text:
Talk:Centauri (Babylon 5)

Inconsistencies
In the "Homeworld" section it says: The main parliamentary body is called the Centarum, though it is unknown how much actual power it wields. but then in the next section on government it says : ''' (...) but it is clear that while the emperor has great personal influence and important ceremonial roles, true power resides in the Centarum. '''

This should be clearified somewhat IMHO. If I recall corectly the Empreor's power is pretty much absolute (see Cartagia's exploits) if he choose to exersise his power. The only "limit" to the emperor's power is that if he become too unpopular other nobles might conspire to assasinate him (as ineed was Cartagia's fate). A weak willed or comformist emperor on the other hand (like Turhan) is easily controlled by the nobles and/or politicians in the Centaurum (or like in Londo's case an outside influence).

--213.225.64.72 10:02, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I think Cartagia is a difficult case to use to prove anything either way. On the one hand, Refa and his buddies "created" him as a front to their ambitions, and by the time of episode Ceremonies of Light and Dark Refa admits to Londo that his ultimate plan is to become emperor himself, so Cartagia is presumably merely a temporary resident of the throne. On the other hand, once Refa is removed by Londo (in And the Rock Cried Out, No Hiding Place) later on in season 3, we can assume that it is from that point onwards that Cartagia becomes more powerful.

 * It's also important to remember that Turhan had a prime minister, suggesting that his power was channeled through or wielded by an appointed or elected member of the Centaurum. The prime minister must be a significant figure within the government, or Refa's men wouldn't have murdered him. By getting rid of the prime minister when Turhan died, Refa was able to control both the "executive" and the "legislative" branches of government, I suppose, i.e., the throne and the Centaurum.

 * So basically where the Centaurum is strong (or bits of it are, at least) the emperor is limited in power by convention or politics, but where the Centarum is weakened, that's when the emperor can act more directly. Cheers, Neale Neale Monks 07:52, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Another inconsistency: the article claims that the Xon were eradicated in 262 AD, that Emperor Tuscano was installed shortly thereafter, and that the Shoggren invasion was already over "in the last years of Tuscano's rule," which I assume to be late 3rd-early 4th century. But the next section claims that the Shoggren invasion took place during the first Shadow war, which took place around 1260 AD, a good thousand years later. Since I've never read the books (where I assume this information comes from), however, I have no way of knowing which it is.
 * The Centauri got their technology from the Shoggren after their invasion in the final months of Tuscano's rule (Londo refered to him as the one who defeated them in day of the dead) and when they used this technology to get into space they had sporadic encounters with the reminants of the Drakh fleet. So they must have gained space travel near or just after the end of the first shadow war when the shadows forces where in their final retreat, thus suggesting to me that the Shoggren invasion happened just before or during that war. Nubula 18:02, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Btw, I believe the correct spelling is "Centaurum," not "Centarum" as currently stands. No source, though, so someone should confirm this one way or the other before editing it. -- MikhailM 24.174.138.187 19:14, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Although that is unclear from the Babylon 5 episodes themselves, I would assume the relationship between the emperor and the Centaurum in the Centauri Republic probably mirrored that between the emperor and the Senate in the early centuries of the Roman Empire on Earth. In other words, I would imagine that, even though the Centauri emperor was an autocrat who had full control over the  government and the military, he still needed the formal approval of the Centaurum to pass legislation and possibly appropriate public money. Also, to keep the fiction of a nominal republican constitution, I would speculate that there was no automatic rule of succession to the office of emperor; instead, a new emperor would have to be acclaimed/elected by the Centaurum  whenever the throne was vacant. Although it would be customary for a sitting emperor to nominate his son or a close relative as his successor, the hereditary principle or a strict line of succession based on family ties did not necessarily have to be observed, as shown by the fact that the Centaurum chose Vir Cotto, a minor nobleman, to succeed Londo Mollari as emperor, by-passing the young Dius Vintari who was the surviving son of the deceased emperor Cartagia. 161.24.19.112 (talk) 19:14, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

British Empire
As someone who does not know the series, I was wondering if the comparisons to the British Empire are actually quotations from The Gathering episode of the series. If so then I suppose that is fair enough. However I would dispute some of the claims made, the description of Britain being a "tourist attraction" is perhaps unfair when used to describe the 6th largest economy in the world. Perhaps the Pyramids of Egypt are a better example of a tourist attraction in what was once a great empire but now a country heavily dependant on foreign aid? Although the United Kingdom is not "feared" around the world this paragraph slightly contradicts Wikipedia's own descriptions of the British armed forces;
 * "(The British) Army is one of the most technologically advanced land forces in the world, and is deployed in many of the world's war zones as part of a fighting force, and in United Nations peacekeeping forces."

 * "(The Royal Navy) remains the largest Western European navy, and one of the world's most technologically advanced."

 * "the RAF is one of the largest air forces in the world. It is also one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces."

And the line "did not pick on worlds that could fight back" is perhaps not a fair charge against the British Empire considering its conflicts with France, Russia, the German Empire and then the Third Reich. Apologies for my moaning about this, but I do not believe that as of 2005 the paragraph is particularly correct. Although perhaps one has to look at it from the perspective of the year 2500?

 * Very true. The once "powerful" Centauri are now weak and latching onto the growing power of the Earth alliance (U.S.). VERY similar in history. Such as the Klingons were the Soviets in the original Star Trek episodes.
 * -G
 * This is why I added that section with the quote from JMS, the show's creator. He expressly had the British Empire (and perhaps certain other European empires, e.g. Romans, Napoleonic France) in mind when creating the Centauri. So while you may have arguments with that parallel, that's largely irrelevant given that the show's creator saw those parallels and used them in the show. The Centauri, by the way, aren't portrayed as feeble or backward, simply no longer the driving force in space politics they once where. But they are still seen as powerful. In "Now for a word", Sheridan explicitly makes the point that the Minbari, Centauri, and Vorlons are all well ahead of the Earth Alliance in terms of military technology. So just like your facts quoted above, the Centauri and the British both have lots of technological advances and military power, it's just that for whatever reason neither uses them in an expansionist way anymore. Cheers, Neale Neale Monks 14:45, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know what JMS original intention was, but IMHO the Centauri Republic bears little resemblance to the British Empire. Instead, the Centauri government, society, and religion are strikingly similar to those of the old Roman Empire on Earth. 161.24.19.112 (talk) 19:20, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * JMS did indeed use the British Empire as a springboard for the Centauri- however, the Empire he had in mind was that of the early 1900s. The brish empire of htat time spanned the world with trade routes to nearly every major culture of the time and colonies in every hemisphere of the globe.  Compare that to now, where the British empire is still a major player in world politics, but doesn't have the extent of power they once wielded.  Like the British, the Centauri used to be a leading technological, economic, and military force in the galaxy but as Mollari said himself, "look at us now, 12 colonies and a handful of moons (sic)"  The Roman Empire was also an inspiration for the Centauri, thus strengthening the idea of the Centauri as a "declining nation"  Edit: forgot to sign my comment.  Here you go! 67.162.28.197 (talk) 01:40, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

absurd
why in the hell is this the default article? At the very least it should go to the disambiguation first.Freshraisin 10:41, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I will move it to Centauri (Babylon 5) as that appears to be the standard. - Randwicked 12:38, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh Jesus, so many redirects to fix... I'm gunna come back later. - Randwicked 12:42, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved it to the disambiguation. It's fairly silly that it the name of a star system should automatically direct to a fictional alien race, however popular it is. --SquidDNA 18:12, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

re: British Empire
Hello,

I wrote that bit, and being British, didn't mean it in any negative way, but more as an illustration of what is, I think, a rather obvious comparison that JMS crafted. There are a lot of Brits who look wistfully at the past (Battle of Britain, Trafalgar, Blenheim, etc.) as the high points of Britain's history. To quote '1066 And All That':

"It was 1918, Britain was no longer top nation, so History came to a full stop."

(A full stop, for our American cousins, is the British English word for a period.)

