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Daewoo LeMans

The Daewoo LeMans is a compact car, first manufactured by Daewoo in South Korea between 1986 and 1994, and between 1994 and 1997 as Daewoo Cielo — a car mechanically identical to the LeMans, differentiated only by its modified styling cues. Like all Daewoos preceding it, the LeMans took its underpinnings from a European Opel design. In the case of the LeMans, the GM T platform-based Opel Kadett E was the donor vehicle, essentially just badge engineered into the form of the LeMans, and later as the Cielo after a second more thorough facelift.

In markets outside South Korea, the original version of the car bore the Asüna GT, Asüna SE, Daewoo 1.5i, Daewoo Fantasy, Daewoo Pointer, Daewoo Racer, Passport Optima and Pontiac LeMans names. The "LeMans" nameplate was not used at all for the facelifted model. Five-door hatchback models exported to Europe were badged Daewoo Nexia with the Daewoo Racer name used seemingly at random on various bodystyles. The Daewoo Heaven name has also been used.

The Cielo was subsequently replaced by the subcompact Daewoo Lanos and the compact Nubira in 1997, except in Russia where the production lasted from 1996 to 1998 and Uzbekistan where the production started in 1996 and lasted until the end of 2016. In Uzbekistan, the local manufacturer UzDaewoo Motors (later GM Uzbekistan, now UzAuto Motors) produced exclusively the second generation of the LeMans and badged it as Daewoo Nexia.

First generation (LeMans; 1986)
The original series Daewoo LeMans was available as a three-door hatchback and a four-door sedan when introduced in July 1986. The LeMans was one of the first aerodynamically designed cars to be sold in South Korea, and the first to feature a digital dashboard. The hatchbacks' bodywork differed in subtle ways from the German models: unlike the original, the three-door model received swing-out rear windows (not on the lowest priced models), while the five-door design used the sedan's rear doors and sloping C-pillars rather than retaining the three-door's notched window line.

Sales of the LeMans in North America began in mid-1987, where it was sold as the Pontiac LeMans. The LeMans was also sold in Canada through General Motors' Passport International Division as the "Optima."

This car was sold in Australia as the "Daewoo 1.5i", with both hatchback and sedan bodywork.

The five-door hatchback body style was known as the Daewoo LeMans Penta5 in South Korea, while the three-door was called Daewoo Racer and only the sedan was called LeMans. Korean market cars received a 1.5-litre engine (with 89 PS) as there was a severe tax penalty for cars with larger engines. In October 1991 the LeMans received a facelift, with a reworked front and superficially changed taillights. This version was called the Asüna SE/GT in the Canadian market, where it replaced the Passport Optima. When South Korean production of the original LeMans finally came to an end in February 1997, over 1 million had been built.

Pontiac LeMans
For the 1988 model year, Pontiac began selling the LeMans as their smallest model in the United States, thereby reviving the LeMans nameplate. The captive import was offered in three-door hatchback and four-door sedan bodystyles. In Canada, GM rebranded the LeMans to market it through its short-lived Passport and Asüna brands. The Pontiac LeMans received a facelift in 1991. In North America, poor quality tarnished sales and the Pontiac LeMans and Asüna SE/GT were discontinued after the 1993 model year with no replacement. In 1994, the Asüna brand was discontinued altogether.

It was also sold in New Zealand as the Pontiac LeMans from 1989, becoming the first Pontiac badged car to be sold on the NZ market since the Canadian sourced Pontiac Laurentian of the 1960s.

Daewoo Racer
Following a complex debt deal between Czechoslovakia, Libya and South Korea, Mototechna the state car dealer imported the Daewoo Racer for 1988 and 1989 in the 1.5 saloon version.

Second generation (Cielo; 1994)
The second generation LeMans launched in 1994, available as a three- and five-door hatchback and four-door sedan with a 1.5-litre eight-valve or a 1.5-litre 16-valve engine. These new models were still based on the Opel Kadett E, underpinned by the "T-car" platform. There were various trim levels available. Unlike the Kadett, there was never a station wagon version available. Some European markets got the "Lifestyle" trim level; Spain and Portugal badged their GLi/GLXi equivalents "Chess"; the Benelux countries kept the GLi/GLXi trim levels and some markets added ETi and STi specifications. The GLi has an average performance with a 0–100 km/h time of 12.5 seconds and 80 PS at 5,400 rpm. There was also a version with single-point fuel injection and 70 PS for lower-spec versions. The more luxurious GLXi received a sixteen-valve engine which upped the power to 90 PS at an unusually low 4,800 rpm, and the 0–100 km/h time was reduced to 12.2 seconds.

The Cielo was made in India by DCM Daewoo Motors until the Korean Daewoo company went bankrupt. GM did not take over the Indian plant in Surajpur near Delhi and it was liquidated. Production in South Korea came to an end shortly after the 1996 introduction of the Daewoo Lanos, an original design.

Prototype
There was a prototype of the Nexia debuted in 1995 at the Seoul Motor Show - the NGV 3 (NGV meaning Nexia Green Vehicle). From the outside it looks like a regular Nexia, except that it was powered by an electric motor.

United Kingdom
Daewoo first exported cars to Europe in the mid-1990s, with the Nexia and Espero forming the two-model line-up in Britain from January 1995. Daewoo was the first manufacturer to sell cars on the British market directly to customers rather than setting up a conventional dealer network, and the appeal of its cars was further enhanced by the following promotions:

 * A low and fixed asking price
 * 3 year/60,000 mile comprehensive warranty
 * 3 years free servicing
 * 3 years free AA membership (which also meant giving a free courtesy car if in an inconvenience)
 * Free delivery plates
 * One-year free road tax
 * A free full tank of petrol
 * 30-day peace-of-mind refund or exchange period
 * A free 'N' plate replacement in August 1995
 * A free mobile phone.

There were two trim levels available. The base model was the GLi which was quite well-equipped at the time, including a 1.5 SOHC (8-valve) engine, 'GLi' emblems at the body wings and boot, single-bench folding rear seat, power steering, driver's airbag and ABS. Different style hubcaps and automatic transmission were an option. After, there was the GLXi which (equipment over GLi) had a 1.5 DOHC (16-valve) engine, 'GLXi' emblems at the body wings and boot, all-round electric windows and mirrors, hubcaps, central locking, rev counter and split-folding rear seats. Alloy wheels were optional only on the GLXi. The "base" model was available for large contracts, the biggest single sale being to NHS Scotland. All models got the same four-spoke steering wheel.

Most models received a 'TWIN CAM 8v' badge at the rear whilst those with automatic transmission had the 'AUTOMATIC' badge. The dealer plates had the writing 'DAEWOO' in a black background with the phone number, a black line going through either side with the number plate ID under the number plate.

When AA tested the Nexia 1.5 GLi in September 1995, they liked it due to its dealer satisfaction but criticized for being dull. In conclusion they said the Nexia is an ultra-sensible family car, with a hassle-free aftersales package and being good value for money.

Despite making use of a design which was by then more than a decade old, the Nexia was one of the most popular budget family cars in Britain and helped Daewoo gain a 1% share of the new car market in 1996. Also, air-conditioning became a free option in every Daewoo, even in the Nexia GLi 3-dr. It was replaced there by the Lanos in the autumn of 1997, by which time some 40,000 examples had been sold. Despite this, the Nexia was sold until December 1997.

Awards
At July 1997, Daewoo announced that the Nexia won the best-in-class award (beating its rivals) and the favourite model category (behind the BMW 5-Series) in the 1997 Cornhill Insurance Motor Test.

Recalls
At 26 January 1996, Daewoo recalled all Nexia's since its introduction in April 1995 because of the wiring harness engine bay has been misrouted, which could have resulted in a chafing of the harness.

Criticisms
The Nexia was criticized for using outdated Mk2 Vauxhall Astra mechanicals and styling hints making it dull to look at and drive for some people, especially the saloons as they were Belmont-based. In addition, its ABS control module was expensive to replace. As faulty ABS was cause for the car to fail the UK's MOT test, this could prompt owners to get rid of their Nexias. Also, it had a lot of electrical problems, and did not fare very well in reliability. Spare parts were also difficult to find as it did not sell very well and the fact that its rivals sold better.

Romania
In Romania, manufacturing began in 1996, at the newly acquired Daewoo Automobile Romania factory in Craiova, being the first Daewoo model produced at the plant. It was offered only with the sedan body style, and was exported to most countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The GLE version, which was the full option model, included air conditioning, power steering, front and rear electric windows, fog lamps, central locking, tachometer and a cassette player stereo system. Unlike models intended for Central and Western Europe, the cars sold in Romania (either imported or produced here) were never equipped with ABS or airbags.

In 2000, the model range was extended with the new Executive level, which featured a distinctive chromed grille and borrowed elements from the GLX, such as 14-inch wheels, bigger 256 mm ventilated disk brakes and the double overhead camshaft engine with 16 valves, that offered an increased power output. The Executive also received an electronic ignition distributor from the Lanos. Another addition to the 2000 model was the catalytic converter respecting Euro 2 emission standards. In 2004, because of harsher emission regulations, the factory installed the Lanos 1.5 SOHC engine, which meant a decrease in horsepower, but made the car Euro 3 compliant. During the last 2 years of production, in an effort to update the optional equipment available for the car, the Executive received a CD player instead of the cassette player. It remained in production until 2007, being marketed along with its successor, the Daewoo Nubira.

