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Black Metal (Venom album)

Black Metal is the second album by English heavy metal band Venom. It was released in November 1982 during the new wave of British heavy metal, and is considered a major influence on the thrash metal, death metal and black metal scenes that emerged in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Although the album lent its name to the latter subgenre of heavy metal, today it is still debated if the album's music is speed metal, thrash metal or black metal. AllMusic has described it as "extreme metal", while Moynihan & Søderlind in their book affirm that the album "carved in stone some of [black metal's] essential features". Nevertheless, its lyrics and imagery were a major influence on the early Norwegian black metal scene.

Background
After the release and general positive reception to the band's debut album, Venom had established themselves as pariahs of the metal world. With the band having built a strong fan base in Europe following a series of successful shows, Venom would return to the studio to record their follow up sophomore effort. With vocalist and bassist Conrad "Cronos" Lant having gained more experience in the studio as an engineer, as well as the band developing a better understanding of their identity allowed Venom to better sense what they were looking to accomplish in the studio.

Writing and recording
As with most of Venom's early material, much of the writing was left to Lant and Dunn. Two of the songs on the album, "Buried Alive" and "Raise the Dead", were written in the late 1970s and were originally intended to be on the band's debut album, however the band felt that they were unable to do the songs justice at the time of those demo recordings. Early versions of these songs can be heard on the band's 1979 Church Hall rehearsals recording, with original vocalist Clive Archer. "Buried Alive" was originally less than a minute long, and the remainder of what would be the rest of the song was used as the first half of "Raise the Dead" but with different lyrics. The band decided to rework these two songs with the final recording having "Buried Alive" extended and the ending transitioning into "Raise the Dead". With Lant's experience in the studio he took a very hands on approach with recording "Buried Alive". For the intro of song, the band was looking to mimic the sound of earth being shovelled onto a coffin during a burial service while a priest delivers a prayer, but they failed to capture the sound they were looking for by cutting cabbages. So they decided to bring in a cardboard box and mud, then put microphones in the box and used spades to shovel the mud into the box onto the microphones.

The title track, an ode to the extreme metal genre, opens with the sounds of a chainsaw which the band created by clamping down some large steel plates and then brought in a real chainsaw into the studio which they used on the steel plates to create the sawing sound effect. In the process, Lant stated that all of the saw's teeth broke in trying to achieve this effect. Another song on the album, "Countess Bathory", was written when "Abaddon" was late for a session, so Dunn began jamming some new riffs while Lant would work the lyrics out. The band's roadie came in the room and began drumming for them, and soon after "Abaddon" would come in and tried to make up a new drum pattern, but Lant and Dunn felt the roadie's drum pattern worked best. Lant also explained the origin of the song's opening riff, saying that it was inspired by the opening theme song of the children's show The Magic Roundabout. The opening riff would then purportedly go on to influence the main riff of Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit".

The final track on the album is a preview of the title track for what was to be the band's third album, At War with Satan. A concept album that Lant started working on originally when he was still in school that tells the story of the battle between Heaven and Hell and with the latter coming out on top. Lant thought it would be interesting to put a teaser at the end of the record as a warning to fans of what was to come. The album was recorded in just 7 days, with Lant working long hours recording alongside the studio engineer and then mixing the tracks on his own.

Music and lyrics
The album's tracks have been described as being composed of "speed, catchy speed, rhythmic explosions and cutting riffs", as well as being characterised by "a rough low-budget production like a gig in the cellar". Much like Welcome to Hell, Black Metal also maintains a very unpolished and underproduced sound due to the label's time constraints as well as Lant's desire to get the "heaviest sound I could get" on tape.

""We knew that together we had an original sound, the unholy din that came at you when we kicked into a track was truly tremendous, trying to get this mayhem down onto tape in a studio was another matter, I tried my best with all of the skills I had learned as a studio engineer, I just went for the heaviest sound I could get, I mean there was no way I was ever going to make Venom sound like Lynyrd Skynyrd now was there? It was pure mayhem from start to finish". – Lant"

Lyrically the band continues to explore Satanic themes ("To Hell and Back", "Leave Me in Hell", "Sacrifice", "Heaven's on Fire") and witchcraft ("Don't Burn the Witch"). Other themes include nightmare scenarios ("Buried Alive", "Raise the Dead"), horror mythology ("Countess Bathory") and adolescent sexual fantasies ("Teacher's Pet").

Artwork
The album cover was designed by Cronos in black and white, originally done in Tipp-Ex, shows the face of a demon with a pentacle on its forehead. An inverted cross is on the left horn and the inscription 666 on the right horn. Above the head of the demon's face is the band's wordmark logo reading "Venom" and the album title at the bottom in gothic characters separated by the bottom of the demon's face with the word "BLACK" on the left and "METAL" on the right. On early copies of the album the title was written in black on black in relief, therefore only observable against the light, while the following prints have the title written in white characters. On the back of the cover there is also an apparent anti-piracy icon with the inscription: "Home Taping Is Killing Music … So Are Venom".

Release and reception
The album was released in Great Britain on 1 November 1982 on NEAT Records. Included with the first album prints was an insert with the lyrics of the songs in gothic characters and a mini-poster in black and white depicting the members of the group. "Mantas" is portrayed posing next to a motorcycle with a wall of Marshall amplifiers in the background; "Abaddon" is locked up behind the rusted steel bars of a secret-style cell in a medieval castle; and "Cronos", armed with a ritual dagger, is kept on a leash by a woman who is wearing a leather jacket but is naked from the waist down. The NEAT Records label on the second side of the original vinyl had color variations of silver, blue, green and red.

The album was released to acclaim from critics, and has since gone on to be recognised as one of the most influential metal albums ever released. Sounds, much like in their 1981 review of Welcome to Hell, gave a five-star review of Black Metal. Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 out of 5 stars, and points to the title track, "Raise the Dead" and "Acid Queen" as "proto-thrashing classics", "Leave Me in Hell" as "surprisingly complex", "Teacher's Pet" as "unusually goofy" and "Bloodlust" and "Countess Bathory" as "absolute classics" stating that "Black Metal is right up there with its predecessor". Martin Popoff of Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal gave the album eight out of a possible 10 stars in his November 2005 review.

Tour
Jonathan "Jonny Z" Zazula, a small time importer from New York, concert promoter and co-founder of Megaforce Records, ordered several boxes of Welcome to Hell from Neat Records to sell at his record stall in a shopping mall. Soon after "Jonny Z" ordered more and asked Neat if Venom were interested in doing shows in the States. The band wasn't sure how they would get their pyros to put on a proper show to the States as well as trying to find an opening act, however, an importer friend of Lants showed him a bootlegged video of a new band from San Francisco where the guitarist was wearing a Venom shirt, Metallica. Venom played two shows at the Staten Island Paramount Theatre with Metallica opening for them on 22 and 24 April. On the second night, considerable damage was done to the venue when explosives and a fireball from the pyrotechnics created a four-foot hole in the stage and the fireball shot across the building coming to rest in the upper balcony. Lant had also dealt several blows to his own speakers, destroying his stacks. When the technician assessed the damage done, the total cost for repairs amounted to "666" dollars. After successful shows in the States Venom was already planning their return to America before they had even left.

The band returned to Europe and was set to headline Aardschokdag, an annual Heavy metal festival held in the Netherlands, in June 1983. However, their equipment had been impounded by U.S. Customs in New York following their shows with Metallica in April. As a result, the band was forced to withdraw from the festival and also had to cancel their planned European tour. Venom was replaced by Accept, but still decided to show up to Aardschokdag and signed autographs stage side and also went onstage before Accept began their set to apologise to the 9000 fans for not being able to perform. Although they didn't play, they still received one of the largest receptions of the night. With no tour and plenty of time to spare, Venom and manager Eric Cook decided to embark on a promotional tour in France where the band was interviewed on Metal radio shows and participated in in-store autograph sessions.

Legacy
Robert Dimery included the album in his book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Dimery wrote that Black Metal is the "perfect parody", which had "shocked many critics and parents... Only few could have imagined that this would create a 'true dark subculture'". In 1998, it was voted 52nd among the "100 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die" by readers of British magazine Kerrang!.

Numerous artists have cited Black Metal as a major influence on them, spawning many cover songs from the album by bands including Dimmu Borgir, Mayhem, Blitzkrieg, and Cradle of Filth. Drummer Jonas Åkerlund, of Swedish extreme metal band Bathory, cites the track "Countess Bathory" as the inspiration for the band's name. Pantera vocalist Phil Anselmo has the band's wordmark and demon face tattooed on his lower back. He also lists Black Metal as one of his "five essential metal albums". Anselmo stated:

""I first bought the album for the cover alone, but the music and the words got me. I'd never heard a band sing about basic Satanism in such a pure, direct way. There's nothing tricky about what they do, and that's why they're great. They nail it.""

