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Eurowings

Eurowings GmbH is a German value airline headquartered in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. Founded in 1996, it serves a network of domestic and European destinations and maintains bases at several airports throughout Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic.

Eurowings has gone through a major transformation in recent [when?] years. It was part of Lufthansa Regional until October 2014. At that time, it began operating on behalf of Germanwings within their network. Since spring 2015, Eurowings has been redeveloped into a value carrier for short- and long-haul flights. By October 2015, it had also started to incorporate Germanwings' route network as part of the merger of the two brands.

Eurowings operates from bases in Germany, and its Maltese subsidiary Eurowings Europe operates from bases in other European countries. All flights operated by both carriers are scheduled, marketed and sold by Eurowings.

Early years
The airline was formed on 1 February 1990, following a merger of Nürnberger Flugdienst (NFD) and Reise- und Industrieflug (RFG), two commuter airlines based in Nürnberg and Dortmund, respectively. Flight operations using an initial fleet of ATR 42 and 72 aircraft inherited from Eurowings' predecessors were launched on 1 January 1994. Subsequently, BAe 146 aircraft were added to the fleet, which were later followed by larger Airbus A320 family aircraft and even an Airbus A310. Lufthansa took an initial 24.9% stake in Eurowings in 2001, increasing it to 49% in 2004. It has exercised full control of the airline since 2005, and it assumed complete ownership in 2011.

Development as part of Lufthansa
As of 31 December 2006, Lufthansa had a 49% shareholding in Eurowings with a call option for 50.91% of the remaining stakes, bringing the company into the Lufthansa Group fold. At that time, Eurowings was the owner of Germanwings, thus creating a low-cost branch within the Lufthansa trust. Plans to merge these two airlines with TUIfly (controlled by TUI Travel) into a joint and independent holding company, were brought forth during 2008, but did not materialize. Instead, Lufthansa announced in December 2008 to acquire Germanwings from Eurowings.

In September 2010 Eurowings closed its headquarters and technical infrastructure in Dortmund, Germany, and moved both to Düsseldorf, where Eurowings operated most of its flights since the airline was part of Lufthansa Regional. In March 2011, the maintenance division at Nürnberg Airport was also closed.

In late 2013, Eurowings' short-haul flights that are not operated from Frankfurt or Munich were transferred from Lufthansa to Germanwings. All Eurowings flights operated on behalf of Lufthansa Regional ceased by autumn 2014 and were rebranded to Germanwings, the last ones to and from Düsseldorf.

Redevelopment into a low-cost carrier
In July 2014, the Lufthansa Group announced that Eurowings would replace its 23 Bombardier CRJ900 aircraft with 23 Airbus A320s. Ten of the A320s would be new orders, and 13 would be transferred from Lufthansa Group orders between February 2015 and March 2017. Lufthansa also announced Eurowings' transformation from a regional airline into a low-cost long and short-haul carrier by the end of 2015.

On 1 February 2015, Eurowings started operating the Airbus A320-200, after taking delivery of its first on 20 January, which was received from Lufthansa and repainted in Eurowings' new livery. This and further A320s would be operated on behalf of Germanwings for most of 2015, until Lufthansa consolidated its low-cost operations under the new Eurowings brand by end of that year. Additionally, in February 2015, the Lufthansa Group announced that SunExpress Deutschland would be the operator of Eurowings' new long-haul operations, which were to be based at Cologne Bonn Airport from November 2015. SunExpress Deutschland therefore would receive leased Airbus A330-200s.

Eurowings also announced the establishment of its first base outside of Germany, at Vienna International Airport, where the aircraft were planned be operated by Austrian Airlines under the Eurowings brand. Previous plans to establish the first foreign base at Basel/Mulhouse were cancelled. In June 2015, the Lufthansa Group announced the application for an additional air operator's certificate (AOC) for Eurowings in Austria, called Eurowings Europe, under which all new Airbus A320-200s would be operated while the "current" German Eurowings would continue to operate the existing fleet. This was planned due to lower operational costs based on Austrian Airlines union agreements.

On 2 October 2015, Lufthansa announced a change of plans for their Vienna operations. Austrian Airlines would not operate some routes for the Eurowings brand as planned; instead, Eurowings Europe would handle all these flights itself. In October 2015, Eurowings took over 55 Germanwings routes. By April 2016, Eurowings had taken over several more routes. Eurowings has been solely responsible for all sales under the Germanwings brand since October 2015. From November 2015, Eurowings were offering one-way fares to destinations in the Caribbean and Thailand for as little as 99 euros. In December 2015, Eurowings' new long-haul operations faced severe criticism, as every fourth flight was delayed by an average of 5.8 hours, with some flights delayed more than 20 hours. Lufthansa stated that unexpected technical difficulties and a small fleet were to blame; Eurowings started its first seven long-haul routes with only one own aircraft. Shortly after, Eurowings again faced severe public outrage and negative media coverage, after one of their flights from Varadero to Cologne was delayed by more than 60 hours with passengers with visas whose validity had run out stuck in their hotels.

In January 2016, Eurowings cancelled their planned service from Cologne to Tehran, and reduced Dubai flights from year-round to seasonal service. Lufthansa also announced the establishment of a task force in the same month. Its brief would be to eliminate the operational problems which lead to serious delays and to increase operational reliability. In July 2016, it was made public that Eurowings' owner Lufthansa was considering taking over part of the route network, staff and aircraft leases from Air Berlin, which would then be made part of the Eurowings operations. In August 2016, Eurowings announced further changes to its long-haul operations. The routes to Boston and to Dubai, which had already been changed from year-round to seasonal, were terminated. Boston was only served for three months. Shortly after, Eurowings also announced it would terminate its last route to Moscow, and therefore Russia, due to low demand. Also in August 2016, Eurowings announced it would open its second Austrian base after Vienna, at Salzburg Airport, with flights to six European metropolitan destinations from January 2017. In December 2016, it was announced that Air Berlin would wet-lease a total of 38 Airbus A319/A320 aircraft for six years to Lufthansa Group's Eurowings (33 aircraft) and Austrian Airlines (five), starting from February 2017. As a result, Eurowings will phase out Germanwings' older A320s.

On 15 February 2017, Eurowings retired their last Bombardier CRJ900 after a flight from Karlsruhe to Hamburg. All CRJ900s have been handed over to Lufthansa CityLine and replaced by larger Airbus A320-200s, as part of the transformation from a regional into a low-cost carrier.

In February 2018, Eurowings announced the relocation of all its long-haul routes currently operated from Cologne Bonn Airport to Düsseldorf Airport, from which it already flies long-haul routes, by late October 2018 to strengthen their presence there. This leaves Düsseldorf and Munich Airport as Eurowings' long-haul bases.

Recent developments
In March 2019, the Lufthansa Group announced that starting in October 2019, Eurowings would introduce long-haul flights from Frankfurt Airport and further its Munich hub to expand Lufthansa's tourist-oriented presence and cooperation with these two hubs. It was announced that the original routes serviced from Frankfurt would be Mauritius, Barbados, and Windhoek, and Bangkok from Munich. However, in June 2019, the Lufthansa Group announced that Eurowings will drop all long-haul flights and instead focus on short-haul operations aboard Airbus A320-family aircraft. All long-haul flights operated by Eurowings will be transferred to other network airlines- Lufthansa, Brussels Airlines, Austrian Airlines, and Swiss. It was also announced that Brussels Airlines will work more closely with its network partners under a turnaround plan introduced by Lufthansa.

In April 2020, Lufthansa announced a major downsizing for Eurowings in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. While Germanwings has been shut entirely and Eurowings is to phase out several aircraft, most wet-lease contracts have been ended on short notice. Amongst the terminated agreements was the largest one with German Airways (formerly LGW) for their entire Bombardier DHC-8-400 fleet.

In February 2021, Lufthansa announced it would take over most of Eurowings' routes at Munich Airport with the exception of few domestic services and flights to Palma de Mallorca and Pristina. Also in early 2021, Eurowings discontinued all of their long-haul destinations, which had been served from Düsseldorf, Munich and Frankfurt. At the same time, parent Lufthansa announced that these routes would be spun off as new long-haul carrier Eurowings Discover.

In 2021 Eurowings announced it would add yet another base, this time to Prague, Czech Republic.

In May 2022, Eurowings announced the termination of its own long-running frequent flyer program Boomerang Club in favour of a merger with Miles & More of parent Lufthansa.

Ownership and structure
The Eurowings Group, which consists of low-cost or hybrid point-to-point airlines, is wholly owned by Lufthansa, and includes as subsidiaries:
 * Eurowings GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
 * Eurowings Europe Ltd, St Julian's, Malta

Integration of Brussels Airlines within Eurowings was stopped during 2019; it will instead move closer to Lufthansa Network Airlines and report as part of that operating segment from 2020.

Business trends
The business and operating results of the Eurowings Group are fully incorporated into the Lufthansa Group accounts; key trends since 2015, when it moved towards the low cost model, are (as at year ending 31 December):

Codeshare agreements
Eurowings has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

 * Aegean Airlines
 * Air Canada
 * All Nippon Airways
 * Austrian Airlines
 * Brussels Airlines
 * Lufthansa
 * Singapore Airlines
 * Swiss International Air Lines
 * TUI fly Deutschland
 * United Airlines
 * Volotea

Current fleet
, Eurowings (excluding Eurowings Europe) operates the following aircraft:

Historical fleet
Over the years, Eurowings has operated the following aircraft types:

Special liveries

 * As of April 2022, a Eurowings Airbus A320-200 (D-AEWM), has received a special black and yellow livery advertising the airline's sponsorship of Borussia Dortmund.

 * As of 2018, a Eurowings Airbus A320-200 (D-ABDQ), has been painted in a promotional Europa Park livery.
 * As of January 2019, a new Airbus A320-200 (D-ABDU), taken over from Air Berlin, received a new '100-years-of-Hertz'-special livery.

title: Eurowings


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PDP-9

The PDP-9, the fourth of the five 18-bit minicomputers produced by Digital Equipment Corporation, was introduced in 1966. A total of 445 PDP-9 systems were produced, of which 40 were the compact, low-cost PDP-9/L units.

History
The 18-bit PDP systems preceding the PDP-9 are the PDP-1, PDP-4 and PDP-7. Its successor is the PDP-15.

Hardware
The PDP-9, which is "two metres wide and about 75cm deep," is approximately twice the speed of the PDP-7. It was built using discrete transistors, and has an optional integrated vector graphics terminal. The PDP-9 has a memory cycle time of 1 microsecond, and weighs about 750 lb. The PDP-9/L has a memory cycle time of 1.5 microseconds, and weighs about 900 lb.

It is DEC's first microprogrammed machine.