Uzbekistan
In Uzbekistan, UzDaewooAuto continued to manufacture the four-door sedan version of the Nexia, production of which began in June 1996. It was produced alongside other Daewoo and Chevrolet models and was exported to other countries, such as Kazakhstan, Russia, Moldova, Azerbaijan and Ukraine.

At the time, the car was available with three engine options: a 1.5-litre SOHC (56 kW), 1.5-litre DOHC (62 kW) and 1.6-litre DOHC (81 kW). The 1.6 version has more powerful brakes and transmission with an additional long main gear.

A facelift of the car, known as the Nexia II, was presented in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in 2008. It was designed in the United Kingdom by Concept Group International LTD with cooperation of GM Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, it was marketed under the Chevrolet brand, while some export markets (in the CIS area) continued to receive the car as the Daewoo Nexia. Production ended in 2016. Due to the low quality control and use of cheap alloys the car constantly failed safety tests. As result of random review conducted by an independent journalist agency in 2002, the car was tested for safety according to ARCAP standards and consequently received a score of 0.6 out of 16 putting it among the least safe cars.

The Netherlands
Production began in 1995. Two trim levels were available, the GL and GTX. The base model GL came with hubcaps, wind-up windows and manually adjustable mirrors. The GTX was a step up which included different designed hubcaps, air-con, electric windows and mirrors and a tachometer. Special editions included the 'Sport' which included front, rear and side skirts, sporty seats and alloy wheels. All three body types were available. Production terminated in 1997.

title: Daewoo LeMans


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Anton Mauve

Anthonij "Anton" Rudolf Mauve (18 September 1838 – 5 February 1888) was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. He signed his paintings 'A. Mauve' or with a monogrammed 'A.M.'. A master colorist, he was a very significant early influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh.

His best-known paintings depict peasants working in the fields. His paintings of flocks of sheep were especially popular with American patrons, so popular that a price differential developed between scenes of "sheep coming" and "sheep going".

Life and work

Anton Mauve was born on 18 September 1838 in Zaandam, a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. A year after his birth, his father Willem Carel Mauve, a Mennonite chaplain, was sent to Haarlem, the capital city of the province where Mauve grew up.

He was apprenticed to the painter Pieter Frederik van Os followed by Wouter Verschuur. In his further development he worked with Paul Gabriël, painting from nature, and they regularly stayed and worked together at Oosterbeek, the 'Dutch Barbizon'. He was a friend of Jozef Israëls and Willem Maris and, encouraged by their example, he abandoned his early highly finished manner for a freer, looser method of painting, and the brilliant palette of his youthful work for a tender lyric harmony which is generally restricted to delicate greys, greens, and light blue.

Most of Mauve's work depicts people and animals in outdoor settings. In his Morning Ride in the Rijksmuseum, for example, fashionable equestrians at the seacoast are seen riding away from the viewer. An unconventional detail, horse droppings in the foreground, attests his commitment to realism.

In 1872, Mauve settled in The Hague where he became a leading member of the Hague School of painters and one of the founders of the Hollandsche Teekenmaatschappij in 1876, as well as playing a leading role in the development of the Pulchri Studio, The Hague's most influential art society at the time. In November 1874 he married Ariëtte (Jet) Carbentus (1856–1894), and together they had a son, Anton (1876–1962), who also became a painter.

In the last two years of his life, Mauve settled in the village of Laren in the region surrounding Hilversum called the Gooi area. The group of painters who settled there, including Jozef Israëls and Albert Neuhuys, came to be known collectively as the Larense School and the region around the Gooi was dubbed 'Mauve land' as far afield as the United States. Mauve influenced many other painters one of whom was the Scottish painter, Robert McGregor (1847–1922).

Mauve died suddenly in Arnhem on 5 February 1888.

Relationship with Vincent van Gogh

Mauve was married to van Gogh's cousin Ariëtte (Jet) Sophia Jeannette Carbentus, and he was a major influence on van Gogh, who revered him. He is mentioned, directly or indirectly, in 152 of van Gogh's surviving letters.

Van Gogh spent three weeks at Mauve's studio at the end of 1881 and during that time he made his first experiments in painting under Mauve's tutelage, first in oils and then early the next year in watercolour (previously he had concentrated on drawing). Mauve continued to encourage him and lent him money to rent and furnish a studio, but later grew cold towards him and did not return a number of letters.

In a letter to his brother Theo van Gogh dated 7 May 1882, van Gogh describes "a very regrettable conversation" in which Mauve told him their association was "over and done with" adding by way of explanation that van Gogh had a vicious character. Van Gogh continued his letter by expressing his sorrow, and then launches defiantly into a passionate defence of his relationship with Clasina "Sien" Maria Hornik (Sien), a pregnant prostitute he had befriended.

The presumption must be that Mauve had heard of the relationship (although van Gogh's letter does not say so expressly) and broke off the association because of it. However, their relationship had already become strained by late January. Nevertheless, van Gogh continued to hold Mauve in very high esteem and dedicated one of his most iconic paintings to Mauve's memory after hearing of his sudden death.

"Now here, for instance, at this moment, I have 6 paintings of blossoming fruit trees. And the one I brought home today would possibly appeal to you — it’s a dug-over patch of ground in an orchard, a wicker fence and two peach trees in full bloom, pink against a sparkling blue sky with white clouds and in sunshine. You may well see it, since I’ve decided to send this one to Jet Mauve. I’ve written on it 'Souvenir de Mauve Vincent & Theo'."

Mauve's mother Elisabeth Margaretha Hirschig was a first cousin twice removed of Anton Hirschig, the young Dutch artist who was a fellow lodger with van Gogh at the Auberge Ravoux at the time of van Gogh's death.

Selected works

 * Entering the Fold (c. 1885–8), drawing and watercolour, Tate Gallery
 * Milking Time (c. 1875), oil on canvas, National Gallery
 * Landscape with cattle, chalk on paper, Courtauld Institute of Art
 * Landscape with Cattle, oil on canvas, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
 * Shepherdess, oil on canvas, National Museum of Wales
 * Morning Ride along the Beach (1876), oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
 * Riders in the Snow in the Haagse Bos (1879), watercolour and gouache, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
 * De Torenlaan te Laren (1886), oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
 * Ariëtte Carbentus, wife of the artist, sitting in the dunes (c. 1876), oil on canvas, Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie, The Hague (private collection)
 * Gathering Seaweed, oil on canvas, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
 * Changing Pasture (c. 1880s), oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * The Return of the Flock, Laren (c. 1886 -1887), oil on canvas, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia
 * Digging up a Tree, watercolor, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 * Returning Home, oil on wood, Art Gallery of New South Wales
 * A Shepherdess and Her Flock, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anton Mauve


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Decoder Ring

Decoder Ring is an experimental electronic-rock crossover group from Australia.

History
Decoder Ring was formed in 2001, in Sydney, Australia. The original line-up consisted of Tom Schutzinger (Keyboards, drums), Geoff Towner (bass, El Mopa), Pete Kelly (guitar, Sea Life Park), Kenny Davis Jr (keyboards, piano, The Jackson Code, The Blackeyed Susans) & Matt Fitzgerald (keyboards, guitar). This line-up recorded the EP Spooky Action at a Distance (2002) and the album Decoder Ring (2002). Geoff Towner departed in 2003 and was replaced by Ben Ely (Regurgitator).

The track "Night Shift" from Spooky Action at a Distance, featuring vocals by Jodi Phillis (Clouds), was featured in the soundtrack to the Alex Proyas film Garage Days (2002).

The band wrote the soundtrack for the 2004 Australian film Somersault, for which they won an AFI Award for 'Best Original Music Score', an Australian Screen Sound Guild Award for 'Soundtrack of the Year', a Lexus IF (Inside Film) Award for 'Best Music', 'Best Original Song Composed for a Feature Film, Telemovie, TV Series or Mini-Series' at the APRA/Australian Screen Music Awards, a Jackson Hole Film Festival Award for 'Best Score' and was nominated for an ARIA Award in the category of 'Best Soundtrack/Cast/Show Recording'.

Kenny Davis Jr & Ben Ely departed after the recording of Somersault in 2004, the band subsequently reconfiguring with new members Lenka (vocals, keyboards), Xavier Fijac (keyboards, samples) & Matthew Steffen (bass, [la Huva]).

The band wrote the soundtrack for the 2005 short feature Jewboy by writer/director Tony Krawitz, which was presented in 2006 at the Sundance Film Festival. All the band's performances are accompanied by film projections put on by Simon Killalea who, while not playing an instrument, is considered a member of the band. Both of the films were shown at the Cannes Film Festival.

2005 saw the release of the band's third full-length album Fractions, as well as performances at Homebake, the Big Day Out concerts, Splendour in the Grass, Cockatoo Island Festival and the Perth International Arts Festival.

In March 2006 Decoder Ring performed at the St Jerome's Laneway Festival in Sydney. A US tour saw them play shows in Los Angeles and New York City, as well as at the SXSW music festival in Austin, Texas. Upon their return home they played at The Great Escape Festival and Splendour in the Grass, as well as completing a national tour of Australia.

In 2007 a short film by Stephen Lance, Yolk, with music by Decoder Ring was screened as part of the Sydney Film Festival.

Recently 'Decoder Ring's remix of the song "Yama Yama" featured on an Australian Television advertisement for Tooheys Extra Dry beer. The song is adapted from Le Monde Fabuleux Des Yamasuki, a pseudo-Japanese concept album produced by French duo Jean Kluger and Daniel Vangarde (also known as The Yamasuki Singers) in 1972.

