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Talk:Toxicodendron diversilobum

Hyphenated name
See Talk:Toxicodendron for my proposal to remove hyphenation. Elf | Talk 16:45, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's hypenated to show clearly that it isn't a species of Quercus (Fagaceae), which is otherwise implied by the name 'oak'. Compare e.g. Douglas-fir, Osage-orange, etc. - MPF 10:37, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

See response in Talk:Toxicodendron. Elf | Talk 15:26, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"The hyphenated form 'Poison-oak' is used, rather than 'Poison Oak' to clearly indicate that it is not a variety of oak, just as 'Poison-ivy' is not a variety of ivy." Not according to any reputable dictionary. LOL, always makes my day to see the Wikipedia control freaks try and use the venue as a means to change usage -- simply by insisting the wrong way is right and hoping people take their word for it. Sadly, so many people these days do just that. 97.127.56.97 (talk) 15:18, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Deleted poison oak link
Why the deletion of the Poison oak page link to the "arborist" website?

The photos are better in quality - McGraw Hill even requested to use one in a medical book.

The deleted link was http://www.mdvaden.com/poison_oak.shtml

One good value in the page, is the added image resource. It would serve as a better image reference, at least until the Wikipedia page gains images that are clear enough for positive ID.

The page should also contain a couple of winter pics within the next two weeks. One at a distance to show form, and another close-up to show buds and branching (alternating versus opposing) pattern.

Wasn't sure how to add a comment in this discussion area, so added this in an edit: still viewable.

Mdvaden 07:59, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If you want these images included in Wikipedia, upload higher resolution copies under some sort of public domain license to Wikipedia. Whether or not these images "are better in quality" is moot as long as they are tiny thumbnails.  You can't even tell what the trunk is in that image, from anything in the article or caption, as it simply looks like the vegetation-covered vine of any woody plant in the world, the red leaves on the bottom are shot at an odd angle so that you can't see the distinctive mitten thumbs, and we alredy have a small image of the leaves.  The site contains what appears to be original research, or is not tied to verifiable scientific resources.  All of these reasons together require that the site be deleted from Wikipedia.  Please see WP:NOR for starters.  We also can't include the link because of what the site might contain in the future.  Wikipedia links must be to stable, verifiable, and credible sites.  KP Botany 19:39, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * PS To add a new discussion click on the '+' tab above and it will give you a screen where you can insert a title and text. KP Botany 19:40, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

How do we ascertain what an external site "might" have later?
Duplicated post. But, I found the plus symbol.

Mdvaden 03:27, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Ascertaining what an external site "might" have later?
Looking at the Dematology Acadamy site for example - which is not a school - what factors determine that it won't change?

The second external link after it, is quite interesting - definitely unique.

There are two aspects to the subject of credibility, at least with poison oak. There is a medical side, and a horticultural side. For example, many medical professionals are trained about chemical and health issues. Their plant identification and horticulture training may not be existent or certified.

On the Academy link is "Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac grow almost everywhere in the United States".

Factually, that's not credible. Poison oak rarely grows above 5000 feet elevation, and also does not grow at many places under 5000 feet elevation. So it does not grow "almost everywhere" in the United States.

The same page states that "Western poison oak needs a great deal of water".

That is incorrect. In Washington, it grows on the rock face of Beacon Rock in the Columbia River Gorge: including the west face exposed to the sunset. There is hardly any soil on that side of the monolith. In southern Oregon, it grows by Medford on the rocky dry slopes of Table Rock. Medford is a dry climate with not much more than 19 inches of rain per year.

When we think about it, if they were right about the "great deal of water", that would eliminate even more of the "everywhere" in the United States, that the site says the plant grows. It has content that undermines other content.

Most information pertaining to the health problems appears right. The difficulty pertains to the non-medical part - the plant related information.

How do you feel about those statements?

The questionable information is associated with subject matter that the sources appear to lack credentials for.

Mdvaden 03:29, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not really sure what you are saying here. The AAD is a professional organization whose members deal extensively with the treatment of rashes from this plant.  Dermatologists are the primary researchers in rashes from these plants, also.  So, what precisely are you disagreeing with, apparently you say that Poison oak is rare, it grows commonly neither above nor below 5000'?  What is your source for this?   You say poison oak grows on thin soils, then challenge it.  I'm just not following you?  KP Botany 04:08, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think what Mdvaden is getting at here is that there are some external links that contain excellent and credible information on one area of a subject, these same links contain misinformation on other areas of the subject. For example, the webpage in question (http://www.aad.org/public/Publications/pamphlets/Poison_IvyOakSumac.htm) has lots of info on dermatology issues related to three taxa, information which is likely reliable considering the site is the American Academy of Dermatology. Some of the botanical and habitat info on this same site, however, is often somewhat inaccurate (or vague) as Mdvaden pointed out. I think the issue here is not whether or not this particular link should be listed, but how best to deal with external links that have high credibility for some info but low credibility for other information. Maybe this could be indicated when the link is made (Ex: Dermatology information from the AAD; Botanical overview page, USDA; etc.).--NoahElhardt 06:30, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You are getting close! I'm even saying that the dermatologist site compromised it's credibility with the innacurate information about poison oak. Also, the second link, under it, by what appears to be a single physician, seems much more thorough. One idea, may be to delete the association's link, until they correct their page, and place the University of California's poison oak page there instead. That way, there will be one remaining medical resource - which is 10 times more thorough - plus one respected horticulture resource.Mdvaden 07:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You may have been there, but check this other link authored by the professor at PESG page by Assistant Professor. That's the other external link. Look at the range map for WESTERN poison oak. That's right on the money and in agreement with the U. of C.. It leaves me curious about how the dermatologist association came up with a diverse conclusion? There is a difference between the two websites. Anyone else noticed? The more complete page is on a site that's designed for education. It's a CEU and education site. The acadamy site promotes itself, and steers people to it's members. That's part of the reason why the information is written differently.Mdvaden 07:42, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't have time to review the dermatologists' site. However, if both you and Noah see that the information is inaccurate, please just delete the link, for now.  Thanks.  I will try to remember to review it later, but doubt I'll have the time.  KP Botany 00:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The other side of the credibility coin
After the last post about credibility and innacurate information, consider this written statment: "Poison oak can survive under a wide range of temperatures, elevations, soil types, moisture conditions, and light intensities. However, it is most commonly found on hillsides with shallow soils. The flowers of poison oak are usually pollinated by insects."

Thats from the University of California: AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES - Integrated Pest Management Note the chasm between the cultural conditons it lists, and what the Dematology Academy page lists. The University of California is one of the sources I relied on, because it is credible and accurate - for the horticultural / botanical information. I haven't scrutinized the non-botanical statements. It may be that words like "serum" are figurative rather than literal pertaining to the ooze from skin.

U. of C. also lists its resource list at the bottom.

One thing that presents itself here, is that its okay for someone to expand their page outside their expertise, like a doctor including information about plants and plant ID. Or like a university's agriculture department including information about health and medical information. But if they do that, they are 100% obligated to keep their pages impeccably accurate. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mdvaden (talk • contribs) 03:43, 31 January 2007 (UTC).

Mdvaden 07:03, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Yes, correct. Try to remember the four tildas, or use the scrawl above--I still forget it on occassion, though. KP Botany 00:58, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Obsolete link
The link to the New England Journal of Medicine article about the interaction between poison-oak and mango now results in an error page rather than an article. Is there a stable source for this article, or will the magazine only provide it to subscribers? Sbeitzel 17:53, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

The whole statement seems rather misleading. I found a correct link to the article and it refers to a single case where a patient who was sensitized to poison oak received a rash after handling a mango. This is probably a result of the mango peel, which contains very small amounts of urushiol, the same substance found in poison oak (see Mango). This doesn't mean that eating the fruit itself is likely to magnify the effects of poison oak. I'm going to go ahead and remove the statement. --203.214.34.254 18:17, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry you are very wrong. One person! NO. this has been studied in Israel but scientists. I am living proof as well. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15701120 SChalice  18:16, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

The Berries
They showed us a picture of the berries, but they didn't tell us what would happen if we ate the berries. Or what effect they would have on skin. Ergo: Do the have the berries have the same oils as the plant it's self? This section needs improvement! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Moonology1 (talk • contribs)

Content quality
Much of this read like a third-grade paper. I tried to remove big problems and unfounded statements (military use of urushiol). It needs more work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.248.172.5 (talk • contribs)

quote
The quotation part appears very unprofessional. I think it should be removed Bigbadbyte (talk) 07:38, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Hyphenation again!
None of the English dictionaries that I own use the hyphen in the name of this plant nor in that of poison ivy. The Wikipedia article on poison ivy does not use the hyphen. In googling "poison oak", none of the articles cited on the first two pages uses the hyphen. The Wikipedia article an Atlantic poison oak is inconsistent in its use of the hyphen. Even in this article the use of the hyphen is inconsistent! I can only conclude that this is the personal preference of the article's author and therefore inappropriate in an encyclopedia article. I have corrected the use of the hyphen in this article. Caeruleancentaur (talk) 16:15, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Similar plants that cause a dermal reaction.
I was suffering greatly until I found a small blurb somewhere on Wikipedia that mentioned that Mangos should not be eaten when allergic to Poison Oak. This saved me and this information should be included here. I have since learned that unroasted cashews also contain a similar acid to poison oak. SChalice 18:13, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I've added the mango rind note with two references. Per the NYT source, cashew shells also contain the toxin, but don't pose a danger because of how they are treated--either roasted or steamed. Barte (talk) 19:50, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

Most people are allergic comment
There was a revert (which I agreed needed to be reverted) that mentioned that most people are allergic to poison oak. It was not referenced or cited so it got reverted. The comment was in fact true according to the American Skin web site which may or may not be a legitimate source. :)
 * Poison Ivy, Sumac and Oak. About 85 percent of the population is allergic to poison ivy, poison sumac or poison oak, and about 10 to 15 percent are extremely allergic. This is the most common allergic reaction in the U.S., and affects as many as 50 million Americans each year.

