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Invertase

β-Fructofuranosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of the table sugar sucrose into fructose and glucose. Alternative names for β-fructofuranosidase include invertase, saccharase, glucosucrase, β-fructosidase, invertin, fructosylinvertase, alkaline invertase, and acid invertase. The resulting mixture of fructose and glucose is called inverted sugar syrup. Related to invertases are sucrases. Invertases and sucrases hydrolyze sucrose to give the same mixture of glucose and fructose. Invertase is a glycoprotein that hydrolyses (cleaves) the non-reducing terminal β-fructofuranoside residues. Invertases cleave the O-C(fructose) bond, whereas the sucrases cleave the O-C(glucose) bond. Invertase cleaves the α-1,2-glycosidic bond of sucrose.

For industrial use, invertase is usually derived from yeast. It is also synthesized by bees, which use it to make honey from nectar. The temperature optimum is 60 °C and a pH optimum is 4.5. Sugar can be inverted by sulfuric acid but this is not suitable for food-grade products and enzymic hydrolysis is preferred.

Invertase is produced by various organisms such as yeast, fungi, bacteria, higher plants, and animals. For example: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, S. pombe, Aspergillus spp, Penicillium chrysogenum, Azotobacter spp, Lactobacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp etc.

Applications and examples
Invertase is used to produce inverted sugar syrup.

Invertase is expensive, so it may be preferable to make fructose from glucose using glucose isomerase, instead. Chocolate-covered candies, other cordials, and fondant candies include invertase, which liquefies the sugar.

Inhibition
Urea acts as a pure non-competitive inhibitor of invertase, presumably by breaking the intramolecular hydrogen bonds contributing to the tertiary structure of the enzyme.

Reaction pathway
Invertase works to catalyze the cleavage of sucrose into its two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. This specific invertase (β-fructofuranosidase) cleaves the molecule from its fructose end resulting in the two monosaccharides. It does this by adding a hydrogen ion to the glycosidic atom by an imidazolium cation. From there, an unstable intermediate carbonium ion will be left behind by the leaving of an alcohol group. Finally, the nucleophilic oxygen atom from alcohol or water will attack the C-2 cation which will leave behind a fructose molecule. The active-site carboxylate anion will take action to help keep the unequal balance of electrons stabilized throughout this process.

Purpose of invertase in yeast
As mentioned previously, invertase is commonly found in bakers' yeast. One of the main reasons that bakers use this yeast is to help bread rise, but another reason is to help influence the increase of sugar in bread. This function is able to happen due to the presence of invertase since glucose and fructose is sweeter than sucrose is. When looking at invertase across different species of yeasts, it has been known to be more active in some more than others. The yeast that invertase is more active in is the yeast bakers use due to its higher sweetness levels.

Known crystal structures
Continuing to look at invertase through Saccharomyces, it can be seen that it has a unique structure; that structure being an octameric quaternary structure. Within the octameric quaternary structure, two dimerization types can be seen that in turn, form the octamer structure. Dimerization is an important aspect of protein folding due to it increasing the affinity of substrate binding. The crystal structure shows that the invertase is made up of eight subunits. The octamer shape is made up of two different types of dimers, a “‘closed’ arrangement” and an “‘open’ assembly” dimer. Each of these types has two subunits located opposite from each other in the structure. The “‘closed’ arrangement” dimers have fourteen out of the 32 hydrogen bonds made between the catalytic domain which creates a tighter pocket for the ligand; in turn, this makes it more stable. In contrast, the “‘open’ assembly” dimers only have a few hydrogen bonds in the catalytic domain, and the interactions that strengthen the pocket come from the salt bridges between Asp-45 and Lys-385. With the weaker interactions being in the “‘open’ assembly", it causes more instability that results in a lower denaturing temperature and lower durability at high-speed centrifugation. The way that the two dimers assemble, creates an antiparallel β sheet composed of β sandwiches made from two β sheets.

Known active sites
While the focus has been on invertase in Saccharomyces, one of the known active sites is in the invertase in Bifidobacterium longum and is located within the β-propeller domain. The β-propeller domain is the inside the funnel created by five blades. Some amino acids to note are, Asp-54 and Glu-235, which are on the first strand of blades 1 and 4, along with Asn-53, Gln-70, Trp-78, Ser-114, Arg-180 and Asp-181 in the fructofuranoside ring.

title: Invertase


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User:Gazeofsorrow

i am a 19 year old male that lives in the dallas, Texas area. i like to add random bits of information to the articles that i have knowledge on. Meh. My intrests include Marilyn Manson, nine inch nails, Smashing Pumpkins and other random information

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gazeofsorrow


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User:SonicSynergy

Sonic... Synergy.

title: User:SonicSynergy


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Talk:SpaghettiOs

Poor writing on this entry
I just eliminated three sets of needless quotation marks in this article. The whole thing is poorly written and has style issues. Maybe someone else can take a stab at revising it into a more readable format?

Date problem
"SpaghettiO's, first introduced on 19 October 1965" but the Franco-American article says "SpaghettiO's, first sold 16 May 1965." Which is correct? -- ManekiNeko | Talk 21:44, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

page move
Sorry about the messup with the cut-and-paste move! Now I know what that "move" tab at the top of the page is for. . . Not R 18:47, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Staining
After ingesting an entire bowl of SpaghettiO's, I noticed that the bowl was stained a deep orange. Wanting to salvage my 99 cent white plastic bowl, I submerged the dish into a sink of warm water and bleach. After 3 hours, the bowl remained stained. Should we devote a section outlining the possibility that SpaghettiO's may be staining internal organs?

Spaghettios taste terrible and are very bad for you, they are gross and nobody likes them , ughh , they are so gross —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.43.33.218 (talk) 14:07, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Everyone likes Spaghetti O's. Don't be an idiot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.244.207.211 (talk) 05:04, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Inventor
The page originally said that Ralph Miller was the inventor, but I could find no documentation anywhere. I found that Kurt Eberling, Sr. invented them. -- RandorXeus00:38, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * That obituary no longer exists, and all other links lead back to WP. I am suspecting a hoax. SimonTrew (talk) 01:56, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Donald Goerke was the inventor. He recently passed away. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.217.5.18 (talk) 03:05, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Associated Press is reporting Goerke's death, and claiming him as the inventor. AP story on ABC news --Jonnybgoode44 (talk) 23:25, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Should his death be mentioned in this page at all? 71.169.20.180 (talk) 11:56, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

Kurt Eberling Sr. vs. Donald Goerke
Kurt Eberling WAS the inventor of spaghettiOs. He was the chef in the kitchen who actually created it. I am friends with his son, and I know the story first-hand. Typically, those in management will always try to take claim for the work of the employees'. I have verified proof from Cambell's Soup Company. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jkilts1991 (talk • contribs) 01:20, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
 * If you can provide a media source, you can make a strong case for including the information in the article. It cannot be WP:OR. Jusdafax   13:43, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Nutrition Facts
I happen to have a can of SpaghettiOs infront of me and the nutrition facts are almost half of what is on the page. should it be removed or just changed to reflect the new "healthy" information? 63.230.167.170 (talk) 14:23, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Sugar?
Someone keeps editing this article to mention, in the first sentence, that the product is "sugared" or "sweetened". Yes, the product contains sugar, but sugar is not the dominant flavor of the product, and it is not something that normal people think of when they think of the product. It seems that the page is being targeted by an anti-sugar zealot. I will edit the page. Everyone keep an eye out.--Drvanthorp (talk) 03:45, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

It's Anelli (pasta)
It's NOT Spaghetti...they can call it whatever they like BUT it will never be anything other than Anelli in Tomato / Ragout / Bolognese sauce. Period.

Inventor of SpaghettiOs
For the record Ralph Miller and his team, which also included Kurt Eberling Sr, invented SpaghettiO's and they started selling them in March of 1965. I am his son Robin Miller and he was also on a TV show called 3rd degree, similar to a What's My Line type of show with Don Goerke. And if you ask Alexa or Google it says Don Goerke and that is incorrect. Even on the TV show Goerke credited Ralph Miller with being the inventor of SpaghettiOs. It all came about because Don went to my father Ralph and asked him to create something that was easy for moms to cook and kids would love. And as we all know, kids do love them still to this day. They have sold enough cans now to go to the moon and back twice and halfway back to the moon again. Any questions you can look up the truth on a Facebook page called Inventors of SpaghettiOs and you can read about the whole story and its history. Thank you. Robin A Miller Searob88@aol.com RMiller88 (talk) 01:31, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