Egypt isn't the parallel for the Centauri; the Centauri remember remain technically very advanced, having, for example, artifical gravity which both Earth and the Narns lack. They still have a large and effective military and a significant number of colony-worlds. They are wealthy and influential. In no sense are they dependent on anyone, which by Season 5 becomes an important theme as they go into a self-imposed exile and leave the Alliance.

In other words, just as Britain retains technological leadership in some fields (even military ones, as with the Harrier jump jet) so too it isn't technology or wealth that the Centauri lack, but just their old place in history. You could argue that Britain's relative willingness to go into conflicts such as those in Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Iraq has much to do with maintaining the national pride of being a "major player". Just as with the Centauri, there's a part of the British psyche that would like things back "the way they used to be".

As for picking fights, the Centauri expansion, like the expansion of the British empire, was largely through being technically advanced relative to the places they took over. The Centauri occupied agrarian, technologically backward places like Narn; likewise, the British empire expanded into Africa and India rather than Europe or the newly-formed United States.

What makes the Centauri interesting is that unlike the Roman or British empires, the Centauri are offered a chance to "turn back the clock". They take this chance, and the things that befall them afterwards make up a key part of the show.

Regards,

Neale

I personally have seen more in common with the Napoleonic era French Empire then the British Empire.

for instance, the French conquests of Italy and Germany created renewed nationalist feelings in them, like in the case of the Narns.

and the stuff about tourism in Centauri Prime, that is more like France again, as Napoleon's tomb is very well visited, and so is the Louvre, much of its treasures were placed there by Napoleon after he had stolen them from the rest of Europe.

and much of the Roman style stuff I believe is somewhat of a thing to do with the French empire under Napoleon as well, as they imitated Rome to a high level, and I believe what is seen as Roman by you is the French style of imitation of the Romans.

and the former vassals acquiring ambitions of their own: easily the German states that had been forced to ally with Napoleon but soon turned back to their old alliance once he had encountered setbacks.

and I do not see your idea of friendship with the USA as much in the English as with the French. remember Napoleon gave the yanks the Louisiana purchase for dirt cheap. coming from Canada, I have never seen much love between the yanks and brits except when they declared war together on Iraq in 2003. Other then that it was usually resentment as one empire (british) declined and the other grew (USA).

the Centauri Empire grew and shrank a number of times, just like the Napoleonic Empire of France. As can be seen, I feel that it is much more like France then Britain

--Jadger 21:13, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I concur with your argument, and have changed the section accordingly. Cheers, Neale Neale Monks 11:05, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

After 2278
The After 2278 part of this article includes stuff that I don't ever recall hearing about in the series. I assume it's mentioned in a book, instead? If so, is that book one of the two that are considered canon by JMS? TerraFrost 08:38, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the bits about Vir becoming emperor after Mollari's death are certainly in the show, as is the dinner shortly before Sheridan's death. The bit that isn't in the show is the stuff about how Vir got the Drakh off the planet.

 * Possibly, the section could be re-structured, with the parts in the show in one paragraph, and then a second paragraph containing the stuff from the books. Cheers, Neale Neale Monks 11:56, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Nubula, Radagast, and recent edits
Justifying changes one way or another isn't all that critical. What matters is that you write up stuff that can be verified. If you're going to write here all about the wars with the Xon, let's see the reference. All the TV show mentioned is that there was a war, it was rough on the Centauri, they eventually won, and now hold festivals and tell jokes about it (episode [The Parliament of Dreams] I think). I don't remember anyone saying anything about "Industrial Age" or "Atomic Age", nor that it occurred during the year 738 BC. Now, I've read and enjoyed Voltayre's web site as much as the next guy, but it's no canon.

What I suggest is we go back and re-write our entries, and for every statement cite the exact episode in each case. In some cases, official JMS statements are useful, too. I've not read the books, but perhaps those, or things like offical RPG gaming materials, could also be pressed into service.

Cheers, Neale Neale Monks 11:27, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * If you look you'll se all I added was that the growing hostility between the Centauri and the Xon morphed into a world war which hit the Centauri hard which was mentioned in the episode you pointed out. Also I stand by my claim that the original version the Xon began attacking and raiding Centauri villages in a regional war. The Xon began a massive campaign to destroy their Centauri cousins in a thousand year war against the Centauri. made little sense as it suddenly jumped from regional wars to world war. I was not attempting to add prose, just trying to bridge two statments. Nubula 16:22, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Personally I didn't know if any of the material included was actually from a canon novel, since there are a few that deal with the Centauri (the Xon are only mentioned briefly once or twice in the series). Even so, a lot of the text seemed very suspect of cruft. If it's actually in one of the novels (I don't recall myself), then it should be properly cited. If it's lifted from a fansite and isn't official, it should be removed. If nothing has been figured out either way in a few days I suggest that the section be scaled back to a mere mention of events "outside" the scale of the show until sources can be found to verify the previous information (it'll be in the history so don't worry). Radagast83 16:37, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * For myself, I love reading the details, but I am sensitive to the fact that without citations anyone could, justifiably, come along and remove them. So let's concentrate on finding the sources. If one of the books mentions the Xon and so on, then let's cite it. Otherwise, it does have to be cut back. And I'd hate to have to do that, because, as I say, I love the show and I love reading up on stuff I wasn't aware of. Cheers, Neale Neale Monks 18:32, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, based on what I found at TIME LINE of the Babylon 5/Crusade Universe, it appears that some Xon information can be found in Babylon 5: The Passing of the Techno-Mages - Summoning Light (2001, ISBN 0-345-42722-X). The site only mentions that it happened around 1200, that a minor noble became emperor because of it, and that of course, the Xon are all dead now. Radagast83 18:48, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * You can also cite JMS himself, on the Lurker's Guide page for the relevant episode. He says that the Xon and Centauri evolved on separate land masses, indepently and to equal intelligence, until one or other of them (he doesn't say which) came up with sea travel. If I recall correctly, there's an explanation that the war happened "about a thousand years ago" by Vir during the festival. I'll have to re-watch the DVD and check. Neale Monks 19:22, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Populaton
Although the Centauri population would eventually grow, by the time the Babylon 5 station opened in 2257 A.D. the population of Centauri Prime was only three billion, which was considerably less than that of the galaxy's other major planets, such as Earth, Narn, or Minbar.

That refers only to population of Centauri Prime, not to the population of Centauri Republic. According to Adeera Tyree (sorry for misspelling if any) in Day of the Dead there are 40 billion Centauri.

--Chris Archer 09:25, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

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Accent
There is nothing in the article about the way they talk. I can't make out what the Centauri actors are trying to sound like...Italian? 70.20.160.41 (talk) 22:57, 3 August 2008 (UTC) 68.148.123.76 (talk) 07:44, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Not all Centauri had an accent. I believe the closes Earth accent to Londo's was Romanian (IMO).
 * In fact, Peter Jurasik just pulled the accent out of thin air when auditioning for the role. The reason no other Centauri share the accent is because none of the actors (with the exception of William Forward, who played Lord Refa) could recreate it. 67.162.28.197 (talk) 01:38, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Centauri are not from Alpha Centauri
I did not know that Centauri are not from Alpha Centauri until reading this article. However, there is no reference to back the claim that this was due to a mistranslation. I found Stellar Geography in the Babylon 5 Galaxy that explains humans first met Centauri within the constellation Centaurus, and thus the confusion. Is there a reference for the mistranslation explanation? MikeBz (talk) 04:36, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Centauri (Babylon 5)


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Talk:Cacodemons

Vfd
On March 21, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was redirect to cacodemon. See Votes for deletion/Cacademons for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 10:02, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cacodemons


text:
User:Inverarity

Location: Oakland, CA

Education: BA English, BA Biology Boston University 1999; MS Molecular and Cell Biology, Neurobiology, UC Berkeley 2004

Occupation:Writer

Articles: Narrator, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, Boston University Athletics --Inverarity 04:10, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Inverarity


text:
Quakers in Africa

There are about 300,800 members of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, in Africa. African Friends make up around 62% of Friends internationally, the largest proportion on any one continent. Kenya has the largest number of Quakers in a single nation—about 146,300 in the year 2012 (according to the Friends World Committee for Consultation).