Personnel

 * Cronos (Conrad Lant) – vocals, bass, artwork
 * Mantas (Jeffrey Dunn) – guitars
 * Abaddon (Anthony Bray) – drums
 * Keith Nichol - producer, engineer

Covers

 * Aura Noir covered "Heaven's on Fire" on their album "Black Thrash Attack".
 * Alchemist covered "Black Metal" for a tribute album.
 * Blitzkrieg covered "Countess Bathory" on their album Unholy Trinity.
 * Cradle of Filth covered the song "Black Metal" on the special edition of their album Cruelty and the Beast.
 * Dark Forest, a black metal band from Brazil, covered the song "Black Metal" on their demo Sodomized by Depraved Goat from 2003.
 * Dimmu Borgir covered the song "Black Metal", as the Japanese version bonus track on their album In Sorte Diaboli.
 * Heidenland covered "Black Metal" as a hidden track on the 1999 demo cassette Triomftocht voor de glorie van Wodan.
 * Hypocrisy did a cover of the song "Black Metal" on the album Osculum Obscenum.
 * Isegrim made a cover album called A Tribute to Venom.
 * Macabre covered "Countess Bathory" on Grim Scary Tales.
 * Machetazo covered "Black Metal"; it appears on their compilation Ultratumba.
 * Mayhem, whose guitarist and bandleader Euronymous hailed Venom as an important black metal band, covered "Black Metal" on their Pure Fucking Armageddon demo.
 * Messiah Marcolin did a cover of "Countess Bathory".
 * Necrodeath made a cover of "Countess Bathory" on their album Draculea released in 2007.
 * Obituary covered "Buried Alive" for their greatest hits compilation, entitled Anthology.
 * Sigh covered multiple songs off of this album (as well as other Venom albums) on To Hell and Back: Sigh's Tribute to Venom in 1995, and on A Tribute to Venom in 2008, along with other EPs and splits.
 * The Soft Pink Truth, Drew Daniel of Matmos' house side project, covered the title track on his 2014 record Why Do The Heathen Rage?
 * Unleashed covered "Countess Bathory" on Shadows in the Deep.
 * Vader covered "Black Metal" on their album Necropolis.
 * Macabre covered "Countess Bathory" for their album Grim Scary Tales.
 * Warpath covered "Black Metal" for their album When War Begins.
 * Kazjurol covered "Countess Bathory" for their EP Body Slam.

title: Black Metal (Venom album)


text:
Brady Center

Brady Center may refer to:
 * Andrew J. Brady Music Center, a music venue in Cincinnati
 * Brady Campaign, an American nonprofit gun control organization

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brady Center


text:
Heaton, West Yorkshire

Heaton  is a ward within the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council, West Yorkshire, England. The population at the 2001 census was 16,913, which had increased to 17,121 at the 2011 Census. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the ward includes the villages of Frizinghall, Heaton and Daisy Hill, extending to Chellow Heights Reservoir on the western edge and the Bradford-Shipley railway line on the eastern edge. Frizinghall railway station is on the edge of the ward.

The University of Bradford School of Management is located in Heaton, as is the former St Bede's Grammar School (now St Bede's and St Joseph's Catholic College Ardor Site) and Bradford Grammar School. The official residence of the Bishop of Bradford is also in Heaton. Heaton has three public houses and a range of shops and restaurants. An ancient woodland, Heaton Woods, stretches from the village to Shipley. The ward is home to 5 golf courses.

J.B. Priestley grew up in Heaton and John Braine attended St. Bede's Grammar School. The area became infamous in 1981 when Peter Sutcliffe, the "Yorkshire Ripper", who lived at 6 Garden Lane, was arrested.

Heaton is one of the few remaining places in England to have a Lord of the Manor. The title was until 2012 held by John Stanley King who purchased the title in the 1960s from the estate of the Earl of Rosse to ensure the ancient title remained live. He lived in the village all his life and was a local historian. The title is now held by his nephew, Christopher Ball.

Councillors
Heaton electoral ward is represented on Bradford Council by three Labour Party councillors, Nussrat Mohammed, Mohammed Amran and Mohammad Shabbir.

indicates seat up for re-election. indicates councillor defection.

title: Heaton, West Yorkshire


text: Category:Norwegian engineers

title: Category:Norwegian engineers


text: Category:Canadian engineers

title: Category:Canadian engineers


text: Category:Canadian geologists

title: Category:Canadian geologists


text: User talk:65.19.235.188

title: User talk:65.19.235.188


text:
The Mirror Crack'd

The Mirror Crack'd is a 1980 British mystery film directed by Guy Hamilton from a screenplay by Jonathan Hales and Barry Sandler, based on Agatha Christie's Miss Marple novel The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side (1962). It stars Angela Lansbury, Geraldine Chaplin, Tony Curtis, Edward Fox, Rock Hudson, Kim Novak, and Elizabeth Taylor. Scenes were filmed at Twickenham Film Studios in Twickenham, London, and on location in Kent.

Plot
In 1953 in the English village of St Mary Mead, the home of Miss Jane Marple, a Hollywood production company arrives to film a costume drama about Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I with two famous movie stars, Marina Rudd and Lola Brewster. The two actresses are old rivals. Marina is making a much-heralded comeback after a prolonged "illness" and retirement (due to what was really a nervous breakdown when her son was born with severe brain damage). She and her husband, Jason Rudd, who is directing the film, arrive with their entourage. When she learns that Lola will be in the film as well, she becomes enraged and vents her anger. Lola then arrives with her husband, Marty Fenn, who is producing the film.

Excitement runs high in the village as the locals have been invited to a reception held by the film company in a manor house, Gossington Hall, to meet the celebrities. Lola and Marina come face to face at the reception and exchange insults as they smile and pose for the cameras.

At the reception Marina is cornered by a devoted fan, Heather Babcock, who bores her with a long and detailed story about having actually met Marina in person during the Second World War. After recounting the meeting they had all those years ago, when she arose from her sickbed to go and meet the glamorous star, Heather drinks a cocktail which was made for Marina, but quickly dies from poisoning. An autopsy attributes the death to a barbiturate overdose.

Everyone is certain Marina was the intended murder victim. Not only has Marina been receiving anonymous death threats made up from newspaper clippings, once shooting begins on the film, she discovers that her cup of coffee on the set has also been spiked with arsenic, sending her into fits of terror.

The detective from Scotland Yard investigating the case, Inspector Craddock, is baffled. He asks his aunt, who happens to be Jane Marple, who recently injured her foot at the reception and is therefore confined to her home, for help. The suspects are Ella Zielinsky, Jason's assistant who is secretly in love with him and would like Marina out of the way, and the hotheaded actress Lola.

The main suspect, Ella Zielinsky, after going to a pay phone in the village where she telephoned and threatened to expose the murderer, is then killed by a lethal nasal spray substituted for her hay-fever medication. An autopsy reveals that there was prussic acid in her medication.

Miss Marple, now back on her feet, visits Gossington Hall, where Marina and Jason are staying, and views where Heather's death occurred. Working from information received from her cleaning woman, Cherry Baker, who worked as a waitress the day of the murder, Marple begins to piece together the events and solves the mystery. By that time, however, another death occurs at Gossington Hall, which explains who was the killer: Marina Rudd, who has apparently died by suicide.

Miss Marple explains that Heather Babcock's story was Marina's motive. Heather suffered from German measles, a rather harmless disease to most adults, but dangerous for a pregnant woman's foetus. Heather innocently infected Marina when she kissed her during the Second World War, while Marina was pregnant: she had caused Marina's child to be born with mental retardation. Upon hearing Heather cheerfully tell this story, Marina was overcome with rage and deliberately poisoned her. She then spread the idea that she was the intended victim, concocting the death threats and poisoning her own coffee. Ella, who made phone calls to various suspects from a phone box, accidentally guessed correctly, prompting Marina to murder her. Jason confesses to Miss Marple that he had put poison in his wife's hot chocolate to save her from being prosecuted, but the drink has not been touched. Marina is nonetheless found dead, seeming to have poisoned herself.

Cast

 * Angela Lansbury as Miss Jane Marple
 * Elizabeth Taylor as Marina Gregg-Rudd
 * Rock Hudson as Jason Rudd
 * Tony Curtis as Martin "Marty" N. Fenn
 * Kim Novak as Lola Brewster
 * Geraldine Chaplin as Ella Zielinsky
 * Edward Fox as Inspector Dermot Craddock (Jane's nephew)
 * Charles Gray as Bates, the butler
 * Richard Pearson as Doctor Haydock
 * Wendy Morgan as Cherry
 * Margaret Courtenay as Mrs Dolly Bantry
 * Marella Oppenheim as Margot Bence
 * Maureen Bennett as Heather Babcock
 * Carolyn Pickles as Miss Giles
 * Eric Dodson as the Major
 * Charles Lloyd-Pack as the Vicar
 * Thick Wilson as the Mayor
 * Pat Nye as the Mayoress
 * Peter Woodthorpe as the Scout Master
 * Norman Wooland as the Medical Examiner
 * Richard Leech as Director of Photography
 * Sam Kydd as Film Technician
 * Pierce Brosnan as actor playing Jamie (uncredited).

In addition, Anthony Steel, Dinah Sheridan, Nigel Stock, Hildegard Neil, John Bennett and Allan Cuthbertson are among the actors who appear in Murder at Midnight, a black-and-white "teaser" movie shown at the beginning of the film. Natalie Wood was originally chosen to play the role eventually played by Taylor.

Margaret Courtenay later appeared in the BBC TV adaptation The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side starring Joan Hickson as Miss Marple.

Production
The novel was published in 1962. In 1977, Warner Bros. announced that Helen Hayes would play Miss Marple in adaptations of A Caribbean Mystery and The Mirror Crack'd.

Film rights for Mirror passed to John Brabourne and Richard Goodwin, who had previously produced adaptations of Murder on the Orient Express (1974) and Death on the Nile (1978). In 1979, they announced they would make the film starring Lansbury, who had played a support role in Death on the Nile and was appearing on stage in Sweeney Todd. Production would be put on hold until Lansbury finished her run in the musical.

In August 1979, Brabourne suffered leg injuries in a bomb blast that killed his mother, son, and father-in-law, Lord Mountbatten, but he proceeded with the picture.

Hamilton was given the job as director. He told the producers he was not a fan of Christie's novels and they said that is what would make him ideal for the film. Hamilton described the script as "awfully funny".

The casting director, Dyson Lovell, said that since the film was set in the 1950s "it seemed like a good idea to use stars from that era". Rock Hudson, Kim Novak, Tony Curtis and Taylor signed to play support roles. Taylor took over from Wood. Curtis made the film after being fired from the Broadway play I Ought to Be in Pictures.

It was Taylor's first film in three years. She said, "I have said for two years now that I would not go back to films unless it was something that absolutely intrigued me, and something that would not take me away from my husband for too long. I have found just that in The Mirror Crack'd and am longing to work with some very dear friends again."

There had been a series of Miss Marple films in the 1960s starring Margaret Rutherford. Hamilton said that Rutherford "was a divine clown but she was no more Miss Marple than... fly to the moon. We are doing Miss Christie's Miss Marple, a more serious person, a gossip, a bit of a snob. And she doesn't fall off her bicycle into the village duckpond".

Lansbury said she played the part of Marple "absolutely straight. I'm trying to get at the woman Agatha Christie created: an Edwardian maiden lady imbued with great humanity and a mind of tremendous breadth. She's very exactly described in the books as tall, pale-complexioned, with twinkling blue eyes and white hair - not a fat galumph of a creature at all. I base my performance on that. Also on the fact that she has tremendous alertness and curiosity allied to a great appetite for murder." She signed a three-picture deal, meaning the intention was to make two more Marples.