WHY this article?
Why do we have an article on proprietary SpaghettiOs when we don't have one for spaghetti in a tin (around since 1930 or earlier)? It would make sense to have a single article named "Tinned spaghetti" or "Canned spaghetti", with redirects for "Spaghetti hoops", "Spaghetti loops", "SpaghettiOs", etc. They're all the same except the shape, very Not Notable as distinct foods. Best wishes, Pol098 (talk) 21:42, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It's a notable brand and so merits its own article irrespective of what other articles may or may not exist. Lard Almighty (talk) 06:43, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Plenty of notable brands have articles, including Evian (which actually redirects to the water rather than the town it's named after). There is nothing wrong with a notable brand having its own page. That does not preclude a generic article as well. Please do not move again without a proper discussion. Thank you. Lard Almighty (talk) 15:05, 30 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Nobody outside the US has ever heard of this brand and its supposedly famous jingle, apart from some mention in an old Simpsons episode that didn't make sense. The international generic term is Spaghetti Hoops. Still, all the world's America, right guys? Hell yeah! --Ef80 (talk) 17:18, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Nobody outside the UK has heard of Marmite or its famous advertising line "Love it or hate it". That does not preclude Marmite having its own article, which indeed redirects from "marmite". As I said, there is nothing to stop a generic article on spaghetti hoops also existing (just as there are generic articles on types of pasta as well as specific brands). Lard Almighty (talk) 17:44, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Actually, I do think that Marmite has a higher international profile than the SpaghettiOs canned pasta brand, and the alternative generic name is clumsy and vague. I suppose it's not well known in the US though. --Ef80 (talk) 21:14, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

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Talk:Headington

Comment
I have a photo of the crazy shark sculpture in Headington (Oxford); if anyone starts this page lemme know and I'll upload it. Zach 03:27, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wood Farm and Awgar Stone Road - high crime rate?
Can anyone confirm that Awgar Stone Road suffers from "undesirables" loitering from neighbouring Wood Farm?

No, it doesn't. Having lived in Awgar Stone Road and now on the Quarry edge of Wood Farm, I have no idea where this idea comes from. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Twinklyrach (talk • contribs) 14:47, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

References and Sources
A references and sources section has been added, and can perhaps be regarded as 'Work In Progress'.

SkyeWaye (talk) 16:53, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge
There is enough referenced notable information in [Pullens Lane]] not to merge with Headington and no reason was given to do so, so I suggest not merging. I can see no rationale for it. — Jonathan Bowen (talk) 19:57, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Headington


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Kelli Garner

Kelli Brianne Garner (born April 11, 1984) is an American actress who has appeared in a variety of independent and mainstream films, television, and theater.

A native of Southern California, Garner made her feature film debut at age 17 in Larry Clark's thriller Bully (2001), followed by a supporting role as Faith Domergue in Martin Scorsese's The Aviator (2004). In 2005, she made her New York stage debut in an off-Broadway production of Dog Sees God. Over the following several years, Garner had lead roles in the independent film Thumbsucker (2005), the studio comedy Man of the House (2005), and the comedy-drama Lars and the Real Girl (2007). She returned to theater in 2008, appearing in an off-Broadway production of The Seagull opposite Dianne Wiest.

Garner subsequently had a supporting role in the Disney animated film G-Force (2009), and from 2011 to 2012, had a lead role on the short-lived period drama Pan Am, portraying a flight attendant. She later co-starred in Alexandre Aja's fantasy horror film Horns (2014) opposite Daniel Radcliffe. In 2015, Garner portrayed Marilyn Monroe in the television film The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe, opposite Susan Sarandon. She subsequently guest-starred on the series Looking (2014–2015) before starring as the lead on the NBC drama series The Enemy Within, which ran for one season in 2019. She also had a minor role in the monster film Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019).

Early life
Garner was born on April 11, 1984, in Bakersfield, California, and spent her early childhood in Newbury Park before her family settled in Thousand Oaks. Although she described herself as a "shy" young girl, Garner caught the attention of a talent agent while attending a friend's bar mitzvah, and was subsequently cast in an Eggo commercial. While a student at Thousand Oaks High School, Garner was cast in director Mike Mills's short film Architecture of Assurance in 2000. Garner was a talented soccer player in high school, and had planned on pursuing it as a career before she began working as an actress.

Career
Garner had appeared in several short films before being cast in a supporting role in the television film Time Share in 2000. In 2001, she was cast in Larry Clark's controversial crime thriller Bully (2001), in which she portrayed Heather Swallers, a teenager who participates with her friends in an orchestrated murder of one of their peers; Clark cast Garner in the film after seeing her performance in Mike Mills's short Architecture of Assurance. The film, which was based on the real-life 1993 murder of Bobby Kent, received critical acclaim.

Her next major role came at age 19 in Martin Scorsese's The Aviator (2004), in which she portrayed actress Faith Domergue, opposite Leonardo DiCaprio as Howard Hughes. According to Garner, she wore brown contact lenses to her audition to further embody Domergue; she has said that she tripped and fell when entering the audition room in front of director Scorsese and star DiCaprio. "I thought I'd lost the job," she recalled, "But I think it was that moment that made it work [because] the character was someone who was trying to be much older than she was." The following year, she appeared in the comedy Man of the House, and the independent teen drama Thumbsucker (2005), opposite Lou Taylor Pucci and Vince Vaughn. She had supporting parts in the independent films London (2005) and Dreamland (2006), the latter of which earned her a Best Actress award at Method Fest Independent Film Festival, shared with co-star Agnes Bruckner.

In December 2005, Garner starred in the off-Broadway production of Dog Sees God: Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead at the Century Center for the Performing Arts, co-starring with America Ferrara, Eddie Kaye Thomas, and Ari Graynor, among others. She later appeared in the Green Day music video, "Jesus of Suburbia" (with Thumbsucker co-star Lou Taylor Pucci).

In 2007, Garner appeared in a lead role in the critically acclaimed drama Lars and the Real Girl as Ryan Gosling's co-worker and love interest. In 2008, she appeared again onstage in an off-Broadway production of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull opposite Dianne Wiest, as Nina. Ben Brantley of The New York Times, though critical of some elements of the production, praised Garner's performance among her younger co-stars. She had a minor part in the comedy Taking Woodstock (2009), and in the Disney film G-Force (2009), which she followed with a supporting role in Going the Distance (2010), opposite Drew Barrymore. Between 2011 and 2012, she had a main role as Kate Cameron on the period series Pan Am, opposite Christina Ricci.

Garner was next cast in Alexandre Aja's horror-fantasy Horns (2014) with Daniel Radcliffe, and played the title role in the Lifetime miniseries The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe, opposite Susan Sarandon as her mother. She also appeared in the independent film One More Time (2015) with Christopher Walken and Amber Heard. Between 2014 and 2015, she had a guest-starring role on the gay-themed series Looking, playing the sister of the lead character, Patrick Murray. In 2019, Garner had a supporting part in the action film Godzilla: King of the Monsters, and also starred as a lead opposite Jennifer Carpenter and Morris Chestnut on the series The Enemy Within.

title: Kelli Garner


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Caravan Pictures

Caravan Pictures, Inc. was an American film production company at Walt Disney Studios, formed by Roger Birnbaum and Joe Roth. Caravan Pictures' films were distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution.

While Disney would sign directors and talent to two- and three-picture deals, Caravan Pictures would work with talent based on the project being produced and not lock them into agreements. The production company's slate strategy was to commit to screenwriters as directors, put bankable actors in predictable roles, and low-budget movies with like breakthrough talent. The unit had greenlight authority up to $30 million with the expectation of producing 5 to 7 films a year and did not have salary caps. They also did not have its own full business and legal affairs departments, and executives did not have titles until 1997.

History
Caravan Pictures was founded by Roger Birnbaum and Joe Roth as a production company at Disney in 1992 to fill the Disney Studios' then-yearly 50 to 60 production and distribution slots. Caravan Pictures was given a five-year, 25-picture agreement with greenlight authority up to $30 million and an overhead budget of $3 million, and was expected to produce 5 to 7 films per year originally. After just releasing its first picture, The Three Musketeers, on Christmas Day 1993, Caravan Pictures expected to release 10 films in 1994, which could accelerate the end of the deal in 2 1/2 years instead of 5 years. They were able to get the adaptation of Angie, I Says that was in turnaround at 20th Century Fox, where they have previously worked. In 1993, Jonathan Glickman, who came from the USC's Peter Stark Program, joined Caravan Pictures as an intern.

When three out of the next four films flopped at the box office, Roth promised to cover I Love Trouble cost overruns pegged at $15 million if it did poorly. It eventually flopped as well.

Roth moved on to be Disney studio chief on August 24, 1994, leaving Birnbaum in charge. Disney CEO Michael Eisner was so set on replacing Jeffrey Katzenberg as Disney studio chief with Roth that he forgave the cost overrun debt and paid Roth $40 million of fees for 21 unproduced films under the deal.

Caravan Pictures was restructured in September 1998 to expand production in quantity and television films. Glickman was promoted to president of Caravan Pictures at that time, which led Birnbaum to start giving out titles to executives.

