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Irish language in Newfoundland

The Irish language was once spoken by some immigrants to the island of Newfoundland before it disappeared in the early 20th century. The language was introduced through mass immigration by Irish speakers, chiefly from counties Waterford, Tipperary and Cork. Local place names in the Irish language include Newfoundland (Talamh an Éisc; 'Land of the Fish'), St. John's (Baile Sheáin), Ballyhack (Baile Hac), Cappahayden (Ceapach Éidín), Kilbride and St. Bride's (Cill Bhríde), Duntara, Port Kirwan and Skibbereen (Scibirín). The dialect of Irish spoken in Newfoundland is said to resemble the Munster Irish of the 18th century. While the distinct local dialect is now considered extinct, the Irish language is still taught locally and the Gaelic revival organization Conradh na Gaeilge remains active in the province.

Irish immigration
The Irish language (also known as Gaelic) arrived in Newfoundland as a consequence of the English migratory cod fishery. While Sir Humphrey Gilbert formally claimed Newfoundland as an English overseas possession in 1583, this did not lead to permanent European settlement. A number of unsuccessful attempts at settlement followed, and the migratory fishery continued to grow. By 1620, fishermen from South West England dominated most of the east coast of Newfoundland, with the French dominant along the south coast and Great Northern Peninsula. After 1713, with the Treaty of Utrecht, the French ceded control of the south and north shores of the island to the British, keeping only the nearby islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the south coast.

Irish labourers were recruited for the fishery from southeast Ireland. Irish settlers were reported to be residing at Ireland's Eye, Trinity Bay, by 1675, at Heart's Content in 1696, and at St. John's by 1705. Thomas Nash, an Irish Roman Catholic, was one of the later pioneers of Irish settlement in Newfoundland. A native of County Kilkenny, he arrived on the Southern Shore in 1765 and eventually settled in the Branch area.

Between 1750 and 1830, and particularly between 1793 and 1815, large numbers of Irish people, including many Irish speakers, emigrated to Newfoundland, known colloquially simply as an tOileán, 'the Island'. An account dating from 1776 describes how seasonal workers from Cork, Kerry, and elsewhere would come to Waterford to take passage to Newfoundland, taking with them all they needed.

In the oral tradition of County Waterford, the poet Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara, a former hedge school teacher, is said to have sailed for Newfoundland around 1754. For a long time, it was doubted whether the poet ever made the trip. During the 21st century, however, linguists discovered that several of Donnchadh Ruadh's poems in the Irish language contain multiple Gaelicized words and terms known to be unique to Newfoundland English. For this reason, Donnchadh Ruadh's poems are considered the earliest solid evidence that the Irish language was spoken in Newfoundland.

Donnchadh Ruadh provides a description of the rewards of going to Newfoundland (with a burlesque flavour) in a poem describing his deep sea-chest filled with eggs, butter, bacon and other necessities:

 Do thug an pobal i bhfochair a chéile Chum mo chothuighthe i gcogadh nó i spéirlinn – Stór nach g-caillfeadh suim de laethibh, As cófra doimhin a d-toilfinn féin ann; Do bhí seach bh-fichid ubh circe 'gus eunla ann Le h-aghaidh a n-ithte chomh minic 's badh mhéin liom – Cróca ime do dingeadh le saothar As spóla soille ba throime 'ná déarfainn ...

 The people brought together So as to nourish me in war or strife – A treasure that they would not lose for many a day, And a deep chest that I would like myself; There were a hundred and forty hens' eggs and birds, For me to eat as often as I would wish – A crock packed tight with butter And a fat joint of meat bigger than I could tell.

County Kilkenny's contribution to this emigration was 25%, followed by County Wexford (at least 23%), County Waterford (at least 20%) and County Tipperary (at least 15%), with County Cork adding a further 6%. Wexford was the county of origin in which the Irish language was least spoken. The other counties, mostly in Munster, were part of an area in which Irish was widely spoken until at least the middle of the 19th century. An illustration of this is furnished by the estimated percentage of Irish speakers for the decennial period 1771–1781 in the following counties: County Kilkenny 57%, County Tipperary 51%, County Waterford 86%, County Kerry 93%, and County Cork 84%. This is borne out by observations made in 1819 by James McQuige, a veteran Methodist lay preacher in Irish: "In many parts of Ireland I have travelled frequently twenty miles without being able to obtain directions on my way, except in Irish ... I need hardly dwell on the Catholic counties, Cork and Kerry, where even the few Protestants speak their native tongue [i.e. Irish] ... In some of the largest southern towns, Cork, Kinsale, and even the Protestant town of Bandon, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish."

Most Irish settled on the Avalon Peninsula, with many in the main port and present capital of St. John's.

Some Irish immigrants to Newfoundland moved on, and many others were part of an annual seasonal migration between Ireland and Newfoundland. Most landed in the Newfoundland ports of St. John's and Harbour Grace, and many moved on to smaller outports on the coast of the Avalon Peninsula. By the 1780s, the Irish had become the dominant ethnic group in and around the St. John's area, in a population of about 3,200. Many were engaged in fishing and had little formal education. Many were servants who came to Newfoundland alone, but others had families, in which the labour of women and children was essential. Most families had a small plot of land.

By 1815 the Irish in Newfoundland numbered over 19,000. Emigration was encouraged by political discontent at home, overpopulation and impoverishment. It was also aided by the fact that legislation of 1803 designed to regulate conditions on British passenger vessels, making the passage too expensive for the poorest, such as the Irish, did not apply to Newfoundland, which was viewed as a fishery rather than a colony.

Language and culture
The use of the Irish language in Newfoundland was closely tied to the persistence of an ancestral culture preserved in scores of enclaves along the coast. That culture, in the Avalon Peninsula and elsewhere, included feast days, holy wells, games, mumming, Irish bardic poetry, faction fighting, and Gaelic games such as hurling. Church services were often conducted in the Irish language. The post-1815 economic collapse in Newfoundland after the Napoleonic Wars caused many of these Irish-speaking settlers to flee to the nearby Maritime colonies, taking their language with them.

Court records show that defendants sometimes required Irish-speaking interpreters, as in the case of an Irishman in Fermeuse in 1752.

Ecclesiastical records also illustrate the prevalence of Irish. In the mid-1760s the Reverend Laurence Coughlan, a Methodist preacher, converted most of the North Shore of Newfoundland to Protestantism. Observers credited the success of his evangelical revival at Carbonear and Harbour Grace to the fact that he was fluent in Irish. There are references to the need for Irish-speaking priests between 1784 and 1807. In letters to Dublin, the Catholic Bishop James Louis O'Donel, when requesting a Franciscan missionary for the parishes of St. Mary's and Trepassey, said that it was absolutely necessary that he should be able to speak Irish. O'Donel himself was an Irish speaker, and the fact that his successor Bishop Patrick Lambert (a Leinsterman and coadjutor bishop of St. John's from 1806) had no Irish may have contributed to the mistrust shown towards him by Irish-speaking Newfoundlanders.

Beginning in the 1870s, the more politicized Irish-Americans began taking interest in their ancestral language. Gaelic revival organizations like the Philo-Celtic Society began springing up throughout the United States. Irish-American newspapers and magazines also began adding columns in the Irish language. These same publications also circulated widely among Irish-Canadians. Furthermore, the sixth President of St. Bonaventure's College in St. John's, Newfoundland was not only a member of the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language, but also taught Irish-language classes there during the 1870s. Although the subject still remains to be explored, Kenneth E. Nilsen, an American linguist specializing in the Celtic languages in North America, argued in a posthumously published essay that "closer inspection would likely reveal a Canadian counterpart to the American language revival movement."

Revival
The identities of the last speakers of Newfoundland Irish are unknown. There is a lack of information of the sort available from the adjacent Province of New Brunswick (where, in the 1901 Census, several individuals and families listed Irish as their mother tongue and as a language still spoken by them). The question of how far Newfoundland Irish evolved as a separate dialect remains open. Newfoundland Irish has left traces in Newfoundland English, such as the following: scrob 'scratch' (scríob), sleveen 'rascal' (slíbhín) and streel 'slovenly person' (sraoill), along with grammatical features like the "after" perfect as in "she's already after leavin (tá sí tar éis imeachta).

The most notable scholar of the Irish language in Newfoundland was St. John's native Aloysius (Aly) O'Brien (16 June 1915 – 8 August 2008). O'Brien's paternal grandmother, Bridget Conway, had spoken Irish (which she had learned growing up in Ireland) but his father did not speak it. O'Brien taught himself Irish by means of language records, cassette tapes, and the booklets of Eugene O'Growney, a notable figure in Ireland's Gaelic revival. O'Brien was thus enabled to become an authority on the many Irish words used in Newfoundland English and became a teacher of the language at the Memorial University of Newfoundland. He claimed, despite this, that he was not fluent in Irish, lacking opportunities for immersion.

There is interest in the Irish language, as indicated by the fact that Memorial University in St. John's, employs one of the Irish language instructors appointed every year by the Ireland Canada University Foundation to work in Canadian universities and support the Irish language in the wider community. Memorial University's Digital Learning Centre provides resources for learning the Irish language.

Efforts to revive the Irish language in Newfoundland are taking place, however.

In a 2016 article for The Irish Times, Sinéad Ní Mheallaigh, who teaches Irish at Memorial University, wrote, "There is a strong interest in the Irish language. Irish descendent and farmer Aloy O'Brien, who died in 2008 at the age of 93, taught himself Irish using the Buntús Cainte books and with help from his Irish-speaking grandmother. Aloy taught Irish in Memorial University for a number of years, and a group of his students still come together on Monday nights. One of his first students, Carla Furlong, invites the others to her house to speak Irish together as the 'Aloy O'Brien Conradh na Gaeilge' group."