A typical configuration included:
 * 300 cps paper tape reader
 * 50 cps paper tape punch
 * 10 cps console teleprinter, Model 33 KSR

Among the improvements of the PDP-9 over its PDP-7 predecessor are:
 * the addition of status flags for reader and punch errors, thus providing added flexibility and for error detection
 * an entirely new design for multi-level interrupts, called the Automatic Priority Interrupt (API) option
 * a more advanced form of memory management

User/university-based research projects for extending the PDP-9 include:
 * a hardware capability for floating-point arithmetic, at a time when machines in this price range used software for floating-point arithmetic
 * a PDP-9 controlled parallel computer

Software
The system came with an OS that functions as single-user keyboard monitor, called ADSS (ADvanced Software System). DECsys provided an interactive, single-user, program development environment for Fortran and assembly language programs.

Both FORTRAN II and FORTRAN IV were implemented for the PDP-9.

MUMPS was originally developed on the PDP-7, and ran on several PDP-9s at the Massachusetts General Hospital.

Sales
The PDP-7, of which 120 were sold, was described as "highly successful". The PDP-9 sold 445 units. Both have submodels, the PDP-7A and the PDP-9/L, neither of which accounted for a substantial percentage of sales.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: PDP-9


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Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Perú

The Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Perú (Enafer) is a public company which ensures the management and the commercial use of the railway network of Peru.

Created by decree on September 19, 1972, it was formed by the nationalization of several foreign-owned companies which had serviced mostly two separate networks: the central railroad serving Lima, and the southern railroad offering a second connection to the Pacific Ocean. It has once again been privatised.

The rail network of Peru includes in total 1886 km of lines, mainly with single track that is. On this track is found the highest-altitude railway station in the world, Galera, at 4781 m above sea level. The new Qingzang railway now beats this altitude record.


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Talk:Eight model plays

Not sure why they are called "eight model plays" when there's at least 10 of them. I think the Chinese for "Model play" is 样板戏, and there's 641 hits for 十大样板戏 which means "10 big model plays". Kappa 15:53, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The reason that it is called Eight model plays is that eight such plays were created in the early part of the Cultural Revolution. The epithet remained unchanged even though later more such plays were created. At that time, the population in China was about 8 yi (yi is a unit used in China and, 1 yi is equal to 100 million), and henceforth the proverbial saying "Eight yi people watch just eight plays" to satire the poverty of cultural life of the period. --User:Roland 21:05, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

I propose changing the title of the article to "Eight Model Operas," which is the term more familiar to English readers and no plays are mentioned in the article. ch (talk) 03:40, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Merging with 'Revolutionary opera'
I would like to merge this with the article I just created called Revolutionary opera; whether that one goes into this, or that goes into here is a matter of debate, I think. I would suppose that it is best to put this into that one, because the revolutionary opera is the overall topic, whereas these are about specifically the eight model plays. Granted, there was no revolutionary opera apart from these eight plays, but the other title seems to offer the possibility to provide a more thematic and context grounded exploration. I could be quite wrong. I would suggest that 'Eight model plays' be one of the body sections of the 'Revolutionary opera' article, with other sections elaborating on other important aspects. Homunculus (duihua) 15:34, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Then if nobody objects, I'm going to redirect the page and copy the information across. Homunculus (duihua) 23:54, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eight model plays


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PDP-5

The PDP-5 was Digital Equipment Corporation's first 12-bit computer, introduced in 1963.

History
An earlier 12-bit computer, named LINC has been described as the first minicomputer and also "the first modern personal computer." It had 2,048 12-bit words, and the first LINC was built in 1962.

DEC's founder, Ken Olsen, had worked with both it and a still earlier computer, the 18-bit 64,000-word TX-0, at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory.

Neither of these machines was mass-produced.

Applicability
Although the LINC computer was intended primarily for laboratory use, the PDP-5's 12-bit system had a far wider range of use. An example of DEC's "The success of the PDP-5 ... proved that a market for minicomputers did exist" is: all of which described the same PDP-5 used by the United States Coast Guard.
 * "Data-processing computers have accomplished for mathematicians what the wheel did for transportation"
 * "Very reliable data was obtained with ..."
 * "A PDP-5 computer was used very successfully aboard Evergreen for ..."

The architecture of the PDP-5 was specified by Alan Kotok and Gordon Bell; the principal logic designer was the young engineer Edson de Castro who went on later to found Data General.

Hardware
By contrast with the 4-cabinet PDP-1, the minimum configuration of the PDP-5 was a single 19-inch cabinet with "150 printed circuit board modules holding over 900 transistors." Additional cabinets were required to house many peripheral devices.

The minimum configuration weighed about 540 lb.

The machine was offered with from 1,024 to 32,768 12-bit words of core memory. Addressing more than 4,096 words of memory required the addition of a Type 154 Memory Extension Control unit (in modern terms, a memory management unit); this allowed adding additional Type 155 4,096 word core memory modules.

Instruction set
Of the 12 bits in each word, exactly 3 were used for instruction op-codes.

The PDP-5's instruction set was later expanded in its successor, the PDP-8. The biggest change was that, in the PDP-5, the program counter was stored in memory location zero, while on PDP-8 computers, it was a register inside the CPU. Another significant change was that microcoded instructions on the PDP-5 could not combine incrementing and clearing the accumulator, while these could be combined on the PDP-8. This allowed loading of many small constants in a single instruction on the PDP-8. The PDP-5 was one of the first computer series with more than 1,000 built.

Software
DEC provided an editor, an assembler, a FORTRAN II Compiler and DDT (a debugger).

Marketplace
With a base price of $27,000 and designed for those not in need of the 18-bit PDP-4, yet having "applications needing solutions too complicated to be solved efficiently by modules systems" the PDP-5, when introduced in 1963, came at a time when the minicomputer market was gaining a foothold.

Photos

 * PDP-5 computer, including Teletype Model 33 ASR
 * PDP-5 from Ed Thelen's collection
 * Front panel of a PDP-5

title: PDP-5


text: User talk:68.38.41.212

title: User talk:68.38.41.212


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Geoffrey of Paris

Geoffrey of Paris (Geoffroy de Paris; died c. 1320), French chronicler, was probably the author of the Chronique metrique de Philippe le Bel, or Chronique rimée de Geoffroi de Paris. This work, which deals with the history of France from 1300 to 1316, contains 7,918 verses, and is valuable as that of a writer who had a personal knowledge of many of the events which he relates. Various short historical poems have also been attributed to Geoffrey, but there is no certain information about either his life or his writings.

He also wrote several Latin and French dits between 1314 and 1318, among which Avisemens pour le roy Loys, Du roy Phelippe qui ores regne, De alliatis and De la creation du pape Jehan. The majority of his writings address contemporary political issues and are directed to the kings of France Louis X and Philippe V.

title: Geoffrey of Paris


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Sandakan Death Marches

The Sandakan Death Marches were a series of forced marches in Borneo from Sandakan to Ranau which resulted in the deaths of 2,434 Allied prisoners of war held captive by the Empire of Japan during the Pacific campaign of World War II at the Sandakan POW Camp, North Borneo. By the end of the war, of all the prisoners who had been incarcerated at Sandakan and Ranau, only six Australians survived, all of whom had escaped. It is widely considered to be the single worst atrocity suffered by Australian servicemen during the Second World War.

Background
In 1942 and 1943, Australian and British POWs who had been captured at the Battle of Singapore in February 1942 were shipped to North Borneo to construct a military airstrip and prisoner-of-war camps at Sandakan, North Borneo (Sabah). As on the Burma Railway the prisoners were forced to work at gunpoint, and were often beaten whilst also receiving very little food or medical attention. In August 1943, with the intention of controlling the enlisted men by removing any commanders, most officer-ranked prisoners were moved from Sandakan to the Batu Lintang camp at Kuching. Conditions for the remaining prisoners deteriorated sharply following the officers' removal. Rations were further reduced, and sick prisoners were also forced to work on the airstrip. After construction had been completed, the prisoners initially remained at the camp. In January 1945, with approximately 1,900 prisoners still alive, the advancing Allies managed to successfully bomb and destroy the airfield. It was at this time, with Allied landings anticipated shortly, that camp commandant Captain Hoshijima Susumi decided to move the remaining prisoners westward into the mountains to the town of Ranau, a distance of approximately 260 km. He claimed that this was an order of Lieutenant General Baba Masao, commanding officer of the 37th Japanese Army. The former military airstrip is now known as Sandakan Airport, which serves Sandakan town.

The first marches
The first phase of marches across wide marshland, dense jungle, and then up the eastern slope of Mount Kinabalu occurred between January and March 1945. The Japanese had selected 470 prisoners who were thought to be fit enough to carry baggage and supplies for the accompanying Japanese battalions relocating to the western coast. In several groups the POWs, all of whom were either malnourished or suffering serious illness, started the journey originally under the intention of reaching Jesselton (Kota Kinabalu). Although the route took nine days, they were given enough rations for only four days. As on the Bataan Death March, any POWs who were not fit enough or collapsed from exhaustion were either killed or left to die en route. Upon reaching Ranau, the survivors were halted and ordered to construct a temporary camp. As one historian later commented: "Those who survived... were herded into insanitary and crowded huts to then die from dysentery. By 26 June, only five Australians and one British soldier were still alive."

The second marches
A second series of marches began on 29 May 1945 with approximately 536 prisoners. The new Sandakan camp commander, Captain Takakuwa Takuo, ordered the prisoners towards Ranau in groups of about fifty with accompanying Japanese guards. The march lasted for twenty-six days, with prisoners even less fit than those in the first marches had been, provided with fewer rations and often forced to forage for food. Compound No. 1 of the Sandakan camp was destroyed in an attempt to erase any evidence of its existence. Only 183 prisoners managed to reach Ranau. Upon their arrival on 24 June 1945, participants of the second marches discovered that only six prisoners from the first series of marches during January were still alive.

The final march
Approximately 250 people were left at Sandakan after the second march departed. Most prisoners were so ill that the Japanese initially intended to let them starve to death, forcing many to scavenge in the surrounding forest for food. However, on 9 June 1945 it was decided to send another group of 75 men on a final march. The remaining men were so weak that none survived beyond 50 km. As each man collapsed from exhaustion, he was shot by a Japanese guard. All remaining prisoners left at Sandakan who could not walk either were killed or died from a combination of starvation and sickness before the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945. Many Japanese soldiers also died from starvation, with some even turning to cannibalism in order to preserve their fighting effectiveness.

Operation Kingfisher
Operation Kingfisher was a planned rescue operation for servicemen at the Sandakan camp that was abandoned in early 1945. The operation is said to have been derailed by inaccurate intelligence. The exact details of the proposed operation are unclear as the operation itself was top-secret, but is said to have involved Australian paratroopers being dropped into the vicinity to evacuate prisoners.