However I see another University at Illinois comment which also suggests 85% is correct:
 * Sensitivity develops after the first direct skin contact with urushiol oil. An allergic reaction seldom occurs on the first exposure. A second encounter can produce a reaction which may be severe. About 85 percent of all people will develop an allergic reaction when adequately exposed to poison ivy. This sensitivity varies from person to person. People who reach adulthood without becoming sensitive have only a 50 percent chance of developing an allergy to poison ivy. However, only about 15 percent of people seem to be resistant.

So I'm curious about whether a sentence should be added to the extant article covering the percentage of expected populace which are immune from the effects of contact and which are not. Damotclese (talk) 16:00, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I was the one who reverted it due to lack of a source. But the 85% figure seems solid--I think we should add it with one or more sources. Barte (talk) 22:15, 18 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it seems like a good idea to have it, and yeah, without source it's not good. :) Also there are specific genetic phenotypical humans who appear to have a racism immunity. Damotclese (talk) 16:10, 19 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Looking this over, the article already says Toxicodendron diversilobum leaves and twigs have a surface oil, urushiol, which causes an allergic reaction.[2] It causes contact dermatitis – an immune-mediated skin inflammation – in four-fifths of humans.[10][11] However, most, if not all, will become sensitized over time with repeated or more concentrated exposure to urushiol. Is there anything else to add? Barte (talk) 17:25, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Toxicodendron diversilobum


text:
WEYI-TV

WEYI-TV (channel 25) is a television station licensed to Saginaw, Michigan, United States, serving the Great Lakes Bay Region of Central Michigan as an affiliate of NBC. Owned by Howard Stirk Holdings, WEYI-TV is operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group via a shared services agreement (SSA) alongside Flint–licensed Fox affiliate WSMH (channel 66), owned by Sinclair, and Bay City–licensed CW affiliate WBSF (channel 46), owned by Cunningham Broadcasting and operated by Sinclair under a separate SSA. The three stations share studios on West Pierson Road in Mount Morris Township (with a Flint mailing address); WEYI-TV's transmitter is located in Vienna Township along the Genesee–Saginaw county line.

WEYI-TV is the oldest station in the Flint–Saginaw area. It began broadcasting on May 4, 1953, as WKNX-TV on channel 57. Owned by the Lake Huron Broadcasting Corporation and affiliated with CBS, the small local station did not provide primary service to the Flint area for its first two decades of operation. The station moved to the lower channel 25 in 1965. It was purchased in 1972 by the broadcasting division of the Rust Craft Greeting Card Company; Rust Craft changed the call letters to WEYI-TV and built a new studio and high-power transmitter facility near Clio, significantly improving the station's coverage. Rust Craft was purchased by Ziff-Davis in 1979, followed by a leveraged buyout of most of the Ziff-Davis station group in 1982 that formed Television Station Partners. However, by this point, the station was an entrenched distant third in local news ratings; by 1989, the station only had one regular daily newscast.

In 1994, WEYI aggressively relaunched and expanded its news operation, including additional newscasts and the doubling of the news team. In an unrelated move, the station switched affiliations to NBC from CBS in January 1995 after that network signed an agreement with previous NBC affiliate WNEM-TV. Channel 25 was sold four times in eight years from 1996 to 2004; during this time, the news department continued to expand. Under Barrington Broadcasting ownership, the station launched WBSF, originally as a cable- and digital-only service and later as a standalone station to bring The WB and The CW to the market.

Howard Stirk Holdings acquired WEYI in 2013 as part of the purchase of Barrington by Sinclair Broadcast Group, with which Howard Stirk stations contract for services and management. In 2023, layoffs at Sinclair led to the downsizing of the newsroom, which now only produces newscasts on weekday evenings.

Early years
In August 1952, the Lake Huron Broadcasting Corporation, owner of radio station WKNX (1210 AM), applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build a television station on ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 57 in Saginaw. With no other applications for the channel, the FCC granted the permit on October 1, 1952.

Construction moved quickly. Work was underway in early 1953, though a plan to start in March was stymied by delays in receiving equipment. Lake Huron Broadcasting built a 500 ft tower at a studio and transmitter site in Bridgeport Township, from which WKNX radio was already broadcast. The station broadcast its first test pattern on April 5; though it had not announced it had started, phone calls reporting reception were fielded from various areas in Mid-Michigan. The station began regular programming on May 4, 1953, with all four networks—CBS, NBC, ABC, and the DuMont Television Network—represented on the lineup. The station increased its effective radiated power to 207,000 watts in 1954, which came as part of an expansion of the television studios in Bridgeport Township. Among its local programs was a local version of the Romper Room children's franchise with "Miss Carol" J. Hermance Kennedy as the host; Miss Carol started as host in 1956.

As a UHF station, the possibility of a new station in the stronger very high frequency (VHF) band presented the possibility of financial ruin for WKNX-TV. In 1954, the FCC granted a construction permit for Flint's VHF channel 12 to Detroit radio station WJR, but this was challenged at the FCC and in the courts. Lake Huron Broadcasting emerged as one of the most vocal opponents of the proposed WJRT-TV. In 1955, it filed with the FCC, charging that WJRT had chosen a transmitter site expressly to take away its CBS affiliation. The next year, it asked the FCC to designate channel 12 as belonging to the entire Flint–Saginaw–Bay City area so it could apply to move WKNX-TV there, later simply applying for Flint's channel 12 itself. However, the grant of channel 12 to WJRT was reaffirmed in April 1958. Even though WJR in Detroit was a CBS affiliate, WJRT ultimately signed with ABC, which had been a secondary affiliation for WKNX-TV.

Lake Huron Broadcasting filed in 1963 to switch channel 57 with channel 25, which had been assigned to Midland. Two years later, a supplement to an FCC order stipulated that WKNX-TV move from channel 57 to channel 25. The station changed channels to 25 on September 14, 1965; however, even after a power boost to 302,000 watts in 1969, Flint remained outside of its grade-A reception area. In 1969, WKNX-TV and WJIM-TV in Lansing filed a $7 million antitrust lawsuit against the American Research Bureau (ARB), a ratings service, and WNEM-TV and WJRT-TV. They claimed that ARB had entered into an agreement with the two stations under which it would not publish separate ratings studies for the Flint and Saginaw–Bay City areas, only on a combined basis. This hurt the two stations because WKNX-TV only served Saginaw and Bay City, while WJIM-TV served Flint in addition to Lansing.

Rust Craft, Ziff-Davis, and Television Station Partners ownership
In 1971, Lake Huron Broadcasting sold WKNX-TV to Rust Craft Broadcasting Corporation, a division of the Rust Craft Greeting Card Company that owned five other TV stations, for $1.6 million. The deal was induced by an impending proposed FCC policy that would have barred cross-ownership of AM radio stations like WKNX with television stations in the same markets; Lake Huron wished to "effectuate" the policy by making the sale.

Rust Craft moved quickly to improve the station's facilities, announcing plans for extensive improvements along with its acquisition. With the separation from WKNX radio, channel 25 changed its call sign to WEYI-TV on June 11, 1972. That month, construction began on a new studio near Clio in Vienna Township. The studio would be located alongside a new transmitter facility with an effective radiated power of 4 million watts, a 13-fold power increase. The new transmitter allowed the Flint–Tri-Cities market to be fully realized; it gave channel 25 primary coverage of Flint as well as Saginaw, Bay City and Midland. It also brought CBS programming to some areas of the market unable to receive Lansing's WJIM-TV or Detroit's WJBK-TV, which had previously been the default CBS affiliates in Flint. The upgrade made WEYI-TV among the most powerful UHF stations in the country, broadcasting from the tallest structure in Michigan. Rust Craft maintained a small studio in Saginaw, where the station was still licensed. Along with the technical facelift came a significant investment in channel 25's news infrastructure, which had been relatively modest under Lake Huron's stewardship. Soon after taking over, Rust Craft sought to change this by hiring Dick Fabian, who had worked as a disc jockey at WKNX radio and a part-time reporter for channel 25, as the station's first full-time anchorman.

The new transmitter facility was activated on December 10, 1972. Studio operation did not move to Clio until January 1973 because of disputes among labor unions involved in the construction work. Rust Craft soon found it did not need all that power. For 46 days in 1976, WEYI-TV operated at half power due to a technical fault; having received no comments from viewers then or during a January 1977 incident when utility Consumers Energy instructed major electricity consumers to reduce their energy usage, the station applied for permanent authority to reduce its power, conserving 153,000 kilowatt-hours of energy a month.

