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The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes

The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes is a 1970 DeLuxe Color film in Panavision written and produced by Billy Wilder and I. A. L. Diamond, and directed by Wilder. The film offers an affectionate, slightly parodic look at Sherlock Holmes, and draws a distinction between the "real" Holmes and the character portrayed by Watson in his stories for The Strand magazine. It stars Robert Stephens as Holmes and Colin Blakely as Doctor Watson.

Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss, the creators and writers of the BAFTA and Emmy Award-winning series Sherlock, credited The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes as a source of inspiration for their show.

Michael Hardwick and Mollie Hardwick authored a novelization of the film.

Plot
The film is divided into two separate, unequal stories. In the first and shorter of the two, in August 1887 Holmes is approached by Rogozhin, on behalf of a famous Russian ballerina, Madame Petrova. Madame Petrova is about to retire, and wishes to have a child. She proposes that Holmes be the father, one who she hopes will inherit her beauty and his intellect. Holmes manages to extricate himself by claiming that Watson is his lover, much to the doctor's embarrassment. Back at 221B, Watson confronts Holmes about the reality of the ensuing rumours, and Holmes only states that Watson is "being presumptuous" by asking Holmes whether he has had relationships with women.

In the main plot, a Belgian woman, Gabrielle Valladon, is fished out of the River Thames and brought to Baker Street. She begs Holmes to find her missing engineer husband. The resulting investigation leads to a castle in Scotland. Along the way, they encounter a group of monks and some dwarfs, and Watson apparently sights the Loch Ness monster. They see both canaries and sulfuric acid being carried into the castle, and conclude that the canaries are used to detect chlorine gas produced when the sulfuric acid is mixed with sea water.

It turns out that Sherlock's brother Mycroft is involved in building a pre-World War I submarine for the British Navy, with the assistance of Monsieur Valladon. When taken out for testing, it was disguised as a sea monster. The dwarfs were recruited as crewmen because they took up less space and needed less air. When they meet, Mycroft informs Sherlock that his client is actually a top German spy, Ilse von Hoffmanstal, sent to steal the submersible. The "monks" are German sailors.

Queen Victoria arrives for an inspection of the new weapon, but objects to its unsportsmanlike nature. She orders the exasperated Mycroft to destroy it, so he conveniently leaves it unguarded for the monks to take (rigging it to sink when it is submerged). Fräulein von Hoffmanstal is arrested, to be exchanged for her British counterpart.

In the final scene some months later, Sherlock receives a message from his brother, telling him that von Hoffmanstal had been arrested as a spy in Japan, and subsequently executed by firing squad. Heartbroken, the detective retreats to his room to seek solace in a 7% solution of cocaine.

Casting
Billy Wilder, a long time Holmesian, had long aspired to create a musical adaptation of the Sherlock Holmes stories. After two failed attempts in 1955 and 1963, he decided to embark on a non-musical screenplay with collaborator I. A. L. Diamond.

Initially, Wilder planned to cast Peter O'Toole as Holmes and Peter Sellers as Watson. Nicol Williamson, who went on to play Holmes in The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, was also considered for Holmes. Rex Harrison pursued the role but Wilder wasn't interested.

The hefty British actor James Robertson Justice was offered the role of Mycroft Holmes but refused to shave off his beard. Christopher Lee took the part after George Sanders' failing health removed him from the role. Lee was eternally grateful to Wilder for allowing him to take the part since it helped his career and he was able to end being consigned to horror movies.

Filming
Elaborate sets were built on the backlot at Pinewood Studios, including 150 yards of the Baker Street set, at a cost of £80,000. The reproduction of the Diogenes Club stood until 1973 having been used in other films such as Hands of the Ripper and Carry On at Your Convenience. The sets were designed by art director Alexandre Trauner.

The scenes set in Scotland were filmed on location at Urquhart Castle on the banks of Loch Ness; Kilmartin Hall on Loch Meiklie; Nairn railway station. The cemetery scene with Stanley Holloway was filmed at the Church of St Mary, Winkfield in Berkshire. Somerset House in London and the London Coliseum were also used as locations. Castle Stuart and Eilean Donan Castle in Scotland and Broadway Tower in Worcestershire made fleeting appearances.

Cut scenes
The first cut of the film ran approximately three hours and twenty minutes. As a result, large portions were deleted. The following scenes were all filmed, but were cut from the final release at the studio's insistence. What remained of them was recovered and restored for the film's LaserDisc release. None of the scenes survive in their complete form, with both film footage and audio.

The deleted scenes include:

- A modern-day prologue in which Dr. Watson's grandson, also Dr. Watson (a Canadian veterinarian), also played by Colin Blakely, visits a London bank to claim his grandfather's belongings. The head of the bank, Havelock-Smith, (John Williams) brings Dr. Watson his grandfather's strongbox, which contains items of Holmes and Watson's, along with a number of unpublished stories. (This scene is entirely lost, only production stills and the script survive)

- The prologue then transitioned into the 1887 portion of the film. We meet Holmes and Watson as they journey back to London by train, having just solved a case in Yorkshire. A disheveled man rushes into their compartment, and promptly falls asleep. Based on numerous clues, Holmes deduces that the man is an Italian music teacher who was having an affair with the wife of a nobleman, got caught, jumped out the window, and ran onto the train. This scene transitioned into their arrival at 221B Baker Street, as seen in the finished film. (Only the audio for this scene survives, along with production stills)

- "The Curious Case of the Upside Down Room" - Inspector Lestrade visits Holmes and Watson and asks for help solving the seemingly impossible case of a corpse found in a room that was discovered entirely upside-down, with furniture on the ceiling. The three of them visit the scene of the crime, where Holmes inspects the clues. Back at home, Holmes deduces that Watson staged the whole thing in an attempt to pique Holmes' interest, drag his friend out of a deep depression and wean him away from cocaine. Watson is furious that his ruse has been discovered and that his friend intends to continue using drugs. He threatens to move out, but Holmes destroys his vials of cocaine. Watson agrees to stay, and we realize that the vials Holmes destroyed were empty, he has hidden the full vials in his violin case. (Only the audio for this sequence survives, along with production stills)

- "The Adventure of the Dumbfounded Detective" - During the scene in the film where Holmes is traveling by train to Scotland with Gabrielle, there was originally a segue into a flashback, where he told her about his student days at Oxford. Holmes had fallen in love with a beautiful girl from afar. After Holmes's crew team won a race against Cambridge, to celebrate, they pooled their money and held a lottery, with the winner getting time with a prostitute (Jenny Hanley). Holmes won, but was nervous, because he did not want to sully his love for the girl he had seen. Then the prostitute turned around, and he realized that she was that same girl. Holmes tells Gabrielle that this episode taught him emotional involvement was not worth the risk for someone in his position. (This scene is entirely lost, only production stills and the script survive)

- "The Dreadful Business of the Naked Honeymooners" - As Holmes and Watson travel back to England on an ocean liner, having solved a case for the Sultan in Constantinople, Holmes complains that anyone could have solved the case, even Watson. When a murder is discovered on board, Holmes tells Watson to attempt to solve the case himself. Holmes watches, without saying anything, as Watson proceeds to go to the wrong cabin, where he finds a honeymooning couple (Nicole Shelby and Jonathan Cecil) passed out drunk, naked, in bed. Mistaking them for the murder victims, Watson begins to deduce an elaborate solution based on the "evidence" he sees around him, while Holmes listens, amused. When the lovers wake up, Holmes tells Watson he has gone to the wrong cabin, and Watson decides not to try to solve a case again. (Only the film footage for this sequence survives, the audio is lost)

- An epilogue scene, immediately after Holmes retreats into his room to use cocaine on learning of the death of Gabrielle/Ilse, in which Inspector Lestrade arrives at 221B Baker Street and asks Watson for Holmes's help in solving the ongoing Jack the Ripper murders. Watson regretfully says that Holmes is busy and must decline. Lestrade assures Watson that Scotland Yard can solve the case without Holmes. (Only the audio for this scene survives)

- Another deleted scene involved Rogozhin arriving at 221B Baker Street to give Holmes the Stradivarius promised to him by Madame Petrova. Still believing Holmes's story that he and Watson are both gay, Rogozhin offers roses to Watson. Editor Ernest Walter unsuccessfully argued for this to be the final scene of the film, as a nod to the finale of Some Like It Hot, but Billy Wilder refused, preferring to end the film on a more mournful note. (This scene does not survive)

Lost Loch Ness prop
A 30 ft (9m) model of the Loch Ness Monster was built for the film in 1969. The model included a neck and two humps and was taken alongside a pier for filming of portions of the film. Billy Wilder did not want the humps and asked that they be removed, despite warnings that it would affect its buoyancy. As a result, the model sank. The model was rediscovered in April 2016 during a Scottish expedition to find the Loch Ness Monster.

Subtext
Director Billy Wilder has said he originally intended to portray Holmes explicitly as a repressed homosexual, stating, "I should have been more daring. I have this theory. I wanted to have Holmes homosexual and not admitting it to anyone, including maybe even himself. The burden of keeping it secret was the reason he took dope." Holmes' personal interests and particularly his feelings for Watson remain ambiguous in the film, including but not limited to Holmes' admission that he is "not a whole-hearted admirer of womankind", the enjoyment he derives from implying to outsiders that he and Watson are lovers, and his statement that Watson is "being presumptuous" by assuming there have been women in his life, among others. Mark Gatiss called The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes "the film that changed his life" for this reason: "It's a fantastically melancholy film. The relationship between Sherlock and Watson is treated beautifully; Sherlock effectively falls in love with him in the film, but it's so desperately unspoken."

