text:
Talk:Resident Evil 4

This Spanish village's name
I found a few resources that say it's called Valdelobos, but I I'm not certain where exactly it's comes from. So is it unnamed or called so but really rarely? BrandtM113 (talk) 13:18, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The village was unnamed in the original RE4. A screenshot of the map included with the Collectors Edition remake refers to the area as "Valdelobos" or roughly valley of the wolves in English. It's not 100% official... yet. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  20:43, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

Reliability of References regarding VR Censorship
I was wondering what other editors thought of the that reintroduced The Happy Warrior blog and Bounding Into Comics as references in the ports section.

I was responsible for removing those references initially, and I did so because I believe the former violates Wikipedia's rules on user-generated content because it's a substack blog, and the latter violates Wikipedia's rules on bias. More specifically, Bounding into Comics frequently headlines articles with value-laden language, and there's a relatively consistent political slant across their site.

I understand that using a website with a bias/angle isn't inherently grounds for removing a source, but it feels as though the source adds unnecessary weight to information that's already cited by more mainstream outlets, especially when the content itself (censorship in this case) can become politicized and there's no in-text attribution to the source (something like, "the left/right leaning source ___ said ___ of the censorship in Resident Evil 4").

I'm relatively new to editing Wikipedia, so I'm eager to hear other viewpoints on this. Thanks!

--Conmcdon721 (talk) 16:26, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Happy Warrior Blog definitely appears to be a self-published source and fails WP:SPS. There is an old discussion on the Reliable Source noticeboard about Bounding in Comics, but no official consensus was reached. My suggestion would be to remove the Happy Warrior Blog source, but keep the Bounding in Comics sources unless someone has a strong reason why it fails WP:RS. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  22:43, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Why "Hallucination" is named?
In en:Resident_Evil_4, I found VG247.com requoated Project Umbrella's Inteview to Yasuhisa Kawamura. But, I couldn't find why it was called "Hallucination" in Project Umbrella's Inteview. Could anyone tell me why or where it is called "Hallucination" ? リトルスター (talk) 12:45, 22 January 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not an official name, but rather a name given by developers to refer to a certain early build of the game. This article here from EuroGamer gives some context into the name. Essentially, Yasuhisa Kawamura wanted to make a Resident Evil game that was less grounded in science and instead more focused on pure horror. Kawamura's version would have featured more paranormal elements, such as ghosts and killer dolls, which would manifest through hallucinations. The version of the game did not pan out and was scrapped, with elements being used for Devil May Cry. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  15:58, 22 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for answering. Even though, I think Project Umbrella's inteview should not be used.
 * And how about using Eurogamer's article in a Pre-Devil May Cry? リトルスター (talk) 13:08, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Stylization
Should we try removing the stylization of the names from other Resident Evil pages since it wasn't needed? 49.151.132.117 (talk) 09:30, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

 * @49.151.132.117 I'm talking about RE4 stylization that went unnecessarily removed 49.151.132.117 (talk) 09:31, 1 April 2023 (UTC)
 * We don't need to cover trivial stylization on Wikipedia, and it should be removed where you see it. Popcornfud (talk) 13:10, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 21 April 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. WP:SNOW The nominator's understanding of precedence and when to disambiguate is flawed. The Sonic game articles are titled so as not to confuse with the franchise page. The 2005 game is clearly the primary topic, with a hatnote for the remake being appropriate. TarkusAB talk / contrib 19:53, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

Resident Evil 4 → Resident Evil 4 (2005 video game) – See Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game) and Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game) for precedent. 100.7.44.80 (talk) 22:02, 20 April 2023 (UTC) This is a contested technical request (permalink). ASUKITE 15:10, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

The following was copied from the original move request :
 * Until there is an article to occupy this space there is no need to disambiguate any further per WP:PRECISE McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 23:01, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * There is an article, that being Resident Evil 4 (2023 video game).--65.93.193.94 (talk) 02:17, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * But for Sonic, the base article is Sonic the Hedgehog, so this is not exactly the same situation. Resident Evil 4 seems to be the primary topic for this name, so I oppose this move unless there is evidence there is a need to turn Resident Evil 4 into a dab page. -Kj cheetham (talk) 10:21, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

- Comment - I am not sure how I fall on this yet. The recent explosion in pageviews for both pages is due to the 2023 remake. On one hand, it might benefit us to have each game at its own dab to better determine which should be the primary topic, but the newer game being a remake of the original might imply there is historical significance for the 2006 game, so this feels like a good chance for a move debate to figure out where we should land. ASUKITE 15:10, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Video games has been notified of this discussion. ASUKITE  15:10, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose See the Demon's Souls page. I'm pretty sure it's consensus that the original video game should be primary over a remake, given one was based off the other. RE4 original is also popular enough that there is no pressing reason to overrule that. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 15:17, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe I was hasty opening this, but that RM seems to show there is a pretty strong trend (also giving examples for RE2 and Shadow of the Colossus. I will Oppose this as well. ASUKITE 15:27, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The Sonic example doesn't work, as it's not disambiguated that way because of each other, but rather, the fact that 10 individual articles have the exact title "Sonic the Hedgehog". To use a similar counter-example, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 is the Genesis game rather than a disambiguation page. - Cukie Gherkin (talk) 15:30, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. While there's a counter-example within my experience (Dead Space (2008 video game) and Dead Space (2023 video game)), that one's also got to differentiate between a mobile game and series article of the same name without subtitles. Here the original RE4 is the primary and there's little to no ambiguity with other articles, as per arguments above. --ProtoDrake (talk) 15:38, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, clear primary topic for now. Axem Titanium (talk) 18:01, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Comparing this to the "Sonic the Hedgehog" situation is like apples and oranges because those titles represent "Sonic the Hedgehog (video game)", not "Sonic the Hedgehog", and situations like Thriller (song) (primary topic for a disambiguated title) don't happen often. Otherwise, the current situation is that a title with no disambiguation represents a video game title, so we should try to determine if there is a primary topic for the title with no disambiguation ... which seems to be the current setup. Steel1943  (talk) 19:45, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The situation at Sonic the Hedgehog is different and not applicable here. That situation comes from the fact that "Sonic the Hedgehog" is the exact name of 2 separate games, the overarching series, and a character. It wouldn't be necessary here without the advent of a Resident Evil 4 series (unlikely) and Resident Evil character (impossible). Sergecross73   msg me  19:50, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

"Weapons of resident evil 4" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_resident_evil_4&redirect=no Weapons of resident evil 4] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 20:23, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

Idioms in lead
Per MOS:IDIOM, Clichés and idioms are generally to be avoided in favor of direct, literal expressions.. We should therefore avoid expressions such as "strayed from the series' roots". I removed this and trimmed some other unnecessary elements but was reverted. Popcornfud (talk) 14:06, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The first attempt was directed by Hideki Kamiya, but the Resident Evil creator, Shinji Mikami, felt was too great a departure, is grammatically wrong and unclear. too great a departure from what? --FMSky (talk) 15:33, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Sloppy edit from me there. Simple fix: The first attempt was directed by Hideki Kamiya, but the Resident Evil creator, Shinji Mikami, felt it was too great a departure from the previous games. Popcornfud (talk) 15:59, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Regarding the further edits:
 * so it was spun off as Devil May Cry. "spun off" is jargonistic, and vague — was Devil May Cry a spin-off? Isn't it simpler and clearer to say "this version became Devil May Cry"?
 * Other versions were scrapped we don't need to say this, because we say in the same paragraph "Four proposed versions were discarded" (and "scrapped" is further idiomatic/metaphorical language).
 * Mikami took directorial duties for what became the final version is just a wordier way of saying "Mikami directed the final version".
 * Please reconsider these reverts — they are only restoring needlessly convoluted prose. Popcornfud (talk) 11:48, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * it sounds better and more fluid, no reason to change anything
 * You think jargon and redundancy make prose "better and more fluid"? This may be a hopeless cause in that case. Popcornfud (talk) 11:56, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

Resident Evil 5
Should I put a link to Resident Evil 5 as a successor to Resident Evil 4. I know that their stories were not related but the gameplay mechanics, enemies, and bosses look so similar to the ones they used in RE4. Even the Resident Evil 5 wiki page considered Resident Evil 4 as their predecessor. DasKlose (talk) 03:41, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't think sources describe RE5 as a successor to RE4. The games are unrelated. TarkusAB talk / contrib 06:19, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

Venturebeat
That line in the legacy section about RE4 inspiring an era of remasters, and specifically remasters of those games, is a generous reading of that article. The article says RE4 was "An early example of the remastering craze" and "ahead of zombie-crawling pack". Saying it "inspired" those other developers feels wrong to me. Maybe just say it was an early example of HD remastering before they became more prevalent? Or just remove the line altogether? Mika1h (talk) 17:57, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Good catch. I'd agree it should be rephrased to specify it was an early example of HD remastering rather than saying it inspired HD-remasters of GTA5, Tomb Raider, and Grim Fandango. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  18:22, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

Neutrality and citations regarding 2021 VR release
I'm relatively new to editing, so I thought I'd raise these issues here before making an edit. Hopefully this is the right place to discuss this! In my opinion, it looks like there are some neutrality and citation issues in the paragraph discussing the 2021 VR release of the game.

The section refers to "censorship of content". In my opinion, this is both vague and not neutral. Censorship is a bit of a loaded term, and it only becomes clear later in the paragraph what exactly is being 'censored'.

I would also question the phrasing of "flirtatious banter". Again this is pretty vague. Would a more specific description, such as "Luis' comments about Ashley's body", be more appropriate?

It also looks like citations are missing at several points in the paragraph. The quote from Ivey to "update the game for a modern audience" is missing a citation. The paragraph goes on to state that "changes were made at the expense of continuity and context in cutscenes essential to the game's plot." This is vague, and does not contain a citation. It would be useful to know what specific changes this sentence is referring to, and what context they provide.

Looking at the overall tone of the paragraph, I think this phrasing would mislead the average reader in thinking that the changes removed important plot-relevant content. I do not think this is a fair or neutral characterisation of the changes made.