In June 1977, the Ziff Corporation, parent of magazine publisher Ziff-Davis, made a bid for Rust Craft, primarily seeking its six television stations. Ziff-Davis had previously hired I. Martin Pompadur, a former ABC executive, as part of the company's plan to acquire television stations. The Rust Craft board approved of the sale that September for a total price of approximately $69 million, but booming prices for broadcast properties and an objection by two Rust Craft directors and shareholders, seeking more money, caused the deal to be delayed and its price to continue to balloon. The original bid had been $25 a share; the board approved at $26.50 a share. By October 1978, Ziff was offering $33.50 per share. The final sales price of $33.75 a share, or $89 million in total, was approved in February 1979; the transaction already had federal approval, so the new owners were able to take over the next month. However, Ziff decided in 1981 to put the stations on the market, having already sold off the Rust Craft radio stations and its greeting card businesses, and focus on its publishing businesses. After having sold WRCB-TV in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and WJKS-TV in Jacksonville, Florida, Ziff then sold the remaining four outlets—WEYI; WRDW-TV in Augusta, Georgia; WROC-TV in Rochester, New York; and WTOV-TV in Steubenville, Ohio—to a group of investors led by Pompadur in a $56.2 million leveraged buyout. The new ownership was known as Television Station Partners.

After briefly being represented by NABET, station workers voted in 1988 to unionize under the banner of the United Auto Workers. It was the first time the UAW organized at a television station. A 46-day strike culminated with workers approving an agreement in August. That same year, Television Station Partners put its stations on the market; none of the offers were satisfactory to the owners, and in January 1989, the company announced its stations were no longer for sale.

Even after the substantial power increase gave it a coverage area comparable to those of WNEM-TV and WJRT-TV, WEYI-TV remained stubbornly in third place for local news. In 1983, it moved its lone local newscast from 6 p.m. to 11 p.m. in hopes of using CBS prime time programming as a lead-in. Instead, ratings at 11 p.m. declined; six percent of viewers watched WEYI at 11, compared to 39 percent tuning to WNEM-TV and 32 percent watching WJRT-TV. By 1987, the station had reinstated an early newscast at 5:30 p.m. and a noon newscast, but the evening news shows attracted just three percent of the market's viewers, a small fraction of the viewership for the competing WNEM and WJRT offerings. The 11 p.m. news was dropped in 1989 due to continued low ratings; while management at the time stated a desire to restore late news within six to eight months, this never came to pass, and it was newsworthy when the station aired a late newscast for one week in August 1992 to cover the Buick Open and local elections.

New newscasts, new affiliation, new ownership
In January 1994, under general manager Eric Land, WEYI made a major reinvestment in its news product. Rebranded Eyewitness News, the station more than doubled its news staff, reinstated a full-length late news program, and began hourly news updates. The revamp was considerable for the station; Doug Pullen, the media columnist for The Flint Journal, noted that viewers "may be inclined to scoff" at the news and that several of his friends laughed when told of the changes.

In June 1994, as part of a deal with WNEM-TV owner Meredith Corporation instigated by a larger realignment of network television affiliations, CBS announced it would move its affiliation to the stronger WNEM-TV. NBC was rumored to be wooing WJRT, likely leaving WEYI with ABC, but Capital Cities/ABC moved to buy WJRT and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio, in October. More or less by default, NBC signed an affiliation agreement with WEYI in November. NBC programming moved from WNEM-TV on January 16, 1995.

The NBC affiliation switch provided enough of a lift in ratings that it attracted a buyer: Smith Broadcasting Group, which purchased WEYI-TV and two other stations for $63.5 million in 1995. For company president Bob Smith, a native of Bloomfield Hills, it was the first station he had owned in his home state. Smith put WEYI and other stations up for sale in 1996, only to sell it to a new joint venture of Smith and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, a private equity firm that also held an increased involvement in radio station ownership. This company became known as Sunrise Television Corporation.

WEYI began broadcasting programming from The WB in overnight hours in 1999, after Superstation WGN ceased airing the network's shows nationally; this ended in 2001.

In 2000, WEYI debuted its first morning newscast, a half-hour program. After constructing a 4480 ft2 extension to its newsroom to provide adequate space for its increased staff, the station expanded the newscast from 30 minutes to an hour in May 2001. This was followed by noon and 5:30 p.m. broadcasts in 2002.

LIN and Barrington ownership; launch of WBSF
In January 2002, Sunrise and LIN TV—another Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst–backed company—agreed that LIN would take over WEYI-TV under a local marketing agreement. In March, Sunrise sold the station and five others to LIN, with FCC approval granted in April 2002. LIN agreed to sell WEYI-TV for $24 million to Barrington Broadcasting in January 2004; the sale became official in May 2004. It was the first broadcast acquisition for Barrington, a company based in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, that managed eight stations. Barrington immediately shook up local management; all of the employees had to reapply for their jobs though all but five were retained. It also made improvements to the station's cable and over-the-air signal, which was inferior to that of Detroit NBC affiliate WDIV-TV on Comcast's Flint cable system. In January 2005, acting on a petition by WEYI-TV, the FCC ordered Comcast to block network programs broadcast by WDIV-TV to protect WEYI-TV. A year later, in September 2006, WDIV-TV was removed outright to make way for the new MyNetworkTV subchannel of WNEM-TV.

In 2004, three years after WEYI ended its secondary WB affiliation, Barrington Broadcasting acquired a channel 46 construction permit from ACME Communications and the rights to WB programming in the Flint–Saginaw–Bay City market, immediately launching a WB affiliate as a subchannel of its digital signal (launched on May 5, 2003 ) and on cable. The service was originally known as WBBC but changed to WBSF in May 2005. Two years passed before channel 46 itself began broadcasting as WBSF in September 2006, in time for the merger of The WB and UPN into The CW. The WEYI subchannel also aired most of the Detroit Pistons games carried by WDWB in Detroit; unlike WKBD-TV, the previous rightsholder, WDWB was not available on cable in Flint or Saginaw.

WEYI-TV ended regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 25, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 30, using virtual channel 25. The signal remained on channel 30 until 2019, when it moved to channel 18 as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction. As part of the SAFER Act, WEYI-TV kept its analog signal on the air until June 26 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

Sale to Howard Stirk Holdings and Sinclair management
On February 28, 2013, Barrington announced that it would sell its entire group, including WEYI and WBSF, to Sinclair Broadcast Group. However, due to FCC duopoly regulations, since Sinclair already owns Fox affiliate WSMH, Sinclair transferred the license assets of WEYI to Howard Stirk Holdings (owned by founder and CEO of communications firm The Graham Williams Group, political commentator Armstrong Williams, whose Sunday morning talk show The Right Side is carried by WEYI) and of WBSF to Cunningham Broadcasting (WSMH took over the operations of both WEYI and WBSF through local marketing agreements when the deal was completed). The sale was completed on November 25.

Effective April 27, 2015, WEYI took over duties of producing the 10 p.m. newscast for sister Sinclair station WSMH, Fox66 News at 10. For nearly ten years prior to that date, WNEM-TV had produced WSMH's evening newscast as part of a local agreement with WSMH. The move led to the addition of 18 new news staffers. In 2016, Sinclair announced that the UAW had ceased representing nearly 30 WEYI-TV employees.

Sinclair announced numerous layoffs at WEYI–WSMH in March 2023, which led to a major cut in news production from the stations. The morning, 5 p.m., and weekend evening newscasts were discontinued, leaving the station to broadcast newscasts at 6 and 11 p.m.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Jim Brandstatter – sportscaster (1972–1975; later radio play-by-play announcer for Michigan Wolverines football)
 * Joe Pagliarulo – anchor, known as Joe Parker at WEYI-TV, now a conservative radio personality known as "Joe Pags"
 * Shaun Robinson – anchor (1989)
 * Ginger Zee – meteorologist (now ABC News/Good Morning America chief meteorologist)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed, including the ATSC 1.0 feed of WBSF, the Flint market's ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) station: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WEYI-TV


text:
Trubchevsk

Trubchevsk (Трубче́вск, Trubczewsk) is a town and the administrative center of Trubchevsky District in Bryansk Oblast, Russia, located about 95 km south of the city of Bryansk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:

History
An old Severian town, Trubchevsk was first mentioned as Trubetsk in East Slavic manuscripts describing the events of 1164 and 1183, although the locally 975 is regarded as the year of its foundation. At that early period, it was variously called Trubech (Трубечь), Trubetsk (Трубецк), Trubchesk (Трубческ), or Trubezhsk (Трубежск).

The town is referred to in the great Old Russian poem, The Tale of Igor's Campaign. This poem calls for the princes of the various Slavic lands to join forces in resisting the invasions of the nomadic Cuman people. The poem also glorified the courage of the army of Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, the ruler of Kursk and Trubchevsk.

Originally a minor center of Severia, Trubchevsk had its own princes sporadically throughout the Middle Ages, in 1164–1196, 1202–1211, 1212–1240, 1378–1399, and finally in 1462–1503. From 1379, it was part of Lithuania. As of 1402, it was held by Duke Švitrigaila. In 1503, the town passed from Lithuania (by then within the Polish–Lithuanian union) to Muscovy. The last dynasty eventually settled in Moscow, where they became known as Princes Trubetskoy. In 1609, it was recaptured by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, within which it was administratively part of the Smolensk Voivodeship. In Polish it was known as Trubczewsk and Trubeck, and its Latinized name was Trubeckum. In 1644, it passed to Russia. In 1663 and 1667 it was besieged by the Poles and Tatars.

In 1873, the town had a population of 5,451. In the late 19th century, its inhabitants were mostly employed in flax processing and spinning, crafts, shipbuilding and trade. Three annual fairs and two weekly markets were held.

