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Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs

Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs (PPÖ; Austrian Boy Scouts and Girl Guides) is the largest Scouting and Guiding organization in Austria and the only one approved by World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) and the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). The association claims more than 300 troops (local units) with more than 85,000 Scouts nationwide. WOSM and WAGGGS give quite smaller membership values for the PPÖ: 27,274 members in WOSM (as of 2021) and 10,508 members in WAGGGS (as of 2003).

The badge of the PPÖ is dark red with a white combination of a fleur-de-lis and a trefoil, the symbols of WOSM and WAGGGS, respectively. In the center of the crest is a lighter red-and-white shield bearing the heraldic colors of Austria. The badges of both supranational organizations are also used. Male Scouts wear a purple WOSM logo on their uniforms, females wear the WAGGGS trefoil in the same position.

The association is a member of the Austrian National Youth Council.

History
Austrian Scouting was first established in 1909 in Austria-Hungary. In 1910, the first scout group – still in existence today – was founded in Wiener Neustadt. In 1912, Emmerich Teuber founded the first scout group in Vienna. The Catholic Church founded the Pfadfinderkorps Sankt Georg at the same time. First camps were held in 1913.

As the movement spread, girls became part of it in 1913 and troops were founded all over the country. An umbrella organization, the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund (ÖPB), was founded in April 1914 and included the Girl Guide movement. This organization had strong ties to Magyar Cserkészszövetség and Junák, which were independent Scout associations in Bohemia. After World War I, scouting re-developed independently in Slovenia and in other areas of the former Habsburg Empire.

The ÖPB's programs expanded to include Cub Scouts in 1920 and Rovers in 1921. Austria's movement also gained international recognition as a founding member of WOSM during an international conference in 1922; it hosted another international conference in 1931 (in Baden bei Wien). The Girl Guides Association grew more prominent with the foundation of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderinnenbund, which was part of the national organization and was led by Marie Antoinette Hofmann; this was followed by an independent girls' association, formed in 1929, called Bund der Helferinnen. Austrian Scouts introduced Mother's Day to Austria, originally to honor the mother of the Bundespräsident at the time.

In 1922, Catholic groups within the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund united in the "Ring der St.Georgspfadfinder". In 1926 they left the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund and founded the Österreichisches Pfadfinderkorps St.Georg, which also gained international recognition. 9,410 Scouts (ÖPB: 3,000, ÖPK St.Georg: 6,410) were registered in 1,025 troops in 1937.

Beginning in 1934, there was a state-sponsored youth organization that competed heavily with Austrian scouting. With the arrival of the Nazis and World War II, however, Scouting in Austria was banned altogether. A number of scout leaders were arrested in 1938 and scouting went underground, members at times associating with the Red Cross and other organisations.

At the first celebration of the end of World War II, there were Scouts in uniform on the streets. More than 800 Scouts and Scoutleaders left Austria in 1938. "Austrian Scouts in Great Britain" was the Austrian Scouts-in-Exile organisation. Between 1939 and 1945 "Der neue Weg" was published as Austrian Scout magazine in Exile.

Austrian Boy Scouts were readmitted to WOSM in 1946. Wishing for unity, the various national organizations combined to form the Pfadfinder Österreichs, which hosted the 7th World Scout Jamboree in Bad Ischl in 1951 with 12,884 participants from 61 countries. After only a few short years, however, several leading figures left the Pfadfinder Österreichs to reestablish the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in 1949.

In 1956, Austrian Scouts helped refugees after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

Austrian Scouts celebrated 26 October as "Day of the Austrian Flag" for long years.

The first national Austrian jamboree occurred in 1961, and continued every ten years.

In October 1946, the Bund Österreichischer Pfadfinderinnen (BÖP) was founded in Vienna. Among the founder members was Charlotte Teuber-Weckersdorf.

In 1948, the Catholic groups united in the Arbeitsgemeinschaft katholischer Gruppen im Bund Österreichischer Pfadfinderinnen (work group of Catholic groups of Bund Österreichischer Pfadfinderinnen). 1950 the Catholic groups left the "Bund Österreichischer Pfadfinderinnen" and founded the Österreichischer Pfadfinderinnenverband Sankt Georg (ÖPVSG). The Bund Österreichischer Pfadfinderinnen declined.

In 1957, the ÖPVSG became an associate member of WAGGGS, receiving full member status in 1969.

The boys and girls associations were finally merged again in 1976, forming the modern Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs.

In 1995, the Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs and the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund signed a cooperative agreement.

Celebrating the 100th birthday of the Scout Movement in Austria, a jubilee jamboree, named "urSPRUNG 2010 – Austrian Jubilee Jamboree", took place on the palace grounds of Laxenburg Castle in August 2010 (2–12 August). The Austrian National Jamborees of 1936 and 1961 also took place on the same grounds.

Divisions
There are nine geographical divisions of the PPÖ, one for each State of Austria. Every Scout wears the badge of his state on his uniform.

 * Vorarlberg CoA.svg Vorarlberg – cloth banner on a white field
 * AUT Tirol COA.svg Tyrol – red eagle on a white field
 * Salzburg Wappen.svg Salzburg – red yellow lion on white
 * Oberösterreich Wappen.svg Upper Austria – red and white stripes with a yellow eagle on a black field
 * Niederösterreich CoA.svg Lower Austria – blue field with five yellow eagles
 * Steiermark Wappen.svg Styria – green field with a white panther
 * Kaernten CoA.svg Carinthia – white field with three red yellow lions on the left side
 * Burgenland Wappen.svg Burgenland – yellow field with a red eagle on a stone
 * Wien 3 Wappen.svg Vienna – red with a white cross

Program
Within the PPÖ there exist four official age classes.

 * Age 7 – 10 – Wichtel (girls; Brownies) and Wölflinge (boys; Cub Scouts)
 * Age 10 – 13 – Guides (girls) and Späher (boys)
 * Age 13 – 16 – Caravelles (girls) and Explorers (boys)
 * Age 16 – 20 – Rangers (girls) and Rovers (boys, Rover Scouts)

Some troops, notably in Eastern Austria, have introduced a Biber (Beaver) class for children younger than 7. This class is officially tolerated but not otherwise recognized by the PPÖ.

Uniform

Traditionally, all scouts wear their neckerchief. Depending on the region and/or local tradition, this can either be group specific or shared with other groups of the same region. There also is an official Austrian neckerchief for international use.

Wichtel and Wölflinge usually wear a royal blue T-shirt and/or sweatshirt with logo, while all other age classes wear a maroon uniform shirt. For more strenuous activities, various alternative t-shirts exist. Traditional wide brimmed Scout hats are a popular if optional choice.

Sea Scouts
There are Sea Scout groups in Hainburg an der Donau, Vienna , Villach , St. Georgen an der Gusen (the "Seepfadfinder" are part of the Scout group 4222 ) and Graz (the "Flusspfadfinder" are part of the Scout group Graz 5 Kalvarienberg ).

Peace Light of Bethlehem
The Peace Light of Bethlehem is a program inaugurated in Austria in 1986 as part of a charitable relief mission for handicapped children and people in need. It has gone to more than 20 countries in Europe, as well as the Americas.

In 2007, a delegation of Guides and Scouts from Austria, Germany, Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian National Authority together lit the Peace Light in Bethlehem. Also in 2005 the International Commissioner of Austria Thomas Ertlthaler passed the Peace Light to a delegation of Guides and Scouts from the Palestinian National Authority under the leadership of Saed Shomali, the International Commissioner of the Palestinian Scout Association.


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Phantom Thief Jeanne

Phantom Thief Jeanne (神風怪盗ジャンヌ) is a magical girl shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Arina Tanemura. The story is about the adventures of a high school girl, Maron Kusakabe, who is the reincarnation of Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc) and transforms into a phantom thief magical girl to collect the scattered pieces of God's power, which are also coveted by demons hiding in beautiful art works.

The manga was published by Shueisha in Ribon between February 1998 and July 2000. The individual chapters were collected and published in seven tankōbon volumes. It was formerly licensed for English-language publication by CMX Manga and is now licensed by Viz Media. The series was adapted by Toei Animation as a 44-episode anime television series that was broadcast on TV Asahi from February 1999 to January 2000. The manga was reissued by Shueisha in 2007, with all chapters fitting into only 6 volumes, instead of the original 7; all volumes had new covers.

