As a musician, Hughes released two albums in 1995, at the age of nine. One is self-titled and the other is called Halloween Haunts. He wrote songs for both albums. They were recorded and released by his own company, Little Chief Inc. In 2013, Hughes directed the segment "See" in the horror anthology film Chilling Visions: 5 Senses of Fear.

title: Miko Hughes


text:
North Devon (UK Parliament constituency)

North Devon is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Ian Roome from the Liberal Democrats. Before that it was represented since 2019 by Selaine Saxby of the Conservative Party.

Boundaries
1832–1868: The Hundreds of Bampton, Black Torrington, Braunton, Crediton, Fremington, Halberton, Hartland, Hayridge, Hemyock, North Tawton and Winkleigh, Shebbear, Sherwill, South Molton, Tiverton, Witheridge, and West Budleigh.

1868–1885: The Hundreds of Bampton, Braunton, Crediton, Fremington, Halberton, Hartland, Hayridge, Hemyock, North Tawton, Shebbear, Sherwill, South Molton, Tiverton, Winkleigh, Witheridge, and West Budleigh.

1950–1974: The Boroughs of Barnstaple and South Molton, the Urban Districts of Ilfracombe and Lynton, and the Rural Districts of Barnstaple and South Molton.

1974–1983: The Boroughs of Barnstaple and Bideford, the Urban Districts of Ilfracombe, Lynton, and Northam, and the Rural Districts of Barnstaple, Bideford, and South Molton.

1983–2010: The District of North Devon, and the District of Mid Devon wards of Taw, Taw Vale, and West Creedy.

2010–2024: The District of North Devon.

2024-present Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, the composition of the constituency from the 2024 United Kingdom general election will be unchanged.

History
A two-seat constituency of the same name existed from 1832 to 1885, formally titled the 'Northern Division of Devon'.

This began at the 1832 general election, when the Reform Act 1832 divided the former two-seat Devon into Northern and Southern divisions, each of which elected two MPs using the bloc vote system of election. The constituency was abolished for the 1885 general election, when the Redistribution of Seats Act split the county into smaller single-seat divisions. Its second creation is current, and began at the 1950 general election (covering a smaller area than before). Prior to 1950, its territory was split between the old constituencies of Barnstaple and South Molton.

In the 20th century this area had a prominent national MP, Jeremy Thorpe, who led a Liberal Party revival countrywide, with particular strength in the south-west. The Liberal Democrats and its predecessor the Liberal Party have, since the Second World War, performed strongly in this seat; it was held for twenty years by Thorpe as the Liberal leader. He lost it in the 1979 general election, amid a scandal as a married man in love with Norman Scott and Thorpe's alleged involvement in a plot to murder him, of which he was found not guilty the same year. At the 1992 general election Liberal Democrat Nick Harvey regained the seat from the Conservatives. He lost the seat 23 years later.

MPs since 1950
The Member of Parliament for the constituency is Selaine Saxby who succeeded the previous conservative MP Peter Heaton-Jones at the 2019 UK General Election.

Elections in the 1880s

 * Caused by Northcote's appointment as First Lord of the Treasury and elevation to the peerage, becoming Earl of Iddesleigh.

Elections in the 1870s

 * Caused by Northcote's appointment as Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Elections in the 1860s

 * Caused by Northcote's appointment as Secretary of State for India

 * Caused by Northcote's appointment as President of the Board of Trade

 * Caused by Trefusis' elevation to the peerage, becoming Lord Clinton.

 * Caused by Buller's death.

Elections in the 1830s

 * Caused by Fortescue's succession to the peerage as 2nd Earl Fortescue


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Lichtenstein Castle

Lichtenstein Castle
So good, I had to write the article on Lichtenstein Castle (which was quite confusing, given that neither this castle, its replica in South Africa, nor Castle Liechtenstein is actually in Liechtenstein.) This photo was taken and contributed by Andreas Tille. -- Solipsist 14:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment from the author to the story of the pic: When pulling out my Minolty 9000 for this shot I noticed that the batteries were low. Fortunately analog cameras do not need much power and thus putting the batteries into my pocket gave me two extra shots. Andreas Tille 14:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Nominate and support. - Solipsist 14:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. --MarkSweep 17:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support — TomStar81 20:26, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, why can't I get my holiday shots to look like that? Mgm|(talk) 21:19, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not good enough. Lower left is too dark. --Bernard Helmstetter 22:19, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Looks good small, but full version closeup looks heavily photoshopped, especially where the sky meets the castle. ed g2s  •  talk  00:15, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Uhmm, if at all it looks Gimped. :) And, yes I had to get rid of some dust which was on the slide when it was scanned for Kodak Photo CD. Andreas Tille 14:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, the sky seems to have been darker originally, right? Jonas Olson 15:49, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it was not Andreas Tille 14:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Full res photo looks blurry --Fir0002 00:37, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak support. Maybe a bit of cropping in the lower left corner would better enhance the subject of the image. Sango  123  15:54, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just cropped the image but it fits exactly my taste now. Andreas Tille 14:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Support -- Blows me away. - Longhair | Talk 12:31, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I want to go there now Circeus 23:25, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support nice pic Lorax 02:25, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 22:20, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The thumbnail's worthy, but the full res is visibly out of focus (even if reduced to 50%). —Korath (Talk) 22:51, May 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * +9/-3 BrokenSegue 11:46, 10 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:EZG

Welcome!
Hi EZG, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 14:45, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Singapore contributor? You'll be interested to look at SGpedian's Noticeboard as well. ;)

Image:RIMB crest.gif
 — In case you aren't aware, there has been a significant change in policy. Images that do not have proper copyright information may be deleted within 7 days of uploading. I am bringing this to your attention, because you have uploaded an image, Image:RIMB crest.gif, which does not have any copyright information. If you do not insert any copyright information within the next few days, this image may be deleted. If you have any questions on how to insert this information, please visit my talk page. Ral 315  21:55, 17 September 2005 (UTC)  Ral  315  23:27, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Raffles Institution Military Band
A "" template has been added to the article Raffles Institution Military Band, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but yours may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. --Talon Artaine(talk) 13:33, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:EZG


text:
Talk:Lake Päijänne

Question
third or second biggest lake of Finland? see: List of lakes in Finland --Slawojarek 14:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Second biggest, according to SYKE (2006). Correcting. Mysid 08:46, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Lahti
Lahti is not on the shore of Lake Päijänne. 84.248.39.41 (talk) 14:16, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Lake Päijänne. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090709134349/http://www.epaijanne.net/padasjoenlaiva/ to http://www.epaijanne.net/padasjoenlaiva/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170918/http://www.hilja.fi/kuvat/JAlbum/Laivan%20tilat/tilat.htm to http://www.hilja.fi/kuvat/JAlbum/Laivan%20tilat/tilat.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110903053030/http://www.paijanne-risteilythilden.fi/laivat.htm to http://www.paijanne-risteilythilden.fi/laivat.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.elka.fi/Nayttelyt/laivat/laivasivut/suomi1905.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:04, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Päijänne