South Africa & Central and Southern Africa Yearly Meeting
Central and Southern African Yearly Meeting was founded by Friends from London Yearly Meeting. A meeting was first established in Cape Town in 1728. Friends worshipping in South Africa separated from London Yearly Meeting to become an independent Yearly Meeting in 1948. Due to the historic links with London Yearly Meeting, worship is in the unprogrammed tradition, in contrast with Friends' meetings in East Africa.

History
On April 23, 1902 three Friends—Arthur Chilson, Edgar Hole, and Willis Hotchkiss—set sail from New York to Mombasa, Kenya. They went on behalf of the Cleveland Friends Meeting. From there they made their way across by rail to Kisumu and then by foot to Kaimosi and set up a mission there on August 17. They came from the programmed tradition of Five Years Meeting (now Friends United Meeting).

From that small beginning, Quakerism grew and spread throughout Kenya during the twentieth century, although it is still concentrated in the western area. A mission hospital (Kaimosi Hospital) was founded in 1941. The Friends Bible Institute opened in 1942. Friends gradually spread into other areas of Kenya, with another hospital (in Lugulu), an epilepsy colony, an agricultural college and a college of technology all being established, as well as many new churches. It also spread to the neighboring countries of Uganda and Tanzania. Due to the size, the original East Africa Yearly Meeting split into several smaller Yearly Meetings, some of these splits have been painful.

Organization
There is now one umbrella organisation—Friends Church in Kenya (FCK)—which brings together all fourteen Yearly Meetings in Kenya.

Yearly meetings in Kenya are part of the Friends United Meeting. They include:

 * Bware Yearly Meeting, based in Suna in southern Nyanza Province.
 * Central Yearly Meeting, based in Lirhanda, just east of Kakamega.
 * Chavakali Yearly Meeting, based in Chavakali, just behind the Boys Secondary School.
 * Chwele Yearly Meeting, based in Chwele, on the southern slopes of Mt Elgon.
 * Chevaywa Yearly Meeting, based in Malava, Matete area.
 * East Africa Yearly Meeting (Kaimosi), based in Tiriki on the Kaimosi mission compound.
 * East Africa Yearly Meeting (North), based in Kitale town.
 * Elgon East Yearly Meeting, based in Kitale town.
 * Elgon Religious Society of Friends, based in Lugulu, just north of Webuye on the Kitale road.
 * Kakamega Yearly Meeting, based in Kakamega at the Amalemba Friends Center.
 * Lugari Yearly Meeting, based in Turbo.
 * Malava Yearly Meeting, based in Malava, just west of the market center.
 * Musingu Yearly Meeting based in Kakamega.
 * Nairobi Yearly Meeting, based at the Friends International Center, Ngong Rd, Nairobi.
 * Tuloi Yearly Meeting, based in Kapsabet.
 * Vihiga Yearly Meeting, based in Vihiga, just west of Majengo.
 * Vokoli Yearly Meeting, based in Wodanga, behind the Moi Girls High School.
 * Soy Yearly Meeting, based in Soy.

Uganda
The Friends Church spread to Uganda from Kenyan Friends, under the auspices of East Africa Yearly Meeting. By 1945, there were Friends Churches in Sibuse, Nabiswa, Kigumba, Nang'oma and Kampala. However, the Friends Church was banned by Idi Amin in 1973, until the end of his leadership of Uganda in 1979. After this, an independent Uganda Yearly Meeting was formed, separate from East Africa Yearly Meeting.

There is also a second Yearly Meeting in Uganda, Evangelical Friends Church - Uganda. They have applied for affiliation with Evangelical Friends International.

Tanzania
The first Quakers moved to Tanzania from Kenya to look for land, which they found on the border of the Serengeti Game Reserve. Subsequent missionary activity from East Africa Yearly Meeting increased membership, with service projects aimed at agricultural training—popularly known as the "Lord's acre plan". Due to political pressures, many Kenyans left Tanzania in 1978, with Tanzania Yearly Meeting of Friends being founded as a separate organisation in 1980.

Kyela Monthly Meeting of Friends (Southern Tanzania) was founded as a worship group when a local man (Barnabas Mwaihojo) read about Quakers on the internet, which led to him setting up meetings in three local villages. These have now grown in number, with nine meetings in the southern region of Tanzania. Quakers now have the following meetings in the south: Kyela Friends Church, Muaya, Mbeya, Tunduma, Sumbawanga, Iringa and many others coming up. Daresalaam Friends church has grown well and strong in the city of Daresalaam. Mwanza town has three Friends Meetings. Roria Friends churches along the lake region have also been growing strongly. The Yearly Meeting headquarters is based in Mugumu Serengeti region of Tanzania.

Burundi
One of the original missionaries from the US who first planted the Friends Church in Kenya, Arthur Chilson, and his wife Edna, left Kenya to found the Evangelical Friends Church in Burundi in 1934, which was to be run on more evangelical theology, in line with Evangelical Friends International. All foreign missionaries to Burundi were expelled in 1980, and Eglise Evangelique des Amis du Burundi (Evangelical Friends Church Burundi) now exists as an independent Yearly Meeting run by Burundians, affiliated to Evangelical Friends International.

Rwanda
Eglise Evangelique des Amis au Rwanda was founded by three missionaries, George Morris, Willard Ferguson and Doris Ferguson, who had been serving in Burundi. Unusually for the Society of Friends, the Friends Church in Rwanda practices water baptism.

Democratic Republic of Congo
There are two groups of Friends worshipping in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Communaute des Eglise Evangelique au Congo (Community of Evangelical Church of Congo) are evangelical, programmed Friends affiliated to Evangelical Friends International, formed from missionaries from Burundi in 1981. They still remain a part of Evangelical Friends Church Burundi rather than being a separate Yearly Meeting.

A completely separate, and much smaller, unprogrammed meeting exists in Kinshasa, with a membership of about 50.

Ghana
Since 1925, there has been one unprogrammed Friends' meeting, Hill House Meeting, in the tradition of London Yearly Meeting, attached to Achimota School and college.

Nigeria
There is a small unprogrammed meeting in Lagos, founded in 1995.

Congo
There is a small unprogrammed worship group in Brazzaville.

title: Quakers in Africa


text:
Talk:Mode locking

This article is about mode-locking in lasers, which is fine, but mode-locking is a more general topic applicable to all sorts of non-linear oscillatory systems. Maybe someone can write a more general description for mode locking and perhaps this article can be retitled Mode-locking (lasers), or something similar, to better reflect its content. 3piecesuits (talk) 00:39, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

The description of the relationship between bandwidth and minimum achievable pulse length was worded in a way that sounded causal; I have amended it to correct this, instead emphasizing that the relationship between bandwidth and pulse length is instead one of _consistency_. To clarify this further I've added an extra sentence at the end pointing out that the pulse width can always be further shortened with a modulator, though at the cost of increasing the measured bandwidth. User:Anonymous 7:23, 2010 Sept 7 (EST). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.247.122.180 (talk)

Why is frequency ν rather than f? Is this a standard I am unaware of? -- SGBailey 10:06, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)

 * Both notations are often used. It is not a bad idea to use ν for optical frequencies and f for noise frequencies, particularly in a context where both may be confused, e.g. when discussing noise of mode-locked lasers. RPaschotta 20:57, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think this page desperately needs discussion of SESAM modelocking. I can try to throw some stuff together. Patrick Berry 01:57, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

I want to write a more detailed description of active modelocking for Nd:YLF (our system), or Nd in general. What lasers are typically modelocked actively? Everbody does it passively now (KLM, SESAM, and see: EKSPLA)? With positive GVD no solitons form, what happens in our laser? I especially wonder about shortening the cavity shortens the pulses acording to the auto-correlator, it would mean the the red part of the pulse has less loss. Is SPM important for this effect? Arnero 13:10, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

I think it would be best to explicitly mention the phase velocity in a medium $$v_p=\frac{c}{n_g(\omega)}$$ instead of the speed of light in vacuum, since I know not of laser cavities without a gain medium.. --Dropsciencenotbombs (talk) 11:58, 22 September 2009 (UTC)dropsciencenotbombs

