text:
Talk:Hell in Mexico

I think this is pointless and not very encyclopedic, not to mention that is somewhat racist. (unsigned comment from anonymous user)

This page is pointless, it only serves to narrate what happened in part of the episode and doesn't deserve its own article.

title: Talk:Hell in Mexico


text:
Talk:Armstrong Flight Research Center

Fleet photo
This image should be helpful if this article is ever expanded. Triddle 18:12, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sat photo
I added a 1m monochrome satellite photo of Dryden and the compass rose. The photo is at least a decade old. The dark structure near the top is the STS assembly facility. Note that the photo is aligned with true north; the compass rose shows magnetic north, which calculation using NOAA's calculator confirm is around 13 degrees east of true north. -- John Fader (talk | contribs) 13:57, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Photo Legend
Does anyone know what the planes in the main picture are? I know the one in the center is the blackbird but what about the rest. Especially the small white one in the lower left hand side and the space shuttle looking thingy on the lower right hand side. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.5.36.1 (talk) 05:45, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The aircraft in the first gallery photo are X-31, F-15 ACTIVE, SR-71, F-106, F-16XL Ship #2, X-38, Radio Controlled Mothership and X-36. See: http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/Fleet/HTML/EC97-44165-149.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.133.202.68 (talk) 21:30, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

This Article Needs Help!
Are there any NASA experts out there than can make this article about the facility and not just a random collection of experiments performed here? -SidewinderX (talk) 19:23, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I might be an 'expert' about NASA Armstrong, but not about writing a good Wikipedia article. Would it be good to pattern it on the most-recent Citizen Report? (http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/citizen_report_13and14.pdf) I can ask the historian (Dr. Gelzer) for some solid sources for a synopsis of the history. Aeronrd (talk) 23:38, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

 * How about a structure like this:

 * History
 * Notable Flight Research Areas http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp31119
 * Higher, Faster
 * First supersonic flight: Bell X-1
 * Early X-planes & Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket
 * Hypersonic, suborbital space: North American X-15
 * Lifting Body re-entry vehicles: Lifting body
 * Jet-powered speed research
 * Efficiency
 * Supercritical airfoil / Mission Adaptive Wing
 * Winglet
 * NASA Oblique Wing
 * Laminar flow research
 * Maneuverability
 * Rockwell HiMAT
 * Grumman X-29
 * High Alpha Research Vehicle
 * Rockwell-MBB X-31
 * Aircraft Systems
 * Fly-by-wire
 * FADEC
 * McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD
 * F-18 SRA
 * Supporting the Space Program
 * Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
 * Space Shuttle Enterprise
 * Space Shuttle Support Research
 * Balls 8
 * Safety and Problem Solving
 * Aircraft Design Problems
 * Aviation Safety
 * Notable Employees http://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/Biographies/Pilots/index.html
 * Neil Armstrong, 1955 to 1962
 * R. Dale Reed
 * C. Gordon Fullerton
 * Bill Dana (pilot)
 * Milton Orville Thompson
 * Fred Haise
 * Marta Bohn-Meyer
 * Albert Scott Crossfield
 * Current Status http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/citizen_report_13and14.pdf
 * Fiscal Year 2013 Statistics
 * Aeronautics Research
 * Adaptive Compliant Trailing Edge (ACTE)
 * Unmanned Aircraft Systems
 * Supersonics
 * Lockheed Martin X-56
 * Science
 * Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk
 * Douglas DC-8
 * ER-2 variant of Lockheed U-2
 * UAVSAR Gulfstream III
 * Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
 * Human Exploration and Opertations
 * Commercial Crew Development
 * Launch Vehicle Adaptive Control experiment used an Armtrong F/A-18 aircraft in 2013 to evaluate an Adaptive Augmenting Controller developed by engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center for the agency’s Space Launch System rocket
 * Space Technology
 * Flight Opportunities Program
 * Towed Glider
 * Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator
 * Facilities
 * At Edwards AFB
 * Flight Loads Lab
 * RAIF
 * Building 703 (Palmdale)
 * Building 703 (Palmdale)
 * Building 703 (Palmdale)

Aeronrd (talk) 03:29, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Since I'm a noob when it comes to Wikipdia culture, I started poking around the guidelines. Since I work at Armstrong Flight Research Center I can't avoid appearing biased, although I'm experienced writing objectively in technical reports. I'd be glad to help someone else overhaul this article to be much more informative than it currently is, but I don't want to violate Wikipedia's guidelines. If you are an unbiased outsider interested in improving this article, and you'd like my help collecting references or anything else, let me know. Aeronrd (talk) 17:43, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Been awhile since I have edited anything on wikipedia, but I may give it a go for the next few weeks, see if I can help this article out a bit.--JKBodylski (talk) 09:57, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

Renaming
I understand the House of Representatives passed the bill, but from I understand from http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1212/31armstrong/ the Senate has also to agree. And does a pass means it is in effect immediadetly? From what I understand it is still the Dryden Flight Research Center. --Kucharek (talk) 21:14, 1 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I was a bit hasty there. I suspect it will pass the senate as well (unanimous in the House) but you are correct that it is not official yet.--RadioFan (talk) 21:33, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't the title of the article be Armstrong Flight Research Center, per NASA's page on the Center? We didnt use the full name for Dryden either, and this fits per WPCOMMONNAME. - BilCat (talk) 22:56, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree the title should be Armstrong Flight Research Center, as this is the name NASA commonly uses: http://www.nasa.gov/about/sites/ Aeronrd (talk) 17:53, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

"D" logo is no longer in use
The "D" logo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-NASA-DrydenFlightResearchCenter-Logo.svg) is no longer in use since the name change to Armstrong Flight Research Center. I think it should be removed from the top of the page, but I don't know what should be done with it instead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aeronrd (talk • contribs) 22:37, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for making the change. There is an official but internal-use-only logo for Armstrong: http://www.collectspace.com/review/armstrongfrc_patch01-lg.jpg, but I don't think it goes here.Aeronrd (talk) 22:55, 13 December 2014 (UTC)Aeronrd

Article Rework
Ok, I've been chatting with Christian Gelzer at Armstrong, and he has given some good pointers. Im going to start with the opening and update and rework that a bit, then move into adding sections about the center by era/topic. Ive added a section for aircraft on display, which will eventually include the aircraft at both Building 703, as well as the aircraft at the main center. Sorry if this takes awhile! JKBodylski (talk) 12:06, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

Official Title
The official title of the center is the NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center, perhaps we should change the name of the article to reflect this? JKBodylski (talk) 11:41, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Armstrong Flight Research Center


text:
Lateran Baptistery

The Lateran Baptistery (Battistero lateranense, also known as San Giovanni in Fonte or San Giovanni in Onda) stands apart from the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, Rome, to which it has become joined by later construction. This baptistery was founded by Pope Sixtus III in 440, perhaps on an earlier structure, for a legend grew up that Constantine the Great had been baptized there and enriched the structure. However, it is more likely that if he was baptized it was in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire and possibly by an Arian bishop. This baptistry was for many generations the only baptistery in Rome, and its domed octagonal structure, centered upon the large octagonal basin for full immersions, provided a model for others throughout Italy, and even an iconic motif of illuminated manuscripts, "The fountain of Life".

Around the central area, where is the basin of the font, an octagon is formed by eight porphyry columns, with marble Corinthian capitals and entablature of classical form. On the ceiling of the Baptistry is the story of the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 AD). An ambulatory surrounds the font and outer walls form a larger octagon. Attached to one side, towards the Lateran Basilica, is a fine porch with two porphyry columns and richly carved capitals, bases and entablatures.

The Baptistery was subject to an elaborate restoration during the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII. While its interior architecture was consolidated and embellished after plans of Gian Lorenzo Bernini around 1633, a fresco cycle with scenes from the life of Constantine was added by Andrea Sacchi on the walls of the ambulatory.

In the meantime the early Christian liturgy of Easter baptisms was reanimated by the Baroque popes, baptizing adult "turchi ed ebrei" ("Turks and Jews") in a public ceremony on Easter eve.