There is no specific recorded date for the cancellation of the operation, though the reassignment of the Agas 1 team to a West Coast mission due to "information received about the POW's" places the time period of the abandonment at around 16–19 April. Agas reconnaissance missions continued to compile reports and survey the camp until early June, with Major Gort Chester requesting advice on how act on his compiled evidence to no response. The Agas team would later, incorrectly, report that there were no prisoners left in the camp, leading to the official end of any planned operation.

There are arguments as to whether the operation itself was feasible. Reports produced by the Agas team in May 1945 ruled the evacuation of prisoners by air infeasible due to the destruction of the Ranau airfield. Evacuation by land to awaiting submarines was considered, but quickly abandoned of the grounds of the terrible condition of the men. Australian paratroopers, as well as Royal Marines, were placed on standby for the operation and were ready to go ahead upon receiving up-to-date information from the Agas team, but said intelligence was never received.

The blame for the operation's failure was the subject of much controversy once the full reports of the camps death toll were received. General Thomas Blamey and other Australian officers attempted to shift blame onto General Douglas MacArthur on the grounds that he did not provide adequate air support. However, such reports imply that the Allies were on the brink of action and have been proven to be inaccurate. It is generally assumed that the decision to call off the operation before the surveillance was completed was made by the Australian military.

Aftermath

Due to a combination of a lack of food and brutal treatment at the hands of the Japanese, only 38 prisoners were left alive at Ranau by the end of July. All were too unwell and weak to do any work, and it was ordered that any remaining survivors should be shot. They were killed by the guards during August, possibly up to 12 days after the end of the war on 14 August. It has been estimated that in total, approximately 16% of the population of North Borneo were killed during the three years of Japanese occupation.

In total, only six Australian servicemen managed to escape. During the second marches, Gunner Owen Campbell and Bombardier Richard Braithwaite managed to escape into the jungle, where they were assisted by locals and eventually rescued by Allied units. During July, Private Nelson Short, Warrant Officer William Sticpewich, Private Keith Botterill, and Lance Bombardier William Moxham managed to escape from Ranau and were also helped by the local people, who fed them and hid them from the Japanese until the end of the war. Of the six survivors, only four (Sticpewich, Botterill, Short, and Campbell) gave evidence at the various war crimes trials in both Tokyo and Rabaul. The World was able to receive eyewitness accounts of the crimes and atrocities committed. Captain Hoshijima was found guilty of war crimes and hanged on 6 April 1946. Captain Takakuwa and his second-in-charge, Captain Watanabe Genzo, were likewise found guilty of perpetrating the murder and massacres of prisoners-of-war and were hanged and shot on 6 April 1946 and 16 March 1946, respectively.

Commemorations
In 1948 the Australian journalist Colin Simpson visited British North Borneo to retrace the steps of the Sandakan Death Marches and later record the memoirs of six survivors for a radio documentary for the Australian Broadcasting Commission's Australian Walkabout programme. The script was later published as Six from Borneo (1948).

A War Memorial and Gardens of remembrance were built at Kundasang, Sabah in 1962 to commemorate those who had died at Sandakan and Ranau.

The Sandakan Death Marches have been dramatised in the 2004 oratorio Sandakan Threnody — a threnody being a hymn of mourning, composed as a memorial to a dead person. The oratorio was written by Australian composer Jonathan Mills, whose father survived a term of imprisonment at Sandakan in 1942–43.

In 2011, Year 9 and 10 Drama Students at Toodyay District High School, in Western Australia, re-dramatised an updated version of the original 1947 ABC Radio play Six From Borneo with help from the Toodyay community, including Toodyay Community Radio, the Shire of Toodyay and Toodyay RSL. The launch of the Six From Borneo Project was attended by the Malaysian Consul General Puan Hamidah Ashari, Member for Moore Grant Woodhams MLA, Military Historian Lynette Silver, relatives of Sandakan POWs and Toodyay community members. On 9 September 2011, audio excerpts of the original recording were played on ABC radio (WA Perth 720) for the first time since 1947, along with audio excerpts of the rerecording. The play was due to be broadcast on Toodyay Community Radio in late 2011 and was then to be offered to other community radio stations across Australia. A copy of the rerecording has been submitted to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia and to the ABC library in Perth, Western Australia.

Between 2012 and 2014, Western Australian students participating in the Premier's ANZAC Student Tour visited Sandakan, Ranau and various sites of significance along the route of the death marches to learn about the atrocities committed and raise greater awareness (particularly among youth) about the experiences of Australian POWs in South-East Asia during WW2.

Sandakan was referred to by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in his speech to the Australian parliament on 8 July 2014. It was the first speech to the parliament by a Japanese leader.

Delayed release of records and testimonies following the trials
After the war much of the information surrounding the event's of the marches were kept from the families and the general public. In the beginning this was attributable to the conflicting information between the records provided to the Army and those recovered at the camp, as well as the conflicting survivor testimonies. These differing accounts meant that many men had the wrong recorded date or wrong cause of death recorded as the records at the camp would often record the deaths of executed prisoners to as a result of illness. Although, records were eventually rectified the information immediately proceeding the war presented a very complex and contradictory recounting of the camps events.

However, after the war crimes trials in 1946, the reasoning behind this concealment changed from lack of reliable information to that of sparing families the grief and torment, with the rationale that the events of the marches were too terrible to be disclosed. In the midst of the trials, the Press, while not explicitly asked to conceal information, agreed with the government to only disclose the basic details of the camp. Most notably, the Army record keepers were also kept in the dark and relied upon press releases in order gain access to testimonies, records and general information associated with the war crimes investigations.

It was during this time that investigations into the camp were undertaken. This included collecting bodies for the war graves commission and the recovery of the camp records. The results of this inquiry, after investigations concluded in 1947, were released to the relevant government agencies to be sealed for a minimum of 30 years. It is worth noting that there are some that attribute this withholding of information as an attempt to conceal the military's lack of intervention in this matter both in regards to the relative failure of the Singapore campaign and the abandonment of Project Kingfisher. Although these allegations have not been confirmed.

Very little information was released to the public in the time between this sealing and the eventual upsurge of the narratives in the 1980s. While some books pertaining to the movements of these units during the war were released earlier, these did not pertain to the time that these units spent in captivity. Family members attempting to gain information from 1945 to the unsealing of these documents were presented with very little information, usually only being provided a confirmation of death. British families found gathering this information particularly difficult. It wasn't until the efforts of investigators, historians and soldiers brought these narratives to light in the 1980s and 1990s that Sandakan entered the public consciousness again and, for many families this was their first exposure to a full account of what happened to their relatives.

POW route
The "POW Route" during the three death marches series was documented in 1945 by British and Australian military. The route begins in Sandakan and ends at the "Last Camp" at Ranau. The stations of the route are now marked with a sign board.

Since 2005, the route of the track became a heated dispute between two Australian war historians, Dr Kevin Smith and Lynette Silver. Dr Smith claimed that at Telupid, the track veered to the right towards Miruru via the Liwagu Valley but Lynette argued that it never went to Miruru according to the hand-drawn map found by the Australian Body Recovery team of the Office of Australian War Graves and later audited in 2012 by the Australian Army History and Mapping units. The argument was set to rest as Lynettes' evidence was supported by two of the last remaining trail cutters, Tuaty Akau and Zudin, who lived at the time to establish the route under forced labour for the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) as well witnessing the horror of the death march. Both these witnesses have since died; Zudin on 14 May 2017 from breathing difficulties at the age of 87, and Tuaty on 29 October 2018 at the age of 105.

In 2011, the future Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison (appointed in 2018) decided to complete the track all the way from Telupid to Ranau together with two fellow Australian politicians, then Defence Minister Jason Clare and Independent Rob Oakeshott in the six-day walk from Telupid to the Last Camp site in Ranau together with Lynette Silver, husband Neil Silver and a group of 20 Australian students. In 2016, 27 Sutton Valence School (SVS) Combined Cadet Force (CCF) from the United Kingdom including seven girls visiting the route to mount a five-day trek through its forested section from Bauto to Muruk.

title: Sandakan Death Marches


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Queen's County

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Queen's County.

There were lieutenants of counties in Ireland until the reign of James II, when they were renamed governors. The office of Lord Lieutenant was recreated on 23 August 1831. Appointments to the position ended with the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.

Governors

 * Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Mountrath: July–December 1661
 * William Dawson, 1st Viscount Carlow: 1750–1779
 * John Dawson, 1st Earl of Portarlington: –1774
 * Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda: 1774–1799; again in 1805
 * William Wellesley-Pole, 1st Baron Maryborough: 1783 –1831
 * Charles Coote, 2nd Baron Castle Coote: –1823
 * Thomas Cosby: –1831

Lord Lieutenants

 * The Viscount de Vesci: 17 October 1831 – 19 October 1855
 * The Lord Castletown: 17 November 1855 – 22 January 1883
 * The Viscount de Vesci: 28 March 1883 – December 1900
 * Sir Algernon Coote, Bt: 28 December 1900 – 22 October 1920
 * Sir Hutcheson Poë, Bt: 11 November 1920 – 1922

title: Lord Lieutenant of Queen's County


text:
PDP-14

The PDP-14 was a specialized computer from Digital Equipment Corporation’s Industrial Products Group designed to replace industrial level relay controls for machinery and machine tools that performed repetitive tasks. It was specifically designed to function in the harsh electrical environment encountered in facilities where electric motors, solenoids and arc welders were present, a significant adversity for normal computer electronics. The PDP-14 was specifically designed to be the first level of factory automation, functioning as a programmable logic controller (PLC), through its ability to communicate with a standard DEC PDP-8 minicomputer.

The first unit was delivered in June 1969 and used to power a gear grinding machine. Its design as a "programmable machine controller" was patented in 1973.

The PDP-14 was designed to process Boolean equations, usually expressed as “ladder diagrams” and as such had a programmable read-only program (PROM) memory. Programs were developed using a PDP-8 then tested using a direct connection to the PDP-14. The PDP-14 was put into a check out mode where instructions were provided by the PDP-8. Following checkout, the PDP-8 provided the instructions to be put into the PROM.

Later versions (for example, the PDP-14/30, whose instruction set was not binary compatible) are based on PDP-8 physical packaging technology. There also was a PDP-14/35 and a lower cost/reduced I/O capability PDP-14/L.

Hardware
The 12-bit PDP-14 could hold a maximum of 4K words for instructions. The system's configuration included a control unit and a number of external boxes:
 * I-boxes (BX14) were for discrete inputs from the controlled system. Up to 256 input sources could be addressed.

 * O-boxes (BY14) could control up to 255 actuators in the controlled system.
 * A-boxes could be filled with timer modules for controlling time-driven events or retentive storage modules which were not cleared with power loss. A-boxes occupied the output address space along with the O-boxes.
 * S-boxes were essentially the same as the O-boxes, but there was no real output device. This enabled storing intermediate results. S-boxes also used the shared output address space.