Filming
St Clere Estate, in Heaverham, part of the Sevenoaks District of Kent, was used as the grand home of Marina Rudd (Taylor) and her husband Jason (Hudson). Ye Olde George Inn and a bridge on Church Street in Shoreham are both noticeable in the production, doubling as part of the village of St Mary Mead. The village of Smarden and St Michael's Church are also used to double as the village. Also throughout filming the "Thatched House" cottage in Smarden was used as Miss Marple's cottage. Smarden is located in the Ashford district of Kent,and the traditional thatched houses and village shops made it a perfect filming location. The film was shot on a 10-week schedule from 12 May to 18 July 1980.

"It was fun", said Curtis. "A piece of cake. I didn't have to get all sweaty like in Spartacus and I had a good time." "I never had so much fun making a movie", said Novak. "It may not be my greatest role, but I didn't have a studio executive breathing down my neck, dictating my every move."

Novak added that she and Taylor "...both had a lot of funny, bitchy lines to say to each other. In real life, that bitchiness rarely exists on a movie set, but actresses have certainly thought about it a lot. But they've never said it. That's why this movie was so much fun." However, her return to filmmaking was only temporary. "Doing something once in a while, like The Mirror Crack'd, is fine and it makes me feel like Cinderella at the ball. But as a steady diet — no way."

Title
The title — shortened from the one used for Christie's book — is part of a line from The Lady of Shalott by the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson:

 * Out flew the web and floated wide —
 * The mirror crack'd from side to side;
 * "The curse is come upon me", cried
 * The Lady of Shalott.

Inspiration theory
Biographers theorise that Christie used an incident in the real-life of the American film star Gene Tierney as the basis of the plot of The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side. In June 1943, while pregnant with her first daughter, Tierney contracted German measles during her only appearance at the Hollywood Canteen. Due to Tierney's illness, her daughter was born deaf, partially blind with cataracts and severely developmentally disabled. Some time after the tragedy surrounding the birth, the actress learned from a fan who approached her for an autograph at a tennis party that the woman (who was then a member of the women's branch of the Marine Corps) had sneaked out of quarantine while sick with German measles to meet Tierney at her only Hollywood Canteen appearance. In her autobiography, Tierney wrote that after the woman had recounted her story, "I stood there for a very long minute. There was no point in telling her of the tragedy that had occurred. I turned and walked away very quickly. After that, I didn't care if I was ever again anyone's favorite actress".

The incident, as well as the circumstances under which the information was imparted to the actress, is repeated almost verbatim in Christie's story. Tierney's life experience had been well-publicized.

Reception
The film was considered a box office disappointment in the United States. Lansbury never reprised her performance as Miss Marple.

title: The Mirror Crack'd


text:
Is 5

is 5 is a collection of poetry by E. E. Cummings, published in 1926. It contains 88 poems, divided into five sections.

The collection includes a number of satirical and anti-war poems, perhaps influenced by Cummings' time spent as an ambulance driver in France during the First World War. Notable poems from the collection are "my sweet old etcetera" and "since feeling is first".

title: Is 5


text:
The Fruit That Ate Itself

The Fruit That Ate Itself is the third EP by indie rock band Modest Mouse, released in 1997. The album was recorded at Calvin Johnson's Dub Narcotic Studios.

Release
Originally, the session was planned to record a 7" release, but it soon expanded into an EP. The track "Dirty Fingernails" also appears on Yoyo A Go Go, a compilation album released by Yoyo Records.

A limited Japanese edition was also released with 5 bonus tracks, which appeared on the band's debut single, Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect?

Along with Sad Sappy Sucker, the EP was reissued on CD and vinyl by Glacial Pace Recordings on November 9, 2010.

Production
Upon its release, the band expressed some embarrassment with the marginal nature of some of the tracks in an interview in The Rocket, joking that Calvin Johnson would start recording every time they jingled their keys. The album features several experimental interludes, consisting of music reversed in post-production.

Reception
Pitchfork called the release "abrasive" and "harrowing," but acknowledged that it was a "useful window back into the pre-Internet era of Indie rock."

Track listing

 * 1) "Sunspots" - 0:38
 * 2) "The Waydown" - 2:30
 * 3) "Fruit" - 0:52
 * 4) "Dirty Fingernails" - 3:20
 * 5) "Sunspots in the House of the Late Scapegoat" - 2:42
 * 6) "The Fruit That Ate Itself" - 3:17
 * 7) "Way Down" - 0:43
 * 8) "Summer" - 3:12
 * 9) "Karma's Payment" - 3:28

Track listing as printed

 * 1) Untitled – 0:38
 * 2) "The Waydown" – 2:30
 * 3) Untitled - 0:52
 * 4) "Dirty Fingernails" – 3:20
 * 5) "Sunspots in the House of the Late Scapegoat" – 2:42
 * 6) "The Fruit That Ate Itself" – 3:17
 * 7) Untitled - 0:43
 * 8) "Summer" – 3:12
 * 9) "Karma's Payment" – 3:28

Japanese Bonus Tracks

 * 1) "Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect?" - 1:09
 * 2) "Dukes Up" - 2:24
 * 3) "Woodgrain" - 0:30
 * 4) "It Always Rains On A Picnic" - 3:01
 * "5,4,3,2,1... Lipsoff" - 0:30

All of these tracks were earlier released on the "Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect?" EP.

title: The Fruit That Ate Itself


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Transfrequency

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 02:40, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Transfrequency
Original research. Possibly speediable as patent nonsense. Delete. --BM 23:45, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research/deep thoughts. Gazpacho 01:07, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep Article doesn't make much sense, but then does the Orgone theory? Pseudosciences and other quackeries have their own pages, if anything to inform people how silly most of them are. It should be given a chance to be cleaned up, perhaps. --Hooloovoo 02:09, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Changing vote to Delete as nonsensical, I was too tired at 2am to think of the google test. --Hooloovoo 14:43, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Transfrequencey miserbly fails the google test . Original resarch/non-notable. Dave the Red (talk) 04:14, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense. Radiant_* 08:47, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:66.76.51.212

title: User talk:66.76.51.212


text: User talk:24.61.84.17

title: User talk:24.61.84.17


text:
Stephen Sweeney

Stephen M. Sweeney (born June 11, 1959) is an American politician and labor leader who served in the New Jersey Senate from 2002 to 2022, representing the 3rd legislative district. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the 114th President of the New Jersey Senate from 2010 to 2022.

A Union Ironworker by trade, Sweeney was frequently described as a political power broker in New Jersey politics and identifies as a moderate and a fiscal conservative. His legislative tenure ended after he was defeated in 2021 by Republican Edward Durr in a major upset. Following his defeat, Sweeney announced his candidacy in the 2025 New Jersey gubernatorial election.

Early life
Sweeney was born on June 11, 1959, in Camden, New Jersey, and graduated from Pennsauken High School in 1977. He is of Irish ancestry. He joined Ironworkers Local 399 (of Camden, New Jersey) and gained journeyman status on January 1, 1980.

Career
Sweeney serves as general vice president of the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers.

Gloucester County Commissioner
Sweeney served on the Gloucester County Board of County Commissioners, a post he held since 1997, and served as the Director of the board from January 6, 2006, until he left office in 2010. During that period of time he simultaneously held a seat in the New Jersey Senate and was a Freeholder, a practice known as "double dipping" that was allowed under a grandfather clause in a 2007 state law that prevents dual-office-holding but allows those who had held both positions as of February 1, 2008, to retain both posts.

New Jersey Senate
Sweeney sponsored a 2002 law allowing municipalities and other public entities beginning a construction project to enter into a Project Labor Agreement (PLA), an agreement that establishes the terms and conditions of employment and prohibits the use of strikes and lockouts, which can save money by reducing cost overruns and work stoppages, and contribute to decreased labor unrest. A 2005 law Sweeney sponsored enabled the Delaware River and Bay Authority to establish an ethanol plant in Southern New Jersey, the first of its kind in any of the Mid-Atlantic states, a project intended to create jobs for South Jersey and supply a new market for farmers in the region. In response to heightened security warnings around potential targets such as chemical and nuclear plants since the September 11 terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center, Sweeney pushed to require potentially vulnerable facilities to implement security standards and to explore possible safer technologies. He sponsored legislation to allow security guards at nuclear plants to carry assault weapons and high-powered ammunition. The bill, which was signed into law in September 2003, requires guards to undergo mandated training in the use of the firearms before getting access to the weapons.

Other legislation sponsored by Sweeney and signed into law provides state pensions to surviving family members of police, firefighters and emergency services workers who die in the line of duty, as well as the law that removes the remarriage prohibition to receive death benefits for spouses of police officers and firefighters killed while serving the public good. Sweeney also co-sponsored the law providing health benefits to New Jersey National Guard members who serve for 30 days or more on state active duty.

Sweeney sponsored "Maggie's Law", which establishes driving while seriously fatigued as a form of driver recklessness. The first law of its kind in the United States, "Maggie's Law" was signed by Governor Jim McGreevey in August 2003. It subjects sleep deprived drivers who have been awake for 24 hours or more to sentences of up to 10 years in jail and fines up to $150,000 if they get into fatal car accidents caused by their lack of sleep. Sweeney first pursued the legislation when he was contacted by the mother of Maggie McDonnell, a Washington Township resident who was killed in a car accident by a driver who had been up for over 30 hours without sleeping.

On June 1, 2006, Sweeney and two Assembly Democrats, Paul D. Moriarty (D, 4th legislative district) and Jerry Green (D, 22nd legislative district), announced their support for cuts of as much as 15% to New Jersey state worker salaries and benefits as part of an effort to avoid a one-point increase in the state's sales tax proposed by Governor Jon Corzine. He urged that workers affected by the state shutdown in July 2006 should not collect pay for the time they were furloughed, stating that he would have voted to reject the state budget if he had known that state workers would receive pay for a period when they were not working.

Sweeney was selected by the Senate Democratic Caucus to serve as Majority Leader on November 8, 2007.

In December 2016, Sweeney was one of several Catholic elected officials who supported legislation legalizing assisted suicide, saying that state residents should be able to make their own decisions on a topic in which "the church takes positions that are not necessarily mainstream".