In 2009 Tom Schutzinger, key songwriter and founding member departed from the band.

AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

 * 2009
 * They Blind the Stars, and the Wild Team
 * Best Independent Album
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 2004
 * Somersault
 * Best Original Cast or Show Album
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Decoder Ring


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2000–2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec

The 2000–2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec resulted in large-scale amalgamation of smaller municipalities in Quebec into larger cities. It was undertaken by one administration, but was modified and partially undone by its successor.

The first phase involved many amalgamations from late 2000 until 2003, undertaken by the Parti Québécois government of Québec, headed by Premier Lucien Bouchard and his successor Bernard Landry. The most significant amalgamations, involving the largest cities in Quebec, mostly occurred on January 1, 2002. Some of the mergers were unpopular, and this became an issue in the April 14, 2003 Quebec election, in which the victorious Quebec Liberal Party led by Jean Charest campaigned on a promise to allow residents the right to choose to de-merge and reconstitute their former municipalities.

The new administration held referendums in various municipalities in 2004 to fulfill its campaign promise; however, a number of conditions were imposed, including a minimum voter participation threshold, which meant that not all merged municipalities held referendums and even fewer actually de-merged. The de-mergers that succeeded became effective on January 1, 2006. However, a new type of municipal structure, an urban agglomeration was created, which continued to tie the newly independent de-merged municipalities to their former amalgamation partners for the provision of certain municipal services.

The 2000–2003 municipal mergers were imposed on municipalities by the Québec government. In Canada, municipal governments are often referred to as creatures of their provincial governments, referring to their lack of governing authority. However, a number of voluntary amalgamations (arranged by municipalities themselves) had taken place in the 1990s (see Municipal history of Quebec); these earlier amalgamations were not subject to de-merger referendums. Municipal amalgamations had been encouraged by the Quebec government on the grounds they would result in greater efficiencies and cost savings; critics disputed this. The government also cited the precedent of the 1998 amalgamation of Toronto and the 2001 amalgamation of Ottawa.

Merged cities
The following entities were created from these amalgamations:

Cities over 40,000 or mergers of more than five cities

 * City of Montreal: former city of Montreal; cities of Anjou, Beaconsfield, Côte Saint-Luc, Dorval, Lachine, LaSalle, Montreal East, Montréal-Nord, Montreal West, Outremont, Pierrefonds, Pointe-Claire, Saint-Laurent, Saint Leonard, Verdun and Westmount; towns of Baie-d'Urfé, Hampstead, L'Île-Bizard, L'Île-Dorval, Mount Royal, Roxboro, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue and Sainte-Geneviève; village of Senneville. See Montreal Merger.
 * City of Quebec: former city of Quebec; cities of Beauport, Cap-Rouge, Charlesbourg, L'Ancienne-Lorette, Lac-Saint-Charles, Loretteville, Saint-Émile, Sainte-Foy, Sillery, Val-Bélair, Vanier; municipality of Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures.
 * City of Longueuil: former city of Longueuil; cities of Boucherville, Brossard and Saint-Lambert; towns of Greenfield Park, LeMoyne, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville and Saint-Hubert.
 * City of Gatineau: former city of Gatineau; cities of Aylmer and Hull; town of Buckingham; township of Masson-Angers.
 * City of Lévis: former city of Lévis; cities of Charny, Saint-Jean-Chrysostome, Saint-Nicolas, Saint-Rédempteur and Saint-Romuald; municipalities of Pintendre and Saint-Étienne-de-Lauzon; parishes of Sainte-Hélène-de-Breakeyville and Saint-Joseph-de-la-Pointe-de-Lévy.
 * City of Saguenay: Former cities of Chicoutimi, Jonquière, La Baie, Laterrière; municipalities of Shipshaw and Lac-Kénogami; part of the township of Tremblay and 2 unincorporated areas.
 * City of Shawinigan: former city of Shawinigan; cities of Grand-Mère and Shawinigan-Sud; municipality of Lac-à-la-Tortue; village of Saint-Georges-de-Champlain; parishes of Saint-Gérard-des-Laurentides and Saint-Jean-des-Piles; and the unincorporated areas of Lac-des-Cinq and Lac-Wapizagonke.
 * City of Saint-Hyacinthe: Former city of Saint-Hyacinthe; village of Sainte-Rosalie; parishes of Sainte-Rosalie, Saint-Hyacinthe-le-Confesseur, Notre-Dame-de-Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin.
 * City of Repentigny: Former city of Repentigny and the former town of Le Gardeur.
 * City of Rimouski: former city of Rimouski; city of Pointe-au-Père; municipality of Mont-Lebel; village of Rimouski-Est; parishes of Sainte-Blandine and Sainte-Odile-sur-Rimouski.
 * City of Rouyn-Noranda: former city of Rouyn-Noranda; city of Cadillac; municipalities of Arntfield, Bellecombe, Cléricy, Cloutier, D'Alembert, Destor, Évain, McWatters, Mont-Brun, Montbeillard and Rollet; unincorporated areas of Lac-Montanier, Lac-Surimau and Rapides-des-Cèdres.
 * City of La Tuque: Former city of La Tuque; municipalities of La Bostonnais, La Corche, Lac-Édouard; Village of Parent; unincorporated areas of Kiskissink, Lac-Berlinguet, Lac-des-Moires, Lac-Pellerin, Lac-Tourlay, Obedjiwan, Petit-Lac-Wayagamac and Rivière-Windigo
 * Municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine: municipalities of Fatima (Village), Grande-Entrée (Village), Grosse-Île, Havre-aux-Maisons (Village), L'Étang-du-Nord (Village) and Havre-Aubert; village of Cap-aux-Meules.
 * City of Sherbrooke: former city of Sherbrooke; cities of Bromptonville and Fleurimont; towns of Lennoxville and Rock Forest; municipalities of Ascot, Deauville and Saint-Élie-d'Orford.
 * City of Trois-Rivières: former city of Trois-Rivières; cities of Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Sainte-Marthe-du-Cap, Saint-Louis-de-France and Trois-Rivières-Ouest; municipality of Pointe-du-Lac.
 * City of Saint-Jérôme: former city of Saint-Jérôme; cities of Bellefeuille, Lafontaine and Saint-Antoine.
 * City of Val-d'Or: former city of Val-d'Or; municipalities of Dubuisson, Sullivan, Val-Senneville and Vassan.

Other mergers

 * City of Beauharnois: former city of Beauharnois; city of Maple Grove; village of Melocheville.
 * City of Thetford Mines: Former cities of Thetford Mines and Black Lake; municipality of Pontbriand, village of Robertsonville and township of Thetford-Partie-Sud.
 * City of Saint-Georges: Former city of Saint-Georges; municipality of Aubert-Gallion and parishes of Saint-Georges-Est and Saint-Jean-de-la-Lande.
 * City of Mont-Tremblant: Former municipalities of Mont-Tremblant, Lac-Tremblant-Nord; village and parish of Saint-Jovite.
 * City of Rivière-Rouge: Former municipalities of La Macaza and Marchand; former villages of L'Annonciation and Sainte-Véronique.
 * City of Salaberry-de-Valleyfield: Former cities of Salaberry-de-Valleyfield and Saint-Timothée; municipality of Grande-Île.
 * City of Matane: Former city of Matane; municipalities of Petit-Matane and Saint-Luc-de-Matane; parish of Saint-Jérôme-de-Matane.
 * City of Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts: Former city of Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts; municipalities of Sainte-Agathe-Nord and Ivry-sur-le-Lac.
 * City of Mont-Laurier: Former city of Mont-Laurier; municipalities of Des Ruisseaux and Saint-Aimé-du-Lac-des-Îles.
 * City of Sept-Îles: Former cities of Sept-Îles and Moisie, municipality of Gallix.
 * City of Cookshire-Eaton: Former city of Cookshire, townships of Eaton and Newport.
 * City of Magog: Former city of Magog and township of Magog; village of Omerville
 * City of Saint-Sauveur: Former village of Saint-Sauveur-des-Monts and parish of Saint-Sauveur.
 * City of Sainte-Marguerite-Estérel: Former city of Estérel and parish of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson.
 * City of Saint-Pie: Former city of Saint-Pie and parish of Saint-Pie.
 * Municipality of Lacolle: Former village of Lacolle and parish of Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel.
 * Municipality of Grenville-sur-la-Rouge: Former township of Grenville and village of Calumet.
 * City of Sutton: Former city of Sutton and township of Sutton.
 * City of Port-Cartier: Former city of Port-Cartier and municipality of Rivière-Pentecôte.
 * City of Métis-sur-Mer: Former village of Métis-sur-Mer and municipality of Les Boules.
 * City of Lac-Etchemin: Former city of Lac-Etchemin and parish of Sainte-Germaine-du-Lac-Etchemin.
 * City of Mont-Joli: Former city of Mont-Joli and municipality of Saint-Jean-Baptiste.
 * City of Alma: Former city of Alma and municipality of Delisle.
 * Municipality of Adstock: former municipality of Adstock and village of Sainte-Anne-du-Lac.
 * City of Terrebonne: former cities of Terrebonne, Lachenaie, and La Plaine.
 * City of Richelieu: former city of Richelieu and municipality of Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours

Demerger referendums
After the 2003 election, the new Québec Liberal Party government led by Jean Charest adopted Bill 9, which created a formal process by which old municipalities could be reconstituted (in legal terms). Contrary to what was promised by Charest (full de-amalgamation), Bill 9 only restored specific powers to the demerged cities (e.g., animal control, garbage pickup, local street maintenance, some cultural facilities). The "bigger" expenses (e.g., police, fire, main streets, expansion programs) and the majority of the taxes remained in the hands of urban agglomerations, which are controlled by the central merged city because their larger populations give them greater voting weight. In Montreal, the de-amalgamated cities hold only 13% of the votes on the agglomeration council.

