text:
Talk:Georgian grammar

Pronouns
In the article it says that "that" in English can never be used as a pronoun. This is patently not true. "That" is a demonstrative pronoun in English, and I assume the author meant to say that "that" can't be used as a personal pronoun in English, which is true. Someone please fix this.

"Screeve"?
What is a screeve? Do you mean mood? --195.82.213.193 18:05, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes.

 * The reason the term 'screeve' is used instead of 'tense' is because in Georgian there are no definite prefixes and suffixes to establish the meaning of the tense. (In English, for example, (for the regular verbs) the suffix for simple past tense is -ed, or the present perfect tense requires the verb have with the past participle of the verb. So there are definite sets of rules how to build a tense. but in Georgian there is not really a strict way to mean a tense. There is not a certain prefix or suffix or an auxillary verb like have in Georgian to build a verb. Because of this, the meaning of the verb is not necessarily in a strict time frame. That is why the term screeve suits better in Georgian. --81.213.89.226 21:23, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The term "screeve" was coined by american linguist Howard Aronson to render the georgian term "mck'rivi", roughly translatable as "row", introduced by the founder of georgian linguistics Ak'ak'i Shanidze to describe what Aronson himself calls "a unique combination of tense, mood and aspect" (i quote from memory). It is not the same as mood, then.Archimagister 10:40, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Expansion request
It seems that this article needs a bit more in terms of linguistics, but unfortunately I don't know much about Georgian really. For example, I know that Georgian has an active alignment in some verb series (more precisely, a split-S system), and I suspect that the behaviour of the verbs cough and sneeze have to do with that (Georgian is ergative in places, yet marks some intransitive subjects as ergative, when the verb action is performed by the subject).

The explanation of cases is not very helpful, since almost all cases can be applied to almost any syntactic role... :-( Systematic examples with all the possible patterns would be better. --Pablo D. Flores 11:56, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I am willing to expand the article in the way you want. However it is still not very clear to me what exactly you are asking for. (I did visit the article "active language"). If you can explain more detailly, I will be very happy to add the examples and explanations you are requesting.

 * The article does not really explain how Georgian is an ergative-absolutive language in parts, and an active language in other parts, and what that means for case marking; as a result, the explanations about "exceptions" in one of the screeves (that I remember) are off the mark. If some intransitive verbs get the subject marked like the subject of transitive ones, while others get the same marking as direct objects, then that's pretty much the definition of an active language.

 * About the usage of cases: the system is considerably complicated, the major cases have several uses with no apparent logical connection, and worst of all, the traditional names of the cases are misleading, so listing the usage of each case does nothing for the reader. Example sentences showing case marking patterns (noting which kind of verbs, of what screeve, etc. take that pattern) would be much easier to grasp. That is, "verbs of the XXX screeve mark the subject as YYY and the object as ZZZ, as in -(example)--". That way it would also be much easier for editors with some linguistic knowledge to figure out what's going on and describe the patterns more technically.

 * --Pablo D. Flores 16:58, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Voice?
Does Georgian have an Antipassive voice? If so, could someone add Georgian examples to that article? --Jim Henry | Talk 20:21, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Transcription issues
I would suggest that the phonetic transcription in this article should be made consistent. There are some uses, for example, of ç (instead of ch?), or ş (instead of sh?), or ġ (what is this?). I don't know any Georgian and am not competent to do the necessary editing, but I assume there are others out there who can. Richwales 01:39, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Changed instances of transcription inconsistency in favour of ease of reading (for English speakers, at least): ç to ch, ş to sh, ġ to gh, c' to ts' and j to dz. I have left x (otherwise kh) intact, as it was consistent throughout. --01:05, 16 January 2007 (GMT)

Wait a minute! There's a well-estabilished scholarly standard for the translitteration of georgian, and I see no reason to invent new ones. I see it as much more sensible to follow the table given in Hewitt's reference grammar, for those who have access to it right now. That's the only way to ensure consistency —Preceding unsigned comment added by Archimagister (talk • contribs) 10:44, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Or why not follow the Georgian national system of romanization? It seems intuitive to English readers and consistent with how Georgian names are usually transliterated. I agree that ad hoc systems ("I have left x intact as it was consistent") are not helpful at all. Whatever system is used, the mapping should be explained on Wikipedia, not just in some book.--87.162.35.44 (talk) 11:06, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Vocative?
In the case section it says that only proper nouns (names) in Latin (and other languages) have a separate vocative. What is this statement based on? I'm fairly certain that any Latin masculine noun of the second declension ending in -us in the nominative will have a separate vocative in -e regardless of whether it is a name or not. I should like to see that claim backed up with sources or else removed from the article. Nothingbutmeat 13:15, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