Hence the combined usable output address space of the O-boxes, A-boxes and S-boxes was 255 or fewer.

Registers
The PDP-14 has seven 12-bit registers:
 * IR
 * PC1 & PC2
 * MB
 * SPARE
 * INPUT and OUTPUT.

Instructions
Among the PDP-14 instructions were:
 * TRR – to move data between some (but not all) of the registers –  TRansfer Register (contents).
 * PC1 and SPARE have increment and decrement capabilities, permitting TRR to modify the value loaded into the register.

 * JMS – JuMp to Subroutine –  at the address specified in the following 12-bit word, saving the return address in PC2
 * JMR – JuMp to RETURN from a subroutine, jumps to location saved in PC2. In effect, JMR is a TRR in which PC2 is transferred to PC1.

 * SKP – SKiP –  is a TRR in which PC1 is incremented by 1.

There were also TEST instructions (Test if something is ON or OFF) and SET instructions (SYN – Set "Y" oN, SYF –  Set "Y" ofF).

Software
The original PDP-14 required that programming be done by DEC.

Subsequently, software development for the PDP-14 was done on another system, the PDP-8. A PDP-8 program named SIM-14 allowed for simulating the PDP-14.

Photos

 * PDP-14
 * PDP-14's M740 Instruction decoder module
 * PDP-14's M745 PDP-8 Interface

title: PDP-14


text:
PDP-15

The PDP-15 was the fifth and last of the 18-bit minicomputers produced by Digital Equipment Corporation. The PDP-1 was first delivered in December 1959 and the first PDP-15 was delivered in February 1970. More than 400 of these successors to the PDP-9 (and 9/L) were ordered within the first eight months.

In addition to operating systems, the PDP-15 has compilers for Fortran and ALGOL.

History
The 18-bit PDP systems preceding the PDP-15 were named PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7 and PDP-9. The last PDP-15 was produced in 1979.

Hardware
The PDP-15 was DEC's only 18-bit machine constructed from TTL integrated circuits rather than discrete transistors, and, like every DEC 18-bit system could be equipped with:
 * an optional X-Y (point-plot or vector graphics) display.
 * a hardware floating-point option, with a 10x speedup.
 * up to 128K words of core main memory

Models
The PDP-15 models offered by DEC were:
 * PDP-15/10: a 4K-word paper-tape-based system
 * PDP-15/20: 8K, added DECtape
 * PDP-15/30: 16K word, added memory protection and a foreground/background monitor
 * PDP-15/35: Added a 524K-word fixed-head disk drive
 * PDP-15/40: 24K memory
 * PDP-15/50:

PDP-15/76

 * PDP-15/76: 15/40 plus PDP-11 frontend. The PDP-15/76 was a dual-processor system that shared memory with an attached PDP-11/05. The PDP-11 served as a peripheral processor and enabled use of  Unibus peripherals.

Software
DECsys, RSX-15, and XVM/RSX were the operating systems supplied by DEC for the PDP-15. A batch processing monitor (BOSS-15: Batch Operating Software System) was also available.

DECsys
The first DEC-supplied mass-storage operating system available for the PDP-15 was DECsys, an interactive single-user system. This software was provided on a DECtape reel, of which copies were made for each user. This copied DECtape was then added to by the user, and thus was storage for personal programs and data. A second DECtape was used as a scratch tape by the assembler and the Fortran compiler.

RSX-15
RSX-15 was released by DEC in 1971. The main architect for RSX-15 (later renamed XVM/RSX) was Dennis "Dan" Brevik.

Once XVM/RSX was released, DEC facilitated that "a PDP-15 can be field-upgraded to XVM" but it required "the addition of the XM15 memory processor."

The RSX-11 operating system began as a port of RSX-15 to the PDP-11, although it later diverged significantly in terms of design and functionality.

Origin of the RSX-15 name
Commenting on the RSX acronym, Brevik says: ""At first I called the new system DEX-15. It was an acronym for 'Digital's Executive - for the PDP-15.' The homonymic relation between DEC, DEX and deques (used as the primary linkage mechanism in the kernel) appealed to my sense of whimsy. People readily adopted the acronym without question.

But in a short time I was asked to submit the choice to the corporate legal department for a trademark search and registration. They sent me a memo that DEX was already trademarked by some paper company and I would have to rename the product. I pointed out to them that software and paper mills didn't seem to have a hell of a lot of connection, but they wouldn't budge.

So I sat down with pencil and paper, and in a few moments came up with better than a dozen candidate acronyms and names. My purpose was to come up with a good acronym and then find some appropriate words to justify it. For example, X always appealed to me as part of an acronym because it is pronounced so forcefully, inferring (at least to me) some power and drama. I used a lot of X's. These potential acronyms were submitted back to the legal department. At the time I had no favorite. In a week or so they came back with a subset of my list that they could accept as trademarks. It was left to me to make the final choice. Bob Decker and I met in my office one afternoon to discuss the choice. Bob was a marketeer who worked for me. I chalked all the candidates on the blackboard and we started going through them one by one, pronouncing each out loud, savoring the sound, trying to get the feel of each one. After ten minutes or so we had narrowed down the selection to three. Bob sat back in silence as I kept looking at each acronym, seeing how it flowed off my tongue, what impression it gave me, and most importantly, the overall feeling about it. After three or four minutes a strong feeling came over me about one of them. It really felt right. I looked at Bob and announced, "It's RSX". I went to the board and erased all the rest until the only writing left was RSX. It even looked right. I have absolutely no memory about the other candidate acronyms. They are lost forever, I suppose. Well, maybe there's just a chance that the legal department kept copies of the correspondence - after all they are lawyers and they seem to hold on to everything (especially my money). Oh, by the way, the acronym stood for 'Real-Time System Executive.' Years later that was changed to 'Resource Sharing Executive,' which I think is even better.

...And that is how RSX got its name, on the 3rd floor of building 5 in the old mill.""

XVM/RSX
Later versions of the PDP-15 could run a real-time multi-user OS called XVM/RSX, an outgrowth of RSX-15. The XVM upgrade to RSX was multi-user, and enabled up to six concurrent teletype-based users. XVM Support for the PDP-15/76 included using an RK05 disk drive.

non-DEC
The MUMPS operating system, which was originally developed in 1966, was developed on the PDP-7 outside DEC. It is also available for the PDP-15.

Application software
DEC provided mathematical, scientific and commercial software application tools.

title: PDP-15


text: Category:Jamaican styles of music

title: Category:Jamaican styles of music


text:
Royal Town Planning Institute

The Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) is the professional body representing planners in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It promotes and develops policy affecting planning and the built environment. Founded in 1914, the institute was granted a royal charter in 1959. In 2018 it reported that it had over 25,000 members.

Origins
Following the Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1909, surveyors, civil engineers, architects, lawyers and others began working together within local government in the UK to draw up schemes for the development of land. The idea of town planning as a new and distinctive area of expertise began to be formed. In 1910, Thomas Adams was appointed as the first Town Planning Inspector at the Local Government Board, and began having meetings with practitioners. In November 1913, a meeting was convented of interested professionals to establish a new Institute, and Adams was elected as the group's president. The Town Planning Institute (TPI) was launched with an inaugural dinner in January 1914, and it was formally established on 4 September 1914 when its Articles of Association were signed. The first three of the Articles of Association were:
 * To advance the study of town-planning, civic design and kindred subjects, and of the arts and sciences as applied to those subjects;
 * To promote the artistic and scientific development of towns and cities;
 * To secure the association, and to promote the general interests of those engaged or interested in the practice of town-planning.

In 1928 the institute elected its first female professional member, Jocelyn Frere Adburgham, and in 1959 received its royal charter, then becoming the Royal Town Planning Institute.

Functions
The RTPI currently states that it is:
 * A membership organization and a Chartered Institute responsible for maintaining professional standards and accrediting world class planning courses nationally and internationally.
 * A charity whose charitable purpose is to advance the science and art of planning (including town and country and spatial planning) for the benefit of the public.
 * A learned society.

Members
The institute supports its membership through professional development, education and training for future planners. Fellows are entitled the use of the post-nominals FRTPI and chartered members may use MRTPI. In March 2012, it reported that it had over 23,000 members, of which 8,000 were women and 15,000 men. These included 1,100 international members, across 82 countries. There are currently eight membership classes:

 * Student For full or part-time students on courses related to planning or the built environment.
 * Licentiate Licentiate membership is the main pathway to qualify as a Chartered Town Planner.
 * Member Chartered membership signifies that its holder has knowledge, skills and competence in spatial planning in appropriate depth and detail. Members may use the post-nominals MRTPI.
 * Fellow Fellowship is the organisations most prestigious accolade and recognises those who have made a major contribution to the profession. Fellows may use the post-nominals FRTPI.
 * Legal Associate For qualified legal practitioners who specialise and have experience in planning law.
 * Affiliate For people who have an interest in planning or are working in planning but are not yet qualified for other membership classes.
 * Retired For those no longer practicing or earning an income from planning.

Governance
The RTPI is governed by a General Assembly and a board of trustees. The General Assembly is responsible for the development of planning policy and practice. The board of trustees is responsible for managing the affairs of the RTPI as a chartered body and registered charity.

Research
The RTPI promotes research activity underpinning and evaluating planning practice, theory and education. The RTPI holds an annual awards ceremony recognising excellence in the field of planning and urban design.

Planning Aid
The RTPI runs Planning Aid in England, outside London where Planning Aid for London operates. There is a linked organization, Planning Aid Wales. Planning Aid provides free, independent and professional planning advice to communities and individuals who cannot afford to pay consultant fees. It was established by the Town and Country Planning Association in 1973 and involves volunteers working on casework and community planning activities.

Presidents
A full list of presidents is set out below. The first president, in 1914, was Thomas Adams. The first female president, in 1974, was Sylvia Law.

