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Vasili Bogazianos

Vasili Bogazianos (born February 1, 1945) is an American actor, best known for his role as Benny Sago #2 on the television series All My Children, which he played from 1980 to 1990.

He began his television career by playing the small role of Mickey Dials, alias Tobias, on The Edge of Night. Later, he was hired to replace actor Lawrence Fleischman in the role of Benny. He had a recurring role on Home Improvement as Antonio, a rude and sarcastic waiter at an Italian restaurant.

He has also appeared on the California-produced serial Days of Our Lives as well as The Young and the Restless and, in 2004, spent a number of months on As the World Turns in the recurring role of gym manager Bud Simpson.

He returned to All My Children for the funeral of Phoebe Wallingford (Ruth Warrick) in 2005.

title: Vasili Bogazianos


text:
Basmo Fortress

Basmo fortress (Basmo festning) is a former fortification located in the north-western part of Marker municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The fortress was placed on the main road from Ørje. The site is situated near the Swedish border on an isolated mountain outcropping between lakes Rødenessjøen and Hemnessjøen.

It was constructed in the 1680s and saw 62 years of service. The first mention of this Norwegian fortress is in a letter from Field Marshall Gustav Wilhelm von Wedel-Jarlsberg, Count of Wedel-Jarlsberg to the King Christian V of Denmark in 1683. Major General Johan Caspar von Cicignon developed the plans. During the Great Northern War it was manned by up to 1,350 men.

On the night of March 9, 1716, the pyres on the mountaintops announced that Swedish King Charles XII had crossed the border with 1,000 men. Moving rapidly, he found the border poorly guarded and moved with cavalry to Høland parsonage. Norwegian troops stationed in the district were assembled by the Basmo commander, Colonel Kruse, who attacked the Swedes in a bloody battle. Charles XII barely escaped capture, but the tide was soon turned against the outnumbered Norwegians, and Kruse, badly wounded, was captured. The Swedes went on to occupy Christiania (now Oslo) without resistance on March 21, 1716, but were ultimately repulsed. Basmo was also in the path of invading Swedish troops during Charles XII's second unsuccessful invasion in 1718.

Basmo was shut down and de-commissioned during 1744–45. Today there is a ruin with barely visible defense works and the stone base of the former tower. In 1987, work was started on restoration of the site.

Other sources

 * Norges festninger by Guthorm Kavli; Universitetsforlaget; 1987; ISBN 82-00-18430-7
 * History of the Norwegian People, by Knut Gjerset, MacMillan, 1915.
 * The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725 by Jill Lisk; Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1967.
 * The Northern Wars, 1558-1721 by Robert I. Frost; Longman, Harlow, England; 2000 ISBN 0-582-06429-5

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Basmo Fortress


text:
Two-front war

According to military terminology, a two-front war occurs when opposing forces encounter on two geographically separate fronts. The forces of two or more allied parties usually simultaneously engage an opponent in order to increase their chances of success. The opponent consequently encounters severe logistic difficulties, as they are forced to divide and disperse their troops, defend an extended front line, and is at least partly cut off from their access to trade and exterior resources. However, by virtue of the central position, they might possess the advantages of the interior lines.

The term has widely been used in a metaphorical sense, for example to illustrate the dilemma of military commanders in the field, who struggle to carry out illusory strategic ideas of civilian bureaucrats, or when moderate legal motions or positions are concurrently opposed by the political Left and Right. Disapproval and opposition by the domestic anti-war movement and civil rights groups as opposed to the bloody military struggle of the late Vietnam War has also been described as a two-front war for the US troops, who fought in Vietnam.

Wars in antiquity
During the 5th-century BCE First Peloponnesian War the Greek polis of Athens had been embroiled in a drawn out struggle with the poleis of Aegina and Corinth among others and its primary enemy Sparta. Aware of the dangers of a battle with the superior Spartans, Athens concentrated on the conquest of Boeotia and thus avoid a prolonged two-front war.

On several occasions during the third century BCE, the Roman Republic engaged in two-front conflicts while clashing with the Gauls and Etruscans to the north and also campaigning in Magna Graecia (the coastal areas of Southern Italy). When Rome was enmeshed in the Second Punic War against Carthage, Hannibal, formal ally of the Sicilian city of Syracuse, intrigued with Philip V of Macedon in 215 BCE, who promptly declared war on Rome. After the establishment of the Roman Empire and the consolidation of its frontiers under Augustus, the Roman legions regularly battled multiple enemies, most notably Germanic tribes on the Rhine and the lower Danube and the Parthian Empire in Syria and Mesopotamia. Various emperors, such as Septimius Severus and Aurelian forcibly led large armies to the opposite ends of the empire in order to deal with the various threats. Beginning in the third century the Roman - and its eastern successor the Byzantine Empire, trying to preserve its territories in Italy, struggled with the Sassanid Empire to the east for a period of more than 400 years. Large-scale incursions of Germanic tribes, such as the Goths and Hunnic raids in the west began during the fourth century and lasted for more than a hundred years.

Seven Years' War
The French and Indian War was a local conflict in North America, that occurred in the context of the trans-continental Seven Years' War. In 1755 armed forces of Great Britain under the command of General Edward Braddock invaded the territories of New France (eastern part of modern Canada, Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys and much of the upper Midwest of the modern United States) and attacked Fort Duquesne. Although numerically superior to the local French militia and their Indian allies, the British army became ensnared in a two-front conflict and was routed.

Prussia had to fight against France, Austria, and Russia during the Third Silesian War, and also against Sweden during the Pomeranian War.

Napoleonic Wars
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Grande Armée of France regularly maintained multiple fronts. In the seven year long Peninsular War (1807–1814) imperial French contingents and Spanish and Anglo-Portuguese armies wrestled for control of the Iberian Peninsula in numerous battles. Nonetheless, in 1812 as French military presence in Iberia had begun to decline, emperor Napoleon Bonaparte personally lead an army of more than 600.000 troops to the east into Russia, seeking to decisively defeat the Russian Empire and force Tsar Alexander I to comply with the Continental System. Great Britain was also present on multiple fronts of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the Canadian, the Chesapeake Bay and Louisiana theaters of the War of 1812 in North America.

Germany
During World War I, Germany fought a two-front war against France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium and later also American forces on the Western Front and Russia and later Romania on the Eastern Front. Russian participation in the war ended with the 1917 Bolshevik October Coup and the peace treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary was signed in March 1918.

Its central location in Europe and (currently) borders with nine neighboring nations fundamentally define Germany's politics and strategy. Bismarck successfully integrated Germany in his elaborate system of alliance of the European powers from 1871 until he was dismissed in 1890 by the new Emperor Wilhelm II. Wilhelm embarked on an imperialist great power political course, neglected the alliances and his irrational expansion of the Imperial Navy triggered an arms race and seriously damaged the relations with France and Great Britain. By 1907, France had established an alliance with Great Britain and Russia. The German Empire found itself encircled and isolated.

German military strategists had to adapt to the new strategic situation and developed the Schlieffen Plan. A series of military operations, that were to counteract being surrounded and, if exacted ruthlessly, will lead to victory. Under the Schlieffen Plan, German forces would invade France via Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (the idea to go through the Netherlands was abandoned because of its neutrality), quickly capturing Paris and forcing France to sue for peace. The Germans would then turn their attention to the East before the Russian army could mobilize its massive forces. The Germans failed to achieve the plan's objectives.

Austria
In 1866 the Austro-Hungarian Army was left with no other option but to divide its armed forces and disperse them on two fronts during the Austro-Prussian War against Prussia to the North and the Kingdom of Italy to the South in the Third Italian War of Independence. The Prusso-Italian alliance was agreed upon an initiative of the Prussian Minister President Otto von Bismarck.

In 1914 Austria-Hungary commenced the First World War by attacking Serbia at the Balkan front. After just a few weeks Austria-Hungarian troops clashed with the numerically far superior Russian imperial army in the Battle of Galicia at the Eastern front. When Italy joined the conflict in May 1915 on the Allied side and deployed in strength at the Alpine front to the south, Austria-Hungary was already critically undermanned and faced serious recruitment shortfalls, which diminished the chances to exact an early defeat on any of the opponents, instead be confined to struggle in a two-front war at the periphery of its own territory. Consequently, the Austro-Hungarian Army lacked the initiative and the contributions at the Macedonian front (Salonikifront) were marginal. Nonetheless, when Romania entered the war on the Allied side in August 1916 at the southern tip of the Eastern front, Austria-Hungary acted promptly and concluded this stage in late 1916 and occupied large areas of Romania. The greater two-front war only ended after the separate peace with Russia in March 1918, which, after all, did not forestall the collapse of the imperial army in the course of summer and autumn.

World War II

A two-front war scenario, almost identical to the first World War would eventually aggregate in the European theatre during World War II, when Nazi Germany confronted allied France, Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands and later the United States in the west and the Soviet Union to the east.

Adolf Hitler initially attempted to avoid a two-front war as he engaged and crushed his opponents successively. In 1940, however, he failed to beat Great Britain in the air battle and in 1941 attacked the Soviet Union. Great Britain in relative safety on its island remained unbeaten and managed to maintain the western front. Hitler also failed to neutralize Great Britain and avoid a two-front war.