Ní Mheallaigh further wrote, "An important part of my role here in Newfoundland is organising Irish language events, both in the university and the community. We held an Irish language film festival on four consecutive Mondays throughout November. Each evening consisted of a short film, and a TG4 feature-length film, preceded by an Irish lesson. These events attracted people from all parts of society, not just those interested in Ireland and the language. The students took part in the international Conradh na Gaeilge events for 'Gaeilge 24' and we will have Gaelic sports and a huge Céilí mór later in March."

title: Irish language in Newfoundland


text: User talk:203.145.137.226

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:203.145.137.226


text:
Portal:Astronomy/Featured/September 2005

Apollo 8 was the second manned mission of the Apollo space program that was launched. Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders became the first humans to travel beyond Earth orbit and into an orbit around the Moon. It was also the first manned launch of the Saturn V rocket.

NASA prepared for the mission in only four months. The hardware involved had only been used a few times—the Saturn V had only launched twice before, and the Apollo spacecraft had only just finished its first manned mission, Apollo 7. However the success of the mission paved the way for the successful completion of John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the Moon before the end of the decade.

After launching on December 21, 1968, the crew took three days to travel to the Moon, which they orbited for twenty hours. While in lunar orbit they made a Christmas Eve television broadcast that is thought to be one of the most watched of all time.

Recently featured: Transit of Venus – Cat's Eye Nebula – Big Bang


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Oleg Lobov

Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (Олег Иванович Лобов; 7 September 1937 – 6 September 2018) was a Russian politician who served as acting First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic from 19 April 1991 to 15 November 1991 and also was acting Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR from 26 September 1991 to 15 November 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Until 17 March 1997, Lobov served in various capacities in Russian state and government bodies. His last position was Deputy Head of the Government of the Russian Federation. As of October 2010, Lobov is the chairman of the non-governmental Association for International Cooperation and participates in various construction-related associations and unions.

Education
Born in Kiev, he has a Candidate of Technical Sciences (PhD) degree and graduated from Rostov Institute of Engineers of Railway Transport in 1960.

Career
From 1960 to 1967, he was employed in chemistry and construction industries in Sverdlovsk. He occupied various posts in the Sverdlovsk Communist Party of the Soviet Union), where Boris Yeltsin made a party career, rising up to the regional party head. Then worked in construction and returned to party work in 1982.

From 19 April 19 to 15 November 1991 Lobov was First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR in the first and second cabinets of Ivan Silayev. With Silayev's resignation on 26 September 1991 Lobov became de facto acting prime minister of Russia. He kept the position until the formation of the reformist cabinet on 6 November and final resignation of Silayev's second cabinet on 15 November.

Controversy
From 1991 to 1995, Lobov actively helped Aum Shinrikyo, a Japanese new religious movement, to establish operations in Russia. According to allegations made in the United States Senate in 1995, Lobov's relationship with Aum began in December 1991 and continued to 1995. Lobov was accused of receiving cash advances from Aum and of regularly meeting with Aum "minister of construction" Kiyohide Hayakawa. Lobov allegedly met with Shoko Asahara in Japan and arranged Asahara's own visit to Russia in 1992.

Business activity
He established two business entities, Rinco (РИНКО) and ZentrEKOMASH (ЦЕНТР ЭНЕРГОМАШ).

Awards

 * Order of Lenin (1978)
 * Order of the Badge of Honour (1974)
 * Honorary title "Honoured Builder of the Russian Federation" (1982)
 * Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands" (1957)
 * Medal "On the 40th anniversary of the completion of the national liberation struggle of the Czechoslovak people and the liberation of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Army" (1985)
 * Medal "Defender of Free Russia" (5 August 1994) for the execution of a citizen's duty during the defence of democracy and the constitutional regime, 19–21 August 1991, large contribution to the realization of democratic transformation, fortifying friendship and collaboration between nations
 * State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology (2000)

title: Oleg Lobov


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Sixten Ehrling

Evert Sixten Ehrling (3 April 1918 – 13 February 2005) was a Swedish conductor and pianist who, during a long career, served as the music director of the Royal Swedish Opera and the principal conductor of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, amongst others.

Biography
Ehrling was born in Malmö, Sweden, the son of a banker. From the age of 18 he attended the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in Stockholm. At the academy he studied the violin, organ, and piano as well as conducting. During World War II, he studied under both Karl Böhm and Albert Wolff.

He made his public debut as a conductor with the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic in 1950, conducting Igor Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring" from memory. In 1953 Ehrling was named the music director of the Royal Swedish Opera, a post he held until 1960. During these years he worked closely with the acclaimed singers tenor Jussi Björling and soprano Birgit Nilsson. In the early 1950s Ehrling recorded the first complete set of Sibelius symphonies with the Stockholm orchestra. In 1959 Ehrling took the production of Aniara, composed by Karl-Birger Blomdahl, to the Edinburgh International Festival.

Ehrling's tenure with the Swedish Royal Opera ended in bitterness. He resigned his post and departed for the United States after he was asked to amend, and apologise for, his robust leadership style. In 1963 Ehrling replaced the departing Paul Paray as the principal conductor of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. During his time in Detroit, the composer Luciano Berio had a brief residency. Ehrling was, perhaps, the perfect journeyman conductor. He could, and did, conduct everything well: opera, symphonic and choral music. He had perfect sympathy to style and period in whatever he conducted, focusing the attention on the music rather than himself. Unlike Leonard Bernstein or Leopold Stokowski, however, he did not take the role of innovator on the podium.

Maestro Ehrling conducted nearly 700 works, including 24 world premieres, and helped inaugurate the Meadow Brook Summer Music Festival. In 1973, he made his Metropolitan Opera debut, where he conducted 12 different operas, including Wagner's "Ring Cycle." He led 55 orchestras and ensembles in North and South America, and countless orchestras around the world, during his celebrated five decade career.

Ehrling also taught at the Juilliard School of Music between 1973 and 1987. At Juilliard, Ehrling nurtured a new wave of conductors, including Myung-Whun Chung, JoAnn Falletta, Christian Badea, Victoria Bond, and Andrew Litton.

He was awarded the Illis quorum in 1988 and the honorary title of professor (Professors namn) in 1982.

Maestro Ehrling's difficult personality was overshadowed only by his wit. "Someone once told me I was not difficult, I was impossible. I agreed," he confided to Detroit Free Press music critic John Guinn on July 1, 1990. He told his American publicist that he preferred reading his reviews in the smallest room of his house, and brilliantly interwove business arrangements with extremely humorous observations.

"In his final interview with Guinn, he noted that "They had a ceremony In Sweden for my birthday recently, and the man giving the birthday tribute had a great line. 'Mr. Ehrling nowadays is not angry,' he said. Then he paused, 'All the time,' he added."

Ehrling was one of the last conductors to know both Stravinsky and Sibelius, personally. When he discovered mistakes in their manuscripts, they were immediately informed.

In 1987 Ehrling participated in the documentary A Woman Is a Risky Bet: Six Orchestra Conductors directed by Christina Olofson where he comments on the conservative attitudes towards women in the world of classical music.

Sixten Ehrling died on February 13, 2005, in New York, where he had lived since the 1970s. He was married to a former Stockholm opera ballerina, Gunnel Lindgren. They had two daughters.

title: Sixten Ehrling


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Michael McCrum

Michael William McCrum CBE (23 May 1924 – 16 February 2005) was an English academic and ancient historian who served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Head Master of Tonbridge School and Eton College.

Life and career
McCrum was born at Alverstoke in Hampshire, England. The son of a naval Captain, he grew up at naval bases where his father was stationed. He was educated at Horris Hill School, Newbury and Sherborne School before Second World War service as an able seaman and then sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy. He then won a scholarship to read classics at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1948 with a Double First.

After graduation, McCrum became a master at Rugby School. He married the daughter of the headmaster, Sir Arthur fforde, in 1952. McCrum was appointed Fellow of Corpus Christi in 1950 and was an (innovative) Tutor there under the Master, Sir George Thomson, and was also Director of Classical Studies.

Tonbridge School
McCrum left Cambridge in 1962 to become headmaster of Tonbridge School, where he earned a good reputation and transformed the school, emphasising academic standards and implementing sweeping reforms, including the abolition of the old traditions of fagging and caning of junior boys by "praepostors" (senior boys). He also made the Cadet Corps voluntary. The Tonbridgian (the school magazine) wrote in 1967 that "Never have there been so many changes in so short a time".

Through a clever strategy, he ensured that straw boater hats ("barges") remained, despite a clear majority in a poll among the boys that favored abolishing them. His imposing stature and remarkable ability to memorize the names and faces of every boy (and master) in the school within the first week of the autumn term earned him respect and command. He later described part of his task at Tonbridge as having been "the reduction of stupid anachronisms" and "giving boys more liberties, provided they do not take them"; corporal punishment, he said, was "often the lesser of two evils".

While at Tonbridge, McCrum was an early supporter of the idea of education vouchers, and he opposed Labour Party proposals for school reform.

He criticised the reduction of the age of majority and the voting age to 18, saying that while they might be outwardly more mature than formerly, 18-year-olds "were still searching for guidance and authority" and "were less aware than formerly of the framework of tradition and the concept of the family community" under the increasing influence of the press and media.

Eton College
In 1970, he became Head Master of Eton College, ostensibly a more prestigious position but perhaps one that allowed less initiative or authority than at Tonbridge. He raised standards at Eton after the era of Anthony Chenevix-Trench, whose weaknesses differentiated him from the self-disciplined McCrum. The curriculum was modernised and academic standards improved. Just before leaving Eton he oversaw the final abolition of fagging, as he had at Tonbridge earlier.