 * 1914 Thomas Adams
 * 1915 Sir Raymond Unwin
 * 1916 John William Cockrill
 * 1917 Edmund Rushworth Abbot
 * 1918 Stanley Davenport Adshead
 * 1919 George Lionel Pepler
 * 1920 Henry Edward Stilgoe
 * 1921 Robert Armstrong Reay-Neadin
 * 1922 Henry Vaughan Lanchester
 * 1923 Thomas Hayton Mawson
 * 1924 William Thomas Lancashire
 * 1925 Sir Patrick Abercrombie
 * 1926 William Robert Davidge
 * 1927 George Montagu Harris
 * 1928 Edward Willis
 * 1929 Richard Barry Parker
 * 1930 Frederick William Platt
 * 1931 Richard Cowdy Maxwell
 * 1932 Francis Longstreth Thompson
 * 1933 Thomas Alwyn Lloyd
 * 1934 Sir Herbert Humphries
 * 1935 Maj. Leslie Roseveare
 * 1936 Ernest Gladstone Allen
 * 1937 Ewart Gladstone Culpin
 * 1938 Joshua Edward Acfield
 * 1939 William Harding Thompson
 * 1940 Oswald Alfred Radley
 * 1941 Robert Henry Mattocks
 * 1942 Col. William Spottiswoode Cameron
 * 1943 William Dobson Chapman
 * 1944 Sir Thomas Peirson Frank
 * 1945 Thomas Wilfred Sharp
 * 1946 Henry William James Heck
 * 1947 Sir James Reginald Howard Roberts
 * 1948 James Whirter Renwick Adams
 * 1949 Sir George Lionel Pepler
 * 1950 Lt-Col. Henry Philip Cart De Lafontaine
 * 1951 Ernest Hone Ford
 * 1952 Samuel Leslie George Beaufoy
 * 1953 Lord Holford
 * 1954 Ernest Harvey Doubleday
 * 1955 Sir Desmond Heap
 * 1956 Maurice James Hellier
 * 1957 Bernard John Collins
 * 1958 Udolphus Aylmer Coates
 * 1959 Joseph Stanley Allen
 * 1960 Rowland Nicholas
 * 1961 John Jefferson
 * 1962 Denis Wearing Riley
 * 1963 Sir Colin Douglas Buchanan
 * 1964 Leslie William Lane
 * 1965 Lewis Bingham Keeble
 * 1966 Nathaniel Lichfield
 * 1967 Sir Wilfred Burns
 * 1968 Arthur George Ling
 * 1969 Phipps Turnbull
 * 1970 Walter George Bor
 * 1971 Francis John Clarke Amos
 * 1972 John Stanley Millar
 * 1973 Graham William Ashworth
 * 1974 Sylvia Law
 * 1975 Ewart West Parkinson
 * 1976 Sir John Keyworth Boynton
 * 1977 Tom Clarke
 * 1978 Gordon Cherry
 * 1979 Geoffrey Booth
 * 1980 John Frederick Norman Collins
 * 1982 Andrew Thorburn
 * 1983 John Edgar Finney
 * 1984 John Stewart Anderson
 * 1985 Stephen Philip Byrne
 * 1986 George McDonic
 * 1987 John Dean
 * 1988 Francis Tibbalds
 * 1989 Chris Shepley
 * 1990 Robin Thompson
 * 1991 Peter Fidler
 * 1992 Michael Welbank
 * 1993 Martin Bradshaw
 * 1994 Hazel McKay
 * 1995 Jed Griffiths
 * 1996 Cliff Hague
 * 1997 William Anthony Keith Struthers
 * 1998 Trevor Roberts
 * 1999 Brian Raggett
 * 2000 Kevin Murray
 * 2001 Nick Davies
 * 2002 Mike Haslam
 * 2003 Vincent Goodstadt
 * 2004 Mike Hayes
 * 2005 Ron Tate
 * 2006 Clive Harridge
 * 2007 Jim Claydon
 * 2008 Janet O'Neill
 * 2009 Martin Willey
 * 2010 Ann Skippers
 * 2011 Richard Summers
 * 2012 Colin Haylock
 * 2013 Peter Geraghty
 * 2014 Cath Ranson
 * 2015 Janet Askew
 * 2016 Phil Williams
 * 2017 Stephen Wilkinson
 * 2018 John Acres
 * 2019 Ian Tant
 * 2020 Sue Manns
 * 2021 Wei Yang
 * 2022 Timothy David Crawshaw
 * 2023 Sue Bridge

Gold Medal
The RTPI's most prestigious award is its gold medal. It is awarded at the discretion of the RTPI for outstanding achievement in the field of town and country planning. There have been 15 recipients of the Gold Medal since its inception in 1953. It's been awarded to:

 * 1953 Sir George Pepler
 * 1955 Sir Patrick Abercrombie
 * 1957 Lewis Mumford
 * 1961 Sir William Holford
 * 1963 Sir Frederic Osborn
 * 1967 Sir Colin Buchanan
 * 1971 Lord Lewis Silkin
 * 1974 Sir Robert Grieve
 * 1978 Sir Frederick Gibberd
 * 1983 Sir Desmond Heap
 * 2003 Sir Peter Hall
 * 2006 Professor Patsy Healy
 * 2013 Alison Nimmo
 * 2016 Professor Michael Batty
 * 2017 Sir Terry Farrell

title: Royal Town Planning Institute


text: Category:Eurodance musicians

title: Category:Eurodance musicians


text:
Toyota Wish

The Toyota Wish (トヨタ・ウィッシュ) is an automobile produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota from 2003 to 2017. It is a compact MPV with standard three-row seating, and was positioned between the Corolla Spacio and the Ipsum in Toyota's minivan lineup. In Japan, it was available at Toyota Netz dealerships.

Apart from Japan, the Wish was also assembled in Thailand (for Malaysia and Singapore) and Taiwan. It was also sold in Hong Kong, where it was imported from Japan.

2003
The Wish was developed under code name "760N" by the team, led by chief engineer named Takeshi Yoshida and was introduced to the public for the first time at Tokyo Motor Show in October 2002 (Commercial vehicles & welcab show) and then launched in Japan in January 2003, under a massive publicity campaign with Japanese singer Hikaru Utada. The television commercial features her song Colors, which coincides with the launch of her new CD single. The car was marketed under the "Wish Comes True" slogan.

Codenamed ZNE10G (FWD) and ZNE14G (4WD), it uses a 1.8 L 1ZZ-FE engine, producing (JIS) 132 PS and 170 Nm. It is only available with four-speed automatic. A 2.0 L version (codenamed ANE11W for the six-seater version and ANE10G for the seven-seater version) was launched in March 2003. Equipped with the 1AZ-FSE direct-injection engine, it has (JIS) 155 PS (114 kW) and 192 N·m (142 lb·ft). Variants with the 2.0 D-4 engine are only available with a CVT gearbox.

The WISH was extremely successful in its home market, and is frequently seen on the Top 5 on the 30 bestseller list each month. It has also made shockwave to its competitors, such as the Honda Stream and Mazda Premacy/Mazda5 to changing its market positioning.

The Toyota Wish was also launched as a locally assembled model in Thailand in December 2003 following the compact MPV trend of Thailand at that time. The Wish in Thailand is available with 3 trim levels including 2.0 S, 2.0 Q and 2.0 Q Limited (with sunroof) and is very similar to the Japanese version, except for a few differences:

 * Models across the range get the 2.0Z fenders.
 * Standard 17-inch wheels across the range (Same design as the one used on the 2.0Z)
 * Same 2.0 1AZ-FE engine as the ASEAN Camry instead of the 1AZ-FSE
 * No privacy glass (excluding the grey-import variants)
 * Leather upholstery as standard on the 2.0Q and 2.0Q Limited
 * The rear Double wishbone suspension of 4WD models in Japan was fitted with 2WD model in Thailand as standard. (no Torsion beam rear suspension in Thai version).

2004
The Wish was launched in Taiwan as a left-hand drive vehicle in November 2004. For this market, the car is marketed under the "No Rules!" slogan and the TVCM is shot in New York. The Taiwanese version shares the same engine as the Thailand model, which means missing out on Toyota's D-4 technology. The Taiwanese assembled version have some styling differences: a new front end, redesigned rear LED tail lights, reflectors recessed into the rear bumper, body color/chrome side rubbing strips and a cleaner chrome rear plate garnish. The WISH badging is not an integral part of the garnish, unlike the Japanese-spec model. Equipment may include parking sensors, dual moonroof and leather seats. Another aspect unique to the Taiwanese Wish is that it can be specified with a beige interior color scheme unlike its Japanese and Thai-built counterparts. The Wish was also made available in Indonesia as a CBU import, where many were offered as prizes by Bank Mandiri.

2005
The Wish was updated at the end of 2005 with the introduction of a facelifted model. The original car was fundamentally well designed and that meant that few changes were necessary. Cosmetic changes to the headlights, bumpers, LED tail lights and dashboard were made, together with revised switchgear for the climate control and automatic transmission (The 2.0 Z received a seven-gear transmission.) As the changes were minor the fuel consumption figures, which are the best in the compact MPV class, remain the same. The 2005 Wish was also the third model to be sold exclusively at Toyota Netz dealerships, hence the replacement of the Wish's signature "W" front emblem with a generic NETZ oval as seen on the 2005 Vitz and Ist. Feedback on the electronic throttle control has been mixed, with claims that the original throttle system used in the 2003 car is quicker off the mark. The drivetrain and engines remained the same.

For model year 2007 on Japanese models only, G-BOOK, a subscription telematics service, is offered as an option.

2008
In Singapore, the local distributor brought in the Toyota Wish later in 2008 as a compact MPV to buyers there. Instead of the generic Netz oval emblem found on the parallel imported Wish, the local distributor replaced the oval Netz emblem with the Toyota one. Sold as the Wish Aero Tourer to distinguish itself from the parallel import Wish; additional, accessories such as a 5-piece bodykit inclusive of a high mounted rear LED brake light, touchscreen DVD head unit, reverse camera, side mirror indicators, illuminated scuff plates, window visors, chrome muffler tip are featured as standard equipment. Previously, the Wish was only sold by parallel importers.

Second generation (AE20; 2009)
The second-generation Wish has been available for the Japanese market since March 2009. It is powered by Toyota's Dual VVT-i 2ZR-FAE and 3ZR-FAE engines. All models come with Toyota's 7-speed Super CVT-i transmission. The exterior dimensions remain similar to the previous generation, except for the length which has increased slightly.

The second generation Wish continued to be sold outside of the Japanese market in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. These models had speedometer clusters that were slightly different from the Japanese market model in the km/h dials section.

The Wish received a facelift in April 2012. Cosmetic changes to the headlights and rear lamps featured LED insets, revised front grille, rear tailgate garnish and dashboard meter cluster were made.

Body styles

 * 2WD

 * 4WD

Handling
All models include safety features such as ABS with EBD and BA. Additional features include TCS and VSC. All models include front ventilated and rear disc brakes with the exception of 1.8X 2WD (which include rear drums).

Gallery

 * Japanese market

 * Taiwanese market

Discontinuation
Sales of the Wish was discontinued in Taiwan in 2016, where it was replaced by the Sienta, and was also discontinued in Japan on 13 October 2017 and in Singapore in mid 2018, where Prius α and the Sienta replaced the outgoing Wish. In Japan, the role of the Wish as a three-row compact MPV is effectively replaced by the Sienta, the Prius α and the tall-bodied Noah/Voxy/Esquire triplets.

title: Toyota Wish


text:
Alabama State Route 18

State Route 18 (SR 18) is a 61.591 mi state highway in northwest Alabama.

Route description
SR 18 begins at the Mississippi state line near Vernon. In Vernon, it junctions with SR 17. It continues on its curvy route east, then southeast to the Fayette County line.