This is very true, any noun or adjective can take the vocative in Latin. From Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar (the standard reference grammar of Latin) I quote §340b and c respectively: "The vocative of an adjective is sometimes used in poetry instead of the nominative, where the verb is in the second person:- quo moriture ruis (Aen. x. 811), whither art thou rushing to thy doom?  censorem trabeate salutas (Pers. iii. 29), robed you salute the censor." "The vocative macte is used as a predicate in the phrase macte esto (virtute), success attend your (valor):- iuberem te macte virtute esse (Liv. ii. 12), I should bid you go on and prosper in your valor. macte nova virtute puer (Aen. ix. 641), success attend your valor, boy!..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

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Class 2 verb subjects usually in the nominative?
The current text contains:

”Verbs in Class 3 are usually intransitive verbs, but unlike Class 2 verbs, they mark their subject using the ergative case.”

Does that mean that Class 2 verbs usually have subjects in the nominative case? Shall we mention that in the paragraph about Class 2 verbs?Redav (talk) 16:25, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

Ergative-language behaviour with nominative, accusative-system behaviour with ergative? Or the other way around?
The current article text contains:

”Second conjugation verbs behave as would normally be expected in an ergative language; the subject is declined in the least-marked case, the nominative case (terminologically equivalent in this instance to absolutive cases in other languages). Third conjugation verbs behave as if they belonged to an accusative system; the most-marked case (the ergative) marks the subject.”

Most (Wikipedia) texts on grammar seem to relate the nominative case to (nominative-)accusative systems and the ergative case to (absolutive-)ergative systems.

I wonder why in the quoted text a view is presented that seems to be the other way around.Redav (talk) 13:03, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I had a stroke trying to read that part of the article. Ergative primarily shows up on intransitive verbs conjugated for Series 2 (refered to as Second conjugation I assume) - so the aorist and optative.
 * Georgian is not truly Ergative though. It mostly follows a Nominative-Accusative alignment. Bizko4ito (talk) 17:44, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georgian grammar


text:
Granian

Granian is an acoustic/electric rock band led by Garen Gueyikian.

Granian was founded in 1995 in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, where Gueyikian initially used the name Grane but changed to Granian over possible copyright concerns. Gueyikian's initial lineup consisted of George Schultz on bass and backing vocals, Chris Nicoletti on acoustic guitar and backing vocals, and Anthony Fazioli on drums. Fazioli left in 1996 and was replaced by Tim Shahady; Nicoletti left in 1998, after which the group worked as a trio.

In 2000, Schultz left the group, and Adam Braun and Tony Maceli both did stints in the group on bass. Shahady departed soon after, and Graycon Legere took over on drums, while Nathan Fox took over on bass. Gueyikian later performed by himself as Granian, for the 2002 release Live Sessions through 2005. He used the name interchangeably for solo shows and for those with a backing band of available musicians. The group played a benefit concert for Armenian victims of genocide in 2004. In 2006 Gueyikian began a new project, Kill the Alarm.

The group released four albums and one EP (2004's My Voice), and toured with Matchbox 20, Guster, Dispatch, Howie Day, Pat McGee Band and O.A.R, among others. SPIN called the group "the country's best unsigned band" early in its career.

Granian's third studio album, "On My Own Two Feet", was produced by Mike Shimshack, and features Nir Z (John Mayer, Jason Mraz, Genesis) on drums. It received generally positive reviews. The album reached #1 on both CDBaby.com and Awarestore.com and the group's five independently released albums have sold over 35,000 copies to date.

Garen has since recorded under the new band, Kill the Alarm.

Discography

 * Without Change, 1996
 * Hang Around, 2000
 * Live Sessions, 2003
 * My Voice (EP), 2004
 * On My Own Two Feet, 2004
 * Alternate Mixes, 2006

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Granian


text:
User talk:Crazydhr

Hey everybody my name is chris and i play counter strike source!!!!!! la la la la la la la la la la

I love Amanda soooooooooooooo much!!!!:)

title: User talk:Crazydhr


text: User talk:66.232.207.227

title: User talk:66.232.207.227


text:
Talk:Liangzhu culture

Untitled
Is "Liangzhu jade culture" really the accepted term? Why not just "Liangzhu culture"? I've made that a redirect to here, but I suspect it should be the other way around.