During World War II, Trubchevsk was occupied by the German Army from October 9, 1941 to September 18, 1943. Prior to the war, about 137 Jews lived in Trubchevsk. Most of the Jews were craftsmen, including cobblers and carpenters. By the time of the German occupation, more than half of the Jews fled or evacuated. The Jews from the Trubchevsk district were gathered in a Klub for 3 days and shot afterwards at the edge of the village. Their bodies were burnt. In total, according to the Soviet archives, 751 Soviet citizens perished due to bad treatment or as a result of shooting in the entire Trubchevsk district. Aside from Jews, mentally ill children and adults were exterminated as well. The Germans also operated a Nazi prison in the town.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Trubchevsk serves as the administrative center of Trubchevsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Trubchevsky District as Trubchevsky Urban Administrative Okrug. As a municipal division, Trubchevsky Urban Administrative Okrug is incorporated within Trubchevsky Municipal District as Trubchevskoye Urban Settlement.

Architecture
There are very few notable buildings in the town. The main landmark is the 19th-century Trinity Cathedral, which incorporates some parts from its 16th-century predecessor.

title: Trubchevsk


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Marie-Christine Koundja

Marie-Christine Koundja (born 30 March 1957) is a Chadian writer and diplomat, who has worked in various departments, ministries and embassies of her country. The first published female Chadian author, she has written two novels: Al-Istifakh, ou, L'idylle de mes amis (2001) and Kam-Ndjaha, la dévoreuse (2009).

Biography
Koundja was born in the eastern Chad town of Iriba in 1957. After secondary school, she studied law for one year at the University of N'Djamena, interrupting her studies to enrol in secretarial school in Yaoundé, Cameroon. She worked for several Chadian state agencies in Cameroon, including the civil service, and was later named the minister of Foreign Affairs at the embassy of Chad.

When her first book, Al-Istifakh ou l'idylle de mes amis, was released in Yaoundé in 2001 (Editions Clé), Koundja became the first female published author in Chad's history. The novel is the story of two young people who decide to marry despite their parents withholding consent because of their tribal and religious differences. The novel ends positively, with the couple living happily in France and Koundja uses their marriage to symbolize the social issues plaguing Chadian society since 1979, and to advocate a culture of forgiveness.

Koundja later became First Secretary at the Chadian Embassy in Abuja, Nigeria. Her second novel, Kam-Ndjaha, la dévoreuse, was published in 2009 (Paris: Éditions Menaibuc). The book deals with themes of poverty, infidelity, and friendship.

Koundja is the mother of four children.

Works

 * Al-Istifakh ou l'idylle de mes amis ("Al-Istifakh, or the Romance of my Friends"), Yaoundé: Editions Clé, 2001 (146pp.). ISBN 2-7235-0129-9. Preface by Pascal Charlemagne Messanga Nyamding.
 * Kam-Ndjaha, la dévoreuse, Paris: Éditions Menaibuc, 2009. ISBN 9782353490820

title: Marie-Christine Koundja


text:
Hudson's Bay High School

Hudson's Bay High School is a public high school in the Central Park area of Vancouver, Washington, and is part of Vancouver Public Schools. It was founded in 1955 and was named after the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), as Fort Vancouver had been chosen, in 1821, as the HBC base of operations on the Pacific Slope. Hudson's Bay is known for having two strong magnet programs, as well as a children's day care and district-wide mothers' transportation program. It is located across from Clark College, where many Bay students participate in the Running Start program.

Magnet Programs
Hudson's Bay offers two magnet programs—Careers in Education, and Habitat and Civil Engineering.

Careers in Education
The Careers in Education magnet program prepares students for future careers in the fields of child development, family psychology, teaching, and instructional theory. Students take courses focused on these topics, and apply their learning through direct interaction with infants and children.

Habitat and Civil Engineering
The Habitat and Civil Engineering magnet is a four-year program that offers in-depth education to those students planning careers in urban horticulture, landscaping, ecology, Urban planning, Civil engineering, and Architecture. Students apply their learning working in Hudson Bay's horticulture center, nursery, and science park, and through internships and work experience.

Sports
Hudson's Bay is a member of the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association (WIAA) and participates in the Greater St. Helens 2A league.

State championships

 * Boys Basketball: 1964
 * Boys Tennis: 2003
 * Boys Track: 1961
 * Girls Tennis: 1971

Notable alumni

 * Chantelle Anderson— former WNBA player.
 * Kerry Brady— former NFL player
 * Charissa Chamorro—actress
 * Tina Ellertson— former defender on the United States Women's National Soccer Team
 * Chris Gissell, former MLB player (Colorado Rockies)
 * Robert F. Jeaudoin, professional wrestler under the ring name Bobby Jaggers
 * C. S. Lee — actor
 * David Wood—former NBA player
 * Nadine Woodward, journalist and Mayor of Spokane, Washington
 * Terry Stewart, AHDRA (All Harley Drag Racing Association) Pro Dragster Category 3 time National Champion Nitro Harley Dragster bike racer, AMA (American Motorcycle Association) National Land Speed Bonneville Salt Flats record Holder APS-PF1350

title: Hudson's Bay High School


text:
Todd Barry

Todd Barry (born March 26, 1964) is an American actor and stand-up comedian, best known for his deadpan comedy.

Life and career
Barry was born in The Bronx, New York, and grew up in Florida. He graduated from the University of Florida with a degree in English in 1986. Before starting in stand-up comedy, he was a drummer in the indie rock band The Chant from 1984 to 1985. In 1999, his Comedy Central Presents aired. He wrote, directed and starred in the short film Borrowing Saffron (2002), co-starring H. Jon Benjamin. He has made guest appearances on shows like Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, Home Movies, Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Wonder Showzen, Tom Goes to the Mayor, and Aqua Teen Hunger Force. He also voices a recurring character on Squidbillies. In 2004, he was featured in the animated series Shorties Watchin' Shorties.

He made 16 appearances on Dr. Katz—in the first two, as himself; then as the recurring character of Todd, a video store clerk, in most of its final season episodes. He also played a character in the television pilot Saddle Rash along with Sarah Silverman, H. Jon Benjamin and Mitch Hedberg. In "The Third Conchord", the twelfth and final episode of the first season of Flight of the Conchords, Barry played Todd, a bongo-playing megalomaniac, who tries to introduce the song "Doggy Bounce" to the Conchords' repertoire, and a new band name: The Crazy Dogggz.

In 2010, Barry had a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself in the second season of the live-action Adult Swim series Delocated, where he played a frequent associate of the Russian mafia characters, casually playing card games with them in their club. He had a recurring role as himself in FX's Louie.

Barry recorded the album Super Crazy on Comedy Central Records in 2012. In 2014, he was featured wearing shorts on Season 3, Episode 4 of Jerry Seinfeld's web show Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.

Discography

 * Medium Energy (2001)
 * Falling off the Bone (2004)
 * From Heaven (2008)
 * Super Crazy (2012)
 * The Crowd Work Tour (2014)

Films

 * Who's the Caboose? (1997) – Football Player
 * Tomorrow Night (1998) – Man Caught in Rain (Director: Louis CK, 1998 Sundance selection)
 * Los Enchiladas! (1999) – Duane (Director: Mitch Hedberg, 1999 Sundance selection)
 * Road Trip (2000) – Campus Security Guard 1
 * Pootie Tang (2001) – Greasy
 * Borrowing Saffron (2002) – George (Director: Todd Barry, Woodstock Film Festival selection)
 * Beer League (2006) – Creepy Guy Down the Shore
 * The Wrestler (2008) – Wayne
 * Pete Smalls Is Dead (2010) – Bob Withers
 * Vamps (2012) – Ivan
 * Wanderlust (2012) – Sherm
 * The Crowd Work Tour (2014) – Himself
 * Spicy Honey (2017) – Himself
 * Domestic Shorthair (2023) – Himself

Television

 * Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Romulox (three episodes)
 * Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist – Himself
 * At Home with Amy Sedaris – Handley
 * Bored to Death – Dale Woodley
 * Flight of the Conchords – Todd
 * Wonder Showzen – Barold T. Mosley
 * Sesame Street – #7
 * Lucky Louie – Todd
 * Talkshow with Spike Feresten – Himself-guest
 * Chappelle's Show – Paul
 * The Larry Sanders Show – Keith
 * Spin City – Doug
 * Sex and the City – Ordinary Guy
 * Contest Searchlight – himself
 * Tough Crowd With Colin Quinn – regular panelist
 * Tom Goes to the Mayor – Saul
 * Space Ghost Coast to Coast – Himself-guest ("Eat a Peach" episode)
 * Home Movies – Video Store Clerk
 * Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil – Ethan
 * The Sarah Silverman Program – Nathan
 * Louie – Fictional Version of Himself (eleven episodes)
 * Delocated – Himself
 * Bob's Burgers – Moo-Lissa, Joel
 * Deadbeat – Daniel L. Turner
 * Master of None – Todd

Books
In April 2013, Barry started his own eponymous podcast, The Todd Barry Podcast.
 * Thank You for Coming to Hattiesburg (2017)

title: Todd Barry


text:
Quebec Sign Language

Quebec Sign Language (Langue des signes québécoise or du Québec, LSQ) is the predominant sign language of deaf communities used in francophone Canada, primarily in Quebec. Although named Quebec sign, LSQ can be found within communities in Ontario and New Brunswick as well as certain other regions across Canada. Being a member of the French Sign Language family, it is most closely related to French Sign Language (LSF), being a result of mixing between American Sign Language (ASL) and LSF. As LSQ can be found near and within francophone communities, there is a high level of borrowing of words and phrases from French, but it is far from creating a creole language. However, alongside LSQ, signed French and Pidgin LSQ French exist, where both mix LSQ and French more heavily to varying degrees.