It then junctions with SR 107. It turns south and junctions with SR 96 west. It then junctions with US 43 north and SR 171. It continues southeast with US 43 south. It makes an unusual curve south in Stough. It turns east again and junctions with SR 13. SR 13 continues north independently and continues south with US 43 at this junction. It does not maintain a concurrency past this point. The route passes through Berry and maintains a concurrency with CR 63. After this concurrency ends, SR 18 continues east on its own route. It passes through hilly terrain and crosses into Walker County.

After continuing through hilly terrain for multiple more miles, the route ends in Oakman, just south of Jasper, at SR 69. SR 69 continues north on SR 18's right-of-way at this point and continues south at a new right-of-way.

title: Alabama State Route 18


text:
Birley

Birley ward — which includes the area of Frecheville, and parts of Gleadless and Hackenthorpe — is one of the 28 electoral wards in City of Sheffield, England. It is located in the southeastern part of the city and covers an area of 5.1 km2. The population of this ward in 2011 was 16,943 people in 7,393 households. It is one of the five wards that make up the Sheffield South East constituency.

Origins
Frecheville is a housing estate to the north of Birley Estate developed in the 1930s by Henry Boot Limited. The firm constructed around 1,600 private houses, mainly traditional brick built 2 or 3 bedroom semi-detached family homes for rent and gave the Frecheville estate its name. A local pub's signboard shows the coat of arms of the Frecheville family, who were lords of the manor at Staveley but there is no evidence that the Frechevilles ever owned land on Birley Moor, so the name given to Frecheville remains something of a mystery.

Frecheville was historically in Derbyshire, until 1967.

Frecheville is home to the well-known Frecheville Pond, with ducks, swans, and fishing, and also houses the parish church, library, and community centre provided for the neighbourhood by the builder which still has an active forum, and has run the Frecheville carnival every year between 1937 and 2006 with the exception of during the war years. The majority of homes on the estate are now owner-occupied after being handed over to residents in the 1950s.

Birley
Birley Estate is a housing estate in the southeastern part of Sheffield. It is built on what was Birley Moor just to the north of the small hamlet of Birley. Birley Spa to the northeast was a hotel and spa built in 1842 around a spring of mineral water. The building was restored in 2001/02 and is Grade II listed.

The original hamlet featured farmland and farm buildings, most of which are now used to house the Birley Wood Golf Club.

Base Green
Base Green is a housing estate to the west of Frecheville and east of Gleadless Townend. It is built on the land that was formerly Basegreen Farm, with the remains of an old orchard still evident within the playing fields of what is now Jaunty Park.

What was Base Green Junior School, for pupils in between Frecheville Infant School and Frecheville Comprehensive School, is now housing.

Quarry Vale Road and Quarry Vale Grove sit behind what was once a quarry, along the ancient border of the Shire Brook. The hill above Quarry Vale Road and Quarry Vale Grove used to be Frecheville Comprehensive School and its extensive school fields, where Manchester United footballer George Best once filmed a series of short football programmes for BBC TV.

Charnock
Charnock (sometimes called Charnock Hall) is a housing estate to the south of Basegreen. The estate was built on the former Charnockhall Farm which stood where Farm Close is today.

Hackenthorpe
Most of Hackenthorpe (down the hill from Birley Moor Road) is in the Beighton ward. The significant historic site here is Birley Spa.

title: Birley


text: Template:2005 English cricket season

title: Template:2005 English cricket season


text: Category:Companies of Algeria

title: Category:Companies of Algeria


text:
Merton Priory

Merton Priory was an English Augustinian priory founded in 1114 by Gilbert Norman, Sheriff of Surrey under King Henry I (1100–1135). It was situated within the manor of Merton in the county of Surrey, in what is today the Colliers Wood area in the London Borough of Merton.

Buildings and holdings
The priory buildings were situated within the Diocese of Winchester (now in the Diocese of Southwark) and at the point where the River Wandle was crossed by Stane Street (the Roman road to Chichester), about 10 km outside the City of London. It held cultivated land and pastures there and at other places in Surrey and held manors and other lands elsewhere, as well as the patronage of churches, in England. Merton canons are the canons in Canons' Teign, Devon.

History
By 1117 the foundation had been colonised by Canons Regular from the Augustinian priory at Huntingdon and re-sited in Merton, close to the Wandle.

The priory became an important centre of learning and diplomacy. Thomas Becket briefly studied there around 1130, and later was wont to wear the habit of a Merton canon – as was a successor of his, Hubert Walter. It is thought that Walter de Merton studied there in the 1230s; he established a house for Merton scholars in Old Malden, and this eventually was moved to Oxford, becoming Merton College. Edmund of Abingdon wrote some of his Oxford lectures in the peace of the Priory. In 1205, King John sent a canon of Merton as an ambassador to Normandy; Prince Louis of France did penance there after a series of peace conferences culminating in the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217.

In 1236 King Henry III held a Parliament at the Priory at which the Statute of Merton was passed allowing, amongst other matters, lords of the manor to enclose common land provided that sufficient pasture remained for their tenants. This was the first recorded statute of the first recorded English parliament.

On 1 November 1437, shortly before his 16th birthday, Henry VI had a crowning ceremony at Merton Priory, although the exact nature of this is unclear.

Destruction
The Priory was demolished in 1538, following King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries, having been valued in the Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1535 at a relatively high sum of £960 16 shillings 6 pence. John Bowles alias John Ramsey surrendered the monastery of 14 canons on 16 April 1538. Much of the masonry was reused at the king's Nonsuch Palace. The site of the Priory is now occupied by Sainsbury's supermarket (Merton branch). Remains of the Chapter House are now a museum under Merantun Way, between Sainsbury's and Merton Abbey Mills.

Priors
Robert Bayle (c. 1115–50) Robert (de Tew?) (1150–67) William 1167–77) Stephen, 1177–8) Robert (1178–1186) Richard (1190–8) Walter (1198–1218) Thomas de Wllst (1218–22) Giles de Bourne (1222–1231) Henry de Basing (1231–8) Robert de Hegham (1238–49) Eustachius (1249–52) Gilbert de Asshe (1252–92) Nicholas Tregony (1292–6) Edmund de Herierd (1296–1305) Geoffrey de Alkemondbury (1305–7) William de Brokesburn (1307–1334) Thomas de Kent (1334) John de Lytlynton (1339–1345) William de Friston (1345–61) Geoffrey de Chaddesley (1361–8) Robert de Wyndesore (1368–1403) Michael Kympton (1403–13) John Romeney (1413–32) Thomas Shirfeld (1432–1439) William Kent (1439–1442) John Kingston (1442–1485) John Gisbourne (1485–1502) William Sayling (1502–20) John Lacy (1520–30) John Ramsey (1530–8)

title: Merton Priory


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File:The Honeymooners poster.JPG

summary
Promotional poster for The Honeymooners, deemed fair use.

Fair use in The Honeymooners (film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:The Honeymooners poster.JPG


text:
The Honeymooners (2005 film)

The Honeymooners is a 2005 American comedy film directed by John Schultz. An updated version of the original 1950s television series of the same name, this adaptation stars a predominantly-African American cast featuring Cedric the Entertainer, Gabrielle Union, Mike Epps, and Regina Hall. The film was both financially and critically unsuccessful, with Roger Ebert being one of the few to give it a positive review.

Plot
The Kramdens and the Nortons are working-class neighbors; bus-driver Ralph Kramden (Cedric the Entertainer) and sewer worker Ed Norton (Mike Epps) are best friends. Ralph is constantly masterminding get-rich-quick schemes with which Ed tries to help. The driving force behind them is their wives, Alice Kramden (Gabrielle Union) and Trixie Norton (Regina Hall); the men are trying to make enough money to afford the homes they think they and their wives deserve. Meanwhile, Alice and Trixie make ends meet by waitressing at the local diner.

Filming locations

 * Ardmore Studios - Herbert Road, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland
 * Dublin, County Dublin, Ireland
 * Jersey City, New Jersey, USA
 * New York City, New York, USA
 * Shelbourne Park Greyhound Stadium, Shelbourne Park, County Dublin, Ireland

Release
The film was released in theaters on June 10, 2005 with a PG-13 rating from MPAA for "some innuendo and rude humor". For its DVD release, several lines of more suggestive dialogue were cut from the film in order to gain a PG rating for family-friendly marketing purposes. The PG rated cut is currently the only version available on home video.

Critical response
The film received mainly negative reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert was one of the few to give it a positive review, 3 stars out of a possible 4, proposing that The Honeymooners was unusual among such adaptations in transcending the original while staying true to its spirit.

Accolades
2005 BET Comedy Awards
 * Outstanding Lead Actress in a Theatrical Film — Gabrielle Union (nominated)

2005 Black Movie Awards
 * Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role — Cedric the Entertainer (nominated)

title: The Honeymooners (2005 film)


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Sonatrach

Sonatrach (سوناطراك; Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation, et la Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures) is the national state-owned oil company of Algeria. Founded in 1963, it is known today to be the largest company in Africa with 154 subsidiaries, and often referred as the first African oil "major". In 2021, Sonatrach was the seventh largest gas company in the world.

Overview
Sonatrach is the 12th largest oil consortium in the world, with 154 subsidiaries operating over the entire oil value-chain from upstream, to midstream, and downstream activities.

In 2002, its gross sales was 1,530 billion Algerian dinars for a net income of 175 billion. With approximately 120,000 workers, the company produced 30% of the GNP of Algeria. Annually it produced 206 million Tonne of Oil equivalent (ToE), including 24 million ToE, or 11.7% of total, for the Algerian domestic market. In 2021, the company's export revenues had increased by 75%, placing turnovers at US$35bn for the year compared to the US$20bn from the previous year. Vice-president, Rachid Zerdani, stated that the results can be explained by the "recovery of global economic activity in 2021". Production increased to 185 million ToE, resulting in export levels of 95 million ToE. Sonatrach employed over 53,000 employees, as well as more than 150,000 employed in its subsidiaries.

Sonatrach operates the largest oil field in Algeria, Hassi Messaoud, which produced around 440000 oilbbl/d of crude in 2006. Sonatrach also operates the Hassi R'Mel field (north of Hassi Messaoud, south of Algiers), which produces around 180000 oilbbl/d of crude. Other major fields operated by Sonatrach include Tin Fouye Tabankort Ordo, Zarzaitine, Haoud Berkaoui/Ben Kahla, and Ait Kheir.

Sonatrach operates over 2400 mi of crude oil pipelines in the country. The most important pipelines carry crude oil from the Hassi Messaoud field to export terminals. Sonatrach also operates oil condensate and LPG pipeline networks that link Hassi R'mel and other fields to Arzew. Sonatrach is expanding the Hassi Messaoud-Azrew pipeline, the longest in the country. The project entails a second, parallel line that will more than double the capacity of the existing line.