Would be interested in hearing what other people think, and what edits would be appropriate. Thanks! Steelrose360 (talk) 00:16, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Agreed, section could use some rewording and citations to better reflect neutrality. "flirtatious banter" is not neutral, It implies reciprocity, also which dialogue specifically is "flirtatious banter"? Why refer to "censorship" and then switch the phrasing to "changes"? It should neutrally refer to changes made in the vr port for the whole section. "changes were made at the expense of continuity and context in cutscenes essential to the game's plot." - "at the expense" is a loaded term here, and what original content was "essential"? I don't see how Ashley calling Leon a pervert is essential to the plot. There should also be a citation for "The VR version was heavily criticized by fans, both in Japan and the West" - I'd like to see an example of this heavy criticism, or this should be reworded. Looking at articles around the time of the VR release, very little hay is made about any of these changes. It feels like this section was written specifically by someone who cares about, and dislikes the changes. "controversy" is also not a neutral term. Madzyzzy (talk) 00:46, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Resident Evil 4


text:
Thornton-le-Moor

Thornton-le-Moor is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton District of North Yorkshire, England, situated equidistantly from the towns of Thirsk and Northallerton.

History
The Romans built two roads from a camp to the south at Thornton-le-Street. The modern A168 roughly follows the route of one road towards Northallerton before it headed to a fort at Cataractonium (Catterick).

The village name means the "thorn-tree settlement on the moor" derived from the Old English, þorn meaning a hawthorn tree, tūn, a farmstead and mōr, marsh or barren upland. Recorded as Torentun in the 11th century and Thornton in Mora or Thornton super Moram from the 13th to the 15th centuries, the village was probably held before the Norman Conquest of England by Edmund but by 1086 was recorded in the Domesday Book as belonging to Robert Malet. The manor consisted of five carucates. It was divided into three fees. In the late-13th century two carucates belonged to the barony of Greystock. Another part consisting of 2½ carucates was part of the Honour of Eye held of the Earl of Cornwall in the late-13th century who before 1312 granted nine oxgangs of land to Fountains Abbey. The third holding belonged to Thomas de Otterington in 1300.

Before 1657, the "way over Purgatory by Thief Hole was in want of repair". Purgatory, another part of the parish, east of the A168 road was the location of a messuage and farm that belonged to the see of Durham in 1739, and after 1803, a toll bar on the Yarm to Thirsk turnpike road.

In Victorian times a domestic weaving industry flourished in the village but agriculture was the main occupation. The North Eastern Railway and brewing provided other sources of employment. Brewing started the mid-18th century when the Black Swan Inn was purchased by William Sadler who started a brewery. It remained in the Sadler family for more than 100 years until it passed to Robert Dennison, who willed it to Messrs Richardson, Carter and Armitage. They sold the brewery to Newsome Baxter in 1851. By then it had relocated to a site behind Brewery House.

The Victorian primary school opened in 1860 and closed in 1993, when it merged with a local school in Newby Wiske and a new school opened in South Otterington.

Governance
Historically Thornton-le-Moor was a township in the parish of North Otterington in the wapentake of Birdforth in the North Riding of Yorkshire and after 1837, in the Thirsk Poor Law Union. After the passing of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the village became part of Hambleton, a local government district of North Yorkshire.

Geography
The village is at the foot of the ridge that divides the drainage basins of the River Wiske and the Cod Beck. It is on the minor road from South Otterington to the A168 between Thirsk and Northallerton about a mile south of Thornton-le-Beans. Another lane into the village leaves the A168 at Thief Hole. Otterington railway station on the line from York to Newcastle upon Tyne served the village between 1841 and 1958.

The parish is largely agricultural, in the 19th century 1,395 acres were under cultivation. The soil is light and the underlying geology is Keuper marl.

Religion
Thornton-le-Moor was in the parish of North Otterington which had a church but no village. The village is connected to St Michael's Church in North Otterington by Endican Lane which joins the old corpse road from Thornton-le-Beans. An ancient chapel in Thornton-le-Moor was used as a school and place of worship for Nonconformists before it was demolished.

St Barnabus's Church, constructed in the late-13th-century style on the site of the ancient chapel. was built in 1868. Built of stone with a slate roof, it had a four-bay nave, quire, south porch and north vestry. It had a traceried east window and the gabled bellcote contained two bells.

When completed, the new church became the parish church and St Michael's Church at North Otterington became a chapel of ease. St Barnabas's Church was demolished in 1987 after its partial collapse in the previous year. The churchyard is still maintained.

Amenities
Amenities comprise The Black Swan public house and a postbox. The village post office and shop closed in the 1970s.The village cricket club formed in the 1950s and plays in the Nidderdale Amateur Cricket League on Saturday afternoons from April to September, as well as the Northallerton and District Evening League and Tuesday and Thursday evenings

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thornton-le-Moor


text:
Mukono District

Mukono is one of the districts in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Mukono serves as the district headquarters and is home to the district's main commercial center.

Location
Mukono District is bordered by Kayunga District to the north, Buikwe District to the east, Kalangala District to the south-west, Kira Town and Wakiso District to the west, and Luweero District to the north-west. The town of Mukono is about 21 km by road, east of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. This is about 55 km west of the town of Njeru, where the Nalubaale Power Station is situated, on the Kampala–Jinja Highway. The geographical coordinates of Mukono District are 00°28'50.0"N, 32°46'14.0"E (Latitude:0.480567; Longitude:32.770567).

Demographics
The 1991 national population census estimated the district's population at 319,400. According to the 2002 census, the population was about 423,100, of whom 49.8 percent were males and 50.2 percent were females. At that time, its population growth rate was estimated at 2.7 percent per annum. In 2012, the population was estimated at 551,000. In August 2014, the national population census and household survey, enumerated the district inhabitants at 596,804.

Tourist attractions
The district has a favorable climate, abundant rainfall, rich flora and fauna, and proximity to urban areas. The major tourist attractions in the district include the following:

Lake Victoria
Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest fresh-water lake in the world. Many water sports are available there. Lakeside leisure sites are also available.

Sezibwa Falls
In the middle of the district runs the River Sezibwa, believed by Buganda legend to have been borne by Nakangu Tibatesa, the wife of Nsubuga Sebwaato in Kawuna, Ngongwe, around the time of the Christian biblical prophet Isaiah. The river flows into Lake Kyoga. The nature of its birth makes the river a cultural symbol of great importance to Buganda's heritage.

The Sezibwa Falls are 2.5 km off the Kampala-Jinja Highway, 19 km east of the town of Mukono. The site also has a natural forest reserve, which has forest trails and nature walkways for birdwatching and forest exploration. Over 100 bird species and some wild animals, including rare species of monkeys, may be found at this location.

The Sezibwa Falls are also a cultural site of the Baganda and have cultural artifacts, including caves, 100-year-old trees, and special rocks of deep cultural significance to the Baganda of Buganda in central Uganda. It is one of the official cultural sites of the Buganda Kingdom.

title: Mukono District


text:
Nakasongola District

Nakasongola District is the northernmost district of the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Nakasongola is the site of the district's administrative headquarters.

Location
Nakasongola District is bordered by Apac District to the north-west, Amolatar District to the north-east, Kayunga District to the east, Luweero District to the south, Nakaseke District to the south-west, and Masindi District to the north-west. Nakasongola, the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of the district, is approximately 140 km, by road, north of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda.

Overview
Nakasongola District was created in 1997. It was previously part of Luweero District. The commission of inquiry into the local government system in 1987 recognized that Nakasongola was too far from the administrative center of Luweero to be administered directly from there. Nakasongola suffered from relative neglect due to the distance from the then district headquarters. This became the basis for the creation of Nakasongola District in 1997. The district covers 4909 km2, of which 4.6% is permanent wetland. The district is composed of three counties, namely:
 * Kyabujingo County
 * Buruuli County
 * Budyebo County

Population
The 1991 national census put the district population at about 100,500. In 2002, the census estimated the population at 127,100 people, of whom 62,312 (49.7 percent) were female and 62,985 (50.3 percent) were male. In 2012, the population of the district was estimated at 156,500.

title: Nakasongola District


text:
Rakai District

Rakai District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Rakai is the site of the district's headquarters.

Location
Rakai District borders Lyantonde District to the northwest, Lwengo District to the north, Kyotera District to the northeast, Kalangala District to the east, the Kagera Region in the Republic of Tanzania to the south, Isingiro District to the southwest, and Kiruhura District to the northwest. The town of Rakai is approximately 65.5 km southwest of Masaka, the largest city in the sub-region.

Overview
On 1 July 2006, the northern part of the district known as Kabula County was split off to form Lyantonde District. Because of its proximity to Uganda's border with Tanzania, the district experiences cross-border commercial traffic to and from Bukoba. The Masaka–Mutukula Road traverses the district in a north to south direction. The first recorded case of HIV/AIDS in Uganda, was at Kasensero Landing Site, on the shores of Lake Victoria, in Rakai District. The disease has ravaged the district population, where prevalence rates were as high as 12 percent, as recently as 2014.

Population
The 1991 national population census put the district population at about 330,400. In 2002, the next national census estimated the population of the district at 404,330, with an annual growth rate of 1.8 percent. In 2012, the district population was estimated at 484,400. The national household and population census conducted on 27 August 2014, enumerated the population of the district at 518,008.

Administration
The town of Rakai is the chief municipal, political, and administrative center in the district. The district is divided into the following administrative units: (1) Kakuuto County (2) Kooki County. Rakai is the main town in the district. Other urban centers in Rakai District include Kiziba, Mweruka, Lwentulege.

Health issues
The main health issues in the district include malaria, childhood malnutrition, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, obstetric complications, respiratory infections, and skin diseases.

title: Rakai District


text:
Robinia neomexicana

Robinia neomexicana, the New Mexican, New Mexico, Southwest, desert, pink, or rose locust, is a shrub or small tree in the subfamily Faboideae of the family Fabaceae.

Distribution
Robinia neomexicana is native to the Southwestern United States (southeastern California and southwestern Utah, Virgin River region, east through Arizona and New Mexico, the Rio Grande valley, to far west Texas) and adjoining northern Mexico; from central New Mexico the range extends north into Colorado, mostly the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. In Arizona, it ranges across the Arizona transition zone, the Mogollon Rim and White Mountains, and into western and southwestern New Mexico.

In California, it is uncommon below 1500 m (5000 ft) in canyons in the Mojave Desert and its sky island pinyon-juniper habitats (Pinus monophylla and Juniperus californica). Farther east, it is typically found between 1200 and 2600 meters (4000 and 8500 feet) along streams, in the bottoms of valleys, and on the sides of canyons.