Reception
Upon its release at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, it received excellent reviews. Vincent Canby called it a "comparatively mild Billy Wilder and rather daring Sherlock Holmes, not a perfect mix, perhaps, but a fond and entertaining one". It grossed $150,000 in its opening week at the Music Hall, ranking 13th at the US box office. Kim Newman, reviewing it in Empire magazine, described it as the "best Sherlock Holmes movie ever made" and "sorely underrated in the Wilder canon". Roger Ebert was more critical, giving the film two-and-a-half stars out of four. He wrote that it is "disappointingly lacking in bite and sophistication", that it "begins promisingly enough" but that "before the movie is 20 minutes old, Wilder has settled for simply telling a Sherlock Holmes adventure". Gene Siskel gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of four and called it "a conventional and not very well written mystery" that made it seem as though "Wilder had enough of an idea for a television variety show skit but unfortunately saw fit to expand it into a movie". Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "the whole effect of the picture is a kind of affable blandness which, given the expectations you have of Billy Wilder, constitutes a disappointment". Based on the sample cities covered by Variety, it grossed $536,927 from 39 play weeks in 1970.

Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, reviewing the film in 2002, wrote: "Billy Wilder's distinctive, irreverent slant on the world's greatest 'consulting detective' holds up reasonably well 32 years on; you wouldn't expect anything directed by Wilder and scripted by his long-time associate I. A. L. Diamond to be anything less than funny and watchable, and this is both".

Home media
In 1994, Image Entertainment released the film on LaserDisc, in what was called Private Life of Sherlock Holmes, The: Special Edition. The release includes "The Dreadful Business of the Naked Honeymooners." The sequence was subtitled because no audio was available.

The Region 1 DVD release restored portions of cut scenes that consists of soundtracks and a series of stills. A Blu-ray was released 22 July 2014 by Kino Lorber. It includes deleted scenes and bonus material.

title: The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes


text: User talk:204.185.4.99

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:204.185.4.99


text:
Talk:List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland

WP:RM
This is a list of dukedoms/duchies of the UK, and not a list of Dukes/dukedom/duchies in general, so it should be moved to some other title. 132.205.45.148 21:07, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * And yet, "the Peerages" is hardly a U.K.-specific term. A.D.H. (t&m) 01:09, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

"The Peerages" seems a bit contrived though it may be a British idiom I'm unfamiliar with. What about List of Dukes in the United Kingdom. If the Irish titles are still applicable in Ireland then List of Dukes in the UK and Ireland. Alternatively: List of British Dukes. Ben Arnold 05:05, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it sounds odd to me too and I'm British. Peerage is also a term that could apply to any other country. List of British Dukes would seem to be the best name. -- Necrothesp 20:36, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think "peerages" is applicable to other nobilities than the English/Scottish/Irish/GB/UK (have I missed any?) one, actually, except possibly France. Is it normally used in English for the pairie de France? If not, I don't see a problem. -- Uppland 21:31, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the replies of john k and Adam Bishop. Perhaps a Peerage (disambiguation) page needs to be made, as I didn't find the Peerage of France page under its, in retrospect, admittedly rather obvious title. I agree that List of British Dukes is better. Uppland 22:43, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There are Spanish and French peers, yes. john k 21:35, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yikes. List of "Dukes of the Peerages"?  If we're going to move it List of British Dukes would make more sense. john k 21:34, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We do have Peerage of France, by the way. Adam Bishop 21:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"List of British Dukes" suggests to me "List of Dukes in the Peerage of Great Britain", as I might say that the Duke of Northumberland is a "British Duke" in the same way that the Duke of Norfolk is an "English Duke" and the Duke of Montrose is a "Scottish Duke". At any rate, I see no point in pre-emptively disambiguating this page when we have no other lists of Dukes. Proteus (Talk) 08:15, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Peerage indicates that the term Peerage is EXCLUSIVE to the United Kingdom. It seems that there needs to be corrections to all the aristocratic titles that the UK uses. 132.205.45.148 18:29, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. No consensus for move. violet/riga (t) 21:13, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

no consensus; however, I'll be WP:BOLD and move it to List of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles instead. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 10:37, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Request for move: second attempt
List of Dukes → List of Dukes of the United Kingdom and Ireland : This is not a list of dukes in general, but of dukes of the peerages of the United Kingdom and Ireland. As it stands, the title is inaccurate and misleading : Fishhead64 18:47, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add * Support or * Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, or add * followed by a comment, then sign your opinion with "~"

 * support. En-wiki is not intended to be so anglocentric. Shilkanni 20:01, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Support although dukes should be lower case. Septentrionalis 23:17, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Support 132.205.45.110 17:56, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The current title is deeply misleading, but the proposed new title is just as bad. john k 21:20, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. See discussion --Philip Baird Shearer 22:09, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I'd probably support a move to List of British Dukes (as the least bad simple title). Proteus (Talk) 22:16, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Support this proposal or the one by Proteus (Talk) Gryffindor  13:16, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Proposal
Might I suggest List of dukes in the peerages of Great Britain and Ireland as a compromise? This makes the appellation purely geographical, referring to the islands inhabited by these peerages rather than the shifting political entities, and avoiding what I gather is the somewhat controversial designation of Ireland as part of the British Isles. Fishhead64 00:07, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Add * Support or * Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, or add * followed by a comment, then sign your opinion with "~"

 * support, although it runs the risk of being confused with the (much shorter) List of dukes in the Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland, Septentrionalis 03:36, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

discussion
Are there still Irish dukes, recognised as such in Ireland? If not why Dukes of the UK and Ireland why not just "dukes of the UK"? When Dukes were still being created Ireland was part of the UK, or should the title be list of "dukes of Great Britain and Ireland" ? --Philip Baird Shearer 09:19, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You make a good point. I think, however, the proposed title is better on two grounds.  First, since Leinster and Abercorn are peerages in Ireland, it makes sense to include "Ireland" in the title.  Second, having simply "United Kingdom" in the title conveys the message (erroneous, but potentially insensitive) that Ireland is part of the UK.  Users may not automatically assume that the historical United Kingdom is what is being referred to here.  "Great Britain and Ireland" is a better title, in the sense of being more exact, than the one I've suggested, but not so much so that I think it warrants resubmitting a new RM. Fishhead64 17:22, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

But it cuts both ways, if we tag on "and Ireland", it could be read that it implies Betty still has the power to grant Irish peerages. Also as it is the UK expands to "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" The full title is "List of dukes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Ireland". As for other titles you do not have to resubmit the request just add Proposals. (See this recent example)--Philip Baird Shearer 18:14, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

The senior title holders aren't Dukes of the United Kingdom or of Ireland, though, they're Dukes of England, Dukes of Scotland and Dukes of Great Britain. Dukes of the United Kingdom are purely those created after 1801 excluding the Duke of Abercorn. List of British Dukes is also out, because in a Peerage sense it means the same as "List of Dukes of Great Britain". If you really can't cope with the current title, then the only correct options I can think of would be the rather unwieldy List of Dukes in the Peerages of the British Isles or splitting it into List of Dukes of England, List of Dukes of Scotland, etc. Proteus (Talk) 14:55, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Proteus about the proposed move location being misleading - "Dukes of the United Kingdom and Ireland" would imply the Peerages of the UK and Ireland. I disagree with Proteus that List of British Dukes would mean "List of Dukes of Great Britain." At the very least, we could just note at the top that we are referring to all the Dukes in the various peerages of the British Isles, and not just the Dukes of the Peerage of Great Britain, and I think that would settle the matter. I would add that this list is not exactly a list of Dukes. It is a list of currently extant dukedoms. To have a list of dukes would require linking all the individual dukes. I may do that, though - I think most of them have at least stubs. john k 21:24, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

You know, I'm just going to end up bloody well moving the thing myself because this hair-splitting is driving me nuts - LOL! Fishhead64 05:35, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

A bold proposal
Given the discussion here and the general support for moving the article to a more descriptive and accurate title, would anyone object if I moved the article to List of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles with a redirect from List of dukes? I'm going to propose this for the other peerage pages, as well. Fishhead64 20:42, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Sources?

 * Is there a source for the assertion that English Dukes outrank Scottish ones?

 * The Act of Union 1707. Proteus (Talk) 08:02, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If so, is it true in Scotland?

 * Yes. Proteus (Talk) 08:02, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Is there a source for the assertion that the Duke of Fife, who is descended from Edward VII, is not a member of the Royal Family? Septentrionalis 23:17, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's rather self-evident — he doesn't have HRH before his name. (And loads of people are descended from Edward VII, most of whom certainly aren't members of the Royal Family.) Proteus (Talk) 08:02, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Self-evidence is not verifiability. The statement about precedence requires substantiation. Septentrionalis 22:30, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Try reading our articles on precedence, then. Proteus (Talk) 14:47, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Also unsourced. Septentrionalis 20:56, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The royal family is normally considered to consist of agnatic descendants of monarchs. As the Duke of Fife is not an agnatic descendant of Edward VII, he is no more a member of the royal family than anybody else in England who can trace descent from a monarch - he can just trace descent from a more recent one. I should think that you are the one who is responsible for finding a source that says he is in the royal family - it's hard to prove a negative. john k 21:13, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * A source for that definition, other than a WP article, would be sufficient. Septentrionalis 21:31, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The article is not about that, and it contains no claim that the Duke of Fife is "not a member of the royal family". It includes positive claims that the Dukes of Gloucester, Kent, Edinburgh, and York are members of the royal family, which can be easily supported.  See, from the official royal website, which lists as members of the royal family "Her Majesty the Queen," "HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh," "TRH The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall," "HRH The Duke of York," "TRH The Earl and Countess of Wessex," "HRH The Princess Royal," "TRH The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester," "TRH The Duke and Duchess of Kent," "TRH Prince and Princess Michael of Kent," and "HRH Princess Alexandra."  The higher precedence of royal family members is discussed on the Burke's page to which I added a link. If you think Fife is, in spite of this, a member of the royal family, it would be up to you to find a source which says this. john k 21:43, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * One of you, then, probably wants to emend the succession boxes on James Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife, which show him as having greater precedence than the Duke of Gloucester. Septentrionalis 03:36, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Those order of precedence boxes should probably just all be gotten rid of. john k 03:56, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Is there a reason to separate the Duke of Abercorn, whose duchy is an Irish peerage, from the other existing Irish Duke?Septentrionalis 23:19, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes: the list is in order of precedence, and as an Irish Duke holding a Dukedom (not a Duchy) created after 1801 he ranks alongside UK Dukes rather than before them. (And there aren't two separate Peerages of the UKoGBaI and of the UKoGBaNI — there's just one called the Peerage of the United Kingdom.) Proteus (Talk) 08:02, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * He is, in short, junior Irish Duke, and should be so listed. Septentrionalis 22:30, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That doesn't follow at all. Listing him how you want him listed implies he outranks the Dukes of Wellington and Sutherland, which obviously isn't the case. Proteus (Talk) 14:47, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The solution to that is a footnote, as elsewhere. Better than suggesting that he is a Peer of the UK, as the present text does. Septentrionalis 20:50, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The present text does not do that. It says that the dukes listed are "Dukes in the Peerages of the United Kingdom and Ireland created after 1801".  I've added a footnote to say that Abercorn is in the Peerage of Ireland. john k 21:13, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Much simpler to divide Peers into England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, as the header does. This is surely the more immediately relevant information for most readers; anyone inviting the Dukes of Wellington and Abercorn to a formal dinner should be consulting other sources anyway. Septentrionalis 22:30, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