Germany, that lacked the resources for a long war, failed to achieve a quick victory in the east and eventually collapsed under the pressure of a war of attrition on two fronts, accelerated by a surge of resistance and partisan groups in virtually all occupied countries. Reduced production output and dwindling replacements of casualties as a consequence of massive material warfare and Allied strategic bombing and shortages in fuel and raw materials increasingly prevented the continuation of German offensive - and Blitzkrieg tactics. In contrast, steadily improving Allied cooperative warfare, based on an exponentially growing war industry brought about the inevitable total military defeat for Germany.

The United States, who had, since December 1941, primarily focused on the conflict with the Japanese Empire, eventually established an Atlantic front in order to support their European allies, beginning in November 1942 with an amphibious landing in North Africa, later to continue the campaign in Sicily and on the Italian peninsula and invade France on the beaches of Normandy in 1944. Their colossal military strength and favorable strategic position in between two oceans without territorial borders to any of the Axis powers allowed the US forces to safely wage an offensive two-front war by maintaining the initiative in the Pacific War, contain and defeat Japan and also increase American presence in Europe that ensures Allied victory over Nazi Germany.

The Axis Powers had the opportunity to force the Soviet Union into a two-front war by means of a Japanese attack in the Soviet Far East, but Japan decided against it as it had been defeated in the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts. The Soviet Union and Japan refrained from mutual hostilities until the 9 August 1945, three months after the surrender of Germany. Thus, Japan fought a two-front war in China in the Second Sino-Japanese War and against the United States in the Pacific Theatre. The Soviet Union worsened the Japanese position by invading Manchuria.

Poland fought a two front war with Germany and Russia during WWII.

Cold War
A major rationale for the American 600-ship Navy plan in the 1980s was to threaten the Soviet Union with a two-front war, in Europe and the Pacific Ocean, in the event of hostilities.

Arab–Israeli wars
In the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Israelis fought the Egyptians to the south and the Jordanians and Syrians in the east and the north. Israel again fought two-front wars in the Six-Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973.

India, Pakistan and China
India's relations with Pakistan and China have for many decades been uneasy and, in fact, greatly disturbed by unsettled border feuds. The discord with Pakistan is by far the more complicated one, because both parties claim exclusive sovereignty over an entire historic region, the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Although matters were settled and signed in 1972, armed forces face each other, entrenched on both sides of the volatile border, the Line of Control. Attempts to directly or indirectly wrest territory from each other has hardly been successful and always caused fierce reactions.

India and China have, despite more than a dozen rounds of border talks and the uneasy Line of Actual Control, as yet failed to negotiate a conclusive agreement. For decades, the Indian press and media have pointed at political tensions and deteriorating relations with China, caused, among other things, by occasional Chinese military incursions into Indian-controlled territory.

In 2013 the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a series of high-profile infrastructure development projects in Pakistan was established. Chinese-Pakistani cooperation proved to be a success and a modern infrastructure had emerged within six years and by 2019 focus has shifted to the next phase. CPEC has disclosed its programs for concrete economic development and employment creation.

The Government of India has professed security concerns and repeatedly expressed its disapproval of the CPEC project, as a number of the projects come about on territory claimed by India.

According to an Indian army general in 2018, war on multiple fronts was "very much in the realm of reality", as the consequence of ideas of isolation and concerns about the clandestine strategic commitment of China and Pakistan, as the Congress in Beijing has provided assistance to Pakistan's nuclear weapon and missile programmes.

title: Two-front war


text:
Harlan Lattimore

Harlan Lattimore (November 25, 1908 – July 1980), was a popular African-American singer with several jazz orchestras of the 1930s, most notably Don Redman's. Starting in 1932, singing in the Don Redman Orchestra, Harlem nightclub Connie's Inn marketed Lattimore as the "colored Bing Crosby" [sic].

Biography
Lattimore was born in 1908 in Cincinnati, where he built his reputation as a singer on that city's WLW radio station. By March 1932, he had arrived on the New York City music scene, and began his recording career with Fletcher Henderson's band. Not long afterwards, Lattimore was signed by Don Redman as his vocalist. This association lasted until 1936.

His style of singing, as well as the timbre of his voice, closely resembling that of Bing Crosby, earned him recording dates with some of the top studio and dance bands of the era, most notably those of Victor Young, Abe Lyman, and Isham Jones, as well a number of dates as vocalist for a number of generic dance records for ARC (on Melotone, Banner, Oriole, Romeo, and Perfect).

With the exposure of Lattimore to the public through radio broadcasts (with Don Redman), recordings and an appearance in a Vitaphone short subject film (with Redman), it seemed a foregone conclusion that he was headed for stardom. This was not to be.

Lattimore's behavior became unreliable and erratic in the mid-1930s, and he made his last recordings with Redman in 1936. After service in World War II, he dropped out of the music scene. On November 11, 1949, he appeared at Carnegie Hall in what was billed as a comeback, produced by Don Redman.

Although the name Lattimore is now looked upon as a footnote in American popular music, he was pioneering African-American singer who established a style and role later filled by such musical luminaries as Billy Eckstine and Nat King Cole.

The 1933 Vitaphone short, Don Redman and his Orchestra, is included on the Warner Brothers DVD of Dames, where he sings a rendition of Harold Arlen's "Ill Wind", which the Redman band never recorded.

title: Harlan Lattimore


text:
Linux-powered device

Linux-based devices or Linux devices are computer appliances that are powered by the Linux kernel and possibly parts of the GNU operating system. Device manufacturers' reasons to use Linux may be various: low cost, security, stability, scalability or customizability. Many original equipment manufacturers use free and open source software to brand their products. Community maintained Linux devices are also available.

Community maintained devices
These devices were not intended to run Linux at the time of their production, but a community effort made possible either full or partial Linux support. Because of the open source philosophy that free and open source software brings to the software world, many people have ported the Linux kernel to run on devices other than a typical desktop, laptop or server computer. Some ports are performed by committed individuals or groups to provide alternative software on their favorite hardware. Examples include iPods, PlayStations, Xbox, TiVo, and WRT54G.

The original hardware vendors are in some cases supportive of these efforts (Linksys with the WRT54G) or at the least tolerate the use of such software by end users (see TiVo hacking). Others go to great lengths to try to stop these alternative implementations.

Android
Android is a Linux-based operating system optimised for mobile touchscreen environments—smartphones, tablets, e-Books, and the like. Developed, published, and maintained by Google's Android Open Source Project (in consultation with the Open Handset Alliance), Android relieves smartphone manufacturers of the costs of developing- or licensing proprietary handset operating systems.

First unveiled in 2007, Android became the world's most widely deployed smartphone platform in Q4 2010. By September 2012, 500 million Android devices had been activated, with a further 1.3 million devices being activated per day. Google Nexus developer phones are the flagship brand of Android handsets, with features and capabilities that represent the state of the art at the time of launch (typically every eleven months).

License violations
In most of these cases the OEMs are open about their use of such software and fulfil the requirements of their Free software licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL), but in a small number of cases this use is masked, either deliberately or through professed ignorance or misunderstanding. Violators are usually found through public records, where they may be forced to declare their implementations, or through their own advertising, for example "Embedded Software Engineers with Mandatory Linux Experience Required" on their careers pages, and yet their site or product documentation offers no source download or offer to supply the software source as required by the license GPL.

Organizations such as gpl-violations.org, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) are now more organized at pursuing such violators and obtaining compliance. Usually, they seek voluntary compliance as a first step and only enter legal proceedings when blocked. When notified of violations they confirm them by asking the supplier, examining available product samples, or even going so far as to make blind purchases of the product through front companies.

title: Linux-powered device


text:
Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1

The Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 (Сюита для эстрадного оркестра № 1) is a suite in eight movements arranged by Levon Atovmyan after 1956, based on music by Dmitri Shostakovich. An editorial error in the tenth volume of the Shostakovich collected works edition published by Muzyka in 1984 resulted in the Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 being misidentified as the "Suite for Jazz Orchestra No. 2" or "Jazz Suite No. 2". The score was first published with the correct name in 2001.

Atovmyan, who arranged and assembled the suite, was a close friend of Shostakovich, and was regularly tasked with arranging concert suites of his film music. He also made numerous other transcriptions and arrangements, often without the composer's involvement and only his tacit approval. The Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 includes arrangements of excerpts from Shostakovich's ballet, theatre, and film music. It has not been precisely dated, but is believed to have been composed after 1956.

The first documented performance took place on December 1, 1988, at the Barbican Hall, played by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Mstislav Rostropovich. The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Chailly made a successful recording of the suite in 1991. In 1994, André Rieu released a recording of the suite's "Waltz II" that broke into the top 5 of the Dutch Mega Top 50 and sold over 50,000 copies. It was later included in the soundtrack to Stanley Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut.

Misidentification
The Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 is often mistaken for the unrelated Suite for Jazz Orchestra No. 2 from 1938. This resulted from an error in an editorial footnote printed in volume 10 of the Shostakovich collected works edition published by Muzyka in 1984, which misidentified the Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 as the "Suite for Jazz Orchestra No. 2". The editor-in-chief of the collected works edition, Konstantin Titarenko, inserted the footnote without informing his editorial staff. When Manashir Yakubov, the uncredited editor of volume 10's critical commentary, called to inform him of his mistake and demanded an explanation, Titarenko hung up.