Can someone add a link to Butterfly Lovers, lest someone is looking for that Liangzhu? —Preceding unsigned comment added by ShokuMasterLord (talk • contribs) 15:10, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Lead
Balthazarduju, here's MOS:LEAD:

 * The lead section (also known as the lead, introduction or intro) of a Wikipedia article is the section before the table of contents and the first heading. The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important aspects. (Wikipedia leads are not written in news style, and journalistic leads serve different purposes from encyclopedic leads.[1])

 * The lead should be able to stand alone as a concise overview. It should define the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points—including any prominent controversies. The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. The emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic, according to reliable, published sources. Apart from trivial basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article.

 * The lead is the first part of the article most people read, and many only read the lead. Consideration should be given to creating interest in reading more of the article, but the lead should not "tease" the reader by hinting at content that follows. Instead, the lead should be written in a clear, accessible style with a neutral point of view; it should ideally contain no more than four paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate.

It says nothing about only needing to "summarize the confirmed part". Mentioning that Haplogroup O1 has been found makes absolutely no sense to the average reader. It's not the possible Austronesian/Tai-Kadai relationships that qualifies as "significant information", it's the mention of Haplogroup O1. The former is the study's conclusions, the latter is the result of the methodology.

It is also simply not an adequate summary of the actual subsection it was supposed to condense. The study itself explicitly mentions the significance of the O1 occurrence in its own summary - the abstract. We summarize the entire subsection in the lead, not pick and choose only things you agree with. I've written enough articles to know that. No one is even saying it's proven that these were ancestors of the Austronesians and/or Tai peoples, so we're not exactly doing synthesis either.

Neither is it too long or being given undue weight. It's nine more words to a single sentence. So what exactly is it that you're arguing for here? Other than the obvious fact that you apparently need to revert something. Even if it's just a wikilink.-- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  12:19, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17657509

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6180520_Y_chromosomes_of_prehistoric_people_along_the_Yangtze_River

http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/17657509/Y-chromosomes-of-prehistoric-people-along-the-Yangtze-River.

http://www.humpopgenfudan.cn/p/E/E3.pdf

Rajmaan (talk) 22:12, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

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Binuangan, Chinese records
I have reverted two recent additions to the article: In short, these additions appear to be original research. Kanguole 09:14, 11 February 2021 (UTC)
 * 1) An addition to the end of the "Disappearance" section, suggesting a connection to Binuangan in the Philippines. The Hung et al references only say that Neolithic Philippines jades came from Taiwan. The rest is sourced to a self-published book, which is not a reliable source.
 * 2) A new section "The Liangzhu and Austronesians in Chinese records".  The cited sources, Sagart and Pulleyblank, say that the Zhou (not Shang) described a people called Yí 夷 living around Shandong and the lower Huai River in the 1st millennium BCE, i.e. further north and much later than Liangzhu. Although Sagart proposes to link the 夷 with Austronesians, neither author says "sea-faring" or "Liangzhu".  The claim of an ancient Yue word for "sea" is odd, since their language is unattested with the possible exception of a song transcribed in Chinese, which does not mention the term. The rest is cited to the same self-published book.

title: Talk:Liangzhu culture


text:
Adi Roche

Adi Marie Roche (born 11 July 1955) is an Irish activist, anti-nuclear advocate, and campaigner for peace, humanitarian aid and education. She founded and is CEO of Chernobyl Children's Project International. She has focused on the relief of suffering experienced by children in the wake of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

Early life
Adi Roche was born in Clonmel, County Tipperary in 1955. After finishing secondary school, she went to work for Aer Lingus. She left in 1984 to work full-time as a volunteer for the Irish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. She devised a Peace Education Programme and delivered it in over fifty schools throughout Ireland. In 1990, she became the first Irish woman elected to the board of directors of the International Peace Bureau at the United Nations in Geneva.

Chernobyl Children International
In 1991, Roche founded the Chernobyl Children International, to provide aid to the children of Belarus, Western Russia and Ukraine following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986. The organisation works in the areas of international development as well as medical and humanitarian aid. It works with children and families who continue to be affected by the disaster.

Under Roche's leadership, Chernobyl Children International (CCI) has delivered over €105 million to the areas most affected by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and has enabled over 25,500 children affected by the Chernobyl disaster to come to Ireland for vital medical treatment and recuperation. CCI has expanded its scope to a variety of healthcare-focused missions in Belarus, including building independent living homes for mentally disabled children, founding the country's first baby hospice, and pioneering an adoption agreement between Ireland and Belarus.