As Chairman of the Headmasters' Conference in 1974, McCrum called for greater co-operation between the independent and maintained sectors of education, a co-operation which Eton has maintained under its present Provost.

McCrum banned Nigerian writer Dillibe Onyeama from visiting Eton after the latter alleged having experienced racism at the college. This decision was overturned in approximately 2010.

Corpus Christi College
In 1980, McCrum returned to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, as Master, introducing women to the college in 1982. In 1987 he became the last of the University of Cambridge's part-time Vice-Chancellors. He was president of the Cambridge Society from 1989 to 1996.

He chaired the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board from 1981 to 1987, and the School Governing Bodies Association from 1989 to 1994.

In his farewell speech as Vice-Chancellor, he called for university lecturers to be better paid.

An Anglican, he was chairman of the Cathedrals Fabric Commission for England (from 1991) and was a member of the BBC/IBA religious affairs committee (while headmaster of Tonbridge; despite his reforming zeal in other respects, formal daily chapel services remained part of the fabric of school life while he was there; he did make attendance voluntary at Eton).

Honours
He was appointed CBE in 1998.

Personal life
In addition to a collection of historical documents in Latin and Greek, compiled during his first spell at Corpus Christi, he wrote a biography of Thomas Arnold, the distinguished headmaster of Rugby. McCrum died in Cambridge on 16 February 2005, aged 80.

Family
McCrum was married to Christine fforde and they had four children, one of whom (Robert McCrum) was Literary Editor of The Observer.

Publications

 * McCrum, Michael; & Woodhead, A. G. (1966). Select documents of the principates of the Flavian emperors: Including the year of revolution, A.D. 68–96. Cambridge: University Press.
 * McCrum, Michael; & Woodhead, A. G. (1966). Select documents of the principates of the Flavian emperors: Including the year of revolution, A.D. 68–96. Cambridge: University Press.
 * McCrum, Michael; & Woodhead, A. G. (1966). Select documents of the principates of the Flavian emperors: Including the year of revolution, A.D. 68–96. Cambridge: University Press.

title: Michael McCrum


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User:Mancini

To-do List

 * 1) Do more work in the WikiProject Computer networking group
 * 2) Attend more Cisco courses
 * 3) Resume spending more time on security
 * 4) Do less web programming and more console
 * 5) Maybe get back into graphics

Wikipedia status
WikiProject edit counters

title: User:Mancini


text: Category:539 BC deaths

title: Category:539 BC deaths


text: Category:530s BC deaths

title: Category:530s BC deaths


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Portal:Astronomy/Featured/October 2005

The Silverpit crater is a crater located in the North Sea off the coast of the United Kingdom. It was discovered in 2002 during the analysis of seismic data collected during routine exploration for oil, and was initially reported as the UK's first known impact crater. However, alternative origins have subsequently been proposed.

Its age is thought to be of the order of 65 million years, making its formation roughly coincident with the impact that created the Chicxulub Crater. If Silverpit is indeed an impact crater, this may imply that the Earth was struck at that time by several objects, possibly in a similar event to the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994. Several other impact craters around the world are known to date from roughly the same epoch, lending credence to this theory.

Recently featured: Apollo 8 – Cat's Eye Nebula – Transit of Venus

title: Portal:Astronomy/Featured/October 2005


text:
User:Cyr~enwiki

See my user page on commons

title: User:Cyr~enwiki


text: Category:469 BC deaths

title: Category:469 BC deaths


text:
WRQM

WRQM (90.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting National Public Radio (NPR) programming. Licensed to Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and owned by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, it serves the Rocky Mount area as a full-time satellite of WUNC-FM in Chapel Hill. The station has been owned by WUNC since 1999 and operated as a straight simulcast of WUNC since 2001, though for its first seven years it was an independent public radio station based in Rocky Mount.

At North Carolina Wesleyan College
On November 1, 1988, North Carolina Wesleyan College applied for a construction permit to build a new radio station in Rocky Mount. The station was conceived to fill the void left when WVSP, which was licensed to Warrenton but had moved its studios to Rocky Mount in 1985, shuttered in 1987. The college had initially gotten involved in efforts to keep WVSP in operation, but instead, it put together a new community group to build a new public radio station; among the members in 1989 were several people formerly associated with Sound and Print United, which owned WVSP.

WESQ was granted its construction permit in 1990, and the station was taking shape in temporary facilities—a trailer beside the NCWC Student Activities Center—by 1991. Wesleyan was in the process of building a new fine arts building to house the station and a 1,200-seat auditorium. The station signed on in April 1992; in November, it brought NPR programming back to the region through a collaboration with WTEB in New Bern.

Friends of Down East Public Radio
The station's history took a turn in 1995 when North Carolina Wesleyan College decided to cease funding the station and cut all ties; the school said it had failed to find a way to integrate WESQ into its curriculum and that running costs had been too high. A not-for-profit business group, Friends of Down East Public Radio, Inc., stepped in to buy the station from NCWC.

Friends of Down East signed a lease agreement to move WESQ off the NCWC campus and into a city-owned building at downtown Rocky Mount that was formerly the headquarters of the Coastal Plains Life Insurance Company, though the property was also the site of a proposed library that would have required its demolition. The station went off the air on December 25 in order to prepare for the move to the new site, where a 180 ft tower donated by the city of Tarboro was erected so the station could send programs to the transmitter.

On April 1, 1996, the station returned as WRQM with NPR newsman and North Carolina native Carl Kasell joining local dignitaries, but the transmitter failed after two hours and the station returned to the air the next day. However, fundraising contributions were not as high as initially hoped; the 1997 spring fundraiser, while labeled a "success", still missed its goal by nearly $10,000. Additionally, the station had fewer than five full-time staff, which almost prompted NPR to drop the station as a full member for not meeting its criteria.

Sale to WUNC
In September 1998, the city of Rocky Mount began preparing to construct the library planned for the WRQM studio site. While the station was able to find a potential location for a new studio, a studio-to-transmitter link to the transmitter site on Temperance Road could not be set up from the proposed new facilities. Furthermore, the station was $135,000 in debt. By December, it was apparent that there were not enough listeners in the area for the station to be viable as a standalone NPR member. Friends of Down East Public Radio began weighing two merger offers: one from WTEB (by now calling itself Public Radio East) and one from WUNC. The board unanimously selected the WUNC bid.

WUNC announced its intention to continue to offer local programming on WRQM. On March 24, 1999, WUNC began programming the station from Chapel Hill under a time-share agreement, with two workers and a handful of local productions continuing in Rocky Mount for the time being. However, because of the loss of the former WRQM studios and state contracting policies preventing WUNC from leasing space for a studio in Rocky Mount, WUNC was approved to convert WRQM into a full-time satellite in 2001; since then, the station has been a straight simulcast of WUNC, with its call letters only mentioned during hourly legal IDs. The move expanded WUNC's footprint to Greenville, which gets grade B coverage from WRQM; previously, the only source of NPR programming in that city was a translator of WTEB.

title: WRQM


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User:B1sh

There aren't many folk with the name bish.

Luckily.

However, either I registered it here some time ago and forgot, or there's a bish out there that isn't me. In cases like that I can be b1sh, or b15h or simply Mark Rosher. You can find me here

title: User:B1sh


text:
Talk:Comparison of display technology

DLP Front projectors in bright rooms?
Well, I guess it depends on what you mean by "bright". I spent all of yesterday looking at a six=by-eight foot image projected from a DLP projector and the lights in the room were at full intensity the whole time. So if by "bright", we mean "ordinary indoor room lighting", then DLP projectors work fine in such an environment. Of course, if by "bright" we mean "sunlight falling on the screen", then the answer is probably "no". But most other displays don't work well in that situation either, most definitely including direct-view CRTs, the benchmark display.

So I've edited the front-projection DLP data back to "yes".

Atlant 15:30, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Usually front projectors require complete darkness to operate. I guess DLPs are capabale of being super bright, so that they overcome the brightness of the room? Reub2000 21:41, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Super bright?" That's kind of a relative term :-), but yes, DLP projectors can be very bright. They use a metal halide lamp and the optical system is usually pretty efficient (so a lot of that light reaches the screen for those parts of the image that are "white" or "light"). As I said, they're probably still no match for sunlight, but when teamed with a reflective screen, they're more than adequate in a typical indoor "office" environment, even with the lights on.

Atlant 13:05, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If you're going to say a DLP is visible in bright light, then certainly the Eidophor should be classified in the same way. With Xenon arc lamps of 3000 or 5000 watts, they were brighter than DLP. Not too shabby for an obsolete technology.

RastaKins 03:23, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Couldn't LCD front-prjection be classified the same then? —cmsJustin (talk|contribs) 16:04, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know; I haven't seen a new LCD front projector for years (and the old ones certainly were not "bright-room" capable). I suspect it's a function of the fact that DLP doesn't need to absorb the unused light in the DLP element so it can use a very bright light soure. By comparison, the LCD has to absorb (and dissipate as heat) all of the unused light.
 * Atlant 16:10, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * But then should LCoS/SXRD be viewable in bright rooms? The Sony SXRD projectors looks great in a bright showroom, and they are kind of a hybrid LCD/mirror. Plus I think modern LCD and LCoS chips allow most if not all light through when off, but have more trouble with contrast and creating blacks. —cmsJustin (talk|contribs) 16:47, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm perfectly open to "promoting" LCD displays if there are examples that are, in fact, usable in a bright room.

