text:
User talk:Stoph

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 01:02, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Commonwealth Federation.
Sorry it got accidently deleted while I was editing it but im trying to wikify it any ideas how to? The article is basically about commonwealth countries joining together and have intergration with the countries so we can be a more power nation so to speak. Vanman2010

I guess this is ok because it is about whites so you wished you would not have deleted it like the page Slavery in America. I got an idea just leave the encyclopedia alone.

For you convenience
''Here is the vandalism I reverted from you User page. Cheers.'' --Sn0wflake 03:52, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"This is my encyclopedia. I use it to censor the world. I often need to look delete things. I Copied and pasted Slavery in America From The History of Slavery in the United States after my little sister who is 17 used the title Slavery in America and could not find anything on slavery in Wikipedia. Finally I tried history and I found History of Slavery in the United States as an African American I feel this is my history.I feel certain ownership to it so if I want to copy and paste History of Slavery in United States under the title of Slavery in America giving full credit to the source and the origin of the article sot that students can easily find information on this issue. I feel I have full rights to do so. I am starting to believe that wikipedia just wants things listed and labeled a certain way just for whites and nobody else, which makes the website just as crappy as the typical history book. You have some nerve. I gave full credit to the author of History of Slavery in the United States and every knew where the information came from because it said it right on the page so that makes you a class a jerk who just wants to make things harder for students to find information. Do us all a favor and take your overbearing, controlling, censoring, hinerance of a human being self some where else.

Libby Hodges (aeh)"

emdashes in article names
Stoph, yes there a boatload of these, since the articles are being created from a master list that it turns out has emdashes. I only realised when I saw your page moves...But I decided it would be easiest to carry on and do the page moves or redirects later. If you would be willing to help out with this it would be much appreciated. Regards, Fawcett5 02:49, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: Project Candlelight
Stoph, I will take my username referance off the page at your request (not that you need my permission). I've changed it since it's creation, so it is more useful. If you think it's useless, then the same can really go with any video game article in the Wikipedia. Mine does serve more purpose then most of those, though, because mine also attracts programmers and artists (musical and visual), as well as Shining Force Fans, giving them something to do with their spare time (most people cruse here when they're bored and have nothing to do). -FirstAkir

Thank you for your concern and recomendation. it is now at This place .

-FirstAkir

Re: Evergreen High School
Hi Stoph, In regards to the feedback you left me User_Talk:216.254.13.6 It seems that many other high schools in Washington State do in fact have entries  (not sure how to link to a category), so I don't think that the entry for Evergreen should be deleted. I am an alumnus of Evergreen High School and would be willing to add some useful content to the page. What are your thoughts?

-doiuf

Thanks Stoph, I'm going to add some content, and as you can see I've signed up for an account now :-)

doiuf 05:04, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Great blunders in history
The article List of incidents famously considered great blunders has been completely rewritten with respect to objections made on the Vfd page in an attempt to improve the article and achieve consensus. It is asked that you reconsider your Vfd vote on this article. (If you wish to leave your vote how it is that's fine.) - Pioneer-12 23:48, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Coat of Arms of Belgrade
Yes, it will be expanded in a few days. Thanks by the way for making an edit conflict ;) -- Obradović Goran ( t al k  23:40, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pictures of Tekken Characters
Do you have anymore you can add? --Contrib 19:04, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Duvision / Gal Vardi
Let me get this straight. A person writes two complete fantasy articles (not POV, just fantasy) about murderous Israelis, one on non-existing units and one on a non-existing person. You seriously edit these articles and react with: "this could probably use sources, seems quite interesting!" Shame on you Mr. Stoph. gidonb 01:41, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your notice,but Japanese are too lazy to edit.
Although,I try to edit Alizee for Japanese version,but unfortunetely,I've been blocked by Japanese for a while.user:HansChung

HELLO
Hello, stoph.my real name is jackie, or jaclyn.i'm 12. how r u? i'm just trying to get some friends on wikipedia. do you know Matt?FroggyJamer 05:47, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Oh, well. at least I tried...:)<- that's suposed to be a smiley face........stick to yourself? so you don't have any friends?FroggyJamer 06:10, 7 November 2005 (UTC) P.S.:I GET,that's right,get,to go to school tomorrow!!!:)

Southampton stub
Hello stoph. you said on Weston, Hampshire that we dont have a southampton stub yet. we dont because southamptons not a county, its a city. the right stub was Hampshire-geo-stub. all of the england geography stubs are divided by county. BL  kiss the lizard  01:01, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Re- edit comments
-i didn't edit ANYBODIES comments, all I did was add keep in front of people's messages just to show what thier message and vote was. This is not editing thier comments themselves.

Wikipedian-bio
Why did you remove the Wikipedian-bio template from the top of Talk:Jimmy Wales? Nippoo 00:00, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Re: Wikipedian-bio
Great, thanks, no problem. :) I thought you were objecting to it as a matter of principle - I'll leave it there unless someone else wants to put it back for the moment. Nippoo 11:53, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

How can we prevent user:86.134.211.86 and anonymous users from
vandalizing and reverting The Game (article) as well as everything that you and myself placed on the Wikipedia. This user is known as user:MostWanted05 and this person uses multiple computers in this revert war. I cleaned the article and now it seems like the user wants to revert it back to the original mess. Of course you remember Stop Snitchin' Stop Lyin' topic!! Well I put a protection on it to block anonymous users but I don't know if it will work. If you could do me a favor, could make sure that the article will be prevented from reverting back to this monsterpiece]. Thanks and Happy Holidays LILVOKA.

Nice edits on FSM
Your edit of 02:23, 24 January 2006 was well-done. Bbpen 07:17, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Helen Chamberlain
Please do not revert this article to versions making controversial, unsourced comments such as the comment on the Royal Family and "scatplay". David.Monniaux 14:59, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

You have again reverted to a version containing controversial claims. Please provide reputable sources for all these claims or they will be deleted. David.Monniaux 17:58, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Iranian Aluminum Company
An article you started, Iranian Aluminum Company, has been proposed for deletion. See the article for details. NickelShoe 13:35, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

The Juggernaut Bitch
That's the fault of the AfD closer in my monobook. It didn't link to the second AfD, which is at Articles for deletion/The Juggernaut Bitch (again)-- Shanel § 03:14, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Soluna cover h45.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Soluna cover h45.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:02, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:New_standard_keyboard.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:New_standard_keyboard.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Soluna cover h45.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Soluna cover h45.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 10:38, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MexicanBlow_cover.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:MexicanBlow_cover.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Project FMF (talk) 02:57, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:Emma_daumas_tu_seras.jpg
I have tagged Image:Emma_daumas_tu_seras.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Project FMF (talk) 02:59, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:Change_of_heart_logo.gif
I have tagged Image:Change_of_heart_logo.gif as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Project FMF (talk) 02:59, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Hartford Meetup: We need your help!
The next Connecticut Wikipedia meetup will take place sometime during April 2009 at Real Art Ways cafe and arts center in Hartford, Connecticut. Please list on the meetup page whether or not you can go. Also please contribute ideas for topics and dates! Hope to see you there! This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 23:03, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Connecticut Meetup: You are invited!
The 2nd Connecticute Meetup will take place on April 18th, 2009 at Real Art Ways cafe and arts center in Hartford, Connecticut. Please state whether or not you can attend on the meetup page. This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) because your name was on the invite list. 16:39, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Message regarding your use of the No Multi License Template
In case you are not aware, the Wikimedia Foundation has proposed that the copyright licensing terms on the wikis operated by the WMF – including Wikipedia – be changed to include the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) license in addition to the current GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) as allowed by version 1.3 of the GFDL. The community has approved this change with 75.8% in favor, and on June 15, 2009, the change will take effect. You currently have NoMultiLicense on your user or user talk page, which states that your edits are licensed under the GFDL only. On or before June 15, this template will be changed to reflect Wikipedia's new licensing terms. If you accept the licensing change, you do not need to do anything (and feel free to remove this message); if you do not accept it, we regret that you will no longer be able to contribute to the encyclopedia. Please join the discussion at Village pump (policy) if you have any comments.

Delivered by The  Helpful  Bot  at 20:20, 2 June 2009 (UTC) for the Village pump. Report errors here.