Work with United Nations
Roche launched an exhibition of the Chernobyl disaster for the 15th Anniversary of the nuclear accident in the UN Headquarters in New York in 2001. The Chernobyl legacy was demonstrated through digital imagery, photographs and sculpture. Entitled Black Wind, White Land, the exhibition was a month-long, cross-cultural event featuring the works of artists who depicted the suffering caused by the disaster. It was deemed an outstanding success by the UN and had its European Premiere in Dublin in 2002.

She continues to work with the United Nations to highlight the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. Over the last decade she has contributed to UN-sponsored conferences and symposia on the fallout of Chernobyl. She has addressed Ambassadors to the UN General Assembly, the UNESCO conference on Chernobyl, and the Manchester International Peace Festival. Roche has provided advice and suggestions to the UN Needs Assessment Mission and has made several submissions on how NGOs could best be helped in their attempts to deliver humanitarian aid to the most affected areas in Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia.

In July 2003, she was the keynote speaker at the launch of the International Chernobyl Research and Information Network (ICRIN) in Geneva, Switzerland. The ICRIN is am initiative joint-sponsored by the UN and the Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation. Roche was appointed to represent NGOs on the Steering Committee of the ICRIN.

To mark the 18th Anniversary of the tragedy in April 2004, Roche was invited to speak at the UN General Assembly at their headquarters in New York and to screen the Oscar award-winning documentary Chernobyl Heart. In 2004, Chernobyl Children International received official NGO status by the U.N. She was also invited by the UNDP to sit on their organising committee, and act as the keynote speaker at the International Chernobyl Conference which was held in Minsk in April 2006 (to mark the 20th Anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster).

On 26 April 2016, the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster, Roche made a landmark address to the United Nations General Assembly in New York. In an unprecedented move, the Belarusian UN delegation provided her with their speaking time at the General Assembly discussion on Chernobyl in recognition of the international role Ireland and Chernobyl Children International has played in helping the victims of the Chernobyl catastrophe. It was the first time an ordinary person (non-diplomat/non-political figure) was extended the honour of speaking at the UN General Assembly during a country's allocated time.

On 8 December 2016, as a direct result of her address, the United Nations ratified the "Persistent Legacy of Chernobyl disaster", a symbolic element of which is the implementation of the "International Chernobyl Disaster Remembrance Day"

Honours and awards
Roche was awarded the European Woman Laureate Award following the release of the documentary film 'Black Wind, White Land' (1993) which highlighted the Chernobyl children's suffering. In the same year she received the title of the Republic's Person of the Year.

In 1997, Roche received Tipperary International Peace Award, described as "Ireland's outstanding award for humanitarian work."

In 2001, Roche was awarded an honorary doctor of law degree by the University of Alberta, Canada.

In 2007, Roche won the Robert Burns Humanitarian Award.

In 2010, Roche received the World of Children Health Award. Since then, Chernobyl Children International has saved the lives of thousands of children born with congenital heart defects.

In 2015, Roche was named a World of Children Alumni Award Honoree, for the "incredible impact she continues to have in the lives of the children of the Chernobyl region".

Also in 2015, Roche won the Princess Grace Humanitarian Award.

In 2020, Roche was awarded the Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize "for her tireless efforts in advocating for nuclear disarmament and supporting victims of the Chernobyl disaster". The award was only presented to Roche in 2024, due to complications arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Awards:
 * President's Award Tipperary Chamber of Commerce 2019
 * Freedom of the City of Cork 2016
 * Pride of Ireland Lifetime Achievement Award 2016
 * Princess Grace Humanitarian Award 2015
 * Top 20 of Ireland's Greatest Women of All Time 2014
 * Keynote speaker at the first anniversary commemorations of the Japanese earthquake in Fukushima 2012
 * David Chow Humanitarian Award 2008
 * Robert Burns Humanitarian Award 2007
 * People's Alliance candidate for the Irish Presidential Campaign 1997
 * European Person of the Year 1996
 * European Woman Laureate Award 1996
 * Irish Person of the Year 1996
 * First Irish woman elected to the board of directors of the International Peace Bureau in Geneva
 * Government appointee on the board of the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland (RPII)

Honorary Degrees:
 * Roche holds an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Alberta, Canada.
 * In 2002 she was jointly awarded a Doctorate of Laws with Ali Hewson by the National University of Ireland, Galway.
 * In 2016 she was jointly awarded a Doctorate of Letters with Ali Hewson by the University of Limerick.

Politics
Roche stood for the office of President of Ireland as a coalition candidate for the Labour Party, Democratic Left and the Green Party at the 1997 presidential election.

Roche came fourth out of five candidates with almost 7% of the vote.

title: Adi Roche