This consulting process about Bill 9 required 10% of voters residing within an amalgamated municipality to sign a petition to demand the holding of a referendum on de-amalgamation. To succeed, a referendum had to fulfill two conditions:
 * A majority must vote yes to de-amalgamation.
 * 'Yes' voters must represent at least 35% of all registered electors.

Referendums were held on June 20, 2004 in 89 of the former municipalities of Québec. The 'Yes' vote recorded majorities in several municipalities, but did not reach the required threshold of 35% of registered voters. A total of 32 former municipalities met the conditions required to de-amalgamate and were re-established on January 1, 2006.

The demerging municipalities were:
 * From Montreal: Baie-D'Urfé, Beaconsfield, Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Dorval, Kirkland, L'Île-Dorval, Pointe-Claire, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue and Senneville in the West Island; Côte Saint-Luc, Hampstead, Mount Royal, Montreal West and Westmount in the West End; Montreal East in the East End
 * From Quebec City: L'Ancienne-Lorette and Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures
 * From Longueuil: Boucherville, Brossard, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville and Saint-Lambert
 * From La Tuque: La Bostonnais and Lac-Édouard
 * From Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine: Cap-aux-Meules and Grosse-Île
 * From Mont-Tremblant: Lac-Tremblant-Nord
 * From Rivière-Rouge: La Macaza
 * From Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts: Ivry-sur-le-Lac
 * From Mont-Laurier: Saint-Aimé-du-Lac-des-Îles
 * From Cookshire-Eaton: Newport

Additionally, Estérel voted to demerge from Sainte-Marguerite-Estérel, effectively reversing the merger between Estérel and Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson. After the demerger came into effect, the city changed its name back to Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gila trout

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:09, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Gila trout
I really can't see any meaningfuly expansion coming out of this artilce, Redirect and Merge to/with Cutthroat. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 09:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. They're different species - Oncorhynchus gilae and Oncorhynchus clarki.  And if it's merged it should be to Cutthroat trout.  RickK 09:10, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand Any valid biological species is a subject which a user of Wikipedia might legitimately wish to enquire about; clear potential to become encyclopaedic with the addition of information on morphology, behaviour, ecology etc. -SP-KP 09:32, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep all individual species. Xezbeth  10:02, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is a legitimate biology entry for wikipedia. Megan1967 11:05, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all species. Meelar (talk) 20:16, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all species, especially endangered ones.  —RaD Man (talk) 23:25, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. I'm sure that more can be said about it than this. Capitalistroadster 03:07, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Dinner Keep Radiant_* 14:13, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep This nomination is ridiculous and a waste of VfD space and time. --Aranae 18:28, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Endangered species are extremely notable. Sabine's Sunbird 04:47, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I've expanded the article and even found a public domain image (bless the USFWS!), and there's more an interested person could write if they wanted to. Sabine's Sunbird 17:22, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Roosevelt Stadium

Roosevelt Stadium was a baseball stadium at Droyer's Point in Jersey City, New Jersey. It opened on April 23, 1937 and was the home of the Jersey City Giants of the International League (IL), the Triple-A farm team of the New York Giants, from 1937 to 1950 and later hosted other high-minor league baseball teams. It also hosted 15 Major League Baseball (MLB) home games for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1956 to 1957, plus championship boxing matches, top-name musical acts, an annual championship drum and bugle corps competition known as "The Dream" (1946–1983), professional wrestling matches, important regional high school football games, college football games, minor league football games, soccer matches and even NASCAR races. The stadium was demolished in 1985 and replaced by the Society Hill housing development.

Planning and construction
On June 5, 1929, Jersey City Mayor Frank Hague announced his plans to construct a 50,000-seat municipal stadium in Jersey City to surround a field 500 ft long by 400 ft wide, that would be dedicated to the memory of the city's war dead. It was expected to cost $500,000 and be built by Spring 1930. Mayor Hague planned for the stadium to have 35,000 permanent seats with ground space for an additional 15,000. It would be a multi-purpose stadium for baseball, football, track and field events, and boxing.

The stadium was envisioned as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project on the grounds of what was the Jersey City Airport at Droyer's Point. The airport was built and first operated by noted aviator Clarence D. Chamberlin in 1928 and then later operated by aviator Eddie August Schneider starting in 1935. By 1935, Jersey City was suffering from the effects of the Great Depression and Mayor Hauge was looking to create construction jobs for Hudson County's working class. He applied for federal funds through the Civil Works Administration and the WPA of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program. Under the terms of the grant program, the money received could not be used to purchase land so the city had to contribute land for the project. According to the Mayor, Droyers Point was the only available city-owned property and better suited for a municipal sports stadium than a municipal airport which would have eventually been a financial liability to the city. He boasted that the stadium would be a self-sufficient operation and would employ 250 people on a seasonal basis.

On December 10, 1935, Mayor Hague, with nearly 2,000 people in attendance, turned the first shovel of earth to officially break ground on the stadium. At the ceremony, Mayor Hauge said, “We owe to President Roosevelt’s efforts the realization of our dream. He has been considerate of Jersey City in giving us this beautiful stadium. Besides the stadium, I am happy that its construction will provide work for nearly 1,000 men and through them hundreds of our citizens will benefit. This is a very happy occasion for all of us." Jersey City was awarded $1.5 million in federal WPA funds for the construction of the stadium which provided 2,400 jobs and in recognition of the award, Mayor Hague named the ballpark "Roosevelt Stadium" in honor of the president.

Design
Architect Christian H. Ziegler designed the stadium in the Art Deco style, a style he used in designing the former Jersey City Medical Center, to emphasize Jersey City's strength and influence. Considered the best minor league baseball park of the time, the 24,000 seat stadium was constructed of steel and concrete and featured marble sourced from Pennsylvania and Tennessee. The stadium was horse shoe and bowl shaped surrounded by a concrete wall with a terra-cotta façade. Terrazzo flooring was featured on the first floor and concourse, in bathrooms, locker rooms, showers and corridors. The grandstand was 60 ft high and consisted of terraced seating of 35 rows and bleachers. Multiple well-placed ramps gave patrons easy access to their seats.

Opening
The ballpark's home opener was scheduled for April 22, 1937, with the opening of the 1937 International League season. Mayor Hague declared a half-holiday for the city's schools and employees. New York Giants owner Horace Stoneham was expected at the opener along with Senator Harry Moore. Rain washed out the planned events and the opening game was moved back to April 23 with Mayor Hague throwing out the first pitch and Sen. Moore and owner Horace Stoneham on hand for the ballpark's dedication. The Jersey City Giants took on the Rochester Red Wings with the Red Wings defeating the Giants 4–3 in front of an over capacity crowd of 31,234, a then minor league record.

Baseball
Roosevelt Stadium was constructed to serve as the home field of the Jersey City Giants, the Triple-A International League (IL) farm team of the New York Giants, from 1937 to 1950. The Giants won the International League regular-season pennant in 1939 and 1947 and were runners-up to the Syracuse Chiefs in the Governors' Cup playoffs in 1942, but no Giants team would ever win a pennant in postseason play. Hague routinely hawked opening day tickets for "Little Giants" games, selling 40,000 seats in a stadium that held only 24,000. When asked about the discrepancy, he was reported to have said "Hell of a crowd in the men's rooms."

On April 18, 1946, Roosevelt Stadium hosted the historic Jersey City Giants' season opener against the Montreal Royals, the Triple-A IL farm team of the Brooklyn Dodgers, marking the professional debut of the Royals' Jackie Robinson and the breaking of professional baseball's color barrier. Mayor Hague declared the day a half-day school holiday and threw out the ceremonial first pitch. A sold-out over capacity crowd of 51,872 witnessed Robinson's debut. In five trips to the plate he got four hits, including a three-run homer, scored four runs and drove in three; he also stole two bases in the Royals' 14–1 victory over the Giants. After the game, Robinson was mobbed by fans and well-wishers, Black and white, who wanted to congratulate him. Some people even followed him through the dugout tunnel and into the locker room. Robinson recalled his debut in his autobiography, My Own Story, saying "Although I was wearing the colors of the enemy, the Jersey City fans gave me a fine ovation. And my teammates were shouting, 'Come on, Jackie, start it off. This guy can't pitch. Get a-hold of one!'"

Between 1949 to 1950, future Hall of Famer Monte Irvin played several games with the Jersey City Giants in between being called up to the New York Giants. With Jersey City, he batted .373 in 1949 and .510 with ten home runs in eighteen games in 1950. In an interview with the Jersey Journal, Irvin reflected on his time playing at Roosevelt Stadium and said "What a wonderful stadium," "It was the class of the International League and better than many [Major League] stadiums. I had a lot of thrills there."

Following the 1950 season, the New York Giants decided to move the club to Ottawa due to recent drops in attendance. Like their former neighbors and rivals, the Newark Bears, they found that rather than attending local minor league affiliate games, fans in New Jersey, due to the growth of television after World War II, were increasingly watching Giants, Dodgers and Yankees games from the comfort of their own homes.