Its plain brick exterior was embellished with a frieze designed by Francesco Borromini in the late 1650s or early 1660s, incorporating the arms of Pope Alexander VII.

title: Lateran Baptistery


text:
Category:Streets in California

Streets in California.

title: Category:Streets in California


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of not colors

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

List of not colors

 * delete. Meaningless. Mikkalai 18:16, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. I think that as long as a List of colors exists, a [[List of not colors should also exist. Black is not a color, and you are wrong mentioning it in the list of colors! Agesilaus II 18:33, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Really. FreplySpang (talk) 18:38, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect could be valuable, but is incomprehensible as is. 68.190.40.38 02:09, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A not unmeaningless article with an ungood name. Rje 02:11, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Deletion is not a colour. Why isn't it on the list?     — P Ingerson (talk) (contribs) 02:20, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:István Bethlen

[Untitled]
I changed his date of death to 1946 (from 1947) in the first paragraph to agree with the statement at the end of the article and with other sources I found on the web. As the date appears to be uncertain, if anyone has firmer information please update the article. Molinari 18:16, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rating
This is a high level start article. A little expansion and sources could easily see this elevated to B class article. ludahai 魯大海 23:53, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:István Bethlen


text:
User talk:Yugiohneo

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 18:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yugiohneo


text:
Talk:Crisis (Marxian)

Old Untitled Thread
What economic, social, and political crises did Europe experience in the early 17th century?

The article is focused on Communist's view of Capitalism and not on modern contemporary economic crisis (i.e. the crisis on Asia or current crisis on the US, etc.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.182.30.26 (talk) 05:25, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. This article, as presented, is highly POV.  If it were titled something like "Marxist Theory of Economic Crisis" then it might be OK. Gigs (talk) 18:35, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

2009-09-08
Overall cleanup and update, reviewing the history I think I'm the single largest contributor to the article. The thread above apparently predates the current titling. Lycurgus (talk) 07:11, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Clarifying that I had no role in the move to the current subject. 72.228.150.44 (talk) 17:16, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Crisis theory
Crisis theory seems to be this article (Crisis (Marxian)), but written from more-or-less a Marxist point of view. I didn't check whether the sources there were all here, but this one is closer to current Wikipedia standards (at least, for sources and references). — Arthur Rubin (talk) 15:26, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes it appears that Crisis theory duplicates this subject, but it ought not. 'Crisis theory' should be bigger than a Marxist context and should have points of contact for example with the mathematical topic of Catastrophy theory, i.e. the more general study of system failures. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 17:10, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * But does anyone use the term "Crisis theory" other than Marxians. If not, a hat note for the new article should be there.
 * Regardless, these two articles should be merged, whether the resulting name should be crisis theory, crisis theory (economics), or crisis theory (Marxian). — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 17:23, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Aside from the mentioned generalization in mathematics (and others there), and as a trope or whatever in journalism (as in The March of Folly) and as a theme in a wide variety of disciplines and areas of discourse, I don't think there's anything matching "Crisis Theory" as a standalone subject but I don't see any reason a wiki article might not treat of them all. In any case the two actually existing articles are fully redundant subjects as currently composed so some action is called for. Also, I would think the existing target "Crisis (Marxian)" would be the one since 1) it was arrived at by an earlier process (in which I was not involved) and 2) I don't know that there's any "crisis theory" as such with Marxism, although it does constitute a topic or theme addressed by and perhaps even central to it. "Crisis theory (economics)" might be easier to tackle than the general concept and could easily make a large article in it's own own right just referencing mainstream bourgeois economic thought. In that case you might want to merge both of these into that. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 18:51, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * In spite of the redundancy, I'm happy to have both articles remain linked by the merge tags. A brief scan of the other article indicates a tone of mainstream bourgeois thought insofar as its view of Marxism is concerned and this one has the opposite perspective (I'm probably the major contributor ATM). These may be irreconcilable and best left as is where the lack of affix to the other is implicit (i.e. Crisis theory = Marxian Crisis (from a Mainstream Economics Perspective). Or maybe just rename the other Marxian Crisis and have "See Crisis (Marxian) for a treatment of this topic from a Marxist perspective" in it and a "See Marxian Crisis for a treatment of this topic from the perspective of capitalist economics" in this one. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 19:17, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Finally, Crisis Theory is prolly best done as a disambig page covering the various applicable topics, not just economics. So actually the other is a misnomer and in fact the best thing would be for it to have the title of this one and this one to become Marxian Crisis. May do do this after this posted for a while for comment and/or prepare a merged draft in my space as for Degenerated workers state and Deformed workers state. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 19:34, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * So, you're suggesting the (content presently at) the two articles remain WP:POVFORKs? This is not good.  However, both articles deserve a number of content tags, so it's really difficult to see which material (if any) from either article should be included in an article about the Marxian concept of "Crisis".  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 12:49, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Noting I don't have articles in my draft space for either of the Trotskyist concepts above and am unlikely to. Yes I am suggesting that for the time being the status quo remain on this as events and consciousness catch up and the tags and state of affairs fairly exhaustively described above is addressed, which doubtless it eventually will be and sooner rather than later. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 02:15, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crisis (Marxian)


text:
GYE

GYE or Gye may refer to:

People

 * Gye of Baekje (died 354), king of Baekje 344–346
 * Gye of Samhan, king of Mahan confederacy 33 BC–17 BC
 * Frederick Gye (1810–1878), English opera manager
 * Harold Frederick Neville Gye (1888–1967), Australian cartoonist
 * William Ewart Gye (1889–1952), British paleontologist (né Bullock)
 * Elsa Gye (1881–1943), music student and suffragette

Other uses

 * Gye, Meurthe-et-Moselle, a commune in France
 * Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
 * Guinness Yeast Extract, an Irish savoury spread
 * Gynecological Endocrinology, a medical journal
 * Gyem language, native to Nigeria
 * José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport, in Guayaquil, Ecuador

title: GYE


text:
Du Maurier

du Maurier may refer to:
 * The du Maurier family:
 * George du Maurier (1834–1896), British author and cartoonist
 * Sir Gerald du Maurier (1873–1934), British actor, son of George
 * Angela du Maurier (1904–2002), British author and eldest daughter of Sir Gerald
 * Dame Daphne du Maurier (1907–1989), British author and middle daughter of Sir Gerald
 * Jeanne du Maurier (1911-1997), English artist and youngest daughter of Sir Gerald
 * Bedelia Du Maurier, original fictional character in NBC's Hannibal, played by Gillian Anderson
 * The du Mauriers, historical novel by Daphne du Maurier based on her family's history
 * du Maurier (cigarette), a brand of Canadian cigarettes
 * du Maurier Classic, former name of the Canadian Women's Open golf tournament
 * du Maurier Jazz Festival, former name of the Toronto Jazz Festival
 * du Maurier Stadium, former name of Uniprix Stadium, a Montreal tennis stadium
 * du Maurier Open, former name of the Canada Masters tennis tournament

title: Du Maurier


text:
User:Veemonkamiya

How do I delete an account?

(whoops, forgot to log in)

title: User:Veemonkamiya


text:
Talk:12.8 cm FlaK 40

Early history
Early history of this page can be found at 12.8cm Flak 40.

Round info
I am in search of drawings of the rounds in use with the gun in reference (i.e.: 10,5cm Flak 38/39 German AA gun) I know that there are also in the web! But unfortunately they aren't quite well masterized when inserted in the web, so printing becomes a hard job. So who has drawings of the above rounds (both H.E. and A.P.C./B.C.) is kindly requested to inform me stating dimension of the drawing sheet, price of the copy, and shipment cost. Thank you in advance. A. Gottardi Genoa ITALY

Pak 44
Is there any proof that the Pak 44 antitank gun was developed from the Flak 40 AA gun?

There is a major error here - the 128mm Flak and the 128mm K Family (K43/44/128mm Pak) had almost nothing in common. The Flak was a Rheinmetall design and the others were Krup. A seperate page needs to be made for the K/Pak product and the links need to be changed away from here - might do it when I get time.

--Rbaal 01:52, 24 July 2007 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by LV (talk • contribs).

Removed any reference to the Pak 44 as this was a completely different gun - added Pak 44 page

12.8 cm Pak 44 --Rbaal 01:02, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

It appears Rheinmetall did develop a candidate for the 12.8cm PAK based on their FlAK gun but it was rejected in favour of the Krupp design. Different weapon. 62.196.17.197 (talk) 11:46, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

The Rheinmetall gun was the 12.8cm PaK 40, after rejection in favour of the Krupp PaK 44 gun it was used on the two Sturer Emil prototypes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.30.100.222 (talk) 15:29, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as stub  --dashiellx (talk) 18:19, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Captured ww2 french cannon
Is there any written evidence of French ww2 captured 155 mm cannon being relined and rebored to utilise german 12.8mm shells — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.250.29.245 (talk) 14:36, 12 February 2013 (UTC) I think you mean 12.8 cm shells. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.170.8.5 (talk) 07:05, 10 March 2017 (UTC)
 * On the PAK 44 page there is mention of using French and Russian carriages to mount 12.8cm guns if that's any help... 51.6.242.179 (talk) 16:25, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

Contradictory
It says in the text that it could throw a shell to 48,556ft, but in the info box, it give maximum range as a bit over 35,000ft. That's quite a discrepancy. AnnaGoFast (talk) 04:59, 23 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Not really. AA artillery is two problems (the two relevant here): throwing shells in the air, and throwing them in the right direction.  Shells decelerate in flight, so their speed near apogee is getting pretty slow. The targeting problem is about predicting the path of shell and target aircraft, which may also be manouevering evasively; so a fast shell makes the prediction problem easier.  As the shell weight is relatively unimportant in terms of causing damage, and the ceiling of a Lancaster was only about 21,000 feet, the reason for the growing calibre of these later WWII AA guns was for their faster flight (more propellant, heavier shells, better aerodynamic coefficient).
 * So this leads to a significant difference between altitude of the gun alone, and the much lower effective altitude of the system overall. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:40, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

These guns also used on flak towers - worth mentioning? 86.170.8.5 (talk) 20:05, 5 March 2017 (UTC)
These guns also used on German & Austrian flak towers.