 * Atlant 16:57, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The whole "usable in a bright room" column is the essence of subjectivity. I've used CRT front projectors in Chicago's McCormick Place convention center - a huge room lit with metal halide lighting that has exterior glass walls. I was able to use a projector of no more than 450 lumens by throwing it onto a concave, highly reflective screen (the type typically used with the old Kloss Novabeam units). We should list lumen ratings in typical usage and get rid of this very subjective, and frankly amateur "usable in a bright room" rating. K8 fan 05:40, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Listing weight and depth
I think there should be a colomn for both weight and and depth. The problem is that I don't know what to put for the values as they vary based on the screen size. I was thinking that I could list values for specific screen sizes or use words like "small" and "big". Reub2000 02:49, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if the screen size is the same, the dimensions can vary, i.E. older CRTs are normally much bigger then newer ones with the same screen size. And even modern LCDs are much thinner then the first LCDs. --80.109.39.94 (talk) 20:21, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

New technologies
Is there enough information available to add OLED, NED and SED technologies to the comparison chart? Would be nice to see them there. Should there be also a price comparison? --Khokkanen 08:40, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm all for including OLEDs in the table. I'm less sanguine about NEDs, SEDs, and FEDs because they aren't yet in commercial production (AFAIK), even for tiny screens whereas OLEDs are in common use, at least for small sizes.

 * Atlant 23:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, and we should also add LED display panels and perhaps also Jumbotron and similar techniques. Sergeyy 15:33, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, this is Wikipedia, so you know what to do: be bold!

 * Atlant 15:41, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

I don't know where to put/classify this imaging system, maybe you can get some specs on this

http://www.actuality-systems.com/site/content/perspecta_display1-9.html

Saw it on C.S.I. N.Y. tonight,I first thought it was fake/visual-effect but no... WOW! 196 degrees rotation slices in a 768x768 matrix, PC compatible. The system uses DLP (one or many, I do not know), I'm trying to find out more info on how it works. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.93.126.42 (talk) 05:14, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Large CRTs
There are some CRTs that are larger than 36". There's some 16:9 format 40" screens, and some 4:3 format 38" screens, though most are 36" or smaller.

A little mistake
DLP Rear Projection	Flat lenticular	(limited only by brightness)	165

LCOS not listed
I noticed there is no inclusion of LCOS in these technology lists even though there is a entry for it if you do a search. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 47.248.0.45 (talk • contribs).

 * 207.245.81.138 has now added it! Well done!

 * Atlant 16:38, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Projectors for medical imaging : DLP, LCD ?
Digital medical images like x-ray images, fundus images, endoskopic images are more and more important in today´s health care system. There are high demands on displaying those images : resolution, gray scale, authenticity of colors. For instance : a projecor with a high ANSI lumen (standard today) would "quench" very small details in a histological image (very thin cross section of a human tissue). Is there any knowledge about which projector displaying technology would meet those requirements best ?

ANSI lumens are not the only or in this case the most important feature. Contrast, and color accuracy will be the most important features. When I mention contrast, do not be fooled by the rated contrast specifications of projectors. These are generally based on the difference between the whitest white and blackest black with little regard for what happens in the middle. Fewer levels of contrast will make the image unrecognizable. The problem with few levels of contrast can be seen in many display technologies. It is noticeable as "false contouring" or "posterization". In my experience it is the hardly ever seen in LCD projectors, but almost always present in DLP. (You may disagree.) LCD can be set to an almost infinite level of "on" or "off" due to the technology. In this case, the ability to select the level in a continuous range is much better than having distinct levels. In other words, analog is better than digital. After all, our eyes are analog. To get gray levels with DLP, you need to switch a mirror on and off at different rates. Since this is a digital process, there are only a set number of levels. Test it yourself. Take a smooth gradient image from white to black and display it on both technologies. See where you notice the most pronounced steps between shades. As far as color rendition goes, LCD is always three color panels. Unless you get a three chip DLP projector, you will have a color wheel. Try a side by side test with a photo. Use something real where you know the actual colors. Photos of people would be good. I think the difference between full time three colors and a color wheel will be obvious. Finally, I also disagree with the low ANSI lumens. If the contrast ratio is good, the higher lumens should give you more detail, not less. Besides, if the image is too bright most projectors will offer a low brightness setting which will maximize the lamp life. Eotx05 17:45, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Refresh rate, brightness and Contrast
I noticed there is no listing of refresh rate, brightness and contrast. The last two could replace "Usable in bright room", clearing up the constant debate. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Eotx05 (talk • contribs).
 * I agree - I've been Bold and added in the three extra columns. Please fill them, people! --129.234.252.65 (talk) 17:54, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

I agree. "Useable in a bright room" is a very subjective measurement. How bright? How useable? If I had a 5000 ANSI lumen LCD projector in a room and compared it to a 700 ANSI lumen DLP projector, with the same size image (another factor), I think the LCD projector would be just as "useable" as the DLP. In fact it would probably be more useable. LCD doesn't usually offer as deep a black level, but in a bright room, the blackest black would be pretty bright due to ambient light. Having a higher white level (more lumens) would make the major difference. I would also like to see some mention of the temporal characteristics as they apply to false contouring. —The preceding Eotx05 (talk • contribs).

Shouldn't CRT displays be visible in a bright room? I understand other technologies such as LCD have greater brightnesses, but I have no problem seeing my CRT TV in a well-lit room. This definition of a bright room seems vague and subjective. Perhaps it should be removed? 128.115.27.10 16:31, 12 June 2007 (UTC)HD CRT TV User

Ediphor should be changed to "Light Valve"
The Ediphor was an amazing technology, but General Electric's Taleria projector was another oil-based light valve that was, in many ways, more advanced. Both should be listed. Also, the idea that the Xenon-lamped light valve couldn't be viewed in a well-lit room is a bit silly. If you put it on a small enough screen (the US military, with an unlimited budget, would throw their image onto 10' screens. Hughes also made a light valve projector. K8 fan 18:02, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Thanks...
I'd just like to say, great article. Short, fact filled, and little to no detectible editorializing.

Sukiari 05:16, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Laser TV
What, no entry for Laser TV ? The light source should last much longer than current DLP bulbs Wikip rhyre (talk) 03:16, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
 * No mention of Photonic Crystal Reflective Displays, either. (see articles in nature & new scientist) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.153.33.192 (talk) 03:24, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

PJ said: Hey -now with the Showwx product/device, a front-projection laser display, the technology oughto be added here. I don't know how to do this, just suggesting it. Maybe this writing will generate a ping.- PJ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.4.1.41 (talk) 17:43, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Comparison of LifeTimes and Energy Usage
We need to be able to compare power-on lifetimes and energy usage, to make the best engineering tradeoffs. an OLED wouldn't be my first choice for a TV - I dislike planned obsolence, and current OLED blue wears out in 5 years. Too short a lifetime for a $1000 HDTV system.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED#Disadvantages for the details. Wikip rhyre (talk) 03:14, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Table Sorting
I tried sorting the table by maximu diagonal size and the results weren't quite what one might call sorted. Perhaps there is someone who could fix this? 199.91.34.33 (talk) 20:51, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

"Sketch" appears incorrect
The LCD is depicted to display a frame once in 1/24th second, while the film projector displays it trice. However, I am not aware of any LCD with such a low refresh rate. Indeed, they now seem to stabilize on 120 Hz refresh rate (240 Hz for 3D), which results in a 5:5 pulldown of a 24 fps image, instead of the 3:3 pulldown used in (better) film projectors. Should be corrected. Thyl Engelhardt213.70.217.172 (talk) 14:03, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The LCD is depicted to show a continuous image so you can't even tell what the refresh rate is. --Mudd1 (talk) 17:48, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Comparison of display technology


text:
1905 Kanchenjunga expedition

The 1905 Kanchenjunga expedition was a Himalayan mountaineering expedition aimed to climb to the summit of Kanchenjunga, which would ultimately only be achieved in 1955.

The expedition was an idea of the Swiss doctor and photographer Jules Jacot-Guillarmod. In April 1905 he proposed his plans to the British occultist Aleister Crowley, with whom he had participated in Oscar Eckenstein's K2 expedition in 1902. Crowley agreed to join because as the climbing leader he would have the opportunity to break the altitude record. The record at the time was held by either William Woodman Graham, Emil Boss and Ulrich Kaufmann on Kabru (7,315 m), a widely contested, but possibly accurate claim, or Matthias Zurbriggen on Aconcagua (6,962 m).

Jacot-Guillarmod recruited two of his countrymen, Alexis Pache and Charles-Adolphe Reymond, while Crowley recruited his hotelkeeper in Darjeeling, the young Italian Alcesti C. Rigo de Righi, as transport officer. On July 31 the five left with three Kashmiri servants (who had been in the K2 expedition as well), and about 230 local porters. Armed with Douglas Freshfield's map of the range and Vittorio Sella's pictures, created during a circumnavigation of the massif in 1899, Crowley planned to climb the southwest face of Kanchenjunga over the Yalung Glacier. When Camp IV was made above this glacier, the team had fallen apart: Jacot-Guillarmod especially was shocked by Crowley's arrogant behavior and brutal treatment of the (barefooted) porters. Camp V was still made around 6,200 m, and on September 1, Crowley, Pache, Reymond and a group of porters made it to about 6,500 m before a small avalanche forced a nervous retreat. In his autobiography, Crowley claimed they reached about 25,000 feet or 7,620 m and claimed to have held the altitude record until the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition reached 8,320 m.

The next day Jacot-Guillarmod and De Righi attempted to depose Crowley from expedition leadership. The argument could not be settled, and Jacot-Guillarmod, De Righi, and Pache decided to retreat from Camp V to Camp III. At 5 pm they left with four porters on a single rope, but a fall precipitated an avalanche that killed three porters as well as Alexis Pache. People in Camp V heard "frantic cries" and Reymond immediately descended to help, but Crowley stayed in his tent. That evening he wrote a letter to a Darjeeling newspaper stating that he had advised against the descent and that "a mountain 'accident' of this sort is one of the things for which I have no sympathy whatever". The next day Crowley passed the site of the accident without pausing nor speaking to the survivors and left on his own to Darjeeling, where he took the expedition funds, which mostly had been paid by Jacot-Guillarmod. The latter would get at least some of his money back after threatening to make public some of Crowley's pornographic poetry.