Background
Despite being commonly attributed to Shostakovich and based on his music, the Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 was arranged by Levon Atovmyan; a composer, arranger, and artistic administrator born in Russian Turkestan. They met at a meeting of Vsyeroskomdram, the All-Russia Society of Composers and Dramatists, in the early 1930s. Atovmyan subsequently became part of Shostakovich's circle of close friends; later, he was regularly entrusted with arranging concert suites of his film music. In addition, Atovmyan also made transcriptions and arrangements of Shostakovich's other music. Although made with Shostakovich's tacit approval and based on his music, Atovmyan's arrangements incorporated extensive alterations and newly-composed material.

No manuscript score of the Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 exists in Shostakovich's hand. Its instrumentation, movement arrangement, and generic titling of movements also do not correspond with Shostakovich's style. No precise date for the suite's composition can be ascertained, but it is believed to have been composed in the late 1950s, some time after 1956. The unusual scoring, which includes three sections of violins and two pianos, suggests that the suite may have been assembled for a specific ensemble.

Music
The Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 consists of eight movements:

1. March (Giocoso. Alla marcia)

2. Dance I (Presto)

3. Dance II (Allegretto scherzando—Poco meno mosso—Tempo I)

4. Little Polka (Allegretto)

5. Lyrical Waltz (Allegretto)

6. Waltz I (Sostenuto—Tempo di valse—Poco più mosso)

7. Waltz II (Allegretto poco moderato)

8. Finale (Allegro moderato)

Each of the suite's movements is arranged from Shostakovich's scores for the ballet, theatre, and cinema. The first and last movements are based on the "March" from the 1940 comedy film Adventures of Korzinkina; the "Waltz I" is an arrangement of a cue that had been cut from the film. "Dance I" is based on the "Marketplace" cue from the 1955 film The Gadfly, which is alternatively known as "National Holiday" in Atovmyan's concert suite of the film music. "Dance 2" is an arrangement of the "Invitation to a Rendezvous" number from The Limpid Stream, itself an arrangement of the number "Pantomime and Dance of a Priest" from The Bolt. The "Little Polka", "Lyrical Waltz", and "Waltz II" are arrangements of cues composed for the soundtrack to The First Echelon; the first two cues had been discarded from the final version of the film score.

A typical performance of the Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 lasts approximately 20 minutes.

Instrumentation
The instrumentation for the Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 is as follows:

 * Woodwinds
 * piccolo (doubling flute)
 * flute
 * oboe
 * 2 clarinets
 * 2 alto saxophones
 * 2 tenor saxophones (2nd doubling soprano saxophone)
 * bassoon

 * Brass
 * 3 French horns
 * 3 trumpets
 * 3 trombones

 * Percussion
 * timpani
 * bass drum
 * Charleston
 * cymbals (suspended)
 * triangle
 * tambourine
 * glockenspiel
 * xylophone
 * vibraphone

 * Keyboards
 * accordion
 * celesta
 * 2 pianos (or piano duet)

 * Strings
 * harp
 * 1st violins
 * 2nd violins
 * violas
 * cellos
 * double basses

The original score divided the violins into three sections. These were reduced to two in the 2001 New Collected Works edition of the score; this was accomplished by combining the first and second violin parts, which frequently played unison. Portions of the score's parts for two pianos were given ossia for piano duet. None of these changes resulted in any substantial alterations to the musical text.

Premieres
The first documented performance of the Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1 was on December 1, 1988. It referred to as "Jazz Suite No. 2" and was played at the Barbican Hall by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Mstislav Rostropovich. The performance was broadcast by the BBC on December 4. The first recording was made in 1991 for Decca by the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Chailly.

In 2001, the score was published for the first time.

Reception
Nicholas Kenyon in his review of the Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1's premiere for The Observer wrote that the music was "Shostakovich at his most unbuttoned and jovial":

"The LSO played the Second Suite for Jazz Orchestra or Dance Band [sic] with its four blaring saxophones, accordion and guitar, as if to the manner born... The music is tripe, and not very well planned tripe at that—three waltzes in succession!—but Rostropovich lifted it along with such panache that it worked."

He also called the work "fairly cynical pieces of writing-to-order".

Chailly's Decca recording was a popular and critical success; his recording of the "Waltz II" was included in the soundtrack to Stanley Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut. Roger Covell in the Sydney Morning Herald praised Chailly's "elegantly played" recording and compared Shostakovich's music favorably with William Walton's Façade.

In 1994, Philips issued a single of the "Waltz II" from the suite performed by André Rieu and his orchestra. It reached 5 in the Dutch Mega Top 50 and sold over 50,000 copies. The recording was included in the album From Holland With Love in 1996.

title: Suite for Variety Orchestra No. 1


text:
Talk:Cooper vane

correct capitalization
Is it Cooper Vane or Cooper vane? RickK 05:30, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's technically a "cooper vane". -Lommer | talk 00:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Voted "Cooper vane" for both term and article title. Request change. 74.132.209.231 05:30, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

mechanics
Does anyone know how it actually works? Is it just a springloaded plate that moves and locks the door when the aircraft reaches a certain airspeed or what? A description of the mechanism would be appreciated. -Lommer | talk 00:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've managed to get a look at one and I now know how it works, I'll try to put that into the article. -User:Lommer | talk 00:11, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Yeah what a joke this article is. I came here looking for an explanation of what's on the inside and all I get is this garbage stub. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.126.79.95 (talk) 17:35, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Skydiving from Aircraft with Cooper vane
At the World FreeFall Convention starting in 1992, there was a 727 and later a DC-9 (from Skydive Perris) for one day of the event. The 727 was a cargo config, usually from Amerijet. The air stairs were removed on the ground. The top 3 or so steps, which are fixed, were covered in plywood, and the hydraulic cylinders were covered with padding for safety. The inside door was closed for takeoff and opened as the aircraft came around for jumprun. Many of us who jumped the jet (7 times over 5 years myself, including once with a skysurf board, and a few thousand other people over the span of a decade at least) get asked about the Cooper vane, and some people who hear about it even claim that the story is fake because the Cooper vane prevents opening in flight. They seem to miss the point that the stairs were removed in preparation, so that defeats the Cooper vane. Cooper vane was probably removed too, since it would stick out a few inches into the path of the exiting jumpers. There are many references, in print, and photos and videos on YouTube. Not sure if this is worthy of addition to the article, but I'd love opinions/votes. Thanks, and Blue Skies! Titaniumlegs (talk) 12:11, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cooper vane


text:
William Hill Brown

William Hill Brown (November 1765 – September 2, 1793) was an American novelist, the author of what is usually considered the first American novel, The Power of Sympathy (1789), and "Harriot, or the Domestic Reconciliation", as well as the serial essay "The Reformer", published in Isaiah Thomas' Massachusetts Magazine.

Life
Brown was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Gawen Brown and his third wife, Elizabeth Hill Adams. Gawen Brown was from Northumberland, England and was a clockmaker. William was christened at the Hollis Street Church on December 1, 1765.

In 1789, William Brown published the novel The Power of Sympathy. Brown had an extensive knowledge of European literature, for example of Clarissa by Samuel Richardson, but tries to lift the American literature from the British corpus by choice of an American setting. The book drew close comparison to a local scandal and was subsequently withdrawn from sale. He contributed a number of essays to the Columbian Centinel.

Around October 1792, Brown himself withdrew to join his sister, Eliza Brown Hinchborne, at the Hinchborne plantation near Murfreesboro, North Carolina, and began to read law with William Richardson Davie at Halifax. Eliza died in January 1793. Not yet acclimated to the Eastern North Carolina climate, William Brown died of fever, probably malaria, the following August, at the age of twenty-seven.

Works
Brown held the conviction that novels should aim at some high moral purpose.
 * Harriot, or the Domestic Reconciliation (1789)
 * The Power of Sympathy (1789)
 * Selected Poems and Verse Fables 1784-1793 by William Hill Brown (posthumous)
 * Ira and Isabella (1807)

title: William Hill Brown


text:
User:John Kenneth Fisher

John Kenneth Fisher johnkfisher@mac.com

I have a user page now! It's made of hypertext!

My Philosophy on Wikipedia

I subscribe strongly to the Wikipedia philosophies of Inclusionism and Eventualism:

Well written, well-sourced, encyclopedic factual information is far better than badly-written, fancrufty, haphazard, non-wikified factual information. But having badly-written, fancrufty, haphazard, non-wikified factual information in an entry is far, far better than not having that information at all.

On the subject of my username, I often have to fight hard not to violate rule #2 of the Wikipedia trifecta (listed below under "It's really pretty simple:"), hence my use of my real full name as a "check" on myself so that if I cross a line I'm not hiding behind psuedonyms.

My Background and Personal Views

I'm not one of those people who wants to use their User: page as a soapbox, or a getting-to-know-you type page, but I do feel it is important and ethical to divulge my stronger viewpoints, positions, and background if I'm going to participate in this grand experiment where human nature decrees that we don't always stick as closely to the ideal of NPOV as we perhaps should.

Background:

title: User:John Kenneth Fisher


text:
I Musici de Montréal Chamber Orchestra

I Musici de Montréal is a Canadian chamber orchestra, founded in 1984 by cellist and conductor Yuli Turovsky.