Flak guns against tanks on the flak towers
It seems that the story of the 128mm on teh berlin flak towers beings used against Russian tanks is a myth. never happened.

It possible that the 37 & 20 mm were used but the 128mm were not (as they could not be) - not sure how to word this though.

They could have been used a general artillery but again not sure how to word this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rbaal (talk • contribs) 20:10, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

 * A good point. With the guns very high up on the towers and no means to depress them below -3 degrees, they had tremendous dead spots. Add trees and buildings to severely limit the field of fire, they almost with certainty have only been used in the indirect fire role. 77.183.155.186 (talk) 13:08, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:12.8 cm FlaK 40


text: User talk:209.125.78.101

title: User talk:209.125.78.101


text:
Alain Touraine

Alain Touraine (3 August 1925 – 9 June 2023) was a French sociologist. He was research director at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, where he founded the Centre d'étude des mouvements sociaux. Touraine was an important figure in the founding of French sociology of work after World War II and later became an internationally-renowned sociologist of social movements, particularly the May 68 student movement in France and the Solidarity trade-union movement in communist Poland.

Biography
Touraine completed his khâgne (preparatory school) at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, and entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1945. He left his studies at the ENS for a research trip in Hungary and then worked at a mine in Valenciennes in 1947–1948 after his return to France. Touraine's work in the industrial milieu and his simultaneous discovery of the sociologist Georges Friedmann's Problèmes humains du machinisme industriel led him to return to studies in history at the ENS and to pass the agrégation in history in 1950.

The same year, he became a researcher in sociology at the CNRS, working in the new subfield of the sociology of work under Friedmann. Touraine conducted field research at the Renault auto factory in Boulogne-Billancourt in Paris, which would lead to his first sociological monograph, published in 1955. In 1952, he received a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study at Harvard with Talcott Parsons.

Touraine defended his two doctoral theses at the University of Paris in 1964. His major thesis was published as Sociologie de l'action in 1965, and his minor thesis as La conscience ouvrière in 1966, both by Éditions du Seuil.

Touraine was the father of two children: Marisol, who served as the French Minister of Social Affairs and Health from 2012 to 2017 in the government of Jean-Marc Ayrault and Manuel Valls; and Philippe, a professor of endocrinology at the Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital in Paris.

Touraine died in Paris on 9 June 2023, at the age of 97.

Work
Part of the first generation of French sociologues du travail after World War II, Touraine was a pioneer of sociological fieldwork in industrial settings in France, drawing on the influence of American industrial sociology and industrial relations, as well as the survey research of Paul Lazarsfeld. Touraine's 1955 study of Renault articulated the "ABC" theory of automation which was adopted by 1960s radical sociologists of the "new working class," including Serge Mallet.

Touraine's mature work after 1960 is based on a "sociology of action", which he called "actionalism", and believes that society shapes its future through structural mechanisms and its own social struggles. Expressed in his first theoretical statement, Sociologie de l'action, Touraine conceived "actionalism" as an alternative to the functionalism of Talcott Parsons, toward which he had frequently expressed disdain throughout his career.

Touraine was a professor of sociology at Nanterre when the student movement of May 1968 broke out on its campus. Touraine observed the movement on the ground and wrote one of the first studies of it; 1968 marked a transition in his work away from labor and the working class toward social movements. Touraine, who in his 1960s work had been a major theorist of "industrial society," published one of the first books articulating a concept of "post-industrial society" in 1969, though the American sociologists Daniel Bell and David Riesman had already been using the term.

His prime interest for most of his career has been with social movements. He had studied and written extensively on workers' movements across the world, particularly in Latin America. In Poland where he observed and the emergence of the dissident movement Solidarnosc. While in Poland, he developed the research method of "Sociological Intervention," which had been outlined in "The Voice and the Eye" (La Voix et le Regard) [1981].

Touraine has gained popularity in Latin America as well as in continental Europe. He has failed to gain the same recognition in the English-speaking world, although half of his books have been translated into English. He participated in 1969 at the Universitas project organized by Argentine architect Emilio Ambasz.

Honours
In 2007, he was appointed honorary doctor of the Open University of Catalonia. In 2010, he was jointly awarded, with Zygmunt Bauman, the Príncipe de Asturias Prize for Communication and the Humanities. Touraine received the Legion of Honour in 2014 during his daughter Marisol’s mandate as French Minister of Social Affairs.

Selected publications

 * Touraine, A. (1965) Sociologie de l'action. Paris: Seuil.
 * Touraine, A. (1966) La conscience ouvrière. Paris: Seuil.
 * Touraine, A. (1968) Le mouvement de mai ou le communisme utopique. Paris: Seuil.
 * Touraine, A. (1969) La société post-industrielle. Paris: Seuil.
 * Touraine, A. (1971). The Post-Industrial Society. Tomorrow's Social History: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society. New York: Random House.
 * Touraine, A. (1977). The Self-Production of Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
 * Touraine, A. (1981). The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 * Dubet, F., A. Touraine and M. Wieviorka (1983). Solidarity: The Analysis of a Social Movement: Poland 1980-1981. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 * Touraine, A. (1995). Critique of Modernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
 * Touraine, A. (1999). "Chapter 9: Society Turns Back Upon Itself." The Blackwell Reader in Contemporary Social Theory. Ed. Anthony Elliott. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 1999.
 * Touraine, A. (2000). Can We Live Together?: Equality and Difference. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
 * Touraine, A. (2006). Le Monde des Femmes. Paris: Fayard.
 * Touraine, A. (2007). New Paradigm for Understanding Today's World. Cambridge, Malden: Polity.
 * Touraine, A. (2009). Thinking Differently. Cambridge, Malden: Polity.

title: Alain Touraine


text:
Business park

A business park or office park is a designated area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together. These types of developments are often located in suburban areas where land and building costs are more affordable, and are typically situated near major highways, roads, or train stations for easy access.

Criticism
While business parks can provide many benefits, such as providing employment opportunities and boosting the local economy, they can also have negative impacts on surrounding areas and communities. The impact of business parks on surrounding areas and communities has been criticized:
 * Large gaps between urbanized zones, increasing the suburban sprawl.
 * The appearance of the buildings.
 * Obsolescence, vacancy, and disrepair.

To mitigate these negative effects, businesses and developers can take steps such as incorporating green spaces and sustainable design features into the business park, as well as maintaining and updating the buildings to prevent obsolescence.

title: Business park


text: Category:Streets in Washington, D.C.

title: Category:Streets in Washington, D.C.


text:
Ronny Cedeño

Ronny Alexander Salazar Cedeño (born February 2, 1983), is a Venezuelan former professional baseball shortstop, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Seattle Mariners, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Mets, Houston Astros, San Diego Padres, and Philadelphia Phillies. Cedeño batted and threw right-handed.

Chicago Cubs
Cedeño spent his five-season minor league career playing in the Cubs' farm system, reaching the Double-A level in 2004 with the Diamond Jaxx. In 116 games, he posted a .279 batting average with six home runs and 48 RBI. He was selected as a midseason Southern League All-Star. Cedeño was called up in April, 2005, to replace Nomar Garciaparra on the Cubs' roster. He made big-league debut for the Chicago Cubs on April 23 but spent most of his time on the bench, as Neifi Pérez was awarded the starting job. After the Cubs signed Enrique Wilson, Cedeño was sent back down to the Triple-A Iowa Cubs. In 65 games at Iowa in 2005, Cedeño batted an impressive .355, and slugged over .500 for the first time in his professional career. He returned to the Cubs in June after Wilson was himself sent down to Iowa.