The 1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition was the first to succeed in reaching the summit, starting off on the same route as pioneered in 1905.

title: 1905 Kanchenjunga expedition


text: User talk:204.98.2.16

title: User talk:204.98.2.16


text:
Mompou

Mompou is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Federico Mompou (1893–1987), Spanish composer and pianist
 * Josep Mompou (1888–1968), Spanish painter

title: Mompou


text: Category:520 BC deaths

title: Category:520 BC deaths


text:
Marada Movement

The Marada Movement (تيار المردة) is a Lebanese political party and a former militia active during the Lebanese Civil War named after the legendary Marada (also called Mardaites) warriors of the early Middle Ages that fought on the external edge of the Byzantine Empire. Originally designated the Marada Brigade (لواء المردة Liwa al-Marada), the group initially emerged as the personal militia of Suleiman Frangieh, president of Lebanon at the outbreak of the war in 1975, which also had a Parliamentary wing known as the Frangieh Bloc. They were also initially known as the Zgharta Liberation Army, after Frangieh's hometown of Zgharta in northern Lebanon.

Marada in Lebanese history
The Marada were a group of independent communities in Lebanon and the surrounding highlands after the conquest of Syria by the Arab army in 630 CE. While some historians argue that the Marada "States" were that of a Maronite Aramaic-speaking Christian warrior elite, other historians tend to downplay their importance, and describe a more complex scenario. The Maronites and thus the Marada were given relative autonomy in the Umayyad Caliphate. The Marada were known by some as a fierce warrior group, and according to some, the name was synonymous with the Arabic word for rebels or also Maronites.

Lebanese civil war
During the Lebanese civil war was called one of the Maronite militias "Marada Movement". During the Lebanese civil war, Zgharta was the frontline and Christian stronghold of the north in northern Lebanon. The Zgharta-based Marada Brigade militia successfully repulsed and responded with attacks on armed militias from Tripoli, Danniyeh and Koura districts, and from PLO militias from the neighboring Palestinian refugee camps of Beddawi and Nahr al-Bared.

In March 1976, the Marada Brigade supported the hard-pressed Lebanese Army Republican Guard Battalion in defending the Presidential Palace in Baabda from a two-pronged combined LNM–LAA assault, though prior to the attack the Lebanese President had decamped to the safety of Jounieh.

The Marada were initially allied with the Kataeb until 1978, the year when Suleiman Frangieh refused the Lebanese Front's plan to declare a Christian canton, a Christian enclave separated from the rest of the country. A new alliance was formed between Suleiman Frangieh and Prime Minister Rachid Karami to counter the Lebanese Front's plan that called for separate enclaves/cantons of Christians, Druze and Muslims. Frangieh became firmly set against the onset of a Lebanese federal state that would make an alliance with Israel, promoted instead an Arab pro-Syrian alliance and stopped attending meetings with the Lebanese Front.

The incident is known as the Ehden massacre. Kataeb member at the time Samir Geagea, who allegedly headed the Phalangist force responsible for the Ehden massacre, admitted that he was among the "military squad" that was in charge of the Ehden "operation", but he denied taking part in the massacre, claiming that he was shot in his right hand before getting to the area and was taken to a hospital. Elie Hobeika has always denied taking part in the killing.

Modern politics
After the 2005 legislative elections, the Marada became a member of the (pro-Syrian) opposition alliance together with Hezbollah.

In June 2006, the Marada Movement was officially launched as a political party during a ceremony attended by supporters and representatives from Hezbollah, Amal Movement, the Free Patriotic Movement, and several pro-Syrian political figures.

In the 2009 Lebanese general election, Marada won all 3 seats in the electoral district of Zgharta, Marada was initially part of the Change and Reform bloc but left in 2013.

In the 2010 municipal election, Marada won in Zgharta and won a total of 17 out of 31 municipalities in the Zgharta District.

In the 2018 Lebanese general election, Marada won 3 seats in North III: 2 Maronite seats in Zgharta and 1 Orthodox seat in Koura. After the elections, Frangieh formed the Independent National Bloc (التكتل الوطني) with Farid Haykal Khazen, Faisal Karami, Jihad Al Samad and Jbeil Shia MP Moustafa Husseini.

Faisal Karami and Jihad Al Samad left the bloc, Koura MP Fayez Ghosn and Jbeil MP Moustafa Husseini died which left the bloc with only 2 MP.

In the 2022 Lebanese general election, only one official Marada candidate Tony Frangieh Jr. won, Marada candidate in Tripoli Rafli Diab got the highest preferential votes for the Orthodox seat in North II but lost, Koura candidate Fadi Ghosn (brother of Fayez Ghosn) lost in favor of William Tawk.

After the elections, Tony Frangieh formed a bloc with several MPs that represent feudal families (Frangieh, Khazen, Tawk, Murr) and their presidential candidate for the 2022-2023 Lebanese presidential election is Suleiman Frangieh.

Killings
On 16 June 1957, Sleiman Frangieh and his followers killed 30 loyalist to the Douaihy family in a church in Miziara, the massacre is known as Miziara massacre.

Amid tensions in the North between the Kataeb and Marada parties when the Kataeb tried to expend their power in the region, Marada militiamen assassinated Joud el Bayeh, a Kataeb leader in Zgharta, which ignited the Ehden massacre. To seek revenge for the Ehden massacre, on 28 June 1978, Marada brigades affiliates captured and killed 26 Kataeb members in the villages of Qaa and Ras Baalback, the massacre is known as Qaa massacre.

On 2 May 1987, a Zgharta unit called Marada 3/400 set up an ambush to kill Bahaa Douaihy and Roumanos Douaihy amid the long-running Frangieh and Douaihy clans conflict.

Between 2005 and 2008 numerous attacks targeted and killed multiple Lebanese Forces members. Those killed include: Riad Abi Khater in Batroun, Pierre Ishac in Bsarma and Tony Issa in Dahr al ain.

Attacks
The Marada militia destroyed the house of Greek Orthodox MP Fouad Ghosn in the town of Kousba in the Koura district after he voted for Bachir Gemayel during the 1982 Lebanese presidential election.

Marada loyalist burned the house of newly elected MP Samir Frangieh because Sleiman Frangieh lost the 2005 elections.

List of Marada leaders

 * Suleiman Frangieh (1967–1976)
 * Tony Frangieh (1976–1978)
 * Robert Frangieh (1978–1990)
 * Suleiman Frangieh, Jr. (1990–present)

title: Marada Movement


text:
Chairman Mao Memorial Hall

The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall, also known as the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, is the final resting place of Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party from 1943 and the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1945 until his death in 1976.

Although Mao had wished to be cremated, his wishes were ignored and his body was embalmed. The construction of a memorial hall as his final resting place began shortly after his death. This highly popular attraction is located in the middle of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It stands on the previous site of the Gate of China, the southern (main) gate of the Imperial City during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The embalmed body of Chairman Mao is preserved in the cooler, central hall of the memorial hall in a glass case with dim lighting; it is guarded by a military honor guard. The memorial hall is open to the public every day except Mondays.

History

The memorial hall was built soon after Mao's death on September 9, 1976. On September 14, 1976, the State Planning Commission of China organized designers from more than ten units in eight provinces and cities in China to gather at the Qianmen Hotel in Beijing to start the site selection and scheme design of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall. The planning and design leading group consists of Zhao Pengfei, Yuan Jingshi, Shen Bo, etc., who participated in the design from the China Academy of Building Research, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Planning, Beijing Municipal Architectural Design and Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Tianjin University, Shanghai Municipal Civil Architecture Design Institute, Guangdong Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute, Guangzhou Municipal Architectural Design and Research Institute, Nanjing Engineering Institute, China Architecture Northwest Design and Research Institute, Liaoning Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute, the Chinese People's Liberation Army Basic Construction Engineering Corps Design and Research Institute. After the study by the experts and leaders concerned, it was recognized that the better location options were Fragrant Hills, Tiananmen Square and Jingshan.

On October 8, 1976, the Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and the Central Military Commission on the Establishment of a Memorial Hall for Chairman Mao Zedong, the Great Leader and Tutor, was issued.

On October 15, 1976, the Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute set up the Planning and Design Group of the Memorial Hall of Chairman Mao. On November 6, 1976, the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee reviewed the plan of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall. On November 9, 1976, Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall Project Command was established, with Li Ruihuan, then deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Construction Committee, as the chief commander. The Ninth Office of the State Council ("Ninth Office") was specially set up to coordinate the construction of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall, and Vice Premier Gu Mu was in charge of the leadership of the Ninth Office and the construction of the Memorial Hall. Xiao Yang, the former director of Beijing Glass Factory, and Han Boping, the former vice mayor of Beijing, were members of the Ninth Office, and together they were responsible for the work of the equipment group of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall. On November 24, 1976, the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee finalized the plan of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall and the foundation stone of the Hall was laid. Hua Guofeng, then the Chairman of the CCP Central Committee, Premier of the State Council, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, participated in the groundbreaking ceremony and laid the soil for the cornerstone of the Memorial Hall.

People throughout China were involved in the design and construction of the memorial hall, with 700,000 people from different provinces, autonomous regions, and nationalities doing symbolic voluntary labor. Materials from all over China were used throughout the building: granite from Sichuan province, porcelain plates from Guangdong province, pine trees from Yan'an in Shaanxi province, saw-wort seeds from the Tian Shan mountains in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, earth from quake-stricken Tangshan, colored pebbles from Nanjing, milky quartz from the Kunlun Mountains, pine logs from Jiangxi province, and rock samples from Mount Everest.