Description
Robinia neomexicana grows to 5–10 m tall (rarely to 15 m) with bristly shoots. The leaves are 10–15 cm long, pinnate with 7–15 leaflets; they have a pair of sharp, reddish-brown thorns at the base. The flowers are showy and white or pink, and considered fragrant. Blooms are produced in spring or early summer in dense racemes 5–10 cm long that hang from the branches near the ends. The fruits are brown bean-like pods with bristles like those on the shoots.

Uses
In New Mexico, Pueblo Native Americans traditionally ate the flowers uncooked. The pods were also eaten raw and cooked by some Native Americans, such as the Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache.

Mule deer, cattle, and goats browse the plant foliage. Cattle also eat the plant's flowers. Squirrels and quail eat the locust's seeds.

title: Robinia neomexicana


text:
Sembabule District

Sembabule District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Sembabule is the site of the district headquarters. Other urban centers in the district include Lwemiyaga and Ntuusi.

Location
Sembabule District is bordered by Mubende District to the north, Gomba District to the northeast, Bukomansimbi District to the east, Lwengo District to the south, Lyantonde District to the southwest, and Kiruhura District to the northwest. The town of Sembabule is approximately 48 km, by road, northwest of Masaka, the largest town in the sub-region.

Overview
Sembabule District was carved out of Masaka District in 1997. The district is generally a rural district that receives relatively low rainfall and has long dry spells. This greatly affects agriculture, but cattle keeping is not seriously affected. Some cattle are reared on ranches. Ranching and dairy farming are the backbone of the district's economy.

Administratively, the district has two counties (Lwemiyaga and Mawogola Counties) that are divided into the following sub-counties:
 * Mateete
 * Rwebitakuri
 * Mijwala
 * Lugusulu
 * Ntuusi
 * ((Lwemiyaga))
 * Sembabule TC

Population
In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at 144,040. The 2002 national census estimated the population at 180,050, with an annual growth rate of 2 percent. In 2012, the population was estimated at 219,600.

Economic activities
Agriculture is the mainstay of the district economy. Agriculture involves both crop and animal husbandry. Because of the relatively dry climate, cattle ranching for beef and dairy farming are the most important economic activities in the district. Fish farming is being implemented increasingly in the district as well. The produce of the district is marketed in Uganda's larger cities and in area towns including Kampala, Masaka, and Rakai. The crops grown for food and sale include:
 * Sweet bananas
 * Matooke
 * Potatoes
 * Cassava
 * Yams
 * Maize
 * Millet
 * Cabbage
 * Peas
 * Mangos
 * Pineapple
 * Groundnuts
 * Passion fruit

Points of interest
In the region around Bwera, there is a site known as Bigo bya Mugenyi, which appears to be the location of human settlement dating back to the late Iron Age (1200 - 1000BC). Excavations at the site have yielded iron blades (most probably used for harvesting grain), pottery with simple decorations, cattle dung, and post-holes for fencing.

title: Sembabule District


text:
Wakiso District

Wakiso District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda that partly encircles Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The town of Wakiso is the site of the district headquarters. Kira, the country's second largest city and suburb of Kampala, is in the district.

Location
Wakiso District lies in the Central Region of the country, bordering Nakaseke District and Luweero District to the north, Mukono District to the east, Kalangala District in Lake Victoria to the south, Mpigi District to the southwest and Mityana District to the northwest. Wakiso, where the district headquarters are located, lies approximately 20 km northwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in the country. The coordinates of the district are:00 24N, 32 29E.

Demographics
In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at 562,887. According to the 2002 national census figures, Wakiso District had a population of 907,988, making it the second-most populated district in the country. At that time, 53 percent of the population were children below the age of 18 years and 17 percent of the population were orphans. The national census and household survey of 2014 enumerated 1,997,418 people in the district. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), estimated the total population in the district, as of mid-year 2020 at 2,915,000. UBOS also calculated that the district population increased at an average annual rate of 6.7 percent, between 2014 and 2020.

Administrative units
Wakiso District is made up of two counties and a municipality: Kyadondo County, Busiro County. Entebbe City was split off and granted city status in 2020. The district is further subdivided into the following administrative units:

 * 1) Busukuma
 * 2) Gombe
 * 3) Kakiri Town
 * 4) Katabi
 * 5) Kasanje
 * 6) Kira Town
 * 7) Ssabagabo
 * 8) Masuliita
 * 9) Nabweru
 * 10) Namayumba
 * 11) Nangabo (includes Gayaza and Kasangati)
 * 12) Nansana Town
 * 13) Nsangi
 * 14) Ssisa
 * 15) Wakiso Town

The district headquarters are located in Wakiso Town, approximately 20 km northwest of Kampala on the highway to Hoima. Wakiso District has a total area of 2704 km2.

District leadership
The leadership is entrusted in the District Executive Council, composed of:
 * District Chairman
 * District Vice Chairman
 * District Secretary for Finance
 * District Secretary for Production & Natural Resources
 * District Secretary for Works & Technical Services
 * District secretary Gender
 * Resident District Commissioner
 * Deputy Resident District Commissioner

Tourist attractions
The tourist attractions in the district include:
 * Buganda Cultural Sites and Kabaka's Palaces
 * Old Entebbe Town
 * Entebbe Botanical Gardens
 * Uganda Wildlife Education Center (UWEC) - Entebbe
 * Entebbe International Airport
 * State House - Entebbe (the Official Residence of the President of Uganda)
 * Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary on Lake Victoria - Sanctuary for chimpanzees
 * Bulago Resort Island
 * Lake Victoria - the largest lake in Africa and the second largest fresh-water lake in the world
 * Uganda Martyrs Basilica - Namugongo
 * Mandela National Stadium - Namboole

title: Wakiso District


text:
User talk:Alobodig

Hi.

title: User talk:Alobodig


text:
Pope Mark II of Alexandria

Mark II (died 17 April 819) was the 49th Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria from 26 January 799 until his death.

During his reign, around 810, the schismatic Barsanuphians were brought back into the Coptic fold. Mark baptized their leaders, George and Abraham, at the monastery of Saint Mina and consecrated them as orthodox bishops (albeit without dioceses). Mark later appointed George to the diocese of Tanbudha and Abraham to that of Atripe. Mark also rebuilt and reconsecrated one of the former churches of the Barsanuphians.

title: Pope Mark II of Alexandria


text:
Susenyos I

Susenyos I ( Sūsinyōs; c. 1571–1575 – 17 September 1632), also known as Susenyos the Catholic, was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1607 to 1632, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. His throne names were Seltan Sagad and Malak Sagad III.

He was the son of Abeto Fasil, as well as the grandson of Abeto Yakob and the great-grandson of Dawit II. As a result, while some authorities list Susenyos as a member of the Solomonic dynasty, others consider him—rather than his son, Fasilides—as the founder of the Gondar line of the dynasty (which is, however, ultimately a subset of the Solomonic dynasty).

The life of Susenyos is known through his chronicle, written by several official writers (sehafe te’ezaz). The Jesuits, who were closely associated with Susenyos’s reign, also left numerous documents on their mission in Ethiopia.

Manuel de Almeida, a Portuguese Jesuit who lived in Ethiopia during Susenyos reign, described the emperor as "tall with the features of a man of quality, large handsome eyes, and an ample and well groomed beard. He wore a tunic of crimson velvet down to the knee, breeches of the Moorish style, a sash or girdle of many large pieces of fine gold, and an outer coat of damask of the same colour, like a capelhar."

Ancestry
Of Amhara descent, Susenyos was born to Hamalmal Warq, the daughter from a provincial chief from the noble family of Shime, and Abeto Fasil the son of Prince Abeto Yaeqob, who in turn was the son of King Dawit II (r. 1507–1540).

Susenyos was the youngest of his mother's five sons. His brothers Se'ela Krestos, Make'd Krestos, Yamana Krestos and Afa Krestos held the most important posts during his reign.

Early life
As a boy, a group of marauding Oromos captured him and killed his father Abeto Fasil and a number of others. Susenyos resided among the Oromos for over two years where he learned their language and customs. He was rescued by the Dejazmach Asbo in 1585 in a military campaign against the Oromos led by Emperor Sarsa Dengel, his uncle.

Upon his rescue, Susenyos was entrusted to the care of Dowager Empress (Queen mother) Admas Mogasa, who supervised his early education. The Queen mother was the mother of Sarsa Dengel and widow of Emperor Menas, and great-aunt of Susenyos. So that he could support himself, the queen mother, returned to him the lands (gult) previously held by his father in Gojjam.

Struggle for the throne
After the death of Emperor Sarsa Dengel, and the accession of his very young son Yaqob on the throne, Queen regent Maryam Sena and her sons-in-law Ras Atnatewos the governor of Gojjam and Keflawahd the governor of Tigray and other chief nobles among them Ras Za Selasse governor of Dembiya and Wogera perceived older princeses such as Susenyos as potential successors, and thus as legitimate threat to their own ambitions to exercise power during Yaqob's minority. Susenyos and other would be claimants were forced into exile. As a wandering shifta prince, Susenyos with a few faithful followers took refuge in Gojjam and Shewa, and led a guerrilla war from Walaqa. His control over this territory was strengthened earlier through his marriage, around 1595, to Wald Saala, a princess from the ancient Christian family of the rulers of Walaqa and Mahrabete. Susenyos spent most of this period as shifta in his father's province of Gojjam fighting off raids by Oromos. When Susenyos went to Walaqa, he helped the governor against the Oromo who were invading the province at the time. However, Susenyos soon abandoned the governor and joined the Oromo in their attack on the province. Once the Oromo accepted him Susenyos took control of Walaqa. From the latter province he went to Debra Selalo, where he impressed some Oromo bands who soon flocked to his standard. With his new Oromo followers, he pillaged Christian peasants on mountain tops in Shewa and returned to Walaqa, where he mercilessly looted a large commercial caravan. Whenever and wherever the Christian peasants revolted against him he attacked them with his Oromo bands and he settled them in the territory of the peasants.

His one-time ally and cousin, Emperor Za Dengel, led a large army against Susenyos and his Oromo supporters in Walaqa. Susenyos fled with his Oromo warriors and Za-Dengel had to be content with the large amounts of loot he took from them. Once the Emperor returned to Gojjam, Susenyos followed him. While crossing the Abay Susenyos met the Liban Oromo from among whom about 400 cavalry joined him on his march on Gojjam. After the death of Emperor Za Dengel on December 13 1604, Susenyos was proclaimed Emperor on December 14 1604 by a faction led by Ras Atnatewos, however Za Selasse's faction restored his cousin Yaqob to the throne.