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Stoph! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:07, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Corneille (singer) -

BrainPOP
Hi. I notice that you participated in a previous AfD concerning this article. An editor has now nominated it for deletion here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/BrainPOP_(2nd_nomination)#BrainPOP Feel free to contribute to the AfD discussion. Best regards, -- Ssilvers (talk) 03:30, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of One-way mirror
A tag has been placed on One-way mirror requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

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Nomination of New Standard Keyboard for deletion
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WikiProject Dacia
Hi, I saw that you collaborated on articles related to Dacia and thought this could be of interest: WikiProject Dacia is looking for supporters, editors and collaborators for creating and better organizing information in articles related to Dacia and the history of Daco-Getae. If interested, PLEASE provide your support on the proposal page. Thanks!!--Codrinb (talk) 03:35, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Battle of Gatae
Hi! It seems that you created the article Battle of Gatae but I can't seem to find any reference on it anywhere. Could you please let me know what sources you used? I am trying to salvage this article, if it has real sources.--Codrin.B (talk) 04:33, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

You're invited! New England Wikimedia General Meeting
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2nd Annual Wikimedia New England General Meeting
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title: User talk:Stoph


text:
Template talk:State buildings in Northern Ireland

Sorry about having to use the crowned hand old Northern Ireland flag. There is absolutely nothing else symbolising Northern Ireland anywhere on wikipedia. As Maggie Thatcher would say - the Union Jack: That is out. The Tricolour: That is out. The flag of the province of Ulster: That is out. Why couldn't the peace process come up with a new cross community flag? Fear ÉIREANN 01:03, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I must say personally I think it should use the Union flag, that is after all the only official flag to represent Northern Ireland. As Northern Irish myself I like the old red hand flag, but as it is no longer official and hence I think it should be removed. The Union flag is the only alternative. Ben W Bell 22:30, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

That is a non-starter. In a divided society images unique to either community, which the other community finds provocative, are not an option. FearÉIREANN\(caint) 05:48, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

I've put in an image of Northern Ireland from a map. Because it is so small the writing on it can't be seen so we won't have that pain-in-the-ass problem of each side's own versions of different places' names. And it gets around the problem of their being no neutral flag for Northern Ireland that one side or the other won't throw a tantrum over. They managed to get neutral non-sectarian symbols for the Assembly and the police. When the hell are they going to get their act together and work on neutral symbols for Northern Ireland as an entity, or are we going to have to put up with each side throwing tantrums when their symbols aren't given priority and the other side's supposedly have been for ever? No wonder people both in the UK and in the Republic are so fed with the whole friggin' lot of them sometimes. FearÉIREANN\(caint) 06:02, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I couldn't care less about either sides symbols to be honest, the Union flag is the only flag that can be used for Northern Ireland plain and simple. As for a divided society, you should try living up there to see just how many people care about the division you'll find it's a minority on both sides for the most part, the majority of the population just want to get on with their lives. At the end of the day Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, plain and simple, legally, technically and for any other reason that really matters wether people like it or not, it's as much part of the UK as Israel is it's own country or the United States government owns the US and not the native Americans. Ben W Bell 07:52, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Also possibly the most deciding factor is the fact that this article is about the State buildings in Northern Ireland and therefore it needs to show the flag of the state, not what some public opinion would like. Ben W Bell 08:15, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

The answer is . ..
No. FearÉIREANN \(caint)  02:35, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

PS: Take your agenda-pushing elsewhere.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Nicholas Tam

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 01:04, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Looks like I'm not the only Nicholas Tam on the planet. So, is my Canadian counterpart also Eurasian? Tamazoid 10:40, 1 December 2006 (UTC)Nicholas Tam (of Australia)

WikiProject Harry Potter
RHB(AWB) 23:16, 30 December 2006 (UTC), on behalf of WPHarry Potter

title: User talk:Nicholas Tam


text:
Llandudno Junction

Llandudno Junction (Cyffordd Llandudno), once known as Tremarl, is a village in Conwy County Borough, Wales. It is part of the ancient parish of Llangystennin, and it is located south of Llandudno. It adjoins Deganwy and is to the east of the walled town of Conwy, which is on the opposite side of the River Conwy. The population is 6,722 (2011) and is part of the community of Conwy, and comprises the wards of Marl and Pensarn (Llandudno Junction). The built-up area of Llandudno Junction and Deganwy had a population of 10,658.

The village grew up around Llandudno Junction, which is a junction between the Crewe-Holyhead line and the Llandudno-Blaenau Ffestiniog line. There are through trains from Manchester to Llandudno, but passengers travelling from London, Cardiff, or Holyhead to Llandudno usually have to change trains at Llandudno Junction.

Llandudno Junction, in addition to its passenger interchange, had a major steam locomotive servicing depot and extensive goods facilities. This railway depot was called 6G, and a new section of the A546 (carrying the name "Ffordd 6G Road") now crosses the site. The site of the depot and goods yard has been redeveloped, now accommodating a business park, fast food outlets, a leisure centre, a Cineworld multiplex cinema, and a Tesco supermarket. Llandudno Junction has recently added a Lidl store, too.

Local employment opportunities changed significantly in the latter quarter of the 20th century owing to the loss not only of the railway depots but also of a major electrical manufacturing facility (Hotpoint), of which part of the old factory site is under planning application for three more Car Dealerships.

Another part of the factory site was bought by the Welsh Government and construction began in 2007 on a new office building that houses around 525 employees, including about 100 tourism, transport and enterprise jobs which were relocated from Cardiff. The keys to the building were officially handed over from the developers in May 2010.

The Old Station Hotel stands opposite the railway station. It is known locally as 'The Killer' or in Welsh 'Y Killer'. One version of the myth on how it got its name is that train drivers would get drunk there, then drive trains, effectively turning them into possible 'Killers'. Another version states that this is where the railway workers would spend their lunch breaks, i.e. 'killed time'.

In September 2016, the two primary schools in Llandudno Junction, Ysgol Maelgwn and Ysgol Nant-y-Coed, amalgamated to form a new school, Ysgol Awel y Mynydd.

Llandudno Junction F.C. are the local football team. The village was previously home to Welsh Cup winners Borough United F.C.

title: Llandudno Junction


text:
P680

P680, or photosystem II primary donor, is the reaction-center chlorophyll a molecular dimer associated with photosystem II in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, and central to oxygenic photosynthesis.

Etymology
Its name is derived from the word “pigment” (P) and the presence of a major bleaching band centered around 680-685 nm in the flash-induced absorbance difference spectra of P680/ P680+•.

Components
The structure of P680 consists of a heterodimer of two distinct chlorophyll molecules, referred to as P$D1$ and P$D2$. This “special pair” forms an excitonic dimer that functions as a single unit, excited by light energy as if they were a single molecule.

Excitation
P680 receives excitation energy either by directly absorbing a photon of suitable frequency or indirectly from other chlorophylls within photosystem II, thereby exciting an electron to a higher energy level. The resulting P680 with a loosened electron is designated as P680*, which is a strong reducing agent.

Charge separation
Following excitation, the loosened electron of P680* is taken up by the primary electron acceptor, a pheophytin molecule located within photosystem II near P680. During this transfer, P680* is ionized and oxidized, producing cationic P680$+$.

Recovery of P680
P680+ is the strongest biological oxidizing agent known, with an estimated redox potential of ~1.3 V. This makes it possible to oxidize water during oxygenic photosynthesis. P680+ recovers its lost electron by oxidizing water via the oxygen-evolving complex, which regenerates P680.

title: P680


text:
Template:Political Graveyard

This article incorporates facts obtained from:

title: Template:Political Graveyard


text:
The Nails

The Nails were originally a five-piece new wave band that formed in Boulder, Colorado in 1976. In Colorado, they were originally named The Ravers. The band members were Marc Campbell (lead vocals, guitar), Dave Kaufman (keyboards), Al Leis (drums), Artie Freeman (lead guitar), and Jon Cormany (bass). The band's roadie, Eric Boucher, went on to be known as Jello Biafra, lead singer of the Dead Kennedys.

History
In 1977, the Ravers recorded an EP in Boulder with Screwball Records. The Ravers moved to New York in June 1977 and played the showcase clubs CBGB and Max's Kansas City. Shortly after arriving in NY, The Ravers changed their name to The Nails (there was a local band named Raver). A 45 with the band's original lineup was recorded in New York City in 1978. By mid-1978, Leis (now deceased), Cormany, and Freeman (now a medical school professor) had left the band.