But part of the purpose of this article is to list peers in order of precedence. It's not such a big deal with Dukes, but for other levels of the peerage it's much harder to reconstruct the order of precedence from a separated list of Irish and UK peers than it is to simply footnote all the Irish ones. john k 00:12, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * How many post-1801 Irish creations and promotions were there? A dozen, IIRC? This may be an argument for dividing the baronage into six sections instead of five, but surely the dukes can be left in a simple order?

 * The most important thing about the Abercorns, once we establish that they are neither senior, nor (quite) junior duke, is that they never sat at Westminster by right of peerage (I believe at least one was rep. Scottish peer, but that's different. Septentrionalis 03:23, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There are a pretty fair number of Irish marquessates, earldoms, viscountcies, and baronies created after 1801. I think it's best to follow a common format for all peerage levels.  And the Dukes of Abercorn most certainly sat at Westminster by right of peerage - they were Marquesses of Abercorn in the Peerage of Great Britain. john k 03:55, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I have just walked away from the copy of Cokayne available to me, but I recall the Marquessate as being Irish . I have suggested a compromise; as the present state of the text will show, this preserves both interests. (All I'm really suggesting, after all, is that the List of Dukes have the same format as List of dukedoms.) Septentrionalis 04:00, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've changed it around a bit - I think the section titled "Order of Precedence" ought to give the order of precedence, don't you? The Marquessate is certainly in the peerage of Great Britain.  I was going to point you to Leigh Rayment's peerage page, which is normally pretty reliable on these matters, but it seems to be down (hopefully not gone?)  But note that the ODNB article on the first duke, for instance, talks about him being in the House of Lords in 1832, and gives no hint to him being an Irish (or Scottish) representative peer.  The wikipedia article Duke of Abercorn indicates it as a GB title, but obviously that's not useful. john k 04:40, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

(left) That's fine; I'll look at Cokayne when I have the chance.
 * The problem is that there are two descriptions of the same order of precedence:
 * Peers of Ireland before 1801 have precedence over (Peers of the UK and Peers of Ireland after 1801), ties broken by older creation.
 * Peers of Ireland (of whatever date) have the same precedence as Peers of the UK, but ties are broken by date of creation.

These are, as stated, exactly the same order, in the sense that no possible combination of facts can give different precedence. Septentrionalis 05:52, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * How about restoring the order by nation, but a note to this effect? Septentrionalis 16:45, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * ''Peers of Ireland created after 1801 yield precedence to already existing peers of the United Kingdom of the same rank.

France
There should be one for France. What about peerages for Orange and Hanover; etc? IP Address 23:01, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Article name
Duke should be capitalised in the title of this article Grunners 15:08, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Cornwall and Rothesay
The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay is omitted from the list, yet other Royal Dukes are listed. Why? 195.92.40.49 19:20, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Because he doesn't have precedence as a duke; similarly, those dukes who are also earls are not listed in List of Earls; no qualifier, since there are no other Earls. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:13, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

I see that Cornwall was added in July 2009. If it is going to stay, shouldn't Prince William be added under 'eldest sons of Dukes'? He is the Duke of Cornwall's eldest son, although that title does not pass from father to son. Alekksandr (talk) 22:03, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Richmond, Lennox and Gordon
I'm pretty sure the Duke of Richmond title is in the English peerage, Duke of Lennox in the Scottish and Duke of Gordon in the British. Shouldn't these be marked separately, even if they are and always have been all held by the same person? Andrei Iosifovich (talk) 01:01, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Dukedom of Ulster
I eliminated the Dukedom of Ulster from the Irish peerage. I can't find any mention of this dukedom elsewhere, so I assume that it was the work of vandals, Pacomartin (talk) 11:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

I checked the history. This dukedome was added on 15 January 2009, and Billy McMillen was an IRA activist that died in the 1970's. There is no name on the edit, but maybe someone can track the individual. Pacomartin (talk) 11:41, 11 February 2009 (UTC) Calypso1020 (talk) 15:00, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Hello,

my comment does not contain an academic reference.

I rather need an advice.Can some of you give names of gentelmen clubs or countryside places or leisure points where i could possibly meet members of british nobilty?

I belong to the french one,coming from an old french-canadian family and would like to find a beloved husband among british nobiilty.

May be there is even a specific introduction services?-I do not know their names as I live in France.

Thank you for your advice to globeonnet@live.com

Calypso1020 (talk) 15:00, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Dukedom of Seychelles
I have found no proof of the existence of the Duke of Seychelles, either in Debrett's Peerage or anywhere else in Wikipedia. Please prove or remove. Jeremicus rex (talk) 17:14, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Duke of Cambridge listed twice?
The Duke of Cambridge appears under "Dukes in the Peerage of England" and "Dukes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom." Presumably it should be listed under just one of these; which one? Tinmanic (talk) 21:00, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The latter. Opera hat (talk) 22:00, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Notability
Wikipedia policy (WP:LISTPEOPLE) states that individuals should only be included on lists if "the person meets the Wikipedia notability requirement". Since there is nothing notable whatsoever about being the younger son of a Duke (notability, in Wikipedia's terms, not being inherited), can anyone give a good reason why that section of the list should not be deleted entirely? This is an encyclopaedia, not Burke's Peerage. AndyTheGrump (talk) 01:32, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * LISTPEOPLE itself admits that there can be exceptions to the notability requirement. I imagine it was written with lists of the type List of Ukrainians in mind; if we included non-notable people, we'd end up with a list of millions. But with this type of list, with clearly delimited scope (i.e. a closed list), there's no reason to insist that each individual should be worthy of an individual article; we often include lists specifically for this purpose (i.e. to give brief information on things that may be of interest to someone, but aren't each worthy of a separate article).--Kotniski (talk) 14:52, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, but 'younger sons of Dukes' are neither Dukes, nor likely to ever become Dukes, and on that basis, I can see no reason to include them in the article. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:20, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Technically, I suppose, they don't belong in an article under this title, though if the information can be sourced (and perhaps filled out a bit), I see no reason to exclude the list from Wikipedia altogether.--Kotniski (talk) 17:00, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You really think a stand-alone list of 'younger sons of Dukes in the peerages of the British Isles' would pass the requirements for notability? How? AndyTheGrump (talk) 17:44, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * There used to be such an article but it was merged into this one. See Talk:List of younger sons of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles. Opera hat (talk) 11:51, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think we have to reach the question of notability just yet, since the bigger problem is that the list is entirely unsourced, and such things are magnets for nonsense.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 07:59, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Tracing all this back to Order of precedence in England and Wales, it seems one could at least make a claim that the 'younger sons of Dukes' are notable as a group in that context, in that they rank relatively highly. Personally, I don't see the need to compile a list of them though - I can't think of a reason why anyone would want to use Wikipedia to look them up, as fortunately the order of precedence is hardly of everyday significance, and on the occasions it matters, those involved will no doubt use a more reliable source. Still, if we can list Pokemon characters...
 * As Jimbo says, the list is entirely unsourced though, and I'm inclined to think that alone is sufficient reason to remove it. Whether a properly-sourced list should have its own article (which I'd have thought more logical), or should be added back to this article, is something to be decided if and when the list is compiled. I'd point out however, that compiling a list which may well include minors of no other claim to notability may give rise to difficulties regarding general BLP policy.
 * For now, I'm going to remove the list from the article, and copy it to this talk page, where the issues can better be dealt with. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:06, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I've just amended the list to add citations to Cracroft's Peerage. Opera hat (talk) 15:48, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * There is a similar list at List of marquesses in the peerages of the British Isles to which the same objections would apply. Opera hat (talk) 15:51, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for finding the sources, Opera hat. Yes, the 'marquesses' article has much the same problem, except that the 'Eldest sons' is mostly redlinks too. AndyTheGrump (talk) 16:02, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

List of younger sons of Dukes in the Peerages of the British Isles - unsourced, so moved here from article
''Please do not restore this list to the article until it is properly sourced, and consensus is reached that it should be. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:09, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