Reign
Susenyos became Emperor following the defeat of first Za Selasse, then on 10 March 1607 Yaqob at the Battle of Gol in southern Gojjam. After his defeat, Za Sellase became a supporter of Susenyos, but fell out with Susenyos early in his reign, and was imprisoned on an amba in Guzamn. After a year, Za Selassie managed to escape and lived as an outlaw or shifta for a year until he was killed by a peasant, who sent his head to the Emperor. In his early reign he was defeated by Hadiya rebels led by Sidi Mohammed at the Battle of Hadiya.

In 1608, a rebel appeared near Debre Bizen. Because the body of Yaqob had never been found after the Battle of Gol, there had been some doubt that the previous Emperor was truly dead, and a pretender announced that he was the dead Emperor Yaqob. The pretender managed to disguise the fact he did not resemble Yaqob by keeping part of his face covered, claiming that he had suffered grievous wounds to his teeth and face from the battle. The governor of Tigray, Sela Krestos, eventually heard of the revolt, and not trusting the loyalty of a general levy of troops struck against the rebel with his own household and the descendants of the Portuguese soldiers who had followed Cristóvão da Gama (son of the legendary Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama) into Ethiopia. Despite defeating the rebels thrice, the pretender managed to escape each battle to hide in the mountains of Hamasien.

Meanwhile, Emperor Susenyos was preoccupied with raiding parties of the Oromo. An initial encounter with the Marawa Oromo near the upper course of the Reb River ended in a defeat for the Ethiopian advance guards; Susenyos rallied his men and made an attack which scattered the Oromo. The Marawa allied with other Oromo, and the united force entered Begemder to avenge their defeat. Upon hearing of this, the Emperor responded by summoning his son-in-law Qegnazmach Julius and Kifla Krestos to join him with their troops, and defeated the raiders at Ebenat on 17 January 1608. According to James Bruce, the Royal Chronicle of Susenyos reports 12,000 Oromo were killed while only 400 on the Emperor's side were lost. With the Oromo threat dealt with, Susenyos now could turn his attention to Yaqob the pretender; he marched to Axum by way of the Lamalmo and Waldebba, where he was formally crowned Emperor 18 March 1608, in a ceremony described by João Gabriel, the captain of the Portuguese in Ethiopia. Despite this act legitimizing his rule, Susenyos had no luck capturing the pretender, and was forced to leave the task to his servant Amsala Krestos. Amsala Krestos induced two brothers who had joined the rebellion to assassinate Yaqob the pretender, who then sent the dead man's head to Susenyos. Without a scarf obscuring his features, writes Bruce, "it now appeared, that he had neither scars in his face, broken jaw, nor loss of teeth; but the covering was intending only to conceal the little resemblance he bore to king Jacob, slain, as we said before, at the battle of Lebart."

Sennar War
Abd al Qadir II of Sennar acknowledged Susenyos' authority in 1606, receiving a negarit drum, sign of vasselage, and giving a trained falcon. Similarly, his brother and successor Adlan I maintained the relationship, giving a number of fine horses as a present. Badi I of Sennar, son of Abd al-Qadir II and successor of Adlan I, however, outraged by the shelter given in Chilga to his father by the Ethiopians, severed these ties, sending as an insult two lame horses and an army led by the Nail Weld Ageeb from Atbara, to pillage the border areas.

The hostilities between the two kingdoms increased when the governor of the Mazaga, Aleko, who was a servant of Emperor Susenyos, fled to Sennar with a number of the Emperor's horses and kettledrums. Susenyos complained of this to Badi, who refused to reply; further insulting him.

In 1615, Susenyos, this time allied with the Nail Weld Ageeb, re-conquered and annexed the Kingdom of Fazughli into the Ethiopian Empire, on the Sennar Sultanate borderlands. The emperor sent priests to renew the Orthodox Christianity of the province, though the missionaries seem to have become mired in doctrinal disputes, and their accomplishments were limited. In 1618–1619, the war continued, this time the Emperor sent three of his vassals to campaign against Sennar. Welde Hawaryat, Melca Chrestos and the governor of Tigray, Ras Tekle Giyorgis, led a three-pronged assault on the border from their respective provinces. Welde Hawaryat finally conquered and sacked the town of Atbara on the Nile after a 19-day march. Susenyos finally sent Bahr Negus Gebre Mariam to attack Mandara, whose queen controlled a strategic caravan road from Suakin. Bahir Negash was successful in capturing Queen Fatima, who was brought back to Susenyos palace in Danqaz, and renewed submission to the Empire.

According to his Royal Chronicle, Susenyos hence made his power felt along his western frontier from Fazogli, north to Suakin.

Catholicism
Susenyos' reign is perhaps best known as the brief period in Ethiopian history when Catholic Christianity became the official religion. Some Ethiopians consider the fact the Emperor proclaimed the Catholic Church as the official state religion: against his title of defender of the faith, thus de-facto forfeiting his title, and making the proclamation illegitimate, and due to that some Ethiopians see the Catholic Church as never formally to be recognized as a state religion even if for a short time. The Emperor became interested in Catholicism, in part due to Pedro Páez's persuasion, but also hoping for military help from Portugal and Spain (in union at the time of Susenyos' reign). Some decades earlier, in 1541, Cristóvão da Gama had led a military expedition to save the Ethiopian emperor Gelawdewos from the onslaught of Ahmed Gragn, a Muslim Imam who almost destroyed the existence of the Ethiopian state. Susenyos hoped to receive a new contingent of well-armed European soldiers, this time against the Oromo, who were ravaging his kingdom, and to help with the constant rebellions. Two letters of this diplomatic effort survive, which he entrusted to Páez to send to Europe: the one to the King of Portugal is dated 10 December 1607, while the other is to the Pope and dated 14 October of the same year; neither mention his conversion, but both ask for soldiers. He showed the Jesuit missionaries his favor by a number of land grants, most importantly those at Gorgora, located on a peninsula on the northern shore of Lake Tana.

In 1613, Susenyos sent a mission heading for Madrid and Rome, led by Jesuit priest António Fernandes. The plan was to head south, in an attempt to reach Malindi, a port on the Indian Ocean in what is Kenya today, hoping to break through the effective blockade that the Ottoman conquests had created around the Ethiopian Empire by sailing all the way around the southern tip of Africa. However, they failed to reach Malindi, due to delays caused by local Christians hostile to the mission.

In addition to the strategic logic behind Susenyos's conversion, some historians point out that the Oromo crisis had undermined the legitimacy of the traditional Ethiopian social order based on feudalism and religious orthodoxy. The monk Bahrey, who wrote a treatise on the Oromo in 1593, attributed their success to the failures of feudalism which had produced too many privileged classes and not enough warriors. Susenyos in his court showed a willingness to break with social as well as tradition. Critics claimed he debased the imperial mystique after abandoning practices such as remaining behind a curtain to protect the emperor from the gaze of commoners and requiring his subjects to prostrate themselves before him. He withdrew privileges given to the sons of nobility and favored Jesuit-educated boys from outlying regions.

Susenyos at last publicly converted to Catholicism in 1622, and separated himself from all of his wives and concubines except for his first wife, Wäld Śäʿala. However, the tolerant and sensitive Pedro Páez died soon afterwards, and he was replaced by Afonso Mendes, who arrived at Massawa on 24 January 1624. E. A. Wallis Budge has stated the commonly accepted opinion of this man, as being "rigid, uncompromising, narrow-minded, and intolerant. Strife and rebellions over the enforced changes began within days of Mendes' public ceremony in 1626, where he proclaimed the primacy of Rome and condemned local practices which included Saturday Sabbath and frequent fasts. Yet a number of Ethiopians did embrace Catholicism: Richard Pankhurst reports 100,000 inhabitants of Dembiya and Wegera alone are said to have converted. The most serious response was launched by a triumvirate composed of his half-brother Yimena Krestos, a eunuch named Kefla Wahad, and his brother-in-law Julius. Susenyos avoided their first attempt to assassinate him at court, but while he was campaigning against Sennar they raised a revolt, calling to their side "all those who were friends to the Alexandrian faith". However, Susenyos had returned to Dembiya before the rebels expected, and quickly killed Julius. Yimena Krestos held out a while longer on Melka Amba in Gojjam, before Af Krestos captured him and brought him to Dankaz where Susenyos had his camp; here the Emperor's brother was tried and sentenced to banishment.

More revolts followed, some led by champions of the traditional Ethiopian Church. One revolt which resisted all of Susenyos' efforts to put down was by the Agaw in Lasta. Their first leader was Melka Krestos, a distant member of the Solomonic dynasty, whom the Agaw had sued to be their leader. Susenyos' first campaign against them, which began in February 1629 with raising an army of 30,000 men in Gojjam, was defeated and his son-in-law Gebre Krestos slain. While Melka Krestos' master of horse was slain along with 4000 men not long after while pillaging Semien Gonder, at the same time the men of Lasta made a successful raid out of their mountains into Susenyos' territory. When he attempted a second expedition against the rebels in Lasta, Susenyos found his men's morale so low that he was forced to allow them to observe one of the traditional Wednesday fasts—which brought an immediate reproach from the Catholic Patriarch. Although Susenyos eloquently defended himself, Bruce notes that "from this time, it plainly appears, that Socinios began to entertain ideas, at least of the church discipline and government, very opposite to those he had when he first embraced the Romish religion." Despite this concession to his troops, and despite the fact they reached Melka Krestos' headquarters, his forces fell to an ambush and Susenyos was forced to return to Dankaz with nothing to show for his effort.

Susenyos attempted one more campaign against the rebels, only to find his men mutinous. They saw no end to unrewarding expeditions to Lasta, and when at home confronted by the executions used to enforce Catholicism on Ethiopia. While expressing some skepticism at the matter, Bruce states the Royal Chronicle reports his son told the troops that if they were victorious in Lasta, the Emperor would restore the traditional Ethiopian practices. However, as they marched behind Susenyos to Lasta, his scouts reported that Melka Krestos had descended from Lasta with 25,000 men, and were at hand. On 26 July 1631 the armies clashed; 8,000 of the rebels were dead and Melka Krestos had fled the field. Upon viewing the field of battle, Susenyos' son Fasilides is reported to have said, "These men, whom you see slaughtered on the ground, were neither Pagans nor Mahometans, at whose death we should rejoice—they were Christians, lately your subjects and your countrymen, some of them your relations. This is not victory, which is gained over ourselves. In killing these, you drive the sword into your own entrails. How many men have you slaughtered? How many more have you to kill? We have become a proverb, even among the Pagans and Moors, for carrying on this war, and apostatizing, as they say, from the faith of our ancestors." Less than a year afterwards, on 14 June 1632 Susenyos made a declaration that those who would follow the Catholic faith were allowed to do so, but no one would be forced to do so any further. At this point, all Patriarch Mendes could do in response was to confirm that this was, indeed, the actual will of the Emperor, his protector. Catholic Ethiopia had come to an end.