In August 1998, Birnbaum left Caravan Pictures to co-found Spyglass Entertainment (with Gary Barber, former vice chairman and COO of Morgan Creek Productions) at Roth's prompting, in which Disney took an equity stake and signed a five-year distribution agreement. With Disney cutting its yearly production output, Roth recommended forming a self-financing production firm similar to New Regency Productions. After Caravan Pictures' remaining three films were released, the company went inactive. The final production credited to Caravan Pictures is the 1999 Walt Disney Pictures film Inspector Gadget; on a rather ironic note, if not a brief moment of foreshadowing, the Caravan Pictures logo at the end of the film shows the man walking as usual before sprouting a propeller from his hat á la Gadget and flying away offscreen, never to be seen again. Caravan Pictures' slate of movie projects and an initial financial advance of $10 million to $20 million against future overages were also contributed by Disney.

title: Caravan Pictures


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Truelove2005

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 06:56, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Truelove2005

 * Strong Delete. This article is just promotional material, and if you see the talk page, you'll see that they actually try to copyright the article (a good, old-fashioned one too, not the gdfl). At any rate, I for one support articles about very, very minor films, bands and actors in the Wikipedia as long as they're real articles, not just promo. And for heaven's sakes, the movie hasn't even been made yet! Make the movie, write a real article, don't copyright it and I'll change my vote gladly. --Zantastik 03:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Hn 04:08, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete if possible. There have been a rash of these unmade student film articles swamping this site, so much so that I'm just about convinced that we're being hijacked.  This has got to stop. - Lucky 6.9 04:17, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Promotional, the movie hasn't even been made yet! - Jersyko 14:09, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Xezbeth  14:17, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, copyright violation. If the poster is not the copyright holder, then they have violated the holder's copyright.  If they are the copyright holder, they have not released the information to the GFDL.  RickK 18:57, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo, possible copyright violation. Megan1967 07:37, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:ELApro

Age 72, retired mechanical engineer. Interests & Hobbies: history of science & mathematics; architecture & construction; painted artworks; fishing; simple cooking; some genealogical work; contributing to wikipedia & wikiquotes. Web Site: ELApro.net The dead links within ELApro.net have not been pruned for for some years due to extenuating circumstances. However, new links are continually added.

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Hazardous Fuels Reduction

Taylor, Henry Osborn

Georg Kaspar Kirchmaier in relation to A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom

Wikipedia Articles initiated
Art therapy

Dual brain theory

Farb, Peter

Gallegos, José Guadalupe (1828-1867)

Geological unit

Gow, James (scholar)

London Encyclopaedia (1829) was previously a "REDIRECT" to Thomas Tegg. Used Tegg's "The Publisher's Address" quotes & "Anatomy" Plate VI and "Steam Engine" (Savory's) Plate I with Ext links to volumes online.

Mirbt, Carl (1860-1929)

Montezuma Copper Mining Company Of Santa Fé, New Mexico

New Mexican Railway Company

New Mexico Wool Manufacturing Company

Paideia Proposal

Perfecto Armijo

San Miguel del Vado Land Grant

Space-based solar power

Spiegelberg Brothers

Surface water

ThoughtAudio a small latino American operated audio book company offering globally accessible free English language classics and children's literature in the public domain

Voigt, Henry (1738-1814) initially entered article as "Henry Voight" as spelled in several books, then after finding instruments inscribed with his name as Voigt, initated the article "Henry Voigt" and transferred all previous entries to it; then redirected "Henry Voight" to Henry Voigt

Timeline of electromagnetic theory This article (originally entered as "Timeline of electromagnetism") was copied from my previous (2 December 2006) "Timeline of Electricity" entry under the article History of Electricity that was deleted by an unappreciative reader.

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Young, John Radford

Wikipedia Articles contributed to
Acosta, José de added "Commentary on Acosta" section with White's commentary & redirected new "Joseph de Acosta" article to this one. Added info from intro to Acosta's Natural and Moral History of the Indies. Added subsections Panama, Peru, Mexico, & Return to Spain.

Alcoholics Anonymous

Archytas in the Life and work section stating Archytas' belief that only arithmetic can serve as a basis of proof, citing Morris Kline.

Aristotle introduced section on "Geology"

Astronomia nova added several quotes from Bryant's book Kepler into section "Kepler's Knowledge of Gravity" & deleted "limited range" of Kepler's gravitational concept from previous entry

Atrisco Land Grant contributed the majority of this previously two-line article

Autosome

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Brahe, Tycho added De nova stella nonatmospheric comets & nova (Aug3 & Dec1 2010) & section "Introduction to the New Astronomy (1588)" with info from Bryant's Kepler and Dreyer's Tycho Brahe

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Brooklyn Dodgers: Ghosts of Flatbush added substantial additions to this documentary film description

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Campaign finance reform

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Chaves, José Francisco

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Descartes, René added his abstract conception of algebra to the Mathematical legacy section

Dew, Thomas Roderick added sections "Life" with The Pro-Slavery Argument & "Commentary on Dew" with Kirby Page excerpt

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Educational perennialism in particular Secular perennialism

Erdmann, Johann Eduard added sections "Biography" with Bitter's "Erdmann: Appropriation and Criticism" info, "Commentary on Erdmann" with Dewey review & "Selected Works" with public domain book links

Euclidean algorithm clarified introduction using A=(n×k) and B=(m×k) implies A-B=(n-m)×k

Eudoxus of Cnidus contributed to Mathematics section citing Morris Kline's view of the Greek change of focus from arithmetic to geometry resulting from incommensurables, plus examples of method of exhustion applications.

Fowler, Thomas (academic) added "Selected Works" section with 7 books linked to public domain GoogleBooks

Falloppio, Gabriele argument against Fracastoro's theory

Fracastoro, Girolamo introduced section on Geology

Galilei, Galileo added "Timeline section"

Gilbert, William added info related to diurnal rotation/Copernicanism (Book 6, Ch.3) and to De Mundo Nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova under Life and work section & added "Commentary on Gilbert" section with quotes from Francis Bacon, William Whewell, Henry Hallam & Walter William Bryant.

Gilgamesh (9 September 2012) appended section "Modern references" ref H. L. Mencken's Treatise on the Gods/was undone by Deor

Goethean science & von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang quotes relevant to history of evolutionary thought from Goethe's Story of My Botanical Studies &  White's ''Hist. Warfare of Science with Theology''

Gospel of Matthew appended link to Wikiquote article bottom of page

Green, Mark J.

Green, Duff described connections with Crédit Mobilier of America and New Mexican Railway Company

Gregory, James added "Mathematics" section, blockquoting from Pantologia

Gregory of Nyssa added section "Commentary on Gregory" with quote from Osborn's From the Greeks to Darwin

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Hammond, James Henry added sections "Slavery": The Pro-Slavery Argument & "Commentary on Hammond":Kirby Page excerpt

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The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox by Stephen Jay Gould (added the section - Four Historic Stages)

Hertzberg, Hendrik

History of electricity added "Timeline", "See also", & "External Links" sections

History of entropy clarified intro and Classical thermodynamic views section

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Hobson, John A. added section "Commentary on Hobson" quoting Tawney's "The Acquisitive Society" and linked numerous public domain Hobson works @GoogleBooks

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Intelligence Disambiguation

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Kepler, Johannes, section Astronomiae Pars Optica: added projective geometry information, citing Morris Kline.

Linnaeus, Carl added section "Commentary on Linnaeus" with White's quote

Levi-Civita, Tullio

Lister, Martin excerpt from Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology

Luchaire, Denis Jean Achille added "Commentary on Luchaire" with Kirby Page excerpt

Marci, Jan Marek Newton foreshadowing in color/refraction from Westfall & Boyer under "Work" section

Maspero, Gaston listed Maspero's public domain e-books @GoogleBooks

Mattioli, Pietro Andrea argument against Fracastoro's theory of fossils

Metal extensive additions to "History" section with ancient through medieval information from Stillman's The Story of Early Chemistry and quoted definition of metal from Agricola's De Natura Fossilium

Mithra appended blurb on Mithraic Mysteries to "Intro"

Moore, George Foot added "Works" section & additional edits/citations; removed citation alarm post

Nicholas of Cusa added section "Science and Mathematics" with quote from 1905 Fitz-Patrick Lecture by Sir Norman Moore, 1st Baronet, M.D.

Nicholls, George (commissioner) added "Works" section with his & others: History of the English Poor Law

Occam's razor added Aristotle and Robert Grosseteste quotes to "Formulations before Ockham" section

Olive under "History" section added quote from Vitruvius' De Architectura

The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas by Edvard Westermarck: added section "Westermarck's Description" with his description from the Intro & Preface to Vol.1 with linked reference.

Perea, Francisco

Pino, Nicolas ~4,800

Pitt, William the Younger added section "Commentary on Pitt" with excerpt from Nicholls-Mackay & Kirby Page

Ptolemy earliest air to water table of refraction from Boyer under "Optics" section

Pyke, Magnus added "The Science Myth" section

Sanguine

Santa Fe Trail extensive additions to section "The importance of Santa Fe" from books by Marc Simmons, Ray John de Aragon and George Wilkins Kendall

Sayce, Archibald appended "Commentary on Works" section with ref Mencken's Treatise on the Gods

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm added sections "Biography" & "Published Papers" with info from American Druggist Vol.15, August, 1886

Seligman, Joseph conributed to section "J. & W. Seligman & Co. and railroads"

Sluse, René François Walter de info from G. Donald Allen & blockquote Augustus De Morgan, ref: Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy

Smith's Prize

Strabo added "Geology" section

Strato of Lampsacus added "Geology" section

Theodore the Studite added 1st recorded stand against slavery to Intro & added "Commentary on Theodore" section with additional slavery info & Links

Thompson, James Westfall added sections "Life" & "Commentary on Thompson" with 2 Kirby Page excerpts

Thornwell, James Henley split Intro into section "Life" and cited The Rights and the Duties of Masters in "Slavery" section

Tiguex War major contribution & ref's for previous one-sentence article

Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques added section "Commentary on Turgot" with White's description from History of Warfare of Science/Theology

Venturi, Giovanni Battista added bigraphical information and Venturi's publications with references from Kent, Frazier, Cajori, Dauben & Scriba.