The sourcing of this article is clearly self-promotion, and, what is more, from articles which are not moire central to the field than many others. This must be amended considerably. --Nevyn72 (talk) 12:48, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I note that all of the references involve this Zhang character, so I will cut down his stuff to the area he seems involved in, graphene. --Anuran (talk) 12:15, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

section removed
I removed the following section as it is oddly chatty and not terribly informative about the actual subject of modelocking - 75.164.27.200 (talk) 20:40, 7 December 2009 (UTC) :

Neodymium as a dopant has a lot of laser lines. A group of 8 lines lies between 1050 nm and 1080 nm. If the host material is YAG, these lines have width of 0.5 nm. If the host is YLF, the lines have width of 1 nm. If the host is glass, the lines merge into one continuum of 38 nm FWHM (Broad-spectrum neodymium-doped laser glasses for high-energy chirped-pulse amplification; Greg R. Hays, Erhard W. Gaul, Mikael D. Martinez, and Todd Ditmire; Applied Optics, Vol. 46, Issue 21, pp. 4813-4819 ). Single stack laser mirrors have high reflectivity within a 30 nm range. For the crystal host-materials an etalon selects the main laser line and a Gires-Tournois-Interometer compensates the GVD. For the glass host the same techniques as for Ti:Sa lasers can be used. In the crystal hosts the gain bandwidth allows for pulses of about 1 ps. Gain-loss optimization between the gain medium and the typical 10000 ps modulation period of the AOM then leads to 100 ps pulses at 100 % modulation depth. The round-trip frequency of the cavity must be adjusted with 1 in 1E6 precision onto the AOM standing wave frequency(, , REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 78, 013105 2007 ). For this the diffracted light from the AOM is detected by a photodiode, and minimized. Depending on the sign of the detuning the relative phase between the diffracted signal and the reflection on the surface of the AOM changes and can be detected by the interference of the two on a small photodiode array. Any drift in this interferometer leads to drift of the phase, while the cavity length drift leads to amplitude drift with π jumps of the phase.

frequency modulation (FM) mode-locking
In the section about FM mode-locking it says that the frequency of the light is changed when it passes through a device based on the electro-optical effect. As far as I understand it not the frequency of the light changes (impossible by altering the refractive index) but rather the resonance frequency of the resonator is changed which then attenuates the waves with the wrong phase. Correct me if I am wrong but if I am right that should be changed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.191.139.212 (talk) 23:47, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 5 one external links on Mode-locking. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Mode locking


text:
Talk:Davao City

Ayya Vaigundar
அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை என்ற நூலை அறிந்தவர்கள் அய்யா வைகுண்டர் பற்றி முழுமையாக அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம் ஹிந்து மதத்தின் பக்குவப்பட்ட மேன்மையான வழிபாடு அய்யா வழிபாடு இதுவரை ஹிந்து மதம் நான்கு யுகம் பற்றி மட்டுமே சொல்லியுள்ளது ஆனால் எட்டு யுக கணக்குகளை பற்றியும் முக்காலத்தையும் சொல்வது அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை யுகா யுகங்கள் தோறும் அதர்மத்தை அழிக்க எம்பெருமான் எடுத்த அவதாரங்களின் சிறப்பையும் ஏகம் ஒரு பரம் என்ற தத்துவத்தையும் எங்கும் ஏகமயமாய் நிறைந்திருக்கும் இறைவன் உருவமற்ற அரூபி என்றும் சொல்கிறது அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை.

அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை பெயர்க்காரணம்

அகிலம் திரட்டு உலகம் மொத்தத்தையும் திரட்டி இந்த கலியுக வாழ்வை கடந்து தர்மயுகம் என்ற முக்தியை பெற்று இறைவனோடு இரண்டற கலக்கும் வழியை சொல்வது தான் அகிலத்திரட்டு இது அம்மானை ராகத்தில் பாடப்பட்டதால் அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

நாட்டுக்கு அதிவிதி நான் நாராயணனும் நான் பட்சி பறவை பல சீவ ஜந்துக்களை நிச்சயமாய் படைத்த நீல வண்ண நாதனும் நான் மன்னெழும் அளந்த மாயப்பெருமாளும் நான் விண்ணேழும் அளந்த விஷ்ணு திருவுளம் நான் — Preceding unsigned comment added by Muthu092 (talk • contribs) 04:16, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Davao City


text:
User talk:Inverarity

Welcome!
Hi Inverarity, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 10:07, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lee County Sheriff's Office
I reverted your edits on the article about the Lee County Sheriff's Office. That article is about the agency. Their notability is not based on Mike Scott. There is no reason to fill a huge amount of the article with a political incident that is mainly of local interest only. There is an article on Scott, where his remarks and the controversy are mentioned. Also, just FYI, the other sheriff you referenced is named John McDougall, not Bill. Niteshift36 (talk) 12:00, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

AfD
The article on Christian Meister has been nominated for deletion. Discussion is here:  Niteshift36 (talk) 18:21, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Just because Niteshift36, likes someone (Sheriff(Michael J. Scott) and doesn't like his political or personal opponents, doesn't mean he should delete them out of existence. There is personal bias here.  Niteshift36 called the subject of the entry  "certifiable" in his edit notes, another point he says "Also probably not a good idea to list a job he got fired from." why not?  If he got fired from an important job it should be listed, If I find the date of termination I'll put it in there.  Your editing patterns since October 6 make it clear you are affiliated somehow with Sheriff Scott, and are therefore unqualified to be editing these particular articles. Conflict of interest

I do not know any of the participants, come from another part of Florida, and researched these people because it was interesting, and untold (when I started writing, the "Barack Hussein Obama Controversy" was not on Sheriff Scott's personal entry (or the Mike Scott section in Lee County Sheriff Dept entry, which was basically a campaign press release), because someone deleted it. Otherwise I probably would not have started an entry. (guess I should have looked at the history)

Some of Niteshift36's edits to the article are appropriate, but deleting entire sections, and entire occurrences is not. This is an wiki article about a public figure in a little part of the world, who has an involvement with another public figure in a little part of the world (who inserted himself into something big and doesn't want to back out). All of these things are important facts and of NATIONAL importance news reported on by national media (the local sources are more thorough, and have primacy). Much of Meister's personal bio comes from him in his official campaign web site, his public press releases, and voter information guides like. Niteshift36 wanted outside references beyond Meister's public statements proving Meister worked on the school newspaper, took undergraduate law classes, tutored Piano or English (he is bilingual). This is kind of detail is beyond wikipedias's goals. Yes people can lie, but Biographies of living people need to be done, and their public statements about themselves should be accepted unless called into question by better sources. I am using what I can to update the references. But Niteshift36's constant deletions of sections and references makes the process of improving an article difficult. (and he wants the entire wiki entry deleted, just a few hours after it was first posted). It seems Niteshift36's goal here is to gum up the works and keep anything embarrassing under wraps.