LSQ was developed around 1850 by certain religious communities to help teach children and adolescents in Quebec from a situation of language contact. Since then, after a period of forced oralism, LSQ has become a strong language amongst Deaf communities within Quebec and across Canada. However, due to the glossing of LSQ in French and a lack of curriculum within hearing primary and secondary education, there still exist large misconceptions amongst hearing communities about the nature of LSQ and sign languages as a whole, which negatively impacts policy making on a larger scale.

History
In the mid-1800s, Catholic priests took the existing LSF and ASL and combined the two to promote education of deaf children and adolescents. Several decades later, under the influence of Western thought, oralism became the primary mode of instruction in Quebec and the rest of North America. There, students were subjected to environments that discouraged and often outright banned LSQ use, instead promoting the use of whatever residual hearing the student had if any. Such an approach had varying effects where audism lead to lower literacy rates as well as lower rates of language acquisition seen in children sent to residential schools at an early age.

Around the 1960s, several schools for the Deaf were established in Montreal in response to the failed audistic education: Montreal Institute for the Deaf and Mute, Institution des Sourdes-Muettes, Institut des Sourds de Charlesbourg, none of which exist any longer. However, the MacKay School for the Deaf has existed since 1869 serving the anglophone and ASL-speaking communities in Montreal. Since the 1960s, there has been a growing population of LSQ speakers in Quebec and spreading across Canada. Due to the close nature of French and LSQ, Deaf members of francophone communities tend to learn LSQ even though ASL tends to be the majority language around those communities. In 2007, Ontario passed legislation making it the only region in Canada that recognized LSQ in any capacity, noting that "The Government of Ontario shall ensure that [ASL, LSQ and First Nations Sign Language] may be used in the courts, in education and in the Legislative Assembly.". In 2019, Canada passed federal legislature which recognized ASL, LSQ, and Indigenous sign languages as the primary languages for communication by deaf persons in Canada." This new legislature established the requirement of all federal information and services to be available in these languages.

There have been calls to modify Quebec's Charter of the French Language to include provisions for LSQ. However, all bills have been rejected for one reason or another leaving the status of LSQ up in the air for Quebec and the rest of Canada.

Official status
LSQ is recognized as an official language in Ontario only in domains of education, legislation and judicial activities after the passing of Bill 213 within the Ontario Legislative Assembly. Across the rest of Canada, there is no protection or oversight for the language as neither federal, provincial nor territorial governments recognize LSQ as a language other than Ontario.

In Quebec in 2002 following the passing of Bill 104, recommendations presented to Commission of the Estates-General were rejected. In 2013, the Québec Cultural Society for the Deaf presented additional recommendations during discussions on the update of Bill 14 which would ultimately modify the Charter of the French Language. Three recommendations were proposed modifying the Charter such that LSQ is recognized along the same lines as done for the language and culture of North American Aboriginal Peoples and the Inuit of Quebec. The first was noting that LSQ is the primary language of communication for Deaf Quebecois, the second that deaf youths be taught bilingually (French/LSQ) in all cadres of education and the third that French be rendered accessible to all d/Deaf people within the province. Bill 14 was never voted on by the National Assembly due to the minority party being unable to amass enough support from other parties.

Population
The population of any sign-language-speaking community is difficult to ascertain due to a variety of factors, namely imprecise census data and lack of connection with the communities themselves. The same is true in Canada with LSQ speakers where census data through StatsCan captures basic information that renders comprehension of the situation difficult as the numbers do not accurately portray the language population. StatsCan reports as of 2011 just 455 speakers of LSQ, however it is estimated that 2.6% (or 5,030 people) of Quebec’s population possessed hearing deficiency.

Geographic distribution
LSQ is used primarily within Quebec. Outside, the largest communities of LSQ users are in Sudbury, Ottawa and Toronto with smaller notable communities in parts of New Brunswick. Additionally, LSQ can be found in francophone communities across the country, but no real data has been collected on hard numbers.

In Montreal, LSQ is displaced in certain areas by ASL where it co-habitates. Generally, ASL can be found in anglophone communities, however it is not uncommon to meet people bilingual in ASL and LSQ in much the same way one would meet a bilingual English-French person. While ASL is growing within Montreal, LSQ is still a strong language in the city, supported by speakers from across the province.

title: Quebec Sign Language


text:
Snow Camp, North Carolina

Snow Camp is an unincorporated community in Alamance County, North Carolina, United States.

History
The origin of the name of the community is disputed, but the most commonly accepted story as to how the name came about was that before the American Revolution a group of hunters from Pennsylvania camped there during a snowfall. The lesser accepted story is that General Cornwallis camped there during a snowfall around the time of the Battle of Guilford Court House.

Though quite small, Snow Camp is historically significant. Herman Husband, a leader in the Regulator Movement lived here. The Regulator Movement culminated in the Battle of Alamance prior to the Revolutionary War. During the Revolutionary War, battles were fought nearby at Lindley's Mill, Clapp's Mill, and at Pyle’s Defeat.

Snow Camp was also a site of early Quaker settlement in North Carolina, as Friends from Pennsylvania migrated to the Cane Creek valley in the mid-1700s and established the Spring Meeting at Snow Camp; several historic buildings clustered around the spring remain from that settlement.

The Hiram Braxton House, Friends Spring Meeting House, Camilus McBane House, and Snow Camp Mutual Telephone Exchange Building are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Notable person

 * Joseph M. Dixon, Representative, Senator, and the seventh Governor of Montana

title: Snow Camp, North Carolina


text:
Auguste Bravais

Auguste Bravais (23 August 1811, Annonay, Ardèche – 30 March 1863, Le Chesnay, France) was a French physicist known for his work in crystallography, the conception of Bravais lattices, and the formulation of Bravais law. Bravais also studied magnetism, the northern lights, meteorology, geobotany, phyllotaxis, astronomy, statistics and hydrography.

He studied at the Collège Stanislas in Paris before joining the École Polytechnique in 1829, where he was a classmate of groundbreaking mathematician Évariste Galois, whom Bravais actually beat in a scholastic mathematics competition. Towards the end of his studies he became a naval officer, and sailed on the Finistere in 1832 as well as the Loiret afterwards. He took part in hydrographic work along the Algerian Coast. He participated in the Recherche expedition and helped the Lilloise in Spitzbergen and Lapland.

Bravais taught a course in applied mathematics for astronomy in the Faculty of Sciences in Lyon, starting in 1840. He succeeded Victor Le Chevalier in the Chair of Physics at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1845 until 1856 when he was replaced by Henri Hureau de Sénarmont. In 1844 he published a paper on the statistical concept of correlation, and arrived at a definition of the correlation coefficient before Karl Pearson. He is, however, best remembered for his work on Bravais lattices, particularly his 1848 discovery that there are 14 unique lattices in three-dimensional crystalline systems, correcting the previous scheme, with 15 lattices, conceived by Frankenheim three years before. Bravais published a memoir about crystallography in 1847. A co-founder of the Société météorologique de France, he joined the French Academy of Sciences in 1854. Bravais also worked on the theory of observational errors, a field in which he is especially known for his 1846 paper "Mathematical analysis on the probability of errors of a point".

The mountain Bravaisberget, in Svalbard, is named after Bravais.

title: Auguste Bravais


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Computerized maintenance management system

A computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) is any software package that maintains a computer database of information about an organization's maintenance operations. This information is intended to help maintenance workers do their jobs more effectively (for example, determining which machines require maintenance and which storerooms contain the spare parts they need) and to help management make informed decisions (for example, calculating the cost of machine breakdown repair versus preventive maintenance for each machine, possibly leading to better allocation of resources).

CMMS data may also be used to verify regulatory compliance. To properly control the maintenance of a facility, information is required to analyze what is occurring. Manually, this requires a tremendous amount of effort and time. A CMMS also allows for record keeping, to track completed and assigned tasks in a timely and cost-effective manner.


text:
Austin A40 Devon

 * See Austin A40 for other A40 models and Austin A40 Sports for the sports car version of the Devon.

The A40 Devon (and similar 2-door A40 Dorset) are automobiles that were marketed by Austin from 1947 to 1952 – the first post-war saloons to be produced by Austin –  featuring a mix of old and new technologies. They were previewed by the UK press at the Paris Motor Show on 22 October 1947, who expressed immediate disappointment at the car's conservative appearance. More than 450,000 were built before the model's replacement in 1952 by the Austin A40 Somerset.

Mechanicals and bodystyles
Both the Devon and Dorset were body-on-frame designs with modern bodies and a 1.2 L straight-4 OHV engine producing 40 bhp at 4200 rpm. They featured front coil sprung independent suspension but retained a rigid axle and semi-elliptic leaf springs at the rear. The Girling brakes with 9 in drums were operated hydraulically at the front and mechanically at the rear. Later cars had column operated gear change and full hydraulic braking. A sliding sunroof and heater were extra cost options on the UK market.

The Devon was the 4-door version and was more successful than the 2-door Dorset, which was dropped in 1949 after only 15,939 were made.

The "Countryman" estate was produced through 1956. Equipped as a six-seater, its folding rear seat enabled it to be converted into a two-seater able to carry a half-ton load. A van and pickup truck were also produced.

The Devon was the first post-war-designed Austin to be assembled in New Zealand. It was produced from CKD kits at the Austin Distributors Federation assembly plant in Petone. Some examples are still on the road. (there is an A40 Devon operating and registered in Hamilton as of 2019).