Sonatrach has some concessions in Libya, Mauritania, Peru, Yemen and Venezuela. The company has also diversified into petrochemistry and the desalination of seawater.

Selected Fields
Notes: 1.EIA 2007.

History

Sonatrach was founded on December 31, 1963. At the time, however, the Algerian state held only 4.5% of the exploration perimeters, while French interests were as high as 67.5%.

After the Arab-Israeli War in June 1967, Algeria decided to nationalize the refining and distribution activities of Mobil and Esso, and Sonatrach signed an agreement with Getty Oil on October 19, 1968 receiving 51% of Getty Oil's interests.

Sonatrach gained control over all Algerian petrochemical resources following President Houari Boumedienne's nationalisation of all French oil and gas holdings beginning on February 24, 1971. The old concession system was replaced by a seizure of a 51% share of French petroleum companies. Only TotalEnergies agreed to continue its activities; the other companies left Algeria.

Beginning on December 10, 1979, a conference on the exploitation of petroleum recommended increasing participation in the research efforts by foreign companies and countries. By a decree published in the Journal Officiel on May 17, 1980, Sonatrach was divided into four enterprises.

From 1986, it became possible for foreign hydrocarbon companies to do business in Algeria within a partnership with Sonatrach (this process was simplified in 1991). The Sonatrach-Gaz de France accord, signed on January 12, 1989, allowed the state to set a compromise price of about $2.30 per million BTUs. A total of 9.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas were delivered annually until 1990, and Sonatrach recovered 850 million francs in arrears, since the accord applied retroactively beginning on November 1, 1987.

In March 2005, the Algerian parliament adopted the hydrocarbon reform bill, encouraging international oil company (IOC) investment in the hydrocarbon sector, which Sonatrach previously dominated. However, 2006 amendments to the hydrocarbon bill created a windfall tax on IOC profits when oil prices top $30 per barrel. This tax reached up to 50% on some contracts. In addition, the amendments gave Sonatrach rights to a 51% or higher participation option on each newly discovered project.

In June 2018, Naturgy signed an agreement with Sonatrach covering 30% of Spain's natural gas imports by pipeline. Sonatrach holds a 4% stake in the shares for the Spanish natural gas distribution company. In 2019, the two companies took over joint control of the Medgaz pipeline between Algeria and Spain, with Sonatrach holding 51% stake and Naturgy the remaining 49%.

On 22 July 2019, the Sonatrach-controlled oil tanker Mesdar was briefly detained as it transited the Straits of Hormuz by the Islamic Republic of Iran. This was a case of mistaken identities because Sonatrach contracted a UK-based operator for the vessel, and the government of Iran was at odds with the government of the UK over the seizure of the oil tanker Grace 1. When they realised their error and released the Mesdar, the seizure of the Stena Impero fulfilled the needs of the government of Iran.

In November 2021, Sonatrach announced that it would be carrying out the development of a 10 MWp photovoltaic plant in the basin of Hassi Berkine in order to supply oil sites within the region.

Sonatrach signed a US$179 million contract on 17 February 2022 with Sinopec from China, to construct an LNG storage tank which will hold 150,000m3 at the Skikda gas export terminal.

With the Russian invasion on the Ukraine, Sonatrach CEO Hakkar stated in February 2022, that the company would be willing to supply Europe with more gas, however only the unused capacities in the Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline (Transmed) could be transferred to the European market. The Transmed pipeline which is operated with Eni, has a yearly capacity of approximately 32 billion cubic meters, to which 22 billion cubic meters of exported gas is already accounted for in various contracts. However, in April 2022, Hakkar went back on his statement from February, saying that Sonatrach would not be able to be an alternative provider of Russian gas.

In March 2022, Sonatrach and Eni made a major discovery of oil and gas in the Zemlet el Arbi concession, as the HDLE-1 well was drilled, one of five to be placed in the Berkine North basin.

Eni and Sonatrach signed an agreement in April 2022 to increase the amount of gas imported to Italy through the TransMed / Enrico Mattei pipeline to up to 9 billion cubic meters per year by 2023/24.

It was confirmed in June 2022 from PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP) that the Hassi Bir Rekaiz had hit first oil, they have 49% stake in the project, where as Sonatrach holds the other 51%. The targeted production rate for the project is 13,000 barrels of crude a day, which will boost the Thai companies total production volumes and support its growth.

In July 2022, Sonatrach and its partners announced a production sharing contract (PSC) which will invest a total of $4 billion over the course of 25 years into onshore blocks located in the prolific Berkine basin. The agreement includes 3D seismic acquisitions, converting 46 wells into WAG process wells, as well as drilling an additional 100 oil wells. Over the course of the years various opportunity assessments for development will also be carried out.

In August 2022, Sonatrach in collaboration with Eni made a new oil discovery at Haasi Illatou in the Adrar province. This discovery comes 28 years after the last discovery of oil in the region. The same month, an EPC contract was acquired by Petrofac for the Tinrhert Development Project, the original EPC1 that was acquired in 2018 covered the new inlet separation and compression centre. This new EPC makes Petrofac responsible for Alrar separation and boosting facilities. The almost $300 million valued project contract was given to Sonatrach for the EPC2 of the Tinrhert Development Project, which includes a new central processing facility with an inlet separation and decarbonisation unit.

Multiple oil and gas discoveries where made in the summer of 2022 including one that is close to the Hassi R'Mel field, two were found during exploration in the Ekker Sud West-1 well, and there were positive results during drilling in the Tamzaia-3.

With the ongoing supply problems to Europe from Russia, Sonatrach began contemplating ways to benefit from the gas price rises in 2022. With the increase in Algeria's role as supplier and trying to recover the loses from previous years, considerate price reviews were being made for each company in which they supply too.

At the end of 2022, production operations began at the Tinrhert gas field. Each day it is estimated that 500 tons of liquefied natural gas and 800 tons of condensate will be produced. Sonatrach also signed a contract with Geoplin for the supply of natural gas to Slovenia via pipelines through Tunisia, the Mediterranean Sea and Italy. The delivery started in January 2023 and is expected to run until December 2025.

For 2023, Sonatrach announced that they would increase the yearly output to 200 million TOE, which they have not reached since 2010. They also plan to sign new agreements with Eni, which will also include electrical supply. Algeria faced declines in the energy sector for the last decade but due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and new investment laws, they have recovered in the last year becoming the biggest gas supplier to Italy. Both companies will work together to find ways to increase the transport capacity of the existing gas supplies as well as planning a new pipeline which will transport hydrogen. In addition, undersea electrical cables connecting the two countries are in the planning to increase Algeria's LNG production capacity.

A new project in 2023 in Sicily has Sonatrach joining Sasol (SOLJ.J) to produce low carbon hydrogen and syngas. The „Hybla” project will possibly become the largest hydrogen producer in Italy, with expected production of 7,800 tonnes of hydrogen and 25,000 tonnes of syngas yearly. Another project planned to begin construction in July 2023, is the polypropylene (PP) plant in Algeria through the cooperation between Total and Sonatrach. It is intended that a capacity of 550,000 tonnes of homopolymer should be achieved yearly at the STEP PP plant.

On 10 July 2023, Sonatrach and TotalEnergies signed amended contracts for their Tin Fouye Tabankort II (TFTII) and Tin Fouye Tabankort Sud (TFT Sud) fields. The original contracts were converted to comply with Algeria's 2019 petroleum law, and the companies agreed to upgrade the facilities already in place and increase production by drilling additional wells. An additional agreement was also signed between the two companies to explore renewable energy projects and develop low carbon energy programmes.

After 10 years of force majeure, Sonatrach, Eni and BP resumed exploration in their blocks in the Ghadames Basin (A-B) and offshore Block C in August 2023, continuing their contract obligations. Sonatrach also resumed exploration in blocks 065 and 96/95 in the same location.

In May 2024, Sonatrach signed an agreement with ExxonMobil to study existing opportunities for developing hydrocarbon resources in Ahnet and Gourara basins in Southern Algeria.

Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures

Sonatrach owns 50% of Numhyd, a joint venture with Tunisia's ETAP, and ALEPCO, a joint venture with Libya's National Oil Corporation. In 1998, Sonatrach acquired Naftal, which is the principal company selling petroleum-based fuels for domestic consumption with about 10,000 gas stations (as of 2005). Naftec, a subsidiary of Sonatrach, operates Algeria's four refineries, which have combined capacity of 450000 oilbbl/d. The Skikda refinery (300,000 bpd) provides the bulk of Algeria's refined products production. The 30000 oilbbl/d Hassi Messaoud refinery supplies products to southern Algeria, while the 60000 oilbbl/d Algiers refinery processes crude from Hassi Messaoud for consumption in the capital. Finally, the coastal 60000 oilbbl/d Arzew refinery produces products for domestic consumption and export. In July 2006, Sonatrach and the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) brought online the small-13,000 bpd Adrar refinery, which is located near the village of Sbaa 40 km north of Adrar. On July 1, 2018, Sonatrach appointed Youcef Ghazli to head the Foreign Investment Division, which oversees all investments in Europe.

In March 2022, Naftal officials signed a US$364 million engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract with Sonatrach's pipeline unit TRC. The pipeline should only take about 48 months to construct, and it would run 424 km from Arzew to Chlef, carrying about 1.2 million tonnes of LPG a year.

Tassili Airlines
A joint venture between Air Algérie (49%) and Sonatrach (51%) in 1998 established the passenger airline company Tassili Airlines. Commercial services were launched on 8 April 1999 with a flight from Hassi Messaoud to Algiers. In 2005, Air Algérie withdrew 50% of its funds in the airline, which thus became 76% owned by Sonatrach. In 2006, Sonatrach gave Tassili Airlines permission to expand its domestic destinations and for the future opening of international routes.

Eni
In July 2020, Sonatrach signed a contract with Italian company Eni. The contract which will run until 2049, includes the production marketing from three gas fields located in the south-east of the country. The three fields are Sif Fatima II, Zemlet El Arbi and Ourhoud II. An additional memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in December 2020 in order to boost exploration and production, as well as implement training activities. In March 2021, a new MoU was signed between the companies to focus on renewable energy, biofuels and hydrogen sectors. Various other agreements were also signed to cover exploration and production, research and development, decarbonization and training, and to strengthen the two companies' partnership. In April 2022, the CEOs of Sonatrach, Touffik Hakkar, and Eni, Claudio Descalzi, signed a contract to increase gas supplies to Italy through the Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline. Beginning in 2022, supply should increase gradually to 9 billion cubic meters per year in 2023-24. Near the end of 2022, Sonatrach and Eni began producing 10,000 barrels of oil daily at the HDLE/HDLS oil field in the Berkin Basin. The amount of output is to be increased to 17,000 barrels a day with the additional drilling planned in 2023.