Other referenced material Niteshift36 deleted, claiming it was not relevant to Mr. Meister's entry. He deleted the mention of an ongoing lawsuit between two political opponents. That information is exactly what needs to be in the entry. The references were legal documents housed at the campaign website. If the case is resolved or thrown out, that will then be noted. Furthermore, the accurate, referenced controversy surrounding Sheriff Scott is crucial to the biography of Christian Meister and his campaign for Sheriff (even if it is quixotic). It is called democratic participation. And it is wiki-worthy

Excuse the length of my defense, any inappropriate tenses or verb forms, and any defenses that neared ad hominem. Inverarity (talk) 20:37, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, where to start: I said "certifiable" in the edit comments because it would give the wrong impression to put it in the text without explaination. It is not an insult. Graduating from an academy does not make one certified. It makes them ELIGIBLE for certification (certifiable). Next, you claim that it is a dislike of Meister that is getting him deleted. Wrong. Wikipedia has standards for notability. Meister simply does not meet them. Feel free to review the policies yourself and tell me where I am wrong. Next issue: I do not work for Scott. I have never worked for Scott. I have voted for him. That certainly is not a conflict of interest. Next issue: Meister was not even at the rally where Scott used Obama's middle name. He has NOTHING to do with the issue. He may benefit from it, but he can't piggy-back notability off of someone else. It would be like trying to claim you were a Super Bowl champion because your favorite team won. This is a BIOGRAPHY of Christian Meister, yet you want to keep talking about Mike Scott. Next, asking for verification of facts being claimed is completely legitimate. And using the candidates own website doesn't really rise to the standards of wp:rs. Self-published sources are not reliable. Sending a press release from a self-published site to a PR site that does no verifiation is not reliable. Something like a newspaper, govt. website etc is neutral POV. As for his lawsuit: You make mention of it (again, more about Scott than Meister), without telling us WHY he sued or how it ended. Further, the source of the documents again is from Meisters own website, not a neutral one. Also, you claim it is from "2 opponents". Obviously you didn't read carefully. Scott is the only opponent in the suit. The other sheriff is in a totally different county where Meister is not running. This is "original research" because I'm not going to do all the leg work to prove it since I'm not putting it in the article: He is suing them because he got fired. He failed out of field training and was let go because of his failure. That's what it's all about. He wasn't fired from an "important job", he was fired from being a trainee. He wasn't even allowed to go out in a patrol car on his own. Not terribly "important". And you don't have to be a buddy of Scott to know this. Every agency around here knows it, that's why nobody will hire him. As for your accusation that I'm trying to keep anything "embarrasing" under wraps..... again, I'll just tell you: The law is clear and Scott didn't violate the Hatch Act. But the OSC is REQUIRED by law  to investigate any complaint made, regardless or whether or not it has any merit. Saying Scott is "under investigation", without providing both sides of the story is misleading and violates WP:BLP. Providing both sides in this article goes back to turning an article that is supposed to be about Meister into an article about Scott.

Now, you've made several speculations about my motives and my live. In the future, I would suggest you ask before making these false allegations. I am following wiki-policy. Niteshift36 (talk) 22:02, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Article deleted
The vote was to delete the article on Meister becuase of a lack of notability. Niteshift36 (talk) 02:39, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Galactus Edit War Mediation
Hi. I'm trying to mediate an edit war over the Galactus article here. Can you chime in with your two cents? Thanks. Nightscream (talk) 23:47, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Inverarity


text:
Alexander James Adams

Alexander James Adams (born November 8, 1962) is an American singer, musician and songwriter in the Celtic and world music genres who blends mythical, fantasy, and traditional themes in performances, switching between instrumental fiddle and songs accompanied by guitar, bodhrán, and fiddle-playing. Adams has also been an artist in the field of filk music and won multiple Pegasus awards.

Adams performed as Heather Alexander for 25 years before beginning to tour as Alexander James Adams. His website refers to him as the "heir" to Heather Alexander, and continues to credit songs originally released as Heather Alexander under that name.

The last public performance under the name Heather was at OryCon 2006. His debut as Alexander James Adams was at Seattle's Norwescon 30, on April 6, 2007.

1980s–2006
A native of California, Adams began performing original music in the mid-eighties for friends, Renaissance fairs, and science fiction conventions. Off Centaur Publications was recording performances at one convention and asked to include Adams. This began an association where Adams recorded for Off Centaur and later Firebird Arts and Music, primarily work for hire.

In the late 1980s, Adams co-founded the Celtic fusion rock band Phoenyx, which released one album, Keepers of the Flame. The band disbanded in 1991 after achieving a high degree of local fame, and that album is no longer in print.

Adams returned to a solo career. Firebird Arts & Music produced a live album which did well enough to inspire Adams to create a label, Sea Fire Productions, Inc., for his album release Wanderlust. Two live concert albums and several studio albums have followed. Adams also moved to the Pacific Northwest, settling in Banks, Oregon in 2002.

In 2001, Adams founded a new band, Uffington Horse, together with Andrew Hare and Dan Ochipinti and continued to perform solo gigs between band appearances. In 2004, a limited run of the Uffington Horse promotional CD was offered to fans to help finance recording their first studio album, Enchantment, published in 2004. In 2002, Adams told Strange Horizons that "I tend to think of myself as a 'musical entertainer.' I sing, play, compose, and tell stories."

2007–present
In early 2007, Adams transitioned to male and since April 2007 has performed in many of the venues that he had formerly played as Heather Alexander. He has played with Uffington Horse and has also formed a new band, Tricky Pixie, with S.J. Tucker and Betsy Tinney. In summer 2007, the band released a recording of their first concert, Live!, which is the earliest released recording of Adams' post-transition voice. Adams' first post-transition solo album, Cat & The Fiddle, was entirely instrumental. Balance of Nature, released in fall 2007, mixed a few of his older works (such as "Creature of the Wood") with new songs.

In November 2007, Adams released the Yule album Wintertide, featuring duets between Adams' and Heather Alexander's voices. As noted in Adams' interview in Just Out, Wintertide is the first album with a series of these duets. A Familiar Promise, released in July 2008, also includes duets between the voices.

Literary collaborations and references
Several of the Firebird Arts and Music albums include collaborations with Mercedes Lackey and inspired by the works of Andre Norton. (See the discography below for more information.)

The 2002 album Insh'Allah was inspired by Steven Barnes's novel Lion's Blood. The songs and the book were written concurrently, and several of the songs are quoted in the book and its sequel.

In a similar vein, the 2006 album Merlin's Descendants is based on the fiction of Irene Radford.

S.M. Stirling quotes Adams's song lyrics in his Island in the Sea of Time trilogy. His Emberverse series features a red-haired musician who plays guitar, fiddle, and bodhran named Juniper Mackenzie. Adams' song lyrics are used as Mackenzie's songs in the book. (Juniper and heather are both plants.)

John Ringo quotes Adams' song "March of Cambreadth" in his Council Wars series (for the Centurions' battle song) as well as in the Paladin of Shadows series. "March of Cambreadth" and "Black Unicorn" are also quoted in the Looking Glass series.

Mike Shepherd used the song "March of Cambreadth" in his book Defiant. Defiant also has a character named Heather Alexander.

Several of Adams' songs have been parodied, most notably "March of Cambreadth".

Awards
Heather Alexander Alexander James Adams

Discography
The albums listed through Everafter are billed as Heather Alexander. Later are billed as Alexander James Adams. Despite the transition, all lyrics, music, and recordings originally copyright Heather Alexander retain the copyright of Heather Alexander.

Solo albums
Unless otherwise noted, albums feature a mix of traditional & original Celtic music.

 * Freedom, Flight and Fantasy 1990 (Firebird Arts and Music). Lyrics: Mercedes Lackey. Music: Leslie Fish. Arrangements: Cecilia Eng.
 * Heather Alexander, Live 1992 (Firebird Arts and Music). Alexander sings and plays guitar, bodhran, and fiddle.
 * Songsmith, 1993 (Firebird Arts and Music). Songs based on the book Songsmith by Andre Norton and A.C. Crispin.
 * Wanderlust 1994 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) First studio recording on Alexander's own label with backing musicians.
 * Shadow Stalker 1994 (Firebird Arts and Music). Lyrics: Mercedes Lackey & D.F. Sanders. Music: Heather Alexander & Cecilia Eng. Arrangements: Heather Alexander.
 * Life's Flame 1996 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Second live album. Alexander sings and plays guitar, bodhran, and fiddle.
 * Midsummer 1997 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Second studio recording on Alexander's own label with backing musicians.
 * A Gypsy's Home 2001 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Third studio recording on Alexander's own label with backing musicians.
 * Insh'Allah—Music of Lion's Blood 2002 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Songs based in the world of Steven Barnes' book Lion's Blood. The book and album were written concurrently; Barnes quotes song lyrics in the book.
 * Festival Wind 2003 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Third live album. Alexander sings and plays guitar, bodhran, and fiddle.
 * Album of Secrets 2003 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Primarily bloopers and outtakes from the recording of Festival Wind.
 * Merlin's Descendants 2006 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Songs based on the Merlin's Descendants series by Irene Radford.
 * Arms of the Sea 2006 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Traditional and original sea shanties.
 * Everafter 2007 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Final Heather Alexander solo album, this is a studio recording with backing musicians. (Despite having the same name as the DVD, the album is not DVD soundtrack.)
 * Cat & The Fiddle 2007 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Instrumental fiddle tunes.
 * Balance of Nature 2007 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Mostly new songs, a few re-recorded old songs ("Creature of the Wood"), and a few songs that blend old and new (such as "He of the Sidhe").
 * Wintertide 2007 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Yule album featuring traditional and original songs by Heather Alexander & Alexander James Adams, featuring duets between both voices.
 * A Familiar Promise 2008 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Studio album featuring new and old songs.
 * Harvest Season: Second Cutting 2010 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Studio album featuring new and old songs.
 * UnSeelie Self 2010 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Studio album featuring new and old songs.
 * AJA Summer Releases 2013
 * The Clockwork Collection 2014