Water cycle

White lead added "History" section with Stillman & Holley quotes from Theophrastus. Also added "Paints" section and moved paint pigment information to it.

Wikipedia Articles: minor contributions
Adler, Mortimer

Anabolic

Calhoun, James S.

Complex systems

Fitch, John (1743-1798) added links to Henry Voight and speeds obtained

History of molecular theory included alternative ancients' views to elements fire, air, water, air

History of music several external links added

History of New Mexico minor edits/links to "Mexican American War" section

Porter, David R. New Mexican Railway Company associate

Supraventricular tachycardia: Physical maneuvers - added pressing down gently on closed eyes, reducing coffee, alcohol & tobacco, and increasing rest, citing American Heart Asociation article, Tachycardia | Fast Heart Rate

Topology (See also & External links)

Wiktionary articles contributed to

 * aperture expanded to include usage in mathematics as applied to the right circular cone

title: User:ELApro


text: Category:Uganda stubs

title: Category:Uganda stubs


text:
A Little Bit Special

A Little Bit Special is the first album recorded by comedian Stephen Lynch. It was recorded at Park West Studios in Brooklyn, New York in 2000. Along with Superhero and The Craig Machine, the albums have sold over 250,000 copies.

In the song "Jim Henson's Dead", Lynch pays homage to many of the characters from The Muppet Show and Sesame Street, two of puppeteer Jim Henson's most famous creations. "R.D.C. (Opie's Lament)" is a song all about Rae Dawn Chong, who is Tommy Chong's daughter.

Track listing
- Includes: Bonus track – "Kitten"

Personnel

 * Stephen Lynch: Guitars, Vocals
 * Kevin Bagot: Guitars
 * Paul Loessel: Piano
 * Ivan Bodley: Bass, Keyboards, Percussion
 * Mike Denicola: Vocal Ad-Libs
 * Jay Mohr, Mark Teich: Additional Vocals

title: A Little Bit Special


text:
HOT (missile)

The HOT (French: Haut subsonique Optiquement Téléguidé Tiré d'un Tube, or High Subsonic, Optical, Remote-Guided, Tube-Launched) is a second-generation long-range anti-tank guided missile system. It was developed originally to replace the older SS.11 wire guided missile in French and West German service. The design was a collaboration between the German firm Bölkow and the French firm Nord Aviation. Bölkow and Nord later merged into Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and Aérospatiale respectively, both of which then formed Euromissile to design and produce the MILAN, Roland and HOT. This ultimately became part of MBDA.

In comparison to the SS.11, HOT has longer range, flies faster, and is semi-automatically guided instead of manually. It has become one of the most successful missiles of its class, with tens of thousands of missiles produced, used by no fewer than a dozen countries worldwide, and validated in combat in several wars. The missile system is also commonly mounted on light and medium armored vehicles, and attack helicopters.

HOT entered limited production in 1976, with mass production of 800 missiles a month reached in 1978. HOT initially became operational with the German and French armies fitted to specialized armored antitank vehicles. In addition, Euromissile received large export orders from Middle East nations at the start of mass production. This was likely due to the situation in the late 1970s where many nations did not want to rely solely on arms purchases from the Soviet Union, combined with the U.S. Congress restrictions on the export sales of the TOW antitank guided missile.

In Europe, the end of the service life of the HOT missile system is in sight with the French opting to purchase Hellfire II missiles for their Tiger-HAD attack helicopters and the Germans planning to transition to the PARS 3 LR. Austria has decommissioned its HOT-carrying tank destroyers, while Spain is transitioning to Spike missiles to replace their HOT missile inventory. The HOT missile continues to be in widespread use in other areas of the world.

Design and function
Project studies by both firms began in 1964, at about the same time the US Army began a project that resulted in the BGM-71 TOW missile. Unlike TOW, which entered service in 1973, the development and testing phase for HOT took considerably longer. The design goal was to produce an antitank missile that could be fired from ground vehicles and helicopters; that employed the semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) guidance system instead of the less reliable manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) system used by the SS.11; had a longer range combined with a better minimum engagement range; had a higher flight speed than the SS.11 reducing flight time; and packed in a sealed container that was also a launcher.

The HOT missile is tube-launched and optically tracked using the SACLOS guidance system with command link through trailing wires which steers the missile using thrust vectoring controls on the sustainer engine during missile flight. When the gunner fires the HOT missile, the missile activates a thermal battery, flares, and a small gas generator spins up the gyro. The same gases for the gyro pop the covers off both ends of the cylindrical container the HOT missile comes packed in. Moments later, both the sustainer engine and the booster are fired, ejecting the missile from the container.

Unlike most antitank missiles, in which the booster burns fully before leaving the container, and then the missile coasts a safe distance before the sustainer engine ignites, HOT's booster burns both inside and outside the container for about one second, giving the missile a high speed. The sustainer engine burns for 17 seconds, a flight time which path exceeds the length of the trailing wires which dictate the maximum range of the missile. Because of the more powerful booster and sustainer engine that burns during its full flight, the HOT missile had a much shorter flight time than any other wire guided antitank missiles when it was introduced. The booster's four nozzles are located at the roots of the four spring out fins. The sustainer engine's single exhaust is located in the rear of the missile body, where a vane controls the missile through thrust vector control as it rotates in flight.

After the missile is fired, all the gunner has to do is keep the target in the sight's cross hairs, and the system will automatically track the missile's rear-facing flares, gather the missile into the gunner's sight, and send commands to steer the missile into the gunner's line of sight. About 50 meters after ejecting from the container, the safety system arms a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shaped charge warhead fuze and will detonate when the outer skin of the two-layer nose cone is crushed to contact with the inside skin, completing an electrical circuit. With this type of fuzing system, the missile does not have to hit the tip of the its nose to detonate the warhead. The HOT 1 and HOT 2 use the warhead fuzing system described above.

The latest version of the HOT family, the HOT 3, uses tandem-charge feature to defeat tanks fitted with explosive reactive armor. A laser-proximity fuze located in the front half of the nose measures the range between target and missile. At the correct range, the small nipple on the front nose containing a small HEAT warhead is ejected forward from the missile body to pre-detonate the reactive armor followed by the detonation of main HEAT warhead.

Launch platforms
HOT missiles have been deployed on both vehicles and helicopters.

The Bundeswehr upgraded the Raketenjagdpanzer 2 tank destroyer to use the HOT missile in what was designated as the Jaguar 1. The Jaguar 1 mounted a single Euromissile K3S launcher and carried 20 HOT missiles, one of which was carried in the launcher. This tank destroyer was also used by Austria.

France developed a variant of the AMX-10P that substituted an armored four-tube HOT missile launcher called the Lancelot for the vehicle's regular 20 mm cannon turret. The Lancelot turret carriers 20 HOT missiles, 4 mounted and 16 stored inside, and uses a sight with X12 magnification and a laser rangefinder. The only known customer is Saudi Arabia.

HOT missiles have also been mounted on wheeled vehicles such as the Panhard VCR/TH and the VAB VCAC with the Mephisto turret. Both the VCR and the VCAC carried four ready-to-launch missiles. The main advantage that the VAB Mephisto turret has over the TH turret is that both the operator and the missiles are both under armor and the Mephisto turret can be retracted flush with the vehicle's top for loading on either the C-130 or C-160 transport aircraft.

In an unusual move, in 1986 Euromissile offered a single-round ground-launched system for HOT missiles called ATLAS (Affut de Tir Leger Au Sol - which translates roughly as light ground-firing mount) for installing on smaller unarmored vehicles, like the Jeep or Land Rover. The object was to field an antitank weapon that long-range patrols could use to engage heavy armor beyond the range of the tank's main cannon. The ATLAS is similar to the TOW mounted on various four-wheel-drive light vehicles. But, unlike the TOW light vehicle mount, there is a shield to protect the gunner against the HOT's booster and sustainer engines, which are both burning as they exit the container. The vehicle mounting the ATLAS is expected to carry a mix of both HOT missiles with antitank warheads and the HOT with the multi-purpose warhead.

Shortly after the introduction of HOT by Germany and France on ground vehicles, both nations introduced helicopters in the dedicated antitank role firing the HOT. The French used the Gazelle SA342M helicopter, which carries four HOT missiles in two dual launchers. Germany opted for the Bo-105 PAH-1, which can carry six HOT missiles in two triple launchers. Subsequently, the HOT missile was qualified for launch from other helicopters, such as the German Tiger helicopter (carrying up to eight HOT's in two quad launchers) and the South African Rooivalk helicopter.