Succession
In 1630, after years of rebellion, Sarsa Krestos, Viceroy of Begemder, proclaimed Susenyos' son, Fasilides, as emperor; Sarsa Krestos was promptly captured and hanged. Despite this, father and son stayed on good terms. After announcing his act of toleration, Susenyos abdicated in favor of Fasilides. He was buried at the church of Genneta Iyasus.

Spouse
Susenyos had one official marriage, with Wald Saala, a princess from the ancient Christian family of the rulers of Walaqa and Mahrabete.

Descendants
Despite his marriage to Wald Saala, the monarch sired over twenty sons (who were all put to death by Fasilides) and several daughters by several concubines. Seven of his descendants are mentioned by name in the sources.

 * Kanafra Krestos (born before 1602) was Susenyos's eldest son by a concubine, he died young in 1615/1616 many years before his father.
 * Fasilides was the successor to Susenyos's throne. He was the second son of Susenyos and the eldest by Wald Saala. He reigned as Emperor for over thirty five year.
 * Gelawdewos was his third son. He was the governor of Begemder. In 1640, he was first imprisoned at house arrest then transferred to Wehni after rebelling against his brother Fasilides. He would have 2 sons and 1 daughter, when his daughter died at childbirth he was enraged and had an argument with his brother Fasilides where he exposed his plans uprising against his brother. His future generations that continued governing Begemder until the Zemene Mesfanit where their power was reduced, his current ancestor Ato Abenazer Aberra live a modest private life in Maida Vale, London.
 * Markos was his fourth son, Markos died young before Susenyos in 1626.
 * Wangelawit was Susenyos's eldest daughter. She was married several times, her first marriage was dissolved and she was betrothed to the Bela Krestos, one of her father's retainers. Her third marriage was with nobleman Takla Giyorgis, who was executed in 1628. Wangelawit died in 1652, leaving behind her descendants.
 * Malakotawit was his second daughter. She was the wife Ras Yolyos, once an influential retainer turned rebel. Died leaving behind her descendants.
 * Galilawit was his third daughter. She was married to Takla Giyorgis (who was at one point also married to her older sister Wangelawit). Died with no Children.

title: Susenyos I


text:
Ether (song)

"Ether" is a diss track by American rapper Nas, from his 2001 album Stillmatic. The song was a response to Jay-Z's "Takeover", released earlier that year. "Ether" has been called a "classic" diss track and the "wildest" in hip hop history by music publications.

Content
Nas has described the song title as a reference to a superstition about ghosts disliking the fumes from ether, explaining that he desired "to affect [Jay-Z] with my weapon and get to his soul" in a similar fashion.

The lyrics of "Ether" primarily insult Jay-Z for a variety of reasons. Throughout the song, Nas questions the veracity of Jay-Z's drug lord persona and argues that he was never involved in crime. Instead, Nas describes Jay-Z as a sycophantic copycat who attempted to latch onto a string of mentors, including Jaz-O, Big Daddy Kane, Irv Gotti, and the Notorious B.I.G. Nas also asserts that Jay-Z is a weaker rapper than his contemporaries, challenging his claims to have surpassed B.I.G. and alleging that Eminem "murdered" Jay-Z on their collaboration "Renegade". The lyrics go on to criticize Jay-Z's appearance, and speculates that his misogynistic lyrics stem from resentment against women who once called him ugly. Jay-Z is also mocked for his appearance in Jaz-O's "Hawaiian Sophie". Elsewhere in the song, Nas questions Jay-Z's originality, accusing him of rehashing B.I.G.'s lyrics and claiming that Jay-Z's album The Blueprint was imitating the title of Boogie Down Productions' 1989 album, Ghetto Music: The Blueprint of Hip Hop. Several lines in the song also feature homophobic insults: Nas refers to Jay-Z as "Gay-Z", and describes him as "a dick-riding faggot" with "dick-sucking lips".

Nas references Jay-Z's lyrics at several points in "Ether". The song's chorus is built around the phrase "I will not lose", an allusion to Jay-Z's song "U Don't Know". Nas also riffs on the chorus of "Takeover", rapping "R-O-C, get gunned up and clapped quick" in the same cadence as the "Takeover" line "R-O-C, we running this rap shit". The introduction to the song features a distorted sample of Tupac Shakur saying "Fuck Jay-Z".

The backing track of "Ether", produced by a then relatively unknown Ron Browz, found its way to Nas after Browz's manager, who worked at the Def Jam Recordings offices, bumped into Nas' travel agent and pleaded with her to give the production to Nas. Browz was unaware of how his production would be used until Nas invited him to the studio to play him the completed song for the first time. Browz had previously offered the production to Kyambo "Hip-Hop" Joshua, Jay-Z's A&R manager at the time, who turned it down.

In an 2012 interview with hip-hop website ThisIs50, fellow rapper Large Professor claimed that an earlier version of "Ether" was produced by Swizz Beatz and featured even more offensive lyrics, including a line where Nas allegedly raps "It should've been you in that plane crash", a reference to the 2001 plane crash that caused the death of American singer Aaliyah, which occurred during the early stages of the Jay-Z–Nas feud. Large Professor expanded on this in a further interview with DJ Vlad in 2019, stating that the full lyric reads "Sorry Aaliyah / I'm sorry it was you in the plane crash / It should've been Jay..."

Release and aftermath
On the day "Ether" was released, Jay-Z and Dame Dash visited a New York City club where the DJ started to play the song. Both men told the DJ not to do so, but he refused the request and played it anyway. Fellow rapper Ras Kass, also present in the club that night, cited this – along with the rapturous response of the club attendees once the song was eventually played – as a major turning point in the feud and a sign that Nas would emerge victorious: "...the club was going up, and that's when I knew it was over. The DJ was like, 'Fuck that,' and played that shit. And the club went up. That's when I knew Nas won. The streets had spoken. The DJ played it and Jay was in the building [...] Nas beat Jay."

Jay-Z responded to "Ether" with two tracks; in the first "People Talkin'", he mocks Nas' lyrical ability and height, among other traits. Nas responded by saying, "[Jay-Z] was saying my rhymes like 'judas' and 'your arms too short to box' then he wants to drop [MTV Unplugged] the same day as me". In the second, "Supa Ugly", Jay-Z states that he slept with the mother of Nas' child. After a phone call from his mother, Jay-Z admitted that he went too far with this insult and apologized. "Supa Ugly" marked the "official" end of the battle, although references to the beef can be found on Nas' "Last Real Nigga Alive" from God's Son, "U Wanna Be Me" from 8 Mile and "Everybody's Crazy" from The Lost Tapes, and Jay-Z's "Blueprint 2" from The Blueprint 2: The Gift and the Curse album. The last subliminal shots thrown at each other was on the Bravehearts' single "Quick To Back Down" featuring Nas & Lil Jon, in which Nas claims that he's better than Jay-Z. In response to this, Jay-Z released the "Public Service Announcement 2" in which he takes shots at Nas.

The Jay-Z vs. Nas feud was beneficial to both of their respected careers. Stillmatic and its standout track "Ether" marked Nas' return to popularity two years after having released his critically panned album Nastradamus. Many fans still credit Ether as the revival of Nas' career; while he has not matched the commercial success of It Was Written or I Am..., his work since Stillmatic has been received better critically. The battle also boosted Jay-Z's career, giving him notoriety for having the bravado to attack a respected rapper such as Nas. The feud (or "beef") between the two rappers has since been reconciled, and they have gone on to collaborate on the song "Black Republican", from Nas' 2006 album Hip Hop Is Dead, "Success", from Jay-Z's 2007 album American Gangster, "I Do It For Hip Hop" from Ludacris' 2008 album Theater of the Mind, "BBC" from Jay-Z's 2013 album Magna Carta Holy Grail as well as the unreleased song "The Scientist" produced by Just Blaze and this song was rumored to be a song that did not make Nas' Untitled album.

On Nas' 2022 album King's Disease III, he playfully references the feud, rapping "No beef with rivals, they playing 'Ether' on Tidal" on the track "Thun".

Legacy
"Ether" has been cited as a "classic" diss track and the "wildest" in hip hop history by music publications. When asked to name his favorite rap battle, Papoose pointed to the feud between Jay-Z and Nas, citing the release Ether as one of the decisive moments of the affair: "That's one of the great battles, there's other ones too though, in hip-hop history. I can go on and on, but that's one that stands out...It wasn't an age thing but a lot of people were sleeping. Like, 'It's over! Jay-Z killed him!' I was like, 'Aight, watch.' I knew it was coming, man." (Hot 93.7) Similarly, Jadakiss claims that "...'Ether' sits on the mantle when it comes to battle songs. From the production, to the way he formatted it, to what he was saying – he touched everything. It was an A-Plus grade." In contrast, Kendrick Lamar considers "Takeover" to be the superior diss song of the two, arguing that whilst "Ether" was "powerful", he preferred "Takeover" because "...[Jay-Z] was saying more facts" and suggests that many only supported Nas as the perceived underdog of the feud at the time.

Due to the popularity of "Ether", Ron Browz went on to nickname himself Ether Boy.

Shortly after Nas released the song, the word "ether" entered the hip hop lexicon as a slang expression, meaning to ruthlessly humiliate an opponent. "To 'ether' someone," writes Son Raw, "means to completely dismantle them in a rap battle with no regard for petty concerns such as 'logic' or 'cleverness' – it's a giant shock-n-awe display of machismo meant to scar the victim for life and leave an unmistakable blemish on his career." In addition, the song itself helped to popularize the term "stan" as a pejorative term (which originally referenced Eminem's 2000 hit single, denoting an obsessive fan).