A prototype A40 Dorset Tourer was built at Longbridge in 1948. Although it was never put into production in England, various versions of the A40 Tourer were made in Australia beginning in September 1948.

Performance and driving impressions
A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1948 had a top speed of 70 mph and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 37.2 seconds. A fuel consumption of 34.1 mpgimp was recorded. The test car, which had the optional sliding roof, cost £505 including taxes. Commentators also commended the "excellent (floor lever controlled four speed) gear change" (on the early models) with smooth clutch action. The brakes, however, needed "fairly firm pedal pressure ... for maximum results".

Commercial
The car sold well, boosting Austin's standing in the sales charts in the process. Its success was attributed to the fact that it offered a lot of car for the money.

Austin A40 Sports
As one in a series of collaborations between Austin and Jensen Motors of West Bromwich, the A40 Sports originated when Austin's chairman Leonard Lord, upon seeing the Jensen Interceptor, requested that Jensen develop a body that could use the Austin A40 Devon mechanicals. The centre section of the chassis was boxed to provide rigidity for the open body, and the A40 Sports also employed a twin-SU carburettor version of the 1.2 L engine producing 46 bhp, rather than 42 bhp. During production, A40 Sports bodies were built by Jensen and transported to Austin's Longbridge plant for final assembly, with approximately 4,011 examples manufactured.

title: Austin A40 Devon


text: File:Parable - Punch magazine - Project Gutenberg eText 15605.png


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Marzeah Papyrus

The Marzeah Papyrus is an inscribed strip of papyrus that is claimed to be the oldest known Hebrew manuscript in the world, allegedly from the 7th century BCE. The document appeared in the antiquities market in 1990. As of 2018, the Marzeah Papyrus is generally thought of as a forgery.

title: Marzeah Papyrus


text:
User talk:SanguineSustenance

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title: User talk:SanguineSustenance


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Talk:PEGI

Head Section
How much does it cost to get a PEGI rating ?

 * Anywhere from €250 - €3000, depending on the title type and distribution type. Some titles can be rated as "PEGI OK" for no charge, but there are restrictions to which titles qualify.

FTM:XYXX (Project Rub) under sex/nudity?
As far as i know, the game does not feature sexual themes or nudity.. wouldnt it be M (US) or 18+ then?

 * Look, that's just what it has as an indicator thing. Not to be rude, but that's all there is to it, so it instantly becomes an example, whether or not it should have received it. - Red  Hot  21:44, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

BBFC ratings
Why are some new games getting BBFC ratings? Like Burnout Revenge, SSX on Tour for example. --  Thorpe  talk 16:07, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Re:BBFC ratings
In the UK, believe that if a video game is classified by both PEGI and BBFC, the BBFC is the highest one they enforce in britian. I even checked the games for myself in the BBFC website at www.bbfc.org

Jkid4

Re:Re:BBFC ratings
Just for the sake of historical accuracy, the BBFC ratings were not legally-binding until 2010 (source) due to a legal oversight, but most large retailers voluntarily treated both BBFC and PEGI ratings as binding for their staff anyway, so the change was barely noticed. It's also notable that the two attempts by the BBFC to have a game withdrawn from sale were both overturned, undermining their credibility. -Prince of Cats (talk) 12:32, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

used in 25 European nations?
According to the PEGI website, it's only used in 16 nations: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. --88.134.44.250 03:17, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
 * That has not been updated obviously. I've changed the list back. (If you don't believe me, search for any recent game e.g. Perfect Dark Zero, and you'll see the 25 list). - RHe  odt  13:52, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Legal standing
"'(albeit with zero legal effect, computer games being legally unrestrictable)'" This was just added to the Ireland entry in the list of countries PEGI operates in. But isn't it true in all countries? As far as I'm aware, PEGI ratings never have any legal effects; they are just recommendations. --Tom Edwards 08:21, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you're right. Until someone proves it wrong (along with changing the list back to 25, see above) I'm moving that into a general comment. - RHe  odt  13:54, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right, the ratings, in England at least, have no legal bearing and anyone can legally buy PEGI rated games. Can someone change this in the artcle? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Don Black (talk • contribs) 16:44, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Use in Germany
I noticed the omission of Germany in the list of countries. I ask because a few games released in Germany *do* have a PEGI rating on them, although they are rendered useless by the presence of the USK mark which overrides them. I'm not sure if they're there for posterity's sake or if the PEGI rating is there for the Austrian market? Jamyskis Whisper, Contribs 13:08, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Page Name
This article title shouldn't be an abbreviated name, it has to be all spelled out like other articles of video game ratings. --PJ Pete
 * Excellent point. Why didn't you do it yourself? ;-) --Tom Edwards 07:03, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Gran Turismo?
Where's the bad language in Gran Turismo? The driver is a mute! PureLegend 13:53, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It seems like some vandalism that has gone unnoticed, looking at the version history it was changed from Grand Theft Auto to Gran Turismo by 66.244.104.7. - Fish 19:59, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Some of the songs contain bad language, bit that's about it. Double Dash (Talk to me) 22:16, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Gambling Icon
Does anyone have the Gambling icon? If not I'll add a small one. Double Dash (Talk to me) 22:16, 8 October 2006 (UTC) Nope, ignore me. I'm just gonna add the new icons for 'em. Edit at 22:20, 8 October 2006 (UTC) it also is the os for online gambling

Discrimination?
What an odd category. Is it actually applied very often? I see Original War as an example, but what are some others?--SeizureDog 11:05, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

would this artical have use for a picture of how the rateings appear on the back of the box

 * 1) topic --Deuxhero 23:45, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Rating Pending
What is the PEGI equivalent of Rating Pending (ESRB)? --Voidvector 01:58, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

There is'nt any. People just say somthing like that the game is not yet rated or that the rating is TBD. ADBandicoot (talk) 13:49, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

References dead link
(first time using Wikipedia, I'm French, please excuse my poor english :)) The reference's link "http://www.gamestop.de/product_info.php?products_id=5301" lead to "Produkt wurde nicht gefunden!", I think it is better to delete this link because it's a dead link, and replace it (if needed) with a non-commercial link because Wikipedia isn't for ads (but I do not say the previous author wanted to sell Halo 2 game, maybe there was a good picture on this webpage). (I didn't delete it myself because I don't know if I can delete it without discussion, and don't know how to do it correctly too) --Dude Of Destiny 22:58, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed "The Simpsons Game"
I removed "The Simpsons Game" from the "Comparison and criticism" section because the BBFC gave it a 12+, PEGI's site doesn't say anything, but Play.com says PEGI gave it a 12+ too. --Zoton2 19:58, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

New icons
The new icons are icons I found for PEGI on wiki commons created by users. I have used SVG version when they are available. --Voidvector 10:24, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

South Africa
On this page it says that South Africa uses the PEGI system, even though South Africa is not in Europe. Is it a mistake having it on the page? The Editor 155 (talk) 12:44, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * South Africa is not listed on PEGI's official website, so I've put some tags. --Daggerstab (talk) 20:21, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

PEGI?
Peggy doesn't live here anymore. She's making money from Nevderlands to Pan (the good) except where the another Margaret, the iron one used to be. Source: 81.41.112.21 (talk) 23:11, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Question
Is the PEGI rating 12+ the same as the ESRB rating T? 18:43, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

It's the equivelent, but some games rated T by ESRB are rated 16+ by PEGI. -- Yowuza ZX Wolfie  12:18, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Destroyed?
NVM, back.

GeneralShroom (talk) 14:44, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Copyright violations?
Some of the text added by appears to be copied verbatim from PEGI's official website, which is "© 2007 Interactive Software Federation of Europe. All rights reserved.". Someone has to clean it up. I can do it, but not now. I also don't like the current structure of the article. --Daggerstab (talk) 09:17, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Age ratings
in the 'age ratings' section, it says: "...mature(low end) and teen(high end)." shouldn't these be the other way round? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.13.3.76 (talk) 19:33, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

PEGI becomes standard for UK games
Just found this bit of news. The article here for the PEGI and the BBFC article may need to be updated accordingly, if it hasn't already been done. 74.215.114.200 (talk) 18:15, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

PEGI has changed it's icons again
As per this link, PEGI has new icons. Some are the old black and white icons restyled, but the age icons are now coloured. Is there any chance of these being SVG'd?  Overlord 11001001  17:28, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

About Finland
Well, I live in Finland, and I haven't seen 15+-rating in ages. Now almost every game that is 16+ in other parts of Europe, it's 16+ at here, too —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.220.129.81 (talk) 18:23, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Indeed, I was coming here to say something. PEGI's website has no references to the 16+ rating. I'll change it. Smurfy 19:06, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Start again talk page.
Do you think that we should stop this talk page, or start this again, because this is my first time being here.Gautam008 (talk) 17:06, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

the rating in enforced in norway
i couldnt find any good ways to write it so i am bringing it up here in hopes that a good writer will write it for me. people below 18 must supply ID in order to buy games rated 16 or 18 at the very least though i believe that it might apply to other ages as well but that isnt known for certain to me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.208.59.120 (talk) 08:28, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

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About Quebec
A certain IP editor claims that Quebec uses ESRB rather than PEGI. I have a feeling that he's wrong, but just to be sure, let's double-check the sources that Quebec uses PEGI. The Mysterious El Willstro (talk) 04:07, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

 * In Canada and the US, the age classification of video games is a self-regulatory effort by the industry, there is no legal requirement. This means that all video games produced for the North American market carry an ESRB label voluntarily. But it also makes it perfectly possible for imported games in French (hence the PEGI rating) to appear in shops in Quebec. Neither system is legally adopted though. PEGI is also self-regulation, but its legal status is different for each individual European country (or even province/state), ranging from legally enforced to entirely voluntary. Regards, Volapükian (talk) 14:55, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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Discrimination
For the Discrimination label, the article claims that "As of yet, no games have received this descriptor." I'm not sure if I understand this correctly since my first language is not English, but if it's claiming that no game has been marked with the label, it's not true.