Service history
By 1975, development was complete and evaluations had been performed by various ministries of defence. Mass production commenced in 1976 and the first HOT missiles were fielded in 1978. A night-sight for firing from helicopters, the Viviane, was developed in the early 1980s. In 1985, the HOT-2 followed, with a multipurpose warhead variant called the HOT-2MP entering service in 1992. While less effective in terms of armor penetration, the HOT-2MP also produces fragmentation and incendiary effects.

By 1987, 1,434 launchers and 70,350 missiles had been produced. HOT-3 was brought into service in 1998. It has a tandem shaped charge high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead able to breach explosive reactive armor, and improved anti-jamming abilities. HOT-3 was selected to be the missile armament of the Tiger attack helicopter for Germany at least until the PARS 3 LR becomes available.

HOT has been used in combat in several wars, including the Iran-Iraq War, Lebanon, Chad, Western Sahara, the Gulf War of 1991 and in Lebanon in May 2007 against the Fatah al-Islam militants in the Nahr el-Bared camp north of Tripoli.

Various reports state that the first combat use of the HOT was with the Iraqi Army during the Iran-Iraq War, launched from Panhard VCR/TH 6x6 wheeled armored vehicles fitted with the UTM-800 turret. Photos have also recorded captured examples of the VCR/TH in service with the Iranian Army.

The 60 SA-342 M Gazelles of the French Division Daguet fired 187 HOTs during the Gulf War; 127 objectives destroyed (around twenty tanks and armored vehicles, more than forty troop transports, fifteen artillery pieces, and numerous support points) in 27 squadron attacks. And the Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé Mephisto around sixty.

In June 2011, for the Opération Harmattan, French Gazelles helicopters fired 425 HOT missiles on various pro-Qaddafi targets as part of the NATO operations enforcing UN Resolution 1973.

The missile has been recently used by the Syrian Army, in their fight against ISIL, particularly in the Palmyra offensive.

Variants
MBDA has taken over Euromissile and now handles production of all current variants, and HOT development.

Time to target at maximum range is 17.3 seconds with an average speed of 832 km/h.

Operators

Data extracted from Jane's World Armies Issue 23 and the SIPRI Arms Transfers Database.

Current operators

 * Delivered in 1986–87 for use on helicopters.
 * 🇦🇹: HOT-2 and HOT-3 delivered in 1996–98 for use with Jaguar 1 (now decommissioned).
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon: Delivered in 1982 for use on Gazelle helicopters. (582 HOT-2/3)
 * 🇹🇩 Chad: Used on Panhard M3s.
 * Delivered in 1988–89 for use on Gazelle helicopters.
 * 🇨🇾: Delivered in 1988 for use on Gazelle helicopters and VAB-VCAC.
 * 🇪🇨: Delivered in 1982–83 for use on SA-341 helicopters.
 * 🇪🇬: Delivered in 1978 and 1985 for use on Gazelle helicopters.
 * 🇫🇷: Used on Gazelle helicopters and VAB-VCAC.
 * 🇩🇪: Used on Tiger helicopters and Jaguar 1 tank destroyers.
 * 🇮🇶: Delivered in 1978, 1980, and 1982 for use on Gazelle helicopters and VCR-TH.
 * HOT and HOT-2 delivered in 1977 and 1999 for use on Gazelle helicopters.
 * 🇱🇧: HOT missiles delivered in 2007 and 2017 for use on Gazelle helicopters and VAB Mephisto Vehicles.
 * 🇲🇦: HOT and HOT-2 delivered in 1983 and 1991 for helicopter and vehicle use.
 * 🇶🇦: Delivered in 1984–85 for use on Gazelle helicopters and VAB-VCAC.
 * 🇸🇦: HOT and HOT-2 delivered in 1989 and 1997 for use on AMX-10.
 * 🇪🇸: Delivered in 1979 and 1990 for use on BO-105CB.
 * 🇸🇾: Delivered in 1981 for use on Gazelle helicopters.
 * 🇹🇳: In service on Gazelle SA-342 helicopters.
 * Delivered in 1980 for use on Gazelle helicopters.

title: HOT (missile)


text:
German Quarter

The German Quarter (Немецкая слобода), also known as the Kukuy Quarter (Кукуйская слобода), was a neighbourhood in the northeast of Moscow, located on the right bank of the Yauza River east of the former Kukuy Creek (hence the name Kukuy Quarter), within the present-day Basmanny District of Moscow.

Its boundaries were defined by present-day Dobroslobodskaya Street and Bolshoy Demidovsky Lane (west, following the track of Kukuy creek), Spartakovskaya Street (north), and the Yauza River (south and east). Kukuy formed a wide pond west of present-day Elizavetinsky lane, on the site of the present-day Sokol stadium of Moscow State Technical University, which occupies the southern half of a former German settlement.

Old German Quarter
"German" Quarters developed in Moscow in the 16th century and were populated by foreigners from Western Europe (collectively called "Germans" by the Russian people (the Russian word for "German", немец, relates to the Russian word for "mute", немой]) and by prisoners taken during the Livonian War of 1558-1583.

The residents of the Old German Quarter mainly engaged in handicrafts and flour milling (whence the flour mills on the Yauza River). In the early 17th century, the army of False Dmitri II (self-proclaimed Tsar, 1607-1610) ravaged the Old German Quarter. It did not immediately recover, since many residents relocated closer to the Moscow Kremlin or fled the country.

New German Quarter
After the end of Time of Troubles, downtown Moscow attracted many European settlers, serving the royal court and the numerous foreign soldiers of muscovite troops. In the 1640s, however, the clergy persuaded the tsar to limit foreign presence in Moscow, and in 1652 Alexis I of Russia forced all Catholic and Protestant foreigners to relocate to the German Quarter, which became known as the New German Quarter (Novonemetskaya Sloboda), located east of present-day Lefortovskaya Square, above the mouth of the Chechera River. By 1672, it had three Lutheran and two Calvinist churches and numerous factories, like Moscow's first Silk Manufactory, owned by A. Paulsen. In 1701, J.G. Gregory, based in the German Quarter, obtained a monopoly patent for a public pharmacy (hence, the name of Aptekarsky (Pharmacy) Lane).

The quarter was populated by merchants, store owners, and foreign officers of the Russian army. Among them were future associates of Peter the Great, such as Patrick Gordon and Franz Lefort. Peter the Great (who grew up nearby, on the eastern bank of Yauza) was a frequent guest in the German Quarter, and he met his mistress Anna Mons there. Deceased residents were buried at the Vvedenskoye Cemetery, also known as German Cemetery, located across Yauza in Lefortovo; this tradition persisted among Lutherans and Catholics until the 20th century.

In the early 18th century, the usual way of life in the German Quarter started to change. Its territory gradually turned into a construction site for palaces of the nobles, notably Lefort and later Alexander Bezborodko (in the 1830s, these palaces became the site of Moscow State Technical University). At the same time, foreigners, not bound by former restrictions, migrated to the center of Moscow, for example, the French community settled in Kuznetsky Most.

End of "German" presence
Throughout the 18th century, Russian merchants took over the German businesses and established their own; the shores of Yauza housed P.Belavin's silk factory, N.Ivanov's ribbon factory, etc.

The fire of 1812 razed the area, and the ruined owners preferred to sell their lands to new owners. By 1826, all foreign landlords sold their land to local merchants and craftsmen; the German Quarter lost its ethnic flavor but retained the name of Nemetskaya (German) Street (Baumanskaya Street since 1918). Lutheran churches were never rebuilt; Moscow's Lutheran Cathedral was erected nearly 100 years after the fire in the central Basmanny District. The name "German Quarter" itself disappeared from the Moscow lexicon in the mid-19th century.

title: German Quarter


text:
Talk:HOT (missile)

Name
Can anyone dig up the exact meaning of HOT? I came across it in a Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia volume, in Warfare I think. The meaning is French and I forgot what exactly it was. Thanks.
 * HOT stands for "Haut Subsonique Optiquement Téléguidé", which means "High Subsonic Optically Guided".