Cedeño became the team's starting shortstop in 2006. He played in 151 games, hit .245, and had 25 errors. In 2006, he walked only 3.1% of the time, the lowest percentage in the National League, and 4 of his 17 walks were intentional walks. He also had the Major League's worst walk/strikeout ratio—0.16. He played in the 2006 winter league for Venezuela, and averaged .555 in 45 games with 25 runs and 28 RBI. Cedeño began 2007 with the Major League club on the bench, as the Cubs were set at shortstop and second base with César Izturis and Mark DeRosa. His offensive struggles continued, batting .118 at the big league level through August, and he spent several more months in Triple-A Iowa. When the Cubs traded their starting center fielder Jacque Jones in November 2007, general manager Jim Hendry indicated that the club wasn't necessarily looking outside for a veteran, with Cedeño as well as Félix Pie and Sam Fuld in the mix. Cedeño was asked to play some center field during the winter. In 2008, Cedeño made the Major League club out of spring training and spent the entire season with the Cubs, playing primarily off the bench as Reed Johnson and later Jim Edmonds were signed to play center field and Ryan Theriot was ensconced at shortstop. As the season progressed, he saw more opportunities to start at second base and shortstop, and got many opportunities off the bench as a pinch hitter and defensive replacement. He ended the year hitting .269 with 41 strikeouts in 216 at-bats, making 31 starts at second and 20 at shortstop.

Seattle Mariners
On January 28, 2009, Cedeño was traded with Garrett Olson to the Seattle Mariners for Aaron Heilman. Cedeño replaced Yuniesky Betancourt as starting shortstop for the Seattle Mariners after Betancourt was put on the DL and later traded to the Kansas City Royals. Cedeño made 39 starts at shortstop for Seattle, as well as a handful of starts at second, left field, and third base. He batted .167 in 206 plate appearances with Seattle.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On July 29, 2009, Cedeño was traded with Jeff Clement, Aaron Pribanic, Brett Lorin, and Nathan Adcock to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Jack Wilson and Ian Snell. He started 42 games at shortstop and batted .258 for Pittsburgh on the year.

Cedeño finished 2009 with 8 doubles, 3 triples, and a career high 10 home runs. He also drove in 38 runs, was issued a then-career high 19 walks, 3 of them intentional, struck out 79 times, and stole 5 bases, to go along with a .208 average, a .256 on-base percentage, a .337 slugging percentage, in 341 at-bats split between Seattle and Pittsburgh.

Cedeño was the Pirates Opening Day shortstop in 2010 and he made 132 starts on the year. He was briefly benched by manager John Russell in June as he struggled with consistency. He finished with a batting line of .256/.293/.382 and 18 errors in the field.

Although the Pirates pursued other shortstops during the off-season as there were questions about Cedeño's focus, he returned as the Opening Day starter in 2011. Cedeño made 118 starts at shortstop on the year with a brief trip to the disabled list in July with a concussion. He batted .249/.297/.339 with 13 errors. At the end of the season, the Pirates decided not to pick up Cedeño's $3 million option and signed Clint Barmes to play shortstop.

New York Mets
On January 6, 2012, Cedeño signed with the New York Mets for a one-year contract worth $1.2 million. Cedeño served as a reserve infielder, taking over briefly at shortstop when Rubén Tejada was lost to an injury in May. He played in a total of 78 games for the Mets, making 42 starts between second, short, and third, and committing just 4 errors. He surpassed offensive expectations by batting .259 with 4 home runs and a .741 OPS in 186 plate appearances.

St Louis Cardinals
On January 28, 2013, Ronny Cedeño signed a one-year contract with the St. Louis Cardinals. The deal was reported to be for a base salary of $1.15 million with incentives that could have increased to $2 million. However, the Cardinals released him on March 19 when they made the decision to give the starting shortstop job to Pete Kozma.

Houston Astros
On March 23, 2013, Cedeño agreed to a deal with the Houston Astros. He and Marwin González split time at shortstop, with Cedeño batting .220 with a .558 OPS in 155 plate appearances and making 11 errors in 37 starts. He was designated for assignment on July 22, 2013, and was released on July 28, as the Astros called up prospect Jonathan Villar.

San Diego Padres
On August 3, 2013, Cedeño agreed to a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres, in case starting shortstop Everth Cabrera was suspended in the Biogenesis scandal. He was assigned to their High-A affiliate, the Lake Elsinore Storm. After Cabrera was suspended, the Padres promoted Cedeño to the major leagues on August 6. He served as the Padres primary shortstop until he was hit in the head by a Heath Bell pitch on September 23. Although Cedeño never lost consciousness, he sat out the last week of the season with concussion-like symptoms. He made 34 starts at short for the Padres, making 2 errors and hitting .268 with 2 homers and a .684 OPS.

Philadelphia Phillies
On January 13, 2014, Cedeño signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training to play for the Philadelphia Phillies. He was released on March 25 and re-signed on April 2. He was outrighted off the roster on June 28, 2014.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On June 29, 2014, the Phillies traded Cedeño to the Arizona Diamondbacks in exchange for Raywilly Gomez. On October 11 he refused his minor league assignment and became a free agent.

San Francisco Giants
Cedeño signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants in February 2015. On February 24, 2015 he was assigned to AAA Sacramento River Cats, but was released July 8.

Unipol Bologna
Cedeño spent the 2016 season with Unipol Bologna of the Italian Baseball League where he led the team with a .530 slugging percentage.

Olmecas de Tabasco
He signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican Baseball League for the 2016 season. He was released on April 21, 2017.

Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
Cedeño spent 2016–20 with Navegantes del Magallanes of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League and the 2020–21 season with Leones del Caracas.

title: Ronny Cedeño


text:
USS Huron

USS Huron may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Huron (1861), was an Unadilla-class gunboat screw steam gunboat commissioned 8 January 1862 and sold 14 June 1869.
 * USS Huron (1875), was an iron sloop-rigged steamer commissioned 15 November 1875 and lost in a storm off Nags Head, North Carolina in November 1877.
 * USS Huron (ID-1408), was the former SS Friedrich der Große seized by the United States in 1917 and renamed Huron. She served as a troop transport in World War I and was decommissioned 2 September 1919.
 * USS Huron (CA-9), was a Pennsylvania-class cruiser that was previously named South Dakota (ACR-9).
 * USS Huron (PF-19), was a Tacoma-class frigate completed in 1944 and scrapped in 1947.

title: USS Huron


text:
User talk:Ichudov

Remark
I would like to ask you to write

==External links==

instead of

==External Links==

This is the style in here. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 18:23, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
When editing an article on Wikipedia there is a small field labelled "Edit summary" under the main edit-box. It looks like this:

 * [[Image:Edit_Summary-2.png|Edit summary text box]]

The text written here will appear on the Recent changes page, in the page revision history, on the diff page, and in the watchlists of users who are watching that article. See m:Help:Edit summary for full information on this feature.

When you leave the edit summary blank, some of your edits could be mistaken for vandalism and could be reverted, so please always briefly summarize your edits, especially when you are making subtle but important changes, like changing dates or numbers. Thank you. Oleg Alexandrov 18:25, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The link
Hi Igor. It seems that the link you gave me, http://www.algebra.com/algebra/services/rendering/ does not really work. Do you know why? By the way, you can reply here, I will keep a watch on this page. Oleg Alexandrov 18:59, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

got it

my formula rendering system
I will try to reply here, hopefully it will work. Sorry for getting the URL confused.

My simple, dumbed down formula rendering system is here:

http://www.algebra.com/services/rendering/

That page is mostly for people playing with formulas or those who need to make a nice picture of a formula. But the same engine is used to display formulas all over my site.

AfD nomination of Phase Converter Manufacturers
I've nominated Phase Converter Manufacturers, an article you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but in this particular case I do not feel that Phase Converter Manufacturers satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion; I have explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Phase Converter Manufacturers and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Phase Converter Manufacturers during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. RTucker 01:16, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Enhanced Machine Controller for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Enhanced Machine Controller, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Enhanced Machine Controller until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Wizard191 (talk) 14:06, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ichudov


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Fitz Hugh Ludlow/archive1

Fitz Hugh Ludlow
GFDL release by the author of an article previously published elsewhere. Interesting, well written page. --Duk 18:26, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

To be featured the lead will need to be expanded to better summarise the content of the article. Many of the descriptions of the New York stories are just a sentence, they should be expaneded where possible. What was the reaction to his work at the time of publication and what do critics say about his work now? Which contemporary writers have been influenced by Ludlow's writing? You may also want to have a list at the end of the article that summarises the publications, with ISBNs--nixie 11:50, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have added to the lead. I am reluctant to expand much on the "New York Stories" section because the article is so large already. I have added some information on the critical reaction to his work (contempory and current) to The Hasheesh Eater page. A complete summary of his publications would be too large, I think. -Moorlock 00:40, 24 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:XM1

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 18:24, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Message regarding your use of the No Multi License Template
In case you are not aware, the Wikimedia Foundation has proposed that the copyright licensing terms on the wikis operated by the WMF – including Wikipedia – be changed to include the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) license in addition to the current GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) as allowed by version 1.3 of the GFDL. The community has approved this change with 75.8% in favor, and on June 15, 2009, the change will take effect. You currently have NoMultiLicense on your user or user talk page, which states that your edits are licensed under the GFDL only. On or before June 15, this template will be changed to reflect Wikipedia's new licensing terms. If you accept the licensing change, you do not need to do anything (and feel free to remove this message); if you do not accept it, we regret that you will no longer be able to contribute to the encyclopedia. Please join the discussion at Village pump (policy) if you have any comments.