 * 1) HRH The Duke of York, second son of the Duke of Edinburgh
 * 2) HRH The Earl of Wessex, third son of the Duke of Edinburgh
 * 3) HRH Prince Harry of Wales, second son of the Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
 * 4) Lord Thomas Fitzalan-Howard, second son of the Duke of Norfolk
 * 5) Lord Philip Fitzalan-Howard, third son of the Duke of Norfolk
 * 6) Lord Gerald Fitzalan-Howard, second son of the 17th Duke of Norfolk
 * 7) Lord Mark Fitzalan-Howard, brother of the 17th Duke of Norfolk
 * 8) Lord Charles Seymour, second son of the Duke of Somerset
 * 9) Lord Francis Seymour, second son of the 18th Duke of Somerset
 * 10) Lord Charles FitzRoy, second son of the 11th Duke of Grafton
 * 11) Lord Edward Somerset, second son of the Duke of Beaufort
 * 12) Lord John Somerset, third son of the Duke of Beaufort
 * 13) Lord Peter Beauclerk, second son of the 13th Duke of St Albans
 * 14) Lord James Beauclerk, third son of the 13th Duke of St Albans
 * 15) Lord John Beauclerk, fourth son of the 13th Duke of St Albans
 * 16) Lord Robin Russell, second son of the 14th Duke of Bedford
 * 17) Lord James Russell, third son of the 14th Duke of Bedford
 * 18) Lord Rudolf Russell, second son of the 13th Duke of Bedford
 * 19) Lord Francis Russell, third son of the 13th Duke of Bedford
 * 20) Lord Edward Spencer-Churchill, second son of the Duke of Marlborough
 * 21) Lord Charles Spencer-Churchill, second son of the 10th Duke of Marlborough
 * 22) Lord Hugo Manners, second son of the Duke of Rutland
 * 23) Lord Edward Manners, third son of the 10th Duke of Rutland
 * 24) Lord Roger Manners, third son of the 9th Duke of Rutland
 * 25) Lord John Douglas-Hamilton, second son of the 15th Duke of Hamilton
 * 26) The Lord Selkirk of Douglas, second son of the 14th Duke of Hamilton (as a son of the Duke of Hamilton, he ranks higher than he does through his own life peerage)
 * 27) Lord Patrick Douglas-Hamilton, fourth son of the 14th Duke of Hamilton
 * 28) Lord David Douglas-Hamilton, fifth son of the 14th Duke of Hamilton
 * 29) Lord Charles Montagu-Douglas-Scott, second son of the Duke of Buccleuch
 * 30) Lord John Montagu-Douglas-Scott, second son of the 9th Duke of Buccleuch
 * 31) Lord Damian Montagu-Douglas-Scott, third son of the 9th Duke of Buccleuch
 * 32) Lord Rory Campbell, second son of the Duke of Argyll
 * 33) Lord Colin Campbell, second son of the 11th Duke of Argyll
 * 34) Lord Craig Murray, second son of the Duke of Atholl
 * 35) Lord Ronald Graham, second son of the Duke of Montrose
 * 36) Lord Donald Graham, second son of the 7th Duke of Montrose
 * 37) Lord Calum Graham, third son of the 7th Duke of Montrose
 * 38) Lord Edward Innes-Ker, second son of the Duke of Roxburghe
 * 39) Lord George Innes-Ker, third son of the Duke of Roxburghe
 * 40) Lord Robert Innes-Ker, second son of the 9th Duke of Roxburghe
 * 41) Lord Kimble Montagu, second son of the 12th Duke of Manchester
 * 42) Lord Max Percy, second son of the Duke of Northumberland
 * 43) Lord James Percy, third son of the 10th Duke of Northumberland
 * 44) Lord John FitzGerald, second son of the 8th Duke of Leinster
 * 45) Lord Adrian FitzGerald, second son of the 7th Duke of Leinster
 * 46) Lord Richard Wellesley, second son of the Duke of Wellington
 * 47) Lord John Wellesley, third son of the Duke of Wellington
 * 48) Lord James Wellesley, fourth son of the Duke of Wellington
 * 49) Lord Henry Egerton, second son of the Duke of Sutherland
 * 50) Lord Nicholas Hamilton, second son of the Duke of Abercorn
 * 51) Lord Anthony Hamilton, second son of the 4th Duke of Abercorn
 * 52) Lord Nicholas Windsor, second son of the Duke of Kent
 * 53) Prince Michael of Kent, second son of the 1st Duke of Kent

Error
The article says "In the peerage of England, the title of Duke was created 74 times (using 40 different titles: the rest were recreations). Twice a woman was created a Duchess in her own right (but only for life). Out of the 74 times, 37 titles are now extinct (including the two women's), 16 titles were forfeit or surrendered, 10 were merged with the crown, and 10 are extant..." That adds up to only 73. Richard75 (talk) 11:00, 13 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The article lists 11 English dukes. I have corrected the sentence. Richard75 (talk) 11:24, 13 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Totting up the English titles from the list of dukedoms in the peerages of Britain and Ireland, I make it 75 creations, of which 38 became extinct. Opera hat (talk) 13:43, 13 June 2015 (UTC)

Multiple dukedoms
I suggest that the page should in some way record that: - 1. The Duke of Richmond, Lennox, and Gordon holds three dukedoms in three peerages. 2. The Duke of Argyll holds two dukedoms in two peerages. I appreciate that each of them is shown in the position from which he derives his precedence. Could they appear in the other positions in italics? Alekksandr (talk) 21:36, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Especially as the dukedom of Cornwall and the dukedom of Rothesay are shown separately, despite being held by the same man. Alekksandr (talk) 21:31, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

Format
At present, each list can only be viewed in order of creation. I suggest that it would be useful if the whole list were made sortable - compare List of dukedoms in the peerages of Britain and Ireland. Its default position would be according to precedence, but it could also be viewed alphbetically (Abercorn to York), by date of creation (1337 to 2011) or according to the five peerages (England, Scotland, GB, Ireland and the UK). The list would look like this: -

What do italics represent
Thank you to all who have worked on these tables. Can anyone tell me, what do the italics represent in the tables? There should be some kind of key as to why Duke of Lennox etc are italicized and skipped in the order. perhaps you know? —Мандичка YO 😜 15:29, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * They represent dukedoms whose holders already appear higher up the table. E.g. the man who holds the dukedom of Lennox (created in September 1675 in the peerage of Scotland) also holds the dukedom of Richmond (created in August 1675 in the peerage of England). He takes his predecence from his senior dukedom. So, if all the dukes were walking in a procession at e.g. a coronation, he would be fourth in line, and there would be nobody between the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry (13th) and the Duke of Argyll (14th), as the man who holds the dukedom of Richmond and the dukedom of Lennox cannot be in two places in the procession at once. I hope that this makes sense! Alekksandr (talk) 18:49, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree that this should be spelt out in the article. As the person who raised the issue, can I ask if you think that the above explanation is suitable for adding to the article? Alekksandr (talk) 19:03, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh thank you! I thought something like that because Duke of Rothesay was the first one italicized. I think there should be some kind of legend at the bottom where it says "Holds multiple dukedoms." Maybe we could do a slightly different color for that row? I'm trying to think if italics is the best way. —Мандичка YO 😜 19:52, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I am agnostic re how best to portray this.Alekksandr (talk) 19:56, 22 June 2017 (UTC)

Thanks for being so cool. I see now that it was mentioned in the column at the right! But for some reason when I saw italics it seemed to signal "invalid" in some way and I was thinking it meant extinct, but of course it wasn't. What do you think about this to symbolize multiple dukedoms?

So what would you think about this? The table is awesome and I want to use it on the List of Earls page too. —Мандичка YO 😜 20:03, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * This looks fine as far as it goes. You would probably want to show Duke of Gordon as the tertiary dukedom held by the man whose primary dukedom is Duke of Richmond and whose secondary dukedom is Duke of Lennox. It is up to you whether you want to use different background colours for (1) secondary dukedoms and (2) the only tertiary dukedom. As the article is about dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland, it does not have a separate line for that nobleman's quaternary dukedom - Duke of Aubigny - that peerage is in List of French peerages. Alekksandr (talk) 12:52, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much! I agree about the Dukedoms of Lennox and Gordon. I want to import the table format to List of Earls, List of Viscounts, etc, so this will be very helpful. —Мандичка YO 😜 00:12, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

Heir Apparents
In heir apparents section Sussex is listed as Royal dukedoms, but Gluocester and Kent is not. All three are currently royal Dukedoms and all three heirs are not Princes. Archie is a possible future Prince but still not. Chamika1990 (talk) 15:44, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Heir Presumptive?
“The Earl of Wilton is the heir presumptive to his Marquessate of Westminster.“

What does that even mean??

And is the Marquessate not subsumed into the Dukedom? Or are the succession rules a little different? There is, anyway, nothing about this on the Earl of Wilton’s page. Please clarify.2A00:23C7:E284:CF00:59B8:7E4B:2A19:70BF (talk) 23:03, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The Marquessate was created before the Dukedom, so if the current Duke died without heir, the Dukedom would be extinct while the Marquessate would go to the Earl of Wilton since he is descended from the brother of the 2nd Marquess. The family tree on Duke of Westminster might help explain it as well.Emk9 (talk) 03:24, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Duke of Lancaster
Should the title of Duke of Lancaster not be part of the list? I understand that it is held by the monarch but it is a dukedom nonetheless. Vesuvio14 (talk) 19:47, 24 March 2021 (UTC)
 * This part "but this is a tradition that has no constitutional warrant, and the British monarch is not styled legally so within either the County Palatine of Lancashire nor the Duchy of Lancaster in any official capacity (for example, Letters Patent or Acts of Parliament), merely as a sign of local, 'Lancastrian' loyalty." makes me think that it's not officially a title. Additionally, Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom says "However, legally the monarch is not the Duke of Lancaster: peerages are in origin held feudally of the sovereign who, as the fount of honour, cannot hold a peerage of him- or herself. The situation is similar in the Channel Islands, where the monarch is addressed as Duke of Normandy, but only in accordance with tradition. He or she does not hold the legal title of Duke of Normandy." Emk9 (talk) 20:43, 24 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I see. Thank you! Vesuvio14 (talk) 21:25, 24 March 2021 (UTC)


text:
User:ThanadoS~enwiki

Started to be interested in knowledge and found out that contributing various things to wikipedia might help me to learn more and more and consolidate things i learn offline. I plan to transfair English pages into German, for training my language skills and knowledge.

title: User:ThanadoS~enwiki


text:
Talk:Yamaha Phazer

I've noticed that Wikipedia doesn't have a great section on snowmobiles; the main snowmobile page is a good introduction, but the details are lacking. However, I'm not an expert in this area; I just added this page because I wanted to create an article (it's really my first new article), and because I used to ride them with my family years ago. I pieced together the history of the Phazer from the Yamaha website; the years I gave for the ending of the product lines come from the parts catalogue found on the site http://parts.yamaha-motor.com, by checking which year the name disappears from the line-up. Not brilliant detective work, but I'd love if anyone can help flesh this out beyond my limited knowledge. Khamsin 21:08, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)PHAZERS RULE

Yamaha Phazer IS AWESOME
I am a big fan of yamaha but the EX is rather poo, The EX is a crud sled and has a very great weekness it is called the Yamaha Phazer Mainly the DKF model , it eats EX and Shytes ET , not the extra terestrial but the Enticer snowmobile , there was some good ones made but the ET 300 was the best , But , the best was the 1979 , which dominated everything except the PZ and especially blew away the 1978 EX , and who ever has an 1978 EX should just give up and get something fast and relieable like a SRX, Well any who i thought some one on this site would like my thoughts PEACE PA!

title: Talk:Yamaha Phazer


text:
Vision Divine

Vision Divine is an Italian power/progressive metal band formed in 1998.

