text:
Edward Braddon

Sir Edward Nicholas Coventry Braddon (11 June 1829 – 2 February 1904) was an Australian politician who served as Premier of Tasmania from 1894 to 1899, and was a Member of the First Australian Parliament in the House of Representatives. Braddon was a Tasmanian delegate to the Constitutional Conventions.

Both the suburb of Braddon in the Australian Capital Territory and the Division of Braddon in Tasmania are named after him.

Early life
Braddon was born in St. Kew, Cornwall in 1829, the son of unsuccessful solicitor Henry Braddon and his wife Fanny White. He had two sisters, one of whom, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, was later a famous novelist. Braddon was educated at various private schools including University College School, and later at University College London.

Henry and Fanny separated in 1840, due to Henry's financial failures, and in 1847, Braddon left for India to take a job with his cousin's merchant business. He later joined the Indian civil service, rising to the position of assistant commissioner, and serving as Inspector-General of Registration and Commissioner of Excise and Stamps.

Braddon married firstly Mary Georginia Palmer on 24 Oct 1857 in Calcutta, India, she died aged 24 on 28 July 1864 at Simla, Bengal. India. They had two sons and four daughters. One of these sons was Sir Henry Yule Braddon, who was a Rugby union player, representing New Zealand (the All Blacks) and New South Wales, and was later a Commissioner (ambassador) for Australia in the United States. Daughter Alice Gertrude married Colonel Bernard Underwood Nicolay CB (see Nicolay family).

In 1876, Braddon married Alice Smith, who survived him.

During the Indian Mutiny, Braddon fought as a volunteer on behalf of the British forces. In 1872, Braddon wrote a memoir detailing his experiences in India, entitled Life in India. He left the Indian civil service in 1878 and retired to Tasmania.

Tasmanian career
In 1879, Braddon was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly in the Division of West Devon, and he represented that constituency until November 1888. He became leader of the opposition in 1886 and after the defeat of the James Agnew government, he was asked to form a cabinet. However, he resigned the premiership to Philip Fysh, and instead became Minister for Lands and Works.

In 1888, Braddon represented Tasmania on the Federal Council, the predecessor to the Constitutional Conventions of the 1890s. After leaving parliament in 1888, Braddon was appointed Agent-General for Tasmania in London, a position he held until September 1893. While in London he helped to raise funds to float a number of ventures in Tasmania. These include the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company.

After returning to Tasmania, Braddon was again elected the member for West Devon, and again became opposition leader. In April 1894, Braddon became Premier, and held office until 12 October 1899, the longest term of any Premier up to that date. He drew no salary while in office, but a contemporary diarist, J.B. Walker, judged him "an adventurer ... not overburdened with conscience".

In 1895, Braddon published another volume of memoirs, entitled Thirty Years of Shikar.

Federal career
Braddon was an important proponent of federation in Tasmania. He was elected as one of the Tasmanian representatives to the Constitutional Convention of 1897.

At the convention, he was responsible for the so-called "Braddon Clause" (or "Braddon Blot", as it was known by its opponents). The proposed Constitution provided that the Federal Government would assume the power to levy customs duties, an important source of revenue for the states. The Braddon Clause provided that the Commonwealth would have to return at least three-quarters of all duties collected.

After fierce debate, during which George Reid threatened to withdraw New South Wales from the convention, the Clause was limited in operation to ten years after Federation. The now-defunct Clause is still part of the Constitution of Australia as Section 87, however it was superseded by the Surplus Revenue Act 1910.

At the federal election of 1901, Braddon was elected to the first Australian Parliament as one of the five members for Tasmania, which had not yet been divided into electoral divisions. He was not only the oldest member of the House of Representatives, but, at almost 72 years of age, he is still the oldest person ever elected to the House of Representatives. (The city of Melbourne, where the Parliament then met, had not been founded at the time of his birth). As a supporter of free trade, he joined with Sir George Reid and became a member of the Free Trade Party, where he would occasionally stand as Leader of the Opposition when Reid was absent. In the debates over the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 he spoke in favour of the disenfranchisement of Aboriginal people. Braddon was re-elected at the federal election of 1903, as the first member of the Division of Wilmot, but he died suddenly at his home in Tasmania in 1904 before the parliament returned from recess.