Original War (http://www.pegi.info/en/index/global_id/505/?searchString=original+war&agecategories=&genre=&organisations=&platforms=&countries=&submit=Search)

and Swat: target Liberty (http://www.pegi.info/en/index/global_id/505/?searchString=target+liberty&agecategories=&genre=&organisations=&platforms=&countries=&submit=Search#searchresults)

very much do have this tag on the official PEGI website. There's also no reference for this claim. MMK229 (talk) 17:58, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

PEGI 18
PEGI 18 is restrictive. In PEGI article, 3 says, "Suitable for all ages.". 7 says, "Recommended for persons 7 and older.". 12 says, "Suitable for persons 12 and older.". 16 says, "Suitable for persons 16 and older.". However, 18 says, "Suitable only for persons 18 and older.". These show that 7/12/16 has no restrictions but 18 has parental restrictions, don't they? BTW, in Television content rating system, Indonesia BO series carry parental supervision requision, not recommendation for specific age range, like Taiwan 6+ (for 6-11) and South Korea 7 (for 7-9).Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 09:24, 7 May 2018 (UTC)
 * You added a claim that is neither correct or verifiable. PEGI is a voluntary system and the PEGI website itself does not say anything about children needing parental consent. Please do not add WP:Original research to the article. Betty Logan (talk) 11:13, 7 May 2018 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:23, 17 May 2022 (UTC)
 * PEGI Bad language.svg
 * PEGI Drugs.svg
 * PEGI Fear.svg
 * PEGI Gambling.svg
 * PEGI Violence.svg

Guys...
Why is Angry Birds the example for PEGI 18? I get that AB Champions is a thing, but still though... Artemismilkman (talk) 16:46, 22 June 2022 (UTC)
 * It was vandalism. Reverted.  Thanks for the pointer.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 17:19, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

Other supported countries
Most Middle eastern countries used PEGI a few years ago. Now the GCC has it's own rating board Polishedrelish (talk) 08:15, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:52, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * PEGI Discrimination annotated.svg
 * PEGI In-Game-Purchases.svg
 * PEGI Online.svg
 * PEGI Sex.svg

title: Talk:PEGI


text:
Austin A40 Sports

The Austin A40 Sports debuted at the 1949 London Motor Show at Earls Court as a four-passenger, aluminium-bodied convertible variant of the Austin A40 – carrying an Austin of England nameplate, bearing Austin's Flying A hood ornament, and designed and manufactured in conjunction with Jensen Motors.

Production of the A40 Sports, which was intended as a sporty touring car rather than a true sports car, began in November 1950 for model year 1951. By the time production ended in 1953, just over 4,000 had been manufactured.

Overview
As one in a series of collaborations between Austin and Jensen Motors of West Bromwich, the A40 Sports originated when Austin's chairman Leonard Lord saw the Jensen Interceptor and requested that Jensen develop a body that could use the A40 mechanicals. The resulting body-on-frame A40 Sports was designed by Eric Neale, a stylist who had joined Jensen in 1946 after working at Wolseley Motors. During production, A40 Sports bodies were built by Jensen and transported to Austin's Longbridge plant for final assembly.

Per Lord's intention, the A40 Sports was based on the mechanicals of the Austin A40 Devon, though the centre section of the chassis was boxed to provide rigidity for the open body. The A40 Sports also employed a twin-SU carburetored version of the 1.2 L engine producing 46 bhp rather than 42 bhp. Gear selection was originally via a floor-mounted shifter. Steering was worm and roller type, front suspension was independent coil springs with rigid beam axle and semi-elliptic leaf springs at the rear.

Production of the A40 Sports occurred in two series. The initial GD2 Series began in November 1950 and featured a floor gear change and dashboard identical to that of the Devon. The later GD3 Series began production in August 1951 and ended in April 1953, featuring a steering-column gear change, full hydraulic brakes, and a revised dash with a centered instrument panel. 4,011 A40 Sports were manufactured.

The A40 Sports had trouble maintaining 60 to 65 mph cruising speeds – despite a top speed of 77.8 mph as recorded by the British magazine The Motor in 1951 – and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 25.6 seconds. Tests achieved a fuel consumption of 29.3 mpgimp.

Reporting similar performance figures, an Autocar road test in 1950 described the acceleration as "not startling, but more than adequate". The brakes and steering were commended, along with the "very good luggage space" and the "clear to read" instruments, but it was noted that a "considerable leg reach" was needed to use the "foot-operated dip switch" for the headlights.

In the United States – initially targeted as its primary market – the A40 was priced at about $2,200 (equivalent to $25,250, 2021). It was listed at about £818 in the UK, at a time when a mainstream middle market six-cylinder saloon, the Vauxhall Velox, was offered for £550 and Austin's own A40 saloon was offered for slightly more than £500.

Round the World in 1951
As a publicity stunt to promote the A40 Sports, Leonard Lord bet Alan Hess of Austin's publicity department that he could not drive round the world in 30 days in the car. In 1951 an A40 Sports driven by Hess achieved the round-the-world feat in 21 days rather than the planned 30 – with the assistance of a KLM cargo plane – covering about 10,000 land miles, averaging 475 miles per day and covering 29mpg.

title: Austin A40 Sports


text:
Flühli

Flühli is a municipality in the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The municipality consists of the villages of Flühli and Sörenberg, which form independent parishes. Flühli is part of the UNESCO Entlebuch Biosphere Reserve since 2001.

History
Flühli is first mentioned in the 17th century as güetli uf dem Flüöli.

The battle of Sörenberg was fought in 1380 between Obwalden and Entlebuch.

The region was only settled year-round in the 17th century.

Geography
The municipality of Flühli is the largest in the canton of Lucerne and is located in the Alpine foothills in the valley of the Waldemme river. It consists of the villages of Flühli and, further up the valley, Sörenberg. The municipality then rises up to its highest points, at the Brienzer Rothorn and Tannhorn summits of the Emmental Alps.

The municipality of Flühli has an area of 108.1 km2. Of this area, 44.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 37.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (15.1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). , 37.89% of the total land area was forested. Of the agricultural land, 44.79% is used for farming or pastures, while 0.06% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the settled areas, 0.94% is covered with buildings, 0.06% is industrial, 0.18% is classed as special developments, 0.04% is parks or greenbelts and 0.99% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 0.02% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 1.01% is unproductive flowing water (rivers) and 14.03% is other unproductive land.

Demographics
Flühli has a population (as of ) of. , 15.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 4.9%. Most of the population speaks German  (93.5%), with Albanian being second most common ( 1.0%) and Italian being third ( 0.8%).

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the CVP which received 48.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (26.5%), the FDP (20.8%) and the SPS (2.3%).

The age distribution in Flühli is; 502 people or 26.1% of the population is 0–19 years old. 577 people or 30% are 20–39 years old, and 561 people or 29.2% are 40–64 years old. The senior population distribution is 205 people or 10.7% are 65–79 years old, 69 or 3.6% are 80–89 years old and 8 people or 0.4% of the population are 90+ years old.

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Flühli about 58.1% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

there are 595 households, of which 177 households (or about 29.7%) contain only a single individual. 97 or about 16.3% are large households, with at least five members. there were 401 inhabited buildings in the municipality, of which 217 were built only as housing, and 184 were mixed use buildings. There were 137 single family homes, 47 double family homes, and 33 multi-family homes in the municipality. Most homes were either two (122) or three (72) story structures. There were only 10 single story buildings and 13 four or more story buildings.

Flühli has an unemployment rate of 0.64%. , there were 250 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 102 businesses involved in this sector. 87 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 24 businesses in this sector. 346 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 65 businesses in this sector. 45.9% of the population of the municipality were employed in some capacity. At the same time, females made up 35.2% of the workforce.

the religious membership of Flühli was; 1,412 (81.3%) were Roman Catholic, and 136 (7.8%) were Protestant, with an additional 14 (0.81%) that were of some other Christian faith. There are 40 individuals (2.3% of the population) who are Muslim. Of the rest; there were 32 (1.84%) individuals who belong to another religion, 50 (2.88%) who do not belong to any organized religion, 53 (3.05%) who did not answer the question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

title: Flühli


text:
Talk:Macalaster College

I believe Macalaster College, although it is a misspelling of Macalester College, should be preserved (and not deleted) because so many people spell it wrong anyway. --Yonghokim 17:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macalaster College


text:
User talk:ZackyMelenchuk

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --BaronLarf 17:10, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:ZackyMelenchuk


text:
Ezekiel F. Chambers

Ezekiel Forman Chambers (February 28, 1788 – January 30, 1867) was an American politician.

Born in Chestertown, Maryland, Chambers was graduated from Washington College at Chestertown in 1805. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1808, and commenced practice in Chestertown. Chambers served during the War of 1812 as a captain of militia, commanding a company at the Battle of Caulk's Field in 1814. He attained the rank of brigadier general of militia after the war. In 1822, Chambers served in the Maryland State Senate.

Chambers was elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Edward Lloyd. He was reelected in 1831 and served from January 24, 1826, until his own resignation on December 20, 1834. In the Senate, Chambers served as chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia (Twenty-first through Twenty-third Congresses).