Committees

 * Joint Budget Oversight
 * Budget and Appropriations
 * Legislative Services Commission

Senate Presidency
On the afternoon of November 23, 2009, New Jersey Senate Democrats chose Sweeney as State Senate President over the incumbent, former governor Richard Codey. He took office on January 12, 2010. In the absence of the governor and lieutenant governor, Sweeney served as acting governor of New Jersey during the eastern seaboard storm of December 2010.

In January 2010, Sweeney abstained when the New Jersey Senate voted on the question of allowing same-sex couples to marry. The bill was not passed. Sweeney later called his abstention a mistake and said that the issue was a civil rights issue, not a religious issue. In 2012, Sweeney was one of the prime sponsors of legislation that would legalize same-sex marriage. The bill was approved in both houses of the Legislature, but was ultimately vetoed by Governor Chris Christie; Christie favored putting the issue up for public referendum.

In 2010, Sweeney helped design and pass thirty bills, known collectively as "Back to Work NJ," that aimed to help create jobs and economic growth in New Jersey. In 2011, Sweeney proposed sweeping reforms to the public employee pension and health benefits systems that he estimates would save taxpayers over $120 billion over a 30-year period. Sweeney also helped craft the state's two-percent property tax cap in order to control rising property taxes. Sweeney was named as a "Politician Who's Ahead of the Curve" by Philadelphia Magazine in 2011 for his continued support of shared services between local government units.

With Republican Thomas Kean, Jr. and fellow Democrat Raymond Lesniak, Sweeney sponsored Senate Bill S2664, the "Market Competition and Consumer Choice Act" in 2011, which Verizon said would encourage the firm to create additional jobs in the state.

Following Governor Christie's use of the line item veto on the state's 2011 budget, Sweeney was quoted by The Star-Ledger as being "incensed". Two days later, Sweeney was unapologetic about what The Star-Ledger described as a "tirade" against Christie, saying "[...] I don't apologize for it. The governor was wrong to hurt people", in response to further questions about the earlier reports which quoted him as describing Christie as a "rotten bastard", a "punk", and "Mr. Potter from It's a Wonderful Life." Christie had cut funding for tax credits and health care for the working poor, women's health funding, AIDS medication funding, and mental health services. In January 2013, two months after Hurricane Sandy hit New Jersey, Sweeney suggested that Governor Christie "got lucky" because the hurricane had distracted voters from New Jersey's slow economic recovery, an issue that many political observers believed was a potential point of weakness for Christie. He was heavily criticized for his remark, and a spokesman for Christie called it "politics at its worst".

During Christie's tenure as Governor, Sweeney was the lead advocate of legislation to raise taxes on millionaires. Christie vetoed such legislation on five occasions. After Democrat Phil Murphy became Governor, Democrats backed off the legislation, with Sweeney saying, "This state is taxed out. If you know anything about New Jersey, they're just weary of the taxes."

In December 2018, Sweeney led efforts to change the New Jersey constitution so that it entrenched the gerrymandering of New Jersey districts. The efforts were condemned by national Democrats such as former Attorney General Eric Holder, as well as by New Jersey governor Phil Murphy.

Before New Jersey's 2010 creation of the Lieutenant Governor position, Sweeney often served as New Jersey's Acting Governor by virtue of his position as Senate President. As a presiding officer, Sweeney has received protection from the New Jersey State Police's Executive Protection Unit.

2015 recall effort by pro-gun activists
In March 2015, a group of pro-gun activists began pushing for a recall of Sweeney. The organization, known as 'Recall Steve Sweeney', was led by the New Jersey Second Amendment Society which expressed displeasure with Sweeney's record on gun control legislation. The group's first attempt at filing petitions in March was denied by the state for lacking additional certifications; a second attempt began shortly thereafter. For a recall election to occur, the group had to collect valid signatures from 25% of the 3rd district's registered voters, or 34,808 signatures, in 160 days. The threshold was not met by the deadline, thus ending the recall effort for a second time.

Awards and recognition
Sweeney was frequently cited as the most powerful elected Democrat in New Jersey. Sweeney was ranked #4 by NJBIZ in their 2015 "Power 100" rankings of the most influential people statewide, and was ranked #4 by PolitickerNJ in their most recent annual ranking of the state's most powerful elected officials. Institutional Investor Magazine ranked Sweeney #12 nationwide on their "2017 Political Pension Power 25" list, ahead of figures such as financier Paul Singer and AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka. In March 2022, Rowan University announced the formation of the Steve Sweeney Center for Public Policy in their College of Humanities & Social Sciences.

Sweeney's awards include the Outstanding State Legislator Award from the NJ Veterans of Foreign Wars and the "Legislator of the Year" Award from the New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce (2011).

2025 Gubernatorial Campaign
On December 11, 2023, Sweeney launched his campaign to succeed term-limited Governor Phil Murphy in the 2025 New Jersey gubernatorial election. He was the second major candidate to declare for the Democratic Party nomination after Jersey City Mayor Steven Fulop. Sweeney was previously considered a contender for governor in the 2013 and 2017 elections, ultimately deciding against running on both occasions.

Personal life
Sweeney and his wife, Patti, were married in 1986. They live in West Deptford Township, New Jersey, and have two children.

2021
In 2021, Sweeney was defeated in a massive upset by Edward Durr, a Republican truck driver who had never held elected office. Durr spent less than $2,300 on his campaign, while Sweeney spent approximately $305,000.

2017
Sweeney was widely viewed as a top contender for the 2017 gubernatorial election to succeed Governor Chris Christie. On October 6, 2016, however, Sweeney announced that he would not seek the Democratic nomination for governor in 2017.

Sweeney won re-election to a sixth term in 2017, defeating Salem County Republican Chairman Fran Grenier in the largest electoral victory of his career (59%–41%). As of 2017, the election was one of the most expensive state legislative races in U.S. history. Due to prior conflicts with Sweeney, the New Jersey Education Association, which typically backs Democratic candidates, controversially endorsed Grenier and spent millions of dollars in attack ads against Sweeney.

2013
In the state's most expensive Senate race of the 2013 cycle, Sweeney defeated Republican attorney Niki Trunk 55%–45%

2011
Sweeney won re-election to a fourth term defeating Michael Mulligan 56%–44%.

2007
Sweeney won re-election to a third term defeating Mark Cimino 57%–40%.

2003
Sweeney won re-election to a second term defeating Phillip Rhudy 54%–45%.

2001
Then Freeholder Sweeney defeated eight-term Republican State Senator Raymond Zane 51%–49%. The race was the most expensive legislative race in New Jersey history at the time, totaling $2.4 million, with Sweeney spending an individual record $1.8 million to triple Zane's spending of $624,000. The record stood until 2003, when $4 million was spent in Fred H. Madden's successful race to unseat George Geist.

title: Stephen Sweeney


text:
Talk:Neurotypical

I'm
I'm sorting stubs and I ran across this article. It seems fairly filled out so I went ahead and removed the stub tag Rx StrangeLove 23:46, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

POV
The use of the word "neurotypical" represents a particular point of view. I believe this article should be re-cast as being about the word rather than about people referred to by the word. I may do this if there are no objections —Ashley Y 00:52, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not, actually. Neurotypical refers to those who have no neurological "disorders."  It's really quite an objective term.  Rogue 9 08:49, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * it's NOT an objective term. It's just a politically correct newspeak substitute for the good old plain NORMAL. Insert NORMAL everywhere and you will get the same results as for "neurotypical". It's just hypocrisy. Like "homosexual" and "heterosexual": that is objective terminology. But "homosexual" and "sexotypical" would NOT be. And by the way, neurotypical WOULD be objective, if it would INCLUDE every abberation and not be their opposite. Did I make myself clear? 79.193.114.134 (talk) 14:50, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * In fact, it is the term "normal" which is POV and profoundly non-objective, as it implicitly casts everything else as inferior, due to the positive connotations of "normal" and negative connotations of "not normal". Your example in fact is an excellent demonstration of this point: People generally do not call heterosexual people "normal" anymore, as it implies that homosexual, bisexual, asexual etc. people are "not normal". In the same way, non-autistic people may be called "neurotypical" or (even better, IMHO) "allistic" as that treats both as existing on the same level, neither superior or inferior to the other. This is a central defect of the article as it currently stands, namely that it does not explain the original, completely serious, point of these neologisms – the idea of decentering or challenging the norm and challenging and even changing people's perspective. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 13:56, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

Insofar as this article states that the word "neurotypical" is used by autistics to refer to those who do not have autism, it is useful. The article's focus, however, on what seems to be an internet joke gives it a particular slant. It's fine if autistics who feel they have been the butt of jokes want to tease back, but this is not the place. BrianGCrawfordMA 20:55, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, it is not a "joke". It does, however, contain some degree of negative connotation - much as the phrase "you are not normal" has. Can (and does) get used like a swearword at times. When used in a group of autistic people it can just mean "not one of us" to "those weirdos (inferior is implied) who think they are normal". It's a useful word, if a little ungainly. 101.176.79.226 (talk) 06:06, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

It's not an internet joke. Verditer (not signed in) 68.115.93.208 06:09, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

I'd agree, it is not a joke, and it is an attempt to remove the negative connotations of not-normal. Fustbariclation (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 07:20, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

Lists?
One of the paragraphs in the article refers to the term 'neurotypical' coming from a group of people on a 'list'. Forgive my ignorance, but could someone who knows what this term refers to please add a short definition to the article, or a relevent wikilink? cheers Harriseldon 14:27, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Disputed
I am concerned with the neutrality of the following statement:
 * Neurotypicals tend to have more trouble understanding, empathising, comunicating etc. with autistics, than most autistics have understanding, empathising, comunicating etc. with NTs. Autistics are usually able to interact with other autistics as well as NTs interact with other NTs.