Braddon is buried at Pioneer Cemetery in Forth, Tasmania. In February 2004, his grave was restored and a lookout was constructed nearby to commemorate the centenary of his death.

Honours
In 1891 Braddon was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. In 1897 he was made a member of the privy council.

The Canberra suburb of Braddon, Australian Capital Territory was named after Sir Edward in 1928. The building housing the federal law courts in Hobart, Tasmania, is named after him.

title: Edward Braddon


text: Category:600-Serie Adua class submarines

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Carthay, Los Angeles

Picfair Village
There's no K in "Picfair Village"--I live a few miles from there and pass the historic preservation signs all the time.

--Slightlyslack 07:56, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Separate article for Carthay Circle Theater?
I think we might develop a separate article about the landmark Carthay Circle Theater. Right now, I think the article is fine as is, but if we add more information about the theater, a separate article might be a good idea. I could contribute to this from my extensive cinema library. I have read and heard so much about that historic theater! LA Movie Buff (talk) 21:31, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Salvaging info deleted from article
If sourced, the following interesting & important information, deleted from the Carthay, Los Angeles main article, may be worth re-instating in some form: "In 1922, J. Harvey McCarthy developed the area as an upscale residential district along the San Vicente Boulevard line of the Pacific Electric Railway, bounded by Wilshire Blvd. on the north, Fairfax Avenue on the east, Olympic Blvd. on the south and Schumacher Drive on the west. McCarthy originally named the district Carthay Center (Carthay being a derivative of the developer's last name). The areas to the south of Olympic Boulevard remained undeveloped until 1933, when developer Spyros George Ponty built several hundred homes in two districts later named "South Carthay" and "Carthay Square" that are part of the Pico-Robertson neighborhood according to zipmap.net and also part of the P.I.C.O. Neighborhood Council. "The Carthay Center development included the single-screen movie house known as the Carthay Circle Theatre at Carrillo Drive and Commodore Sloat Drive, just south of San Vicente Blvd. This renowned theater's name resulted in confusion that led to the area today being known as Carthay Circle. Although Carthay Center in no way ever resembled a circle, the Carthay Circle Theatre did. The more famous theater's name (similar sounding to Columbus Circle, an actual circle in New York City) evolved over time to become the name of the lesser-known Carthay Center.  "Carthay today"      "Initially limited by restrictive covenants to whites, Carthay has since become fairly diverse, with many middle-class black, Latino, and Asian families living within the district. As with most of Mid-Wilshire, much of its non-Latino white population is Jewish. Cathay also has a significant number of immigrants of Ethiopian ancestry, accounting for many of the owners, employees and customers of the shops in Little Ethiopia. "One of Carthay Circle's most interesting features is its network of pedestrian pathways, which are marked and maintained as regular city streets by the city of Los Angeles. A very pedestrian-friendly area, Carthay is one of the safest neighborhoods in Los Angeles, despite its occasional crimes." PlayCuz (talk) 05:07, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carthay, Los Angeles


text:
Talk:Orange Line (MBTA)

Old Chat

 * "The fleet's windows have a distinctive orange tint."