By the late 1970s, The Nails had established themselves on the club circuit and were now composed of Campbell and Dave Kaufman, along with bassist George Kaufman (Dave's brother), saxophonist Douglas Guthrie, and drummer Tommy Cotogna. Hotel for Women, an EP recorded in 1981, contained an early version of "88 Lines About 44 Women", a song that caught the attention of RCA. The Nails were signed to RCA by Bruce Harris, also known for bringing The Clash to America. In 1984, the group, with new guitarist Steve O'Rourke in tow, re-recorded "88 Lines About 44 Women" for RCA, who included it on The Nails' full-length debut LP, Mood Swing. The re-recorded version did not feature a live drummer, as Cotogna had left the band at this point (drummer Dennis McDermott performed on the remaining tracks on Mood Swing). The song received regular airplay despite a number of double entendres and lyrical references to masturbation and sadomasochism.

Two years later, with new drummer Mike Ratti firmly established in the band, they released Dangerous Dreams, also on RCA. Both Mood Swing and Dangerous Dreams made the Billboard top 200 album chart and were critically acclaimed. However, following the release of Dangerous Dreams, The Nails left RCA, who consequently did not release either LP on compact disc. "88 Lines About 44 Women" continued to appear on compilations 20 years after its release and was featured in a Mazda television commercial that aired in the late 1990s.

In 1988, the band reconvened (without Guthrie and Dave Kaufman) to record a third album, Corpus Christi, which was not released until 1993 and received little exposure. The Nails deny ever receiving any proceeds from this album, citing a rift with their former producer, claiming that he swindled them out of their rights. They posted re-recordings of these songs on the late George Kaufman's site, along with the explanation of the dispute. They strongly discourage fans from purchasing the album, as they will never be compensated.

In 2007, the band licensed Mood Swing and Dangerous Dreams from RCA parent company Sony-BMG Entertainment and released these albums on compact disc for the first time.

In March 2009, bassist George Kaufman died of complications following heart surgery. He was survived by his wife, Sharla, and his children, Isabel and Michael Kaufman.

Albums

 * Mood Swing - 1984
 * Dangerous Dreams - 1986
 * Corpus Christi - 1993

Singles & EPs

 * "Cops Are Punks / Big Star / Another Lesson" - 1977
 * "Back Street Boys / Rock & Roll Show" - 1978
 * "Young and Wild / Transcontinental Ska" - 1980
 * Hotel for Women - 1981
 * "88 Lines About 44 Women" - 1984
 * "Let It All Hang Out" - 1985
 * "Things You Left Behind" - 1986

CD/MP3 reissues

 * Mood Swing (remastered with bonus tracks) - 2007
 * Dangerous Dreams (remastered with bonus tracks) - 2007
 * Hotel for Women (remastered with bonus tracks) - 2009

title: The Nails


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shitnig

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 10:47, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Shitnig

 * Delete This article is a non-word, and it is vanity. I recommend it to be deleted.--Durin 01:09, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologisms with unknown meanings. Kappa 01:16, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. Mindmatrix 01:18, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ditto. Kill it. Skybum 01:46, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I say we Shitnig this article, or failing that, '''delete it. BigFatDave 02:21, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. Sjakkalle 09:18, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Tony Jin | (talk) 23:45, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shitnig


text:
User talk:TheSock

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 01:08, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Teeeesting.
Test my sig. --23:33, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

<b><color="green">TheSock</b></color>//talk! 23:38, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

New userbox
I saw that your user page links to Universal Life Church. I just wanted to drop you a quick note to let you know that I created a new userbox that you can add to your user page should you wish. is the template to add. GreenJoe 19:35, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of TheGreatHatsby
An article that you have been involved in editing, TheGreatHatsby, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/TheGreatHatsby. Thank you. Rival (talk) 19:53, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of CLSM (band)

A tag has been placed on CLSM (band) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. The Dissident Aggressor 22:16, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of CLSM (band) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article CLSM (band) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/CLSM (band) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. The Dissident Aggressor 20:23, 27 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheSock


text: File:Blonde white pink trunk-shot.jpg

title: File:Blonde white pink trunk-shot.jpg


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William Shakespeare (essay)

William Shakespeare is an 1864 work by Victor Hugo, written in his 13th year of exile. The title is misleading; the true subject of the work is the writers that Hugo considered "the greatest geniuses of all time."

Background
When Hugo began writing it he intended for it to be an introduction to a collection of French translations of Shakespeare's plays written by his son, François-Victor Hugo. However it grew to be approximately 300 pages in length and Hugo had to write a separate introduction to the plays.

Content
The work begins with an approximately twenty page biography, filled with inaccuracies, and then becomes a work of literary criticism focusing on the literary geniuses of history. Shakespeare, but also Homer, Job, Aeschylus, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Lucretius, Juvenal, St. John, St. Paul, Tacitus, Dante, Rabelais, and Cervantes. It was a critical failure. Deciding there was more of Hugo in the work than Shakespeare, some French critics suggested he should have entitled it, "Myself".

Book V of Part II, The Mind and the Masses, and Book II of Part III, The Nineteenth Century, have often been combined and published as The Mind and the Masses. In it he argues for a "vast public literary domain."

Literature is the secretion of civilisation, poetry of the ideal. That is why literature is one of the wants of societies. That is why poetry is a hunger of the soul. That is why poets are the first instructors of the people. That is why Shakespeare must be translated in France. That is why Molière must be translated in England. That is why comments must be made on them. That is why there must be a vast public literary domain. That is why all poets, all philosophers, all thinkers, all the producers of the greatness of the mind must be translated, commented on, published, printed, reprinted, stereotyped, distributed, explained, recited, spread abroad, given to all, given cheaply, given at cost price, given for nothing.

title: William Shakespeare (essay)


text:
Glen Canyon

Glen Canyon is a natural canyon carved by a 169.6 mi length of the Colorado River, mostly in southeastern and south-central Utah, in the United States. Glen Canyon starts where Narrow Canyon ends, at the confluence of the Colorado River and the Dirty Devil River. A small part of the lower end of Glen Canyon extends into northern Arizona and terminates at Lee's Ferry, near the Vermilion Cliffs. Like the Grand Canyon farther downstream, Glen Canyon is part of the immense system of canyons carved by the Colorado River and its tributaries.

In 1963, a reservoir, Lake Powell, was created by the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam, in the Arizona portion of Glen Canyon near the brand new town of Page, inundating much of Glen Canyon under water hundreds of feet in depth. Contrary to popular belief, Lake Powell was not the result of negotiations over the controversial damming of the Green River within Dinosaur National Monument at Echo Park; the Echo Park Dam proposal was abandoned due to nationwide citizen pressure on Congress to do so. The Glen Canyon Dam remains a central issue for modern environmentalist movements. Beginning in the late 1990s, the Sierra Club and other organizations renewed the call to dismantle the dam and drain Lake Powell in Lower Glen Canyon. Today, Glen Canyon and Lake Powell are managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior within Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.

Prehistoric cultural periods
Studies indicate a chronology for the Lower Glen Canyon prehistory, "from pre-A.D. 1 to the 15th century and recorded history from 1776 to the present".
 * A Late Basketmaker II Era (generally AD 50–500) is represented by several sites. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal material span the period between AD 250 and 440 (plus or minus 80 years). Basketmaker III is not found in the Lower Glen Canyon, but is documented in Navajo Canyon, a large left bank tributary of the Colorado River, within the geographical area of the Lower Glen Canyon. Basketmaker III introduced fired pottery, mostly Lino Black-on-gray and Lino Gray, and some small amounts of Lino Fugitive Red and Obelisk Gray. The Basketmaker culture is believed to have lasted later than Pueblo I.
 * Pueblo I Era (AD 750–900) remains are found at Rock Creek in Lower Glen Canyon, and in Navajo Canyon. The pottery types are Kana-a Black-on-white, Deadmans Black-on-red, and Kana-a Gray, made from deposits found in Lizard Alcove. Pueblo I is the best documented period of Navajo Canyon, beginning in AD 800 and lasting 200 years. "Pueblo II in Navajo Canyon is represented by the absence of Kana-a Black-on-white and the dominance of Black Mesa Black-on-white".
 * Pueblo II (AD 900–1100) and early Pueblo III is the best documented cultural area in Lower Glen Canyon, corresponding with habitation on Cummings Mesa. Pottery includes mostly Tusayan varieties, Black-on-white, Black-on-red, and Red Wear Polychromes.
 * Hopi people from the Jeddito area came into the canyons in the 14th century, represented by Yellow Wares, mostly Jeddito Black-on-yellow, and Jeddito plain.