Delivered by The  Helpful  Bot  at 20:19, 2 June 2009 (UTC) for the Village pump. Report errors here.

Proposed deletion of Diamond Schmitt Architects

The article Diamond Schmitt Architects has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Promotional article"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. MrsSnoozyTurtle 02:19, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Diamond Schmitt Architects

A tag has been placed on Diamond Schmitt Architects, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. MrsSnoozyTurtle 08:02, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:XM1


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/First Council of Nicaea/archive

First Council of Nicaea
A very well written article on a fascinating subject. The early Christian church has given the entire world a lasting legacy, and people tend not to have a large body of personal knowledge on the specifics. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 18:24, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object:
 * No coverage of differences of opinion before the council
 * No coverage of the effects of the first council
 * No references. :ChrisG 20:01, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The article on the "differences of opinion" is at Arianism and is linked in the intro. I admit it could cover the effects better, I'll look into writing a bit more on that. Also, while the formatting may suck at the moment, it is referenced as to its sources, check the bottom. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 18:50, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object : no pictures / no references. Mozzerati 11:22, 2005 Apr 23 (UTC)
 * No pictures? Come on... it happened in 325, what do you want, a group photo? :) --Dante Alighieri | Talk 18:50, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * A painting, engraving, or photo of something pertaining to the event that that still exists could be used. --mav 20:01, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, the referencing needs to be made more informative. Does the note "Initial text from Schaff-Herzog Encyc of Religion. Please update as needed" mean that the article has been rephrased and wikified starting from a text dump of Schaff-Herzog...? Or not? If it does, not only publication information but author of the specific entry and some general information about this encyclopedia needs to be given: is it a NPOV source, or does it represent particular theological views? (And if so, is there some balancing information and views in the article, and where do they come from?). It's full title might give a clue. The external links provided seem, from the comments made on them, to be offered as further reading rather than sources. The important Χproblem isn't of formatting and formalia, but of lettiing the reader know where the information comes from, and giving the reader tools for evaluating possibilities of bias: which of the external links were used for what, how old is the dictionary, what kind of dictionary is it? That kind of thing. Oh, on another note, if you need another pic, here's a gorgeous "group photo", and here's a rather nicer version of the icon that you've got. --Bishonen | talk 09:29, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, too many broken links...--Bastique 20:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Withdrawn, too many reasonable objections. I sure would like to see something on the early Christian church Featured though, any suggestions? --Dante Alighieri | Talk 20:27, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think it would be a lovely article if we just get those wiki links in and put afew pretty pictures on it! I say let's dig in and work for it! --Bastique 20:59, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.75.100.225

title: User talk:68.75.100.225


text:
Kent Coast line

The Kent Coast Line is the railway line that runs from Minster East Jn to Buckland Jn connecting Ramsgate and Dover Priory in the English county of Kent.

It was electrified (750 V DC third rail) by BR under the 1955 Modernisation Plan.

Services
, the off-peak service is operated as an extension of the South Eastern Main Line service from to Dover Priory. Trains run hourly terminating at Ramsgate. Services are operated by SE Trains using class 375 units. Some peak trains use or are High Speed 1 services to or from London St. Pancras or the Class 465/466 Networkers are also used in the Peak Hours or in the summer timetable services from London Cannon Street extended to Ramsgate via Greenwich, Woolwich Arsenal and Dartford.

During the late 2010s, the entire off-peak service was run as part of the High Speed domestic service, running in a loop around the coast with trains at both ends continuing towards St. Pancras via Ashford International and Faversham. This service was ended after the COVID pandemic massively reduced rail use.

A small number of the peak services run to Minster on the Ashford to Ramsgate line before reversing back onto the coast line as a school service, running Ramsgate-Minster-Sandwich-Deal in the mornings and the reverse in the evenings.

History
The South Eastern Railway's (SER) first main line went to Dover via Folkestone and Ashford. The SER Ashford to Margate Broadstairs and Ramsgate (via Canterbury West) line was then extended south to Deal. In 1881 this was linked up by the "Dover & Deal Joint Railway" with their bitter rival the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR).

Upon the joint management of the SER and LCDR in 1899 the track layout at Ashford rationalised, with Thanet receiving similar treatment (by Southern) in the 1920s.

The line was electrified under the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan, in "Kent Coast Electrification (Stage 2)" opening January 1961.

The building of the railway was significant in the development of seaside resorts like Broadstairs.

Dover track layout
The Railway Clearing House produced a map that shows the complex layout of this area. This shows the separate connection to the pier where trains used to board ferries.

title: Kent Coast line


text:
Talk:Carrillo (crater)

Untitled
"The rim of the crater is roughly ricular...". Is ricular a typo for circular? My dictionary doesn't have an entry for ricular. Molinari 18:26, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Typo: my bad, sorry. It's fixed now. — RJH 18:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carrillo (crater)


text:
Talk:New Crobuzon

Moved to Bas-Lag, where it is more appropriate. New Crobuzon should describe the city itself. Notcarlos 18:27, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"confluent" is the wrong word
In the climate section, "confluent" is an adjective, not a verb. "Flow together" would be the literal meaning of the Latin term, but that would prevent linking to "confluent."

 * Switched over to "whose confluence forms" etc. Still a wiki amateur, so I'm not sure if there's a more efficient way to structure the link without having "(geography)" show up in the article, but this works, right? 21:56, 24 April 2007 (UTC)Echonull

"The Ribs" errata
Will check tonight, but I believe "The Ribs" is a feature of Bonetown.

The Ribs have been explored archaeologically, but nothing was found outside of the spine (no head no hips etc.) {I always liked the subtle implication there that maybe something even bigger killed it.}

Excavation has not ended in disaster. Developing real-estate within the Ribs has discontinued due to "tools breaking" and "one two many accidents."

 * Modified to suit. 19:32, 26 April 2007 (UTC) (Echonull)

The Quillers
Not 100% sure (havent got the book in front of me) but arn't the New Quillers in IC actually a militant wing of the Three Quills (similar to the SA or the 'Red Front Fighters' League' in Weimar Germany) rather than "a splinter group"?
 * Also, given that the Xenians appear to be non-human, wouldn't "speciesist" be preferable to "racist"? 62.196.17.197 (talk) 11:38, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

Add map from Perdido?
There's a map of the city in Perdido Street Station, which would seem to be mighty relevant to the article. Would it be copyright infringement to include it? 22:00, 24 April 2007 (UTC)Echonull

 * Its a good idea - getting a decent scan might be tricky see for example. It might be an idea to approach the publisher to see if they wouldn't mind giving us the original files. (Emperor (talk) 22:34, 17 November 2010 (UTC))

Sufferage
I added a sentence to the sufferage entry about automatic qualifications, as the sufferage entry did not mention that. In PSS there's talk of whether or not Derkhan automatically qualifies for the vote, which she does not. Hactarcomp 17:56, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:PerdidoStreetStation(1stEd).jpg
The image Image:PerdidoStreetStation(1stEd).jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --07:10, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Since it could be replaced (failing 1), I've removed it. TRS-80 (talk) 08:43, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Crobuzon


text:
Culottes

Culottes are an item of clothing worn on the lower half of the body. The term can refer to either split skirts, historical men's breeches, or women's underpants; this is an example of fashion-industry words taken from designs across history, languages and cultures, then being used to describe different garments, often creating confusion among historians and readers. The French word culotte is (a pair of) panties, pants, knickers, trousers, shorts, or (historically) breeches; derived from the French word culot, meaning the lower half of a thing, the lower garment in this case.

In English-speaking history culottes were originally the knee-breeches commonly worn by gentlemen of the European upper-classes from the late Middle Ages or Renaissance through the early 19th century. The style of tight trousers ending just below the knee was popularized in France during the reign of Henry III (1574–1589). Culottes were normally closed and fastened about the leg, to the knee, by buttons, a strap and buckle, or a draw-string. During the French Revolution of 1789–1799, working-class revolutionaries were known as the "sans-culottes" – literally, "without culottes" – a name derived from their rejection of aristocratic apparel.