Q0 20:47, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that it isn't a neutral POV. Not only is this 'fact' completely unfounded, but it could be argued that autists would have more or less trouble depending on the topic of interest, especially with other autists, as they might just ignore the other, eventually provoking a reaction. To some extent, the statement may be true, but Wikipedia isn't the right place for unfounded beliefs. And besides, what point does it try to make anyways? I doesn't seem as though it has to do with the topic at hand... So perhaps it should be removed. 1337 r0XX0r 19:51, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the theory of it goes like the following. There are an awful lot more neurotypicals than autistics, so autistics get a lot more experience of communicating with neurotypicals than most neurotypicals do with communicating with autistics.  As a result, autistics end up better able to understand, etc, neurotypicals than most neurotypicals are able to understand autistics.  It's as if there are a few Martians living here on Earth: they have a lot more experience of Earthlings than most Earthlings have of Martians!  Whether or not it really is the case that autistics are better at understanding neurotypicals than the other way around, I do not know.  But I do understand that theory behind that idea.  --Simon G Best 15:32, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's less that we understand NTs better, and more that the onus is placed on us to bridge the inter-neurotype communication gap, via masking. Autistic people tend to have a lot of experience translating their communication style into a neurotypical-friendly format, even before realising they're autistic, whereas neurotypical people tend not to have much if any experience of translating their communication style into an autistic-friendly format.  As Simon correctly points out above, the onus is always placed on a minority to assimilate into the majority's standards.  Foreigners (in his example, aliens) learn the native language, you know, unless they're imperialists. ZoeB (talk) 09:17, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

ADHD as Autism?
I would be very interested to see references for the statement:
 * 'ADHD has sometimes been considered to be a form of autism'.

I have come across much information that says they often occur together, but never that one is a form of the other. Amanita 13:43, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

a link with reference to this: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.12/aspergers.html

Citation needed tags
There seems to be some confusiong over this. By adding a fact tag I am not saying that I believe the sentence is false, just that it is the sort of thing which needs a citation in order to bring the article up to an acceptable standard. If a statement is doubtful then I would use the verify source tag instead as that is what should be used for doubtful statements which are not harmful. Raoul 11:47, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Specific mention of autistic humour needed?
Would it be useful to state that the term is used both in serious contexts (such as in published books by "autism experts"), and is also used in satire by autistics such as ISNT and this newer parody of psychiatric definition of autism and normality http://incorrectpleasures.blogspot.com/2006_12_01_archive.html "Neurotypical Disorder" ? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.59.174.130 (talk • contribs).

"Neurologically"?
I'll say right away I know zero about this topic -- I saw the word used somewhere so I looked it up -- but "It is a portmanteau of the words neurologically and typical" sounds wrong. Why "neurologically"? . . . why not "neurology" and "typical"? Or probably more correctly, why not simply note that the prefix "neuro" refers to the nervous system? I'm not editing the article itself because, as I said, I don't know anything about the subject, but as written it just doesn't sound right, and if it's not someone ought to make a change.69.250.29.200 12:55, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I've changed the sentence. Raoul 15:23, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Parallel thinking type -- a more Neutral POV
It seems that there is support in the Aspie community for the notion that Asperger Syndrome is not a pathological form of "neurotypicalism", but rather an alternate and parallel type of thought-processing stlye -- so, Aspies use the term neurotypical to convey that notion (i.e., the term isn't simply a way to be peevish).

If the notion has any merit, then there should be a list here of characteristics that distinguish Ntypical-style thought processes from Aspie-style thought processes.

For example, Ntypicals are more empathizing, while Aspies are more analytical; Ntypicals more intuiting, while Aspies more systemizing. The way the two thinking-types gather and synthesize information may be qualitatively different…? Or the way the two groups are motivated may be different, e.g., Ntypicals are more externally motivated compared to the more internally motivated Aspie…?

If Aspergers and Ntypicalism are parallel, then perhaps psychopathy is the extreme form of Ntypical thinking style, as autism is an extreme form of the Aspie thinking style…?

Looking for sources…

--Renice 05:57, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thinking more about this... I think the notion that this article represents is important. Asperger's as a neurodivergent-minority method of processing information can only be shown by explaining the data-processing method of the neurodivergent majority. Doing so will also illuminate the NT mindblindness that causes NTs to pathologize the AS thought-processing style.
 * --Renice 13:54, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Given that ASD is a pathology, something clear to those outside the circle of your aspie buddies, there's no pathologization going on here. You're falling into the trap of trying to project the source of your perceived victimization onto normal people, when the problem lies in your own pathology. It's intellectually dishonest at best--at best!--and I am also dubious as to how effective a coping mechanism it really is. Pathetic! I gleefully point out that ASD will become a thing of the past within a decade or two, as combinations of new advanced therapies become available, and embryo genetic screening becomes more prevalent.ThVa (talk) 22:03, 2 September 2013 (UTC)
 * You're telling me neurotypicals aren't a pathology? What sort of well person has problems walking into a nightclub by themselves?  Neurotypicality is a neurotic obsessive disorder whose sufferers are obsessed with conforming, worrying about what other people think, doing everything in herds and actively persecuting anyone who does not toe the line.  Everything the herd does has to be decided by committee.  They live in terror of being called "sad" and in desperate need to label and abuse others as such.  The effects on a person's ability to develop as a free spirit, to develop in depth knowledge of a subject - or often to get simple stuff done like going out to places alone, is CRIPPLING. 62.190.148.115 (talk) 18:07, 25 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, we are in the minority, so we don't get to say that NTs have a pathological condition. If numbers were reversed, they would be the ones with the labels. And there would be a lot less bullying, abuse (and PTSD) in the world. 101.176.79.226 (talk) 06:24, 17 April 2022 (UTC)
 * As to OP, Eugenics is a dangerous path, especially when knowledge of genetics is in its infancy. Many scientists, doctors etc have autistic traits, or undiagnosed autism. What you are suggesting may be a good way to destroy humanity. 101.176.79.226 (talk) 06:36, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I just got it! Asperger's is not an "extreme male mind"; rather, TESTOSTERONE makes the Aspie male mind more obnoxious (according to social norms), just as it makes the NT male mind more obnoxious!! This is the start of a proof of why AS and NT are 2 divergent thought-processing styles!

 * Testosterone is why there's a sex difference, save for those behaviors deemed culturally acceptable.
 * --Renice 17:03, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Scientific focus
I submitted this article for AfD earlier today since it seemed to be nothing more than a dicdef about a wacky neologism used by autistic people to describe non-autistic people, rife with original research. I withdrew my AfD after several people found legitimate sources using the term in a real scientific context. However I think the article needs to be seriously rewritten to focus on the scientific concept and the issues at hand, rather than on the term itself and use as a tongue-in-cheek epithet. Krimpet 02:28, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * No argument here. --Kizor 10:07, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * At this date: not really a neologism any more, in regular use in respectable publications such as Scientific American etc, and certainly used in a serious, not tongue-in-cheek manner. Article certainly could use a rewrite though. LittleFuzzyYeeks (talk) 09:34, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

"Super-NTs"?
I have seen the term "super-NT" used very frequently to refer to people with extreme Neurotypical traits and was wondering if this should be added to this article. If so, what kind of reference or source should be cited for something like this? I'm assuming that just any old forum or blog post is NOT acceptable. --Luai lashire 22:20, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

The Only Way Is Essex should be used as a reference for this peice. They carry the social thing to such extremes, even labelling it as the "Pressure of Essex" to make themselves seem important. Its basically normal narcissism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.5.4.205 (talk) 14:11, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Neologisms
I removed the "neologism" tag because neurotypical is in fairly common use in the scholarly literature nowadays. See, for example, Tommerdahl et al. 2008, Cashin 2008 , Shafritz et al. 2008 , and Stieglitz et al. 2008. Eubulides (talk) 23:04, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Someone has since put it back again. It shouldn't be there, it's included in a number of published dictionaries at this point, and according to Merriam-Webster (online, at this date) is in the top 7% of looked up words. This article is full of errors and outdated information that people evidently don't want removed. LittleFuzzyYeeks (talk) 09:41, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Windows NT?
Is it true, or just an urban legend that Windows NT (tm) has been named after "neurotypical" because the majority of the programmers at Microsoft are in fact autists (above all Bill Gates)and wanted to make fun of their normal "neurotypical" customers? 79.193.114.134 (talk) 14:53, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Windows NT was released before the word neurotypical was invented. Eubulides (talk) 16:00, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I have not found any evidence that Bill Gates has ever stated that he has any diagnosis of autism (please correct me if you know otherwise). Many people may indeed have it (or seem to), and I realise people like to diagnose others, but it's currently only supposition unless he states otherwise. LittleFuzzyYeeks (talk) 09:56, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Origin
I don't know how/where to include it well in the text, but it might be useful to add a piece about why people came up with the word.

It is used by 'the' autistic community because the words like normal would imply that the people in the community are not normal with all negative meaning/sound. That they are different is true, but the negative sound to it is what is disliked, and therefore someone got up with the NT term.

77.168.156.173 (talk) 22:17, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * This disagrees with the first source cited, Sinclair 1998, which says "However, members of the ANI community are well aware that within the context of humans-in-general, we are not normal. It is not considered insensitive or pejorative to acknowledge this fact.  Most of us don’t mind not being normal and would not want to be normal.  We appreciate being acknowledged for what we are." Eubulides (talk) 23:22, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Other Neurological Conditions and NT
Can there please be some discussion in the article about how people with other neurological conditions (hydrocephalus, aphasia, epilepsy, the rest of Category:Neurological disorders) are supposed to be situated with regard to this label? If it's purely a binary, NT/n-NT, meaning "on the autism spectrum/not", then these other people are "neurotypical", but can we say that people with epilepsy, for instance, are neurotypical, in the sense of having the standard brain structure and/or mode of function as neurosicence defines them? No. -75.57.7.223 (talk) 02:56, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I think you will have trouble finding sources on that. Dbrodbeck (talk) 03:01, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
 * And therefore the issue shouldn't be raised? Even the most lay of scientific laypeople know there's more to neurology than the autism spectrum. The implicit argument this term makes, that people post stroke have "neurologically typical" brains doesn't hold water. -75.57.7.223 (talk) 18:38, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * WIthout sources on such a thing the point is moot. Dbrodbeck (talk) 19:41, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The word neurotypical was coined by an autistic to make it easier to refer to all non-autistic people with a single word instead of having to say "people who don't have autism or Asperger's" or an ambiguous label like "normals". It's possible that, at the time, she didn't think it would ever catch on among the wider medical/psychiatric community and the strangeness of referring to people with Down's, epilepsy, etc, as neurotypicals wasn't really an issue.  We could write into the article a sentence that emphasizes that Down's/epileptics/etc are still considered neurotypical if you think that that would make it clearer.  I believe the sources that we have explicitly define it that way, although the first link is dead and the second requires a subscription to Wiley Scientific in order to read.  —  Soap  —  22:32, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Neurotypical refers to anybody who isn't disabled on the basis of their psychology or neurology. Sociopaths are also non-NT even though I don't think they are usually considered disabled unless they have another condition. Andrea Carter (at your service | my good deeds) 07:30, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

Dead Links
A lot of the references on this page are dead. Tydoni (talk) 17:54, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

I could wish the same about most Neurotypicals,then I wouldn't have them trying to sabotage my Asperger. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.5.4.205 (talk) 13:11, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Please reinstate word coinage cross-referencing Aspies usages of words, like Mundane for "Neurotypical"
If you check talk:asperger's syndrome, talk:Aspies and talk:Damon Matthew Wise you will see considerable discussion and discovery of evidence of pre-1999 references to such cultural lingo used by Aspies, and removing Aspie cultural. It should start coming out of talk pages and come into the public area.