Most of the ceramic material found in the main canyon was probably made in the highlands, although it is possible some pottery was manufactured in Lower Glen Canyon. Clay deposits are found along the river, and some crude pottery specimens may have been made there. Only four burials were found in Lower Glen Canyon at three sites. Trash dumps are not very common at most sites. This is more evidence to suggest the seasonal rather than permanent occupation of hunters and farmers in the canyon.

Cultural similarities are based on the presence or absence of certain types of ceramic wares. Group types of pottery, including Kayenta (Tusayan and Tsegi Orange Ware), Virgin (San Juan Red and White Wares), with Fremont, and Mesa Verde or Anasazi types of White and Desert Gray Ware, were found mostly on the right bank of the Colorado. Basketmaker II is characterized by a lack of pottery, as well as above-ground and underground cists lined with slabs.

There is very little evidence of permanent occupation except at Talus Ruin, a small pueblo with a kiva, a ceremonial structure, made mostly of masonry, featuring jacal walls of sticks and reeds set in mortar in a single row of masonry. The presence of metates are evidence that campsites with slab-lined hearths were inhabited for longer periods. Agricultural structures are not found in the main lower canyon, and no formalized fields are found in the main canyon because of alleviation and slope wash burying. Houses, when found, are mostly sandstone slab with mortar, having one to seven rooms. "Well constructed mealing bins which usually denote permanency were lacking in the Lower Glen Canyon. In contrast, on Cummings Mesa at Surprise Pueblo, there was one entire room devoted to mealing bins…". In the highlands, granaries were near or incorporated into permanent pueblos, compared with smaller ones near temporary sites in the canyon. "Home Base" pueblos in the nearby highlands on Cummings Mesa and Paiute Mesa are believed to have supported temporary farming and hunting parties, who used an extensive trail system in the main canyon which is still in use today.

Natural resources for tool-making
"Stone tool manufacturing appears to have been an important industry for the entire Glen Canyon region, perhaps one of the major reasons for occupation". Cryptocrystalline rocks fill the Pleistocene gravel beds on the Carmel platforms. Scattered lithic tools and materials indicate workshops of various sizes. There is a lack of siliceous material in the highlands, but tools are found there made from the gravel beds in the river.

There are very few ground stone artifacts, such as manos, metates, and scrapers, found in the main canyon, since these tools are mainly found in the highlands. In the main canyon, a large number of chipped implements, ranging from small arrowheads to large knives, are found. Finished tools, and possibly blanks taken to the mesa, were probably used for trade.

Archaeology
Around 1956, archaeologists and biologists from the University of Utah and the Museum of Northern Arizona including Gene Field Foster, using National Park research grants, planned an emergency survey of Glen Canyon, which was soon to be flooded by the new Glen Canyon Dam. Between 1958 and 1960, four investigative phases, combined with other surveys prior to 1957, discovered 250 archaeological sites within the canyon. The Lower Glen Canyon survey was completed in 1958.

Excavations
Excavations began during the summer of 1958 on 16 sites. A thesis emerged that prehistoric people living permanently on the highlands south of Glen Canyon and on the Cummings Mesa, farmed the Lower Glen Canyon on a seasonal basis, and gathered raw materials. To prove this thesis of seasonal habitation, criteria such as architectural units, locations of trail systems, occurrence of ceremonial structures, prevalence of burials, and position of natural and cultural strata were investigated. Four types of sites are described in the survey, classified as either open sites situated on rock terraces; talus sites on broken material below cliffs; shelter sites in protected areas under overhanging cliffs; and cliff sites beneath ledges or in caves and canyon walls. Open sites are the majority on both sides of the river. The majority of sites, mostly Navajo camps, feature lithic garbage or ceramics, or both. Talus sites are rarely recorded.

Most of the cultural remains found are chipped stone tools (lithic materials), including projectile points, scrapers, drills, knives, choppers, and ground stone tools and manos (grinders). The collection of sherds are mostly Tusayan Gray Ware and Tusayan White Ware. Petroglyph panels are found throughout Glen Canyon. "Pecked and incised figures depict mountain sheep, human figures, birds, human handprints and animal tracks. Geometric figures range from circles and spirals to highly complex rectilinear patterns. The human figures have triangular bodies. Painted figures have been reported for both sides of the river.... Petroglyph panels of such quality are lacking from the highland regions adjacent to Glen Canyon".

Historic period
The recorded history of the canyon begins with the Dominguez–Escalante expedition in 1776, during which Spanish explorers first documented the existence of Glen Canyon. The expedition members crossed the Colorado River in Glen Canyon at the site now known as the Crossing of the Fathers.

In the 1830s, trapper Denis Julien may have visited upper Glen Canyon by boat. In 1869 and again in 1871, scientific expeditions led by John Wesley Powell traveled through Glen Canyon en route to the Grand Canyon, resulting in the first formal surveys of the main channel and many of the side canyons.

In the 1890s, hundreds of miners panned for flour gold in Glen Canyon. Their main camp was at Dandy Crossing, also called Hite, Utah, after Cass Hite. Between 1898 and 1901, mining engineer Robert Brewster Stanton was employed by mining magnate Julius Stone to design, build, and operate a dredge in an attempt to recover Glen Canyon's flour gold. The effort failed.

Geographical and cultural features
The following is a list of geographical and cultural features along the Colorado River in Glen Canyon. Many of these locations are now partially or entirely submerged beneath the waters of Lake Powell. River mileage is derived from the USGS 1921 Plan and Profile maps. River Mile Zero is at Lee's Ferry, Arizona; the numbers increase as one travels upstream, ending at Mile 169.6 at the confluence with the Dirty Devil River.

Glen Canyon Dam
In the 1950s, with the proposal of a dam upstream of the Grand Canyon for water storage and hydroelectric power generation, many environmentalist groups rallied to prevent the inundation of the largely undeveloped canyons in the upper Colorado River watershed. The Sierra Club and many other conservation organizations were instrumental in blocking the proposed Echo Park Dam in Dinosaur National Monument. While Flaming Gorge Dam was built as an alternative to the proposed Echo Park and Split Mountain dams within Dinosaur National Monument, Glen Canyon lacked any protection as either a National Park or Monument. Without that protection, Glen Canyon Dam was authorized and constructed. In 1962, the Sierra Club's David Brower and many others floated the Colorado River through the canyon and realized the tremendous resource it was. The experience transformed Brower's attitude towards environmental preservation, making him more radical and less likely to compromise. His experience has been compared to the experience of John Muir with the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in California. For Brower, it steeled him for the 1960s battle over the proposed Marble Canyon Dam in the Grand Canyon.

American writer Edward Abbey also documented his experience exploring Glen Canyon from the Colorado River prior to the completion of Glen Canyon Dam in his 1968 memoir Desert Solitaire, in the chapter titled "Down the River".

title: Glen Canyon


text:
American Unitarian Association

The American Unitarian Association (AUA) was a religious denomination in the United States and Canada, formed by associated Unitarian congregations in 1825. In 1961, it consolidated with the Universalist Church of America to form the Unitarian Universalist Association.

The AUA was formed in 1825 in the aftermath of a split within New England's Congregational churches between those congregations that embraced Unitarian doctrines and those that maintained Calvinist theology.

According to Mortimer Rowe, the Secretary (i.e. chief executive) of the British Unitarians for 20 years, the AUA was founded on the same day as the British and Foreign Unitarian Association: "By a happy coincidence, in those days of slow posts, no transatlantic telegraph, telephone or wireless, our American cousins, in complete ignorance as to the details of what was afoot, though moving towards a similar goal, founded the American Unitarian Association on precisely the same day—May 26, 1825."

The AUA's official journal was The Christian Register (1821–1961).

Beginning in 1825 the AUA published "tracts" for free distribution and in the 20th century "pamphlets" for free distribution. The AUA also published books and several book series including The Devotional Library, The Theological Library, Memorable Sermons and The Beacon Series: A Graded Course of Study for the Sunday School.