On July 8, 1960, it was announced high-minor league baseball would return to Roosevelt Stadium with the Jersey City Jerseys of the IL for the 1960 and 1961 season. The Jerseys had moved from Havana, Cuba where they were known as the Havana Sugar Kings and had just won the 1959 International League title. The Sugar Kings move was forced by Fidel Castro nationalizing all U.S.-owned enterprises in Cuba and Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick feeling political pressure at home from Secretary of State Christian Herter to protect the “safety and welfare” of club personnel and baseball's interests. On July 15, the club arrived in Jersey City and was greeted by its residents as it took part in an eight-car twenty-mile motorcade through the city on their way to the stadium to play the Columbus Jets.

The stadium would see the last high-minor league baseball competition with the Jersey City Indians of the Double-A Eastern League (EL) in 1977 and, following a change in minor-league affiliation, the Jersey City A's of the EL in 1978 led by future Hall of Famer Rickey Henderson.

Major League Baseball
From 1956 to 1957, the stadium hosted 15 "home" games by the Brooklyn Dodgers during their last two seasons in Brooklyn – seven in 1956 and eight in 1957. The games were played partly as a negotiating tactic with the City of New York and the Borough of Brooklyn, in pursuit of a new stadium to replace Ebbets Field. While it had just 24,000 seats as opposed to Ebbets Field's 31,497, Roosevelt Stadium had 10,000 parking spaces compared to Ebbets Field's 700. The agreement between Jersey City and the Dodgers stipulated that the club would rent Roosevelt Stadium from the city for an annual fee of $10,000. The Dodgers also agreed to absorb the cost of making the stadium ready for major league baseball. In return, the Dodgers received all parking and ticket revenue. Team owner, Walter O'Malley, added that if by 1958 their new stadium in Brooklyn was still under construction, the Dodgers would not play at Ebbets Field and could play the entire season in Jersey City. The Dodgers' negotiations with the City of New York came to naught, and the team moved to Los Angeles in 1958.

During their time at Roosevelt Stadium, the Dodgers played in several memorable games.

On April 19, 1956, the Dodgers played the Philadelphia Phillies in their first game at Roosevelt Stadium. A pregame ceremony was held with the club raising their 1955 World Series Championship banner which was displayed at both Roosevelt Stadium and Ebbets Field. The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by Jersey City mayor Bernard Berry, and Eddie Fisher sang the National Anthem. Jersey City’s St. Patrick’s Drum and Bugle Corps also took part in the festivities. The game went to extra innings tied 3–3. Down 4–3 in the bottom of 10th inning, the Dodgers would tie the game and with the bases loaded, Rube Walker hit a sacrifice fly to center field that allowed Don Zimmer to score the winning run and giving the Dodgers a 5–4 victory over the Phillies.

On July 25, 1956, Carl Furillo hit the Dodgers' first home run at the stadium off of Brooks Lawrence. The game ended with a walk-off home run by future Hall of Famer Duke Snider to give the Dodgers the 2–1 victory over the Cincinnati Redlegs.

On August 15, 1956, the Dodgers hosted their rival, the New York Giants, at the stadium. The Giants had built a large following in Jersey City after being the home of their Triple-A affiliate, the Jersey City Giants, for 13 years. Jackie Robinson went 0–4 and was booed by the sold-out pro Giants crowd of 26,385. The most memorable moment of the game occurred in fourth inning when future Hall of Famer Willie Mays hit the only home run ever hit completely out of Roosevelt Stadium off of Don Newcombe. That home run gave the Giants the 1–0 victory over the Dodgers.

On June 5, 1957, future Hall of Famer Don Drysdale pitched the first of his 49 Major League shutouts at the stadium defeating the Chicago Cubs 4–0.

Boxing
Boxing matches were also a big draw at the stadium. In 1940, former heavyweight champion Max Baer beat "Two Ton Tony" Galento at Roosevelt Stadium. A year later in 1941, Jersey Joe Walcott defeated the reigning heavyweight champion, Ezzard Charles. On September 21, 1948, European champion Marcel Cerdan of France defeated Tony Zale for the world middleweight championship title in one of the Tournament of Champions bouts held at the stadium. On August 9, 1950, Sugar Ray Robinson defeated the former 3-time New Jersey State Champion Charley Fusari to defend his welterweight title.

Football
Although, initially constructed as a home field for the Jersey City Giants, the stadium later saw its most common use for high school football, as Jersey City's William L. Dickinson, James J. Ferris, Abraham Lincoln, Henry Snyder high schools and the city's major parochial schools, Hudson Catholic and St. Peter's Prep, all used the stadium, particularly on Thanksgiving Day, when Dickinson and St. Peter's would play before soldout crowds. On September 28, 1974, it was the site of the game that set the New Jersey state record for consecutive losses by a high school football team at 42, when Dickinson High School lost to Hudson Catholic, 22–0. The Hawks offense was led by quarterback Steven Neri and halfback Tony Cavallo and Dickinson was held to -2 yards rushing and 18 passing by a Hudson defense led by Steve Cuccinelli, Ray Parente and Bruce Bock. Neri, Bock, Parente and Cuccinelli have all been inducted into the Hudson Catholic Football program's Wall of Fame.

From 1938 to 1950, the stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants of the American Football Association (AA), a farm team of the New York Football Giants. Tim Mara purchased the team and moved them to Jersey City in 1938 making the Jersey City Giants the first minor league team in professional football. The Jersey City Giants would go on to win the league title a record three times (1938, 1940, 1946).

The stadium hosted college football with Jersey City State College (now New Jersey City University) playing their home games on Friday nights at the stadium from 1966 to 1976 prior to the opening of the Thomas M. Gerrity Sports Complex on the adjacent tidelands.

In 1970, the stadium hosted the Jersey Jays of the Atlantic Coast Football League (ACFL), a farm team of the Cleveland Browns.

During the 1973 NFL season, the New York Football Giants practiced at the stadium while they were playing their home games in New Haven, Connecticut at the Yale Bowl. During this time, their future home, Giants Stadium, was under construction at the Meadowlands Sports Complex.

Soccer
In the 1960s and 1970s, Roosevelt Stadium became a top venue for several domestic and international soccer matches.

In 1960, the stadium hosted several matches for the International Soccer League (ISL), an affiliate league of the American Soccer League, including the leagues' debut matches that it co-hosted with the Polo Grounds.

On June 19, 1960, the stadium hosted a double header for the first section title of the ISL. The first match featured Burnley F.C. against OGC Nice with Burnley winning 4–0. The second match saw Kilmarnock F.C. defeat the New York Americans 3–1 in front of 11,704 fans. Kilmarnock won their first section title with a 4–0–1 record and Burnley finished as runner-up.

On June 20, 1971, the stadium hosted a North American Soccer League (NASL) and international soccer double-header. The New York Cosmos played the Dallas Tornado in the opener where the Cosmos rallied to beat the Tornado 3–1. Bologna took on West Ham United in the second match with Bologna winning 2–1 in front of 9,000 fans. The first game of the doubleheader was set for Yankee Stadium in the Bronx but the contract that the Cosmos had with the Yankees allowed for a "weather clause" in which the baseball team could cancel if bad weather conditions posed a potential threat to the field.

A week later on June 27, 1971, Santos FC, led by the legendary Pelé, played Bologna in an exhibition match in front of raucous crowd of 21,414 fans. When Pelé stepped on to the field, hundreds of fans stormed the field to get close to him for pictures and autographs. The Jersey City Police Department's mounted police gained control of the crowd but not before kickoff was delayed for thirty-five minutes. The match ended in a 1–1 draw.

On May 25, 1973, Santos FC and Pelé returned to Roosevelt Stadium to take on Lazio in front of passionate sold-out crowd of 26,145 fans. Pelé was swarmed by fans on his way into the stadium looking for autographs and pictures. The game was repeatedly stopped by fans, who threw beer cans, bottles and even chairs onto the field. In the ninth minute, Pelé scored on a free kick through a wall of seven players. With two minutes left in the match, Lazio was setup to take a penalty kick, but fans stormed the field and the referees called the game with Lazio never taking the shot and Santos FC winning 3–0.

Professional wrestling
In 1975, the stadium hosted three professional wrestling matches held by the International Wrestling Association (IWA). The first and most notable match took place on October 7, 1975, featuring former WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Ivan Koloff taking on Mil Máscaras for the IWA World Heavyweight Championship with Máscaras winning on a double count out in front of 14,000 fans.

Concerts
From 1972 to 1976, Roosevelt Stadium saw a second life as a premier outdoor concert venue for national touring acts. The stadium hosted multiple concerts by notable performers such as Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart, Alice Cooper, The J. Geils Band, Flash, Chicago, The Beach Boys, The Kinks, Looking Glass, Joe Cocker, Mark Almond Band, Patto, Leon Russell, New Riders of the Purple Sage, Three Dog Night, T.Rex, The Band, Santana, Tower of Power, Grand Funk Railroad, Blue Oyster Cult, Lee Michaels, Poco, The Allman Brothers Band, The Marshall Tucker Band, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Seals and Crofts, America, The Eagles, Yes, Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Doobie Brothers, KISS, Bob Seger and The Silver Bullet Band, Boz Scaggs, and Randy Meisner.

On August 8, 1974, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young played their first New York area concert in four years to a crowd of about 50,000 people at the stadium. During the band's intermission former president Richard Nixon announced he was resigning from office due to his role in the Watergate scandal. Graham Nash took to the stage and announced the news to the capacity crowd. The crowd cheered and set off a few fireworks in celebration. The first song the band played after the announcement was David Crosby's “Long Time Gone” to mark the occasion.