Plot
16-year-old high-school gymnast Maron Kusakabe is visited by the angel Finn Fish, who gives her a task. God's power is scattered across the Earth, and if He does not gather enough by the turn of the millennium, He will die. To block Him, The Devil had sent out agents to gather His power, which is the beauty in human hearts, in the form of chess pieces. With Finn's assistance, Maron transforms into the reincarnation of Joan of Arc in order to hunt Demons hidden within works of art. When Maron seals a Demon, the artwork disappears, and to the outside world it is as if she has stolen it, and she becomes a phantom thief. Maron's best friend is Miyako, the daughter of a police detective in charge of Jeanne's case.

As the series progresses, Maron and Miyako fall in love with new classmate Chiaki, who wants to stop Maron collecting the chess pieces, for he knew that Finn Fish is the Fallen Angel, but apparently in the form of normal angel. Chiaki at first "fakes" falling in love to get closer to Maron, knowing Maron is Jeanne. Later he falls in love truthfully after realising that Maron is worth the effort, even if she does "hate" him. Maron, on the other hand, is confused and does not know what "love" means because her parents abandoned her when she was around ten years old when they were having problems getting along, so no one taught her. As a result, she does not know how to respond to Chiaki's advances.

The manga relates in detail Finn Fish's background, expounding on Finn's relationships with other angels and the events that led to her becoming Maron's partner. This backstory of the angels is not shown in the anime. Phantom Thief Jeanne has often drawn comparisons to Sailor Moon for the magical girl theme and similarity in appearance between Phantom Thief Jeanne and Sailor Moon.

Main characters

 * Maron Kusakabe (日下部 まろん)
 * The protagonist of the series, Maron is a beautiful 16-year-old (17-year-old from chapter 19) high school girl and rhythmic gymnast, who can also transform into the supernatural "Phantom Thief Jeanne" (怪盗 ジャンヌ). Maron lives in an apartment alone—having been left by her parents, who seem to work abroad but are really possessed by demons. She is well liked at school, especially in chapter 11, when many boys from her school offer to escort her home on Valentine's Day, and request chocolate valentines from her. She is also very stubborn and head-strong. Even so, Maron is a lonely young woman who hides her feelings behind a warm smile.

 * Before the series began, Maron had encountered a tiny female angel named Finn Fish, who gave her a mission from God to seal away demons. These demons attempt to steal the beauty in human hearts, in order to increase the Devil's powers. Maron was given a mystical rosary with a large crucifix, by which she could transform into Phantom Thief Jeanne, the reincarnation of Joan of Arc, who then captures the demons. Her theme color is white.

 * Finn delivers Jeanne's advance notices that she will steal the painting to the possessed human's house. Then the police and Miyako come. Then at exactly 9 o'clock, from out of nowhere, Jeanne appears. She captures the demon and disappears into the night. Even though Jeanne does some property damage and steals paintings, the victims report neither the property damage nor the stolen paintings because they like the angel paintings more than the demon paintings.

 * Her crucifix will give off a certain sound when a demon is near. Other than the noise, the possessed human will have fangs — if the person smiles while doing something evil. She even uses it to communicate with Finn when she is not there. Maron finds out that, in chapter 12, her crucifix was to help her be Jeanne, to be invincible, with help from Finn. She actually holds a greater power within her that can make an ocean sparkle and makes the sky turn clear. Then her holy powers awakened. Her ribbon acts as an extra hand. It can help her reach high or far places or items. If Jeanne takes off the ribbon holding her hair together, she becomes Maron.

 * Even though she has her parents' phone number and address, she is afraid she would once again be "thrown away" by her parents, and thus refuses to contact them. The only time she is contacted by her parents is by her mother, in order to tell her they are divorcing. She is afraid of the night and darkness because her parents weren't there to comfort her loneliness, despair, and terror.

 * Maron is very close with her best friend Miyako, though she still holds her at a distance. In the beginning, she sees Chiaki as merely a playboy, and refuses to trust him as he had always seemed to be hitting on her. However, after the incident when Maron was told of her parents’ divorce, Chiaki found Maron alone in tears, and he encouraged her to believe in herself. This was a turning point for Maron: Chiaki's kindness helped her trust others, and it also sparked romantic feelings toward Chiaki. At first, she was surprised and dismayed about Chiaki's/Sinbad's identity, but she came to fall in love with him even more. Throughout the series, she tries to confess to him, but something always happens. She ends up not confessing before because if she did, she will hurt Miyako's feelings. Finally, in the second-to-last chapter, she confesses to him that she loves him and they sleep together. Seven years later, Maron is 24 years old, married to Chiaki, and has a daughter named Natsuki who is the reincarnation of Finn.

 * Maron ends up going through a time slip in chapter 22. She meets the real Joan of Arc and dragged Noin with her. With her final breath, Jeanne gave Maron her power and transformed in chapter 23. She doesn't need a pin to seal the demon, instead, her "courage" brings forth a sword.
 * Maron gives up her reincarnation power to have Finn reborn. She stops being a thief. She finally sees her parents (remarried to each other) again in chapter 30.
 * Her punch is so strong that she can crack a chalkboard and even break a brick wall.
 * Jeanne has some different physical features from Maron, and also possesses certain supernatural powers.
 * In chapter 29, Maron learns that her first reincarnation was Eve.

 * Chiaki Nagoya (名古屋 稚空)
 * Chiaki is a male student at Maron's school, who can transform into "Phantom Thief Sinbad" (怪盗 シンドバッド), Jeanne's rival, who also collects demons' powers. Maron doesn't realize Sinbad is really Chiaki, but he already knows of her double-identity. At the very beginning of the series, Chiaki moves into Maron's and Miyako's building and transfers to their class, in order to get close to Maron, to stop her from collecting the demons. At first, Chiaki is portrayed as a playboy, whom Maron despises. However, as time passes, he falls in love with her, and he's able to gain Maron's trust, and eventually love, by helping her out of tough situations, and helping her regain her courage-both as Chiaki and as Sinbad. After Chiaki catches Maron staring sadly at her empty mailbox, he begins dropping her "useless" notes, as one of Chiaki's many ways of trying to cheer her up. He is the first person that Maron told about her parents. Like Maron, Chiaki lives alone, having run away because he was tired of his father's continuing to marry new women after his mother's death when he was 5 years old. He later reconciles with his father, after introducing him to Maron.

 * Chiaki, too, is accompanied by a small male angel, Access Time, who gave him the power to become Phantom Thief Sinbad. Like Jeanne, his crucifix helps him transform and is used to communicate with Access. It is eventually revealed that Chiaki had been attempting to stop Maron, because he knew of Finn's being an agent for the Devil, rather than for the God, and was using Maron to help him. He had wanted to seduce her in order to make her stop, but he began to find himself blushing each time Maron smiled to him, which he tried to lie to himself by telling himself that it is just "false affection" (in the manga), or that he was being moody (in the anime). After Maron discovers he was also Phantom Thief Sinbad, and that he was just trying to seduce her to make her stop being a Phantom Thief, he realizes his affection for her, and fights to regain her trust. His theme color is black.

 * If the bandana around Sinbad's head is undone, he returns to Chiaki. From his cross, he can summon multiple pins. He learns that his previous self was Adam.
 * His heart was manipulated by a demon that possessed Miyako in chapter 27. When Maron freed Miyako, he stops being manipulated but he was teleported to the Devil's palace.
 * In the second-to-last chapter, he is overjoyed when Maron confesses her love to him and confesses to her, and they sleep together. Seven years later, Chiaki is 24 years old, a doctor in training, married to Maron, and has a daughter named Natsuki who is Finn's reincarnation.

 * Miyako Todaiji (東大寺 都)
 * Miyako is Maron's classmate and best friend since childhood, who lives to the left of Maron's apartment (Chiaki's apartment is to the right of Maron's). Miyako and Maron both met in the same kindergarten when they were 5 years old. Miyako's father is a police detective and, desiring to follow in his footsteps, Miyako frequently aids in trying to catch Jeanne, and eventually Sinbad as well. She was sad when Jeanne didn't show up in chapter 7.

 * Because of her personality, she was once accused of stealing the class's lunch money. No one believed that she didn't steal it but only Maron did, and it was the teacher who had it. It then became a habit for her to say the opposite of what she felt. She depended too much on Maron's tenderness and didn't notice her sad tears. When she first started high school, she learns of Jeanne. Her female classmates think that Maron is very similar to Jeanne. Since she knows how it feels to be suspected, Miyako decided, from then on, to catch Jeanne to prove Maron's innocence and to protect her smile. It was revealed in chapter 27 that Miyako knew all along. If her father or the other police caught Jeanne, Miyako would pretend to mess up and let her go. Then they will let it go since she is too young for police work. Miyako knew that Jeanne wasn't there for the money. In the anime adaptation, Miyako is unaware that Maron is Jeanne and is deeply hurt when Maron is forced to transform in front of her. The pain allows Finn to use Miyako to attack Maron, but Maron is eventually able to wake her up.