About
I Musici de Montréal Chamber Orchestra plays a varied repertoire ranging from the 17th century to the present day. It has performed in New York's Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall, the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, the Seiji Ozawa Hall in Tanglewood, the Tonhalle in Zürich, the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, the Kioi Hall in Tokyo and the Conservatoire de Musique in Luxembourg.

The director is Yuli Turovsky, who also has performed as cello soloist with the orchestra. From 2011 to 2020 the principal conductor of I Musici de Montréal was Jean-Marie Zeitouni. In 2020, Jean-François Rivest was appointed artistic advisor and principal guest conductor.

Awards
I Musici de Montréal has released more than 40 CDs for the Chandos and Analekta Record Labels. Their 1988 recording of Dmitri Shostakovich's 14th Symphony won a Diapason d'Or, and their Concerti grossi, Op. 6 by George Frideric Handel was awarded a 1992 Penguin Guide Rosette.

In December 1998, the Conseil Québécois de la Musique gave two Opus Awards to the orchestra for Recording Event of the Year and Best Recording - contemporary music for a CD grouping works by Henryk Górecki, Arvo Pärt and Alfred Schnittke. In 1999, I Musici de Montréal was awarded the Grand Prix by the Montreal Urban Community for their contribution to music presentation in and around Montreal.

In August 2001, BBC Music Magazine named as its CD of the Month I Musici de Montréal's 40th CD, a recording of Nikolai Myaskovsky, Schnittke and Edison Denisov, calling it a Russian tour de force. In April 2002, I Musici was nominated for another Canadian Juno Award as Best Classical Album of the Year, after having won a Juno for their recording of Alberto Ginastera, Heitor Villa-Lobos and José Evangelista.

title: I Musici de Montréal Chamber Orchestra


text: User talk:61.11.99.205

title: User talk:61.11.99.205


text:
Claremont School of Theology

Claremont School of Theology (CST) is a private graduate school focused on religion and theology and located in Los Angeles, California. It is one of the thirteen official theological schools of the United Methodist Church, and also has close relationships with a variety of other faith traditions and Protestant denominations, especially the Disciples of Christ and United Church of Christ, the Episcopal Church, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

History

Founded as the Maclay School of Theology in San Fernando, California, in 1885, the Methodist seminary was founded by Charles Maclay, founder of the town of San Fernando, former Methodist minister and state senator. The school was affiliated with the University of Southern California (USC) from 1900 to 1957, staying on the USC campus until it moved to Claremont in 1957.

The master plan for the Claremont campus was designed by Edward Durell Stone, who also designed the school's Kresge Chapel, listed as an historic building by the LA Conservancy.

In 2008, CST became a founding member of the Claremont University Project, a multi-religious consortium that eventually became Claremont Lincoln University (CLU). In 2014, CST announced the end of its relationship with Claremont Lincoln University. The mutual split resulted from an acknowledgement that both institutions' "fundamental philosophies have diverged" when "Claremont Lincoln decided to move away from its interreligious roots and become a secular-focused university" after CLU announced "a decision to discontinue several of its programs". In the same announcement, CST's board of trustees affirmed a commitment to maintaining relationships with its partner schools (the Academy for Jewish Religion (California) and Bayan Claremont).

In 2015 CST disputed its 1957 agreement with the Claremont Colleges (TCC) that stated that if CST ever sold its Claremont campus, TCC would have the opportunity to purchase the property for pennies on the dollar. Based on an early 1980's California law, CST believed this 1957 restriction was no longer applicable while TCC insisted it remained valid. Both parties entered litigation and in December 2023, CST and TCC completed arbitration.

Before the arbitration was completed, CST began negotiations in 2017 to merge with Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. After signing a memorandum of understanding in May 2019, the school began planning the move to Willamette in July 2020. However, due to the ongoing litigation with TCC, CST was not able to move and in 2021 decided to "maintain its presence in Southern California with its main campus located in Claremont, while also retaining a partnership in Salem with Willamette".

Responding to the increased demand for online education the school announced in 2023 that it would increase its online and hybrid offerings, and move from its 16-acre Claremont location to a more sustainable Los Angeles campus. The school is now on the campus of the Westwood United Methodist Church.

CST was the original home for the Center for Process Studies (CPS). In 2023 the CST Board of Trustees approved a proposal that enabled CPS to establish itself as an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit, with joint faculty with CST. The CPS promotes a "relational approach" found in process thought, specifically process theology.

Degrees

 * Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
 * Master of Arts (MA)
 * Master of Theological Studies (MTS)

 * Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.)
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Practical Theology
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Religion
 * Doctor of Professional Counseling

Research centers

 * Center for Engaged Compassion
 * Center for Sexuality
 * The Clinebell Institute
 * Process and Faith

Other programs
Claremont School of Theology hosts the Course of Study and Licensing School programs of the United Methodist Western Jurisdiction. Programs are open to students from any United Methodist Jurisdiction. These programs are for those seeking to become a local pastor in The United Methodist Church.

Accreditation
The school is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission. , the commission had the Claremont School of Theology listed as "Accredited with Notice of Concern" related to a commission action from February 2020. The school is also accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada (ATS). However, it is important to note that its status has been changed to 'Accredited on Warning' due to challenges in financial resources.

Notable faculty

 * Jon Berquist
 * Philip Clayton
 * John B. Cobb (emeritus)
 * Monica Coleman (emerita)
 * Jane Dempsey Douglass
 * Roland Faber
 * David Ray Griffin (emeritus)
 * Rolf Knierim (emeritus)
 * Burton L. Mack (emeritus)
 * Dennis R. MacDonald
 * James M. Robinson (emeritus)
 * Rosemary Radford Ruether
 * James A. Sanders (emeritus)
 * Deepak Shimkhada (adjunct)
 * Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki (emerita)
 * Marvin A. Sweeney

Notable alumni

 * David Augsburger
 * Michel Weber
 * Thomas Jay Oord
 * Robert B. "Bobs" Watson
 * Rosemary Radford Ruether
 * Mary Elizabeth Moore
 * Tripp Fuller

title: Claremont School of Theology


text:
Talk:John Travolta

Residence
I would like help in getting approval to add John Travolta's residence to his article. It used to be on there less than a year ago, but it suddenly got taken down. I found multiple sources stating that he lives in Florida at the Jumbolair Airport, and has another home in California. If you would please give me consensus, and help me find credible sources to cite the residence with, I would be very grateful. Jgwilliams873 (talk) 02:21, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you for opening a discussion. Per Template:Infobox person instructions, the residence parameter instructs: "Location(s) where the person notably resides/resided, if different from birthplace." From my perspective, this suggests that residence is not a default parameter we should be using. From my interpretation, it should be used if the subject is notable for residing in a particular area. The parameter could use some clarification. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 02:56, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * FYI, I've opened a larger discussion here. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 06:31, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

Travolta Was Actually Born in 1952, Not 1954
Trvolta was actually born in 1952, not 1954, but he made the switch upon the release of Pulp Fiction in the mid-1990s. I have several friends who complain that Travolta was a year older than them in the '70s but was suddenly a year younger in the '90s. He managed the switch because the internet was still a scrolling text at that time with basically just university and military viewers, and very few people owned a personal computer (I was one of the very few people and remember it well). This makes Wikipedia look absurd to those who know the truth but there is simply no way to correct it. Figure Out What's Right (talk) 15:23, 17 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia doesn't accept personal anecdotes as sources, and date of births were recorded prior to the existence of the internet. Please supply a better source for your claim.  Thanks. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 17:02, 17 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm wondering if there's any part of that which is true. 90's? We went to the shopping center and bought an Atari ST and a 1200 baud modem in the mid-eighties, and I was up and running on the BBS's within a day. Other people used Commodore 64s or Amigas; they cost around the equivalent of a high-end cell phone today. JohndanR (talk) 19:56, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Nope. Travolta was using the 1954 birth year since at least back in the days of "Welcome Back, Kotter." That was in the mid 1970s. He was using that date when he was dating Diana Hyland, who died in 1977. There was 18 years difference between their ages. She was born in 1936, and he was born in 1954. Furthermore, somebody would have a copy of his yearbook from his high school days before he dropped out in 1971, and this would torpedo your claim he was older. Nice try, no cigar. SN 13 July 2020 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.58.54.194 (talk) 16:48, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

Mistrial?
Under Personal Life, "After a mistrial, Travolta dropped the charges ..." - did I miss an earlier mention of what trial this refers to? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.131.99.98 (talk) 15:48, 26 February 2020 (UTC)

Show missing
In 1976 he starred in a movie called the boy in the plastic bubble which is not listed here 210.84.9.156 (talk) 09:37, 18 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's mentioned twice in the article. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 09:50, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

Correct Home owners at time of Kelly Preston's death-update link
The link to the current entry (stating that it was Kelly Preston's home, in which she died), has expired. I propose a correction, stating that she died in "their" home, and propose replacing the expired link with a still active link to an article supporting this correction.