Ether has also been referenced and sampled by rappers who have sought to stylize their own diss recordings along similar lines of severity, including Game, Joe Budden, Saigon, Shyne, and Joey Bada$ among others. Eminem took the sample of "Ether" and used it in Xzibit's song "My Name", featuring Nate Dogg, which was a diss song to Jermaine Dupri. Jin used the instrumental of the song to diss Rosie O'Donnell. In 2012, Cassidy, alluded to the song in his threat against Meek Mill, "If I do a diss record, it's going to be on the 'Ether' level if not worse." Cassidy went on to record a song against Mill titled R.A.I.D. which samples and quotes segments of Ether.

Remy Ma also used the instrumentals for her own diss track titled "Shether" aimed at Nicki Minaj which was released on February 25, 2017.

title: Ether (song)


text:
Bugiri District

Bugiri District is a district in Eastern Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Bugiri, where the district headquarters are located.

Location
Bugiri District is bordered by Namutumba District and Butaleja District to the north, Tororo District to the northeast, Busia District to the east, Namayingo District to the southeast, Mayuge District to the southwest and Bugweri District to the west. Bugiri, the district headquarters lies 77 km, by road, east of Jinja, the largest city in Busoga sub-region. The coordinates of the district are:00 33N, 33 45E (Latitude:0.5500; Longitude:33.7500).

Overview
Bugiri District was carved out of Iganga District, to which it used to belong. The land surface is characterized by gentle undulating hills with few higher residual features. Another feature of the district is its being located in a flat and rolling topographical zone with 90% of its landmass constituting the drainage basins of Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga. As a result, there are numerous swamps that criss-cross the road network, making the cost of the road improvement costly. In July 2010, the southern part of Bugiri District was split off to form Namayingo District. Bugiri District is part of Busoga sub-region, which is conterminous with Busoga Kingdom, one of the constitutionally recognised kingdoms in Uganda. According to the 2002 national census, the sub-region was home to an estimated 2.5 million people at that time. The districts that constitute Busoga sub-region include the following: • Bugiri District

• Buyende District

• Iganga District

• Jinja District

• Kaliro District

• Kamuli District

• Luuka District

• Mayuge District

• Namayingo District

• Namutumba District

Population
The national population census conducted in 1991 estimated the district population at about 171,300. The 2002 national census estimated the population of the district at approximately 237,400. The annual population growth rate in the district is calculated at 6.1%. In 2012 the population of Bugiri District was estimated at approximately 426,800.

Economic activities
Agriculture forms the backbone of the district, as it does in the majority of districts in the country. The main crops include: • Matooke

• Cassava

• Maize

• Millet

• Coffee

• Sorghum

• Peas

• Sweet bananas

• Sweet potatoes

• Lowland Rice

Tilda Uganda Limited (TUL), a commercial agricultural company, grows rice on a commercial basis at Kibimba Rice Scheme, in the extreme east of Bugiri District. Private out growers also sell their produce to TUL.

Due to the abundance of freshwater bodies in the district, commercial fishing is actively practiced by many in Bugiri District. At one time, the district produced in excess of forty (40) metric tonnes of fish on a daily basis. Unfortunately, due to unregulated fishing, the fish reserves in Lake Victoria have been severely disrupted to near-depletion. The daily catch has since markedly fallen from those high numbers. At the height of the fish boom, 75% of the output was exported (mainly to Western Europe), 20% was consumed locally and 5% was lost in processing.

People

 * Phillip Wafula Oguttu, was formerly the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bukhooli County Central, a constituency in Bugiri District.
 * Frederick Douglas Mwanja Mukisa, was a Ugandan educator and politician. He served as the State Minister for Fisheries in the Ugandan Cabinet, from 1 June 2006 until 27 May 2011. He also served in the elected Ugandan Parliament, representing "Bukooli County Central", Bugiri District

title: Bugiri District


text:
Busia District

Busia District is a district in the Eastern region of Uganda.

Location
Busia District borders Tororo District to the north, Busia County, Kenya to the east, Namayingo District to the south, and to the south-west, and Bugiri District to the west. Busia, Uganda, the site of the district headquarters, is approximately 35 km by road south of Tororo, the nearest large town.

Population
At the 1991 national population census, the population in the district was estimated at 163,600. In 2002, the national census estimated the population at 225,000. In 2012, the mid-year population was estimated at 297,600.

Notable people
Notable people from Busia District include:

 * Aggrey Awori -,Former Uganda Minister of Information Technology (2009-2011)
 * Barbara Nekesa Oundo, former state minister for Karamoja affairs and the Busia District women's representative in the parliament (since 2011)
 * Benjamin Joseph Odoki, former chief justice of Uganda
 * James Munange Ogoola, former principal judge of Uganda
 * Denis Onyango, Ugandan international association football goalkeeper
 * Gabriel Opio, former minister of gender, culture and labour (2009-2011)
 * Fred Wabwire-Mangen, professor of epidemiology, Makerere University School of Public Health
 * Erasmus Desiderius Wandera, Roman Catholic bishop, Diocese of Soroti (1980-2007)
 * Kevinah Taaka Wanaha Wandera, former Member of Parliament, Busia Municipality (2011-2016)
 * Barnabas Nawangwe, Professor of Architecture and current Vice Chancellor of Makerere University

Points of interest
The following points of interest are in the district:
 * Majanji landing site on Lake Victoria for fish, which is one of the main foods in the district.
 * Busitema Forest is roughly 25 km2; it is bisected by the main highway between Uganda and Kenya in Busia.
 * Busitema University is a Government University located within the district.

title: Busia District


text:
The Rainbow Children

The Rainbow Children is the twenty-fourth studio album by American recording artist Prince. It was released on November 20, 2001, by NPG Records and Redline Entertainment. It was also released through Prince's website earlier in the year. It is the first album released outside of the NPG Music Club to be released under the name of Prince again, as he had reverted to his previous stage name from his symbolic moniker a year earlier. It was released on double vinyl with a glossy color booklet, and was not available on vinyl again until the Legacy release in 2020.

This concept album illustrates common Prince themes of spirituality and human sexuality, as well as love and racism, through the fictitious story of a social movement toward a Martin Luther King Jr.-inspired utopian society. The album seems to allude to his recent conversion to the Jehovah's Witnesses denomination, but Egyptian monotheism and New Age concepts such as the Akashic records are used as metaphors as well. Jazzier than any of his previous efforts, it was met with mixed reactions. Some fans saw the album as a musical and spiritual evolution for Prince.

Musically, The Rainbow Children marked a shift back towards a more "organic" sound for Prince. Unlike its predecessors, the album featured live drums and made ample use of horns. Many songs were performed live during Prince's 2002 One Nite Alone... Tour, which became an instant success with fans and critics alike.

The Rainbow Children was released through the independent distributor Redline Entertainment. At Prince's decision, it received minimal promotion, as he wanted to focus more on the music and avoid commercialism. The album sold 158,000 copies in US stores as of summer 2007, with an estimated 560,000 copies worldwide.

The album also had a dedicated promotional website that offered the tracks "She Loves Me 4 Me" and "Mellow" as free MP3 downloads.

The album cover features Cbabi Bayoc's "The Reine Keis Quintet". Prince favored the painting of a women's band, as he was backed by an all-female ensemble.

Track listing
All songs written and produced by Prince.

Additional notes:
 * Tracks 15–21 are all hidden tracks and are all silent with the exception of track 21, which gradually fades in to the repetition of the word "one" being sung.

Personnel

 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, electric guitars, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Yamaha Motif 6, Korg Trident, bass guitar, drums, electronic percussion
 * Najee – Soprano saxophone, flute
 * John Blackwell – drums, cowbell and Roland V-Drums (1-9, 11-14)
 * Larry Graham – bass guitar (4, 14)

title: The Rainbow Children


text:
Iganga District

Iganga District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Iganga is the site of the district headquarters.

Location
Iganga District is bordered by Kaliro District to the north, Namutumba District to the northeast, Bugweri District to the east, Mayuge District to the south, Jinja District to the southwest, and Luuka District to the west. The district headquarters at Iganga are located approximately 44 km northeast of Jinja, the largest city in the Busoga sub-region.

Population
In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at 235,300. The 2002 national census estimated the population of the district at 335,500. The annual population growth rate in the district was estimated at 3.5%. In 2012, the population of Iganga District was estimated at 499,600.

Religion
Iganga District has the 3rd amount of Muslims in Uganda by percentage. Iganga District has the highest proportion of Muslims in Uganda.

title: Iganga District


text: User talk:67.183.13.188

title: User talk:67.183.13.188


text:
Step-growth polymerization

In polymer chemistry, step-growth polymerization refers to a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form first dimers, then trimers, longer oligomers and eventually long chain polymers. Many naturally-occurring and some synthetic polymers are produced by step-growth polymerization, e.g. polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, etc. Due to the nature of the polymerization mechanism, a high extent of reaction is required to achieve high molecular weight. The easiest way to visualize the mechanism of a step-growth polymerization is a group of people reaching out to hold their hands to form a human chain—each person has two hands (= reactive sites). There also is the possibility to have more than two reactive sites on a monomer: In this case branched polymers production take place.

IUPAC has deprecated the term step-growth polymerization, and recommends use of the terms polyaddition (when the propagation steps are addition reactions and molecules are not evolved during these steps) and polycondensation (when the propagation steps are condensation reactions and molecules are evolved during these steps).

Historical aspects
Most natural polymers being employed at early stage of human society are of condensation type. The synthesis of first truly synthetic polymeric material, bakelite, was announced by Leo Baekeland in 1907, through a typical step-growth polymerization fashion of phenol and formaldehyde. The pioneer of synthetic polymer science, Wallace Carothers, developed a new means of making polyesters through step-growth polymerization in 1930s as a research group leader at DuPont. It was the first reaction designed and carried out with the specific purpose of creating high molecular weight polymer molecules, as well as the first polymerization reaction whose results had been predicted by scientific theory. Carothers developed a series of mathematic equations to describe the behavior of step-growth polymerization systems which are still known as the Carothers equations today. Collaborating with Paul Flory, a physical chemist, they developed theories that describe more mathematical aspects of step-growth polymerization including kinetics, stoichiometry, and molecular weight distribution etc. Carothers is also well known for his invention of Nylon.

Condensation polymerization
"Step growth polymerization" and condensation polymerization are two different concepts, not always identical. In fact polyurethane polymerizes with addition polymerization (because its polymerization produces no small molecules), but its reaction mechanism corresponds to a step-growth polymerization.