I know what this means, but the Blue Line cars' passenger windows are like that too. The orange paint and cheesy faux woodgrain interiors really do make that amber/beige/whatever-it's-supposed-to-be stand out, and if you look into the windows of a passing car, it looks like the passengers are floating in a tankful of pee. Odd, that, since the old Bluebird cars on the Red Line are the ones that smelled like pee. --iMb~Meow 07:57, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We should add a note about the blue-line tint whenever someone adds an entry on rolling stock to the blueline page. jdb ❋ (talk) 08:42, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW, why did you remove this? jdb ❋ (talk) 05:02, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Because it's not distinctive. The PATH cars they were based on have the same glass. That kind of coloring was typical in the 1970s. --iMb~Meow 06:02, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm. I don't remember an orange tint last time I rode on the PATH (Jersey City-NYC), although that was a long time ago. Do you know if cars with that coloring are still in use? jdb ❋ (talk) 07:33, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't been out there in a long time, and am looking for photos of that series (older and newer PATH cars look superficially the same but were from different builders). This one sort of shows it, but not too well (you can see the difference in tint between the front and side windows, but the angle stinks). --iMb~Meow 07:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting. The Blue Line uses a blue tint, the orange line has an orange tint, and the PATH has an (apparent) orange tint. Given that this is unique to only two of Boston's rail lines, I'll re-add it, with the details you've supplied. jdb ❋ (talk) 07:57, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Huh? The Blue Line cars have the same sickly yellow window as the others, as seen here.
 * I'm going to take out this stuff about color-keyed glass again. If you intend to re-add it, please come up with a reference from MBTA or Bombardier to support it first. Thanks. --iMb~Meow 08:25, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That's very odd. I stand corrected. I think some of the cars have replacement windows that gave me the impression that they were blue: -- the left-hand door pane looks blue, not orange, by comparison to the right. BTW, what does Bombardier have to do with this? jdb ❋ (talk) 08:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Those aren't replacements, the windows in the operator areas were always different. Hawker-Siddeley Canada sold Canada Car to Bombardier years ago. --iMb~Meow 08:47, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah. I'm referring to the pane in the doors (in here, the leftmost pane in the photo, c.f. the next leftmost), not at the end (but no matter; it's an exception, rather than the rule). jdb ❋ (talk) 15:59, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * From what I can tell from that photo (unfortunately there are no closeups on nycsubway.org), the yellowish tint seems to come from the lights. --SPUI (talk) 08:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * They really are tinted in real life, even looking out from the inside. The yellowish/brownish cast could easily be grime, though. --iMb~Meow 08:42, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * IMeowbot talks about how the cars smell. Do the cars really smell like pee? Geo Swan 07:01, 2005 Apr 23 (UTC)
 * Yes, the Bluebirds did smell like pee. Those cars (now retired) didn't have air conditioning, the Red Line is really crowded during commute hours, and sweat contains pee. I suppose it was inevitable. --iMb~Meow 07:21, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Map requests
Maps are needed to compare the Washington Street Elevated routing and stops with the Southwest Corridor routing and stops, and to compare the Charlestown Elevated routing and stops with the Haymarket North Extension routing and stops. -- Beland 20:10, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Photos of Washington and Charlestown elevated sections
Does anyone have photos of the old elevated sections? Service continued into the 1980s and 1970s, respectively. Dogru144 13:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Express Track
mentions a third express track from Wellington to Community College. Perhaps this article should mention it, and talk about why it was built and how it was intended to be used. (It apparently has been used for testing new Blue Line cars recently, but I doubt that is why it was built.) JNW2 (talk) 00:10, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * It was built as an express to be used when the line was to be extended all the way to Reading. That way there wouldn't be a long commute time. I doubt that we can find many sources on it since newspapers pre-1980 are hard to come by. Grk1011/Stephen (talk) 21:58, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Time to Downtown Crossing
It would be more accurate to take these times in the table from the published schedule, not from the distance between stations. -- Beland (talk) 21:13, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Route Map?
Should I make a route map using the Rail Icons for this route? --NYCTrainFan (talk) 21:54, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Possibly. Could you show me an example of what it would look like/what you would change? Grk1011/Stephen (talk) 21:56, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry this has taken so long, I've been extremely busy. I've posted the example on my user page. CLICK HERE NYCTrainFan (talk) 01:12, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Looks pretty good. Have you done a lot of these? What is the rule of thumb for detail? I mean the legend has a ton of options including highways crossings, bridges, tunnels, etc.. State is also a major station so it should be large as well. State and Downtown Crossing make up the "inbound" destinations of the trains. Grk1011/Stephen (talk) 01:27, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I've done a few. I haven't taken the time to look at Google maps to put in highways and waterways and all that other stuff. I'll fix State right now. —Preceding unsigned comment added by NYCTrainFan (talk • contribs) 12:53, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Changes to route map
The current route map that shows the former Charlestown and Washington Street elevateds is neat, but confusing. The historical routes look like branches, rather than separated by time.