According to a death certificate obtained by Us Weekly, the actress died at her and Travolta's home in Clearwater, Fla., at 11:46 a.m. on July 12. https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/kelly-preston-death-certificate-died-florida-home-report

Thank you. TriviaLuvr (talk) 18:28, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

Slow Dancing
Under Singles, the information about "Slow Dancin" is incorrect, and should be as follows:

Title: "(Feel So Good) Slow Dancing"

Year: 1977

Link to Jack Tempchin song should be removed - this is the incorrect song. At the time of release, there were so many songs out called "Slow Dancing" (or some variation of), that the incorrect publisher information was even printed on the disc's label copy.

Single information: https://www.45cat.com/record/mb10977

Further citation: Pat Baird, ‘Copy Writes (A Report on the Music Publishing Scene)’, Record World, 13 August 1977, p. 38: https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/77/Record-World-1977-08-13.pdf Hannahsalvi (talk) 16:58, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 November 2022
Please change the ninth word at the beginning of the 3.3 aviation section from "aircraft" to "aircrafts", thank you. Sticking Virus (talk) 15:51, 2 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Aircraft is also the plural form. RudolfRed (talk) 16:35, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

Singer
Travolta is also a singer. 98.115.168.68 (talk) 20:47, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 December 2022
I would like to add the film Swordfish to the opening paragraph in the enumeration of Travolta's suite of comeback films. I believe it showcased Travolta in a critical role that helped memorialize his personality into that figurative Mt. Rushmore which is Hollywood and the Motion Picture Industry. Pbhressays (talk) 23:27, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. RealAspects (talk) 11:27, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 December 2022
John Travolta is an American actor and singer. 98.115.168.68 (talk) 03:22, 11 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Travolta is not notable as a singer.  General Ization Talk  03:25, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

Movie
Movie "Look Who's Talking" and the sequals with Kristie Alley. 2607:FB91:3E21:8A7:252D:7F90:3488:FDDD (talk) 08:01, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

Scientology editing this page
The page is clearly edited and overly positive about Scientology.

It undermines the whole credibility of the page and Wikipedia El dude brother2 (talk) 21:20, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 January 2024
Change this: ...His albums have been typically accompanied films he has... To this: His albums have been typically accompanied by films he has... 2601:206:8302:FCA0:4C45:D2E:B48:FAAC (talk) 13:43, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Liu1126 (talk) 14:32, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I like your version better. Thank you. 2601:206:8302:FCA0:2158:9AFA:C2F8:635F (talk) 23:22, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Travolta


text:
Central American Defense Council

The Central American Defense Council (Consejo de Defensa Centroamericana or Condeca) was an alliance of Central American countries (El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama). It was created by a treaty signed on December 14, 1963, in Guatemala City Closely linked to SOUTHCOM, for the common purpose of quelling the various left-wing guerrilla movements that threatened stability in the region during the Cold War. Costa Rica, which had no standing armed forces, participated as a member. It is now defunct.

title: Central American Defense Council


text:
Talk:Claremont School of Theology

I didn't mean it as ad spam. It's a university, so it seemed a valid subject for an article.

I included the information I did because I was too lazy to include more and it seemed like a good start. —BenFrantzDale 05:45, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, I deleted the VfD notice, which isn't kosher. Sory about that. I'll sit tight 'till someone else has a look at it. —BenFrantzDale 07:03, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050825/http://www.cst.edu/news/2014/04/21/board-of-trustees-announces-end-of-relationship-wi/ to http://www.cst.edu/news/2014/04/21/board-of-trustees-announces-end-of-relationship-wi/

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title: Talk:Claremont School of Theology


text:
Talk:Emmylou Harris

Why is there an old picture ?
When I watched the Wiki article on Emmylou Harris, I thought to myself: Why has the admin chosen such an old picture of her ? Though Emmylou is almost 60 years old, she is still a beautiful woman. So why not replace an old picture of a young woman by a new picture of an old woman ? Her age does not lessen her beauty.

Hans Rosenthal (hans.rosenthal AT t-online.de -- replace AT by @ )
 * Admins don't have any special authority to choose photos. Feel free to upload any photo that is freely-licensed (see Copyrights) or used under the principle of fair use.  We should have photos of Harris at a number of different ages, both young and old. Tuf-Kat 01:06, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Now there is a picture of Emmylou Harris (2005 Promotional photograph courtesy of Wolftrap) in this article (at the bottom). I am greateful for this. Her face and voice look and sound more and more attractive to me. Hans Rosenthal (ROHA) (hans.rosenthal AT t-online.de -- replace AT by @ ) (22122005)

 * To truly do Emmylou justice, we need a photo from Wrecking Ball to Red Dirt Girl era.

The picture of Emmylou Harris is now at the top of this Wikipedia article, where it belongs to. Thank you, who ever shifted her picture to its appropriate place. Hans Rosenthal (ROHA) (hans.rosenthal AT t-online.de -- replace AT by @ ) (12102006)

Other appearances
That section is huge. Can someone who knows more about her work trim that, or is it possibly better to remove it entirely? --badlydrawnjeff talk 13:49, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Someone recently alphabetized it, which makes it a little less cumbersome. Trimming doesn't seem possible because any deletions would have to be more or less arbitrary. It is not yet complete, of course; Ms. Harris's collaborations are many. Unless you think it's unencyclopedic or something, I'd suggest leaving it. Rivertorch 15:22, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe a new article, like, "Emmylou Harris discography," might be of use? This is way too much for this article as it stands, I think. --badlydrawnjeff talk 16:06, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I've been looking at the articles for some other singer-songwriters. The Emmylou Harris article's body is relatively short in comparison to its discography, so maybe it seems a little unbalanced. I'm sure the body could be expanded. As for the discography section itself, it's actually quite short compared to those of certain other articles. I have no objection to its being moved to a separate page, but I wonder if you could specify more exactly why you think that's desirable? Also, just for context, check out pages for Leonard_Cohen, Willie_Nelson, Merle_Haggard, and Linda_Ronstadt . . . and then Bob_Dylan. Is the Dylan method preferable, do you think? Keeping in mind, of course, that the whole Wikipedia should reflect the way we do it here . . . Rivertorch 23:32, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know if there's a written standard on this, but I think in situtions like this, Willie Nelson, etc, that the Bob Dylan method is much more preferable. Especially since we know there's plenty of room for expansion here, it's a logical move. --badlydrawnjeff talk 04:05, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

The track "Wild Montana Skies" appeared originally on John Denver's album "World Game" (the title track features The I-Threes and The Wailers). "Wild Montana Skies" is a duet with John Denver. The song was also released on "Duets".

Note: Emmy Lou Harris and Rodney Crowell will head-line the first day of Fairport Convention's Annual Festival on August 13th, 2015. This concert will last three days until the 15th. The location is an English Civil War battle-field in the village of Cropredy which is in Oxfordshire, UK. Please see Fairport Convention web-site, http://www.fairportconvention.com/ or these two Facebook pages/ www.facebook.com/Fairportofficial?fref=ts www.facebook.com/pages/ www.facebook.com/pages/Induct-Fairport-Convention-into-The-Rock-and-Roll-Hall-of-Fame/244961409023597?ref=aymt_homepage_panel~ Keith Brian Keller

Collaborations
As I read it, Collaborations is a subsection of the Discography section. If this is so, then I take it the collaborations listed should be limited to those albums (e.g., Trio, Western Wall, Roadrunning) on which Emmylou appears throughout and receives credit not just in the liner notes but on the front or back cover. A mere appearance, whether it's on one song or several, on someone else's album shouldn't be enough to warrant inclusion here. Otherwise, this section will become enormous again. Someone earlier suggested a separate discography entry, but until then. . . . Comments? Rivertorch 07:24, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Would a separate discography list be a bad thing? The move might encourage further development of both the biographical article and her massive discography (which could use the Dylan listing as a model). — WiseKwai 10:20, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. Would you like to start it? :) I'll contribute what I can to it if someone else will do the initial setup. I do want to clean up the Collaborations section soon. Rivertorch 18:43, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, I just noticed this after adding some collaborations/duets. My view is: her collaborations are a part of her career and deserve encyclopedic coverage.  Where they live strikes me as a formatting issue.  Of course she's been so darn prolific as to make a six degrees of Emmylou game feasible and I can see the need to eventually break them out another article.  The idea of removing them entirely makes me sad.  I'll help, but I'm still pretty much a newbie and buried in the Songbirds article. Rubioblanca 04:02, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi, Rioblanca. I share your view that the songs deserve to be listed comprehensively. The question at this point, I think, is simply where to put them. The preceding two sections list entire albums, not songs. If you look back through the history of the article, you'll see that there was a fairly all-inclusive list once upon a time. Some felt it got out of hand and lengthened the article too much, but instead of its migrating to its own article it somehow got deleted. I can start a separate Discography article but probably can't get around to it for a few days. In the meantime, I'm going to pare the Collaborations section down to the bare bones—i.e., the albums, not individual songs. Don't worry about your entries disappearing; we can always retrieve them for the new separate page. Rivertorch 05:27, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

In the same vein, I'm cleaning up the Compilations section. What I remove there should reappear on the new Discography page by and by. Rivertorch 05:38, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it make for a smoother transition (read less angst for me) if the Discography article was in place before the data disappeared from the main article? Is there a burning reason to do this now? Rubioblanca 05:45, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