Pink Floyd played four concerts at Roosevelt Stadium: June 14 & 16, 1973; July 18, 1974; and June 14, 1975.

The Grateful Dead played the most concerts at Roosevelt Stadium with eight: July 18, 1972; September 19, 1972; July 30, 1973; July 31, 1973; August 1, 1973; July 31, 1974; August 6, 1974; and August 4, 1976.

Other events
Roosevelt Stadium was a popular venue for drum and bugle corps contests throughout its history. From 1946 to 1983, the stadium hosted The National Dream Contest, "The Dream", for drum and bugle corps organizations. On September 8, 1957, the stadium hosted the ninth annual "National Drum Contest," a competition of eight champion drum corps held by the United Organizations of Bayonne. On September 15, 1963, the stadium hosted the first annual World Open Championship sponsored by Drum Corps News for junior drum and bugle corps in the United States and Canada.

In the early 1950s, NASCAR hosted several stock car races along the perimeter of the stadium's field and warning track. On June 5, 1954, a 100-lap NASCAR championship event was held at the stadium.

Beginning in the 1970s, the stadium began holding religious conventions for the Jehovah's Witnesses. On July 4, 1971, 16,000 people gathered at the stadium to listen via closed-circuit radio to Nathan H. Knorr speak from an assembly at Yankee Stadium. From July 18–21, 1974, over 10,000 people filled the stadium over four days for a district assembly. From July 25–28, a Spanish language assembly was held for 18,000 people.

In the early 1970s, a 200 ft long by 100 ft wide outdoor ice skating rink was erected by the city in the winter months and became a popular attraction.

Closing and demolition
By the 1970s, the stadium had fallen into disrepair. In 1970, Jersey City made attempts to keep the stadium viable with several renovations such as re-sodding the playing field and overhauling the drainage, roofing and steam heating systems. However, further renovations of the structure were impeded by asbestos and overall decay. In 1972, the city lost $68,000 operating the stadium. In 1978, a 30 foot light tower fell off the roof of the grandstand which weakened the stadium's exterior walls and other light towers. In 1981, two additional light towers collapsed forcing the city to close the stadium for repairs and then permanently.

That year, the city's Division of Urban Research and Design estimated that repairs to the stadium would cost about $4 million and recommended, instead, to demolish the stadium and build new housing. From 1970 to 1980, Jersey City's population dropped 14.1%, a loss of 37,000 people. Local officials asserted that there was a need for the new housing and the $4 million in tax revenue it would provide to stave off further population loss.

In November 1982, the Jersey City City Council voted to demolish the stadium and replace it with a $200 million middle-income housing development. In 1985, the stadium was finally demolished and the gated community known as Society Hill opened on the site in 1996 with a later phase, known as Droyer's Point, opening in 2004.

Roosevelt Stadium survived longer but ultimately met a similar fate as two other historic New York area ballparks of its time. Ebbets Field in Brooklyn was demolished in 1960 and replaced with a middle-income housing development known as the Ebbets Field Apartments in 1962. The Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan was demolished in 1964 and replaced with a public housing development known as Polo Grounds Towers in 1968.

Replacement
In October 1983, Jersey City opened Cochrane Stadium in the Caven Point section of the city as a modern but more modest 4,000 seat municipal stadium replacement for the city's residents and the local schools.

Legacy
Roosevelt Stadium and the events that it hosted have been commemorated in several ways.

Memorials

 * In 1985 prior to demolition, one of Roosevelt Stadium’s seats was donated to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York and another seat was donated to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D.C. to be displayed at both museums.
 * On April 17, 1996, a plaque was dedicated in a gazebo at Society Hill to commemorate the site of Roosevelt Stadium and to honor the fiftieth anniversary of Jackie Robinson's historic debut at the stadium breaking baseball's color barrier.

 * On February 25, 1998, the Statue of Jackie Robinson was erected in the plaza at the Journal Square Transportation Center in Jersey City. Sculpted by artist Susan Wagner, the 14 ft statue features Robinson with both arms outstretched and catching a ball with his gloved hand. The statue commemorates the breaking of baseball's color barrier by Robinson by playing in his first minor league game with the Montreal Royals at Roosevelt Stadium.

In media

 * In the 1950 film The Jackie Robinson Story, in part based on Robinson's own autobiography, My Own Story, his historic professional debut with the Montreal Royals is first depicted with Gilmore Field standing in for Roosevelt Stadium. The stadium is also referenced several times in the film.

 * In the 2007 HBO documentary Brooklyn Dodgers: Ghosts of Flatbush, the last ten years of the Dodgers' tenure in Brooklyn are chronicled. The film specifically highlights Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley's use of Roosevelt Stadium as a part time home of the Dodgers in 1956 and 1957 in his failed attempts to convince Robert Moses, New York City Construction Coordinator, to let him build a new geodesic domed stadium in Downtown Brooklyn to replace Ebbets Field.

 * In the 2013 film 42, a biographical sports film about Jackie Robinson, his historic professional debut with the Montreal Royals is depicted with Luther Williams Field doubling as Roosevelt Stadium.

In fashion

 * In July 2023, the limited edition New Balance 440, modeled around Roosevelt Stadium and Jersey City, was released. The sneaker was developed as a collaboration between NJ Skateshop and New Balance Numeric (New Balance's skateboarding brand) to celebrate the history of Roosevelt Stadium and its former location in Jersey City, NJ Route 440. As an extra nod to the stadium, NJ Skateshop teamed up with Jersey City-based pencil manufacturer, General Pencil Company, to create 1,000 custom pencils included with the shoes that read ‘Roosevelt Stadium, April 18th, 1946’ as an ode to the pencils that were used for scorekeeping at Jersey City Giants games and Jackie Robinson's historic debut.

title: Roosevelt Stadium


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Talk:Bay Lake, Florida

See the discussion in Talk:Lake Buena Vista, Florida for details on what maps are used.

Cwolfsheep 09:30, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Map request
It would be nice to have a map showing the city's location with respect to the RCID and neighboring municipalities. -- Beland 22:13, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

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Tiento

Tiento (, Tento ) is a musical genre originating in Spain in the mid-15th century. It is formally analogous to the fantasia (fantasy), found in England, Germany, and the Low Countries, and also the ricercare, first found in Italy. By the end of the 16th century the tiento was exclusively a keyboard form, especially of organ music. It continued to be the predominant form in the Spanish organ tradition through the time of Cabanilles, and developed many variants. Additionally, many 20th-century composers have written works entitled "tiento".

Name
The word derives from the Spanish verb tentar (meaning either to touch, to tempt or to attempt), and was originally applied to music for various instruments. In the early eighteenth century, some composers also used the term obra, originally a more general term meaning "work", to refer to this genre.

Formal aspects
The tiento is formally extraordinarily diverse, more a set of guidelines than a rigid structural model such as fugue or rondo. Nearly all tientos are imitative to some degree, though not as complex or developed as the fugue. This has led to their being associated with the other embryonic imitative forms cited above. Similarly, it is difficult to assign a single texture to the form, since it underwent a considerable amount of evolution from its inception to its decline in the late 18th century. The earliest tientos (such as those of Cabezón) were stylistically quite close to the ricercare in their extended use of the strict, motet-style counterpoint. Later (especially in the works of Cabanilles), tientos would frequently alternate between the older style of strict counterpoint, and virtuosic, affective figuration typical of the toccata and some fantasias. The evolution of the form was in part conditioned by the evolution of the Spanish organ, and it eventually came to include several variants or sub-forms, several of which are listed below:

 * Tiento de medio registro: A tiento making use of the split keyboard, frequently found on Spanish organs from the mid-16th century on. The split keyboard refers to an organ manual where ranks of pipes may be engaged for half the keyboard, as opposed to the entire compass, which is the norm.  This enables the player to utilize different sounds on the same keyboard, generally a solo sound and an accompaniment sound, though occasionally two sounds of equal strength.  The tiento de medio registro figures prominently in the oeuvres of Correa de Arauxo, Aguilera de Heredia, and Bruna.
 * Tiento de lleno: The opposite of the tiento de medio registro; a tiento played on one sound (full register).
 * Tiento de falsas: A tiento making frequent use of dissonance, so as to achieve particularly dramatic effect. "Falsas" refers to "false notes," or dissonant tones not part of the current mode or key.  It is similar to the Italian idea of Durezze e ligature (consonance and dissonance).
 * Tiento pleno: an irregular tiento consisting of three sections: a prelude, fugue, and postlude. It has more in common with the German praeludium than with other tientos.