After his tenure in the Senate, Chambers served as presiding judge of the second judicial circuit of Maryland and judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals from 1834 to 1851, having been appointed to the seat vacated by the resignation of Richard Tilghman Earle. He was unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Maryland in 1864, and died in Chestertown in 1867. He was interred in Chester Cemetery.

Chambers was a slave owner.

title: Ezekiel F. Chambers


text:
Austin A40 Somerset

 * See Austin A40 for other A40 models.

The Austin A40 Somerset is a motor car which was produced by the Austin Motor Company from 1952 until 1954. The Somerset replaced the Austin A40 Devon and, as a body-on-frame car, it was comparable in size to its predecessor. It shared a number of components with the Devon which included a similar 1.2 litre straight-4 pushrod engine. The Somerset's engine was updated to produce 42 hp (31 kW), compared to the Devon's 40 hp (30 kW), giving the car a top speed of 70 mi/h.

Engineering
The Somerset features an updated "Transatlantic" body style with flowing lines as distinct from the Devon's bulky looking body. Resembling the larger Austin A70 Hereford, its design was aimed at improving export sales, particularly to America. Initially offered as only a 4-door saloon, a 3-passenger 2-door convertible, of the same body style was introduced in late 1952. The convertible replaced the earlier Austin A40 Dorset.

The body of the convertible was made by Carbodies of Coventry and the model was marketed as the Austin A40 Somerset Coupé. This particular style was also known as a 'drophead' coupé in the United Kingdom. The convertible differed from the saloon in having separate front seats that folded forward to give access to the rear. An additional convertible, the Austin A40 Sports, was carried over from the earlier A40 Devon and Dorset range but was discontinued with the arrival of the Somerset Coupé. In 1953 the Austin Motor Company produced a "special" version of around 500 Somerset saloons using the more powerful engine from the 'sports' model which incorporated twin SU carburettors in place of the single Zenith downdraught type. This vehicle featured different interior appointments and two-tone paintwork to set it aside from the standard offering. The Austin Somerset Special had a top speed of 74 mi/h while the normal saloon could reach up to 70 mi/h.

The standard Somerset interior contained two close fitting front seats, finished in leather, which could be arranged as a bench seat and a large deeply cushioned rear bench seat which could accommodate three passengers. With a centrally mounted dashboard or instrument panel, Austin incorporated a four speed, plus reverse, gearbox into the car's design which was controlled by a column mounted gear change lever. Four-wheel, foot-operated hydraulic brakes, and a handbrake operating on the rear wheels only, provided the car's stopping power.

Performance

A sports convertible version of the A40 tested by The Motor magazine in 1953 managed a top speed of 74 mph and could accelerate from 0-60 mph in 28.6 seconds. A fuel consumption of 30.1 mpgimp was recorded. These figures were all obtained on the contemporary low octane fuel. The test car cost £705 including taxes.

The Austin A40 Somerset saloon's reputation for being somewhat slow and lumbering to drive is not wholly deserved. It had to endure poor-quality petrol supplies in 1952, and in consequence had retarded ignition settings to tolerate the low octane rating of the fuels available to avoid the engine knocking or 'pinking' condition that was well known in those times. In fact, British Motor Corporation later produced a kit to improve the performance and fuel consumption of these cars once premium fuel supplies resumed under the popular petrol brands. This kit comprised a replacement distributor and an optional cylinder head gasket that was thinner and therefore raised the compression slightly from the standard 7.2:1.

An Autocar magazine road test published 18 April 1952 achieved a maximum of 66 mph (mean) and 71 mph (best), and a 0-60 mph acceleration of 36.6 seconds, whereas the example registered new in February 1954 and given a Used Car Test published in the Autocar series dated 8 April 1960 returned a 0-60 mph time of 27.9 seconds. The standing quarter mile was down from 24.4 secs to 23.2 secs, a marked improvement on the former result taken in 1952 and directly comparable with the Mini 850 launched in 1959, that was considered to be fairly brisk then.

Production
Over 173,000 Somersets were sold before it was replaced by the A40 Cambridge in 1954. 7,243 were convertibles.

In December 1952 an agreement was signed with the Japanese automobile company Nissan to build Austin vehicles under licence using Complete Knock Down Kits (CKD) supplied from the UK. In April 1953 the first Japanese assembled Somersets rolled off the assembly line ready for sale on the local market to which it was restricted. Assembly ceased in November 1954 when the factory switched to the A50 Cambridge.

title: Austin A40 Somerset


text:
Earl Webb

William Earl Webb (September 17, 1897 – May 23, 1965) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball, playing from 1925 to 1933. He played for five teams, including the Boston Red Sox for three years. He batted left-handed, and threw right-handed. He was born in White County, Tennessee, and died in Jamestown, Tennessee.

In 1931, while playing for the Red Sox, he hit a record 67 doubles, a record that still stands today. He had a career batting average of .306 (661-for-2161) with 56 home runs and 333 runs batted in. Webb finished second in the league in extra base hits in 1931 with 84. His .333 batting average in 1931 was seventh-highest in the American League. He also finished sixth in the 1931 American League Most Valuable Player voting.

He died on May 23, 1965, at his home in Jamestown, Tennessee.

title: Earl Webb


text:
Talk:Both Sides

Genre
Please don't revert cited material without reason. If you want to add any other genres, you need sources per WP:RS. 183.171.179.111 (talk) 10:12, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

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Tuija Brax

Tuija Kaarina Brax (née Karvonen; born 6 January 1965 in Helsinki) is a Finnish politician and former Minister of Justice. She is a Member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. She was first elected to the Parliament in 1995. She has been the Minister of Justice in Matti Vanhanen's second cabinet and Mari Kiviniemi's cabinet.

She has also been a member of the Helsinki City Council from 1993 and she is active in various professional sport organizations.

Brax has a Master's degree in law from the University of Helsinki. Brax has also served as the Chair of the Legal Affairs Committee in the Finnish Parliament. She is married to Antti Brax. They have two children, Aarni (born 1993) and Arttu (born 1997).

title: Tuija Brax


text:
File:Pdracer.gif

This came from www.pdracer.com, and they love sharing things.

no license|month=March|day=19|year=2006

Removed from the following pages: --OrphanBot 09:13, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Puddle Duck Racer

I posted to the PD Racer group, asking the author for permission to GFDL the image. scot 14:54, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Permission granted by Shorty Routh to license under the GFDL, see http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pdracer/message/8224 scot 16:45, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

title: File:Pdracer.gif


text:
User talk:DickRangers

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

Pavel Vozenilek 17:15, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DickRangers


text:
Talk:...But Seriously

Title change
the album is named ... but serously and not but seriously...

don't know how to change the title (and the link from the phil collins page)

CD Contents?
I'm pretty sure I don't have the Japanese cd version and it has that same tracklisting.. I think there was just worldwide difference between the CD & LP versions.. (unsigned comment by Drowse 11:44, December 18, 2005)
 * So.. the tracklisting for the Japanese CD is the same as the other two releases? Or the CD versions were the same as each other but not the same as the LP? Sorry I don't quite understand what you're saying. I added the info about the Japanese release track listing from here, and since it is very common for Japanese releases to feature different track listings, I didn't think twice about it, however if there is good information saying something else (or if you have the Japanese release), feel free to change it. ps. please remember to sign your comments with four tildes ~ (shift+ that button left of "1") --Qirex 01:53, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I have a Brazilian CD and the tracklisting is identical to the one listed as the Japanese version, so I decided to do some searching. The CD at Amazon has the same listing as mine and doesn't seem to be an import. Both this fan site and the page for the album at Phil Collins's official site list the tracks in that same order (although the official site doesn't actually say that this is the order of the tracks on the album). So now I think that the tracklisting said in the article to be for the Japanese release is actually the original one, and the one listed as "original" might have been used only for LPs and/or some particular release. Does anyone have this album on a CD containing only the 10 tracks? -- Davitf 18:38, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

I can't speak for the Japanese releases, but as for the original vinyl release, the tracklisting was the same as that listed as the Jap. release, not as listed under 'original vinyl'.
 * The original vinyl only had ten tracks. (It was released that way internationally.)  As far as the "Japanese CD" - I bought the US CD release in 1990, and it has this same 12-song tracklisting. -- ChrisB 05:57, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Someone can confirm that 'Father to Son' has 3:34 in vinyl?. If someone notice that the CD version has a bad separation between tracks, which some songs has a very little part of the final previous song in the start, such as "That's Just The Way It Is", "Do you remember?", "Something happened on the way to heaven", "Heat on the street", and the worst is "Find a way to My Heart" which 'eats' the 6 final seconds of "Father to son" and this is appreciable in the start of "find a way to my heart". Really that "father to son" has 3:34 in vinyl? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.146.95.44 (talk) 02:42, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Anotherogg.ogg
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Improvements
This article needs some improvements for an album which sold close to 20 million it's very short the lead section needs to be longer there needs to be a commercial performance section similar too his No Jacket Required article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Edge4life42 (talk • contribs) 11:54, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

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Why delete the links to British Male Artist and British Single?
I posted the wiki-links British Male Artist and British Single instead of the unlinked words but it was rechanged who knows why. My changes were true and not vandalism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.20.171.32 (talk) 03:41, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

 * You placed too many links, against the guideline WP:OVERLINKING. Each added link makes it more unlikely that the reader will click any one of them. Binksternet (talk) 04:18, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:...But Seriously