How about this for a collaboration format? Rubioblanca 03:08, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Looks great! It will fit perfecty on the new Discography page, which I might actually get around to creating this week if no one beats me to it (hint hint, please beat me to it!), and I think a similar format would work well for the rest of the new page, as well. Rivertorch 04:49, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

It occurs to me that the Contribution column may prove problematic. In almost every case, her contribution is a vocal (should be a handful out of hundreds that are vocal + acoustic guitar), and there may be endless debate over what constitutes duet vocals vs. harmony vocals. We could probably live without this column, but it doesn't bother me. I like the Producer column; that's cool. Rivertorch 04:56, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

What about separate lists for harmony vs lead vs unverified contribution? My thought is that there are a number of Emmylou appearances where the only way you know she's there is because the liner notes say so. I'd like a way to distinguish between substantial and other appearances. Ditching the contribution column is probably a good idea. Thoughts? Rubioblanca 14:49, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Created the Emmylou Harris discography article (someone was begging and I had a moment of weakness). Marked with template:underconstruction. I haven't deleted anything from this article yet. Modeled on the Bob Dylan discography. Help! Rubioblanca 15:15, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Good start! I went ahead and split the discography content out and added a main article link and also changed the template links to point to the new list. The chart coding is commented out for the time being until somebody (not me) wants to fill in the charts. I'd suggest that further talk about the discography development take place at Talk:Emmylou Harris discography. — WiseKwai 16:22, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent! Thanks to you both. I'm looking forward to adding to the new page. Re contribution column: I agree in theory about noting "substantial" appearances, but in practice where to draw the line? It's quite subjective. Better to ditch it. Rivertorch 17:56, 25 September 2007 (UTC) (aka The Beggar).

Merger proposal
I have placed merger tags, proposing that The Hot Band article be merged into the section, Emmylou Harris. Please discuss the proposal below. Thanks. — WiseKwai 19:30, 26 September 2007 (UTC) The merger is now complete. — WiseKwai 22:51, 3 October 2007 (UTC) --leahtwosaints (talk) 17:40, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Support merger - There is little information in The Hot Band article and it could easily be absorbed into the section of the Emmylou Harris article dealing with that era of her career. Additionally, there are few links to the Hot Band article, so the merge would cause little harm. Still, because there was at least one other Hot Band that existed at one time I believe that making The Hot Band page a disambiguation page would be a fair solution. — WiseKwai 19:30, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Support merger - As per Wisekwai. Does/did The Hot Band have an existence away from Emmylou? Rubioblanca 22:45, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment - Harris' Hot Band didn't perform as a unit away from her, but there was another, unrelated Hot Band, earlier, in the UK, which is why The Hot Band page would become a disambiguation.— WiseKwai 09:11, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Support merger - My only qualm is the title the section already has: The Reprise Years. Some of the albums of those years were Reprise, some were on the main Warner Brothers label. I should have noticed that before. Rivertorch 03:12, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've changed the header to hopefully a more acceptable and general title "Solo artist and bandleader". Anyway, in retrospect, "The Reprise Years" sounds like a record company anthology title. — WiseKwai 08:47, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I began the stub but found sparse information on the Hot Band and feel that they deserve mention, but Emmylou's page is the place. --leahtwosaints (talk) 17:34, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Merge again?
Looking at the history of this page and Hot Band, I think there may be some confusion. The Hot Band was merged into "Emmylou" in October (it is now a disamb page). But Hot Band was then created anew in November. This latter was proposed for speedy deletion, but Leah said she wanted time to work on it. So, Leah, do you still wish to expand Hot Band or do you agree to another merge-in? Hult041956 (talk) 20:21, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

6 Nov. edits (Steve Earle)
Rather than moving this additional info to the logical place in the article, I am reverting it. By my count, in 2004 Emmylou collaborated on seven other artists' songs besides the one on The Revolution Starts Now. In the absence of evidence that this collaboration was particularly noteworthy, it seems inappropriate to single it out in the article proper. It is, of course, in the new and wonderful discography. Rivertorch 06:31, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Emmylou & Arlo video

 * (Supplied a section header only. Hult041956 (talk ) 20:12, 9 December 2007 (UTC)) (& fixed typo) Hult041956 (talk) 20:13, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Just out of curiosity, there's a video of Emmylou with Arlo Guthrie singing Deportees by Woody Guthrie with a note that it came from Shared Version (Shared VISION?) on You Tube. Here it is for those interested:   I certainly wouldn't use anything from You Tube with it's flagrant copyright violations and temporary videos, but thought perhaps there's a place for this collaboration.

and speaking of video collaborations; where is her Transatlantic Sessions video mentioned? There are videos on YouTube, which chronicle her appearances in those Bluegrass meets Irish traditional jam sessions. Cat, who was just stopping by... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.151.192.207 (talk) 14:32, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * If it was an official release, the place to note it is Emmylou_Harris_discography. Rivertorch (talk) 19:56, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Template:Emmylou Harris
An anonymous editor added Bob Dylan's Desire album to the "Collaborations" section of Template:Emmylou Harris:

23:10, 9 July 2008 84.148.76.189 (Talk) (2,581 bytes) (ROHA: Added a very important collaboration: with Bob Dylan on his album "Desire", on which Harris backs on most of the songs.)

Although Ms. Harris' background and duet vocals are prominent on Desire, her contributions do not rise to the level of a collaboration. Desire is not a "Bob Dylan and Emmylou Harris" album; it is a Bob Dylan album.

I would have edited the template, but the change occurred five weeks ago; I'll therefore solicit comments first.

GrouchyDan (talk) 03:00, 18 August 2008 (UTC) (Dan)

 * Agree, it's not a collaboration in the sense we're using the term here. While you're at it, please check out Collaborations on the discography page and see what you think about the Carl Jackson entries. Rabid fan that I am, I've never gotten around to those, so I don't know if they qualify. Rivertorch (talk) 04:42, 18 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I Agree too. If you were to make a template with every duet & harmony by Harris you'd have a really big template. -MrFizyx (talk) 05:32, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Emmylou Harris Biography/With Gram Parsons: horrendously written
The second paragraph (and perhaps the remainder) of the Emmylou Harris: Biography: With Gram Parsons subsection is excellently intended but horrendously written, in my humble opinion. This part of the article used to be unremarkable (a good thing), I thought.

I've come across many Wikipedia articles with fancy, highlit, shouting messages either at an article's top or in an article's subsection that scream to the world "What you're about to read is defective because of A; you can fix it by doing B" et cetera.

I've never tried to figure out how to paste one of those admonitory billboards into an article; I won't because of this issue; I'll just labor to author a fitting replacement to the relevant part of the article.

Unless someone else beats me to the punch or dissuades me. (Do YOU think the article section is critically flawed?)

GrouchyDan (talk) 02:53, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Well, apparently no one agrees with me. Nonetheless, I've finally made an initial stab at rewriting the second half of the section; I deleted all the text that surrounded the "...drew a crossover of listeners..." because it pertained more to Emmylou's accomplishments during the first part of her solo career than it did to her actual time with Gram. GrouchyDan (talk) 10:12, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

I realize that this section, as well as most of the article, needs some inline citations; I promise to add them soon for this section (note that there weren't any prior to my edit). GrouchyDan (talk) 10:19, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Country??
The very first line of the article says that she's a country artist. Obviously, this isn't wrong. But in two senses it is misleading.

For one thing the core audience for Nashville top-forty country is not that enthusiastic about Emmylou being a country artist. Opinion is divided and some commentators are quite definite about this. Certainly she has been succesful on the country charts and every country artist that I have ever heard praises her and wants to record with her. There is a significant sector of country fandom that rejects anyone whose work isn't one hundred percent country, narrowly defined, almost all the time. This leads to my second, and much more serious, objection to the label 'country' for Emmylou.

Ms. Harris has been succesful in almost every sub-genre of popular music except metal and rap/hip-hop. Her musical horizons are limitless. She started out as a folk musician and has done many songs that were rock or pop. That she adds a country "flavor" to these songs is indisputable but she does a lot more than country. Her performance of songs by Neil Young and Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen, among others, is one of the reasons that Nashville top-forty fans deny her a country status. More importantly, they show her to be more than a country singer. She is beyond genre, a perfect angel. 65.79.173.135 (talk) 16:30, 13 August 2009 (UTC)Will in New Haven65.79.173.135 (talk) 16:30, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Everything you say is true, and calling her a country singer in the lead sentence runs the risk of overemphasizing her commercial success at the expense of her overall artistry. The policy on verifiability, however, suggests we should go with the way that she's usually described by reliable sources. Unfortunately, I suspect that may be "country", but it would be helpful if you could provide evidence to the contrary. Rivertorch (talk) 08:30, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Artists mentioned in infobox and lede
I made the following changes to the "associated acts" portion of the infobox: I also changed the artists mentioned in the lead paragraph, placing them in descending order based on the number of entire albums and the number of recorded songs they've collaborated on with Harris. (This was a rough count; I may have erred.) Without a doubt, there are notable artists that were removed in this edit, but (1) they're now in the infobox and (2) given the number of artists Harris has worked with, there really needs to be a cutoff or it just gets bloated. It was my hope to do this rationally, with a quantitative methodology, but I may have missed something on the qualitative side. Rivertorch (talk) 09:10, 20 May 2011 (UTC)
 * removed Spyboy and Nash Ramblers because they were (among) Harris's backing bands and not acts with their own identity apart from hers;
 * added several artists with an extensive history of collaboration with Harris (both on her records and on theirs);
 * added several artists whose duets with Harris resulted in hit singles;
 * did not remove any other artists, even though this list cannot possibly be comprehensive and there are probably some one-off faves there inserted by various editors;
 * alphabetized the list (including even Gram Parsons) for simplicity's sake and to make it easier to maintain.