I'd like to make a pretty radical change to the template. I propose making the main template a representation of the Orange Line in its current state, without the former elevated sections. I'd then like to make a series of historical templates - one with all three elevateds (including Atlantic Ave) from 1901 to 1938ish, a second one until 1954 with the Charlestown and Washington elevateds, then a third until 1987 with only the Washington El. This would eliminate confusion in the current template (which doesn't even show the Atlantic Ave route), and provide for a series of maps that would illustrate the history of the Orange Line (just stick them side by side in a new section in the article).

I'm willing to do the major work on this; I would put the old-route templates up first then modify the main one to minimize disruption. I can do it this weekend or before, but I'd like to see if there's consensus. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 02:34, 23 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea. I can't wait to see what you come up with! Grk1011 (talk) 03:25, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Whew, finally got a chance to finish these. Take a look, and let me know if there's any errors, or correct them yourself. Once I'm satisfied with their accuracy, then we'll need to decide whether to place them side-by-side in a section in the main Orange Line article, or give them their own article. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 05:30, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Replaced the main infobox template per user page discussion; will start working on a side-by-side solution for all 5 for later in the article. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 18:56, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Collected route diagram templates
I have formatting all set for the five historical route diagram templates; it can be viewed here. My preference is to put it in the article itself just before the station listing, but I could accept it as a standalone page. Thoughts? Pi.1415926535 (talk) 22:35, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I think keeping it in this article for now makes sense, at least until there's sufficient accompanying text to justify a breakout. Great work! Mackensen (talk) 14:21, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Route map fixes
The route maps are very nice, but strangely omit any mention of the Green Line transfer points (at both Haymarket and North Station), while showing connections to the Red and Blue Lines appropriately. Also, in the infobox, the word "Legend" is repeated twice. I would fix them, but I'm afraid of breaking the maps. Much thanks go to User:Pi.1415926535 for his extensive route map work, as well as the many well-composed photos he has been contributing to Wikimedia Commons, allowing an upgrade of the MBTA articles' quality and visual appeal. --Reify-tech (talk) 19:01, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I'll take a crack tonight. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 19:57, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * There's some nasty formatting issues, especially with the Causeway El. Will have these up eventually. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 23:07, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep plugging away, the diagrams look great when you finish, and really help make the system understandable. --Reify-tech (talk) 23:20, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I've got one possibility on the 75-87 template. Not sure if I like it. Might try to switch to a straight-through style. North Station is going to be a major problem on the newest template, what with two logos (intercity rail + commuter rail) and three wikilinks (Green Line, Amtrak/Downeaster, Commuter Rail). Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:30, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I believe that Haymarket North Extension should be merged into the main Orange Line article. This cam up during the discussions at Talk:Green Line (MBTA) about the merging and splitting of the Green Line Extension. As the Haymarket North Extension is not its own line, and is only an extension of a currently line, I do not feel it warrants it's own article.--Found5dollar (talk) 15:41, 12 January 2013 (UTC)

Trolley colors
The wiki entry reads:

"Cars throughout the Boston rapid transit network were formerly painted orange or with orange stripes by MBTA predecessors, and restored streetcars on the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line wear their historical orange livery, but this is largely coincidental."