Aspies around the world, who have now been using Aspies, Cousins, and Auties for around 20 years have no problem using their referenced lingo. It should not be classed as a subculture, to be hidden away, but identified as a unique cultural language and meaning.

Please do the right thing and reinstate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurotypical&oldid=569577634&diff=prev

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurotypical&oldid=569577634&diff=prev — Preceding unsigned comment added by AspieNo1 (talk • contribs) 16:31, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * You will need to get consensus first. Before that you will need reliable sources. Dbrodbeck (talk) 16:37, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Tips for finding reliable sources?
I would like to expand this article with some explanation of what neurotypical neurology/psychology/sociology looks like, particularly in comparison to the various neurominorities rather than in comparison to other neurotypicals. Unfortunately, most sources I've found that use the term are unsubstantiated claims from autistic activists, specifically in parody of inaccurate descriptions of autism. Any sources or advice on finding sources is welcome.Muffinator (talk) 02:03, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

"Not atypical"
Hoverbird has changed the second sentence to "However, the term eventually became used for anyone who does not have typical neurology." That is, changing "atypical" to "typical." I reverted it back, because it reverses the meaning of the sentence such that it contradicts the rest of the article. However, Hoverbird has now reverted my reversion. Rather then get into an edit war, I appeal here to other editors for some consensus. - DaveSeidel (talk) 22:22, 13 April 2015 (UTC)
 * All is well, article is restored. Thanks, Hoverbird. DaveSeidel (talk) 01:23, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

AKA
I think that "psychonormative" is another word for this. —User 000 name 04:21, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

Recent definition
It seems a little nonsensical to start the article with one definition, then several paragraphs later explain that in recent times it usually has a different definition. It would make far more sense to define it at the beginning of the article as "without mental illness or disability" and make a reference to the "non-autistic" definition as an origin. The word "allistic" has pretty much entirely replaced neurotypical as a term for "non-autistic", it's not really a relevant definition anymore. 129.10.29.29 (talk) 04:15, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Having spent hours reading up on this, "Neurotypical" can only reliably be defined as "not autistic", and this seems to encompass it's current technical (scientific) usage. I have been reading many recent scientific studies (mostly into autistic children) and alternatives are often "typically developing" or TD, never allistic. Aspergers etc often use NNT (non neurotypical) to describe themselves also, not "neurodivergent", at least offline. But word usage within a group is cultural, which has a tendency to shift over time, hence it's current usage having migrated to within the scientific community (though many Neurologists, understandably, hate the word). The interesting thing about this is that dividing humanity into two halves - NT and NNT is a typical example of "splitting" or black and white thinking. Which is typical autistic or defensive thinking. No one seems to have noted this thus far. I wonder if I should note this under "reception", though a reference may be tricky to find. LittleFuzzyYeeks (talk) 04:49, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
 * No, sorry, that's not right at all. The very early definitions were mostly about people who were not 'autistics or cousins'. That clearly included some people with, for example, dyspraxia, SCD or ADHD. By now it has a long history of excluding people with other neurodevelopental differences. Nick Walker's widely cited basic terms and conditions was first published in 2014 (and more recently in her book Neuroqueer Heresies). There are many other sources on this, e.g. the free online book Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement, published by Palgrave Macmillan.
 * I've been very active in autistic communities for about seven years now, in person in the UK and online, and somewhat active for decades before that, and I don't believe I've ever come across 'NNT'.
 * The NT/ND split has never been truly binary. I think it's widely understood in autistic and other neurodivergent communities that it doesn't divide humanity neatly in two; the fact that so many outside those communities have reacted against it as if it did is an intriguing example of NT black-and-white thinking. Oolong (talk) 07:43, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm a member of a group that uses NNT regularly, but then I'm in Australia, also it may just be that group. So perhaps it's scientists mostly using the term in this binary fashion, more so than the autistic community then. OK, I stand corrected. Probably shouldn't read so much New Scientist etc. LittleFuzzyYeeks (talk) 14:16, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

Neurotypical syndrome listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Neurotypical syndrome. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Jovanmilic97 (talk) 11:22, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

Factual accuracy disputed tag
Per my edit summary @Special:PermaLink/967702345: Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 19:45, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

The hypocrisy when this issue is politically charged is (awful) notorious...
No more comments needed... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.52.106.195 (talk) 23:26, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Subjectively biased article
This article is horribly biased. It is pseudo-scientific, giving a socio-political conotation to the expression. Can we agree that factually, "neurotypical" describes a hypothetical typical brain, in particular when one describes a neurological condition as a deviation from a typical brain? 77.189.67.68 (talk) 11:54, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

 * The whole article reads like badly written "original research" and needs a complete rewrite IMO. While "neurotypical" is a flawed concept, it's widespread use in certain circles means that people will go looking it up, as they may have been called NT and would like to know what it means. "Allistic" is a better word, but I have to admit I rarely use it myself. NT is a great swearword :) 101.176.79.226 (talk) 04:45, 17 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Stop acting so woke 2600:1700:6730:E380:94C:2D76:E5DE:A5C8 (talk) 12:48, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Merge to Neurodiversity
I propose that Neurotypical (NT) - after poorly-sourced content is removed - is merged into Neurodiversity (ND). The two articles have an overlapping scope (WP:MERGEREASON) - NT is part of the ND spectrum, and it's the antonym of neuroatypical (I'm using neuroatypical here to avoid confusion between neurodiverse and neurodiversity) which is the core of the ND concept. NT also requires the context of neurodiversity to be understood, and the ND article would benefit from an explanation of NT (WP:PAGEDECIDE, WP:MERGEREASON). --Xurizuri (talk) 10:58, 2 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think they should be merged. I see your point about NT being a part of neurodiversity as a whole, but I don't know if that necessarily means it shouldn't have it's own page. If someone comes across the word neurotypical and searches wikipedia for it, would it be helpful for them to be redirected straight to a general article about the neurodiversity paradigm? Or would it be more helpful for them to reach a (probably fairly brief) article which explains the specific meaning of NT within the neurodiversity paradigm, and then refers to the general article for further details?
 * I definitely see that the article in its current state is flawed. And I think if NT is retained as a separate article, there should probably also be a corresponding standalone article for "neurodivergent" or "neuroatypical" as its antonym.
 * By analogy I'm imagining someone searching for the term "woman", and getting redirected to a page for "gender". Would that page really provide the information they were looking for in an accessible way? Although "woman" is a type of gender, it's a specific and defined type that's worth separating from the article about the concept of gender itself.
 * I tentatively agree with the merge proposal, as long as there is a specific section for both neurotypical and neurodivergent for those terms to redirect to. Averixus (talk) 12:30, 2 March 2022 (UTC)
 * We could achieve that by having it be a section, and having the article redirect to that section. And if there was barely anything written about women, then it should be under gender. For another example, neutrois redirects to non-binary gender. Regardless, a key difference is this: neurotypical, as a concept, exists only because we have the concept of neuroatypical. It is the lack of being neuroatypical (primarily, of not being autistic). Being a woman is not defined by not being a man (man as default concept notwithstanding). I tend to think of ND more in terms of personality (spectrums where a person is generally defined as having more or less of a trait), so I'll use some article examples from that topic. Take the traits of the Big Five, which is made up of 5 dimensions. Rather than having an article for each end of those spectrums, e.g. introversion and extraversion, we have one, Extraversion and introversion. Similarly, the other 4 dimensions - Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism - also discuss both ends of the spectrum. But, neither your nor my examples actually entirely fit, because not many things are genuinely similar. However, ND and NT complement each other, and an article would be more useful to a reader if it discussed both. --Xurizuri (talk) 10:58, 3 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Fair point. I'll tentatively agree with this merge. Averixus (talk) 14:12, 6 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merging - NT should be its own section in the ND article, but I don't see the need or purpose of having it separate at this time. A. C. Santacruz ⁂ Please ping me! 12:43, 2 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merging - I think making neurotypical a section in the neurodiversity article makes a lot of sense, but I would make sure that there is a forwarder that points to it for the word "neurotypical." Jmbranum (talk) 20:05, 7 March 2022 (UTC)
 * This is key. I've followed way too many Wikipedia redirects that took me to the top of a page that was not about what I was looking up, and sometimes didn't even mention it by name.
 * I'm ambivalent about the proposed merger: I think the concept of 'neurotypical' is important, and probably notable enough to warrant its own entry, much as Cisgender and Heterosexuality have their own entries. It also has a fairly interesting (and mildly contested) history: did it originate satirically with the Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical, or was it already in use in a less tongue-in-cheek way before it showed up there? The question of what exactly it means is still deceptively fraught, too; but then, Wikipedia tends not to be very good at covering controversies...
 * I do take @Xurizuri's arguments; less redundancy is often better, and it is true that the concepts of ND and NT pretty much rely on each other to make sense. Neurodiversity should explain the concept of 'neurotypical', and probably touch on 'neurominority' and 'neuronormativity' as well. As long as NT redirects straight to a dedicated section, I guess I'm not opposed to a merger. Oolong (talk) 20:09, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Neurodivergent is the antonym of neurotypical. 5.206.216.179 (talk) 20:38, 13 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose merging - I agree with the points discussed, and acknowledge the concepts NT and ND do rely on each other to be meaningful. Although I consider the term NT to have special notability due to the prevalence of the term "non-neurotypical" as recently as 2021.[1][2][3] This reflects a lack of consensus, among at least academia, on which terms to use. I agree that there should be a more detailed summary style description of ND on this page.
 * I also think the merge appears more appropriate in part because the NT article currently lacks coverage on the etymology of the term. Compared to the Cisgender page, the NT page is missing an etymology and history section. Compared to the Heterosexuality page, the NT page is also lacking usage statistics and classification statistics, although to my knowledge there have been no papers published specifically considering such statistics. If the NT page already had such sections I think it would be more self-evident that a merge would not be appropriate.
 * One other somewhat-notable usage of the term in academia is to term a control group as neurotypical.[4]
 * [1] Kong, Michele. "What COVID-19 means for non-neurotypical children and their families." Pediatric Research 89.3 (2021): 396-397.
 * [2] Kong, Michele, and James Willig. "The 5-Es: a model for providing care for non-neurotypical patients." Pediatric Research 88.5 (2020): 686-687.
 * [3] Drzazga-Lech, Maja, and Maria Świątkiewicz-Mośny. "Analysis of media representations of non-neurotypical students in the context of support for people with autism spectrum disorders offered by polish state-owned universities. Sociological study." (2018).
 * [4] Salis, Christos, Nadine Martin, and Laura Reinert. "Sentence recall in latent and anomic aphasia: An exploratory study of semantics and syntax." Brain Sciences 11.2 (2021): 230. Darcyisverycute (talk) 03:20, 8 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merger: I hear what Darcyisverycute is saying, but I think for the time being, a merger makes sense, as long as the term "Neurotypical" is explained adequately and the term "Neurotypical" remains as a re-direct.Historyday01 (talk) 14:51, 16 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose merger. It is worth noting that the link to the "neurodiversity movement" in the first sentence goes to the autism rights movement page. Despite this, the neurotypical page makes mention of other learning disabilities: ADHD, dyslexia, etc.
 * The quintessential problem has less to do with context and more to do with outdated information in light of recent developments. Many adults with learning disabilities, ADHD primarily among them, have sought to identify themselves as "neurodiverse" and "neurodivergent" outside the autistic context, not to mention turning the concept into a social movement in the last couple years. Neurodiversity's page in its current form does little to discuss this development. Before any merger is to be considered, these developments have to be addressed. Brokenwit (talk) 20:32, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 15:02, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm a little surprised - I wasn't actively opposed to the merger, but that didn't look like a consensus to me?--Oolong (talk) 15:05, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neurotypical