 * Stubborn and with a fierce temper, Miyako notes during the series that even with her, Maron is sometimes distant and that it bothers her. She drops rhythmic gymnastic balls on top of Maron during unsuspecting moments. She was possessed by a demon in chapter 27. Maron was able to seal the demon. Maron told her everything in chapter 27. Miyako suspected that she was Jeanne since the beginning.
 * Miyako is initially in love with Chiaki, and is jealous of Maron, but later accepts Maron's and Chiaki's growing relationship. When Yamato confesses to her, Miyako thinks he's only joking, as Yamato had long been in love with Maron. He eventually convinces her of his sincerity and at the end of the series Miyako and Yamato marry, and have a son named Shinji who is Access's reincarnation.

 * Finn Fish (フィン·フィッシュ)
 * Finn Fish is the small female semi-angel who helps Maron detect demons, and gave her the power to transform into Phantom Thief Jeanne. When Maron first saw her, she thought Finn was a fairy. In chapter 19, Maron learns that Finn is actually the devil's advocate. Her real job is to hurt Joan of Arc's reincarnation, Maron Kusakabe. If she fills Maron's heart with evil, she will get hurt, and her powers will disappear. The Devil needed God's power — humans' beauty and purity that were in their hearts — so he used the demons just for that. Then vanquish them to be turned into his power. But the God placed one-third of his power into a soul that is able to reincarnate, a heart filled with beauty and purity. If the soul is alive, God cannot be killed. The demons tried to possess the spirit but cannot because of its purity. The Devil killed the spirit's reincarnations in frustration but they were still able to be reborn over and over, the last being Joan of Arc. When the spirit was reborn as Maron, The Devil devised a plan. If the spirit can't be broken from the outside, then break it from the inside: hurt her heart and take her purity then her powers will disappear. The voice Maron heard in chapter 12 was actually The Devil's; seal was broken. Maron's heart was actually broken from the start when The Devil manipulated her parents.

 * Before she went to the human world, her wings became pure white. She became a pure angel of high standard. Her green hair is even more powerful than angels with white hair. Her former self was of pure heart that stayed until death. Sagami cuts off her hair to weaken her but it had the opposite effect. Her power became uncontrollable and exploded in a large radius. She killed many humans and Sagami in the process. Then she was banished from heaven and sentenced to death. Before she entered the Gate of Destruction, The Devil offered her salvation in return for her to become his servant. Then she became a fallen angel.

 * She manipulates Maron into gathering the chess pieces for the Devil. Later, Finn explains that she really wanted to live so she could see Access again, because she had always loved him. In the manga, since she has a relationship with an angel, it is a total betrayal to Maou so she is to disappear. Access cut off his hair and gave her his power. It only helped a little bit. Celcia and Toki gave their powers to her and Finn was able to escape from banishment. But Access, Celcia, and Toki turned back into dark angels.
 * During the final battle with the Devil (chapter 30), Finn realizes her wrongs and sacrifices herself to save Maron. Maron gives up her reincarnation power to save Finn. In the manga epilogue, years later, she is reincarnated as Natsuki, the daughter of Chiaki and Maron. Natsuki remembers Access and rejects Shinji's advances in hopes of reuniting with Access. However, when she learns that Shinji is Access's reincarnation, she returns his feelings. In the anime, Finn was kidnapped and brainwashed by the Devil, and did not realize she was working for him until all of the demons were collected.

 * Access Time (アクセス·タイム)
 * Access Time is the small male black angel who helps Chiaki detect demons, and who gave Chiaki the power to transform into Phantom Thief Sinbad. He is called a dark angel because he hasn't become a pure angel yet. He is in love with Finn Fish, and worked hard to become a full angel so he could be with her. When they were in Heaven, Access always confesses his love for Finn. She rejects him everytime. He likes to eat hotcakes. He was able to become a pure angel in chapter 26 (with help from God). When he touched Finn, because she was a fallen angel, he got a lot of his power absorbed.

 * When Finn is killed by The Devil, Access gives Finn his black earring as a memento, so that the two would meet again when she reincarnated as a human. He himself becomes a semi-angel and also dies. He is reborn as Shinji, the son of Miyako and Yamato. When Shinji is four years old, he recognizes Natsuki as the reincarnation of Finn by the earring she was holding after she was born, and proposes to her on the spot. Shinji has remained in love with Natsuki ever since, even stealing her first kiss when she was 3 years old. He frequently professes his love to her, even though she continues rejecting him. However, when he confesses that he is Access's reincarnation, she confesses her love to him.

Antagonists

 * Noin Claude (ノイン・クロード)
 * Noin is a demon who disguises himself as history teacher Hijiri Shikaido (紫界堂 聖) at Maron's school. He is a “friend” of Maron's father. He has the ability to know where and who are possessed by a demon.

 * Five hundred years ago, he was a French knight who assisted the original Joan of Arc and was in love with her. They became lovers. Jeanne's power to seal demons and save the world can only be done by a pure virgin. He hated God so much since he can't touch her and inevitably attracted demons. Unable to protect Joan of Arc from death, he gave his soul to the Devil, and vowed to fall in love with Jeanne's reincarnated form. His human heart, which was possessed by a demon, evolves into a stronger demon and can't die. He was asked by the Devil to separate Jeanne's and Sinbad's relationship and in return, transform into a human. After he confirms Maron is Jeanne's reincarnation, he does fall in love with her and tries to interfere with her collecting, culminating in his attempting to strangle her as she can't transform.

 * When Maron travels back in time to meet Jeanne d'Arc during her final hours in chapter 22, Noin goes with her and regrets what he had done. He remembers who had him possess his past self in chapter 24. His future self had a demon possess his past self. He let it repeat during the time travel because he wants to meet Maron. In the anime adaptation, he dies protecting Maron, and is reunited with Joan of Arc.

 * Myst (ミスト)
 * Myst is a demon-villainess and anime only-character appeared in the second season, who she was a demonic 6 year old girl. She has a Candy box filled with candies and uses them to summon the demons.

 * In episode 40, by getting her rage, Myst confronts Noin that she cannot let the Queen have Jeanne and she eats more of her candies turning her into a monstrous-demon trying to kill Jeanne with her vengeance. As her defeat by Jeanne with her attack, Myst retrieved her Candy Box and saying by her last words to Jeanne and she disappeared and never to be seen again.

 * Silk (シルク)
 * Silk is Noin's dragon companion. He can transform into a human-like child with a horn on his forehead. Even in human form, he can breathe fire. Noin likes to bully him because he and Maron became good friends recently.

 * Devil (魔王)
 * The Devil is God's feeling of sorrow that he threw away. He tries to steal God's powers. He wants to destroy all things. Maron checkmate him in the final chapter of the manga (chapter 30). He tries to take her with him but Finn blocked him. Finn tells the Devil that she is going to go there with him. He thanks her and they both die.

Teachers

 * Pakkyamlamao Igarashi (パッキャラマオ五十嵐)
 * Pakkyamlamao is the teacher in charge of the gymnastics club and the homeroom teacher for Maron, Chiaki, Yamato and Miyako. She loves flowers and lives in Kakimachi. She was possessed by a demon in chapter 1 of the manga.

 * Hasegawa
 * Hasegawa understands the beauty of the love and affection of Valentine's Day. The demon that possessed him made him feel opposite. He would steal chocolates from stores and confiscate female students' chocolates.

Humans

 * Yamato Minazuki (水無月 大和)
 * Yamato is a classmate of Maron, Chiaki, and Miyako, and is the class president. His parents own Momokuri Theme Park, which they visited in chapter 3. Because of his gentle, unassuming nature, he doesn't get much respect. Whenever Chiaki sees Yamato running, he would try to trip him. Initially, he was a weak person, but with help from his friends, he grew stronger. He initially has a crush on Maron, and tries to capture Sinbad because of it, but later gives up on her and comes to fall in love with Miyako while joining her in trying to catch Sinbad. When he confesses his feelings in chapter 27, Miyako angrily pushes him in a lake, thinking he is toying with her. Eventually he is able to convince her that his feelings are genuine, and at the end of the series they are married with a son named Shinji who is Access' reincarnation. In the anime adaptation, Yamato is depicted as being so innocent and pure of heart that he is particularly susceptible to demon possession.