In the United States, only the first five presidents, from George Washington (1732-1799) through James Monroe (1758-1831), wore culottes according to the style of the late 18th century. John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) wore long trousers instead of knee breeches at his inaugural ceremony in 1825, thus becoming the first president to have made the change of dress.

In military uniforms
European military uniforms incorporated culottes as a standard uniform article, the lower leg being covered by either stockings, leggings, or knee-high boots. Culottes were a common part of military uniforms during the European wars of the eighteenth-century (the Great Northern War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, the French and Indian War, and the Revolutionary War).

Historical Japanese field workers and military samurai wore hakama that were sometimes tight at the bottom as French military culottes. Wider bifurcated wrap-skirt hakama were for horse-back riding. Eighteenth and nineteenth-century European women introduced culottes cut with a pattern looking like long hakama, hiding their legs while riding horses. Today Aikido and Kendo masters wear long hakama, to hide their feet from opponents.

Hassidic clothing
Jews in Poland wore culottes with high socks since around the 1800s. Culottes were abandoned among non-Hassidim in the mid-1900s to early 20th century (due to upheavals in traditional Jewish life in those times), but ended up staying customary only among Hassidim, who continue to wear them today. However, culottes are not worn by Russian Hassidic sects, such as Karlin and Chabad.

Different sects of Hassidim have different customs as to when and how they are worn, and whether and how unmarried men wear them on Shabbos and Jewish holidays, or if they wear them at all.

Culottes for women
In modern English, the use of the word culottes can mean a close fitting pair of pants ending at the knees, such as Lady Diana Spencer popularised during the early 1980s. The term is used as such in the United Kingdom and Canada. In this sense, culottes are similar to the American knickerbockers (knickers), except whereas the latter are loose in fit. Culottes can also, in some cases, describe a split or bifurcated skirt or any garment which "hangs like a skirt, but is actually pants." During the Victorian Era (mid- to late-nineteenth century European culture) long split skirts were developed for horseback riding so that women could sit astride a horse with a man's saddle rather than riding side-saddle. Horse-riding culottes for women were controversial because they were used to break a sexual taboo against women riding horses when they were expected to hide their lower limbs at all times. Later, split skirts were developed to provide women more freedom to do other activities as well, such as gardening, cleaning, bike riding, etc. and still look like one is wearing a skirt.

School uniforms
Culottes are used in school uniforms for girls. They can be used along with skirts, or they may be used as a replacement for skirts. Culottes are worn as part of a uniform mainly to primary and middle schools. Culottes were also part of the uniform of UK Brownie Guides up until recently, when the uniform was modernized and the traditional brown culottes (and the navy blue culottes worn by the Girl Guides) were replaced.

Demi-denims
A cut which emerged in the 21st century – a combined silhouette of pants which appear to be made out of two separate garments. They look like slim fit jeans from behind, like a skirt or culottes worn on top of slim fit jeans – from the front.

Contemporary French under-pants
The term "culottes" in French is now used to describe women's panties, an article of clothing that has little or no relation to the historic men's culotte breeches, except that in French, calling something "culottes" is like calling them "bottoms". The historical French term "sans-culottes" which was once the rejection of aristocrats' breeches, is now used colloquially to mean the same as an English colloquialism "going commando" or not wearing under-pants.

title: Culottes


text:
John Patteson (bishop)

John Coleridge Patteson (1 April 1827 – 20 September 1871) was an English Anglican bishop, missionary to the South Sea Islands, and an accomplished linguist, learning 23 of the islands' more than 1,000 languages.

In 1861, Patteson was selected as the first Bishop of the Anglican Church of Melanesia. He was killed on Nukapu, one of the easternmost islands of the Solomon Islands, on 20 September 1871. Consequently, he is commemorated in the Church of England calendar on 20 September.

Early life
He was the elder son of Sir John Patteson by his second wife, Frances Duke Coleridge who was a niece of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Patteson was brought up in Devon at Feniton Court, where his family resided, so as to be near the home of his mother's relatives at Ottery St Mary. After three years at The King's School, Ottery St Mary, Patteson was placed in 1838 at Eton College, under his uncle, the Reverend Edward Coleridge, son-in-law of John Keate, once headmaster there.

Patteson studied there until 1845. From 1845 to 1848, he was a commoner of Balliol College, Oxford, under Richard Jenkyns. He was not interested in academic studies, and obtained a second-class degree. However, at Oxford he began lifelong friendships with prominent figures such as Benjamin Jowett, Max Müller, John Campbell Shairp, Edwin Palmer, James Riddell, James John Hornby, and Charles Savile Roundell.

Having earlier played for the Eton school XI, Patteson continued his involvement with cricket at Oxford, playing for the Oxford University Cricket Club. In 1849, he appeared in the annual University Match against Cambridge University, which had first-class status. In that match, he scored 25 runs in the first innings but only two in the second, with Oxford going on to lose by three wickets after being bowled out for 69 in its second innings.

After taking his degree in October 1849, Patteson travelled in Switzerland and Italy, learned German at Dresden, and devoted himself to the study of Hebrew and Arabic. Languages were to be a lifelong interest. Returning to Oxford in 1852, he became Fellow of Merton College, and spent the years 1852 and 1853 at the college, where there had been recent reform.

Ordination
On 25 September 1853, he was ordained as deacon and curate of Alfington, Devon, and on 24 September 1854 was ordained priest at Exeter Cathedral. On a visit in the summer of 1854, George Augustus Selwyn, the first Bishop of New Zealand, recruited Patteson as a missionary to the South Seas. Patteson left England with the bishop in March 1855, and landed at Auckland in May.

Missionary work
Patteson arrived at Auckland in May 1855. For five years, he toured the islands on the Southern Cross, visiting the indigenous peoples and teaching them about Christianity. He ran the Melanesian Mission's summer school at Kohimarama, Auckland. He also founded St Barnabas College on Norfolk Island, as a training centre for missionaries.

On 24 February 1861, at Auckland, he was consecrated the first Bishop of Melanesia. It was not an easy calling: the islands were scattered over 1800 mi of ocean. He was not always welcomed, particularly since the native peoples were subject to abuses at the hands of blackbirders. These essentially stole men as labourers, transporting them away under harsh conditions. Usually Patteson's gentle, quiet manner reassured the indigenous peoples, but not always. Once when he and his assistants were about to leave Santa Cruz, they were shot at with arrows. Patteson's assistants were wounded, and the arrows turned out to be poisoned, since both ultimately died from the wounds.

A brilliant linguist, Patteson eventually spoke 23 of the more than 1,000 Melanesian languages. He printed grammars and vocabularies and translated some gospels into the Mota language. Patteson was described as tall and athletic, with a grave and gentle face. In the islands he went barefoot, wearing only shirt and trousers, the latter tucked up above his knees. Following the example of Bishop Selwyn, when Patteson came to an island where he did not know the people and where they might be hostile, he used to swim ashore wearing a top hat. He had filled it with presents for the people. He quickly made friends, learnt the villagers' names, and enough of their language to use when he came again.

Patteson's goal was to take boys from local communities, educate them in western Christian culture at his mission school, and return them to their villages to help lead the next generation. He had difficulty persuading local people to allow their young men to depart, sometimes for years, for this purpose. Patteson never tried to make the Melanesians British but thought he was equipping them for the contemporary world. His most brilliant scholar, Edward Wogala, wrote of him: "He did not live apart, he was always friends with us and did not despise in the least a single one of us." Well liked by many, his name is still handed down from father to son, and in 1961, young Melanesians were still being named for him at baptism.

In March 1864, Patteson visited Australia. In Sydney, he addressed a large meeting of British colonists, who pledged systematic support of the Melanesian Mission. Patteson devoted his private fortune to the mission, including money inherited from his father, and income from his Merton College fellowship. In 1867, he moved the Melanesian Mission to Norfolk Island, where it was called Saint Barnabas. In that milder climate, the school could continue in the winter months. Native foods, such as yams, could be grown so the students would feel more at home.

Death
The years of the slave trade in the late nineteenth century created problems for Patteson and other missionaries. Numerous merchantmen, known as "blackbirders", sailed to the islands to recruit, often by deception and force, labourers to work on plantations in Australia or Fiji, under extremely harsh conditions. Sometimes ship captains ordered crews to cut off the heads of resisters, selling the heads at other islands and entering into the headhunter cultures. The slave-trade was technically illegal in the South Pacific at that time, and the traders called the natives indentured workers. Laws for their protection and return to their home islands were rarely enforced; the men were severely treated and many died; thousands of others were abandoned in the work islands.

Patteson worked with the colonial government to suppress the blackbirders and their trade. His task was made harder when traders from Australia began to visit the islands, keen to get men to go and work on their sugar plantations. Usually they kept the law and agreed proper terms of employment: but some simply kidnapped the islanders and carried them off in what became known as "snatch-snatch" boats.