I'm debating whether this needs to be in the entry since the Mattapan trolleys connect to the RED line (not the Orange line) and the trolleys reflect the orange color that was used on all of the early 20th century trolleys throughout the entire system. The entry does say "this is largely coincidental," but it actually has nothing to do with the orange of the Orange line. In fact, the trolleys are more of a burnt orange color and not the pure orange of the Orange line cars. I'm interested in what other people think. 72.93.27.170 (talk) 22:00, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Definitely unnecessary; it has nothing whatsoever to do with the Orange Line. I've removed it. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 22:10, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

Line diagram omits North Station?
Somehow the line diagrams omit North Station and list Anderson RTC instead. Anderson RTC is in Woburn, which makes that route an impressive feat of spatial distortion.

Seriously, I looked through the markup and it doesn't mention Anderson at all, while it does have North Station listed in the right place. However, the Read view says Anderson RTC.

Could someone who knows what they're doing check this out? Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.17.205.153 (talk) 00:12, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

 * ✅ Looks to have been a bug in MBTA stations. I've now fixed it. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:14, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

(official MBTA and pre-wiki sources)
Better sources, but that mostly illustrates the differences between "better" and "good." Sanborn has some standing, and this is early enough his later disability isn't a factor...but it's from 1992, and it's listed as "trivia." Trivia lists are notorious for folklore and back-formation, even...no, especially...within an organization; compare the tripe about flags ang flagpoles among soldiers. This was supposedly a memnonic, so it should have been publicized contemporaneously.Anmccaff (talk) 17:29, 19 January 2016 (UTC) PS: As a rider of the '60s blue line, moving on clapped-out cars through tunnels that suggested they were built by medieval sappers, the last thing a passenger wanted to be reminded of was that they were going under the harbor. Anmccaff (talk) 17:29, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Here, BTW, is the Sanborn "reference": The Washington Street Orange line travels through a section of Boston originally named Orange. Folklore if ever I saw it, and the whole Trivia section suggests a certain amount of tongue-in-cheek. Anmccaff (talk) 19:50, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

Things to do:

 * Condense "History" section
 * Source any easily disputed material
 * Make sure information is factual

- Knowledgekid87 (talk) 16:05, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

New train article
Becuase the new Orange and Red Line trains are coming out and it’s the same stock on both lines someone should create a new article about the new trains. RedProofHill123 (talk) 17:05, 15 January 2018 (UTC) RedProofHill123 (talk) 17:08, 15 January 2018 (UTC)Or they ca add the template to the rolling stock in the orange line article
 * As you've already been told on the Green Line talk page, there is likely no need for an article. If you want to create a properly reference and well-written draft, be my guest, but don't make broken and poorly referenced edits here. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:53, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

Geographic maps showing changes?
I'm wondering if the article would be improved by geographically accurate maps showing the difference between the Charlestown Elevated alignment and the current north end of the line, as well as a similar map for the Washington Street Elevated vs the Southwest Corridor. The article discusses the differences (especially for the southern change and how is spawned the Washington Street Silver Line), but this is a place where "show, don't tell" would be a major enhancement to comprehensibility to readers unfamiliar with Boston geography, especially its rather irregular street layout. The route diagrams list the changes in stations, but give no sense of geographic scale of distances. oknazevad (talk) 20:42, 8 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, maps would definitely be good. Making maps for all the MBTA lines in GIS (including former configurations where relevant) is on my very long to-do list. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 22:53, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

Replacement reasons?
Why did the new CRRC trains replace the older 01200 series? Clrichey (talk) 06:24, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * They were over 40 years old and past their 'useful' life. Too expensive to maintain, etc. Grk1011 (talk) 13:57, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orange Line (MBTA)


text:
Orange Mound, Memphis

Orange Mound, a neighborhood in southeastern Memphis, Tennessee, was the first US neighborhood to be built by and for African Americans.

Built on the grounds of the former Deaderick plantation, the Orange Mound subdivision was developed for African Americans in the 1890s to provide affordable land and residences for the less wealthy.