 * Joan of Arc (ジャンヌ・ダルク)
 * She was Maron's past self. She is the real Jeanne, not Maron's Jeanne form. She was a strong willed woman who looks to the future. She was in love with Noin. The day before her trial, she lost her purity to a guard who was possessed by a demon. When she dies, the holy power within her set the town people free from the demons. When Maron and Noin went into the past, instead of Jeanne's power releasing the townspeople, she gave Maron her power. Maron was able to transform at the expense of Jeanne's death. Maron released her ashes to the air to be reborn again.

 * Yashiro Sazanka (山茶花 弥白)
 * Yashiro was Chiaki's former fiancée that was arranged by their parents. She is a gymnast at Biwa Academy. She got possessed by a demon because of her unrequited feelings for him. After she got released from the demon's possession by Jeanne, she confessed her feelings. Unfortunately, he turned her down. She marries Kagura and have twins, Celcia and Toki.

 * Kaiki Nagoya (名古屋 海生)
 * Kaiki is Chiaki's widowed father. He is the head doctor and the current owner of the Nagoya Hospital; Chiaki will be its successor. Chiaki looks so much like him and where he got his playboy personality from. He always seems to be very happy and likes playing jokes. As of chapter 9, he was married and divorced four times. When he was possessed by a demon, he tried to force Chiaki to return home. He even kidnapped his hospital patients, Chiaki, and Jeanne. They were hidden in the floor below their figure diorama selves. The demon in him was strong, proving that the devil was getting stronger with each passing day. After Jeanne seals the demon, Chiaki finds out that the reason why his father keeps remarrying is because Chiaki needs a mother. He stops forcing Chiaki to go back home and let him do whatever he wants. Even after seven years goes by, he is still popular amongst the nurses.

 * Kagura Kanataki (彼方木 神楽)
 * Kagura is Chiaki's father's assistant. He is a cool and collected guy. He only shows his anger when Kaiki sneaked out of the hospital and cried when Chiaki decided not to return home (chapter 11 in the manga). He likes Yashiro so if someone hurts her, he beats them up. He marries Yashiro and have twins, Celcia and Toki.

 * Takumi Kusakabe (日下部 匠)
 * Takumi is Maron's father and a famous architect. He named a French theme park 'Maron Dome' after her and finished it on her birthday, May 30th. He used to work at Momokuri Theme Park when he was younger. He met his future wife, Koron, at one of the merry-go-rounds. Koron was worried that if she rode it, she would get mud on her long skirt. He became a footstool for her. Months later, he worked at an architecture company and was asked to remodel Momokuri Theme Park. He met a freelance architect who was Koron. He remarries Koron. They meet their daughter again in chapter 30.

 * Koron Kusakabe (日下部 ころん)
 * Koron is Maron's mother and was a freelance architect before she met Takumi, her husband. She is childhood friends with Miyako's mother. She remarries Takumi. They meet their daughter again in chapter 30.

 * Subaru Toudaiji (東大寺 昴)
 * Subaru is Miyako's older brother. He is near-sighted and kind. He would cry for a whole day if he didn't eat a banana for lunch. When he was possessed, he would create earthquakes with a machine he created to stop earthquakes.

 * Zen Takazuchiya (高土屋 全)
 * Zen was in Chiaki's hospital for five years. He had a demon possessing his heart, which kept him alive for so long. He is able to see Finn because the demon absorbed much of his heart. If he went to school, he would be in eighth grade. He wants to see his parents so much that he tries to escape multiple times. Maron respects him for trying to escape while see can't have the courage to call her father so she helps him escape. They learn that Zen's mother will not visit him and will wait until he returns home instead. He fell in love with Maron at first sight. He is first seen in chapter 14 of the manga and dies in chapter 16. In chapter 30, Zen becomes an angel.

 * Sagami Kugahara (久ヶ原 相模)
 * He is the first human Finn, Celcia, and Toki met when they went to the human world. He caught Celcia when she fainted after breathing in the human world's air. Everytime Finn saw him, her heart would beat. It wasn't because she was in love with him. It was because her heart was warning her. Finn out in chapter 21 that Sagami sacrificed his younger sister to make more holy water. He only cares about money. His heart was possessed by a demon.

 * Natsuki Kugahara (久ヶ原 魚月)
 * She is Sagami's younger sister. He said she died three years ago from sickness but he actually sacrificed her to help him increase the amount of holy water. Finn is her when she became an angel.

Non-humans

 * God (神)
 * A long time ago, he had a body and lived in paradise alone. He used his power to create a human that looks just like him and called it "Adam". Then he used Adam's bones to create another human called "Eve". God loved both of them equally but loved Eve with passion. When Eve ate the forbidden fruit, she realized that God and them are different. Adam and Eve were banned by God from paradise. God loved Eve so he gave her the power of "reincarnation" and Adam the power to protect Eve. God was alone once again. He threw away his feelings of sorrow in hopes it would go away. Instead, he grew stronger from absorbing "lonely" feelings from humans. It then transform into the person called "Devil". God didn't want the Devil to destroy the human race but he couldn't destroy his own feelings. God chose someone who can defeat the Devil but a normal human can't live long enough so he chose someone who can reincarnate, Eve. God asked Maron to rescue Maou from loneliness.

 * Celcia Form (セルシア・フォーム)
 * One of the only three pure angels; others being Finn and Toki. Their mission is to go into the human world, bask and store the sunlight to increase their power, and someday they may develop into a spirit that can reincarnate. She has the habit of breaking laws. She was caught by a human after entering the human world. Sagami froze her along with Toki in the ice. Access finds and frees them. She was reincarnated as Sarah, a daughter of Sazanka and Kagura.

 * Toki Haiyar (トキ・ハイヤー)
 * One of the only three pure angels; others being Finn and Celcia. Their mission is to go into the human world, bask and store the sunlight to increase their power, and someday they may develop into a spirit that can reincarnate. He likes to flirt with Finn when he actually loves her. Sagami froze him along with Celcia in the ice. Access finds and frees them. He was reincarnated as a son of Sazanka and Kagura.

Manga
Phantom Thief Jeanne is written and illustrated by Arina Tanemura. It was serialized in the monthly magazine Ribon from February 1998 to July 2000. The chapters were later released in 7 bound volumes by Shueisha under the Ribon Mascot Comics imprint.

Beginning July 2007, Phantom Thief Jeanne was republished in 6 kanzenban editions with new cover illustrations. Later, beginning June 18, 2013, Shueisha republished again in bunkoban editions under Shueisha Bunkoban imprint.

Phantom Thief Jeanne was initially licensed in English for North American distribution by CMX Manga in 2004, where it was published under its original transliterated title Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne. After CMX Manga became defunct, in August 2013, Viz Media announced they had acquired the English license and began republishing the 2013 bunkoban reprint for North American distribution, with the first volume published in March 2014.

Dōjinshi
Under the pseudonym "Meguro Teikoku", Tanemura has also self-published unofficial dōjinshi of the series and sold limited copies exclusively at Comiket in August 2014.

Artbook
In June 2000, Shueisha published an artbook for the series entitled Tanemura Arina Irasuto Shū Kamikaze Kaitō Jannu (種村有菜イラスト集　神風怪盗ジャンヌ).

Light novels
A light novel adaptation written by Shuka Matsuta was released under the Shueisha Mirai Bunko imprint, with illustrations by Tanemura.

Anime
Phantom Thief Jeanne was adapted as a 44-episode anime television series that was broadcast on TV Asahi from February 13, 1999 to January 29, 2000. The series was directed by Atsutoshi Umezawa, written by Sukehiro Tomita, character designed by Hisashi Kagawa, chief animation direction by Katsumi Tamegai, music by Michiaki Kato, and animation produced by Toei Animation. The anime starred Houko Kuwashima as Maron Kusakabe/"Phantom Thief Jeanne". The opening themes are "Piece of Love" by Shazna for episodes 1–27 and "Dive into Shine" by Lastier for episodes 28–44, and the ending themes are "Haruka..." (ハルカ...) by Pierrot for episodes 1–27 and "Till The End" by Hibiki for episodes 28–44.