Price
The articles writes:". In 1997, HOT-3 was selected to be the base-line and low-cost missile armament of the Tiger attack helicopter for France and Germany at least until the PARS 3 LR becomes available. The unit cost for the launcher is $6,195 (HOT 3) and $2,450 for the missile." Well, I don't believe that this missile could be so cheap.This information must be wrong.Agre22 (talk) 14:14, 13 March 2009 (UTC)agre22

Article modification
The article has been completely re-written to include more information, tables, citations, and images. Re-write done by Jackehammond (talk) and W. B. Wilson (talk) 19:00, 20 January 2010 (UTC). Cheers

tandem HEAT values of armour penetration
Only a factical question; exist any sources that could confirm the tandem HEAT values, that are written in the Performance realtive to comparable weapons, because only for imagination; the 9K121 Vikhr has a 8-12 kg tandem warhead and only 1000 mm penetration, according to http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/aat/vichr.html, but here is stated that this missile can penetrate with only 6.48 kg tandem HEAT 1250 mm armor. This looks for me highly unlikely, improbable. Or the 9M123 Khrizantema, 8 kg tandem warhead, 1150 mm penetration... Could anyone answer me? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.245.64.178 (talk) 16:14, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * First off, the penetration figures are estimates, and even if accurate, may vary widely depending on the type of armor struck by a warhead. Besides that, design factors of the warhead (such as the liner material and stand-off distance) will affect performance.  Trying to judge effective penetration by the weight of the warhead alone will probably lead one astray. W. B. Wilson (talk) 17:03, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * My question was if exist any source that could confirm this "estimates". Dont try to lead it from the point. When it is no source-supported estimate, then it is something similar like I would now think me out, that this missile must have more then 2000 mm penetration because it is my opinion. And when you thing that judging the penetration by the weight of the warhead is wrong, then I can say you that expect the situation with this missile, the ratio between the weight of the warhead and the armor penetration behind ERA was around 150, heres 192.    But thats not the point, only I ask is a normal source, that confirms these estimates.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Molny9691 (talk • contribs) 16:38, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm not trying to "lead" from anything. Your method of estimation is prone to error and simplistic.  If you wish to look for sources, then use Google -- it will find estimates such as this. W. B. Wilson (talk) 06:43, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:HOT (missile)


text:
User talk:Brian0918/Sandbox

Last page of Cyclopaedia examined:

http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech000900240635&isize=M

title: User talk:Brian0918/Sandbox


text:
User:Dickdexter

Please see your talk page

title: User:Dickdexter


text:
Cyril VI

Cyril VI may refer to:

 * Cyril VI Tanas (1680–1760), Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church
 * Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria (1902–1971), Pope and Patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
 * Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril VI of Constantinople (1769–1821), see Constantinople Massacre of 1821

title: Cyril VI


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Donohoe (0th nomination)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 20:47, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Michael Donohoe
Not only is this article probably a copyvio (from a book probably), but I did a google search...tried every configuration of his name and Irish runner and I found nothing. So notability too. --Woohookitty 03:38, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Most probably taken from the journal of the The O'Donoghue Society (issue 22, April 2005, the story entitled "The O’Donoghue Cup – the story of an athlete"). I've contacted them to find out whether it is their text, and if so, whether they'd license it under the GFDL. Lupo 07:24, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, not notable, wikipedia is not a memorial, possible copyright violation. Megan1967 07:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete regardless of whether permission is granted to use the text. The O'Donoghue Cup is a football/soccer, not a running, cup created in '53, see so the article may be a hoax. DDerby 09:54, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Extremely notable individual. Google is not the be-All and End-all.--Irishpunktom\talk 10:12, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Extremely notable" in what sense? Jayjg (talk) 21:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. He might be notable, but then its a copyvio so it's still a delete. It reads just like a ripoff from a book. --Woohookitty 19:14, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability. Jayjg (talk) 21:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible copyvio. The article is named "Donohoe", then lists alternative spellings, one of which is used in the next line. Clearly lifted from somewhere. --bainer 07:45, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Father Michael McGivney Catholic Academy

Father Michael McGivney Catholic Academy (commonly known as FMM) is a Catholic high school of the York Catholic District School Board. It is located at the intersection of 14th Avenue and McCowan Road in the city of Markham, Ontario. The school was founded by the York Catholic District School Board in 1989 and is named in honour of Father Michael J. McGivney, founder of the Knights of Columbus. The school is authorized as an International Baccalaureate World School. The school officially opened to students in September 1992.

Students have the option of being enrolled in the International Baccalaureate program as of January 2011. This program is designed as an academically challenging and balanced program that prepares students for success in their post-secondary education and beyond. In the IB program, students study six courses at higher or standard level. Students must choose one subject from each of groups 1 to 5 (to gain experience in languages, social studies, the experimental sciences and mathematics). Moreover, the sixth subject may be an arts subject chosen from group 6 or another subject from groups 1 to 5.

The school has an enrolment of 1400 students ranging from grade 9 to 12.

Facilities & productions
Facilities in FMM include:

 * Main and attendance office
 * Guidance office
 * Chaplancy office
 * Organic Greenhouse
 * Visual art rooms
 * Cafeteria
 * Classrooms
 * Communication/new media lab
 * Building and construction shop
 * Design & technological lab
 * Dance studio
 * Stage (in cafeteria)
 * Three gymnasiums
 * Music rooms
 * Lecture hall (rehabilitated in 2015–2016)
 * Cosmetology room
 * Co-op room
 * Special Education aka FLS or Best Buddies room
 * Tuck shop
 * Drama room
 * Dome (opened 3 October 2015)
 * Resource center
 * Science labs
 * Staff room
 * Staff workrooms
 * Student government office
 * Student and guest parking facilities
 * Washrooms for students
 * Portables for ESL Adult classes
 * Gymnasium change room with shower and washroom
 * Weight room
 * Yearbook office

Father Michael McGivney has had numerous productions for their drama classes, such as the Grade 11 production of The Big Bad in January 2011 adapted from the story of The Big Bad Wolf. In 2012 that class produced the first musical in over 4 years at the school, "You're A Good Man Charlie Brown" performed with live music. The school also has other numerous arts events, including the Grade 12 Art Exhibition at McKay House Gallery in Unionville. They had another show later that year to exhibit more photography and design work at the Unionville Station. They also host Annual Arts Night held at the school where they exhibit work by all the grades, have drama showcases, band performances and in 2012 the addition of the school's newly founded choir.

Feeder schools
Source:
 * Sir Richard W. Scott Catholic School
 * St. Benedict Catholic School
 * St. Francis Xavier Catholic School

2003 SARS lockdown
In 2003, the entire school was quarantined and closed due to a case of the SARS virus.

Notable alumni

 * Phylicia George (class of 2005), track and field athlete who competed in the 2016 Rio Olympics. Also won a bronze medal Winter Olympics at Pyeongchang 2018, in bobsleigh
 * Andrew "Burd" Liburd (class of 2004), JUNO nominated music producer for Meek Mill, MGK, Pusha T, Joe Budden and others
 * Jordan Romano (class of 2011), pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays
 * Mike Zigomanis (class of 2000), former professional hockey player who played for the Carolina Hurricanes, Phoenix Coyotes, St. Louis Blues, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Toronto Maple Leafs


text:
Jack Keller (songwriter)

Jack Walter Keller (born James Walter Keller; 11 November 1936 – 1 April 2005) was an American composer, songwriter and record producer. He co-wrote, with Howard Greenfield and others, several pop hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including "Just Between You and Me", "Everybody's Somebody's Fool", "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own", "Venus in Blue Jeans" and "Run to Him". He also wrote the theme songs for TV series including Bewitched and Gidget, and later worked in Los Angeles – where he wrote for, and produced, The Monkees – and in Nashville.

Biography
Keller was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of dance band musician Mal Keller and his wife Reva. He learned the accordion and piano, and worked in a camera repair store at the age of 15 following his father's death. He also began playing in dance bands, and started writing songs with his friend Paul Kaufman. In the mid 1950s, he started hanging around the Brill Building, the heart of "Tin Pan Alley" in New York City, and was introduced to lyricist Lee Cathy. Their first collaboration, "Just Between You and Me", was recorded by The Chordettes and became a top ten hit in 1957. He also collaborated with Noel Sherman, and their songs were recorded by Perry Como and The Kalin Twins.

In 1959, he was one of the first songwriters to sign an exclusive contract with Aldon Music, the music publishing company established by Don Kirshner and Al Nevins. Keller began working with and developing a young writing staff that included Carole King, Gerry Goffin, Neil Sedaka, and Howard Greenfield. Between 1960 and 1963, Aldon Music had 54 top ten songs.

After Sedaka began a performing career, Keller worked with Greenfield, and the pair jointly co-wrote two number-one hits for Connie Francis in 1960, "Everybody's Somebody's Fool" and "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own", as well as the follow-up "Breakin' In A Brand New Broken Heart". Keller and Greenfield also co-wrote Jimmy Clanton's 1962 top ten hit "Venus in Blue Jeans"; and "Your Used to Be", a chart hit for Brenda Lee. At the same time, Keller wrote successfully with lyricist Gerry Goffin, including Bobby Vee's No. 2 hit "Run to Him" as well as several hits for The Everly Brothers, and co-wrote with Hank Hunter, including the McGuire Sisters' hit "Just For Old Time's Sake" and Sedaka's "One Way Ticket," later a hit for Eruption.

When Aldon was sold to Columbia Pictures (Screen Gems) in 1963, the company began securing new film and television contracts. Keller and Greenfield wrote the theme songs for two highly successful TV series, Bewitched and Gidget, in 1964 and 1965. Both Greenfield and Keller moved to Los Angeles, California in 1966. As well as continuing to write theme songs for TV, his compositions were recorded by such musicians as Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles and Louis Armstrong.