Band albums

 * Keepers of the Flame, Phoenyx 1990 (Phoenyx and Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Issued by the band in 1990.  No longer in print.
 * Uffington Horse Promotional Album, Uffington Horse, 2004 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Created for promotional purposes; a limited run was offered to fans in 2004.
 * Enchantment, Uffington Horse 2004 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Uffington's studio album.
 * Live!, Tricky Pixie 2007. Contains songs written and performed by Alexander James Adams, S.J. Tucker and Betsy Tinney. No longer in print.
 * Mythcreants, Tricky Pixie 2009. Contains songs written and performed by Alexander James Adams, S.J. Tucker and Betsy Tinney.

DVD

 * Everafter February 2007 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Recording of Heather Alexander's final public concert in November 2006 at Orycon. Alexander sang and played guitar, bodhran, and fiddle. Bonus materials include a few performances at a pub and an interview.
 * Yule Concert December 2009 (Sea Fire Productions, Inc.) Recording of Alexander James Adams's December 2009 concert at the Lucky Lab Pub.
 * Ember Days Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Pixiehouse Productions)

Books

 * Everafter booklet February 2007. A short faerie tale.
 * The Heather Alexander Songbook was published in late 2007. It includes lyrics and music for the Sea Fire Productions albums from Wanderlust through Everafter.

Guest appearances
This includes compilations and backing appearances for other artists.
 *  Southwind: Traditional Celtic Music  by Glenn Morgan, 1987. Played fiddle on most of the tracks.
 * Firestorm: Songs of the Third World War, Leslie Fish, 1989. Sings on the track "Better than Who".
 * Gaia Circles, Gaia Consort, 2000. Played fiddle on most of the tracks.
 * Roundworm, various artists, 2000. (Song parodies by Bob Kanefsky.) Sings "December of Cambreadth", a parody of "March of Cambreadth", and "Something's Under The Bed", a parody of "Up In The Loft".
 * The Constellation, Hank Cramer, 2003.
 * Thirteen, Vixy & Tony, 2008. Played fiddle and percussion on the track "Apprentice".
 * Come Find Me, Fox Amoore, 2014. Appeared on the track "Kellashee".

title: Alexander James Adams


text: Category:Opus Dei

title: Category:Opus Dei


text:
Talk:Emporia, Kansas

Important Notes Before Editing This Article
If you would like to edit this article, please review the following to get a better idea of what to include: Sbmeirow (talk) 17:11, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
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Tyson
I changed the Tyson reference and deleted the part referencing it as an IBP branded plant. I used to work at the plant and know that IBP got completely phased out, and Tyson rebranded everything, including the hard hats. -Jarom

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Talk:Eudora, Kansas

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User:Philomax 2

Compétence fields
(liable to articles creations or extensions):

As a Sorbonne professor, I have a correct competence in History, Politics, and French Public Law... but, unhappily, not in English language !  So, I hope some other Wiki. users will not hesitate to ameliorate the style of my texts.

History
Almost:

Second World war

 * North Africa and Vichy Régime, Opération Torch, Darlan and Giraud régimes, and de Gaulle's one).
 * France Libre (Free France).
 * German Occupation in Jersey-Guernesey.

Political Science and International relations

 * Middle East
 * Africa
 * Balkhans

Stamp and Philately

 * Postal history.
 * Revenue Stamps.

title: User:Philomax 2


text:
Frank Hayes (musician)

Frank Hayes is an American musician prominent within the science fiction/fantasy genre and culture known as filk. He is also an authority on information technology and, as senior news columnist for Computerworld magazine, has contributed numerous writings on the subject for more than two decades.

Frank Hayes began recording and performing in the early 1980s and is best known for his humorous songs. "Never Set the Cat on Fire", "Little Fuzzy Animals", "S-100", "Cosmos" (which was played for the astronauts during a shuttle mission) and "The Grandfather Clock" have become standards of the genre. His most prominent studio album Don't Ask included these tracks—other tracks on that album had to be withdrawn due to licensing issues, resulting in the release of another album, Never Set the Cat on Fire. He has won the OVFF's (Ohio Valley Filk Fest) Pegasus Award four times, with nine additional nominations.

In a March 2006 Wired magazine review of his performance at the October 2005 OVFF, he was described as a "50-year-old singer with thick glasses and a salt-and-pepper goatee". The article also mentions that the term "Frank Hayes Disease" is frequently used among filkers to describe the tendency to forget the tune or lyrics of what you are performing while you are in the process of performing it — even though you wrote the song in question.

In his other career, Frank Hayes is a highly regarded expert on computer-based information systems and the myriad aspects of processing and managing technology. His column in Computerworld magazine has focused on these and associated topics for over twenty years. In 2010, he began a column and writing stories for StorefrontBacktalk.com, a site specializing in retail technology coverage.

Frank Hayes is married to Firebird Arts and Music founder Teri Lee and lives in Portland, Oregon. On April 4, 2009, Frank was inducted into the Filk Hall of Fame.

title: Frank Hayes (musician)


text:
John Porter (sociologist)

John Arthur Porter (November 12, 1921 – June 15, 1979) was a Canadian sociologist from 1950 to the late 1970s. His work in the field of social stratification opened up new areas of inquiry for many sociologists in Canada.

Porter was born in Vancouver and completed his education at the London School of Economics in the United Kingdom. There, he became interested in studies of social class. On returning to Canada he joined the faculty of Carleton University. He remained at Carleton as a professor, and later, as department chairman, dean and academic vice-president. He was also visiting professor at Harvard and the University of Toronto.

Early life
At 15, John Porter's father lost his job in Vancouver and his family moved to England in search of stable work. Luck, however, was not found. The depression had devastated both the Canadian and British economies and, after a short while of wrestling with his own poverty induced depression, Porter’s father abandoned his family. John who had left high school in Vancouver was never able to return as he searched and worked for subsistence. Known for being a gifted student who had a particular proficiency in creative writing, he continued his studies informally with his mother—a schoolteacher.

War broke out and in 1941 Porter joined the Canadian Army as an Intelligence Officer and, towards the end of the war in 1943, he was part of the Allied invasion of Italy and Sicily. After the war he worked with a colonel in London writing a history of Canada's involvement in the war while studying for the entrance exam to the London School of Economics—which he passed on his first attempt. He joined the school at a particularly important ferment: while the university had abandoned its social democratic and Fabian roots, its professors and students were heavily influenced by a liberal reformism which, in the words of one commentator, was "a widely shared belief that the irrationality of war and suffering could be eliminated by the judicious application of humane rationality specifically manifested in the form of a generous and intelligent welfare state." Reflecting upon his time as the LSE Porter notes that he was most animated by "a concern for ethical principles in social life."

In 1949 he graduated and, after a twelve-year hiatus, returned to Canada. He was offered a job teaching political science at the adolescent Carleton College and, two years later, switched to Sociology – becoming the school's first appointment in the field. Eventually he was told that to retain his job he would have to get a graduate degree or begin publishing in a meaningful way. As such, in the early 1950s, he began the project that, fifteen years later, would culminate in the production of The Vertical Mosaic. The idea for the project had found its genesis at the LSE where, he had told his PhD supervisor, he wanted to "write an interpretation of Canada as a modern democracy."