On May 24, 1977, the construction of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall was completed. On August 22, 1977, the delegates to the 11th CCP National Congress visited Mao Zedong's remains, and the communiqué of the 1st Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CCP was published on the same day. On August 31, 1977, President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia went to visit Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall to admire the remains of Mao Zedong. on September 9, 1977, the CCP Central Committee, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission held a "Commemoration of the First Anniversary of the Death of the Great Leader and Mentor, Chairman Mao, and the Inauguration of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall" on the North Square of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall". Since then, representatives from all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have come to pay their respects.

The memorial hall was closed for renovations for nine months in 1997 before reopening on January 6, 1998. After that, the CCP Central Committee has held commemorative activities here on the occasion of the 90th, 100th, 110th and 120th anniversaries of the birth of Mao Zedong.

Sculptures
The North Hall contains the alabaster seated statue of Chairman Mao Zedong. Chairman of the CCP Central Committee Hua Guofeng, Vice Chairman Ye Jianying and other central leaders personally reviewed the draft and selected the plan for the statue of Chairman Mao. In the creation of the statue, there were always two options for the seated figure, with or without crossing the legs. The central government chose the option of crossing the legs. After the statue was made, someone thought that the cross-legged statue was vivid and friendly, but it did not harmonize well with the solemn atmosphere of the Memorial Hall. The Central Committee studied and discussed these views and decided to rebuild a flat-legged statue to replace the cross-legged one. However, the implementation of this decision was very cumbersome, and finally Deng Xiaoping decided that there was no need to replace it, so the statue remained cross-legged.

There are four sculpture groups in the square, all of which are made of clay, one on each side of the east and west sides of the main gate in the north, and one on each side of the east and west sides of the back gate in the south. The sculpture on the east side of the north gate shows the democratic revolution. The sculpture on the west side of the north gate represents the socialist revolution and industrial construction. The two sculptures on both sides of the south gate represent the inheritance of the will and the continuation of the revolution.

Visits
The memorial hall today remains a popular destination in Beijing, and is often visited by foreign dignitaries and Chinese Communist Party officials. Foreign heads of state, such as Cuban leader Fidel Castro and Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro visited the memorial hall during their state trips to China.

On 29 September 2019, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping along with other Politburo members of the Chinese Communist Party visited the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall.

title: Chairman Mao Memorial Hall


text:
Mount Lowe Railway

The Mount Lowe Railway was the third in a series of scenic mountain railroads in the United States created as a tourist attraction on Echo Mountain and Mount Lowe, north of Los Angeles, California. The railway, originally incorporated by Thaddeus S. C. Lowe as the Pasadena and Mt. Wilson Railroad Co., existed from 1893 until its official abandonment in 1938, and was the only scenic mountain, electric traction (overhead electric trolley) railroad ever built in the United States. Lowe's partner and engineer was David J. Macpherson, a civil engineer graduate of Cornell University. The Mount Lowe Railway was a fulfillment of 19th century Pasadenans' desire to have a scenic mountain railroad to the crest of the San Gabriel Mountains.

The Railway opened on July 4, 1893, and consisted of nearly 7 mi of track starting in Altadena, California, at a station called Mountain Junction. Atop Echo Mountain was a 70-room Victorian hotel, the Echo Mountain House. A short distance away stood the 40-room Echo Chalet, which was ready for opening day. Other buildings on Echo Mountain included an astronomical observatory, car barns, dormitories, repair facilities, a casino and dance hall, and a menagerie of local fauna.

For the seven years during which Lowe owned and operated the railway, it was not financially successful, and was eventually sold. A series of natural disasters destroyed the facilities, the first of which was a kitchen fire that destroyed the Echo Mountain House in 1900. Further fires and floods eventually destroyed any remaining facilities, and the railway was officially abandoned in 1938 after a flood washed railway property off the mountain sides. The ruins of Mount Lowe Railway remain. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 1993, a listing that was enlarged in January 2015.

Physical description

The railway terminal, called Mountain Junction, was located at the corner of Lake Avenue and Calaveras Street in the unincorporated community of Altadena. The line was divided into three divisions: the Mountain Division, the Great Incline, and the Alpine Division. The mode of locomotion was electric traction railway, and a cable driven incline funicular. Electrical power for the railway consisted of several power generating stations equipped with either gas engines or Pelton wheels, depending on the availability of mountain water.

Mountain Division
The Mountain Division, originally built as a narrow gauge line, began with a trolley that ascended Lake Avenue to a turnoff near Las Flores Street, along a private right-of-way through the Poppyfields district, and proceeded into Rubio Canyon to the foot of Echo Mountain. Since this part of the line ran through the upper end of the residential community, it had station stops at Newkirk (Las Flores), Poppyfields, Hygeia (recovery hospital), and Roca before entering the Rubio Canyon. A transition bridge was installed to cross the Rubio Wash named Las Flores Bridge. At Rubio there was a large platform that spanned the canyon with an integrated 12-room hotel, the Rubio Pavilion. Other features at the pavilion were a series of stairways and bridges that ascended the canyon for viewing some eleven waterfalls, all of which were named. The Mountain Division's tracks were converted to in 1903.

Great Incline
From this platform passengers could transfer to a narrow gauge, three-railed inclined plane railway, the "Great Incline," and ascend Echo Mountain (elevation 3250 ft). The Incline powering mechanism was designed by San Francisco cable car inventor Andrew Smith Hallidie. It had grades as steep as 62% and as slight as 48%, and gained 1900 ft in elevation. The Great Incline was the first of its kind built with three rails and featuring a four-railed passing track at the halfway point. A particular feature on the Incline was the Macpherson Trestle named by Lowe for his engineer, David J. Macpherson, as was custom, and noted for its design in crossing a granite chasm over 150 ft deep.

Echo Mountain
Lowe wanted to make the mountains overlooking Altadena and Pasadena accessible to average citizens. After much planning, and many exploratory trips on horseback, he and his engineer, Thomas McPherson, located a series of routes that could be built upon with a series of rail cars to reach miles back into the forest and eventually all the way to the top of Mount Wilson. Financing the project himself, Lowe proceeded to build the railway which eventually reached the base of Mount Lowe (named after Lowe, previously known as Oak Mountain). At its peak, it was the top honeymoon destination in the United States. Beginning with the red car lines in California, Lowe extended the line up through the hills in Rubio Canyon where a small hotel was built at the base of new incline rail systems that would take a visitor up a mile along a ridge overlooking the Los Angeles Basin to the top of Echo Mountain.

The top of Echo Mountain had restaurants, stores, dormitories for employees, and a power generating station to power Echo Mountain facilities. There was also a trolley repair building and pit, observation decks at various spots, trails that could be hiked up and down the mountain and into the Alpine regions, tennis courts, stables and a zoo. The entire assembly of buildings were painted white and because of the view from far below, became known as "The White City in the sky". The "opera box" great incline cars were also white and could be seen from afar ferrying up and down the hill. On a ridge behind the Echo Mountain ridge was an observatory building with a working 16 in telescope housed in a round domed building. The extant foundations and cement telescope stand remain. Lowe intended to build the rail system all the way to the top of Mount Wilson along with additional hotels and facilities on the top. Later, much of the path of the large 100-inch telescope and observatory built on Mount Wilson was used to transport the delicate 100 in mirror to the top of Mount Wilson.

Alpine Division
The third division, the Alpine Division, opened in 1896 and consisted of 3.5 mi of narrow gauge track with 127 curves and 18 bridges and trestles. On this line there were three cars available for shuttling between Echo and the end-of-line, though only one car ever operated at a time due to electrical limitations, and there was no two-way traffic. The division spanned the broad face of Las Flores Canyon, rounded a promontory called the "Cape of Good Hope," traveled deep into Millard Canyon, reappeared at the front face of the mountain, and eventually disappeared into Grand Canyon where it terminated at the foot of Mount Lowe. This location was called Crystal Springs (elev. 4995 ft) for a stream of water that poured from the hillside, and it was here that the last of the hotels, the 12-room Swiss-style chalet, "Ye Alpine Tavern," was built.

History
The Mount Lowe Railway was born from a desire of the Pasadena Pioneers to have a scenic mountain railroad to the crest of the San Gabriel Mountains. A trail had already been established to the peak of Mount Wilson, but that trip was arduous and often required more than a day to travel up and down. Several proposals were floated to establish some sort of mechanical transportation to the summits, but they all lacked funding.

David J. Macpherson (b. 1854, Ontario, Canada), a civil engineer from Cornell University and a newcomer to Pasadena (1885), proposed a steam driven cog wheel train to reach the crest via Mount Wilson. It wasn't until he was introduced to the millionaire Thaddeus S. C. Lowe (arrived in Pasadena 1890) that a fully funded plan could be put into action. The two men visited Colorado to view the mountain railway to Pike's Peak. Lowe was impressed with the trolley car systems in the city and thought that should be the way to go. This would make the Mount Lowe Railway the only electric traction rail line ever to be put into scenic mountain railway service.

Incorporation
The two men incorporated the Pasadena & Mount Wilson Railroad Co. in 1891 with intentions to build the railroad to Mount Wilson. Unable to obtain rights of way to Mt. Wilson, Macpherson suggested an alternate route, toward Oak Mountain, a high peak to the west of Mount Wilson. They hired electrical engineer, Almarian W. Decker, who had contrived all the mathematical possibilities of an electric line and the funicular which would be required to ascend the Echo Mountain Promontory.