History
Originally a solo project from Olaf Thörsen (born Carlo Andrea Magnani). Soon, Fabio Lione rejoined him after the first Labyrinth period ("No Limits"), and then what was supposed to be a solo project quickly turns into a band, taking its new name from Labyrinth's previous name ("Vision") and from the title that was supposed to be given to Olaf's first solo album ("Divine"). Completing the line up Mat Stancioiu (drums), Andrew McPauls (keyboards) and Andrea "Tower" Torricini (bass).

In its first three years, the band released two albums and started touring (South American Tour in December 2000), where for the first time an Italian heavy metal band got the chance to play (and sold-out) in countries like Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Panama and Mexico.

In 2001, the band started writing and recording the new album, titled "Send Me An Angel", that was released in January 2002. At the end of the same year, Olaf decided to leave Labyrinth, to focus just on Vision and also deciding to stop any rumours from some magazine, pretending to consider Vision as nothing but a "side project". For the same reason Andrew and Mat split from the band and were replaced by Oleg Smirnoff at keyboards (ex-Eldritch) and Matteo Amoroso at drums (ex-Athena). In 2003, the band started the songwriting for the third album, when Fabio started having some problem regarding the co-existence of his career and Vision Divine related duties. After a few months, they mutually agreed to split. They then proceeded to add new singer Michele Luppi, a vocalist with a previous experience in live performances. With this new line-up they completed the final songs for the album that was to be titled "Stream of Consciousness". The album was released in April 2004.

With a brand new line-up and with renewed ambitions the band canceled any previous deal, deciding to join Scarlet Records for the Italian territory, King Records for the Japanese territory and Metal Blade for the rest of the world. In 2005, the band released "The Perfect Machine", which was recorded at Goldenworks Mixing Suite studio and produced by Stratovarius' leader Timo Tolkki.

In 2006, Andrea "Tower" Torricini left the band for not being able to guarantee full-time dedication to the band, and Cristiano Bertocchi replaced him. By September, "The Perfect Machine", according to their website "was immediately described as one of the best Italian metal releases ever, becoming one of Scarlet's all time best-sellers". A new digipack was released containing four bonus tracks. Also, Riccardo "Ricky" Quaggliatto left the band due to personal problems, replaced by new drummer Alessandro Bissa.

In 2007, Vision Divine recorded their album, "The 25th Hour", along with Timo Tolkki and Alessandro Bissa in New Sin Studios. It was released on 29 June 2007.

In April 2008, Vision Divine announced Michele Luppi is no longer singing with Vision Divine, and in May 2008 Olaf Thörsen announced that Fabio Lione rejoined the band as a full-time vocalist.

Vision Divine released their sixth album, 9 Degrees West of the Moon, on 23 January 2009, the first with Lione on vocals after Michele Luppi's departure.

In 2012, Vision Divine signed with EarMusic/Edel Group Records and released their seventh studio album entitled "Destination Set to Nowhere" on 14 September 2012.

In 2016, the band announced drummer Alessandro Bissa decided to peacefully part ways and announced Mike Terrana as the new member.

On 28 April 2018, Fabio announced his second departure from the band. In December 2018, the band hired formed Derdian singer Ivan Giannini as new lead vocalist. They released their first single called "Angel of Revenge" on 9 December 2018.

On 19 August 2019, the band announced the new album "When All The Heroes Are Dead" on its social media accounts. The artwork of the album was created by Federico Mondelli, whose bands are signed under Scarlet Records just like Vision Divine.

After playing shows all around the world, the band returned to the studio in summer 2022 to work on two new albums. The songwriting of the first one was finished one year later, and the recordings are scheduled before the end of 2023.

Albums

 * 1999 – Vision Divine
 * 2002 – Send Me an Angel
 * 2004 – Stream of Consciousness
 * 2005 – The Perfect Machine
 * 2007 – The 25th Hour
 * 2009 – 9 Degrees West of the Moon
 * 2012 – Destination Set to Nowhere
 * 2019 – When All the Heroes Are Dead

Demos

 * 1999 – Symmetry – The Official Demo series Vol 3

 * 2002 – Colours of My World

Videos

 * 2005 – Stage of Consciousness

Current members

 * Olaf Thörsen – guitars (1998–present)
 * Federico Puleri – guitars (2002–present)
 * Alessio "Tom" Lucatti – keyboards (2006–present)
 * Andrea "Tower" Torricini – bass (1999–2006, 2012–present)
 * Ivan Giannini – vocals (2018–present)
 * Matt Peruzzi – drums (2022–present)

Former members

 * Fabio Lione – vocals (1998–2003, 2008–2018)
 * Alessandro "Bix" Bissa – drums (2006–2016)
 * Michele Luppi – vocals (2003–2008)
 * Cristiano Bertocchi – bass (2006–2012)
 * Andrew Mc Pauls – keyboard (1999–2002)
 * Oleg Smirnoff – keyboard (2002–2005)
 * Mat Stancioiu – drums (1999–2002)
 * Matteo Amoroso – drums (2003–2005)
 * Ricky Quagliato – drums (2005–2006)
 * Danil Morini – drums (2005) (session music)
 * Mike Terrana – drums (2016–2022)

title: Vision Divine


text:
Talk:Property law

Re: Citations?
Citations are good however you run the risk of confining yourself to one jurisprudential region. Better to leave them out!!!

 * I think they help. It's tricky with all our differing jurisdictions but it's nice to have authorities for some of the statements of law made from other countries. Having seperate subheading for different jurisdictions can be messy, but helpful sometimes. Can we leave them out?? I think for statments giving example like the quasi-property rights around dead bodies in the USA should have an cited authority. However it may not be necessary to add the Australian position, for example, unless in can be contrasted with the US position. Is there a wiki guru here who can direct Talk Page readers to the policy relating to the level of detail an entry should aim to?

Thanks

--Arlington456 (talk) 04:38, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Is there a Lawyer in the house?
This article is a strange mixture of contintental, american and english law. I think the Napoleonic code stuff should be a footnote its not very relevant in the Anglophone world. Though it may have had an impact on US state law (The US constitution was passed before the French Revolution). SOmeone call a lawyer.Mrdthree 12:24, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Footnote? This is an international encyclopedia - some of our readers come from countries where civil code systems are very much alive! Perhaps we should instead separate out an article on Property Law in the United States... bd2412  T 13:00, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The article focuses far too much on the contemporary state of the common law, and specifically U.S. law. An article entitled "Property Law" should be about property law generally.  I agree that Property Law in the United States might be a good thing to separate out.  Common-Law Property Law might also be a good page to separate.  I actually think this article merits a worldwide view notice, and will add one.  Elliotreed 04:41, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes a simple article on Property Law with related articles on Common Law jurisdictions, Civil Law jurisdictions, Socialist Law jurisdictions (maybe...) --Arlington456 (talk) 04:43, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Adverse possession
The transfer of property section ought to mention adverse possession as a way to acquire title. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.172.186.32 (talk) 23:31, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

It's not very common in my Jurisdiction. But this is a way to aquire property. Adverse possession claims have been curtailed by statute in New South Wales (more so than in Victoria AU). I believe there may even been a Dividing Fences Act that is relevant. In New South Wales they have sough to prevent people from making adverse posseson claims based on dodgy fences and long forgotten boundry lines. Any claims has to be over a more significant chunk of land. --Arlington456 (talk) 04:45, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Worldwide view
This article has an undue focus on European legal systems in general and concepts from the common law tradition (especially the USA) in particular. Much of the article is written in general terms without specific reference to the common law/USA but the discussion is clearly based on that legal tradition. Accordingly, I've added the worldwide view template and added this to the wikiproject on countering systemic bias. Elliotreed (talk) 15:22, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Wiki ≠ Legal advisers
I've removed a few sections on here from people who are seeking legal advice. This is definitely not the place for that. This talk page is for discussing the article and possible changes that can be made, and is not where you should be looking for legal advice. In fact, it is highly encouraged that you don't seek legal advice here, because god only knows who could be giving it to you. Pascal (talk) 20:57, 19 August 2011 (UTC)

Indian law
To which kind of Indian does this passage refer: "A court resolves the dispute by adjudicating the priorities of the interests. but according to the Indian property law it define the ‘Transfer of property’...." Native American or Asian Indian?

title: Talk:Property law


text:
Raymond Lesniak

Raymond J. Lesniak (born May 7, 1946) is an American Democratic Party politician, who served in the New Jersey State Senate from 1983 to 2018, where he represented the 20th Legislative District. Before entering the New Jersey Senate, Lesniak served in the General Assembly from 1978 to 1983. Lesniak was once considered a major power broker in the Democratic Party, having served as New Jersey Democratic State Chairman, also serving as New Jersey Chair for Clinton/Gore in 1996 and as a major fundraiser for Gore/Lieberman in 2000. Lesniak finished a distant fourth place as a candidate for Governor of New Jersey in the 2017 election.