Notable member congregations

 * First Unitarian Church (Baltimore, Maryland)
 * Federal Street Church (Boston)
 * First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia
 * Unitarian Church of All Souls
 * First Unitarian Universalist Society of San Francisco
 * First Unitarian Church of Oakland
 * First Unitarian Church of Berkeley
 * First Unitarian Church of Riverside
 * First Unitarian Church of Chicago
 * Unitarian Church of Urbana
 * First Unitarian Church of Detroit
 * Unitarian Universalist Church of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
 * All Souls Church, Unitarian (Washington, D.C.)
 * Unitarian Universalist Church of Arlington
 * Unitarian Church in Charleston

title: American Unitarian Association


text:
Fergus of Galloway

Fergus of Galloway (died 12 May 1161) was a twelfth-century Lord of Galloway. Although his familial origins are unknown, it is possible that he was of Norse-Gaelic ancestry. Fergus first appears on record in 1136, when he witnessed a charter of David I, King of Scotland. There is considerable evidence indicating that Fergus was married to an illegitimate daughter of Henry I, King of England. It is possible that Elizabeth Fitzroy was the mother of Fergus's three children.

Fergus forged a marital alliance with Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles through the marriage of the latter to Fergus's daughter, Affraic. As a consequence of this union, the leading branch of the Crovan dynasty descended from Fergus. When Óláfr was assassinated by a rival branch of the dynasty, Galloway itself was attacked before Fergus's grandson, Guðrøðr Óláfsson, was able to seize control of Isles. Both Fergus and his grandson appear to have overseen military operations in Ireland, before the latter was overthrown by Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll. The fact that there is no record of Fergus lending Guðrøðr support against Somairle could be evidence of a slackening of Fergus's authority. Contemporary sources certainly report that Galloway was wracked by inter-dynastic strife during the decade.

Fergus's fall from power came in 1160, after Malcolm IV, King of Scotland settled a dispute amongst his leading magnates and launched three military campaigns into Galloway. The reasons for the Scottish invasion are unknown. On one hand, it is possible that Fergus had precipitated events by preying upon Scottish territories. In the aftermath of the attack, the king came to terms with Somairle which could be evidence that he had either been allied with Fergus against the Scots or that he had aided in Fergus's destruction. In any case, Fergus himself was driven from power, and forced to retire to the abbey of Holyrood. He died the next year. The Lordship of Galloway appears to have been partitioned between his sons, Gille Brigte and Uhtred, and Scottish influence further penetrated into Galloway.

Origins

Fergus's familial origins are unknown. He is not accorded a patronym in contemporary sources, and his later descendants are traced no further than him in their charters. The fact that he tends to be styled "of Galloway" in contemporary sources suggests that he was the head of the most important family in the region. Such appears to have been the case with Fergus's contemporary Freskin, a significant settler in Moray, who was styled de Moravia.

One source that may possibly cast light on Fergus's familial origins is Roman de Fergus, a mediaeval Arthurian romance, mainly set in southern Scotland, which tells the tale of a knight who may represent Fergus himself. The name of the knight's father in this source is a form of the name borne by Fergus's neighbouring contemporary Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll, and could be evidence that Fergus's father bore the same name. On the other hand, instead of being evidence of any historical relationship, the names could have been employed by the romance merely because they were regarded as stereotypically Gallovidian. In any case, there is reason to suspect that the romance is a literary pastiche or parody of the compositions of Chrétien de Troyes; and besides the coincidence of names, the tale has little to commend it as an authoritative source for the historical Fergus.

Despite the uncertainty surrounding his origins, it is possible that Fergus was of Norse-Gaelic and native Gallovidian ancestry. Traditionally, the Gallovidians appear to have looked towards the Isles instead of Scotland, and the core of his family's lands seems to have centred in valley of the river Dee and the coastal area around Whithorn, regions of substantial Scandinavian settlement. In any case, the fact that Fergus died as an old man in 1161 suggests that he was born before 1100.

Early career

Fergus first appears on record in about 1136×1141, when he and his son, Uhtred, witnessed the grant of the lands of Partick to the church of St Kentigern at Glasgow. The exact extent of the twelfth-century Lordship of Galloway is unclear. Surviving acta of Fergus and Uhtred reveal a concentration of endowments in central Galloway, between the rivers Urr and Fleet. Subsequent grants of lands by later descendants of Fergus in the Dee valley could represent the expansion of territory from this original core. There is evidence indicating that Fergus's domain extended into western Galloway as well. His descendants were certainly associated with the castle of Cruggleton and dealt with lands in the vicinity.

In 1140, during the return journey of Máel Máedoc Ua Morgair, Archbishop of Armagh from Clairvaux to Ulster, the latter made landfall at Cruggleton, as evidenced by Vita Sancti Malachiae, composed by Bernard of Clairvaux. Although this source associates the castle with the Scots, it seems unlikely that Scottish royal authority extended to the Gallovidian coast, and the statement could therefore be a result of confusion with Máel Máedoc's previous stay at the castle of Carlisle, then controlled by David I, King of Scotland. In fact, Máel Máedoc's visit to Cruggleton may have involved the local lord of the region, conceivably Fergus himself. The mid-twelfth-century lordship, therefore, seems to have been centred in the region of Wigtown Bay and the mouth of the river Dee.

The fact that Gilla Brigte, who may well have been Fergus's eldest child, later appears to have drawn his power from west of the river Cree could be evidence that this man's mother was a member of a prominent family from this region. Such an alliance could also explain Fergus's apparent westward expansion. Whatever the case, the fact that the Diocese of Whithorn was revived in about 1128, possibly at the hands of Fergus himself, could indicate that he purposely established an episcopal see that encompassed the entirety of his domain. The apparent extension of Fergus's authority into western Galloway may have been facilitated by the disintegration of the expansive nearby Kingdom of the Isles. Upon the death of the reigning Guðrøðr Crovan, King of the Isles, the Isles plunged into chaos, enduring periods of vicious dynastic kin-strife, overwhelming Norwegian overlordship, and Irish intrusion as well. By the end of the first quarter of the twelfth century, however, Guðrøðr Crovan's youngest son, Óláfr, seems to have been reinserted into the Isles by Henry I, King of England. This restoration of the Crovan dynasty appears to have formed part of the English Crown's extension of influence into the Irish Sea region. Another aspect of this expansion was the establishment of David, a younger brother of the reigning Alexander I, King of Scotland, as Henry I's vassal.

Allied to the English

There is a considerable amount of evidence indicating that Fergus married a daughter of Henry I (many believe it was Elizabeth Fitzroy). For example, there is documentary evidence suggesting that all three of Fergus's children—Uhtred, Gilla Brigte, and Affraic—were related to the English royal family. Specifically, Uhtred was called a cousin of Henry I's grandson, Henry II, King of England, by Roger de Hoveden. Although sources specifically concerning Gilla Brigte fail to make a similar claim, potentially indicating that he had a different mother than Uhtred, Gilla Brigte's son, Donnchad, Earl of Carrick, was certainly regarded as a kinsman of Henry II's son and successor, John, King of England. In regard to Affraic, Robert de Torigni, Abbot of Mont Saint-Michel remarked that her son, Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles, was related to Henry II through the latter's mother, Matilda, one of Henry I's daughters.

Henry I appears to have had about twenty-four illegitimate children. Although the name and identity of Fergus's wife is unknown, she would seem to have been one of Henry I's numerous illegitimate daughters through which the king forged marital alliances with neighbouring princes along the periphery of his Anglo-Norman realm. The date of Uhtred's earliest attestation suggests that he was born in about 1123/1124 at the latest, whilst the fact that Guðrøðr was old enough to render homage to the Norwegian king in 1153 suggests that Affraic herself was born no later than about 1122. Such birth dates suggest that Fergus's marriage dates to a period when the English Crown consolidated authority in the north-west and extended its influence into the Irish Sea. From the perspective of the English, an alliance between Henry I and Fergus would have secured an understanding with the man who controlled an important part of the north western flank of the Anglo-Norman realm. In fact, one of Henry I's bastard daughters, Sybilla, was wed to the reigning Alexander, seemingly not long after the latter's accession. Fergus's own apparent marriage, therefore, appears to evidence not only his pre-eminent status in Galloway itself, but the degree of political sovereignty he possessed as its ruler. The unions of Alexander and Fergus evidence Henry I's intent of extending English authority north of the Solway Firth.