The distinction between "addition polymerization" and "condensation polymerization" was introduced by Wallace Carothers in 1929, and refers to the type of products, respectively:
 * a polymer only (addition)
 * a polymer and a molecule with a low molecular weight (condensation)

The distinction between "step-growth polymerization" and "chain-growth polymerization" was introduced by Paul Flory in 1953, and refers to the reaction mechanisms, respectively:
 * by functional groups (step-growth polymerization)
 * by free-radical or ion (chain-growth polymerization)

Differences from chain-growth polymerization
This technique is usually compared with chain-growth polymerization to show its characteristics.

Classes of step-growth polymers
Classes of step-growth polymers are:
 * Polyester has high glass transition temperature Tg and high melting point Tm, good mechanical properties to about 175 °C, good resistance to solvent and chemicals. It can exist as fibers and films. The former is used in garments, felts, tire cords, etc. The latter appears in magnetic recording tape and high grade films.
 * Polyamide (nylon) has good balance of properties: high strength, good elasticity and abrasion resistance, good toughness, favorable solvent resistance. The applications of polyamide include: rope, belting, fiber cloths, thread, substitute for metal in bearings, jackets on electrical wire.
 * Polyurethane can exist as elastomers with good abrasion resistance, hardness, good resistance to grease and good elasticity, as fibers with excellent rebound, as coatings with good resistance to solvent attack and abrasion and as foams with good strength, good rebound and high impact strength.
 * Polyurea shows high Tg, fair resistance to greases, oils, and solvents. It can be used in truck bed liners, bridge coating, caulk and decorative designs.
 * Polysiloxane, siloxane-based polymers available in a wide range of physical states—from liquids to greases, waxes, resins, and rubbers. Due to perfect thermal stability (thanks to silicon, Si) uses of this material include antifoam and release agents, gaskets, seals, cable and wire insulation, hot liquids and gas conduits, etc.
 * Polycarbonates are transparent, self-extinguishing materials. They possess properties like crystalline thermoplasticity, high impact strength, good thermal and oxidative stability. They can be used in machinery, auto-industry, and medical applications. For example, the cockpit canopy of F-22 Raptor is made of high optical quality polycarbonate.
 * Polysulfides have outstanding oil and solvent resistance, good gas impermeability, good resistance to aging and ozone. However, it smells bad, and it shows low tensile strength as well as poor heat resistance. It can be used in gasoline hoses, gaskets and places that require solvent resistance and gas resistance.
 * Polyether shows good thermoplastic behavior, water solubility, generally good mechanical properties, moderate strength and stiffness. It is applied in sizing for cotton and synthetic fibers, stabilizers for adhesives, binders, and film formers in pharmaceuticals.
 * Phenol formaldehyde resin (bakelite) have good heat resistance, dimensional stability as well as good resistance to most solvents. It also shows good dielectric properties. This material is typically used in molding applications, electrical, radio, televisions and automotive parts where their good dielectric properties are of use. Some other uses include: impregnating paper, varnishes, decorative laminates for wall coverings.
 * Polytriazole polymers are produced from monomers which bear both an alkyne and azide functional group. The monomer units are linked to each other by the a 1,2,3-triazole group; which is produced by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, also called the azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition. These polymers can take on the form of a strong resin, or a gel. With oligopeptide monomers containing a terminal alkyne and terminal azide the resulting clicked peptide polymer will be biodegradable due to action of endopeptidases on the oligopeptide unit.

Branched polymers
A monomer with functionality of 3 or more will introduce branching in a polymer and will ultimately form a cross-linked macrostructure or network even at low fractional conversion. The point at which a tree-like topology transits to a network is known as the gel point because it is signalled by an abrupt change in viscosity. One of the earliest so-called thermosets is known as bakelite. It is not always water that is released in step-growth polymerization: in acyclic diene metathesis or ADMET dienes polymerize with loss of ethene.

Kinetics
The kinetics and rates of step-growth polymerization can be described using a polyesterification mechanism. The simple esterification is an acid-catalyzed process in which protonation of the acid is followed by interaction with the alcohol to produce an ester and water. However, there are a few assumptions needed with this kinetic model. The first assumption is water (or any other condensation product) is efficiently removed. Secondly, the functional group reactivities are independent of chain length. Finally, it is assumed that each step only involves one alcohol and one acid.

This is a general rate law degree of polymerization for polyesterification where n= reaction order.

Self-catalyzed polyesterification
If no acid catalyst is added, the reaction will still proceed because the acid can act as its own catalyst. The rate of condensation at any time t can then be derived from the rate of disappearance of -COOH groups and

The second-order [\ce{COOH}] term arises from its use as a catalyst, and k is the rate constant. For a system with equivalent quantities of acid and glycol, the functional group concentration can be written simply as

After integration and substitution from Carothers equation, the final form is the following

For a self-catalyzed system, the number average degree of polymerization (Xn) grows proportionally with $$\sqrt{t}$$.

External catalyzed polyesterification
The uncatalyzed reaction is rather slow, and a high Xn is not readily attained. In the presence of a catalyst, there is an acceleration of the rate, and the kinetic expression is altered to

which is kinetically first order in each functional group. Hence,

and integration gives finally

For an externally catalyzed system, the number average degree of polymerization grows proportionally with $$t\,$$.

Molecular weight distribution in linear polymerization
The product of a polymerization is a mixture of polymer molecules of different molecular weights. For theoretical and practical reasons it is of interest to discuss the distribution of molecular weights in a polymerization. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) had been derived by Flory by a statistical approach based on the concept of equal reactivity of functional groups.

Probability
Step-growth polymerization is a random process so we can use statistics to calculate the probability of finding a chain with x-structural units ("x-mer") as a function of time or conversion.

Probability that an 'A' functional group has reacted
 * $$p^{x-1} \,$$

Probability of finding an 'A' unreacted
 * $$(1-p) \,$$

Combining the above two equations leads to.
 * $$P_x=(1-p)p^{x-1} \,$$

Where Px is the probability of finding a chain that is x-units long and has an unreacted 'A'. As x increases the probability decreases.

Number fraction distribution
The number fraction distribution is the fraction of x-mers in any system and equals the probability of finding it in solution.
 * $$\frac{N_x}{N}=(1-p)p^{x-1} \,$$

Where N is the total number of polymer molecules present in the reaction.

Weight fraction distribution
The weight fraction distribution is the fraction of x-mers in a system and the probability of finding them in terms of mass fraction.
 * $$\frac{W_x}{W_o}=\frac{xN_xM_o}{N_oM_o}=\frac{xN_x}{N_o}=x\frac{N_x}{N}\frac{N}{N_o}$$

Notes:
 * Mo is the molar mass of the repeat unit,
 * No is the initial number of monomer molecules,
 * and N is the number of unreacted functional groups

Substituting from the Carothers equation
 * $$X_n=\frac{1}{1-p}=\frac{N_o}{N}$$

We can now obtain:
 * $$\frac{W_x}{W_o}=x(1-p)^2p^{x-1} \,$$

PDI
The polydispersity index (PDI), is a measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample.
 * $$PDI=\frac{M_w}{M_n}$$

However, for step-growth polymerization the Carothers equation can be used to substitute and rearrange this formula into the following.
 * $$PDI=1+p \,$$

Therefore, in step-growth when p=1, then the PDI=2.

Need for stoichiometric control
There are two important aspects with regard to the control of molecular weight in polymerization. In the synthesis of polymers, one is usually interested in obtaining a product of very specific molecular weight, since the properties of the polymer will usually be highly dependent on molecular weight. Molecular weights higher or lower than the desired weight are equally undesirable. Since the degree of polymerization is a function of reaction time, the desired molecular weight can be obtained by quenching the reaction at the appropriate time. However, the polymer obtained in this manner is unstable in that it leads to changes in molecular weight because the ends of the polymer molecule contain functional groups that can react further with each other.

This situation is avoided by adjusting the concentrations of the two monomers so that they are slightly nonstoichiometric. One of the reactants is present in slight excess. The polymerization then proceeds to a point at which one reactant is completely used up and all the chain ends possess the same functional group of the group that is in excess. Further polymerization is not possible, and the polymer is stable to subsequent molecular weight changes.

Another method of achieving the desired molecular weight is by addition of a small amount of monofunctional monomer, a monomer with only one functional group. The monofunctional monomer, often referred to as a chain stopper, controls and limits the polymerization of bifunctional monomers because the growing polymer yields chain ends devoid of functional groups and therefore incapable of further reaction.

Quantitative aspects
To properly control the polymer molecular weight, the stoichiometric imbalance of the bifunctional monomer or the monofunctional monomer must be precisely adjusted. If the nonstoichiometric imbalance is too large, the polymer molecular weight will be too low. It is important to understand the quantitative effect of the stoichiometric imbalance of reactants on the molecular weight. Also, this is necessary in order to know the quantitative effect of any reactive impurities that may be present in the reaction mixture either initially or that are formed by undesirable side reactions. Impurities with A or B functional groups may drastically lower the polymer molecular weight unless their presence is quantitatively taken into account.

More usefully, a precisely controlled stoichiometric imbalance of the reactants in the mixture can provide the desired result. For example, an excess of diamine over an acid chloride would eventually produce a polyamide with two amine end groups incapable of further growth when the acid chloride was totally consumed. This can be expressed in an extension of the Carothers equation as,
 * $$X_n=\frac{(1+r)}{(1+r-2rp)}$$

where r is the ratio of the number of molecules of the reactants.
 * $$r=\frac{N_{AA}}{N_{BB}}$$ were NBB is the molecule in excess.

The equation above can also be used for a monofunctional additive which is the following,
 * $$r=\frac{N_{AA}}{(N_{BB}+2N_B)}$$

where NB is the number of monofunction molecules added. The coefficient of 2 in front of NB is require since one B molecule has the same quantitative effect as one excess B-B molecule.

Multi-chain polymerization
A monomer with functionality 3 has 3 functional groups which participate in the polymerization. This will introduce branching in a polymer and may ultimately form a cross-linked macrostructure. The point at which this three-dimensional 3D network is formed is known as the gel point, signaled by an abrupt change in viscosity.