Early life and education
Lesniak grew up in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He served in the U.S. Army from 1967 to 1969, then earned his Bachelor of Arts in economics from Rutgers University in 1971, and his Juris Doctor from St. John's University School of Law in 1974. He is an attorney with the firm Weiner Lesniak.

Lesniak is ethnically Polish.

In 2018, Lesniak married Salena Carroll, his girlfriend of 20 years, just a year before she died of coronary artery disease and natural causes at age 43.

Political career
In 1980, Lesniak ran for the office of Mayor of Elizabeth. He was defeated by incumbent mayor Thomas G. Dunn, whom he challenged in the Democratic primary election. Dunn scored about 7,100 votes to Lesniak's 6,600 while about 2,000 went to David Conti, the challenger who came 276 votes away from toppling Dunn in 1976 and was (in 1980) endorsed by the Regular Democratic Organization of Union County.

Subsequently, Dunn orchestrated Lesniak's removal from the 'party line' -- a preferred ballot position aligned with almost all other incumbents—when it was time for the lawmaker to seek re-election to the General Assembly in 1981. Party leaders did not inform Lesniak about his loss of support until two days before the petition filing deadline. Elizabeth Health Director John Surmay was selected to replace Lesniak on the ballot between Sen. John T. Gregorio and Assemblyman Thomas J. Deverin, his prior running mates.

Building on the organization assembled during his race for mayor, the Elizabeth Democratic Association, Lesniak waged a campaign with support from organized labor, environmentalists, minority communities, and others. On June 6, 1981, Lesniak won renomination with approximately 20% more than the number of votes cast for Deverin and almost twice as many ballots as Dunn's proxy, Surmay.

In a June 1983 special election, Lesniak won the Senate seat of John T. Gregorio who was forced to vacate his office after being convicted of hiding his ownership of a pair of Linden go-go bars.

Lesniak serves on the Economic Growth Committee (as Chair), Commerce Committee (as vice-chair), the Legislative Services Commission, the Judiciary Committee and the Legislative Oversight Committee.

Lesniak has also been involved in national politics over the course of his tenure. In 1996, he was Chairman of the New Jersey Clinton-Gore Presidential Campaign, and in 2000 he was a key insider in the Al Gore campaign. Lesniak served as Chairman of the New Jersey Democratic State Committee, and Chairman of the 1997 Jim McGreevey campaign for Governor of New Jersey.

Legislation
Early in his tenure, he sponsored landmark environmental policies, such as the Environmental Cleanup Responsibility Act (now known as the Industrial Site Recovery Act), the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Pesticide Control Act, making New Jersey first-in-the-nation to tackle such issues. The laws hold polluters responsible for their actions and have resulted in cleaner drinking water for New Jersey residents.

Lesniak has championed the abolition of the death penalty in New Jersey (after having voted for its reinstatement in 1982 ); the Marriage Equality Act; and environmental initiatives to clean up one of the most heavily industrialized regions in the nation. He has worked with The Humane Society and other animal rights organizations.

In 2014, Lesniak announced his plan to pass a bill that would legalize sports betting for racetracks and casinos in New Jersey, challenging the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992. After the Supreme Court refused the NJ appeal toward PASPA overturn in 2013, Ray Lesniak made revisions to his sports betting bill and got them approved by the US Department of Justice. Even though the new version of the bill was first vetoed by Governor Christie, Lesniak didn't stop revising it until the State Assembly finally passed S.B. 2460, and Christie signed it into law, claiming it to be a “bipartisan legislative effort.” Several more lawsuits and court appeals later, the Supreme Court of the United States overturned the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act in 2018.

In October 2016, Lesniak introduced a bill dubbed "Pedals' Law" that would ban black bear hunting in New Jersey for five years. This was in response to the killing of the bipedal bear Pedals by a hunter.

2017 gubernatorial campaign
Lesniak first announced his intention to run for governor of New Jersey in 2016. He then switched to saying he would no longer seek the Democratic nomination in October, after Phil Murphy gathered early support from county leaders around the state. However, he announced in early January he was indeed running and filed the appropriate paperwork officially putting him in the race.

On June 6, 2017, he lost the primary, placing in a distant fourth behind Murphy, Jim Johnson, and John Wisniewski.

Later years
In April 2022, Lesniak published his memoir, Cultivating Justice in the Garden State: My Life in the Colorful World of New Jersey Politics (with a foreword by Bill Clinton). In 2023, after six years of retirement, he explored a run against incumbent Thomas Kean Jr. in the 2024 race for New Jersey's 7th congressional district.

First BankAmericano directorship
On February 9, 2010, The Wall Street Journal published a copy of a letter from Senator Robert Menendez to the Federal Reserve pushing for approval of a deal for the sale of First BankAmericano of Elizabeth where State Senator Lesniak served on the board of directors. A media controversy arose due to BankAmericano's political connections. Its board members included several major campaign contributors to Menendez – among them State Senator Lesniak. Following the media controversy over the bailout request, it was disclosed that Lesniak had also received "insider loans" from the bank. Prior to the bailout request, First BankAmericano had been under financial pressure for more than a year because of mounting loan losses. A highly critical report by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.(FDIC) also found the institution had engaged in unsafe or unsound banking practices, including "operating without adequate supervision by its board of directors", an excessive level of delinquent or bad loans, inadequate earnings and insufficient coverage of its assets.

Awards and honors
In 1982, Lesniak was named "Citizen of the Year" by Polish American World, and "Man of the Year" in 1991, by the Jewish National Fund, and the American Cancer Society. In 2003, he was awarded "Legislator of the Year" by the Medical Society of New Jersey for working to make healthcare more affordable and accessible, expanding the PAAD low-cost prescription drug program to cover more seniors and expanding cancer and diabetes research and education.

Lesniak was the grand marshal of the Pulaski Day Parade in New York City in 2004.

In 2009, Lesniak won the Mémorial de Caen International Human Rights Award in Normandy, France; one of only two Americans to ever do so, with the speech "The Road To Justice and Peace."

On September 30, 2014, the Raymond J. Lesniak Experience, Strength and Hope Recovery High School on the Kean University campus was inaugurated, New Jersey's first recovery high school, a program designed for youths battling drug and alcohol addiction. Lesniak, who championed the creation of the program has sponsored legislation to start similar schools in New Jersey.

title: Raymond Lesniak


text:
Talk:Bad Moon Rising

Untitled
i just deleted someone's own take on the song, see "as for me.." in the previous version. are you kidding, "as for me..." this site isnt opinionated you douchebag

This page is irrelevant. unless someone adds significant information I vote it should be deleted.

I disagree. There are lots of articles about songs on Wikipedia and this one has at least 4 or 5 individually interesting and meaningful points in it. Furthermore, the page List of songs about politicians references this page, saying that the song "Bad Moon Rising" is about or references Richard Nixon. This article, however, says nothing about the reference to Nixon or, indeed, the meaning of the song. I would change it myself, but I don't know anything about a reference to Nixon nor the intended meaning of the song. If someone knows, they should really add it.

 * "This article, however, says nothing about the reference to Nixon or, indeed, the meaning of the song. I would change it myself, but I don't know anything about a reference to Nixon nor the intended meaning of the song. If someone knows, they should really add it." I'm with you about adding the background to the page! However, I heard it was a reference to nuclear holocaust, should the Cold War suddenly become hot-- but that was just hearsay on the oldies radio; I don't know for sure, either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.71.108.10 (talk) 01:41, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

Cover versions and other pointless lists
90 percent of this article was a long list of bands that have recorded versions, movies that have included it in the soundtrack, pop-culture references - most without references, and virtually all without any particular point. So I've thrown out most of them (I chicked out about the pop-culture stuff, which can probably all the tossed), reducing them to statements that the songs has been recorded/used often. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 17:44, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

 * "90 percent of this article was a long list of bands that have recorded versions …" which is just why I came to this page, to try to find the name of a band whose version I remembered, but whose name I'd fortgotten. Except you'd deleted all that information. Thanks. Mate. Because that information isn't in one place anywhere else. You need to remember two things when editing Wikipedia - (1) what to you might be boring to someone else might be just what they are looking for (2) if it's not to be found anywhere else on the net, leave it in. Zythophile (talk) 18:09, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

 * In general, that is not the consensus among wikipedians, who don't want other information buried until long, long, long lists of trivia. Perhaps that's the wrong approach, but it's gotten to be habit. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 19:38, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

One man's trivia is another man's sought-for information. Zythophile (talk) 22:28, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Hassie
Why is Bad Moon Rising referred to as "Hassie" in this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Will in devon (talk • contribs) 15:24, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

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Requested move 13 April 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: consensus to move the pages at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 01:15, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

– Clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for a frequently covered and iconic song. Doubles its closest competitor in page views. Long-term significance as indicated by Google Books: 3,090 hits for the song; 1,320 results for the Sonic Youth album; 318 results for the band Ribbet32 (talk) 02:51, 13 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Bad Moon Rising (song) → Bad Moon Rising
 * Bad Moon Rising → Bad Moon Rising (disambiguation)
 * Support, per nom. Randy Kryn (talk) 03:15, 13 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. The song gets |Bad_Moon_Rising_(album)|Bad_Moon_Rising_(The_Vampire_Diaries)|Bad_Moon_Rising_(The_West_Wing)|Bad_Moon_Rising_(Grimm)|Bad_Moon_Rising_(band) 57 percent of relevant pageviews. Nine Zulu queens (talk) 04:57, 13 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose 57% of page views is not PrimaryTopic material. We'd expect to see 66 or 70%. The other subjects include various TV episodes no doubt named with an eye to the 1969 song, but 1969 is before most readers were born and they probably don't want to be forced to something they aren't looking for. In ictu oculi (talk) 06:13, 13 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Support With respect to historical significance, as the namesake.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 06:41, 13 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - That phrase was non-existent before the song and I do believe every item on the DAB page is named after it as a result. -- Netoholic @ 07:07, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Bad Moon Rising


text:
Love Hangover

"Love Hangover" is a song by the Motown singer Diana Ross, recorded in 1975 and released as a single on March 16, 1976. It rose to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot-Selling Soul Singles. It also hit number one on the Record World disco charts.