Mountain Division
Blasting into the Rubio Canyon began in September 1892, three months before the establishment of the San Gabriel Timberland Reserve (now Angeles National Forest). A terminal was built at the corner of Calaveras Street and Lake Avenue in Altadena adjacent to the L. A. Terminal Railway station, and a narrow gauge line was laid up the 8% grade to a point near Las Flores Street where it turned eastward traversing the Poppyfields district and headed into Rubio Canyon.

At the Rubio division terminus was built a broad platform to span the Canyon which included the Rubio Pavilion, a 12-room hotel, with dining facilities and other amenities. The pavilion also consisted of power generating facilities with the use of gas engines and Pelton waterwheels. Water was made available from reservoirs built in the canyon's streams, though water was not always plentiful year round. As part of the entertainment experience, Lowe had a series of stairways and bridges built over the streams and waterfalls that emanated from the canyon. The 11 waterfalls were individually named and today exist as local landmarks.

The Great Incline

Work was begun on the Great Incline, which featured such steep grades that no mule could be flogged enough into negotiating it. Instead, materials were carried up on the back of laborers; grading became a particular problem. While funiculars were usually considered to require four rails, two for the ascending car, and two for the descending car, there was not enough room to widen the grade to accommodate four rails. Over night the inventive Thaddeus Lowe came up with a plan to only use four rails where the cars pass each other and three rails on the upper and lower ends of the run, whereby the cars shared the center rail. The ingenious three-railed funicular not only fit, but it also reduced the amount of required materials. This three-railed design has been applied on other places as well (e.g. Angels Flight).

A great feat of engineering was realized with a trestle that was built to negotiate a 150 ft granite chasm across 250 ft of track on a 62% grade. The trestle was named, as was customary in railroad constructions, for the chief engineer, David Macpherson, thus, the Macpherson Trestle.

The Great Incline cable mechanism was engineered by Andrew Smith Hallidie of San Francisco cable car fame. It climbed 2200 ft with approximately 6000 ft of cable spliced into a complete loop which raised and lowered the cars of the Incline. At the Echo summit an incline powerhouse was erected to house the winding motor and gear works which powered the 9 ft grip wheel. The wheel consisted of 72 clamping "finger" mechanisms which bit down on the cable creating a smooth, non-slip actuation of the winding cable.

The cable was a 1+5/8 in steel cable spliced in two spots, one below each of the incline passenger cars and looped in a continuous strand around the grip wheel at the top of the incline and a tension wheel at the bottom. The cable was replaced every two or three years.

The incline grade changed three times from a steep 62% grade at the base to a gentler 48% grade at the top, but the cars were designed to comfortably adjust to the differences in grade. The incline was also equipped with a safety cable which ran through an emergency braking mechanism under each car and provided an emergency stopping of the cars within 15 ft should a failure of the main cable occur.

Echo Mountain

The Echo Mountain site was ready for opening day, July 4, 1893, with the 40-room "Echo Chalet." By November 1894 the 80-room Victorian "Echo Mountain House" was completed as a luxury facility to rival the Hotel Del Coronado in San Diego.

Lowe also installed a 16 in telescope and observatory on Echo, as he was a patron of the astronomical arts. He even sought to have the Mount Lowe Railway considered the astronomical center of the San Gabriels. He was even able to enlist astronomer Dr. Lewis Swift, whose reputation preceded him. Given the lack of light pollution in the area, Swift was able to discover some 95 new nebulae from the Echo vantage point. ("It could be noted that in an earlier 1892 plan, Charles William Eliot President of Harvard University sought to have a 40 in telescope put on Mt. Wilson. Lowe offered the use of his new Mount Wilson Railroad to transport the lenses up. However, the project benefactor died without leaving a trust, and the whole plan failed, and of course Lowe's train didn't end up going to Mt. Wilson either").

Prof. Lowe's success was greatly drawn from his nationally renowned process of generating large amounts of hydrogen gas (see water gas). He had built a gas plant in Pasadena and had piped the gas some 8 mi to the top of Echo where there was a storage container seen in several earlier photographs. The technology, mainly used for heating and lighting, was soon replaced by electricity.

Echo Mountain also sported a menagerie (zoo) which housed several species of local fauna: lynxes, raccoons, snakes, squirrels, and even a black bear. Alongside the zoo was a dormitory and shop facility for maintenance of the trains.

Lowe purchased a three million candlepower searchlight from the Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893. The light was installed on Echo in 1894. So powerful was the light, that a claim by Lowe's publicist, George Wharton James, stated that he could read a newspaper by the beam of the light coming through his hotel window on Catalina Island. Exaggeration or not, the beam from the light did have a 35 mi projection. Residents announcing their birthdays could have the light shone on their homes in the evening. It was also known to stir up a corral of horses, invade lovers’ privacy, and interrupt an evening's revival meeting. By the 1930s the light was considered a public nuisance and was shut off permanently.

The Alpine Division

A third division, the Alpine Division, was begun in 1894 and took a lengthy stretch of narrow gauge track across three canyons to the foot of Mount Lowe (formerly Oak Mountain). The line ran from alongside the incline landing where passengers could transfer directly to the next trolley. There were three trains available on this line, but the limited electrical power only allowed one at a time to travel. The line set out across the broad Las Flores Canyon which gave a tremendous panorama of the Los Angeles area below. At one point a tall trestle was required to bridge a broad and deep chasm with a bridge so named High Bridge.

At the ridge which separates Las Flores Canyon from Millard Canyon, the right of way was cut around a bluff named Cape of Good Hope. On the back side of the bluff was a section of straight track labeled "longest straight track 225 ft [68.6 m]." From there the rails led deep into Millard Canyon before making a complete turnabout at Horseshoe Curve and heading back to the face of the mountain. Once again overlooking the valley, the train made a broad sweep around Circular Bridge. The design of the bridge, more a trestle, was to allow the trolley to negotiate a 12 ft switchback, over 500 ft of track, at a 4% grade in a 340° turn. The wooden structure resembled a section of roller coaster offering an awesome sight over the side of the car looking almost 100 ft straight down.

From the switchback the train made a return trip into Millard Canyon. At the transition point of Millard and Grand Canyons, construction was met by a large granite crag that required eight months of dynamiting and mucking to allow just enough passage for the narrow gauge cars. The site was named Granite Gate at 4072 ft in elevation. The last stretch of track reached deep into Grand Canyon on a gentle grade that ended up at the foot of Mt. Lowe. There in a location called Crystal Springs, Lowe built a 12-room, Swiss chalet styled hotel named "Ye Alpine Tavern." It was also flanked by cottages and tent cabins to augment its occupancy. The Tavern boasted several amenities, such as a wading pool, tennis courts, mule rides, gift shop, restaurant, and a silver fox farm.

This spot marked the end of the line, nearly 7 mi from its starting point at Mountain Junction.

Visitors

The Mount Lowe Railway opened officially on July 4, 1893. Folks amassed themselves at the remote Mountain Junction. Up to this point there was only one means of public transportation from the valleys below to the hillside community of Altadena. It was the Los Angeles Terminal Railway which by this time was running from Terminal Island in San Pedro to Mountain Junction. The trains ran twice a day, and very irregularly at that, so the only sure means of getting to Altadena on time was by your own horse and buggy. This lack of transportation, coupled with Lowe's inability to establish any at all, would be in part the downfall of the railway.

Nevertheless, over its 45 years of existence, it is estimated that some 3 million people had ridden the railway, many coming from all parts of the country and the world. In its own inimitable way, it was a Disneyland of the day. Lowe had two favorite days of the year, Independence Day and Christmas, during which he would mark special events of his lifetime. A publication which emanated from the Tavern daily was the Echo, a preprinted newspaper with a blank page that had the names and home states of the daily arrivals surprinted. The four-page tabloid had three pages of biographical information on the railroad and other announcements of daily events.

At the top of the incline was perched Charles Lawrence, the official photographer, on a special scaffold from which he would take pictures of the arriving visitors. For 25 cents, visitors could purchase a souvenir photo of their arrival on the incline car, with everyone else aboard, of course. George Wharton James, Lowe's publicist, had his own publication which touted the railway in its conception, construction, and operation.

Megaphones, called "echophones", were installed on Mount Echo through which visitors could bellow into the back canyons and receive a number of echoes. The "sweet spot" where the most repeaters could be heard had at least nine reverberations of anything that was shouted loud enough. The study of the sweet spot has even been used as boy scout projects.

Along the way in Millard Canyon, a special station stop was made at Dawn Station above the Dawn Mines, an old gold mining operation. The mines were deep in the canyon and visitors stopping off to see the digs spent an exorbitant amount of time getting back to the train. A false pit was dug just a hundred feet below the track to trick people into thinking they had visited the mine and were shortly ready to return to the train.

The mountain itself offered a grand display of nature and hiking trails, plus a mule ride, the "Mount Lowe Eight," that transported guests around a trail. This trail made a large figure eight traverse of Mt. Lowe and Mount Echo, starting and ending at the Alpine Tavert without ever traversing the same terrain twice.

In 1922 Henry Ford visited the Mount Lowe Railway and returned with a Hollywood filming crew who made a silent film documentary of the trip with the camera mounted on the various cars, including the Great Incline. A reel containing 618 ft of this historic film is available at the Library of Congress.

Troubled times
In all, there were four hotels along the line, but the extent of the construction and the poor patronage had stretched Lowe to his limit. By 1898 the railroad fell into receivership under Jared Sidney Torrance, founder of Torrance, California. Both men applied to the government for rights of way to the top of Mt. Lowe. The government realized that the whole railroad was on Federal property (vis-à-vis the San Gabriel Timberland Reserve) and demanded that a proper lease be taken out on the properties. Having reviewed Lowe's standing with the railway, Congress awarded the receivership to Torrance in 1899, and Lowe was left with only the title to the observatory. It was at this time that the railway was reorganized and incorporated as the Mount Lowe Railway. The railway was sold at auction to a Mr. Valentine Peyton of Danville, Illinois, who personally came to California to run the operation.