text:
Talk:Abaddon the Despoiler

Article Black Crusade merged into this one. Original talk page available at Talk:Black Crusade

No speedy
The talk page was blank.... Rich  Farmbrough 13:46, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Speedy
This page stayed on CSD for over half an hour, which I think is unusual, so it seems that I am not the only one cautins about deleteing it. I am raising the matter on Wikipedia_talk:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion Rich   Farmbrough 14:15, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Little update
It's not a biggie, just adding his forename from Horus Rising. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Doomsponge (talk • contribs).
 * Thanks for that. Do you have any more information on that source, so we can add a proper reference to the article? Cheers --Pak21 11:59, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Got one. Thanks anyway. --Pak21 08:34, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Edit to Wikipedia style guide
I've begun altering this article to the same style as Kharn the Betrayer and Lucius the Eternal. Not complete yet!Primarch 10:22, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * DonePrimarch 09:29, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abaddon the Despoiler


text:
1846 papal conclave

In the papal conclave held from 14 to 16 June 1846, Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, Bishop of Imola, was elected on the fourth ballot to succeed the recently deceased Gregory XVI as pope. He took the name Pius IX. Of the 62 members of the College of Cardinals, 52 assembled in the Quirinal Palace, one of the papal palaces in Rome and the seat of two earlier 19th century conclaves. The conclave was the last to elect a ruler of the Papal States, the extensive lands around Rome and Northern Italy which the Catholic Church governed until 1870.

Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States
It was the issue of the government of the Papal States that was to prove central to the 1846 conclave. The College of Cardinals was split into two factions. The conservatives wished to see a continuation of papal absolutism in the governance of the Papal States, a continuation of the hardline policies of Pope Gregory XVI and his right-wing Secretary of State, Luigi Lambruschini, while the liberals wished for some measure of moderate reform and favored two candidates in Tommaso Pasquale Gizzi and Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti. A fourth papabile was Cardinal Ludovico Micara, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who was favored by the residents of Rome itself but he never gained support among the cardinals. Lambruschini himself was the leader of the conservatives while Tommaso Bernetti, who had served as Pro-Secretary of State under Pope Leo XII and the early part of Pope Gregory XVI's reign, was the leader of the liberal faction.

Lambruschini received a majority of the votes in the early ballots, but failed to achieve the required two-thirds majority. Cardinal Mastai Ferretti reportedly received 15 votes with the rest going to Lambruschini and Gizzi. Cardinal Gizzi was favored by the French government but failed to get additional support from the cardinals and the conclave ended up ultimately as a contest between Cardinals Lambruschini and Mastai-Ferretti. In the meantime, Cardinal Bernetti reportedly received information that Karl Kajetan von Gaisruck, the Austrian Archbishop of Milan, was on his way to the conclave to veto the election of Mastai-Ferretti and realized that if Mastai-Ferretti was to be elected he had to convince the cardinals within a few hours or accept the election of Lambruschini. Bernetti then on his own initiative personally convinced the majority of the electors to switch their support to Mastai Ferretti. Cardinal Mastai Ferretti himself however made no effort to campaign for the papacy, made no promises and maintained aloofness throughout the process. Despite not having campaigned for the papacy, Cardinal Mastai Ferretti was perceived to be "a glamorous candidate, ardent, emotional with a gift for friendship and a track-record of generosity even towards anti-Clericals and Carbonari. He was a patriot, known to be critical of Gregory XVI " Faced with deadlock and persuaded by Bernetti to keep Lambruschini from being elected pope, liberals and moderates decided to cast their votes for Mastai Ferretti in a move that contradicted the general mood throughout Europe.

On the second day of the conclave, on 16 June 1846, during the evening ballot or the fourth ballot the liberal candidate, Mastai Ferretti, Archbishop (personal title) of Imola, achieved that requirement and was elected, receiving four more than the required two-thirds majority. It is reported by papal historian Valérie Pirie that on the same ballot where he was elected, Mastai Ferretti was one of the scrutineers formally tabulating the votes and that he became emotional as it became apparent that he would be elected. Mastai Ferretti at one point begged to be excused from his role as scrutineer but was not permitted to do so since it would have invalidated the ballot. As a result, Mastai Ferretti had the rare experience of having to formally proclaim his own election to the cardinal-electors inside the conclave. He took the name Pope Pius IX (known also as Pio Nono).

Because it was night, no formal announcement was given, just the signal of white smoke. Many Catholics had assumed that Gizzi had been elected successor of St. Peter. In fact, celebrations began to take place in his hometown, and his personal staff, following a long-standing tradition, burned his cardinalitial vestments. On the following morning, the senior Cardinal-Deacon, Tommaso Riario Sforza, announced the election of Mastai-Ferretti before a crowd of faithful Catholics. When the new pope appeared on the balcony, the mood became joyous. After his election Pius IX appointed Cardinal Gizzi as his Secretary of State. Pius IX was crowned on 21 June 1846.

Failed attempt to veto Ferretti
As with other conclaves up to and including the 1903 conclave, various Catholic monarchs claimed a right to veto a cardinal who might be elected, forcing the cardinals to pick someone else. Emperor Ferdinand of Austria had charged Cardinal Karl Kajetan Gaisruck, the Archbishop of Milan (then part of the empire's territory), with vetoing the liberal Ferretti. However Gaisruck arrived too late at the conclave. By the time he got there Ferretti had been elected, had accepted the papacy and had been proclaimed publicly.

Aftermath
Pope Pius IX was crowned with the papal tiara on 21 June 1846. He became the longest-reigning pope since Saint Peter, sitting on the papal throne for nearly 32 years. Initially a liberal, following a short-lived deposition and the proclamation of the Roman Republic, Pius was returned to power by troops from the French Second Republic and became a conservative reactionary.

In 1870 the remaining territories of the Papal States were seized by Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy. Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, with the former papal palace, the Quirinal, becoming the king's palace. Pius IX withdrew in protest to the Vatican where he lived as a self-proclaimed "Prisoner in the Vatican". He died in 1878.

Conclave factfile

 * Dates of conclave: 14–16 June 1846
 * Location: Quirinal Palace, Rome
 * Arrived late or Absent, included:
 * Karl Kajetan Gaisruck, Archbishop of Milan, Austrian Empire
 * Giacomo Monico, Patriarch of Venice, Austrian Empire
 * Friedrich zu Schwarzenberg, Archbishop of Salzburg, Austrian Empire
 * Francisco Javier de Cienfuegos y Jovellanos, Archbishop of Seville, Kingdom of Spain
 * Guilherme Henriques de Carvalho, Patriarch of Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
 * Engelbert Sterckx, Archbishop of Mechelen, Kingdom of Belgium
 * Joseph Bernet, Archbishop of Aix, Kingdom of France
 * Hugues de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais, Bishop of Arras, Kingdom of France
 * Placido Maria Tadini, Archbishop of Genoa, Kingdom of Sardinia
 * Francesco Villadecani, Archbishop of Messina, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
 * Present included:
 * Ludovico Micara, Dean of the College of Cardinals
 * Carlo Oppizzoni, Archbishop of Bologna, Papal States, cardinal protopriest
 * Sisto Riario Sforza, Archbishop of Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
 * Costantino Patrizi Naro, Vicar General of Rome, Papal States
 * Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso, Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
 * Tommaso Bernetti, Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church
 * Tommaso Pasquale Gizzi, Papal Legate of Forlì
 * Giuseppe Ugolini, Papal Legate of Ferrara
 * Gabriele della Genga Sermattei, Papal Legate of Urbino e Pesaro
 * Chiarissimo Falconieri Mellini, Archbishop of Ravenna, Papal States
 * Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, Bishop of Imola, Papal States
 * Giovanni Soglia Ceroni, Bishop of Osimo, Papal States
 * Cosimo Corsi, Bishop of Jesi, Papal States
 * Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo, Bishop of Senigallia, Papal States
 * Filippo de Angelis, Archbishop of Fermo, Papal States
 * Paolo Polidori, Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Council, Titular archbishop of Tarsus
 * Luigi Ciacchi
 * Historic features of 1846 Conclave:
 * last of three conclaves held in the Quirinal Palace and last held outside the Vatican
 * election of pope who would have the second-longest reign in papal history
 * last conclave held during the existence of the Papal States
 * apparent victory for liberals and apparent rejection of previous pope's policies
 * failed attempt by Austrian emperor to exercise a veto
 * last conclave made up exclusively of cardinals from continental Europe

title: 1846 papal conclave


text: User talk:69.167.157.210

title: User talk:69.167.157.210


text:
Bickenbach

Bickenbach may refer to:

 * Bickenbach, Hesse, a municipality in Hesse, Germany
 * Bickenbach, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
 * Bickenbach, a part of Engelskirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * Otto Bickenbach, (1901-1971), German internist and war criminal

title: Bickenbach


text:
USS Keokuk

USS Keokuk may refer to the following ships operated by the United States Navy:

 * USS Keokuk (1862), was an ironclad warship launched 6 December 1862 and was sunk by Confederate forces on 8 April 1863
 * USS Keokuk (CMC-6), a mine and net layer acquired by the US Navy 28 July 1941 and sold 7 March 1947
 * Keokuk, is a large harbor tugboat launched 21 May 1964 and currently in active service

title: USS Keokuk


text:
Naiqama Lalabalavu

Ratu Naiqama Tawake Lalabalavu MBE (born 23 December 1953) is a Fijian Paramount Chief and the current speaker of the parliament. He had served as the leader of the opposition.

Tui Cakau
In 1999, Lalabalavu succeeded his late father, Ratu Glanville Lalabalavu, as the Tui Cakau, or Paramount Chief of Cakaudrove and of the Tovata Confederacy, one of three confederacies to which all Fijian tribes belong. He was challenged in court by Ratu Epeli Ganilau, son of former Fijian President Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau who had himself held the Tui Cakau title prior to his death in 1993, but in 2001, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of Lalabalavu.

He is a convert to Roman Catholicism.

Lalabalavu is the father of SODELPA Member of Parliament Dr Ratu Atonio Lalabalavu.

Political career
Lalabalavu was elected to represent the Lau-Taveuni-Rotuma Open Constituency in the House of Representatives in 1999 as a candidate of the ruling Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT), one of only 8 SVT candidates to win seats. He defeated his chiefly rival, Ratu Epeli Ganilau of the Christian Democratic Alliance, by a margin of 58 percent to 32 percent.

Lalabalavu was appointed Minister for Fijian Affairs by George Speight during the 2000 Fijian coup d'état.

By the time the 2001 election was held to restore democracy, some major political realignments had taken place. Now a leading member of the Conservative Alliance, a nationalistic party which included many supporters and associates of George Speight, the chief instigator of the 2000 coup, Lalabalavu won the Cakaudrove East Fijian Communal Constituency), one of 23 reserved for ethnic Fijians in the House of Representatives. In the coalition government that was subsequently formed, Lalabalavu was appointed Minister of Lands and Mineral Resources.  The appointment was later harshly criticized by Senator Adi Koila Nailatikau, daughter of former President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, who had been deposed in the coup.  She accused him of having ordered the burning of the Matailakeba Cane Farm in Seaqaqa (owned by Ratu Mara) in the midst of an army mutiny at Sukanaivalu Barracks in Labasa on July 29, 2000.

On 6 April 2003, it was reported that Lalabalavu had called for an overhaul of the country's constitutional institutions. Political authority, he said, should be returned to Fiji's chiefs. He said that as it was the chiefs who ceded the islands to the United Kingdom in 1874, paramount authority should have been returned to them when independence was granted in 1970. As a first step, he proposed the abolition of the Senate, the functions of which could be taken over by the Great Council of Chiefs, he said. He opined that restoring the authority of the chiefs would lead to a breaking down of Fiji's race barriers, as the chiefs would then be the leaders not only of the indigenous people, but of all races. His proposal was rejected by Ratu Epeli Ganilau, who was then the Chairman of the Great Council.

He was the Minister for Lands and Minister for Mineral Resources in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, but was forced to resign after being convicted of unlawful assembly and jailed for his actions during the coup. He was subsequently released under a compulsory supervision order, having served only 11 days of his eight month sentence.

The Fiji Village news service reported on 23 February 2006 that some chiefs wished to nominate Lalabalavu for the office of President or Vice-President at the 2006 presidential election. When Great Council of Chiefs met on 8 March, however, it reelected unopposed Ratu Josefa Iloilo and Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi as President and Vice-President, respectively.

Following the parliamentary election held on 6–13 May 2006, he became Minister for Fijian Affairs again, as well as Minister for Lands and Provincial Development. He was deposed in December 2006 by the 2006 Fijian coup d'état.

Post-coup career
Lalabalavu ran as a candidate for the Social Democratic Liberal Party in the 2014 election, winning 6668 votes, the 6th highest-polling candidate. Following the election he was appointed Shadow Minister for Lands and Mineral Resources.

In May 2015 Lalabalavu was referred to the privileges committee for making derogatory comments about Speaker of Parliament Dr Jiko Luveni at a constituency meeting. He was suspended from Parliament for two years. On July 15, 2015, Ratu Naiqama launched a constitutional challenge, heard by Chief Justice Anthony Gates, against Speaker Jiko Luveni and Attorney General Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum for his suspension. The case was argued in September 2015, but the suspension expired before a decision was made.

In June 2015 Lalabalavu was elected as SODELPA president. He was re-elected in June 2017.

Lalabalavu had planned to retire from politics, but changed his mind and stood for re-election in the 2018 elections. He was elected, winning 2,165 votes.

title: Naiqama Lalabalavu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christopher Leadem

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was copyvio. – ABCD 22:59, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Christopher Leadem
Non-notable author. Self-published on-line. 710 Google hits, mostly a result of his web-publishing his novels. Possible vanity. Delete --BM 23:51, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio. Likely self-posted here, but without documentation to that effect... Postdlf 00:13, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Setting aside that issue, delete based on nonnotability. Postdlf 00:15, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, copyright vio. Megan1967 06:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Cparkshumate

My name is Park Shumate and Wikipedia is my favorite past-time when I'm bored or have nothing to do. I'm a student at The Ohio State University and am studying German. I am interested in music, politics, history, and sports. I'm 21 and from Grove City, Ohio. My Xanga Page

My Entries

 * One of Us
 * Beulah Park
 * Grove City, Ohio

title: User:Cparkshumate


text:
June Chadwick

June Chadwick (born 30 November 1951, Warwickshire) is an English film and television actress. Her best-known television roles are as Lydia in the science fiction TV series V: The Series, and as Lt. Joanna Parisi on the third season of the series Riptide. She also played Pamela Drake in "Murder She Wrote" Series 6 episode 1 "Appointment in Athens"

Her best-known film credit is as Jeanine Pettibone in This Is Spinal Tap (1984).

Filmography
Chadwick's notable works are:
 * The Golden Lady (1979)
 * Forbidden World (1982)
 * The Last Horror Film
 * Sparkling Cyanide (1983)
 * This Is Spinal Tap (1984)
 * Magnum, P.I. (1984)
 * The A-Team ("Judgment Day" episodes, 1985)
 * V (1984-1985)
 * Riptide (1985-1986)
 * Macgyver (1986)
 * Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986)
 * Matlock (1989)
 * The Evil Below (1989)
 * Dr. Alice Davis on the short-lived television series, Going to Extremes (1992)
 * Facing the Enemy (2001)
 * Voice of Dr. Sheila Thatcher in the video game Star Trek: Away Team.

title: June Chadwick


text:
USS Keystone State

USS Keystone State may refer to the following ships operated by the United States Navy:

 * USS Keystone State (1853), was a wooden side wheel steamer purchased by the US Navy 10 June 1861 and sold at auction 15 September 1865
 * USS Keystone State (1904), was the former sloop-of-war St. Louis renamed Keystone State on 30 November 1904
 * SS Keystone State (T-ACS-1), is an auxiliary crane ship launched in 1965 and currently in service

title: USS Keystone State


text: User talk:68.41.123.226

title: User talk:68.41.123.226


text:
Ramcke Parachute Brigade

The Ramcke Parachute Brigade was a Luftwaffe paratroop (Fallschirmjäger) brigade which saw action in the Mediterranean Theatre during World War II.

Operational history
The brigade was formed in 1942 and sent to join the Afrika Korps in North Africa. Ramcke's unit fought during the Afrika Korps's assault towards the Suez Canal, fighting alongside the Italian 25 Infantry Division Bologna before British opposition solidified near the town of El Alamein. The British action resulted in the separation of the Brigade from German forces and, lacking motorized transport, unable to move as fast as the battle lines. Taking heavy losses (about 450) fighting surrounded on all sides, they captured a British supply convoy carrying food and fuel, about which Ramcke later remarked the most welcome surprise was the tobacco and luxury goods. Using those trucks, about 600 survivors returned to German lines.

The brigade was then engaged in the retreat into Tunisia. Ramcke was transferred back to Germany where he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross, and command passed to Major Hans Kroh. The remaining brigade was part of the capitulation of German Panzer Army Afrika in May 1943.

Organization
Structure of the brigade in October of 1942:

 * Headquarters under Generalmajor Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke
 * 1st Battalion, 2nd Parachute Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, 3rd Parachute Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, 5th Parachute Regiment
 * 4th Parachute Training Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion, 7th Parachute Artillery Regiment
 * A Company, 7th Tank Destroyer Battalion
 * 2nd Company, Parachute Pioneer Battalion
 * A Parachute Signal Platoon
 * A Medical Company

Commanders

 * Generalleutnant (later General der Fallschirmtruppen) Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke (1 April 1942 - 18 November 1942)
 * Oberstleutnant Hans Kroh (18 November 1942 - 18 February 1943)

title: Ramcke Parachute Brigade