David and Scottish consolidation

The early twelfth century saw the rise of Alexander's younger brother, David. The latter's close connections with the English likely contributed to his eventual acquisition of a substantial part of southern Scotland from Alexander. In about 1113, David married Maud de Senlis, a wealthy English widow, and through her came into possession of extensive lordship that came to be known as the Honour of Huntingdon. As the mid-part of the century approached, the balance of power along the northern part of the Anglo-Norman realm began to shift in favour of David. In 1120, Henry I's only legitimate son died along with Richard d'Avranches, Earl of Chester in the White Ship disaster. The latter's lordship in the Welsh March was a critical region of Henry I's realm, and the English king responded by transplanting Ranulf le Meschin from his lordship of Carlisle to Richard d'Avranches' former lordship along the Welsh frontier.

Upon Alexander's death in 1124, David succeeded to the throne. The latter's subsequent endowment of Annandale to Robert de Brus appears to have not only signalled the Scottish Crown's intention of consolidating control of the region, but served as a declaration of the kingdom's claims to Cumbria. Fergus's marriage to Henry I's daughter, which appears to date to about this period, may have been arranged with such developments in mind. If so, the union could have been orchestrated as a means to not only compensate for Ranulf's removal, but to counter the dramatic rise of David and the resultant imbalance of power his ascent created. With Ranulf thus vacated from the north, Henry I had filled the power vacuum with various so-called "new men". One such incomer may have been Robert de Brus, a Norman who had previously received extensive lands from the English Crown. In fact, it is possible that it was in the wake of Ranulf's removal that Robert de Brus originally received the lordship of Annandale. If so, the latter may have been inserted into the region by Henry I, or perhaps through collaborative effort between Henry I and his then-vassal David as a means of securing the Anglo-Scottish border. The apparent rise of Fergus at about this time may have also played a part in the infeftment of Annandale.

Henry I himself was married to David's older sister, Edith, a union which closely bound him to the Scottish royal house. For as long as Henry I lived, relations between him and David remained harmonious. When the former died in 1135, however, the peace between the neighbouring realms was shattered when his nephew, Stephen of Blois, Count of Boulogne and Mortain, successfully seized the throne. Before the end of the year, the Scots surged forth and seized Carlisle and Cumberland before peace was restored. Relations broke down the following year, and the Scots again invaded in 1137, seizing Northumberland, and pushed forth towards York. The contemporary accounts of the English chroniclers Richard Hexham and Ailred, Abbot of Rievaulx single out Gallovidian soldiers for their excessive atrocities in David's campaign. Disaster struck the Scots in 1138 at the Battle of the Standard, when David's forces were utterly overcome by the English near Northallerton.

Although Gallovidians clearly took part in David's campaigning, there is no specific evidence connecting Fergus to the operations until after operations ceased. It is possible that Fergus's attestation of 1136 could have had bearing on Gallovidian participation in the king's campaigning. If Fergus's wife was indeed a bastard of Henry I, Fergus himself had a stake in the unfolding English succession crisis, as she would have been a half-sister of Stephen's opponent, Matilda, whom Henry I had nominated as his royal successor. Explicit confirmation of Fergus's involvement may exist in the terms of the subsequent peace treaty, as Richard Hexham recorded that one of the hostages that was handed over to the English for surety was the son of an earl named Fergus. The fact that there was no Scottish earl of that name suggests that, unless Richard Hexham was mistaken, it was Fergus himself who was referred to. In any case, after this date there is no further evidence of Fergus's involvement in Anglo-Scottish affairs.

Ecclesiastical activities

In about 1128, the Diocese of Whithorn was revived after three centuries had passed since the consecration of the last diocesan bishop. The revival itself is revealed by a papal mandate dated December 1128, and the record of the oath of the bishop-elect, Gilla Aldan, to Thurstan, Archbishop of York between about 1128 and 1140. It is uncertain who was the driving force behind the revival. David's known ecclesiastical activities could suggest that he was responsible. On the other hand, the extent of David's authority in Galloway is questionable. As for Fergus himself, there is no conclusive proof that he controlled the lordship at this point in time, or that he himself established the see.

The fact that Gilla Aldan was likely of native origin—as opposed to David's apparent preference for Anglo-Norman clergy—and the fact that Gilla Aldan professed obedience to the Archbishop of York—an ecclesiast whom David was attempting to exclude from influencing the Scottish Church—would both appear to indicate Gilla Aldan was a non-Scottish appointment. If Fergus was indeed responsible for Whithorn's revival, it would have almost certainly aided his royal aspirations since securing ecclesiastical independence could have been part of the process of ensuring political independence. Gilla Aldan's successor was Christian, a man who was consecrated in 1154 by Hugh d'Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who in turn may have been acting as a proxy for Roger de Pont l'Evêque, Archbishop-elect of York.

Fergus and his family were remarkable ecclesiastical patrons, working with Augustinians, Benedictines, Cistercians, and Premonstratensians. Surviving charter evidence reveals that Fergus granted the lands of Dunrod, St Mary's Isle (upon which a priory was at some point erected), and nearby Galtway to the Augustinian abbey of Holyrood. A fifteenth-century list of properties belonging to the Knights Hospitaller reveals that Fergus had granted this order of the lands of Galtway (within the mediaeval parishes of Balmaclellan and Dalry) at some point in his career. This transaction appears to further evidence Fergus's alignment with the English Crown.

The necrology of the abbey of Newhouse states that Fergus was the founder of a Premonstratensian house at Whithorn. Both he and Christian are stated by the necrology of the abbey of Prémontré to have founded a monastery at Whithorn. Christian's tenure as bishop (1154–1186), and Fergus's reign as lord (×1160), suggest that the priory of Whithorn was founded at some point between about 1154 and 1160. According to the annals of Maurice of Prato, this house was transformed into a Premonstratensian house by Christian in about 1177. These sources, therefore, appear to reveal that Fergus was responsible for the establishment of a possibly Augustinian house at Whithorn, whilst Christian was responsible for its later refoundation as a Premonstratensian institution. Such a switch was not an unknown occurrence in England or on the Continent.

Either Fergus or David—or perhaps both Fergus and David—may have been responsible for the foundation of the abbey of Dundrennan, a Cistercian house situated well within the confines of Fergus's lordship. John Fordun and Walter Bower accord its foundation solely to David, although the near contemporary John Hexham failed to note the house amongst David's known foundations. The fact that Walter Daniel, a Cistercian monk from the community at Rievaulx, was highly critical of Galloway and its inhabitants may be evidence that Fergus was unlikely to have been the sole founder. David's own close connections with the Cistercians could suggest that the monastery owed its formation, as a daughter house of Rievaulx, to cooperation between David and Fergus.

The abbey of Dundrennan appears to have been founded in about 1142, which in turn places its formation at a time when David had extended his power in the south west. Such a date also places the foundation at about the time Máel Máedoc was in the region, which in turn may hint at his own involvement. In any case, if Fergus and David were involved in the abbey's endowment, the fact that it was colonised by Cistercians from Rievaulx suggests that it was somewhat of a penitential foundation in regard to the infamous Gallovidian contribution at the Battle of the Standard four years previously. Furthermore, the fact that Thurstan himself had been responsible for the English resistance meant that Fergus had warred against his own spiritual overlord, and had almost certainly endured ecclesiastical repercussions as a result. In the eyes of the Cistercians, Fergus and David were both responsible for failing to curb atrocities committed during the campaign, and Fergus himself was held accountable by Walter Daniel's Vita Ailredi for thousands of deaths.

Another religious house possibly founded by Fergus was the abbey of Soulseat, a Premonstratensian house seated near Stranraer. Walter Bower and the necrologies certainly state as such. However, the fact that this house appears to be identical to the "Viride Stagnum" attested by the contemporary Vita Sancti Malachiae seems to be evidence that Soulseat originated as a Cistercian house founded by Máel Máedoc himself. If Máel Máedoc and Fergus met during the former's apparent stay in Cruggleton, it is conceivable that Fergus granted him the lands upon which he founded a religious house at Soulseat. If Máel Máedoc indeed founded a Cistercian house on this site, it clearly was converted to a Premonstratensian monastery not long afterwards, under the advocacy of Fergus. The church of Cruggleton, near the site of the like-named castle, could have also been constructed by Fergus.