Composers

 * Antonio de Cabezón (1510–1566)
 * António Carreira (ca. 1520/30– fl. 1587/97)
 * Bernardo Clavijo de Castillo (1545–1626)
 * Manuel Rodrigues Coelho (1555–1635)
 * Sebastián Aguilera de Heredia (1561–1627)
 * Francisco de Peraza (1564–1598)
 * Gaspar Fernandes (1566–1629)
 * Estacio de Lacerna (ca. 1570–after 1616)
 * Francisco Correa de Arauxo (1584–1654)
 * José Ximénez (1601–1672)
 * José Perandreu (fl. mid–17th century)
 * Pablo Bruna (1611–1679)
 * Juan Cabanilles (1644–1712)

Contemporary composers

 * Jean Langlais (1907–1991): includes a tiento as movement 2 of his Suite Médiévale (1947)
 * Maurice Ohana (1913–1992): composed a Tiento for guitar (1957)
 * Benet Casablancas (1956) has recently (2012) written a Tiento for organ based on the Lutheran chorale Frisch auf, mein' Seel', verzage nichte a part of the Orgelbüchlein Project.
 * Carlotta Ferrari (1975) has published three Tientos for Organ: Tiento de lleno, Tiento de falsas and Tiento de batalla (IMSLP 2015).

title: Tiento


text:
LaWanda Page

LaWanda Page (born Alberta Richmond; October 19, 1920 – September 14, 2002)  was an American actress, comedian and dancer whose career spanned six decades. Crowned "The Queen of Comedy" or "The Black Queen of Comedy", Page melded blue humor, signifyin' and observational comedy with jokes about sexuality, race relations, African-American culture and religion. She released five solo albums, including the 1977 gold-selling Watch It, Sucker!, and collaborated on two albums with the comedy group Skillet, Leroy & Co. As an actress, Page is best known for portraying the Bible-toting and sharp-tongued Esther Anderson on the popular television sitcom Sanford and Son, which aired from 1972 until 1977. Page reprised the role in the short-lived television shows Sanford Arms (1976–1977) and Sanford (1980–1981). She also costarred in the 1979 short-lived series Detective School. Throughout her career, Page advocated for fair pay and equal opportunities for black performers.

Early life
Page was born Alberta Richmond on October 19, 1920 in Cleveland, Ohio. She was the daughter of Willie Richmond and Estella Small. She had an older sister, Anna (born 1912). She also had a younger sister named Lynn; however this was not her future costar Lynn Hamilton on Sanford and Son, despite the similarity of the names. Demond Wilson, who played Lamont Sanford, said, in 2016, that the rumor was false.

Page knew from a young age that she wanted to work in showbusiness. She said that she was "born talented" and "never took a singing or dancing lesson." In her youth, Page danced at the Friendly Inn Settlement in Cleveland, a community center run by the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Her family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and she attended Banneker Elementary School, where she met Redd Foxx, two years her junior. Eventually, both entered the field of comedy separately and performed their own stage acts, working alongside each other on the Chitlin' Circuit and Foxx's TV sitcom Sanford and Son.

Dancing
Page began her showbusiness career at age 15 in St. Louis, where she learned to fire dance. Her array of tricks includedswallowing fire, lighting matches and cigarettes with her fingertips and walking over flames. She burned herself frequently in her early days, although never badly. However, she said that "if I had to burn to make a living, I was willing to burn". Billed as "The Bronze Goddess of Fire" or "LaWanda, the Flame Goddess", Page entertained in small St. Louis nightclubs. She later described one East St. Louis club where she worked as "the kind of place where if you ain’t home by nine o’clock at night you can be declared legally dead. [Everybody] walked around with knives in there. You better had one, too—knife or gun or something!" At some point, Page moved to Los Angeles, California, likely in the 1950s. Once there, Page took a gig dancing and waiting tables at the Brass Rail Club, where she remained for 15 years. She also toured her fire-dancing act and made appearances at nightclubs across the country and world, including Canada, Brazil and Japan.

Stand-up comedy
It is unknown when and where Page began stand-up comedy. She may have been introduced to stand-up while dancing at the Brass Rail Club. She stated that did not like comedy at first, but a fellow Brass Rail Club employee and member of the comedy duo Skillet & Leroy saw Page's potential, telling her: "you can do comedy. As a matter of fact, if you don’t do comedy you can’t work here." Page may have also been introduced to stand-up while touring the Chitlin' Circuit, where she shared stages with noted comedians such as Redd Foxx and Richard Pryor.

In Los Angeles, Page developed the feisty approach to comedy that would make her famous. In the mid-1960s, she became a member of the comedy group Skillet, Leroy & Co. (before Page joined, the group was a duo known as Skillet & Leroy). Skillet was Ernest "Skillet" Mayhand (1916–2007) and Leroy was Wilbert LeRoy Daniel (1928–1993). During her tenure as a stand-up comic, a career she continued into the 1990s, Page often was billed as "The Queen of Comedy" or "The Black Queen of Comedy."

Page recorded five live solo comedy albums for the Laff Records label and several other collaborative live comedy albums with Skillet, Leroy & Co. in the late 1960s and early 1970s under her LaWanda Page stage name (although she was often billed by her first name only, sometimes styled as La Wanda). Other than the relatively clean Sane Advice album, released two years after the run of Sanford and Son, Page's albums and stand-up material were raunchy blue comedy in nature. One release, a gold-selling album titled Watch It, Sucker!, was titled after one of her Aunt Esther character's catchphrases in order to capitalize on her newfound television fame.

Page used the catchphrase again for the title of her 1982 stand-up tour named "The Watch It Sucker Review." When the New Pittsburgh Courier wondered why "'Aunt Esther' might do a show like this", Page explained that she was not on tour because she needed the money; rather, she toured because she wanted to meet Aunt Esther's fans and perform her own stand up. The show was reviewed as "full of laughter and enjoyed by the large group who attended".

Page also performed as herself after her Sanford and Son fame. Between 1976 and 1978, Page appeared as a stand-up comedian on the Dean Martin Celebrity Roast, on which she roasted celebrities such as Frank Sinatra, Betty White and Jimmy Stewart.

In 1985, Page performed a raunchy set during the all-female stand-up special Women Tell the Dirtiest Jokes. Also included in the film were sets by, among others, Lois Bromfield, Marsha Warfield, Patty Rosborough, Carole Montgomery, and Judy Tenuta.

Sanford and Son (1973–1977)
Page had been performing her comedy routine in nightclubs in St. Louis and Los Angeles for several years, but had planned to leave showbusiness to return to St. Louis to care for her ailing mother. However, a phone call from Redd Foxx in 1972 changed Page's mind. Earlier that year, the sitcom Sanford and Son, starring Foxx as Fred Sanford, had premiered on NBC. A man known for his generosity, Foxx brought his childhood friend Page to the attention of one of the show's producers, who was already familiar with Page and her act. Foxx then asked her to read for the role of Esther Anderson ("Aunt Esther"), the sister of Fred Sanford's late wife Elizabeth, and she was offered the role. However, prior to taping, producers became concerned when Page, whose experience was limited primarily to nightclub stages, seemed to have difficulty working in a sitcom format. When one of the show's producers told Foxx that Page must be fired before the show could begin taping. Foxx insisted that Page keep the part, threatening to abandon the show if Page were fired. Foxx said that "you never heard of the lady, but the night that first show of LaWanda's goes on the air, there'll be dancing in the streets in every ghetto in the United States." The producers relented and, after joining the series for the second season, Page's character of Aunt Esther became one of the most popular TV sitcom characters of the 1970s. Atlanta Daily World celebrated Page's success as a "Cinderella story come true", and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette described Page's Aunt Esther as "a key ingredient” on Sanford and Son who "isn’t afraid of heathen Fred. She browbeats him at every turn in the tradition of God-fearing sisters who have seen the light and seek to quench the devil in a fun-loving man."

Page's Aunt Esther character was a devout churchgoer with a sharp tongue, unafraid to state her mind and verbally spar with Foxx's character Fred Sanford. The devoutly religious Esther character contrasted sharply with the raunchy, expletive-filled material of Page's live act and records.

Sanford and Son ran for six seasons. After the sixth season, Foxx and his co-star Demond Wilson left the show over unfair treatment and pay disputes with the network, leading to Sanford and Son’s cancellation in 1977.

Sanford Arms (1977) and Sanford (1981)
Page continued her role as Aunt Esther on Sanford and Son spinoff Sanford Arms, which followed a new lead character, Phil Wheeler (Theodore Wilson). Without Foxx or Wilson, Sanford Arms received low ratings and was canceled after four episodes. A review in Variety noted that Page "is a genuinely funny lady, but she looked considerably better when she had Foxx to work with and against. Restraint is not her stock in trade, and [Theodore] Wilson is an inadequate counterbalance”. In 1980, NBC ran another spinoff of Sanford and Son called Sanford that entirely ignored the events of Sanford Arms. Foxx returned to play Fred Sanford, but Wilson did not return to portray Lamont Sanford. Page joined the series in 1981 for its second season to reprise her role as Aunt Esther. However, Sanford was plagued with low viewership and ratings, and NBC canceled the series during the 1981 season.

Other film, television, and recording appearances
In 1977, Page appeared in an episode of The Love Boat titled "A Tasteful Affair; Oh, Dale!; The Main Event" alongside Sherman Hemsley. Page also appeared on several episodes of The Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts, and over the next two decades occasionally guest-starred on other popular television shows, including Amen, Martin, 227, Family Matters and Diff'rent Strokes. Page costarred as Charlene Jenkins in the short-lived 1979 series Detective School. She appeared on Circus of the Stars as a fire eater. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, she appeared in a series of comical Church's Chicken television commercials featuring the catchphrase "Gotta love it!". She appeared on several songs on the debut album by RuPaul titled Supermodel of the World released in 1993, most notably the dance chart hit song "Supermodel (You Better Work)" where she delivered spoken word. She also appeared in several music videos from the album. She had a recurring role as Ms. Porter during the first season of the 1990s sitcom Martin.

Among Page's film credits are appearances in Zapped! (1982), Good-bye, Cruel World (1983), Mausoleum (1983), My Blue Heaven (1990), Shakes the Clown, (1991), CB4 (1993), Friday (1995) and Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996).