Producer Hal Davis instructed the song's engineer Russ Terrana to install a strobe light so that Ross could be in the "disco" mindset. As the song changed from ballad to uptempo, Ross became more comfortable with the material; she hummed, sang bit parts, laughed, danced around and even imitated Billie Holiday.

The song was first released on the album Diana Ross in February 1976. Motown initially promoted the album by releasing the single "I Thought It Took a Little Time". Singing group the 5th Dimension released "Love Hangover" as a single. Motown then issued Ross's version as a 7-inch single. Both versions entered the chart the same day. By the time Ross's version of the song reached number one, Ross had reinvented herself as a disco diva and the 5th Dimension's version had peaked at number 80. It won Ross a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. It appeared on the soundtrack of the following year's Diane Keaton movie Looking for Mr. Goodbar.

"Love Hangover" reached number one on May 29, 1976. That week, Casey Kasem reported on American Top 40 that Ross had broken the record for the most number-one hits by a female vocalist. With her fourth number one, she passed Connie Francis, Helen Reddy, Roberta Flack, and Cher, each of whom had three.

Ross performed the song on the April 4, 1980 episode of The Muppet Show during its season four run.

The song was remixed several times. A version remixed by Eric Kupper, known as "Love Hangover 2020", hit number one on Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in March 2020.

Remixes
Motown released versions of Ross's version in 1988 (remixed by the British team PWL) and 1993 (remixed by Frankie Knuckles for the album Diana Extended: The Remixes and by Joey Negro for a single).

Almighty Records released a remixed version in 2007 (remixed by the UK team Almighty).

New remixes were released in 2020 by Eric Kupper, peaking at number one on March 28 on the Billboard Dance Club chart.

Track listing
1993 UK 12" promo

Side A Side B
 * 1) "Love Hangover" (Tribal Hangover) – 9:26
 * 2) "Love Hangover" (Classic Club – EP version) – 8:20
 * 3) "Love Hangover" (Tribal Reprise) – 5:25
 * 4) "Your Love" – 3:58
 * 1) "Upside Down" ('93 Remix – EP version) – 8:00
 * 2) "Upside Down" (Dub 2 – Morales) – 7:37
 * 3) "Someday We'll Be Together" ('93 Remix – EP version) – 8:40
 * 4) "Someday We'll Be Together" (Final Sound Factory) – 6:54

Cover versions

 * The before mentioned simultaneously in 1976 issued 5th Dimension cover would be that group's last Hot 100 hit.
 * Players Association covered the track in 1977.
 * Stanley Turrentine on The Man with the Sad Face in 1976.
 * In 1982 British new wave band The Associates released a double side 45 single "18 Carat Love Affair" / "Love Hangover" which peaked at No. 21 on the UK chart in 1982.
 * Background vocals from the original alternate take were sampled by Hardrive in the 1993 House song "No Cure".
 * British soul singer Pauline Henry (former lead vocalist of the Chimes) recorded a contemporary version of the track in 1995 (released as a single).
 * Italian dance act Black Box sampled the song on their 1996 disco-house single, "I Got The Vibration/Positive Vibration", which reached no. 21 in the UK and no. 18 in the Italian charts.
 * The song was sampled in Monica's 1998 hit "The First Night", which hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
 * Mariah Carey performed the song also on the concert tribute to Diana Ross (2000). Carey also performed a mix of "Love Hangover" the lead single from her 1999 seventh studio album, Rainbow, "Heartbreaker" on her Angels Advocate Tour between 2009 and 2010, on All The Hits Tour, a co-headlining tour with American singer Lionel Richie in 2017, and second Las Vegas residency, The Butterfly Returns in 2018.
 * Singer Jody Watley recorded a downtempo version for her 2006 album, The Makeover.
 * Erykah Badu performed the song in 2007 as part of the BET Tribute To Diana Ross as she was awarded the BET Lifetime Achievement Award.
 * Australian singer-songwriter Tina Arena recorded a version in 2007 for her album, Songs of Love & Loss.
 * In 2007, Stephanie Edwards sang it on the sixth season of American Idol.
 * The song would become part of the hip-hop lexicon via sampling by Will Smith, Heavy D, Master P, Monica, Janet Jackson, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony, French artist MC Solaar, and Emily King, who made use of it for her 2007 debut album East Side Story in the song "Walk in My Shoes".
 * Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose sang the chorus of "Love Hangover" during an instrumental interlude in the song "If the World" on the Asian leg of the Chinese Democracy World Tour 2009/2010.
 * In 2023, the song was performed on Beyoncé’s Renaissance World Tour by her background vocalists, Pure Honey, during a band intermission. At the September 4 show in Los Angeles, Diana Ross joined the Pure Honey singers onstage for their performance and led the audience in singing "Happy Birthday" to Beyoncé.

title: Love Hangover


text:
Category:Suburbs of Shrewsbury

See: Shrewsbury.

title: Category:Suburbs of Shrewsbury


text:
Ralph Bingham Cloward

Ralph Bingham Cloward (September 24, 1908 — November 13, 2000) was an American neurosurgeon, best known for his innovations in spinal neurosurgery. Cloward is known for the development of the Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Cloward moved from Chicago to Hawaii in 1938, becoming the state's lone neurosurgeon. He is well known for his work treating victims of brain injuries after the Pearl Harbour attack in 1941.

Early life and education
Ralph Cloward was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1908. He schooled at McKinley High School, Honolulu before studying at the University of Utah. He completed his medical education at the Rush Medical School in Chicago. He interned at St Luke's Hospital, Chicago, and attended the University of Chicago under Professor Percival Bailey as a resident in 1938.

Medical career
He began his practice of neurosurgery in the Territory of Hawaii in 1938. He was the only American neurosurgeon in the Pacific theater during World War II. In connection with the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, he performed 44 craniotomies in 4 days.

His academic accomplishments include visiting professorships at the University of Chicago, University of Oregon, University of Southern California, and Rush Medical School. He was Professor of Neurosurgery at the John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawaiʻi. He is the author of numerous papers and book chapters and has lectured and operated in many nations.

Cloward's pioneering contributions encompass many areas of neurosurgery, but his enduring interest was the spine, where he devised three major operations. He first performed the posterior lumbar interbody fusion successfully in 1943, reporting it in the Hawaiian Territorial Medical Association in 1945 and publishing it in the Journal of Neurosurgery in 1953. His unique approach for treating hyperhydrosis was reported in 1957. Independently, he conceived an anterior approach to the cervical spine, devised instruments for its implementation, and published his classic paper in the Journal of Neurosurgery on anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in 1958. He designed over 100 surgical instruments which continue to be used today by practicing neurosurgeons.

Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF)
After William Mixter and Joseph Barr published their famed paper of disk herniation in 1934, discectomy to remove stenosis became the routine procedure. Alternative attempts were to fuse the posterior arch of the spine. In cases of spondylolisthesis, some surgeons had fused the interbody space, but only from an anterior approach. During a posterior discectomy operation in 1940, Cloward noticed a large hole in the remaining annulus fibrosis, and it occurred to him that this void could be filled with a piece of bone. But the patient suffered a pulmonary embolism on the tenth post-operative day, and died. This complication led Cloward to abandon his idea until 1943. Because disk herniation recurred in many cases, Cloward devised to reattempt his posterior interbody fusion procedure, which he did with success. Cloward soon became an expert of the procedure, and began to advocate for its use. In 1945, he presented the technique before the Hawaiian Territorial Medical Association, and at the Annual Meeting of the Harvey Cushing Society (now the American Association of Neurological Surgeons) in 1947. However, at the Harvey Cushing Society meeting, reception to the technique was critical. At the time, neurosurgeons were apprehensive about fusion techniques, which were traditionally an orthopedic method. Moreover, the procedure was very challenging, and was associated with complications. However, as Cloward and later advocates argued, if performed successfully, the PLIF provided better biomechanics and outcomes.

Over time, after refining the technique and advocating its merits with publications and lectures, the PLIF became respected. With the help of a few other surgeons, including Paul Lin, the first PLIF Workshop was held at Nazareth Hospital in Philadelphia in 1981 and the first PLIF Symposium was held in Temple Hospital in 1983. By this time, the procedure had garnered many advocates. In later years, when pedicle screw and interbody cage instrumentation became widespread, the PLIF became the most popular method of lumbar fusion.

When Cloward published his last paper on PLIF in 1985, he reported a successful fusion rate of over 92%. Cloward was the first to perform PLIF, both unsuccessfully and successfully and the first to publish a large patient series.

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF)
Other than the PLIF, Cloward is well known as being an innovator in the anterior approach to cervical fusion. In the mid 1950s, techniques for anterior approach to cervical fusions were developed by four groups simultaneously; Carl Badgley, Leroy Abbott and Robert Bailey at the University of Michigan, by Robert Robinson and George Smith at Johns Hopkins University, by Albert Dereymaeker and Joseph Mulier in France and by Cloward in Honolulu. None were aware of the work of the others at the time.

Bailey, Badgely and Abbott had been the first to use the technique however, the first report was provided by Robinson and Smith, in 1955. Cloward's technique differed from the other surgeon's in that he used a large dowel graft, as opposed to the strut graft that the others used. His idea for this dowel was taken from an modification made by Ben Wiltberger to Cloward's PLIF operation, who had used dowels in place of Cloward's bone pegs. Cloward published his work on the subject in 1958.