Broadcast
The series was broadcast in most countries includes Disney Channel In Italy, Canal J in France, RTL II In Germany and The Anime Network in the United States

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phantom Thief Jeanne


text:
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title: User talk:Wikisurfer~enwiki


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User:Feco/cats

Creating Articles w/ Categories
Good work creating new articles. When you create things, it helps tremendously to assign them to an accurate category (see WP:CG for info). If you're really not sure about categories, at least assign your new articles a stub category (see WP:SC for info). By assigning a category, you help make sure your new articles don't get lost as 'orphans' that are not associated with related topics. Feco

title: User:Feco/cats


text:
1915 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1915 Atlantic hurricane season was an active Atlantic hurricane season in which six tropical storms developed. The first storm, which remained a tropical depression, appeared on April 29 near the Bahamas, while the final system, also a tropical depression, was absorbed by an extratropical cyclone well south of Newfoundland on October 22. Of the six tropical storms, five intensified into a hurricane, of which three further strengthened into a major hurricane. Four of the hurricanes made landfall in the United States. The early 20th century lacked modern forecasting and documentation, and thus, the hurricane database from these years may be incomplete.

One of the most significant storms of the season was the Galveston hurricane. It was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the United States since the 1900 Galveston hurricane. This storm caused devastation across the Greater Antilles, before making landfall in Texas as a Category 4 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale, the first system to strike the United States at that intensity since the 1900 Galveston hurricane. Throughout its path, the hurricane caused at least 403 fatalities and approximately $30 million (1915 USD) in damage. Another powerful and devastating storm was the New Orleans hurricane. This system caused extensive impacts along the central Gulf Coast of the United States, especially in southeastern Louisiana. Damage in the United States totaled $13 million, while 279 deaths occurred. Overall, the tropical cyclones of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season collectively resulted in at least 708 fatalities and more than $43.35 million in damage.

Season summary
Tropical cyclogenesis began on April 29, when a tropical depression formed near the eastern Bahamas. The depression dissipated on May 3. No further activity occurred for nearly three months, until the next system developed near the northern Bahamas on July 31. Three tropical cyclones developed in August, all of which intensified into hurricanes. September featured a hurricane, a tropical storm, and a tropical depression. The hurricane which developed in that month was the New Orleans hurricane, the strongest tropical cyclone of the season, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 931 mbar. Two systems formed in October, both of which remained below tropical storm intensity. The latter was absorbed by an extratropical cyclone well south of Newfoundland on October 22, ending seasonal activity.

Overall, the season featured 10 known tropical cyclones, 6 of which became tropical storms, while 5 of those intensified into hurricanes. Further, 3 out of the 5 hurricanes reached major hurricane status according to the Saffir–Simpson scale. However, because the early 20th century lacked modern forecasting and documentation, the official hurricane database may be incomplete. The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project in 2008 uncovered evidence for a tropical cyclone not previously in the database, Tropical Storm Five. Additionally, Hurricane One had previously been classified as a tropical storm, though the project resulted in it being upgraded to hurricane status. The season proved to be devastating despite having only six systems reaching at least tropical storm intensity, with four out of the five hurricanes striking the United States. The Galveston hurricane was the strongest and first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in the United States since the 1900 Galveston hurricane. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the season caused at least 708 fatalities and more than $43.35 million in damage.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 130, the highest total since 1906 and far above the 1911–1920 average of 58.7. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Hurricane One
The first storm of the season developed quickly, beginning as a tropical storm early on July 31 about 70 mi northeast of the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas. The storm reached hurricane intensity the following day as it approached Florida. At 18:00 UTC on August 1, the small hurricane made landfall near Titusville, Florida, at peak strength with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 990 mbar. It then weakened and curved towards the northeast, taking a track across the Appalachian Mountains as a tropical storm. Slight reintensification occurred as it approached the Mid-Atlantic states, perhaps aided by baroclinic influences. Late on August 4, the system became extratropical upon merging with a frontal boundary, and later dissipated the following day.

Ahead of the hurricane's landfall, storm warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau from Jacksonville, Florida, to Fort Monroe, Virginia, and were later extended north to Boston, Massachusetts, once the storm began progressing along the U.S. East Coast. At landfall, the strongest winds occurred east of the Suwannee River, reaching 45 mph in Jacksonville. Bridges, highways, and railways were damaged by the hurricane, and some buildings were toppled. The Florida East Coast Railway between Titusville and Miami was significantly damaged. The system also dropped heavy rainfall across portions of Florida, with a maximum of 16.61 in recorded at St. Petersburg. Combined with the strong winds, the rain caused severe damage to crops. The damage toll was estimated to be at least $250,000. Gusty winds accompanied the storm along coastal regions of the northeastern United States, including a 53 mph wind recorded in New York City. The remnants of this storm brought rainfall to Ontario, causing heavy crop losses, including 40 percent of grain in Scarborough. Five deaths occurred when an automobile slid off a bridge in Utterson.

Hurricane Two
The Galveston Hurricane of 1915 or Hurricane San Triburcio of 1915

A tropical depression developed near Cabo Verde on August 5. The system gradually strengthened into a hurricane as it tracked westward. On August 10, the hurricane passed between Barbados and Dominica and then entered the Caribbean Sea. Three days later, the storm passed north of Jamaica as it intensified from a Category 2 hurricane to Category 3 status. Moving northwestward, the cyclone intensified into a Category 4 hurricane on August 14 and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) as it made landfall on Cuba's Guanahacabibes Peninsula. The hurricane weakened slightly while moving across the Gulf of Mexico, but remained a Category 4 through its landfall in Texas near San Luis Pass with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) at 07:00 UTC on August 17. A barometric pressure of 940 mbar was observed, the lowest known pressure in relation to the storm. After moving inland, the system rapidly weakened, falling to tropical storm intensity just 11 hours later. The cyclone then curved northeastward and deteriorated to a tropical depression near Tyler, Texas, early on August 19. Later that day, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Arkansas. The extratropical remnants trekked across the Midwestern United States and into Canada before dissipating over Quebec on August 23.

In Dominica and Martinique, the storm caused damage to the shipping industry. As the storm passed north of Jamaica, it produced winds of 80–90 mph (130–140 km/h), causing major losses to the island's banana, beet, and sugar plantations. Additionally, storm surge washed out roads and destroyed wharves. A total of 15 fatalities and about $10 million in damage occurred in Jamaica. Strong winds in the Cayman Islands caused substantial damage, including the destruction of most houses and coconut trees on Cayman Brac, while all buildings on Little Cayman were demolished. Ten people died after the schooner Curaçao sank just offshore Grand Cayman. In the western extremity of Cuba, the hurricane destroyed all homes at Cape San Antonio and caused 14 deaths throughout the country. The hurricane also caused 101 deaths over the Gulf of Mexico, with most being a result of the steamer Marowjine capsizing in the Yucatán Channel. Storm surge inundated many cities along Galveston Bay, in some cases destroying entire towns. Galveston itself was mostly protected by a seawall, aside from 200 outlying homes that were undermined by erosion. Overall, about 90 percent of homes on Galveston Island not protected by the seawall were demolished. Most buildings suffered some degree of impact in Houston, with damage totaling $1 million. Elsewhere in East Texas, the storm produced strong winds and rainfall up to 19.83 in at San Augustine, causing extensive losses to cotton crops and infrastructure. At least 275 fatalities were reported in Texas, with most along the coast or at sea. Later in its duration and as an extratropical cyclone, the storm caused heavy precipitation and river flooding. In Arkansas, levees breaches along the White River, as did the Mississippi River in Illinois, submerging entire towns. In Missouri, the city of St. Louis observed its rainiest 24-hour period on record. Flooding along River des Peres and Meramec River killed 20 people and destroyed more than 1,000 homes. Damage throughout the United States totaled approximately $20 million. The hurricane was responsible for at least 403 fatalities throughout its path.

Hurricane Three
Historical weather maps indicate that a trough became a tropical storm by August 27 about 1115 mi east-northeast of Guadeloupe. Moving northwestward and slowly strengthening, the storm became a hurricane early on August 30. After reaching Category 2 intensity at 00:00 UTC on September 1, the cyclone turned west-northwestward. About 24 hours later, the storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane and soon peaked with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 985 mbar. The hurricane then meandered slowly around Bermuda, passing just 25 mi north of the island around 06:00 UTC September 3. Thereafter, the system turned southeastward and passed roughly the same distance west of Bermuda about 18 hours later. On September 6, the cyclone weakened to a Category 2 hurricane and curved to the west. Veering north-northeastward on September 7, the storm fell to Category 1 intensity about two days later. A northeastward motion commenced, and the system weakened to a tropical storm on September 10. The storm became extratropical several hours later while being absorbed by a frontal system about 345 mi south of Sable Island.