Disasters strike

In 1900, the Echo Mountain House burned down. It was grossly under-insured and was never rebuilt. Later, the astronomer Dr. Swift went blind and was forced to leave his post at the observatory. A second astronomer, Prof. Edgar Lucien Larkin (1847–1925), was hired to oversee the observatory. Though he was not as prominent as Prof. Swift, he did stay with the Mount Lowe Observatory until his sudden death in 1925. Disenchanted, Peyton sold the railway to Henry E. Huntington, after which it became part of the Pacific Electric Railway (PE), of the famed Los Angeles Red Car system.

Part of the PE improvements included a "casino" on Echo Mountain. The building appears in a few rare photos and was described as a dance hall, not a gambling facility. Most historians believe that the casino was built only a few months before the fire of 1905. The blaze began when a forceful wind blew the roof from the casino onto the power generating station across the track, setting a fire that razed everything on Echo except the observatory and the astronomer's cabin. The only part of the Echo operation that was restored was the Incline Powerhouse in 1906. Other improvements were made to the railway, such as the replacement of rock pile footings under each trestle with reinforced concrete pilings.

In 1909, an unseasonable electrical storm and flash flood destroyed the Rubio Pavilion and buried one of the caretakers’ children in the mud. The injured parents spent years in the hospital recuperating from the devastation that left them trapped in the rubble of the Pavilion. Three of the children, who knew how to move the incline cars, escaped to the top of the incline.

In 1928 a strong Santa Ana Wind blew down the observatory. Its curator at the time, Mt. Lowe photographer Charles Lawrence, escaped the collapse within an inch of his life. Fortunately, he had the foresight to pack up the expensive lens pieces ahead of time. The instrument has since been reinstalled at Santa Clara University.

In 1925 a large block brick annex was added to "Ye Alpine Tavern" and the facility was renamed "Mount Lowe Tavern." In September 1936 the tavern burned to the ground from an electrical fire. The PE was officially out of business, but left train operators on the line, so as not to abandon the railway. Though there was a slight consideration to rebuild, lack of water, poor area for relocation, and the financial burden of construction and insurance left the PE all but giving up on the Mount Lowe Railway.

In December, 1937, the Railroad Booster's Club, enthusiasts of the PE Railroad, requested a final paid excursion on the line for photos and memorabilia. A few months later, in March, 1938 a three-day deluge of rain destroyed what was left of the railway and stranded the caretakers on Echo for 17 days. Following this disaster, the railway was officially abandoned.

Dismantling
The Red Car line ran into Altadena until 1941. At the onset of World War II, the dismantling of the Mount Lowe Railway was contracted to a scrapper who stripped the railway of all salvageable materials. In 1959 the Forestry service began dynamiting the remains of buildings as "hazardous nuisances." In 1962 the Incline Powerhouse was dynamited, but the gear mechanism was placed as a monument to the enterprise.

Historical landmark
In 1992 a committee of the Pacific Railroad Society, successors to the Railroad Boosters, began a project of "revealment" which, under the supervision of Mike McIntyre, Angeles National Forest archaeologist, sought to uncover the ruins of Echo Mountain. On January 6, 1993, the Mount Lowe Railway was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the Forestry Service dedicated a block of land for the monument that would encompass all the artifacts from the railroad. On July 4, 1993, a centennial celebration was held on Mount Echo, and a separate celebration was held on Macpherson Parkway in the Poppyfields district. Today care of the artifacts and other restorative projects are being carried out by the Scenic Mount Lowe Railway Historical Committee under the leadership of Brian Marcroft and John Harrigan. The committee has become a group of uniformed forestry volunteers who continue to work closely with the forestry headquarters in Arcadia, California.

In 2005 Stacey Camp began an archaeological dig on a section of Mount Echo where there once stood a barrack for workers. The dig is part of Camp's Doctoral thesis and has come about by a grant from Stanford University and is also being coordinated with the Forestry Service.

Online publications

 * Man, Mountain and Monument by Mike Manni

title: Mount Lowe Railway


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Guy Molinari

Gaetano Victor Molinari (November 23, 1928 – July 25, 2018) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from New York city. He represented Staten Island in the United States House of Representatives for four terms (1981–1989) and then served 12 years as Staten Island borough president (1990–2002). His daughter, Susan Molinari, also served as a U.S. Representative.

Education and military service
Gaetano Kenneth Molinari, "who changed his middle name as a teenager to Victor" was born on Manhattan's Lower East Side. His father was S. Robert Molinari (1897–1957), "the first Italian immigrant to serve in the New York state Assembly," representing the 2nd District of Richmond County in the New York State Assembly from 1943 to 1944. After changing from a Republican to a Democrat, Molinari's father was not reelected. His mother, Elizabeth Margaret (Majoros), was of Czechoslovakian descent.

Molinari attended private schools growing up and graduated from New Dorp High School in Staten Island in 1945. He attained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Staten Island's Wagner College in 1949 and his law degree from New York Law School in 1951. He served in the United States Marine Corps (attaining the rank of sergeant), from 1951 to 1953 during the Korean War. He was admitted to the New York State Bar following his discharge from the military in 1953 and commenced practice in Staten Island.

Political career
Molinari was a Republican member of the New York State Assembly from 1975 to 1980, sitting in the 181st, 182nd and 183rd New York State Legislatures. He was a delegate to the New York State Republican conventions in 1979 and the Republican National Convention in both 1980 and 1984.

In 1980, he was elected to the House of Representatives, unseating nine-term Democrat John M. Murphy. The district included all of Staten Island and most of Lower Manhattan. In 1982, his district lost its share of Manhattan, and was instead merged with a Brooklyn-based district that was held by four-term Democrat Leo Zeferetti. Molinari defeated Zeferetti won with 57%. He was reelected to the three succeeding Congresses with minimal opposition and served from January 3, 1981, until his resignation December 31, 1989, to become Borough President of Staten Island. He was succeeded in the House by his daughter, Susan, who also served on the New York City Council. He served as Borough President from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2001.

In 1994, a week before the statewide elections, Molinari announced his view that Karen Burstein, the Democratic nominee for New York Attorney General, was not qualified to serve as attorney general because she was a lesbian. The combination of Molinari's remarks, a strong national Republican showing, and the win of George Pataki in the governor's race, led to Republican Dennis Vacco's narrowly defeating Burstein. The New York Times called his remarks "gutter politics".

In 1995, Molinari ran for Richmond County District Attorney. He lost the race to Democratic incumbent, William L. Murphy.

A Life of Service (book)
Molinari co-authored his autobiography A Life of Service with former NYC Police Lt. -Kossman, a "highly decorated cop, who is also a lawyer and a registered nurse." Feerick, after five years of appeals, began to serve her sentence for having illegally searched for a stolen police radio. With a search warrant still pending, she launched a technically legal "random .. door-to-door" search that, in being carried out, went beyond legal bounds. Feerick-Kossman, a mother with husband Joseph Kossman of two sons, the second seven weeks old, entered Rikers Island jail. Molinari successfully "lobbied Gov. George Pataki to commute her sentence" and she was released a month later. Her law license was returned in 2000.

The book, whose start can be traced to Feerick's pushing, discusses Molinari's success at convincing a then age 44 Rudy Giuliani to run for mayor of NYC, Giuliani's push for Molinari to run for Staten Island's Boro President, and the (2001) closing of Fresh Kills Landfill, "the largest .. in the world."

Personal life
Guy Molinari's daughter Susan succeeded him as a member of Congress. She is married to Bill Paxon, a former United States House Representative from Buffalo.

Death and legacy
After spending his final years in his home in Bay Terrace, Guy Molinari died of pneumonia on July 25, 2018, at the age of 89.

In September 2003, a new Staten Island Ferry boat was built and was christened the Guy V. Molinari; it joined the New York City Department of Transportation fleet in September 2004, a year later. The boat continues to transport commuters and tourists between Staten Island and Manhattan.

James S. A. Corey's novel Leviathan Wakes and its television adaptation, The Expanse, featured a spaceship named for Molinari.

title: Guy Molinari


text: Category:498 BC deaths

title: Category:498 BC deaths


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:39, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)
Delete. The article is not only factually bare, but also seems to be a mockery of the song. It provides no real information as to the nature of the song, its recording, and its significance. Although it does outline the "plot", the song really doesn't have much of a story. As such, an entire page devoted to the "story" is an insignificant waste of space.WalkinDownThirtyThree 16:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * All those seem to be arguments that the article should be cleaned, not deleted. It doesn't look like you're saying this is a bad topic for a song. Keep, but I could well change my mind if people present some arguments as to why this is a bad topic for an article. Meelar (talk) 19:30, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC) Pretty definite keep, if it was a hit single. Meelar (talk) 00:00, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and add some context. This was a hit single, or at least a single. "waste of space" doesn't really apply to wikipedia, something like "would disappoint anyone who found it" might apply though. Kappa 19:46, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Seems to be one of the "Rock 'N Roll Hall Of Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock And Roll" . Kappa 01:21, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Eh, I see what you're saying. Perhaps I was just so disgusted with the stupidity of what was written that I acted irrationally.  Perhaps I'll write the new article myself!  --24.55.187.176 02:28, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable song as part of Springsteen's live show as well as classic rock song. Capitalistroadster 03:35, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Basically just a paraphrase of the song's lyrics, which it doesn't even quote correctly ("mama's reins, not mama's reign, geez). --Dcfleck 11:50, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've been slowly expanding the Springsteen content on WikiPedia and will add this to my list. JnB987 15:09, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.