Although the late mediaeval Hystoria Fundacionis Prioratus Insule de Traile claims that Fergus founded the priory of St Mary's Isle, the fantastical foundation claims preserved by this source are not corroborated by contemporary sources. According to a confirmation charter dating to within the decade after Fergus's death, Fergus granted the house to the abbey of Holyrood. A confirmation charter of William I, King of Scotland reveals that the priory of St Mary's Isle may have been in existence by the time of Fergus's grandson, Roland fitz Uhtred, Lord of Galloway, although the first recorded prior appears in the thirteenth century. Fergus's supposed links with this house, therefore, are dubious. Although Walter Bower declared that Fergus was responsible for the foundation of the abbey of Tongland, his great-grandson, Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway, appears to have founded it in the thirteenth century. The erroneous attribution of Fergus to this house may be the result of an attempt to enhance the antiquity of its establishment by linking it with the progenitor of Alan's family.

The inspiration behind Fergus's ecclesiastical patronage is uncertain. On one hand, it is conceivable that he was imitating or competing with the extensive patronage of the Scottish monarchy. On the other hand, familial connections with the rulers of England and the Isles could have played a part in his ecclesiastical interests. Contact with influential ecclesiasts like Máel Máedoc and Ailred could have also inspired Fergus's benefactions.

Furthermore, the introduction of Augustinians and Premonstratensians into Galloway may have been part of a process of revitalising the newly reformed diocese. The construction of ecclesiastical buildings, much like castles, was often a means by which mediaeval rulers displayed their pre-eminent status, which in turn could explain Fergus's ecclesiastical activities. In effect, his religious foundations may evince attempts to assert his authority in the region. While the foundation of an episcopal see seems to have been a means by which Fergus sought to reinforce his independence from the Scots, his remarkable support of reformed religious orders may have been a way in which he attempted to legitimise his regal aspirations.

Alliance with Óláfr Guðrøðarson

Early in his career, Fergus bound himself to the Isles in the form of a marital alliance between Affraic and Óláfr, the reigning King of the Isles. Although the union itself is not dated in contemporary sources, the Scandinavian sojourn undertaken the couple's son in 1152 suggests that the marriage was arranged in the 1130s or 1140s. The alliance forged between Óláfr and Fergus gave the former's family valuable familial-connections with the English Crown, one of the most powerful monarchies in western Europe. As for Fergus, the union bound Galloway more tightly to a neighbouring kingdom from which an invasion had been launched during the overlordship of Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway. The alliance with Óláfr also ensured Fergus the protection of one of Britain's most formidable fleets, and further gave him a valuable ally outwith the orbit of the Scottish Crown.

One possible reason for Fergus's apparent lack of further participation in Anglo-Scottish affairs may have been due to events in the Isles. Although the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann portrays Óláfr's reign as one of tranquillity, a more accurate evaluation of his reign may be that he adeptly managed to navigate an uncertain political climate. In regard to Fergus, the acquisition of the Dublin kingship in 1142, by the Islesman Ottar mac meic Ottair, may well have represented a threat to the authority of Óláfr, and the prospects of Fergus's grandson. By the mid-part of the twelfth century, however, the ageing Óláfr's realm may well have begun to buckle under the strain, as perhaps evidenced by the depredations wrought on the Scottish mainland by Óláfr's leading ecclesiast, Wimund, Bishop of the Isles. Confirmation of Óláfr's concern over the royal succession may well be preserved by the chronicle, which states that Guðrøðr journeyed to the court of Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway in 1152, where Guðrøðr rendered homage to the Norwegian king, and seemingly secured recognition of the royal inheritance of the Isles.

The following year marked a watershed in the history for the Kingdom of the Isles with the successive deaths of David and Óláfr. The latter was slain by three Dublin-based sons of his exiled brother, after which these men—the Haraldsonnar—partitioned Mann amongst themselves. Once in control, the chronicle reveals that the Haraldsonnar fortified themselves against forces loyal to the kingdom's legitimate heir by launching a pre-emptive strike against Fergus. Although the invasion of Galloway was repulsed with heavy casualties, once the Haraldsonnar returned to Mann the chronicle records that they slaughtered and expelled all resident Gallovidians that they could find. This ruthless reaction evidently reveals an attempt to uproot local factions adhering to Affraic and her son. Whatever the case, within months of his father's assassination, Guðrøðr executed his vengeance. Enstrengthened with Norwegian military support, Guðrøðr overcame his three kin-slaying cousins, and successfully secured the kingship for himself.

Rise of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte

Midway through the twelfth-century, Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Tír nEógain pressed forth his claim to the high-kingship of Ireland, an office then held by the elderly Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht. In 1154, the forces of Toirrdelbach and Muirchertach met in a major maritime conflict off the Inishowen coast. According to the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters, Muirchertach's maritime forces were mercenaries drawn from Galloway, Arran, Kintyre, Mann, and "the territories of Scotland". This record appears to be evidence that Guðrøðr, Fergus, and perhaps Somairle, provided ships to Muirchertach's cause. Although Toirrdelbach's forces obtained a narrow victory, his northern maritime power seems to have been virtually nullified by the severity of the contest, and Muirchertach soon after marched on Dublin, gained overlordship over the Dubliners, and effectively secured himself the high-kingship of Ireland for himself.

The defeat of forces drawn from the Isles, and Muirchertach's subsequent spread of power into Dublin, may have had severe repercussions concerning Guðrøðr's career. In 1155 or 1156, Somairle and an apparent relative of Ottar precipitated a coup against Guðrøðr, presenting Somairle's son, Dubgall, as a replacement to Guðrøðr's rule. Late in 1156, Somairle and Guðrøðr clashed and divided the Kingdom of the Isles between themselves. Two years later the former drove the latter from the kingship and into exile.

It is uncertain why Fergus failed to support his grandson against Somairle. The record of the capture of Domnall mac Máel Coluim at Whithorn in 1156, as recorded by the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Holyrood, and Gesta Annalia I, may have bearing on Fergus. Domnall appears to have been a son of Máel Coluim mac Alasdair, who was in turn a claimant to the Scottish throne and somehow related to Somairle. Following David's death in 1153, Somairle and Máel Coluim had risen in revolt against a newly inaugurated Malcolm without much success. Domnall's later capture in western Galloway, therefore, could be evidence that the Meic Máel Coluim claimants had attempted to forcefully carve out a power base in western Galloway. However, the fact that the chronicle makes no mention of such conflict in Galloway, coupled with the fact that Whithorn was a spiritual centre rather than a secular power centre, could suggest that Domnall was in the region under less violent circumstances. If so, it is conceivable that Fergus could have originally forged an understanding with the Meic Máel Coluim before pressure from his sons forced him to desert Domnall's cause. The fact that the latter's capture preceded Somairle's coup could suggest that, although Domnall may have been in the midst of securing Gallovidian support, once Somairle's designs against Guðrøðr became apparent, the Gallovdians handed over Somairle's kinsman to the Scots.

Scottish subjection of Galloway

There is evidence to suggest that Fergus struggled to maintain control of his lordship during the decade. Such a crisis could well have kept him from intervening in the Isles on Guðrøðr's behalf. As with the latter, the failure of Muirchertach's mercenary fleet could have contributed to a loss of Fergus's own authority. Disarray in the lordship is evidenced by Vita Ailredi, which reveals that the region was wracked by inter-dynastic strife during this period.

In 1160, Malcolm returned to Scotland having spent months campaigning in the service of the English on the Continent. After successfully dealing with a considerable number of disaffected magnates at Perth, the Chronicle of Holyrood and the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Melrose reveal that he launched three military expeditions into Galloway. The circumstances surrounding these invasions is unclear, although what is clear is that Fergus submitted to the Scots before the end of the year. Specifically, according to Gesta Annalia I, once the Scots subdued the Gallovidians, the conquerors forced Fergus to retire to the abbey of Holyrood, and hand over his son, Uhtred, as a royal hostage. The Chronicle of Holyrood and the fifteenth-century Ordinale of Holyrood corroborate Fergus's monastic retirement, with the former source further recording Fergus's grant of the lands of Dunrod to the abbey.