On 20 September 1871, Patteson was killed on the island of Nukapu in the Solomon Islands, where he had landed alone. At the time, it was thought that natives killed him as revenge for the abduction of five men by illegal blackbirders a few days before, who had also killed one man. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says that Patteson was taken for a blackbirder and killed, but the natives realised their mistake and treated his body with respect, as it was found floating at sea, placed in "a canoe, covered with a palm fibre matting, and a palm-branch in his hand".

Two Norwegian historians (Thorgeir Kolshus and Even Hovdhaugen, 2010) have examined the evidence in light of current interpretations related to agency and meanings given by the indigenous people. They have reviewed mission documents, as well as oral histories collected by ethnographers. They suggest that women, especially Niuvai, the wife of the paramount chief, played a more prominent role in the events. They led resistance to having their sons taken away to the distant mission school. Kolshus and Hovdhaugen argue that the natives may not have completely distinguished between the blackbirders and the missionaries, as both took young people away from the communities.

Alternatively, Kolshus and Hovdhaugen also suggest that Patteson had upset the local hierarchy by giving gifts without due regard for precedence, and by cultivating support among women in the community. This was contrary to patriarchal norms. The men considered him a threat to their social order and killed him.

Legacy
As Bishop Patteson's death was associated with native resistance to the abuses of the blackbirders, the British government took measures to stamp out the slave trade in its Pacific territories. His death became a cause celebre in England; it increased interest both in missionary work and in improvement of the working conditions of labourers in Melanesia. The Aborigines' Protection Society took up the cause, resulting in a well-orchestrated campaign in Parliament from William McArthur for the annexation of Fiji to abolish slavery. Britain annexed Fiji in 1874.

Patteson is celebrated in Anglican churches for his saintly life and as a martyr; he is commemorated with a Lesser Festival on 20 September, in the calendar of saints and other Anglican churches. A bas-relief memorial by Thomas Woolner was installed in the Merton College Chapel. The portrait portrays him surrounded by palm leaves, with an image below of him lying in the canoe, as described above.

On Norfolk Island in 1882, the church of St Barnabas was erected to Patteson's memory, with windows designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by William Morris. In 1920, the Melanesian Mission was relocated from the island to the Solomon Islands to be closer to its target population. Port Patteson on Vanua Lava and Bishop Patteson Theological College in the Solomon Islands are both named after him. The Martyrs' Pulpit in the nave of Exeter Cathedral was erected in memory of Bishop Patteson who was ordained in the cathedral. It was designed by George Gilbert Scott in the 1870s. In 1873, a memorial for Patteson was erected by Sir John Coleridge at Fairmile Cross near Feniton, Devon.

Bishop Patteson is commemorated as the central figure in the stained glass window of the Seaman's Chapel of Lincoln Cathedral. He is also commemorated as the central figure of a stained glass window in St Mark's Church, Bromley, flanked by Bishops Samuel Ajayi Crowther and Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah.

title: John Patteson (bishop)


text:
Tintorera

Tintorera is a 1977 Mexican-British  horror film directed by René Cardona Jr. and starring Susan George, Hugo Stiglitz, Fiona Lewis and Andrés García. It is based on the novel of the same name by oceanographer Ramón Bravo, who studied the species of shark known as 'tintorera' (a 19 ft shark) and discovered the sleeping sharks of Isla Mujeres. The film, along with many monster movies of the 1970s and 1980s, is very similar to Jaws. It is also known by the alternative title Tintorera: Killer Shark.

Quentin Tarantino paid tribute to this movie at the eighth Morelia International Film Festival, showing a copy from his private collection.

Plot
Steven, a U.S.-born Mexican businessman, arrives in a Mexican resort village on a yacht anchored offshore. One of the local fishermen and the caretaker of the yacht, Colorado, takes Steven with him when he goes to haul in the sharks he has caught, but is annoyed to find that another shark has taken a huge bite out of one of them.

Steven then sets his sights on Patricia, an Englishwoman on vacation. They have a whirlwind romance but break up when Steven can't decide if he's in love with her. Steven is extremely jealous, however, when she begins a relationship with Miguel, a womanizing swimming instructor at the nearby resort hotel. While Steven stews on the yacht, Patricia and Miguel have sex. Then she goes skinny-dipping in the ocean and is eaten by a large 19 ft tiger shark.

The next day, Steven confronts Miguel in the hotel bar. Miguel tells Steven that Patricia was in love with Steven, but she must have returned to England. Neither man ever learns of her true fate. Miguel introduces Steven to two sisters, American college students Kelly and Cynthia Madison. They go on a double date and swim to the yacht for some skinny-dipping at the sisters' suggestion. The shark is in the water nearby, but they safely make it to the boat. Kelly and Cynthia then hop back and forth between Miguel's and Steven's beds. They all swim back to shore the next morning, and the submerged tiger shark again chooses not to bother them. When Miguel and Steven start a shark hunting business, Miguel tells Steven that they must immediately get out of the water if a tiger shark ever appears.

One night, Miguel and Steven meet Gabriella a young English tourist. Miguel and Steven take Gabriella shark hunting with them. She is appalled by what they do, but admits her feelings for them have become powerful. The three of them decide to have a triangular relationship; she'll be sexually involved with both of them, but they won't fall in love with her or with them. It is loosely implied that Steven and Miquel might be falling in love.They tour the local Mayan archaeological sites together, then retire to the yacht for sex. The next time they go shark hunting, a shark appears and rips Miguel in half.

Gabriella is so upset that she decides to return to England. Steven, meanwhile, vows revenge on the shark, enlisting the local coastguard and fishermen in a campaign to kill the tiger shark and seemingly every other shark in the area. "I hate the bastards", Steven tells the troubled Colonado, who in turn assures him that so many sharks have been killed, the tiger shark must have been one of them. Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Steven or Colonado, the tiger shark attacks another small fishing boat and eats two fishermen.

Steven goes to a nighttime beach party with Kelly, Cynthia and two other American women. After the party ends, Kelly and Cynthia suggest more skinny-dipping. This time, the tiger shark attacks, ripping Cynthia from Steven's arms as he makes out with her in the water. The other women make it safely to shore.

After Kelly's father arrives to take her home, Steven vows to kill the shark himself. That night, Steven attempts to lure the shark with a devilfish he's speared for the occasion. When he spots the shark, he shoots it with a speargun, hitting it between the eyes, killing it. Steven's fate is left unknown.

Cast

 * Susan George as Gabriella
 * Hugo Stiglitz as Steven
 * Fiona Lewis as Patricia
 * Andrés García as 	Miguel
 * Jennifer Ashley as Kelly Madison
 * Eleazar García as Crique (as Eleazar Garcia 'Chelelo')
 * Roberto 'Flaco' Guzmán as Colonado (as Roberto 'Flaco' Guzman)
 * Laura Lyons as Cynthia Madison
 * Carlos East as Mr. Madison (as Charles East)
 * Priscilla Barnes as girl from bar #1
 * Pamela Garner as girl from bar #2 (as Pamela Gardner)
 * Erika Carlsson as Anita (as Erika Carlson)
 * Manuel Alvarado as naval officer
 * Alejandro Ciangherotti as fisherman #1 (as Alexander Chianguerotti)

Production
Priscilla Barnes, unknown at the time, appears towards the end of the film as a party girl who encounters the shark during night swimming.

The shark in the film was a Tiger shark. Locations were filmed at Isla Mujeres, a resort island near Cancún. All the underwater scenes were filmed with live sharks using the submarine expertise of Ramón Bravo.

Due to the censorship imposed by the Mexican government at the time, there were two versions of the film prepared - the so-called uncut version, with plenty of explicit nudity, for foreign markets, and a cut version for domestic (Mexican) exhibition. It's now possible to find both versions on DVD.

The original English dub in theatres and on video featured the voices of Susan George and Fiona Lewis, who played the two British tourists in the film. However, this dub was later lost and a new one was created with American voice actresses, which is the one used on the DVD.

Release Dates
Some international release dates:

 * March 31, 1977: Mexico City premiere (¡Tintorera!)
 * April 7, 1977: Mexico (¡Tintorera!)
 * August 10, 1977: Sweden (Tigerhajarna - havets marodörer)
 * August 25, 1977: Italy (Tintorera: Lo squalo che uccide)
 * September 16, 1977: Germany (Tintorera! Meeresungeheuer greifen an)
 * October 30, 1977: United Kingdom general release (Tintorera) [in a double-bill with Communion, UK title of Alice, Sweet Alice]
 * June 7, 1978: United States (Tintorera: Killer Shark)

title: Tintorera


text:
The Hot Zone

The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story is a best-selling 1994 nonfiction thriller by Richard Preston about the origins and incidents involving viral hemorrhagic fevers, particularly ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. The basis of the book was Preston's 1992 New Yorker article "Crisis in the Hot Zone".