Drugs and crime infected the neighborhood in the 1980s and 1990s. In the first decade of the 21st century, revitalization efforts were started and show positive effects.

Geography
Orange Mound is bounded by Semmes St. to the east, (bordering the University of Memphis district) and by Lamar and Kimball Avenues to the south. The Southern Avenue & IC Railroad tracks that cross in front of the Mid-South Coliseum form the northern & western borders while separating it from the Belt Line and Midtown. The streets outlining the plantation that originally existed on that ground were Goodwyn St on the east, Park Ave on the south and Airways at the southwest.

Demographics
The neighborhood has a population of approximately 14,400, of which 95 percent are of African-American heritage.

Deaderick plantation - 1800s
Orange Mound stands on the site of the former John Deaderick plantation. Between 1825 and 1830, Deaderick (whose family donated the land in Nashville on which the Tennessee State Capitol was built) purchased 5,000 acres (20 km$2$) of land (from Airways to Semmes) and built a stately house there (at what is now the east side of Airways, between Carnes and Spottswood). In 1890, a developer named Elzey Eugene Meachem purchased land from the Deaderick family and began developing a subdivision for African-Americans, selling lots for less than $100. In the 1890s, a typical Orange Mound house was a small, narrow "shotgun"-style house. A tradition says the name comes from mock-orange trees or shrubs on the grounds of the old homeplace.

Annexation
In 1919, The City of Memphis annexed the community.

Vibrant black community - 1970s
In the 1970s, Orange Mound was billed as "the largest concentration of blacks in the United States except for Harlem in New York City." The neighborhood provided a refuge for black people moving to the city for the first time from rural areas. Although the streets of the early Orange Mound were unpaved, it was a vibrant community in which a mix of residences, businesses, churches, and cultural centers flourished. During the era of desegregation, Orange Mound entered a period of decline as younger residents began to move away.

Drugs and crime - 1980s-1990s
Built on strong families, preachers, churches, and civic pride, this was a large community of black homeowners in the 1940s and 1950s. Drugs and alcohol had been an issue for many years. Once crack entered the scene, the community was destroyed with violence and drug dealing. Drug use devastated poor and middle-class families. Since the 1990s, Orange Mound has improved considerably as crime has decreased due to the revitalization of the community.

Revitalization - 2000s
In the first decade of the 21st century, Orange Mound became the focus of a variety of revitalization efforts. One such effort, the Orange Mound Collaborative, funded by a Ford Foundation grant, stresses "education through empowerment." The Orange Mound Collaborative's projects include an Early Childhood Institute, and an oral history project in which researchers conduct videotaped interviews with Orange Mound's older residents.

S.M.A.R.T. (2003)
In 2003, Orange Mound was named one of 21 areas in Memphis that were to be the focus of the S.M.A.R.T. Revitalization Plan ("Servicing the Metropolitan Area through the Redevelopment of Targeted neighborhoods"), a public-private partnership to create vibrant neighborhoods in declining areas.

Progress (2004)
In a 2004 editorial in the Memphis Commercial Appeal, Robert Lipscomb, director of Memphis's Housing and Community Development division, wrote that much progress had been made in revitalizing Orange Mound, through a combination of code enforcement, tenant education programs, and neighborhood cleanup efforts.

2009, 2010
In the fall of 2009, Melrose High School opened its stadium with new state of the art technology, new field, bleachers, and park. This was only a minor point of a changing community. In recent years, crime has declined nearly 10%. Alumni of the high school are taking it upon themselves to become more involved in the lives of the upcoming generation in order to ensure a brighter future.

Orange Mound Community Garden
A group called the Mid-South Peace & Justice Center helped neighborhood residents to create the Orange Mound Community Garden. Organizers of the garden project hope the project will help beautify the community, provide a source of nutritious food, teach leadership skills, and encourage self-reliance.