On one hand, it is possible that Fergus himself had precipitated Malcolm's reaction by raiding into the territory between the rivers Urr and Nith. The fact that the Chronicle of Holyrood describes Malcolm's Gallovidian opponents as "federate enemies", and makes no mention of his sons, suggests that Fergus was supported by other accomplices. In fact, it is possible that Malcolm had encountered an alliance between Fergus and Somairle. Evidence of such a coalition may exist in the dating clause of a royal charter that notes a formal agreement between Somairle and Malcolm that Christmas. Additionally, the fact that several churches near Kirkcudbright are recorded to have once belonged to Iona, an ancient ecclesiastical centre that Somairle attempted to revive during his reign in the Isles, could suggest some sort of concord between the rulers. If Somairle and Fergus had indeed been allies, the fall of the latter, coupled with the further advancement of Scottish authority into the Solway region, may have finally brought Somairle to terms with the Scots. An alternate possibility is that the charter clause could be evidence that Somairle supported Malcolm in his suppression and destruction of Fergus. There is also reason to suspect that Ferteth, Earl of Strathearn possessed some sort of affiliation with Fergus. Not only does Ferteth appear to be the most prominent of the disaffected magnates who confronted Malcolm in 1160, but his father is recorded to have taken a leading part in the Battle of the Standard, and Ferteth himself was married to a woman whose name may be evidence that she was a native of Galloway. The kin-strife noted by Vita Ailredi could be evidence that Fergus's sons assisted in his overthrow, or at least did little to arrest it.

Death and aftermath

Fergus did not live long after retiring, and died on 12 May 1161, as evidenced by the Chronicle of Holyrood. Surviving sources reveal that he overshadowed his sons during his lifetime, with Uhtred witnessing only three charters and Gilla Brigte none at all. The latter's apparent exclusion from affairs of state could be relevant to the subsequent animosity between the siblings, as well as the difficulties Fergus faced with the men late in his career. Upon Fergus's death, the lordship appears to have been split between the brothers. Although there is no specific evidence for Gilla Brigte's share, later transactions involving Uhtred reveal that the latter held lands in the lower Dee valley, seemingly centred in an area around Kirkcudbright. The fact that this region appears to have formed the core of Fergus's holdings could be evidence that Uhtred was the senior successor. Conceivably, Uhtred's allotment consisted of the lordship's territory east of the river Cree, whilst Gilla Brigte's share was everything east of this waterway.

In the wake of Malcolm's destruction of Fergus, the Scottish Crown moved to further incorporate Galloway into the Scottish realm. Uhtred appears to have been granted the territory between the rivers Nith and Urr, whilst Gilla Brigte may have been wed to a daughter or sister of Donnchad II, Earl of Fife, the kingdom's foremost Gaelic magnate. Scottish authority penetrated into the lordship through the installation of royal officials, and Scottish power was perhaps further projected into Galloway by a royal castle at Dumfries. Surviving royal acta dating to after the fall of Fergus indicate that, from the perspective of the Scottish Crown, the Lordship of Galloway had been integrated into the Kingdom of Scotland, and was subject to the overlordship of Malcolm himself.

title: Fergus of Galloway


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Stormont House

Stormont House (also called Speaker's House) is the headquarters of the Northern Ireland Office, situated in the Stormont Estate in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was designed by Ralph Knott, although Sir Edwin Lutyens has been credited with some involvement.

It served as the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. For part of the time it was actually lived in by a number of Prime Ministers of Northern Ireland in preference to their own official residence, Stormont Castle, which was used primarily as offices.

The Social Security Agency building shares its grounds with Stormont House, however it is separated from the main building by a fence.

The Northern Ireland Office is currently based at Stormont House after relocating from Castle Buildings nearby.

title: Stormont House


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valerus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete, and redirect to Aeneid. — Xezbeth 06:29, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Valerus

 * Delete This article is non-encyclopedic and vanity. --Durin 01:12, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, "article" about someone's user name, already userfied. Kappa 01:18, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * that's 2 from this Will Todd fellow, and this one is a del too. BigFatDave 02:25, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Valerus is the name of a soldier loyal to Turnus in the Aeneid by Virgil. Maybe a redirect to the Aeneid? Megan1967 03:23, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Homo ovi sum, homines ovarum sunt, Valerus sum. Goo-goo-g'joob. Redirect. Haikupoet 23:25, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valerus


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Government Legal Profession

The Government Legal Profession (GLP), formerly the Government Legal Service, is an umbrella group comprising around two thousand qualified lawyers working as civil servants in around thirty UK Government departments.

The Treasury Solicitor (currently Susanna McGibbon) is also the Head of the Government Legal Profession. GLP lawyers are mostly employed by the Government Legal Department, although based in other government departments, with some being directly employed by the department in which they work. The GLP brand is used primarily for recruitment purposes and offers training and support to GLP lawyers. The GLP Secretariat supports the work of lawyers across the GLP by providing central library services and for an intranet system, Legal Information Online Network, or LION, which can be accessed by all government lawyers, and gives access to commercial legal databases and information and articles relevant to government legal work.

Lawyers in the Government Legal Profession:
 * instruct Parliamentary Counsel to draft almost all United Kingdom primary legislation;
 * draft the vast majority of statutory instruments and secondary legislation in the UK;
 * advise departments of the United Kingdom Government on the formulation and implementation of policy;
 * provide litigation services to departments of the United Kingdom Government and the wider public sector;
 * prior to Brexit, ensured European Union law was correctly implemented into UK law.

There are separate but similar structures in the devolved administrations, the Government Legal Service for Scotland and the Government Legal Service for Northern Ireland.

title: Government Legal Profession


text: User talk:69.160.180.13

title: User talk:69.160.180.13


text:
Harold Lohner

Harold Lohner (born 1958 in Schenectady, New York) is an American printmaker and designer of freeware and shareware fonts.

Lohner has designed over 100 typefaces, and has licensed some of his shareware designs to the non-profit organization Autumn Leaves. He has also digitised some analog Letraset fonts such as Block-Up.

Lohner has designed many three-dimensional, geometric and decorative optical typefaces such as Good Vibes, Atlas Solid, Joggle, Fortuna Dot, Le Film Classic, Pop Stars, Onion and Red Circle. In an alternative vein, Captain Howdy, Mystic Prophet and Sideshow are a unique trio of typefaces based on type found on Ouija game boards.

The ideas and themes behind Lohner's work come from historical art and typography found in books, magazines, classic and nostalgic films titles, flea markets and online sources, which he interprets and puts his own unique stamp on. He has drawn several revivals of 20th century classics by Rudolf Koch, including Bride of the Monster (an interpretation of Koch's Neuland), Koch Dingbats, Koch Quadrat and Koch Rivoli.

Lohner has been a significant aspect of the cultural life of the New York State Capital Region since his artwork first appeared in The Artists of the Mohawk-Hudson Region exhibition in 1978. His works have been subsequently featured or included in over 80 exhibitions, receiving a dozen honors and awards. Lohner is a native of the region and earned BA, MA, and MFA degrees from the University at Albany. In 1982 he accepted a faculty position at Russell Sage College and was Gallery Director there from 1985-1997. In 2002, Lohner transferred to Sage College of Albany. He is a member of Phi Kappa Phi and was named Professor of the Year in 2006. He currently teaches printmaking, artists’ books, and the freshman Visualization course. He is Coordinator of the Fine Arts program and is the faculty advisor for the Little Gallery. Lohner is a rare individual who has made significant contributions as an artist, mentor, and gallerist.

All but one of Harold Lohner's free downloadable fonts are TrueType format. He also offers his fonts in four collections on CD. Each contains over 60 fonts for Mac and Windows in TrueType and PostScript Type 1 formats.

title: Harold Lohner


text:
Brenton Arboretum

The Brenton Arboretum is a 141-acre arboretum and public garden in Dallas Center, Iowa, United States, established in 1997. The arboretum displays 175 native Iowa trees and shrubs suitable to the site, as well as many other tree species which can grow in central Iowa. The non-profit arboretum is open to the public from 9 am to sunset on Tuesday through Sunday, featuring a collection of over 2,600 trees and shrubs on display.

The arboretum was founded by Sue and J.C. (Buz) Brenton and their children, on land which was part of the original Home Farm acquired by Dr. James Brenton and his son, William Henry, soon after they arrived from Indiana in 1853 by covered wagon. Its first trees were planted in 1997. The master plan was created by Anthony Tyznik of Batavia, Illinois, who for many years was the landscape architect for the Morton Arboretum in Chicago, Illinois.

The arboretum has a lake, pond, wetlands, several streams, walking paths, bridges, prairies, wildflowers and a small library. Natural prairie was established to restore the land to a pre-agricultural setting.

title: Brenton Arboretum