Biased
Reading the section on Gram Parsons and Harris, I was amazed at how biased the phrasing was and I also noticed that there were no citations in this section. Can't any of this be backed up? Most curious is how the author seems to know what Harris is feeling. How is that possible? Perhaps she expressed herself somewhere in an interview? There are too many points here that scream for verification. According to the Wikipedia's assessment standards, this article shouldn't be a B-rated article. (This has nothing to do with my views about Harris or Parsons. I am just an average reader who was perusing it for pleasure while listening to her music.)Crtew (talk) 14:17, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

work with Bright Eyes
I realize that the list of collaborators at the beginning of the article was not intended to be a "laundry list", but she played a pretty significant role in I'm Wide Awake It's Morning and I think it deserves a nod in this list. Why, exactly, does the inclusion of Bright Eyes always get yanked? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.44.207.209 (talk) 07:08, 23 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The link Bright Eyes goes nowhere, so I will assume you are refering to Bright Eyes (band). The problem will be that if we include BE we have to include the next collaborator, and then other, and then other. We can't include every collaboration she has had in her 42-year musical career, just the notable ones, why the work they did is as notbale as Dolly Parton or Linda Ronstadt?. Tb hotch .™ Grammatically incorrect? Correct it!  See terms and conditions.  07:23, 23 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Hear, hear. She is one of the most prolific musical collaborators around, and it makes things unmanageable if we don't be strict about this. I had a rationale in my head when I wrote the commented-out note and trimmed the list way back when—can't really remember exactly now, and am too full of pre-holiday cheer to bother much, but it seemed to me that at a bare minimum inclusion should require at least one of the following: (1) single that charted; (2) co-billing on an album; (3) appearance on multiple tracks on at least two albums; (4) multiple songwriting collaborations. Maybe we should codify this into an FAQ or something in the not-too-distant future. Rivertorch (talk) 20:45, 23 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Another criterion that probably would suffice would be people who are past members of one of her bands and are über-notable in their own right (e.g., Rodney Crowell). In any event, the list looks too long for me now. Rivertorch (talk) 20:49, 23 December 2012 (UTC)

Associated Acts
Emmylou Harris also did back up vocals with the Australian Band Midnight Oil on their 1996/7 Breathe album.Cambo70 (talk) 15:19, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Cameron Barnes

 * Thanks, but I trust you don't want that in the article. The artists with whom she has sung backup number in the three digits. Rivertorch (talk) 17:53, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150427111401/http://www.cmaawards.com/2007/database/ArtistDetail.aspx?artistId=237 to http://www.cmaawards.com/2007/database/ArtistDetail.aspx?artistId=237
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Grammy Nomination Additions
Hello, Thanks to whoever put together the list of Grammy nominations and wins. I don't want to mess up that nice chart, so I'll ask someone who's more adept at editing cells to add the following seven Grammy nominations. There may be others, but I was able to locate these. Thanks HollyAngel (talk) 22:07, 1 January 2017 (UTC)
 * 1977, Pop Female Vocal Performance, Here, There and Everywhere - *1988, Album of the Year, Trio (with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt) - *1999, Contemporary Folk Album, Spyboy - *2001, Contemporary Folk Album, Western Wall: The Tuscon Sessions (with Linda Ronstadt) - *2004, Contemporary Folk Album, Stumble Into Grace - *2007, Contemporary Folk Album, All The Roadrunning (with Mark Knopfler) - *2008, Contemporary Folk Album, All I Intended To Be - Also, please correct dates: 1984 nomination for Last Date is correct, but win for In My Dreams was 1985 http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1985-233.html.

I think I was able to make the corrections on the Grammy list. Thx. Madachmime (talk) 16:01, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

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text:
Atrazine

Atrazine is a chlorinated herbicide of the triazine class. It is used to prevent pre-emergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize (corn), soybean and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. Atrazine's primary manufacturer is Syngenta and it is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States, Canadian, and Australian agriculture. Its use was banned in the European Union in 2004, when the EU found groundwater levels exceeding the limits set by regulators, and Syngenta could not show that this could be prevented nor that these levels were safe.European Commission. 2004/248/EC: Commission Decision of 10 March 2004 concerning the non-inclusion of atrazine in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing this active substance (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2004) 731) Decision 2004/248/EC - Official Journal L 078, Decision 2004/248/EC. March 16, 2004: Quote: "(9)Assessments made on the basis of the information submitted have not demonstrated that it may be expected that, under the proposed conditions of use, plant protection products containing atrazine satisfy in general the requirements laid down in Article 5(1)(a) and (b) of Directive 91/414/EEC. In particular, available monitoring data were insufficient to demonstrate that in large areas concentrations of the active substance and its breakdown products will not exceed 0,1 μg/L in groundwater. Moreover, it cannot be assured that continued use in other areas will permit a satisfactory recovery of groundwater quality where concentrations already exceed 0,1 μg/L in groundwater. These levels of the active substance exceed the limits in Annex VI to Directive 91/414/EEC and would have an unacceptable effect on groundwater." (10) Atrazine should therefore not be included in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC. (11) Measures should be taken to ensure that existing authorisations for plant protection products containing atrazine are withdrawn within a prescribed period and are not renewed and that no new authorisations for such products are granted."

At least two significant Canadian farm well studies showed that atrazine was the most common contaminant found. , atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide contaminating drinking water in the U.S. Studies suggest it is an endocrine disruptor, an agent that can alter the natural hormonal system. However, in 2006 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had stated that under the Food Quality Protection Act "the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm", and in 2007, the EPA said that atrazine does not adversely affect amphibian sexual development and that no additional testing was warranted. EPA's 2009 review concluded that "the agency's scientific bases for its regulation of atrazine are robust and ensure prevention of exposure levels that could lead to reproductive effects in humans". However, in their 2016 Refined Ecological Risk Assessment for Atrazine, it was stated that "it is difficult to make definitive conclusions about the impact of atrazine at a given concentration but multiple studies have reported effects to various endpoints at environmentally-relevant concentrations." EPA started a registration review in 2013.

The EPA's review has been criticized, and the safety of atrazine remains controversial. EPA has however stated that "If at any time EPA determines there are urgent human or environmental risks from atrazine exposure that require prompt attention, we will take appropriate regulatory action, regardless of the status of the registration review process."

Uses
Atrazine is a herbicide that is used to stop pre- and post-emergence broadleaf and grassy weeds in crops such as sorghum, maize, sugarcane, lupins, pine, and eucalypt plantations, and triazine-tolerant canola.

In the United States as of 2014, atrazine was the second-most widely used herbicide after glyphosate, with 76 e6lb of it applied each year. Atrazine continues to be one of the most widely used herbicides in Australian agriculture. Its effect on corn yields has been estimated from 1% to 8%, with 3–4% being the conclusion of one economics review. In another study looking at combined data from 236 university corn field trials from 1986 to 2005, atrazine treatments showed an average increase of 5.7 USbu/acre (~400 kg/ha) than alternative herbicide treatments. Effects on sorghum yields have been estimated to be as high as 20%, owing in part to the absence of alternative weed control products that can be used on sorghum.

Several teams have nanoencapsulated this herbicide to enhance usability. Most notably Takeshita et al., 2021, Oliveira et al. 2015,, Preisler et al., 2019 and Bragança et al., 2023 improve atrazine's efficacy with nanoparticle combinations in field usage.

Chemistry and biochemistry
Atrazine was invented in 1958 in the Geigy laboratories as the second of a series of 1,3,5-triazines.

Atrazine is prepared from cyanuric chloride, which is treated sequentially with ethylamine and isopropylamine. Like other triazine herbicides, atrazine functions by binding to the plastoquinone-binding protein in photosystem II, which animals lack. Plant death results from starvation and oxidative damage caused by breakdown in the electron transport process. Oxidative damage is accelerated at high light intensity.

Atrazine's effects in humans and animals primarily involve the endocrine system. Studies suggest that atrazine is an endocrine disruptor that can cause hormone imbalance.

Atrazine has been found to act as an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1. Atrazine has been shown to bind covalently to (chemically react with) a large number of mammalian proteins.

Levels
Atrazine contamination of surface water (lakes, rivers, and streams) in the U.S. has been monitored by the EPA and has consistently exceeded levels of concern in two Missouri watersheds and one in Nebraska. Monitoring of atrazine levels in community water systems in 31 high-use states found that levels exceeded levels of concern for infant exposure during at least one year between 1993 and 2001 in 34 of 3670 community water systems using surface water, and in none of 14,500 community water systems using groundwater. Surface water monitoring data from 20 high atrazine use watersheds found peak atrazine levels up to 147 parts per billion, with daily averages in all cases below 10 parts per billion.