A more general functionality factor fav is defined for multi-chain polymerization, as the average number of functional groups present per monomer unit. For a system containing N0 molecules initially and equivalent numbers of two function groups A and B, the total number of functional groups is N0fav.
 * $$f_{av} = \frac{\sum N_i \sdot f_i}{\sum N_i}$$

And the modified Carothers equation is
 * $$x_{n} = \frac{2}{2-pf_{av}}$$, where p equals to $$\frac{2(N_0-N)}{N_0 \sdot f_{av}}$$

Advances in step-growth polymers
The driving force in designing new polymers is the prospect of replacing other materials of construction, especially metals, by using lightweight and heat-resistant polymers. The advantages of lightweight polymers include: high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, contributing to a variety of potential uses, such as electrical and engine parts on automotive and aircraft components, coatings on cookware, coating and circuit boards for electronic and microelectronic devices, etc. Polymer chains based on aromatic rings are desirable due to high bond strengths and rigid polymer chains. High molecular weight and crosslinking are desirable for the same reason. Strong dipole-dipole, hydrogen bond interactions and crystallinity also improve heat resistance. To obtain desired mechanical strength, sufficiently high molecular weights are necessary, however, decreased solubility is a problem. One approach to solve this problem is to introduce of some flexibilizing linkages, such as isopropylidene, C=O, and into the rigid polymer chain by using an appropriate monomer or comonomer. Another approach involves the synthesis of reactive telechelic oligomers containing functional end groups capable of reacting with each other, polymerization of the oligomer gives higher molecular weight, referred to as chain extension.

Aromatic polyether
The oxidative coupling polymerization of many 2,6-disubstituted phenols using a catalytic complex of a cuprous salt and amine form aromatic polyethers, commercially referred to as poly(p-phenylene oxide) or PPO. Neat PPO has little commercial uses due to its high melt viscosity. Its available products are blends of PPO with high-impact polystyrene (HIPS).

Polyethersulfone
Polyethersulfone (PES) is also referred to as polyetherketone, polysulfone. It is synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution between aromatic dihalides and bisphenolate salts. Polyethersulfones are partially crystalline, highly resistant to a wide range of aqueous and organic environment. They are rated for continuous service at temperatures of 240-280 °C. The polyketones are finding applications in areas like automotive, aerospace, electrical-electronic cable insulation.

Aromatic polysulfides
Poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is synthesized by the reaction of sodium sulfide with p-dichlorobenzene in a polar solvent such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). It is inherently flame-resistant and stable toward organic and aqueous conditions; however, it is somewhat susceptible to oxidants. Applications of PPS include automotive, microwave oven component, coating for cookware when blend with fluorocarbon polymers and protective coatings for valves, pipes, electromotive cells, etc.

Aromatic polyimide
Aromatic polyimides are synthesized by the reaction of dianhydrides with diamines, for example, pyromellitic anhydride with p-phenylenediamine. It can also be accomplished using diisocyanates in place of diamines. Solubility considerations sometimes suggest use of the half acid-half ester of the dianhydride, instead of the dianhydride itself. Polymerization is accomplished by a two-stage process due to the insolubility of polyimides. The first stage forms a soluble and fusible high-molecular-weight poly(amic acid) in a polar aprotic solvent such as NMP or N,N-dimethylacetamide. The poly(amic aicd) can then be processed into the desired physical form of the final polymer product (e.g., film, fiber, laminate, coating) which is insoluble and infusible.

Telechelic oligomer approach
Telechelic oligomer approach applies the usual polymerization manner except that one includes a monofunctional reactant to stop reaction at the oligomer stage, generally in the 50-3000 molecular weight. The monofunctional reactant not only limits polymerization but end-caps the oligomer with functional groups capable of subsequent reaction to achieve curing of the oligomer. Functional groups like alkyne, norbornene, maleimide, nitrite, and cyanate have been used for this purpose. Maleimide and norbornene end-capped oligomers can be cured by heating. Alkyne, nitrile, and cyanate end-capped oligomers can undergo cyclotrimerization yielding aromatic structures.

title: Step-growth polymerization


text:
Wikipedia:Quebec Wikipedians' notice board/archivedissues

Vandalism
An anon (82.68.46.46) keeps adding non-factual/POV edits to Quebec French. help watching the page would be appreciated. Circeus 15:18, Mar 17, 2005 (UTC)

Request for comment
Can somebody assist me at organizing List of Quebec City boroughs? Circeus 22:02, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Category:Environmental engineering

Articles related to environmental engineering, a professional engineering discipline that takes from broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organisms and improve the quality of the environment. Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and chemical engineering.

title: Category:Environmental engineering


text:
Kaberamaido District

Kaberamaido is a district in Eastern Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Kaberamaido, where the district headquarters are located.

Location
Kaberamaido District lies approximately between Latitudes:1.5500 to 2.3834 and Longitudes:30.0167 to 34.3000. The average coordinates of the district are:01 47N, 33 09E. The district is bordered by Alebtong District to the north, Amuria District to the northeast, Soroti District to the east, Serere District to the southeast, Buyende District to the south, Amolatar District to the southwest and Dokolo District to the northwest. The District headquarters at Kaberamaido lies approximately 65 km by road, west of Soroti, the largest city in the sub-region. It lies approximately 215 km, by road, northeast of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the nation's largest city.

Physical measurements
The following are the district measurements:
 * Total Area : 1788.5 km2
 * Total Land Area : 1354.5 km2 (75.7%)
 * Forest Area : 22 km2 (1.3%)
 * Open Water Area : 269 km2 (16.4%)
 * Area Under Wetlands : 143 km2 (8.7%)

Population
In 1991, the national population census estimated the population of the district at about 81,500. The district had a population of approximately 131,700 in 2002, according to the national census that year, with an annual population growth rate of 4.3%. In 2012, it was estimated that the population of Kaberamaido District was approximately 199,200. The table below, illustrates how the district has grown between 2002 and 2012. All numbers are estimates.

Ethnicities
Kaberamaido District is the main area of the Kumam people. In 2008, the Kumam were in the majority, totaling 99,738 (74.7%) of the population. The Iteso were the next most populous group in the district, totaling 27,317 people (20.5%). These two ethnicities respectively, speak Kumam and Ateso languages and are of the Nilotic family. The Langi at 4,617 people (3.5%) are the next most populous group. The other tribal groups found in the district constitute less than 1% of the district population in individual tribal terms. These include, the Acholi, Bagwere, Bakenyi, Baruli, Mening, Basoga, Baganda and Alur.

title: Kaberamaido District


text:
Alma Mater Society

Alma Mater Society may refer to:
 * Alma Mater Society of Queen's University
 * Alma Mater Society of the University of British Columbia

title: Alma Mater Society


text: Category:United Kingdom-related lists

title: Category:United Kingdom-related lists


text:
Sergi Barjuán

Sergi Barjuán Esclusa (born 28 December 1971), known simply as Sergi as a player, is a Spanish former professional footballer from Catalonia who played as a left-back, currently a manager.

Best known for his Barcelona stint, he played for the first team for nine seasons and made a major contribution to the winning of nine major titles. Having reached the Spain national team shortly after making his professional club debut, he appeared in two World Cups and as many European Championships.

In 2009, Barjuán embarked on a managerial career, leading Recreativo, Almería and Mallorca. He also had brief La Liga spells at the second of those clubs, and in interim charge of Barcelona.

Club
Born in Les Franqueses del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sergi was a youth product of giants FC Barcelona. He had not yet appeared in La Liga when he was summoned by first-team manager Johan Cruyff to a UEFA Champions League group stage game away against Galatasaray S.K. (0–0, on 24 November 1993), and from then on became the side's undisputed first choice, never playing less than 31 matches until 1999; with Barça he won three leagues, two cups and two supercups, adding the 1997 edition of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the subsequent UEFA Super Cup, partnered in the other defensive wing by another youth graduate, Albert Ferrer.

After being deemed surplus to requirements by coach Louis van Gaal, Sergi joined Atlético Madrid, where he still posted three respectable seasons although he collected a total of 33 yellow cards.

International
Shortly after having been promoted into Barcelona's main squad, Sergi made his debut for Spain on 9 February 1994, in a friendly with Poland in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in which he scored his only international goal. He went on to represent the nation at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 1996, the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000, for a total of 56 caps.

Barcelona (youth)
In July 2009, after several years working in marketing and running football camps for youngsters, Barjuán returned to Barcelona, being named its Juvenil B manager. During his spell he coached Gerard Deulofeu, Patric and Rafinha, whom eventually starred for the senior team.

Recreativo
Barjuán was handed his first job in the professionals on 22 May 2012, signing for three years with Recreativo de Huelva in the Segunda División. On his debut on 18 August, he lost 2–0 at Xerez CD.

In his second year at El Decano, Barjuán missed out on a play-off place on the final day. He then cancelled his contract in June 2014 and was replaced by José Luis Oltra.

Almería
Barjuán was appointed manager of UD Almería on 6 April 2015, taking over from Juan Ignacio Martínez who had been fired. His first game in charge occurred two days later, a 4–0 away loss to former club Barcelona.

On 3 October 2015, with the Andalusians back in the second tier, Barjuán was dismissed after a 2–2 home draw against CD Tenerife.

Mallorca
Barjuán resumed his career in April 2017, at RCD Mallorca. He left when his contract expired at the end of the season, with the Balearic side relegated to Segunda División B for the first time in 36 years.

Zhejiang Greentown
On 26 November 2017, the 45-year-old Barjuán moved abroad for the first time in his career, taking the helm at China League One club Zhejiang Greentown F.C. for the next two seasons. He lost his job on 4 July 2019 after a run of two wins from ten left the team in sixth place.

Barcelona B
In June 2021, Barjuán was appointed at FC Barcelona Atlètic on a two-year deal, replacing Francisco Javier García Pimienta. On 28 October, after the dismissal of Ronald Koeman, he was put in interim charge of the main squad. Two days later, on his debut, he oversaw a 1–1 home draw with Deportivo Alavés. In his second game, he won 1–0 at FC Dynamo Kyiv in the Champions League group stage.

After missing out on a playoff place for the 2021–22 season, Barjuán was dismissed. He remained at Barcelona and was put in charge of their global academies in October.

Club

 * Source:

International

 * Source:

 * }

Honours
Barcelona
 * La Liga: 1993–94, 1997–98, 1998–99
 * Copa del Rey: 1996–97, 1997–98
 * Supercopa de España: 1994, 1996
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1996–97
 * UEFA Super Cup: 1997
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 1993–94

Spain U21
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship third place: 1994

title: Sergi Barjuán