When Don Kirshner and Screen Gems launched The Monkees in 1966, Keller co-produced their first album, and co-wrote several of their songs including "Your Auntie Grizelda" and "Early Morning Blues and Greens", both written with Diane Hildebrand. Keller and Hildebrand also wrote Bobby Sherman's 1970 hit, "Easy Come, Easy Go". He later worked for United Artists Music in Hollywood.

In 1984 he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he wrote songs recorded by leading country stars including Ernest Tubb, Crystal Gayle, Eddy Arnold, Loretta Lynn and Reba McEntire. On November 11, 2013, one of Keller's arrangements, Stephen Foster's Beautiful Dreamer, appeared on the Beatles' album On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2 – recorded live on January 22, 1963 – showing that Keller and his fellow 'Brill Building' songwriters were influential on the Beatles in their formative years. (Keller had written additional lyrics to Foster's song.)

He died of leukemia at the age of 68. Jack Keller was survived by his wife, Robi Keller and children Mike Keller, Russ Keller, Pari Keller and entertainment attorney, Jordan Keller.

title: Jack Keller (songwriter)


text:
User:Gabraham

khhbkbk

title: User:Gabraham


text: User talk:67.70.50.159

title: User talk:67.70.50.159


text:
User talk:Andystreich

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 03:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Andystreich


text:
Kurukh people

The Kurukh or Oraon, also spelt Uraon or Dhangad, (Kurukh: Karḵẖ and Oṛāōn) are a Dravidian speaking ethnolinguistic group inhabiting Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjoining areas - mainly the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal. They predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language, which belongs to the Dravidian language family. In Maharashtra, Oraon people are also known as Dhangad.

Traditionally, Oraons depended on the forest and farms for their ritual practices and livelihoods, but in recent times, they have become mainly settled agriculturalists. Many Oraon migrated to tea gardens of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh as well as to countries like Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Mauritius during British rule, where they were known as Hill Coolies. They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe in seven Indian states for the purpose of reservation system.

Etymology
According to Edward Tuite Dalton, "Oraon" is an exonym assigned by neighbouring Munda people, meaning "to roam". They call themselves Kurukh. According to Sten Konow, Uraon will mean man as in the Dravidian Kurukh language, the word Urapai, Urapo and Urang means Man. The word Kurukh may be derived from the word Kur or Kurcana means Shout and stammer. So Kurukh will mean a speaker.

History
According to the Indian Anthropological Society, Konkan is said to be the original home of the Kurukh tribes from where they migrated to the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The group is said to have settled in the Chota Nagpur Plateau by 100 CE.

There are three opinions of scholars about the origin of Kurukh people. According to Sarat Chandra Roy, Kurukh people might have migrated from Coorg in South India. In 1987, Elefenbein proposed Baloch's hypothesis, in which he proposed the Brahui tribe migrated from Baluchistan to Sindh where Brahui is still spoken, and the Rohtasgarh and Rajmahal hills. Those who migrated to Rohtasgarh were Kurukh and Rajmahal hills were Malto. According to another opinion, Kurukh people were living in Indus valley civilisation, then they migrated to South and Central India after the decline of the Indus valley civilisation due to droughts and floods in 2500 BCE.

According to the writings of Colonel Edward Tuite Dalton, Oraon claimed that they were settled in Gujarat, then they were expelled from there. Then they settled in Kalinjar, where they fought with Lowrik Sowrik of Palipiri and were defeated. Then they came to Rohtasgarh and were driven out by Muslims during the reign of Akbar. Then they settled in Chotanagpur. According to Dalton, Oraon were settled in Chotanagpur before the reign of Akbar and possibly some Oraon were in Rohtas hills when Rohtasgarh fort was constructed by Muslims. According to him the Oraon language is similar to Tamil, but some words spoken by Oraon are of Sanskrit origin due to their living with Sanskrit and Prakrit speaking people in the past. The physical features of Oraon are the darkest but those who live in mixed settlements have varieties of features.

Colonial rule

During the British Period, Kurukh people rebelled against the British East India Company authority and local Zamindars against tax imposition. The Budhu Bhagat led the Lakra rebellion which is also known as the Kol uprising in 1832.

Jatra Bhagat led civil disobedience movement Tana Bhagat Movement from 1914 to 1920. After independence of India, They listed as a Scheduled Tribe for the purpose of India's reservation system.

Society
The Kurukh tribe is patrilocal and patrilineal. Kurukhs are divided into many exogamous clans. Clans names among the Kurukh are taken from plants, animals and objects. Some important clans are:

 * Addo (ox)
 * Aind (a fish)
 * Alla (dog)
 * Bakula (Heron)
 * Bando (wild cat)
 * Bara (Banyan)
 * Barwa (wild dog)
 * Beck (Salt)
 * Chidra (Squirrel)
 * Edgo (Mouse)
 * Ekka or kachhap (Turtle)
 * Gari (monkey)
 * Gede (Duck)
 * Gidhi (vulture)
 * Halman (langur)
 * Keond (a fruit)
 * Khoya (wild dog)
 * Kinduar (a fish)
 * Kosuar (a fish)
 * Kiro (a fruit)
 * Kissi (pig)
 * Kerketta (Hedge- sparrow)
 * Kokro (cock)
 * Kujur ( A medicinal plant)
 * Lakra (Tiger)
 * Minz (a fish)
 * Khetta or Nag (Cobra)
 * Panna (Iron)
 * Tido (a fish)
 * Tirkuar (tithio bird)
 * Tirkey (an eagle)
 * Toppo (Woodpecker)
 * Tigga (Monkey)
 * Xalxo (pigeon)
 * Xaxa (Crow)
 * Xess or Dhan (Paddy)

Language
Kurukh are traditional speakers of Kurukh, which belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian family. Just under half still speak this language as their mother tongue. Many have adopted the local lingua francas, Sadri and Odia, as their first languages. This shift to regional languages, especially Sadri, has been most pronounced in West Bengal, Bangladesh, Assam and Tripura, where the Kurukh are mainly tea garden workers and Sadri is the main link language.

Festivals
The Kurukh celebrate all traditional festivals of the Chota Nagpur plateau: Sarhul, Karma, Dhanbuni, Harihari, Nawakhani, Khariyani etc.

Music and dance
Since time immemorial The Oraon people have a rich range of folk songs, dances and tales, as well as traditional musical instruments. Both men and women participate in dances, which are performed at social events and festivals. The Mandar, Nagara and Kartal are the main musical instruments. In Kurukh, song is known as "Dandi". Some Kurukh folk dances are war dances (between two Parhas), Karma dance (Karam dandi), Khaddi or Sarhul dance, Phagu, Jadur, jagra, Matha, Benja Nalna (wedding dance) and Chali (courtyard dance).

Marriage tradition
Marriage among Kurukhs is usually arranged by the parents. The parents negotiate a bride price, after which the wedding can take place. On the wedding day, the groom arrives with his friends to the bride's house, and they hold a dance. A pandal is constructed in front of the bride's father's house, and the bride and groom stand on a stone, under which is grain above a plough yoke. A cloth is then thrown over the couple, who are doubly screened by the groom's friends. Then the sindoordaan is done: the groom applies sindoor to the bride's forehead, which is sometimes returned. Afterwards, water is poured over the couple and they return to a separate area of the house to change. When they are emerged, they are considered married. During this entire time, the rest of the party continue to dance.

Dress
At the turn of the 20th century, Kurukh men wore a loincloth tied around the hips, while women less influenced by other communities would wear a cloth reaching to just above the knee, covering the chest. Today, women traditionally a wear thick cotton sari with detailed stitched borders of purple or red thread. Traditional tattoos include elaborate symmetrical patterns around their forearms, ankles, and chest. Men wear a thick cloth with similar detailed borders as a dhoti or lungi.

Livelihood
Originally, the Oraons relied on the forest and its goods for an economic livelihood. Unlike many other communities of Jharkhand which practice jhum, the Kurukh community uses plough agriculture. At the turn of the 20th century however, due to the policies of the British colonial government, most of the tribe worked as agricultural labourers for the Zamindars on their own lands. However, recently many have become settled agriculturists, while others became migrant workers.

Administration
In a Kurukh village, the village level political organisation is called Parha which consists of post such as Pahan (village priest), Panibharwa (water-bearer of Pahan), Pujar (assistant of Pahan), Bhandari and Chowkidar (watchman). Each has a particular role in religious ceremonies, festivals and solving disputes in the village. The traditional informal educational institution youth dormitory is called Dhumkuria. The public and common meeting place is Akhra where people meet for the purpose of discussion and solving disputes.

Twelve to thirty villages form a Parha council. Each village has a village council, member of village council act as the members of Parha council in the headship of Parha chief. One of the villages in Parha is called Raja (King) village, another (prime minister) village, another  (clerk of the village), a fourth  (orderly) village and remaining village are called  (subject) village. Raja village has highest social status because headman of this village presides at the meeting of a Parha Panchayat. The Kurukh are patrilocal and patrilineal. Clan name descends from father to son. The major lineage is known as Bhuinhari Khunt. Bhuinhari means owner of the land. Khunt has two sub groups: the Pahan Khunt and Mahato Khunt. Pahan and Mahato are two main office of Bhuinhari lineage.