Comedic style
Page used blue comedy, observational humor, character comedy and physical comedy to share vignettes about sexuality and religion that drew howling laughter from her audiences. She was one of the few women who performed extended spoken word pieces in the black signifying or toasting tradition. Scholar L. H. Stallings argues that through blue comedy, a genre often associated with men, Page and other black female comics in the genre "continue a Black female trickster tradition dedicated to creating oral cultures, divergent language practices, and initiatives to change definitions and boundaries of gender and sexuality in society”. In addition, Stallings writes that by speaking openly about her own sexual desires and pleasure, Page broke taboos and challenged dominant ideologies of black women's performances of gender and sexuality. Page's delivery and cadence was based in black folklore traditions, working-class vocabulary, speech patterns and black church sermons. The black church, argues scholar J. Finley, at times uplifted women's voices less than men's, so Page "dealt with women's silence in the church by transforming the sermon into a radical secular form via BWCL [Black women’s comic literacy] and blues idioms." Page infused jokes like "Whores in Church” from Watch It, Sucker! with lilting and rhythmic gospel vocals that, when coupled with her salacious humor, played with divisions between the sacred, secular, and lewd. Page employed slight impressions to distinguish the characters in her stories, but primarily relayed her tales as an omniscient narrator. She riffed off her audience, riling them up as she escalated her jokes. She also used physical comedy. At one rowdy 1989 performance in Richmond, Virginia, Page removed her underwear while on stage and auctioned it to the highest bidder in the increasingly rambunctious crowd.

Personal life
Page was married and widowed three times. She married her first husband, John Peal, in 1934 at the age of 14, and before he died when she was 19, they had a son, who died in infancy in 1935, and a daughter, Clara. After her third husband died when Page was in her thirties, she decided to never remarry. Page was religious and affiliated with the Landmark Community Church during her first years in Los Angeles. In 1981, she became an evangelist in the Holiness Church. Her daughter Clara was an evangelist preacher.

Death
Page died of a heart attack following complications from diabetes on September 14, 2002 at age 81. She is interred in an outdoor crypt at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California. Page's daughter, the evangelist Clara Estella Roberta Johnson, died on June 4, 2006 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 69.

Legacy
Page followed in the footsteps of comic Moms Mabley along with carving her own path, making room for generations of future comics. Comedian and actress Thea Vidale called Page "a trailblazer who was never given the respect she deserved." Actress Myra J. recalled that Page was "the nicest woman; gave me great advice" and Tony Spires noted that Page "was underrated. A warm woman, nice and endearing with a lot of history from back in the day. Very cool and down to earth." Director Donald Welch remarked: "LaWanda lived the life she loved, and loved the life she lived."

Discography

 * Mutha Is Half a Word (1971)
 * The Goodly Soul (1971; with Skillet & Leroy)
 * Back Door Daddy (1972; with Skillet & Leroy)
 * Preach On Sister, Preach On! (1973)
 * Pipe Layin' Dan (1973)
 * Watch It, Sucker! (1977)
 * Sane Advice (1979)

title: LaWanda Page


text:
Talk:Lake Buena Vista, Florida

Comments
I was poking around in the Reedy Creek Improvement District article & came across the maps. After seeing this & Bay Lake, Florida, I searched the aerial photos for what would be the trailer parks described in the articles: I found them & replaced the aerial map links with the new ones, relegating the original to the Reedy Creek article, which had none.

Cwolfsheep 09:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks; I've done a bit of editing of your work on the three articles, including restoring the mapit templates to the cities, since the cities are much larger in area than the trailer parks. --SPUI (talk) 09:13, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No prob. Still consider it a stroke of luck to actually find the "city" in these places: the map template does seem a bit awkward however, but that is the nature of the system.

Cwolfsheep 09:27, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Population history
See also User talk:Moreau36.

shows the 1990 borders. The area southeast of I-4 is no longer part of the city; it was deannexed after being developed. Additionally the bit east of 535 and north of I-4 (Crossroads shopping center) was also deannexed. The rest is still part of LBV.

West of 535 and south of I-4 has been developed as the Vista Way apartments and a few restaurants. And hell yes. shows that the apartments were built starting in 1988!

East of 535 is the Little Lake Bryan area, which has also been developed as apartments, but in the late 1990s.

Well it looks like it's been solved. --SPUI (talk) 19:26, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Map request
It would be nice to have a map showing the city's location with respect to the RCID and neighboring municipalities. -- Beland 22:13, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Buena Vista, Florida


text:
Caprabo

Caprabo is a leading supermarket company in Spain and Andorra, with supermarkets and hypermarkets in Mainland Spain, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands, as well as internationally in Andorra. It operates an online shopping and delivery service in Spain.

It has a history of 45 years of trading and has a turnover of 1.671 million euros in 2008.

Caprabo was acquired by Eroski in 2007. Since 2020 its general manager is Edorta Juaristi.

title: Caprabo


text:
Wikipedia talk:Files for deletion/KateWinsletTitanic

All I did was ask a question at the 'Pump. What have I done ? I have created a Monster debate ! -- 09:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Long live Wiki. JFW | T@lk  10:22, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You've shown that Images_and_media_for_deletion does not really function as a forum, but that the people improving individual article pages (e.g. Titanic (1997 film)) can still work together and reach a compromise which helps build an encyclopedia. --Audiovideo 12:52, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the Titanic (1997 film) page now is actually a better page to read without the distracting nudity on it. Maybe I should've signed in and take some credit for this. Hahaha... -- 20:39, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Knowmoore

Welcome!

 * I try to write mostly about things I know first-hand.
 * I teach in Rural Alaska, but I'm from Philadelphia where I also taught.
 * My spelling is pretty bad, but I'm friendly.

My life in rural Bush Alaska:

Knowmoore 05:29, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Knowmoore


text:
Discipline (disambiguation)

Discipline is any training intended to produce a specific character or pattern of behaviour.

Discipline may also refer to:

General

 * Discipline (academia), a specific branch of knowledge, learning and practice, such as an academic or professional discipline
 * Discipline (BDSM), an element of BDSM
 * Disciplinary procedure, censure under rules of assembly
 * Punishment, an imposition of something negative on a person or animal in response to behavior deemed wrong
 * Military discipline, the ability and willingness of a military's soldiery to follow orders and act as commanded.

Christianity

 * Church discipline, a response of an ecclesiastical body to an offence against its standards of belief or conduct committed by a member of that body
 * Discipline (mortification), a type of scourge used in the Christian spiritual discipline known as the mortification of the flesh

Music

 * Discipline (band), an independent rock band from Detroit
 * The Disciplines, a Norwegian garage-rock band
 * Discipline, the name of a mid-1981 line-up of King Crimson
 * Discipline GM, an independent record label founded by Robert Fripp

Albums

 * Discipline (Cadaver Inc. album)
 * Discipline (Desmond Child album)
 * Discipline (Janet Jackson album)
 * Discipline (King Crimson album)
 * Discipline (Kompressor album)

Songs

 * "Discipline" (instrumental), by King Crimson
 * "Discipline" (Nine Inch Nails song)
 * "Discipline" (Throbbing Gristle song)
 * "Discipline", a song by Cadaver Inc. from their album of the same name
 * "Discipline", a song by Desmond Child from his album of the same name
 * "Discipline", a song by Gang Starr from Full Clip: A Decade of Gang Starr
 * "Discipline", a song by Janet Jackson from her album of the same name
 * "Discipline", a song by Orelsan from La fête est finie - Épilogue

Other media

 * Discipline, a 1814 novel by Mary Brunton

title: Discipline (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Asmasajid

Please experiment in the Sandbox, thank you. JFW | T@lk  09:22, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asmasajid


text: User talk:69.158.6.128

title: User talk:69.158.6.128


text:
Kevin Harrington (actor)

Kevin Harrington (born 4 September 1959) is an Australian stage, television and film actor and comedian who is perhaps best known for his roles as Kevin Findlay on the Australian drama SeaChange in the 1990s and as David Bishop on the soap opera Neighbours.

Early life
Harrington was born 4 September 1959, in Melbourne, Victoria. He graduated at Caroline Chisholm Catholic College in 1977.

Career
On Neighbours, he first appeared as best man at his father Harold's wedding to Madge in 1988, before becoming a regular in 2003. He was originally chosen partly for his facial resemblance to actor Ian Smith. His character was killed off in 2005 in a plane crash, alongside on-screen wife Liljana and on-screen daughter Selena.

Harrington has appeared in several other television series, including Blue Heelers and SeaChange. He also was a contributing writer for the program All Together Now. More recently, Kevin appeared in "The Western Red Hill" where he played a cop named Barlow. He played Chris Corrigan's brother Derek Corrigan in the Australian miniseries Bastard Boys in 2007. In 2008, he starred in the hit TV show Underbelly as Moran family patriarch Lewis Moran.

Harrington has also appeared in the movies The Dish, Australian Rules, and The Honourable Wally Norman. For the latter, he received a Best Actor nomination at the 2004 Australian Film Institute Awards.

Before getting into television, he worked in theatre and did stand-up comedy. He also provides voice-overs for radio and television advertisements. In particular, Harrington provided a voice-over for a Victorian Government sponsored television advertisement promoting Vocation Education & Training (VET) and Technical and Further Education (TAFE) courses in October 2006.

Harrington appeared as ultramarathon runner Cliff Young in the 2012 ABC1 telemovie Cliffy.

In 2019, Harrington would reprise his role in the rebooted SeaChange.

Personal life
He is married and has two daughters, Megan and Kaitlyn. Megan once had a recurring role in Neighbours playing Boyd Hoyland's first girlfriend Heather.

title: Kevin Harrington (actor)