The filoviruses—including Ebola virus, Sudan virus, Marburg virus, and Ravn virus—are Biosafety Level 4 agents, extremely dangerous to humans because they are very infectious, have a high fatality rate, and most have no known prophylactic measures, treatments, or cures. Along with describing the history of the devastation caused by two of these Central African diseases, Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease, Preston described a 1989 incident in which a relative of Ebola virus, Reston virus, was discovered at a primate quarantine facility in Reston, Virginia, less than 15 miles (24 km) away from Washington, D.C.

Synopsis
The book is in four sections:

 * 1) "The Shadow of Mount Elgon" delves into the history of filoviruses, as well as speculation about the origins of AIDS. Preston recounts the story of "Charles Monet" (a pseudonym), who might have caught Marburg virus from visiting Kitum Cave on Mount Elgon in Kenya. The author describes the progression of the disease, from the initial headache and backache, to the final stage in which Monet's internal organs fail and he hemorrhages extensively in a waiting room in a Nairobi hospital. This part also introduces a promising young physician who became infected with Marburg virus while treating Monet. Nancy Jaax's story is told. Viruses, biosafety levels and procedures were described. The Ebola virus disease outbreaks caused by Ebola virus and its cousin, Sudan virus, are mentioned. Preston talks to the man who named the Ebola virus.
 * 2) "The Monkey House" chronicles the discovery of Reston virus among imported monkeys in Reston, Virginia, and the following actions taken by the U.S. Army and Centers for Disease Control. It starts with the monkey house receiving a shipment of 100 wild monkeys. After four weeks, 29 of these monkeys have died. This is followed by the veterinarian for the facility, Dan Dalgard, examining the dead monkeys and sending the samples to Peter Jahrling, a virologist at United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. After seeing a rope-like virus under the microscope, it is suspected that the monkeys were infected with a hot agent similar to the Marburg virus. Jahrling then conducts a blood test to find out that the hot agent is the Ebola Zaire virus. This conclusion leads to the Army Medical Research Institute deciding to euthanize all the monkeys in the same room as the infected monkeys.
 * 3) "Smashdown" is more on the Reston epizootic, which involved a strain of the virus that does not affect humans but which easily spreads by air, and is very similar to its cousin the Ebola virus.
 * 4) "Kitum Cave" tells of the author's visit to the cave that is the suspected home of the natural host animal in which Ebola lives.

The book starts with "Charles Monet" visiting Kitum Cave during a camping trip to Mount Elgon in Central Africa. Not long after, he begins to suffer from a number of symptoms, including vomiting, diarrhea and red eye. He is taken to Nairobi Hospital for treatment, but his condition deteriorates further, and he goes into a coma while in the waiting room. This particular filovirus is called Marburg virus.

Dr. Nancy Jaax had been promoted to work in the Level 4 Biosafety containment area at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, and is assigned to research Ebola virus. While preparing food for her family at home, she cuts her right hand. Later, while working on a dead monkey infected with Ebola virus, one of the gloves on the hand with the open wound tears, and she is almost exposed to contaminated blood, but does not get infected. Nurse Mayinga is also infected by a nun and goes to Ngaleima Hospital in Kinshasa for treatment, where she succumbs to the disease.

In Reston, Virginia, less than fifteen miles (24 km) away from Washington, D.C., a company called Hazelton Research once operated a quarantine center for monkeys that were destined for laboratories. In October 1989, when an unusually high number of their monkeys began to die, their veterinarian decided to send some samples to Fort Detrick (USAMRIID) for study. Early during the testing process in biosafety level 3, when one of the flasks appeared to be contaminated with harmless pseudomonas bacterium, two USAMRIID scientists exposed themselves to the virus by wafting the flask. The virus found at the facility was a mutated form of the original Ebola virus and was initially mistaken for simian hemorrhagic fever virus. They later determine that, while the virus is lethal to monkeys, humans can be infected with it without any health effects at all. This virus is now known as Reston virus.

Finally, the author goes to Africa to explore Kitum Cave. On the way, he discusses the role of AIDS in the present, as the Kinshasa Highway that he travels on was sometimes called the "AIDS Highway" after its early appearance in the region. Equipped with a hazmat suit, he enters the cave and finds a large number of animals, one of which might be the virus carrier. At the conclusion of the book, he travels to the quarantine facility in Reston. He finds the building abandoned and deteriorating. He concludes the book by claiming that Ebola will be back.

Reston virus outbreak
The discovery of the Reston virus was made in November 1989 by Thomas W. Geisbert, an intern at United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Dr. Peter B. Jahrling isolated the filovirus further. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted blood tests of the 178 animal handlers. While six tested positive, they did not exhibit any symptoms. The Reston virus was found to have low pathogenicity in humans. This was further supported later when a handler infected himself during a necropsy of an infected monkey, as the handler did not show symptoms of the virus after the incubation period.

Reception
The Hot Zone was listed as one of around 100 books that shaped a century of science by American Scientist. Many reviews of The Hot Zone exemplify the impact the book had on the public's view of emerging viruses. A review in the British Medical Journal captures the paranoia and public panic described in this book. The reviewer was left "wondering when and where this enigmatic agent will appear next and what other disasters may await human primates". This can also be seen in a review in the Public Health Reports which highlights the "seriousness of our current situation" and "our ability to respond to a major health threat".

The Hot Zone was described in an academic journal covering research in the history of science as a "romantic account of environmental transgression". Reactions to this book could be seen not only in the public's view of emerging viruses, but in the changes in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to the funding of public health infrastructure during the early 1970s, there were many public discussions of biodefense. This book continued to fuel the emerging diseases campaign. By connecting international health to national security, this campaign used The Hot Zone as a method of justifying increased intervention in the global phenomena of disease.

The Hot Zone elicited a major response by the World Health Organization (WHO) by shedding light on the Ebola Zaire outbreak. Teams of experts were immediately released. Many countries tightened their borders, issued warnings to custom officials, quarantined travelers, and issued travel advisories.

In his blurb, horror writer Stephen King called the first chapter "one of the most horrifying things I've read in my whole life". When asked whether any book "scared the pants off you" writer Suzanne Collins answered "The Hot Zone, by Richard Preston. I just read it a few weeks ago. Still recovering."

The Hot Zone has received criticism for sensationalizing the effects of Ebola virus. In their memoir Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC (1996), former CDC scientists Joseph B. McCormick and Susan Fisher-Hoch lambasted Preston for claiming that Ebola dissolves organs, stating that although it causes great blood loss in tissues the organs remain structurally intact. McCormick and Fisher-Hoch also dispute Preston's version of the CDC's actions in the Reston virus incident. In an interview about his book Ebola: The Natural and Human History of a Deadly Virus (2014), David Quammen claimed that The Hot Zone had "vivid, gruesome details" that gave an "exaggerated idea of Ebola over the years" causing "people to view this disease as though it was some sort of preternatural phenomenon".

Failed film adaptation
In January 1993, 20th Century Fox producer Lynda Obst won a bidding war for the film rights to Preston's 1992 New Yorker article, which was still being transitioned into book form. In response to being outbid, Warner Bros. producer Arnold Kopelson immediately began working on a similarly themed production. This competing film, Outbreak, would ultimately be a factor in the collapse of Fox's planned production, Crisis in The Hot Zone.

Directors considered for Crisis in The Hot Zone included Wolfgang Petersen (who would later direct Outbreak), Michael Mann, and Ridley Scott. Scott eventually signed on to direct the film in February 1994. Screenwriter James V. Hart was also signed to adapt the book. In late April 1994, Fox announced they had signed Robert Redford and Jodie Foster to star in the film.

Crisis in The Hot Zone, however, was never made. Foster dropped out of the film just before filming was to begin and production was delayed, with Meryl Streep, Sharon Stone, and Robin Wright touted as possible replacements. In August 1994, Redford also dropped out of the film; a few days after Redford left it was announced that pre-production had been shut down.

Television series
On October 16, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Ridley Scott again planned to adapt the book, this time as a television miniseries for NatGeo. Kelly Souders, Brian Peterson, and Jeff Vintar wrote the pilot. Julianna Margulies starred as Nancy Jaax. Filming began in September 2018. Lynda Obst again produced the series. The series first aired from May 27 to May 29, 2019, and was later renewed for a second season.

title: The Hot Zone


text: User talk:207.96.37.198

title: User talk:207.96.37.198


text:
User:Seinfreak37

Hi!

title: User:Seinfreak37