Vertical mosaic
The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada, Porter's most important work, was published in 1965 by University of Toronto Press. It was the study of equality of opportunity and the exercise of power by bureaucratic, economic and political elites in Canada. Porter was concerned with challenging the image that Canada was a classless society with "no barriers to opportunity." Porter concludes The Vertical Mosaic with the following observations:

"Canada is probably not unlike other western industrial nations in relying heavily on its elite groups to make major decisions and to determine the shape and direction of its development. The nineteenth-century notion of a liberal citizen-participating democracy is obviously not a satisfactory model by which to examine the processes of decision-making in either the economic or the political contexts... If power and decision-making must always rest with elite groups, there can at least be open recruitment from all classes into the elite. (p. 558)."

Porter argues that Marxist class analysis, based on ownership of the means of production is a "questionable criterion of class in modern industrial society" (p. 25). Porter rejects power as the basis for social class, with the observation that conflict between those with power and the powerless is nonexistent. Porter constructs a new model based on the study of elites.

Elites are those who make decisions in the hierarchical institutional systems of modern society. Porter describes elites in the following way:

"...individuals or groups at the top of our institutions can be designated as elites. Elites both compete and co-operate with one another: they compete to share in the making of decisions of major importance for the society, and they co-operate because together they keep the society working as a going concern. Elites govern institutions which have, in the complex world, functional tasks... It is elites who have the capacity to introduce change... (p. 27)."

Legacy
Porter's analysis is essentially conflict theorist. While some aspects were inspired by Marxist thinking, he was at pains to present a non-Marxian approach. The nature of the Canadian capitalist class led Porter to develop his model. Notably, it was against his work that scholars in the 1970s began to develop a more contemporary, cultural and Marxist idea of class that defined it not in terms of occupational rank but in terms of power relationships. Indeed, if there is one area of Porter's work which intellectuals are most critical of it is his overly functionalist definition of class and power that closes down other avenues of critical thought: as Pat Armstrong writes, "by conceptualizing class in this manner, Porter left out of the theory many of the ways power is used to ensure male dominance in class relations and how those relations shift over time, often through struggle."

He noted that this class in the 1950s was a tightly knit group of wealthy, predominantly British-descended men, centred in Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, Ontario. This group controlled Canada's financial, industrial and political spheres. While there appeared to be one elite, Porter found that there were actually several elite groups, comprising economic, political, labour, and ideological realms. His work thus echoes and expands on United States sociologist C. Wright Mills' study of power elites in the United States.

In 1965, the year The Vertical Mosaic was published, sociology, as a discipline, had virtually no academic or mainstream currency: nationwide there were only 115 university based sociologists. There was no national sociology textbook, the closest thing being a volume, compiled by Porter, which featured a loose collection of Canadian Sociology readings. Further, while contemporary Canadian sociology is marked by its breadth of topics and questions – class, power, race, education, ability, work, gender – and, frankly, a commitment to a left-leaning politic, none of this was true in 1965. The publication of The Vertical Mosaic did, thus, three things: first, it established sociology as a legitimate discipline in the Canadian context; second, it pioneered a macrosociological approach that put class at the centre of its analysis and, third, it constituted an initial offering in the emergent field of inequality studies and diversity studies. Indeed, Rick Helmes-Hayes argues that the book set the tone, parameters of debate and questions for the next fifteen years in sociology.

The Vertical Mosaic led to the adoption of the term cultural mosaic by Canadian government agencies such as Statistics Canada, but Porter himself was an opponent of Canada's multiculturalism policy.

Porter, along with Peter Pineo, developed the Pineo-Porter index of socioeconomic status.

To honour Porter's importance in developing sociology in Canada, the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association initiated an annual award called the Porter award.

Shortly before his death in 1979, he put together ten of his most significant essays in The Measure of Canadian Society: Education, Equality, and Opportunity. He died in Ottawa later that year, due to a heart attack.

title: John Porter (sociologist)


text:
Magister

Magister is Latin for "master" or "teacher". It may refer to:

Positions and titles

 * Magister degree, an academic degree
 * Magister equitum, or Master of the Horse
 * Magister militum, a master of the soldiers
 * Magister officiorum (master of offices), a civilian post of the Roman Empire
 * Magister palatii (Master of the Sacred Palace), a Roman Catholic curial position
 * Magister, praefectus curiae, a house-master in medieval Europe

Aircraft

 * Fouga Magister, a French training aircraft
 * Miles Magister, a British training aircraft

Biology

 * Neotoma magister, a species of pack rat
 * Berryteuthis magister, a species of squid
 * Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab
 * Sceloporus magister, a species of spiny lizard

People

 * Dositheus Magister, 4th-century Roman scholar
 * Thomas Magister, 14th-century Byzantine monk and scholar
 * Magister Wigbold, 14th-century German pirate

Other

 * Magister, a font designed by Aldo Novarese (1966)
 * The Magister, a sourcebook for the Forgotten Realms setting of the Dungeons & Dragons RPG
 * Magister (application), a Dutch school-administration application
 * Master (software), originally Magister, the pseudonym of the Go software AlphaGo

title: Magister


text:
Michael Owen (rugby union)

Michael Owen (born 7 November 1980 in Pontypridd), is a former Welsh international rugby union player, who most often played Number 8, but was also versatile enough to play flanker or even lock. His ball handling was arguably his greatest asset.

Club career
Having been educated at Bryn Celynnog Comprehensive School in Beddau, Owen played for Pontypridd RFC from 1999 until in 2003 the side merged with Bridgend RFC to form the ill-fated Celtic Warriors and then played for the Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League from 2003 until 2008.

Owen joined Guinness Premiership side Saracens for the 2008/2009 season after signing a two-year deal with the club.

International career
Owen became the 1,000th player capped by Wales when he made his debut in the first Test against South Africa in June 2002.

He took over from the injured Gareth Thomas as Wales captain during the 2005 Six Nations, and became the 122nd Captain of his country when he led Wales out against Scotland and led Wales to its first Grand Slam in 27 years.

Owen was selected for the British & Irish Lions for their 2005 New Zealand tour. On 23 May in Cardiff, he had the honour of captaining the side for their match at Millennium Stadium against Argentina, the first Lions Test match to take place outside of the touring country. He temporarily returned home for the birth of his second child.

Post professional rugby career
In July 2010, Owen announced his retirement from the game at 29 due to a persistent knee problem and embarked on a two-year master's degree course in Business at the University of Hertfordshire.

In March 2010 he began coaching at Hertford RFC, helping them to gain National 2 league status for the 2011/12 season.

Owen was a co-commentator for ITV's coverage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

From September 2013 Owen took up the position of Director of Rugby at Haileybury College.

title: Michael Owen (rugby union)


text:
Hirajōshi scale

Hirajōshi scale, or hira-choshi (平調子) is a tuning scale adapted from shamisen music by Yatsuhashi Kengyō for tuning of the koto. "The hirajoshi, kumoijoshi, and kokinjoshi 'scales' are Western derivations of the koto tunings of the same names. These scales have been used by rock and jazz guitarists in search of 'new' sounds."

Burrows gives C-E-F♯-G-B. Sachs, as well as Slonimsky, give C-D♭-F-G♭-B♭. Speed and Kostka & Payne give C-D-E♭-G-A♭. Note that all are hemitonic pentatonic scales (five note scales with one or more semitones) and are different modes of the same pattern of intervals, 2-1-4-1-4 semitones. Peter Sculthorpe's Earth Cry uses the Hirajoshi mode as a tonal centre of the work.

The five modes of hirajoshi can also be derived as subsets of the Ionian, Phrygian, Lydian, Aeolian, and Locrian modes.

Synonymous scales have different names per region of Japan, as well as according to several ethnomusicologists and researchers, which may lead to some confusion. For example, the Iwato scale bears the same intervals as Slonimsky's concept of the Hirajoshi scale, and is also the fourth mode of the In scale. The same scale given by Kostka & Payne matches the third mode of the In scale.

title: Hirajōshi scale


text:
List of office suites

In computing, an office suite is a collection of productivity software usually containing at least a word processor, spreadsheet and a presentation program. There are many different brands and types of office suites.