Though not the first to perform or publish the procedure, his standing in the neurosurgical field at the time enhanced its early popularity. Like the PLIF, ACDF is now a popular method of spinal fusion.

Later career
Throughout his career, he educated the international community of neurosurgeons in the performance of the operations he devised.

Cloward was a member of the Western Neurosurgical Society for 40 years and served as its President in 1975. After his death in 2000, a number of Society members were desirous of creating an award in his name which would include a medal akin to the Cushing Medallion awarded by the AANS. It was felt that Ralph's innovative talents and pioneering efforts to establish anterior cervical and posterior lumbar interbody fusion plus the numerous instruments he devised was just cause to honor him in perpetuity by bestowing an award upon neurosurgeons from around the world who also exemplified such capacity for epochal innovation and pioneering application. In 2002, the Society established the award with the gracious assistance of the surviving Cloward family.

title: Ralph Bingham Cloward


text:
User:Reverend Distopia

An evil Discordian cleric residing in Central California. Disarmed and dangerous. Practices the black art of Wikimancy.

So far I have contributed to:

 * Crass

 * Hoax

 * Thatchergate

I've made a few comments elsewhere. I prefer to make small edits at any article I happen to be reading at any given time.

Talk to Reverend Distopia User talk:Reverend Distopia

title: User:Reverend Distopia


text: User talk:216.252.70.18

title: User talk:216.252.70.18


text:
User talk:Riluve

Welcome!
'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
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 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * Full details on Wikipedia style can be found in the Manual of Style.

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:12, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your message
Hello! Thanks for your message. In answer to your questions:

I saw that your Talk page showed up red, meaning that it had never had any content. That usually means a new user, so I checked your contributions, found that indeed you were, and left you the Welcome message. You've done nothing wrong (if you had, you'd have received a different message...), it's just what it says — a welcome with some tips and advice.

I'm a member of the Welcoming Committee, though in fact any editor can welcome new Users. I'm also an admin. (or 'sysop'), which essentially means that I'm an ordinary editor with a few extra powers (like deleting pages, blocking people from editing, etc.) that I use to deal with vandalism and other misbehaviour, and to help editors with problems.

I hope that that relieves your anxiety. Have fun editing! You belong here as much as anyone else, so feel free to raid the fridge, use the microwave, and do the washing up. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

BIOS
Talk:BIOS

25 Points
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have performed a web search with the contents of 25 Points, and it appears to include a substantial copy of http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/25points.htm. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. See our copyright policy for further details.

This message was placed automatically, and it is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article and it would be appreciated if you could drop a note on the maintainer's talk page. CorenSearchBot (talk) 17:18, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Wikisource
Hi Riluve, the 25 points have already been added to Wikisource, but they probably aren't suitable for inclusion here. PhilKnight (talk) 17:23, 26 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Phil, I agree, they should only be in Wikisource but you will find them here as well. Riluve, instead of saying ridiculous, paranoid things like "there is an obvious program designed to suppress this document", try using search engines! — RHaworth 23:49, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Riluve


text:
2006 California gubernatorial election

The 2006 California gubernatorial election occurred on November 7, 2006. The primary elections took place on June 6, 2006. The incumbent Republican Governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, won re-election for his first and only full term. His main opponent was California State Treasurer Phil Angelides, the California Democratic Party nominee. Peter Camejo was the California Green Party nominee, Janice Jordan was the Peace and Freedom Party nominee, Art Olivier was the California Libertarian Party nominee, and Edward C. Noonan was the California American Independent Party nominee.

Under the state constitution, the Governor serves a four-year term, with a maximum or minimum term limit of two four-year terms for life, regardless of whether or not they are consecutive or nonconsecutive. Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected in a 2003 recall election and served out the remainder of predecessor Gray Davis's term ending in 2007; Schwarzenegger was therefore eligible to serve until 2011. As of 2024, this along with the concurrent Insurance Commissioner election was the last time Republicans won a statewide election in California and marked the last time a Republican was officially elected California Governor as well as the last election in which a California governor and lieutenant governor of opposite political parties were elected.

Exit polls showed Schwarzenegger won White people (63%–32%) and Asian-Americans (62%–37%), while Angelides won African-Americans (70%–27%) and Latinos (56%–39%).

Primary elections (June 6, 2006)
Bar graph of statewide results

Results by county

The period for candidate nominations closed on March 24, 2006.

Candidates

 * Phil Angelides – California State Treasurer; former State Democratic Chair and developer
 * Barbara Becnel – Executive Director of Neighborhood House of North Richmond; founder of Save Stanley Tookie Williams campaign
 * Joe Brouilette – high school teacher
 * Edie Bukewihge – writer and publisher
 * Jerald Gerst – physician
 * Vibert Greene – engineer
 * Frank Macaluso – medical doctor
 * Michael Strimling – attorney
 * Steve Westly – California State Controller; former Internet executive

The two front-runners for the Democratic nomination were Angelides and California State Controller Steve Westly. A pre-election poll had Westly leading Angelides by six percentage points. The Field Poll conducted on April 17, 2006, showed that both Democratic candidates had low recognition factors amongst the state's electorate, with only 45% having any opinion on Angelides and 40% for Westly. Of registered Democrats surveyed, 59% said they didn't know enough about Angelides to have any opinion about him, with 58% saying the same for Westly. The Los Angeles Times reported that the race for the Democratic nomination was a virtual tie, with Angelides leading Westly by three percentage points (37%–34%), within the 3% margin of error. Unusually, 28% of Democratic voters were undecided, and both candidates tried to earn the undecided vote.

Angelides reported a recent increase in support for his campaign and gained union support as well as support from the "core" liberal constituency. The California Democratic Party endorsed him prior to the primary, despite most polls showing that Westly would fare much better against Schwarzenegger in the general election. However, many registered Democrats believed that Westly had a greater chance of winning against incumbent governor Schwarzenegger and felt that he had a slightly "more positive" image. In the end, Angelides won 47.9% of the vote to Westly's 43.4%. The turnout for the primary, was a record low 33.6%, far below the 38% predicted by the Secretary of State, with the turnout of valid ballots cast on election day at 28%.

Results
[[File:2006 California gubernatorial Democratic primary results map by county.svg|thumb|Democratic primary results by county {{legend|#7996e2|Angelides}}

{{legend|#a5b0ff|40–50%}}

{{legend|#7996e2|50–60%}} {{legend|#5bc75b|Westly}}

{{legend|#87de87|40–50%}}

{{legend|#5bc75b|50–60%}}

{{legend|#41b742|60–70%}} ]]

Candidates

 * Jeffrey Burns – general contractor
 * Bill Chambers – railroad switchman
 * Robert C. Newman II – psychologist and farmer
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger – incumbent Governor of California

Republican Schwarzenegger faced token opposition and won overwhelmingly in the primary held on June 6, 2006.

Candidates

 * Phil Angelides (Democratic) – California State Treasurer, Ex-State Democratic Chair & Developer
 * Peter Camejo (Green) – 2002/2003 Green Party gubernatorial candidate, 2004 independent vice presidential candidate (Ralph Nader's running mate)
 * Janice Jordan (Peace and Freedom) – 2004 Peace and Freedom Party vice presidential candidate (Leonard Peltier's running mate)
 * Edward C. Noonan (American Independent) – computer shop owner
 * Art Olivier (Libertarian) – former mayor of Bellflower, 2000 Libertarian Party vice presidential candidate (Harry Browne's running mate)
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger (Republican) – incumbent Governor of California, actor, businessman

Campaign
Schwarzenegger's decision to call the 2005 special election, as well as his propositions dealing with teachers' and nurses' unions and other political missteps, brought his approval rating down to 39% by April 2006, though he ended up solidly defeating his opponents. During his first two years, he came under fire from some conservatives for supporting several taxes on Californians, and from some liberals for refusing to sign a bill allowing gay marriage, and his support for several controversial propositions in 2005. Later, Schwarzenegger's popularity with voters rebounded and he won reelection by a wide margin.

Polling

 * Schwarzenegger v Westly

Results by county
Results showed Schwarzenegger won 52 counties while Angelides won 6 (Schwarzenegger won an absolute majority in 48 counties and a plurality in 4 counties while Angelides won an absolute majority in 2 counties and a plurality in 4 counties). Schwarzenegger won large majorities in California's rural counties, the populous Southern California counties of San Diego, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura, as well as populous Sacramento, Fresno, and Kern counties in the Central Valley. The results were closely contested in Los Angeles County and in Bay Area suburban counties. Angelides won substantially only in Alameda and San Francisco counties.

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Contra Costa (largest municipality: Concord)
 * Humboldt (largest municipality: Eureka)
 * Imperial (largest municipality: El Centro)
 * Lake (largest municipality: Clearlake)
 * Mendocino (largest municipality: Ukiah)
 * Monterey (largest municipality: Salinas)
 * Napa (largest municipality: Napa)
 * San Benito (largest municipality: Hollister)
 * Santa Clara (largest municipality: San Jose)
 * Solano (largest municipality: Vallejo)
 * Sonoma (largest municipality: Santa Rosa)
 * Yolo (largest municipality: Davis)

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Los Angeles (largest municipality: Los Angeles)

Democratic candidates

 * Phil Angelides
 * Barbara Becnel
 * Edie Bukewihge
 * Steve Westly

Republican candidates

 * Bill Chambers
 * Robert C. Newman II
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger

Third-party and Independent candidates

 * Peter Camejo
 * George Fellows
 * Janice Jordan
 * Edward Noonan
 * Art Olivier

Other sites with relevant information

 * VoteCircle.com Non-partisan resources & vote sharing network for Californians
 * Information on the elections from California's Secretary of State
 * Video of the debate
 * Election Volunteer – Complete List of 2006 Gubernatorial candidates
 * Official Homepage of the Governor of California
 * 2007 Governor's Inaugural Committee

title: 2006 California gubernatorial election


text: User talk:202.128.87.218

title: User talk:202.128.87.218