Bermuda observed gale-force winds from nearly all directions, while sustained winds on the island peaked at nearly 96 mph. Many roofs leaked due to heavy rainfall, while several buildings were partially or completely deroofed, including the Commissioner's House and St. George Hotel. A cathedral also suffered substantial damage. High winds downed trees and disrupted electrical and telephone services on the island. Damage was extensive overall. Large waves generated by the hurricane wrecked many boats. One cargo ship, the SS Pollockshields, aground on at a reef off Elbow Beach. The captain drowned while attempting to procure a life jacket for a crew member, though the other men aboard were eventually rescued.

Hurricane Four
A tropical depression developed over the western Caribbean about 240 mi south-southwest of Negril, Jamaica, on August 31. The depression moved north-northwestward and quickly intensified into a tropical storm later that day. Early on September 2, the storm strengthened into a hurricane. Several hours later, the cyclone intensified into a Category 2 hurricane and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). A brief jog to the northwest caused the storm to strike Isla de la Juventud and Pinar del Río Province, Cuba, at the same intensity early on September 3. The storm resumed its north-northwestward course and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico. Around 11:00 UTC on September 4, the hurricane made landfall near Apalachicola, Florida, with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). A barometric pressure of 982 mbar was observed, the lowest known pressure in relation to the storm. The cyclone weakened to a tropical storm as it crossed southeastern Alabama later that day and deteriorated to tropical depression intensity over Tennessee early on September 5. The system persisted until dissipating over central Michigan late the next day.

In Cuba, the city of Havana observed wind gusts up to 64 mph. The crew of the schooner Roncador reported that at least eight vessels were wrecked along the Guanahacabibes Peninsula, including a hulk swept about 1 mi inland. Storm surge and abnormally high tides in Florida caused damage as far south as Manatee County. Tides in St. Petersburg exceeded by the previous record height by nearly 5 ft. Nearby, the seawall at Pass-a-Grille suffered substantial damage. In the Florida Panhandle, Apalachicola recorded sustained wind speeds up to 70 mph (110 km/h), downing about half of electrical and telephone poles and wires, toppling hundreds of trees, unroofing several buildings, and destroying many small homes. Rough seas wrecked many boats and wharves. Damage in Apalachicola reached $100,000. Tides reached 7 ft above normal at Carrabelle, washing away piers and grounding several barges and boats. The storm also toppled some chimneys, fences, and telephone poles. Strong winds in Marianna uprooted several trees and downed many large tree limbs. Overall, 21 deaths occurred in Florida, with several attributed to storm-related maritime incidents. The system also brought heavy rains and high winds to portions of Georgia, causing losses to cotton crops. A tornado in Marshallville caused property damage and four deaths.

Tropical Storm Five
A surface trough developed into a tropical depression about 475 mi south-southeast of Bermuda on September 19. The depression moved east-northeastward and intensified into a tropical storm early the next day. Later on September 20, the cyclone curved northeastward and accelerated. By September 22, however, the storm decelerated and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone several hours later about 695 mi southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. The extratropical remnant low was absorbed by a frontal boundary on September 23.

Hurricane Six
A tropical storm was first observed about 45 mi east-northeast of Grenada on September 21. The storm initially moved northwestward as it entered the Caribbean, before turning west-northwestward by late on the following day. Early on September 23, the cyclone intensified into a hurricane over the eastern Caribbean. Upon reaching the central Caribbean, the storm underwent rapid intensification between September 24 and September 25, and peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure pf 931 mbar. The hurricane then curved northwestward early on the following day, shortly after passing Serranilla Bank. Late on September 27, the cyclone moved through the Yucatán Channel and entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm weakened to a Category 3 hurricane just prior to making landfall near Port Fourchon, Louisiana, with winds of 125 mph (200 km/h) at 18:00 UTC on September 29. The cyclone rapidly weakened to a tropical storm over southern Mississippi early the next day, shortly before becoming extratropical. The extratropical remnants tracked northeastward until dissipating over southwestern Pennsylvania late on October 1.

In Antigua, winds generated by the storm downed some fences, while rough seas capsized a sailing boat and force shipping activity to be suspended. Strong gales in Jamaica resulted in a loss of communication between the capital city of Kingston and outlying districts. Ramón Pérez Suárez et al. of the Cuban Institute of Meteorology noted that the hurricane inflicted impacts consistent with a tropical storm in western Cuba. Sustained winds of 36 mph was observed in Havana, well east of the storm's path. In Louisiana, storm surge along the southeast coast of the state was estimated to have crested between 15 and 20 ft (4.6–6.1 m) in height, while wind gusts reached as high as 130 mph (210 km/h) in New Orleans. Nearly all buildings in the city suffered some degree of damage, while several structures were destroyed. Approximately 25,000 homes were damaged. Approximately 90 percent of structures along Lake Pontchartrain and the Mississippi River south of New Orleans suffered impacts. Property damage in Louisiana was estimated at $13 million, with $5 million of that in the city of New Orleans. In Mississippi, coastal areas likely experienced hurricane-force winds. Abnormally high tides and strong winds caused significant damage to bridges, buildings, railroads, pecan crops, timber, and shipping. Some property damage was reported in Alabama, especially in Mobile. Four deaths also occurred in the city. Overall, the hurricane caused 279 fatalities throughout the United States.

Other systems
In addition to the six tropical cyclones reaching tropical storm intensity, four others remained a tropical depression. On April 29, a depression developed from a trough near southeastern Bahamas. The system moved quickly northeastward before being absorbed by an extratropical cyclone near Bermuda on May 2. Another tropical depression developed on September 17 from an open trough over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. The depression moved west-northwestward and struck near the Mexico–Texas border late on September 20. The system dissipated on the following day. On October 6, a tropical depression formed well east of the Lesser Antilles. The depression moved northwestward and crossed the Leeward Islands between October 8 and October 9, bringing sustained winds up to 23 mph. By October 10, the cyclone dissipated north of Anguilla. Another tropical depression developed on October 20 to the south of Bermuda. The depression tracked northeastward, before turning northward by October 22. On the next day, an extratropical storm absorbed the depression well south of Newfoundland.

title: 1915 Atlantic hurricane season


text: File:Virginia and Truckee Railroad Logo.png


text:
User:Feco/copy

Copyright Policy
Good work creating new articles and contributing to exisiting ones. When you make contributions, be careful that you don't include copyrighted material. Copyright rules are complicated, so take some time to review Copyrights. A good general rule is that most things on the internet are already copyrighted by someone else, so they cannot be contributed to wikipedia. Again, content from webpages is usually copyrighted and cannot be added to wiki. Keep up the good work, and feel free to contact me with questions. Feco

title: User:Feco/copy


text:
Conning tower

A conning tower is a raised platform on a ship or submarine, often armoured, from which an officer in charge can conn (conduct or control) the vessel, controlling movements of the ship by giving orders to those responsible for the ship's engine, rudder, lines, and ground tackle. It is usually located as high on the ship as is practical, to give the conning team good visibility of the entirety of the ship, ocean conditions, and other vessels.

The naval term "conn" may derive from the Middle English conne (study, become acquainted with) or French conduire from Latin conducere (conduct).

Surface ships
On surface ships, the conning tower was a feature of all battleships and armoured cruisers from about 1860 to the early years of World War II. Located at the front end of the superstructure, the conning tower was a heavily armored cylinder, with tiny slit windows on three sides providing a reasonable field of view. Designed to shield just enough personnel and devices for navigation during battles, its interior was cramped and basic, with little more than engine order telegraphs, speaking tubes or telephones, and perhaps a steering wheel. At all other times than during battles, the ship would be commanded and helmed from the bridge.

Conning towers were used by the French on their floating batteries at the Battle of Kinburn. They were then fitted to the first ironclad the FRENCH BATTLESHIP La Gloire. The first Royal Navy (RN) conning tower appeared on HMS Warrior (1860) which had 3 inches of armour.

In the Royal Navy, the conning tower became a massive structure reaching weights of hundreds of tons on the Admiral-class battlecruisers (such as HMS Hood (51)), and formed part of a massive armoured citadel (superstructure) on the mid-1920s Nelson-class battleships, which had armour over a foot thick. The King George V-class battleship (1939), in contrast to the Nelson class, had comparatively light conning tower protection with 4.5 in sides, 3 in front and rear, and 2 in roof and deck. The RN's analysis of World War I combat revealed that command personnel were unlikely to use an armoured conning tower, preferring the superior visibility of unarmoured bridge positions. Older RN battleships that were reconstructed with new superstructures had their heavily armoured conning towers removed and replaced with much lighter structures. These new conning towers were also placed much higher in the ship, for superior visibility. There is no evidence that RN captains and admirals used the armoured conning towers on those ships that did have them during World War II, with, for example, Vice-Admiral Holland and Captain Kerr commanding Hood during the Battle of the Denmark Strait from her unarmoured bridge. Even in the United States Navy (USN), battleship captains and admirals preferred to use the unarmoured bridge positions during combat.