Naturgy
In June 2018, Naturgy signed an agreement with Sonatrach covering 30% of Spain's natural gas imports by pipeline. Sonatrach holds a 4% stake in the shares for the Spanish natural gas distribution company. In 2019, the two companies took over joint control of Medgaz, with Sonatrach holding 51% stake and Naturgy the remaining 49%. Renegotiations of the supply agreement were made in 2020, in order to revise the prices, volume and duration.

Algerian Hydrocarbon Sector
Hydrocarbons play a crucial role in Algeria's economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues and over 95% of export earnings. The country ranks fourteenth in petroleum reserves, containing 11.8 Goilbbl of proven oil reserves with estimates suggesting that the actual amount is even more. The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had 160 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the eighth largest in the world. As a result, Sonatrach is very important politically. Most Energy Ministers of Algeria have come from a Sonatrach background.

Corruption scandals
Sonatrach suspended all of its senior management after two of the company's vice-presidents were imprisoned for corruption. Algeria's Energy Minister, Chakib Khelil announced the president of the company and several executives have been placed under judicial supervision. In 2013, Khelil was also accused of receiving a bribe from a subsidiary of the Italian energy company Eni.

In May 2020, an arrest warrant was issued against a representative of Sonatrach in Lebanon, as part of a greater operation against embezzlement of public funds in contribution with Lebanese officials. Abdelmoumen Ould Kaddour, who was chief executive of Sonatrach from March 2017 to April 2019, was arrested in February 2021, and in August of that year he was extradited from the United Arab Emirates, all related to his alleged involvement in various corruption cases. In February 2022, ex-energy minister Chakib Khelil was sentenced in absentia to 20 years in prison for corruption. Mohamed Meziane, CEO of Sonatrach from 2003 to 2010, was fined 2 million DZD (US$) and sentenced to 5 years in prison.

Presidents

 * Sid Ahmed Ghozali (1966–1977)
 * Yousef Yousfi (1985–1988)
 * Sadek Boussena (1988–1990)
 * Abdelhak Bouhafs (1990–1995)
 * Nazim Zouioueche (March 1999 – 2000)
 * Chakib Khelil (March 2001 – 2003)
 * Mohamed Meziane (September 2003 – 2010)
 * Nordine Cherouati (May 2010 – December 2011)
 * Abdelhamid Zerguine (December 2011 – July 2014)
 * Said Sahnoune (July 2014 – June 2015)
 * Amine Mazouzi (June 2015 – March 2017)
 * Abdelmoumen Ould Kaddour (March 2017 – April 2019)
 * Rachid Hachichi (April 2019 – November 2019)
 * Kamel Eddine Chikhi (November 2019 – February 2020)
 * Toufik Hakkar (February 2020 – October 2023)
 * Rachid Hachichi (October 2023 - present)

title: Sonatrach


text:
Frecheville

Frecheville  is a suburb 5 mile south-east of Sheffield city centre. The estate was built in the 1930s when the area was in Derbyshire. However, due to expansion, Frecheville and a number of surrounding villages became part of the city of Sheffield in 1967 and thus the West Riding of Yorkshire.

History
Frecheville was built as a housing estate to the north of Birley Estate developed in the 1930s by Henry Boot Limited. The firm constructed around 1,600 private houses, mainly traditional brick built 2 or 3 bedroom semi-detached family homes for rent and gave the Frecheville estate its name. A local pub's signboard shows the coat of arms of the Frecheville family, who were lords of the manor at Staveley but there is no evidence that the Frechevilles ever owned land on Birley Moor, so the name given to Frecheville remains something of a mystery.

Prior to the 1940s, Birley Collieries provided employment to much of the surrounding area. The site of the colliery was later transformed into the Shire Brook Valley Local Nature Reserve at Normanton Spring.

On Thursday 26 May 1955 a Gloster Meteor F8 (No. WE916) piloted by 21-year-old John Alexander Cohen from Cardiff on a night flight training exercise from RAF Worksop crashed in Frecheville when he apparently lost control whilst undertaking a controlled descent through cloud. The plane came in low over Stradbroke Road and the pilot was killed instantly as the plane dived steeply into the ground and exploded on impact in the field at the bottom of Silkstone Crescent at 11.22 pm. There was speculation at the time that he had deliberately stayed with the plane to steer away from the houses and into an open area. A memorial stone was placed in the garden at the top of the footpath down to the housing estate but it has since been removed.

Amenities
Frecheville features a shopping area along Birley Moor Road, known locally as 'Frecheville Shops'. There are four public houses in the area: The Birley (formerly the Birley hotel) and The Sherwood on Birley Moor Road, the Jack in a Box on Silkstone Road and The Fairway on Birley Lane. A fifth pub, named The Frecheville, once operated to the west of the area, however this has since closed.

Frecheville Pond, a popular fishing site is located behind the main shopping area, close to the parish church of St. Cyprians, and the Methodist church. A library and community centre were also situated near the pond, and were responsible for running the Frecheville carnival between 1937 and 2008.

Frecheville Comprehensive and Thornbridge School were the main schools in the area during the 20th Century, with the latter becoming The Birley Academy.

The area of Frecheville was also had a council run library service until this facility was withdrawn in 2014 by the local authority as a cost cutting measure. The replacement of the council run library service in Frecheville by a volunteer-led facility has been controversial, with prominent library campaign group Voices For The Library highlighting major concerns around volunteers having responsibility for the "Books On Prescription" service and issues surrounding data protection. The transfer of the library to volunteers has also resulted in huge decreases in book loans and other usage.

Scowerdons Estate

The Scowerdons estate is located in the east of Frecheville. The estate featured a number of Vic Hallam houses that were demolished in 2014. The estate was named after Scowerdons Farm, which was located to the south, on land now occupied by the A57 dual carriageway. Most the original estate was demolished in 2012, and replacement housing has been constructed on part of the estate, but most the area remains vacant as of 2024.

Sport
Frecheville Community Sports & Social Club is located on Silkstone Road. The club features a cricket ground, home to the Frecheville Cricket Club.

Frecheville Community Association F.C. also played their home games at the club before dissolving in 2020.

Birley Wood Golf Club is situated to the south of the area.

Transport
The southern part of the area is served by two tram stops on the Supertram's Blue Route. 8 local bus routes also serve the suburb.

Famous Inhabitants

 * Ex-Sheffield United football manager Neil Warnock was born on Youlgreave Drive.
 * Coronation Street actor Ian Reddington also grew up on Youlgreave Drive.
 * Susan Ann Sulley and Joanne Catherall of The Human League both attended Frecheville Comprehensive School.
 * Mark Pearson who went on to play for Manchester United attended Frecheville Comprehensive School.
 * Wayne Furniss of Pulp attended Frecheville Comprehensive School, while lead singer Jarvis Cocker of Pulp grew up in neighbouring Intake.
 * Crime Novelist Simon Beckett attended Frecheville Comprehensive School.
 * 1970s History Teacher and Head of Sixth Form at Frecheville Comprehensive Alan Farmer went on to teacher training in Lancaster, before writing dozens of definitive history text books, with a special interest in the United States Civil War.

title: Frecheville


text:
Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential

The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential (EWPHP) is a research work published by the Union of International Associations (UIA). It is available online since 2000, and was previously available as a CD-ROM and as a three-volume book.

The EWPHP began under the direction of Anthony Judge in 1972 and eventually came to comprise more than 100,000 entries and 700,000 links, as well as hundreds of pages of introductory notes and commentaries on problems, strategies, values, concepts of human development, and various intellectual resources.

Contributors and history
The project was originally conceived in 1972 by James Wellesley-Wesley, who provided financial support through the foundation Mankind 2000, and Anthony Judge, by whom the work was orchestrated.

Work on the first edition started with funds from Mankind 2000, matching those of the UIA. The publisher Klaus Saur, of Munich, provided funds, in conjunction with those from the UIA, for work on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th editions. Seed funding for the third volume of the 4th edition was also provided on behalf of Mankind 2000. In the nineties, seed funding was provided, again on behalf of Mankind 2000, for computer equipment which subsequently allowed the UIA to develop a website and make available for free the 1994–1995 edition of the EWPHP databases. The UIA, on the initiative of Nadia McLaren, a consultant ecologist who has been a primary editor for the EWPHP, instigated two multi-partner projects funded by the European Union, with matching funds from the UIA. The work done through those two projects, Ecolynx: Information Context for Biodiversity Conservation (mainly) and Interactive Health Ecology Access Links, resulted in a fifth, web-based edition of the EWPHP in 2000. Two other individuals supported the project: Robert Jungk of Mankind 2000, and Christian de Laet of the UIA.

EWPHP began as a processing of documents gathered from entities profiled in the Yearbook of International Organizations. The United Nations Library in Geneva facilitated access to other material over two decades. At one point, the Institute of Cultural Affairs International was contractually associated. The Goals, Processes and Indicators of Development project was led by Johan Galtung of the United Nations University, in conjunction with Anthony Judge.

The principal editors of the EWPHP's editions have been Jon Jenkins, Maureen Jenkins, Owen Victor, Jacqueline Nebel, Nadia McLaren, and Tomáš Fülöpp. In 2005, following disagreement over the partnership contract, Anthony Judge, in his role as executive secretary of Mankind 2000, reframed the EWPHP as having been a strategic initiative of the Union of Intelligible Associations.

Tomáš Fülöpp maintained the EWPHP databases at the UIA until sometime after January 2012. Tomáš Fülöpp also acts as manager along with senior editors Nadia McLaren and Kimberly Trathen.

Editions

 * The 1st edition, initiated in 1972 and published in 1976, has one volume entitled Yearbook of World Problems and Human Potential, comprising thirteen sections, several of which have not appeared in subsequent editions.
 * The 2nd edition, initiated in 1983 and published in 1986, was titled Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential. It is still a single volume (published as volume 4 of the Yearbook of International Organizations), but with different sections due to the variegated types of paper used in printing the edition. The book is equivalent to several normal volumes. According to Edward Cornish of The Futurist, one such book is equivalent to 40 or 50 normal-sized books.
 * The 3rd edition, initiated in 1988 and published in 1991, has two volumes: World Problems (vol. 1), and Human Potential (vol. 2).
 * The 4th edition, initiated in 1992 and again in 1994–1995, has three volumes: World Problems (vol. 1), Human Potential – Transformation and Values (vol.2), Actions – Strategies – Solutions (vol. 3). A CD-ROM version, Encyclopedia Plus, is also published.
 * The online edition was initiated in 1997 and completed in 2000.

Critical reception
There have been several reviews of the EWPHP. One of the criticisms came from the American Library Association in 1987: "The board considers the Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential a problematic monument to idiosyncrasy, confusion, and obfuscation that certainly is not worth purchasing at any price." Similarly, The Guardian was critical in a review article published in 1992. The Wall Street Journal published a review of the EWPHP initiative in December 2012.