Free and open source suites

 * AndrOpen Office – available for Android
 * Apache OpenOffice – available for Linux, macOS and Windows
 * Calligra Suite – available for FreeBSD, Linux, macOS and Windows
 * Collabora Online – available for Android, ChromeOS, iOS, iPadOS, Linux, macOS, online and Windows
 * LibreOffice – available for Linux, macOS and Windows, and unofficial: Android, ChromeOS, FreeBSD, Haiku, iOS, iPadOS, OpenBSD, NetBSD and Solaris
 * NeoOffice – available for macOS
 * Nextcloud – online collaboration suite, available for Android, iOS, Linux, macOS and Windows
 * ONLYOFFICE – available for Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, online and Windows

Freeware and proprietary suites

 * Ability Office – available for Windows
 * Google Workspace – available for Android, ChromeOS, iOS, iPadOS, Linux, macOS, online and Windows
 * Hancom Office – available for Windows
 * Ichitaro – a Japanese-language suite available for Windows
 * iWork – available for iOS, iPadOS, macOS and online
 * Microsoft 365 – available for Android, iOS, iPadOS, macOS, online and Windows
 * MobiSystems OfficeSuite – available for Android, iOS and Windows
 * Polaris Office – available for iOS, macOS and Windows
 * SoftMaker Office – available for Android, iOS, iPadOS, Linux, macOS and Windows
 * Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware – online content management
 * WordPerfect Office – available for Windows
 * WPS Office – available for Android, iOS, macOS, Linux and Windows

Discontinued office suites

 * AppleWorks
 * Aster*x
 * AUIS – an office suite developed by Carnegie Mellon University and named after Andrew Carnegie
 * Breadbox Office – DOS software
 * Corel WordPerfect for DOS
 * EasyOffice
 * Hancom Office Suite (formerly ThinkFree Office)
 * IBM Lotus SmartSuite
 * IBM Lotus Symphony
 * IBM Works – an office suite for the IBM OS/2 operating system
 * Interleaf
 * Jambo OpenOffice, an abandoned project to translate the OpenOffice.org project into Swahili
 * Lotus Jazz – Mac sister product to Lotus Symphony
 * Lotus Symphony
 * Microsoft Works
 * Open Access – integrated software by Software Products International (SPI)
 * Picsel Smart Office
 * QuickOffice

 * Siag Office
 * Sim desk – online office suite from Simdesk Technologies, Inc
 * StarOffice – continued as open source suite OpenOffice.org then LibreOffice
 * ThinkFree Office

title: List of office suites


text:
Wikipedia talk:List of free online resources

Merge
Academic resources seems like the same idea under different name. What do you think?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:59, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. JesseW, the juggling janitor 20:21, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Have a look on the German Bibliotheksrecherche
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bibliotheksrecherche --Historiograf 02:59, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Resource Exchange
Well, it looks like a created a slightly redundant project. Here's the link: WikiProject Resource Exchange. The scopes seem to be a little different... and the organization is quite different. Should we merge these projects? Should it be merged here or to the wikiproject? Recommendations would be appreciated. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 00:23, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

And a related suggestion at Template talk:Article resources, mentioning possibly merging, or at least linking between the 2. Thanks :) --Quiddity 05:19, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

News agencies/Cox News Service
The link to Cox News Service seems to be broken at present, as does the link on the Cox Newspapers web site. I'm removing the reference for the moment, until the issue can be resolved.

 * Link works now.--Dthomsen8 (talk) 03:03, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

semi-free
I am concerned about sources such as FindArticles, where much of the content is not free. DGG (talk) 04:39, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

The Association for History and Computing
Link appears to be down, remove? 67.86.45.4 (talk) 19:08, 24 August 2009 (UTC)a signed post

Deleted "nonpartisan" from the description of American Enterprise Institute
I deleted "nonpartisan" from the description of American Enterprise Institute (AEI) in the "Social Sciences" section. As discussed below, it is an inaccurate description, and, contrary to WP's policy on fairness, balance, and neutral point of view, no such description was used to describe any of the other think tanks listed in this article.

DISCLAIMER: I fully intend the comments below to comply with WP's (excellent) policy on neutral point of view. (This is not intended at all to be any sort of partisan rant.) I have absolutely no professional or personal affiliation with any of the organizations mentioned, but I have frequently read publications from many of them in the course of my professional research. They all do some superb research and policy analysis, but experienced users of their publications carefully assess them for any bias, whether liberal, conservative, or libertarian.

Although AEI does claim to be nonpartisan, its Web site also says, "AEI is dedicated to preserving and strengthening the foundations of a free society--limited government, competitive private enterprise, vital cultural and political institutions, and vigilant defense--through rigorous inquiry, debate, and writing." (Source: http://www.aei.org/annualreport) So ... it's "nonpartisan," as long as you consider being "dedicated to preserving and strengthening ... limited government [and] competitive private enterprise" is "nonpartisan"? (Italics added for emphasis.)

AEI's conservative point of view is widely known in the academic and public policy communities related to its areas of interest, as well as to members of Congress and their staffs, just as the Brookings Institution's more liberal perspective and the Cato Institute's libertarian agenda are also well known. In practice, AEI is very open about its support for conservative causes (just as many other think tanks are open about their policy agendas), and many of AEI's fellows and other staff members were high-ranking political appointees in former Republican administrations or are other well-known conservatives. (E.g., to name just a few of the more prominent members of AEI's staff: Lynn Cheney, wife of the former vice president, Newt Gingrich, John Bolton, Richard Perle, Paul Wolfowitz, and John Yoo, author of the infamous "torture memos"; source: http://www.aei.org/scholars.) Similarly, Brookings and the Center for American Progress have many members of previous Democratic administrations on their staffs.

AEI's conservative links have been highlighted by the recent controversy surrounding its dismissal last week of David Frum, a highly respected conservative columnist, because of his relentless (but constructive) criticism of the Republican Party since the 2002 election, and particularly about Republican strategy during the recent congressional debate over health care reform. (See http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/25/AR2010032502336.html)

All these think tanks and foundations that focus on public policy must seek funding from corporations, other foundations, PACs, and other organizations that share similar policy orientations. The unfortunate result is that they are understandably reluctant to "bite the hand that feeds them." David Frum not only bit, but he bit way too hard too many times. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jackftwist (talk • contribs) 22:00, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Name Change
Footnote.com has changed its name and focus. It is now Fold3.com and focuses mainly on military records. Geekery (talk) 14:05, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

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4researchers.org link redirects to Car loan website
As mention above, the link for 4researchers.org redirects to Car loan website, i have removed the link for now. If anyone can find the current domain for the website, please add the link, else we could also remove the resource altogether if there exists none. Rohith D'Souza (talk) 19:08, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

 * http://web.archive.org/web/20220220023652/https://4researchers.org/
 * Haven't checked if internal links work.
 * You know about archive.org, don't you? ;-) 46.24.26.231 (talk) 00:54, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

Fallacies list
How about someone adding: Master List of Logical Fallacies utminers.utep.edu/omwilliamson/ENGL1311/fallacies.htm

I don't know how. 46.24.26.231 (talk) 00:49, 13 March 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:USS Lunga Point

Someone has previously denied that text here is a copyvio. But there are a number of odd typos (some of which I've corrected) which might be consistent with it having been scanned in from some published source. Maybe the earlier editors could comment on this? rossb 10:20, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Look at the source information at the bottom of the page. It is from the PUBLIC DOMAIN Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. David Newton 08:56, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Weird photo
Can anyone make sense of this photograph of USS Lunga Point: NH94876. Is this from astern - island/tower should be stb. foward? Is the ship making no speed at all? Is this island/tower in the back really another carrier or is there something wrong with exposure in the original photo? Compared to the other photos of the (supposed) series see here, NH 94874 and so on NH94876 makes no sense to me. Can someone explain? Best and thx --Sebastiano Mugnaio (talk) 21:38, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Lunga Point


text: User talk:144.214.16.21

title: User talk:144.214.16.21


text: User talk:80.127.222.217

title: User talk:80.127.222.217