The USN had mixed opinions of the conning tower, pointing out that its weight, high above the ship's center of gravity, did not contribute directly to fighting ability. Beginning in the late 1930s, as radar surpassed visual sighting as the primary method of detecting other ships, battleships began reducing or eliminating the conning tower. The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal during World War II briefly slowed this trend: when the JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kirishima hit USS South Dakota (BB-57) on the superstructure, many exposed crewmen were killed or wounded; yet Admiral Lee and Captain Davis of USS Washington (BB-56) declined to use the armoured conning tower during the battle. Soon the heavy battleship conning towers were removed from USS Pennsylvania (BB-38), USS Tennessee (BB-43), USS California (BB-44), and USS West Virginia (BB-48) during their post-Pearl Harbor attack reconstructions and replaced with much lighter cruiser-style conning towers.

By the end of World War II, US ships were designed with expanded weather bridges enclosing the armoured conning towers. On Iowa-class battleship s, the conning tower is a 17.3 in thick vertical armour-plated cylinder with slit windows located in the middle of the bridge, climbing from the 03 level all the way up to the flying bridge on the 05 level.

With the demise of battleships after World War II, along with the advent of missiles and nuclear weapons during the Cold War, modern warships no longer feature conning towers.

Submarines
Early naval submarines were typically fitted with a small watertight protrusion on top of their hulls, from which the boat's crew could observe their surroundings through a number of viewports.

As larger and larger submarines were made, and eventually fitted with periscopes, this protrusion grew into a small pressure-hull of its own, typically connected to the control room inside the boat's main pressure-hull via a watertight hatch to mitigate the risk of flooding if the viewports or periscopes were damaged. Thus, the conning tower effectively became the boat's dedicated attack center, from which the commanding officer would command the boat whilst submerged. Some late 1930s designs even located their hydrophone and RADAR operators' stations inside this compartment to maximize the commander's situational awareness.

In addition to their primary purpose, conning towers also served as elevated attachment points for air intakes, magnetic compasses, and even collapsible open air bridges. As conning towers were eventually built large enough that crewmen could comfortably stand on top of them, the collapsible bridges gave way to fixed structures, leading to the development of the so-called "bridge fairwater". To clarify:

 * The conning tower is the small watertight compartment above the control room, from which the boat's commanding officer would command the boat during submerged attacks.
 * The bridge was built on top of—but not considered part of—the conning tower, and was used for surfaced navigation and signalling.
 * The fairwater is a streamlined casing around the conning tower and/or around the bridge. The tapering aft end of this casing also provided a sheltered location for the boat's air intakes, as well as an elevated base for various AA gun (anti-aircraft) platforms.

In the post-1950s era, an increased focus on deep submerged operation, together with improvements in technology that allowed periscopes to be made longer, removed the need for a raised conning station. USS Triton (SSRN-586) (laid down 1956) was the last US submarine to have a conning tower, after which the conning tower's function as an attack center was integrated into the control rooms of subsequent designs. Thus it is incorrect to refer to the sail (fin in British usage), or fairwater of a modern submarine as a "conning tower".

title: Conning tower


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Brotherhood and Unity Highway

The Brotherhood and Unity Highway (Autoput/Autocesta "Bratstvo i jedinstvo"; Автопат „Братство и единство“; Avtocesta/Cesta bratstva in enotnosti), officially classed as the M-1 highway, was a highway that stretched over 1182 km across Yugoslavia, from the Austrian border at Jesenice in the northwest via Ljubljana, Zagreb, Belgrade and Skopje to Gevgelija on the Greek border in the southeast. It was the main highway in the country, connecting four constituent republics and the country as a whole with neighboring highways.

History
Its construction began on the initiative of President Josip Broz Tito, who called the project the "Road of brotherhood and unity" (Autoput bratstva i jedinstva) after the motto of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. The first section between Zagreb and Belgrade was built with the effort of the Yugoslav People's Army and volunteer Youth Work Actions and was opened in 1950. The section between Ljubljana and Zagreb was built by 54,000 volunteers within eight months in 1958. The southern section from Belgrade was not completed until the mid-1960s.

Its importance caused it to be colloquially named autoput or autocesta (generic Serbo-Croatian expressions for "highway", "motorway"). This use has since largely faded out, after the successor states built further motorways.

In the 1960s and 1970s the autoput became a much frequented holiday route for Turkish immigrants in West Germany and Austria (then called Gastarbeiter) visiting their original homeland during the summer vacation time, and for tourists to southeastern Europe. Entering communist but non-aligned Yugoslavia was far easier, for people from NATO countries such as West Germany and Turkey, than entering any of the Warsaw Pact communist countries of the Balkan region that might have provided alternative routes.

Originally an ordinary road, the carriageway used to be congested with cars and trucks, especially in summertime, when overtired long-distance drivers caused numerous accidents. Wrecked cars usually remained in place for long periods of time, providing a grim reminder of the dangers of the highway. The situation slightly improved after some parts were rebuilt to motorway standards (two lanes for each direction plus an emergency lane) on the following sections built between 1977 and 1991:
 * Kranj–Ljubljana: 20 km
 * Jankomir interchange (Zagreb bypass)–Slavonski Brod (east): 207 km
 * Sremska Mitrovica–Belgrade–Niš: 277 km

In 1991, several sections were affected by the Yugoslav Wars, bringing severe damage, and causing the traffic to be almost completely discontinued in places.

International categorization
Since 1975, the road was concurrent with the following routes of the International E-road network:
 * European route E61: Villach–Kranj–Ljubljana
 * European route E70: Ljubljana–Zagreb–Sisak–Slavonski Brod–Belgrade
 * European route E75: Belgrade–Niš–Skopje–Veles–Thessaloniki

Legacy
Since 1994 the route is also part of the Pan-European corridor X that extends from Salzburg to Thessaloniki. As of 2019, it is a motorway in its entire length through:
 * Slovenia - the A2 motorway;
 * Croatia - the A3 motorway;
 * Serbia - the A3 motorway west of Belgrade and the A1 motorway south of Belgrade.
 * North Macedonia - the A1 motorway.

The most difficult section to engineer and build was the 34 km Grdelica Gorge section which was completed in May 2019. The classification as the M-1 Highway continued in Serbia up to 2013, when the road was reorganized as the A1 and A3.

title: Brotherhood and Unity Highway


text:
Alexander Ross

Alexander Ross may refer to:

 * Alexander Ross (writer) (c. 1590–1654), vicar; Scottish author of Medicus Medicatus
 * Alexander Ross (poet) (1699–1784), Scottish author of Helenore, or the Fortunate Shepherdess
 * Alexander Ross (British Army officer) (1742–1827), Surveyor-General of the Ordnance
 * Alexander Ross (fur trader) (1783–1856), Canadian fur trader
 * Alexander Ross (civil servant) (1800–1889), British civil servant in India
 * Alexander McKenzie Ross (1805–1862), British engineer
 * Alexander Coffman Ross, author of the 1840 campaign song "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"
 * Alexander Ross (Canadian politician) (1829–1901), Canadian banker and politician
 * Alexander Henry Ross (1829–1888), British barrister and Conservative politician
 * Alexander Milton Ross (1832–1897), Canadian abolitionist
 * Alexander Peter Ross (1833–1915), Canadian politician
 * Alexander Ross (architect) (1834–1925), Scottish architect and provost of Inverness
 * Alexander Ross (Australian politician) (1843–1912), New South Wales politician
 * Alexander Ross (engineer) (1845–1923), Scottish railway engineer
 * Alexander Charles Ross (1847–1921), business executive and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Alexander Clark Ross, mayor of Sherbrooke, 1942–1944
 * Alex Ross (rower) (Sir Alexander Ross, 1907–1994), New Zealand-born banker and rower
 * Alexander David Ross (1883–1966), Scots-born physicist and astronomer
 * Alexander Ross (cricketer) (1895–1972), Scottish cricketer and civil servant
 * Alexander Ross (missionary) (1838-1884)

title: Alexander Ross


text:
Dow Gardens

Dow Gardens is a 110 acre botanical garden located at 1809 Eastman Avenue, Midland, Michigan, United States. Visitors are invited to leave the pathway and explore the uniquely-designed landscape, take a tour of the historic Pines Home, participate in one of many hands-on educational programs, stroll the nation's longest canopy walk, and discover beautiful art and music in a relaxed setting.