Religion
According to the 2011 census, the Scheduled Tribes Kurukh population in India numbers 3,623,512. Among them, 36.37% are followers of Hinduism, 30.24% follow Christianity, 29.2% practice Sarna, 1.95% follow Adi Dharam, 0.98% adhere to Addi Bassi, and 0.48% follow Adi, while 0.25% did not state any religious affiliation. Additionally, there are smaller numbers of Muslims (7,459), Buddhists (1,904), Tana Bhagats (978), Oraons (770), Sikhs (423), and others, with 5,381 individuals returning some unclassified religion.

The Oraon follow their traditional religion (Sarnaism), which is based on nature worship. Some of the groups started following Sarnaism in a Hindu style, as the sects of the Bishnu Bhagats, Bacchinda Bhagats, Karmu Bhagats and Tana Bhagats. The Oraons have established several Sarna sects. Oraons worship Sun as biri (a name given for Dharmesh). Kurukhar also believe in Animism.

Most of population is Sarna, which is a religion that is indigenous to Adivasis in the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Sarna perform religious rituals under the shade of a sacred grove. They worship the sun as Biri and the moon as Chando, and call the earth Dharti Aayo (Earth as mother). Chando Biri are the words which are used in Sarna pujas. Dharmesh is their supreme almighty god.

Kamru Bhagats (Oraon or Munda devotees) originated when Oraons acquired special powers after making a pilgrimage to Kamakhya in Assam to pay respect to Durga.

The Tana Bhagat was formed by Oraon saints Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat. Tana Bhagats opposed the taxes imposed on them by the British and staged a Satyagraha movement even before Mahatma Gandhi. All Tana Bhagats were followers of Gandhi during the Independence movement. Tana Bhagats still wear a khadi kurta, dhoti and Gandhi topi (cap) with tricoloured flag in their topi. All Tana Bhagats perform puja to the Mahadeo and the tricolour with a chakra symbol on it, which is fixed at their courtyard.

Among Christian Oraons, there are Roman Catholics and Protestants, the latter of which having several denominations.

In popular culture
In 1957, film-maker Ritwik Ghatak shot a preparatory test film named Oraon on the life of the Adivasis of the Ranchi region in Jharkhand and on the Oraons of Rani Khatanga Village in Jharkhand.

Notable people

 * Dilip Tirkey, President of the Hockey India
 * Budhu Bhagat, freedom fighter
 * Jatra Bhagat, freedom fighter and social reformist
 * Sudarshan Bhagat, Member of Parliament
 * Albert Ekka, recipient of India's highest wartime gallantry award Param Vir Chakra
 * Deep Grace Ekka, Indian hockey player
 * Michael Kindo, hockey player
 * Renee Kujur, model
 * Santiuse Kujur, MP of Assam
 * Birendra Lakra, Indian hockey player
 * Provat Lakra, Football player of West Bengal
 * Sunita Lakra, Indian hockey player
 * Madhu Mansuri, singer and activist
 * Nirmal Minz, scholar
 * Lilima Minz, Indian hockey player
 * Sonajharia Minz, vice-chancellor to the Sido Kanhu Murmu University
 * Jual Oram, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, India
 * Dinesh Oraon, Indian politician currently serving as speaker of Jharkhand legislative assembly and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party from Jharkhand
 * Jacinta Kerketta, journalist and poet
 * Kartik Oraon, Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
 * Rameshwar Oraon, former IPS officer and politician
 * Simon Oraon, environmentalist & Padma Shri awardee
 * Manisa Panna, football player
 * Simon Tigga, politician
 * Ignace Tirkey, hockey player
 * Manohar Tirkey, politician
 * Rupa Rani Tirkey, lawn ball player
 * Biju Toppo, documentary filmmaker
 * Binita Toppo, hockey player
 * Namita Toppo, Indian hockey player
 * Telesphore Toppo, Cardinal
 * Pyari Xaxa, football player
 * Mukut Minz, Mukut Minz is an Indian doctor. In 2017, he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Indian Government for his contribution in medicine.
 * Manoj Tigga

title: Kurukh people


text:
Talk:KHR-1

Robosapiens may
Robosapien may not be programmable, and may have analog controls. But there's no connection between the two.

Robotics attention needed

 * Refs
 * Is notable, but need more info if poss to clarify features etc.

Chaosdruid (talk) 16:35, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:KHR-1


text:
Hang On

Hang On may refer to:

Songs

 * "Hang On" (Plumb song)
 * "Hang On" (Weezer song)
 * "Hang On" by Smash Mouth from Get the Picture?
 * "Hang On", by Guster from Ganging Up on the Sun
 * "Hang On", by Hank III, originally recorded for the unreleased album This Ain't Country, but later released on Ramblin' Man
 * "Hang On", by James from Gold Mother
 * "Hang On", by Seether from Daredevil: The Album
 * "Hang On", by Seether from Disclaimer II
 * "Hang On", by Smash Mouth from Get The Picture?
 * "Hang On", by Teenage Fanclub from Thirteen
 * "Hang On", by X Ambassadors from VHS

Other uses

 * Hang-On, a 1985 Sega arcade game

title: Hang On


text:
Kurukh

Kurukh or Kurux may refer to:
 * Kurukh people, a people of eastern India and Bangladesh
 * Kurukh language, their Dravidian language
 * Dhangar language, the only Dravidian language of Nepal, which may also be referred to as Nepali Kurukh

title: Kurukh


text:
Jewellery cleaning

Jewelry cleaning is the practice of removing dirt or tarnish from jewelry to improve its appearance.

Methods and risks
Some kinds of jewelry can be cleaned at home while others are suggested to be done by a professional. Jewelry made from gold and sterling silver are examples of jewelry that can be cleaned at home, while platinum should not be due to how at-risk platinum is of scratching. Jewelry with gemstones such as diamonds or sapphires can be cleaned at home as well using mild soap and warm water. However, gemstones such as opals and pearls should be done professionally. Another issue is the age of jewelry, as certain materials or build strategies of older jewelry (such as from the Georgian era) may have restrictions, such as not being able to get wet without damage. Keeping your jewelry clean helps to ensure that the gemstone(s) keep a good appearance and prevents dirt and grease (among others) from loosening them. Dirty jewelry may also cause skin irritation.

A professional cleaning may take anywhere from a few minutes to a few days depending on the circumstances. The cleaner would first inspect the jewelry to ensure that the gemstones are accounted for and secured. Materials that can handle it are often placed in an ultrasonic bath using a cleaning solution and later put through a steam cleaner, while more sensitive materials will go through light brushing in soapy water. Following this, they are rinsed, dried, and inspected. A jeweler may provide their customers with sudsy ammonia cleaning kits, while another may sell small ultrasonic cleaners. Some gemstones, such as white topaz, have an overlay to produce certain colors. Ultrasonic cleaning can remove this coating.

Ultrasonic jewellery cleaning
Ultrasonic cleaners are useful for jewelry cleaning and removing tarnish. They use ultrasound waves and chemicals combined to create bubbles that "cling" to the foreign particles such as dirt, oil, and unknown substances. The high frequency waves are sent out and pull the contaminants off the object. The bubbles collapse after they attach to the contaminants and move to the surface of the chemical solution creating what appears to be a boiling solution.

Cleanliness of gems
Colored dye or smudges can affect the perceived color of a gem. Historically, some jewelers' diamonds were mis-graded due to smudges on the girdle, or dye on the culet. Current practice is to thoroughly clean a gem before grading its color as well as clarity.

How a gem can be safely cleaned depends upon its individual characteristics and therefore its susceptibility to damage.

title: Jewellery cleaning


text: User talk:68.40.84.133

title: User talk:68.40.84.133


text: Category:Statutory boards of the Singapore Government


text:
Category talk:Baseball players

Proposal for revising category structure:
(Minor leagues? Industrial leagues? Semi-pro?)
 * Category: Baseball players
 * Subcategory: Major League Baseball players
 * MLB Hall of Fame players
 * MLB players by team
 * MLB players by country
 * MLB players by position
 * AL All-Stars
 * NL All-Stars
 * Subcategory: Negro League baseball players
 * Subcategory: 19th Century baseball players
 * Subcategory: Japanese professional baseball players
 * Subcategory: Cuban professional baseball players
 * Subcategory: Amateur baseball players
 * Baseball players in the Olympics

Dystopos 03:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Baseball players


text:
Portales (disambiguation)

Portales may refer to:

People

 * Amanda Portales (born 1961), Peruvian artist
 * Diego Portales (1793–1837), Chilean politician
 * Javier Portales (1937–2003), Argentine actor
 * Juan Antonio Portales (born 1996), Mexican footballer
 * Suceso Portales (1904–1999), Spanish activist

Places

 * Portales, New Mexico, a city in the United States
 * Portales Forest Reserve, in New Mexico

Other uses

 * Diego Portales University, a Chilean University
 * Portales metro station, in Mexico City
 * Portales Municipal Airport, an airport of the United States

title: Portales (disambiguation)


text: Template:User ro-1

title: Template:User ro-1