Biodegradation
Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least four years) and can migrate from soil to groundwater; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

Atrazine degrades in soil primarily by the action of microbes. The half-life of atrazine in soil ranges from 13 to 261 days. Atrazine biodegradation can occur by two known pathways:

 * 1) Hydrolysis of the C-Cl bond is followed by the ethyl and isopropyl groups, catalyzed by the hydrolase enzymes called AtzA, AtzB, and AtzC. The end product of this process is cyanuric acid, itself unstable with respect to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The best characterized organisms that use this pathway are of Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP.
 * 2) Dealkylation of the amino groups gives 2-chloro-4-hydroxy-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine, the degradation of which is unknown. This path also occurs in Pseudomonas species, as well as a number of bacteria.

Rates of biodegradation are affected by atrazine's low solubility; thus surfactants may increase the degradation rate. Though the two alkyl moieties readily support growth of certain microorganisms, the atrazine ring is a poor energy source due to the oxidized state of ring carbon. In fact, the most common pathway for atrazine degradation involves the intermediate, cyanuric acid, in which carbon is fully oxidized, thus the ring is primarily a nitrogen source for aerobic microorganisms. Atrazine may be catabolized as a carbon and nitrogen source in reducing environments, and some aerobic atrazine degraders have been shown to use the compound for growth under anoxia in the presence of nitrate as an electron acceptor, a process referred to as a denitrification. When atrazine is used as a nitrogen source for bacterial growth, degradation may be regulated by the presence of alternative sources of nitrogen. In pure cultures of atrazine-degrading bacteria, as well as active soil communities, atrazine ring nitrogen, but not carbon are assimilated into microbial biomass. Low concentrations of glucose can decrease the bioavailability, whereas higher concentrations promote the catabolism of atrazine.

The genes for enzymes AtzA-C have been found to be highly conserved in atrazine-degrading organisms worldwide. In Pseudomonas sp. ADP, the Atz genes are located noncontiguously on a plasmid with the genes for mercury catabolism. AtzA-C genes have also been found in a Gram-positive bacterium, but are chromosomally located. The insertion elements flanking each gene suggest that they are involved in the assembly of this specialized catabolic pathway. Two options exist for degradation of atrazine using microbes, bioaugmentation or biostimulation. Like the herbicides trifluralin and alachlor, atrazine is susceptible to rapid transformation in the presence of reduced iron-bearing soil clays, such as ferruginous smectites. In natural environments, some iron-bearing minerals are reduced by specific bacteria in the absence of oxygen, thus the abiotic transformation of herbicides by reduced minerals is viewed as "microbially induced".

Photolysis
In 2016, photolytic degradation with 254 nm ultraviolet was seen by the authors of a particular study as an efficient process, which could be used in pilot plants to reduce or eliminate compounds of the atrazine class or similar emerging contaminants, in effluents.

Toxicology
According to Extension Toxicology Network in the U.S., "The oral median Lethal Dose or for atrazine is 3090 mg/kg in rats, 1750 mg/kg in mice, 750 mg/kg in rabbits, and 1000 mg/kg in hamsters. The dermal LD50 in rabbits is 7500 mg/kg and greater than 3000 mg/kg in rats. The 1-hour inhalation LC50 is greater than 0.7 mg/L in rats. The 4-hour inhalation LC50 is 5.2 mg/L in rats." The maximum contaminant level is 0.003 mg/L and the reference dose is 0.035 mg/kg/day.

Mammals
A September 2003 review by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) stated that atrazine is "currently under review for pesticide re-registration by the EPA because of concerns that atrazine may cause cancer", but not enough information was available to "definitely state whether it causes cancer in humans." According to the ATSDR, one of the primary ways that atrazine can affect a person's health is "by altering the way that the reproductive system works. Studies of couples living on farms that use atrazine for weed control found an increase in the risk of preterm delivery, but these studies are difficult to interpret because most of the farmers were men who may have been exposed to several types of pesticides. Little information is available regarding the risks to children, however "[m]aternal exposure to atrazine in drinking water has been associated with low fetal weight and heart, urinary, and limb defects in humans". Incidence of a birth defect known as gastroschisis appears to be higher in areas where surface water atrazine levels are elevated especially when conception occurs in the spring, the time when atrazine is commonly applied.

The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified atrazine as "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans" (Group 3).

The EPA determined in 2003 "that atrazine is not likely to cause cancer in humans".

In 2006, the EPA stated, "the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm".

In 2007, the EPA said, "studies thus far suggest that atrazine is an endocrine disruptor". The implications for children's health are related to effects during pregnancy and during sexual development, though few studies are available. In people, risks for preterm delivery and intrauterine growth retardation have been associated with exposure. Atrazine exposure has been shown to result in delays or changes in pubertal development in female rats; conflicting results have been observed in males. Male rats exposed via milk from orally exposed mothers exhibited higher levels of prostate inflammation as adults; immune effects have also been seen in male rats exposed in utero or while nursing. EPA opened a new review in 2009 that concluded that "the agency's scientific bases for its regulation of atrazine are robust and ensure prevention of exposure levels that could lead to reproductive effects in humans." Deborah A. Cory-Slechta, a professor at the University of Rochester in New York has said in 2014, "The way the E.P.A. tests chemicals can vastly underestimate risks." She has studied atrazine's effects on the brain and serves on the E.P.A.'s science advisory board. She further stated, "There's still a huge amount we don't know about atrazine."

A Natural Resources Defense Council report from 2009 said that the EPA is ignoring atrazine contamination in surface and drinking water in the central United States.

"There was no consistent evidence of an association between atrazine use and any cancer site". The study tracked 57,310 licensed pesticide applicators over 13 years.

A 2011 review of the mammalian reproductive toxicology of atrazine jointly conducted by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concluded that atrazine was not teratogenic. Reproductive effects in rats and rabbits were only seen at doses that were toxic to the mother. Observed adverse effects in rats included fetal resorption in rates (at doses ≥50 mg/kg per day), delays in sexual development in female rats (at doses ≥30 mg/kg per day), and decreased birth weight (at doses ≥3.6 mg/kg per day).

A 2014 systematic review, funded by atrazine manufacturer Syngenta, assessed its relation to reproductive health problems. The authors concluded that the quality of most studies was poor and without good quality data, the results were difficult to assess, though it was noted that no single category of negative pregnancy outcome was found consistently across studies. The authors concluded that a causal link between atrazine and adverse pregnancy outcomes was not warranted due to the poor quality of the data and the lack of robust findings across studies. Syngenta was not involved in the design, collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data and did not participate in the preparation of the manuscript.

Amphibians
Atrazine has been a suspected teratogen, with some studies reporting causing demasculinization in male northern leopard frogs even at low concentrations. A 2002 study by Tyrone Hayes, of the University of California, Berkeley, found that exposure caused male tadpoles to turn into hermaphrodites – frogs with both male and female sexual characteristics. However, this study has not been able to be replicated, and a 2003 EPA review of this study concluded that overcrowding, questionable sample handling techniques, and the failure of the authors to disclose key details including sample sizes, dose-response effects, and the variability of observed effects made it difficult to assess the study's credibility and ecological relevance. A 2005 study, requested by EPA and conducted under EPA guidance and inspection, was unable to reproduce Hayes' results.

In 2010, the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) tentatively concluded that environmental atrazine "at existing levels of exposure" was not affecting amphibian populations in Australia consistent with the 2007 EPA findings. APVMA responded to Hayes' 2010 published paper, that his findings "do not provide sufficient evidence to justify a reconsideration of current regulations which are based on a very extensive dataset." The EPA's Scientific Advisory Panel examined relevant studies and concluded in 2010, "atrazine does not adversely affect amphibian gonadal development based on a review of laboratory and field studies". It recommended proper study design for further investigation. As required by the EPA, two experiments were conducted under Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and were inspected by EPA and German regulatory authorities, concluding 2009 that "long-term exposure of larval X. laevis to atrazine at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 μg/L does not affect growth, larval development, or sexual differentiation". A 2008 report cited the independent work of researchers in Japan, who were unable to replicate Hayes' work. "The scientists found no hermaphrodite frogs; no increase in aromatase as measured by aromatase mRNA induction; and no increase in vitellogenin, another marker of feminization." The Atrazine Saga has been chronicled.

2012 Class action lawsuit
In 2012, Syngenta, manufacturer of atrazine, was the defendant in a class-action lawsuit concerning the levels of atrazine in human water supplies. Syngenta agreed to pay $105 million to reimburse more than one thousand water systems for "the cost of filtering atrazine from drinking water". The company denied all wrongdoing.

2015 Canadian regulatory review
Prompted by the EU's 2004 ban, a regulatory review of the product in Canada by the PMRA was begun in 2015. On 31 March 2017 the review result was published and the PMRA decided to leave unchanged the product's registration. This was done because while the EU's ban was based on a legislated pollutant level of 0.1 μg/L, the Canadian regulations call for a home-grown "risk-based scientific approach in determining the risk to human health from pesticides in drinking water." The US drinking water standard of 3 μg/L is approximately the same to the Canadian standard of 5 μg/L. Both maximum pollutant levels in North America were not exceeded by the maximum pollutant level in Canadian data of 2.32 μg/L.

title: Atrazine


text: User talk:222.126.73.78

title: User talk:222.126.73.78