Dow Gardens began as a home for entrepreneur Herbert Dow, his wife Grace A. Dow, and their seven children, including Alden B. Dow. The 1899 Pines of Dow Gardens is located at the southwest corner of the campus. As a National Historic Landmark, The Pines welcomes visitors for guided tours and special events. The home, which is still filled with the Dow family's furnishings, provides an intimate look into their life. Upon Herbert's passing, Grace A. Dow established The Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow Foundation, which has charter goals to improve the educational, religious, economic, and cultural lives of the people of the City of Midland and the State of Michigan. Dow Gardens is a significant gift of The Foundation as the family shares the estate with the community and its visitors.

Attractions
In addition to the visitor center and gift shop, are the award-winning Children's Garden, Estate Garden, Exploration Garden, Founder's Circle, Orchard, Playground, and The Pines of Dow Gardens (a national historic landmark). During the spring/summer months, the Garden is home to over 35,000 annuals. Each year the Dow Gardens uses a variety of annual bedding plants as part of the summer botanical display.

Whiting Forest
Home to the longest Canopy Walk in the nation, Whiting Forest connected to Dow Gardens with a series of pedestrian bridges and walks in October 2018. The canopy walk is suspended up to 40 feet above the ground and is 1,400 feet long. Visitors can walk the trails, play in the children's playground and enjoy drinks and snacks in the cafe. Tour the longest canopy walk in the U.S. at Whiting Forest in Midland

Recent accolades

 * 2017-AAS Landscape Design Challenge Winner
 * 2018-TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence
 * 2018-Keep Michigan Beautiful President's Award
 * 2019-Midland Business Alliance Heritage Award
 * 2019-Bette R. Tollar Civic Commitment Award
 * 2019-AIA Tri-State Architectural Excellence in Design Bronze Award
 * 2019-Society of American Registered Architects (SARA) Award of Merit

title: Dow Gardens


text:
William Gowers

William Gowers may refer to:
 * William Frederick Gowers (1875–1954), British colonial administrator
 * William Gowers (neurologist) (William Richard Gowers, 1845–1915), British neurologist
 * Timothy Gowers (William Timothy Gowers, born 1963), British mathematician
 * Patrick Gowers (William Patrick Gowers, 1936–2014), an English composer

title: William Gowers


text:
GUBU

The acronym GUBU, standing for grotesque, unbelievable, bizarre and unprecedented, refers to a strange series of incidents in Ireland in the summer of 1982 which culminated in a double-murderer, Malcolm MacArthur, being apprehended in the home of the then-Attorney General, Patrick Connolly.

The words were paraphrased from a comment by then Taoiseach Charles Haughey, who called it "a bizarre happening, an unprecedented situation, a grotesque situation, an almost unbelievable mischance". The corresponding acronym was coined by Conor Cruise O'Brien, and both it and the phrase are still occasionally used in Irish political discourse to describe other notorious scandals. In January 2011 some ministerial resignations from the Government were described by its opponent Michael Noonan as "... bizarre, grotesque and to some extent unbelievable."

Background
The murderer, Malcolm Edward MacArthur, born 17 April 1945, was a well-known eccentric character in Dublin social circles and never held a job, as he lived off his IR£70,000 inheritance (the equivalent of almost €900,000 in 2023) from the sale of his father's farm after the latter's death in 1971. However, as his money ran out, MacArthur decided to fund his lifestyle by robbery. First he decided to purchase a gun and responded to an advertisement by Dónal Dunne, a farmer in Edenderry, County Offaly, who had a shotgun for sale. However, having no transport and needing to get from Dublin to Edenderry, he decided to steal a car.

On 22 July 1982, a nurse named Bridie Gargan (aged 27) had been sunbathing in the Phoenix Park in Dublin during her time off work. MacArthur, intending to steal her car, bludgeoned her with a hammer. In the ensuing confusion, MacArthur drove off, leaving the dying Gargan on the back seat.

At this point a passing ambulance became involved and escorted MacArthur to the hospital, as the driver mistook him for a doctor because of a windscreen sticker which Gargan had. MacArthur later abandoned the car nearby. Three days later, having found alternative means to get to Edenderry, MacArthur visited the farmer Dónal Dunne and murdered him with his own shotgun after examining it. MacArthur then stole Dunne's car and drove it to Dublin. These two violent murders created a sensation, as unmotivated murder in Ireland, coupled with the youth and respectability of the nurse and farmer, was an unusual set of circumstances.

The Garda Síochána (Irish police) soon had a description of the person they wanted.

Fallout
MacArthur was acquainted with Patrick Connolly, the then Attorney General, the chief legal advisor to the Irish Government. On 13 August 1982, after a massive search, MacArthur was arrested on the private property of Connolly, where he had been staying for some time as a guest. Connolly, who had been getting ready for holiday, continued on his journey to the United States and did not give any interview to the Gardaí on the matter.

A serious effort was made to prevent the relationship between Connolly and MacArthur becoming public and indeed it was claimed that this was homosexual, something that was later discounted. Connolly was promptly requested to return to Ireland where he then resigned on 16 August. Haughey attempted to distance himself from the fiasco and described the event as "a bizarre happening, an unprecedented situation, a grotesque situation, an almost unbelievable mischance."

MacArthur admitted his guilt of the murder of the nurse. Because of this, he was not tried for Dunne's murder as the state entered a plea of nolle prosequi. This led to a petition of 10,000 signatures to ensure MacArthur would be tried for his murder. This was unsuccessful and MacArthur received a life sentence for just one murder.

After conviction
In 2003 the parole board recommended that MacArthur be put on a temporary release programme which would eventually lead to his release. Michael McDowell, the then Minister for Justice, who was also a member of MacArthur's defence team in the murder trial, decided that he would take no part in the decision for fear of a conflict of interest.

In July 2004 it was decided to keep MacArthur in prison, as relatives – including his mother – considered him dangerous.

MacArthur was allowed to spend Christmas Day 2005 with a relative outside prison and was also allowed a five-hour Christmas parole in 2006.

MacArthur was released from Shelton Abbey Prison in September 2012.

In popular culture
Mark O'Connell's nonfiction book A Thread of Violence tells the story of the MacArthur murders.

MacArthur's story inspired John Banville's 1989 novel, The Book of Evidence.

GUBU was also the name of a bar on Capel Street in Dublin in the early part of the 2000s.

title: GUBU


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leo Sokolov

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 03:38, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Leo Sokolov
Obscene vanity DDerby 19:37, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Mygdonia

Untitled
Note: the valleys 'Klisali' and 'Besikia' may no longer be known by those names, which were current circa 1854. Alexander 007 19:39, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

change of title?
Why Mygdonia (Europe)? Since there is another article about the modern municipality of Mygdonia (with the title 'Mygdonia, Thessaloniki'), isn't this confusing? I think we should consider an alternative such as Mygdonia (Ancient Macedonia) or Ancient Mygdonia (Europe), with mygdonia redirecting here. Or, if we are to keep the current title, we should merge the articles about ancient and modern Mygdonia. Since there is ambiguity involved and I don't know the exact reasoning that lead to the current title, I'm not gonna make any change - this is just a proposal. Xxaris 10:13, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * See Mygdonia (disambiguation). Lisa the Sociopath (talk) 10:06, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm trying to move the page to Mygdonia. Lisa the Sociopath (talk) 18:58, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mygdonia


text:
User:Trexer

Trexer from Vordermühle, Wipperfürth in Germany.

 * More information: German user page
 * Please contact me here: German discussion

de:Benutzer:Trexer

title: User:Trexer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kieron Gillen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:10, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kieron Gillen
Vanity; probably notable if entry is cleaned up DDerby 19:40, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think he'd be notable even if this was well-written (as is, it's not in terrible shape); all I can tell from this is that he's another game reviewer for a magazine. It doesn't even list what comics he's written, which makes me suspect this information wouldn't tip the balance either. Delete, although I might add that you usually wouldn't bring a page here unless you thought that either the subject didn't deserve an article, or else the page had no useful content. Vfd isn't cleanup. But no harm done. Best, Meelar (talk) 20:24, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless there is some further indication of notability. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 00:54, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.