Orange Mound Tower

In 2021, plans to develop the United Equipment Building, an abandoned feed mill in Orange Mound, were announced. The proposed development is for the building to become a multi-use facility called the Orange Mound Tower. The $50 million development project is being led by Victoria Jones, a local arts organizer, and IMAKEMADBEATS, a local music producer. Jones' organization, TONE, is based in Orange Mound, and IMAKEMADBEATS grew up in Orange Mound.

Churches
Churches in Orange Mound, and throughout Memphis, have played a critical role in developing community leaders and fostering stability. Particularly important has been Mount Moriah Missionary Baptist Church, which has been at the corner of Carnes Avenue and David St. since 1926, and Mt Pisgah CME Church on the corner of Park Avenue and Marechalneil. This church played a role in the Civil Rights Movement by assisting activists jailed for their activities in support of racial equality.

Music
Orange Mound hosts a growing underground rap scene as well as national hip-hop stars. The hit rap duo 8 Ball & MJG (Premro Smith and Marlon Jermain Goodwin) grew up in Orange Mound. They met at Ridgeway High in East Memphis, where many Orange Mound children were educated from the early 1970s to the early 1990s.

Literature
Orange Mound is the title and setting of a novel written by author Jay Fingers, who grew up in the neighborhood. The novel was recently deemed a "Memphis Book for Summer Reading" by the Memphis Flyer.

Education
Melrose High School and Dunbar Elementary School are located in Orange Mound and serve as sources of pride and focal points for the community. On Fridays during football season, members of the community come together to cheer on the Golden Wildcats at Melrose Stadium.

Key to Orange Mound
Tyler Glover, who operates Tyler's Place restaurant at 2481 Park Avenue, has been elected the "Mayor of Orange Mound," and his restaurant the official Orange Mound "city hall." During the first term of Memphis Mayor W. W. Herenton, Glover presented Herenton with an orange "key to Orange Mound." Glover's words convey the love that Orange Mound's long-term residents feel for Orange Mound: "This is the greatest community in the world.... It is the greatest community because I know everybody here and I love working on committees and making this a better place in which to live.  I don't want to live any other place than Orange Mound.  I have had numerous opportunities to move some place else, but there is no other place in the world I want to live, but Orange Mound, Tenn." In 2007 during Glover incompacity, Orange Mound elected Melrose Veteran and Hall of famer Jason Smith as Mayor.

title: Orange Mound, Memphis


text:
Reading First

Reading First is a federal education program in the United States mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act and administered by the federal Department of Education. The program requires that schools funded by Reading First use "scientifically based" reading instruction.

Program funding is allocated to Title I Schools for "Scientifically Based Reading Research" (SBRR) and also for hiring "coaches," who assist teachers in learning the newest SBRR for use in classrooms. Coaches analyze data to drive instruction for individual children in every classroom. Reading First is limited to kindergarten through third-grade classes, while Early Reading First money is allocated for pre-kindergarten materials and coaches.

In September 2006, an internal review by the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General found the Reading First program exhibited conflicts of interest in that some of the consultants hired by the Department of Education to train teachers and state department of education personnel also were coauthors of certain reading programs. The review also suggested the department repeatedly tried to dictate which curriculum schools must use. The US Department of Education reacted to reports that some states believed that they should purchase certain reading programs with federal Reading First funds by publishing a statement for states that this was not the case and was not a requirement for federal funding. Still, the perception remained. The program also has many defenders. Some state departments of education and local school districts appreciate the federal support it provides.

A large-scale nationwide study of the program released in 2008 found that it does not improve students' reading comprehension, although testing in many states has found improvement in basic reading skills.

title: Reading First


text:
Rafael Martín Vázquez

Rafael Martín Vázquez (born 25 September 1965) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played mostly as an attacking midfielder.

He represented most notably Real Madrid, having two different spells and amassing La Liga totals of 252 games and 42 goals for the club. He also played abroad in Italy, France, Mexico and Germany.

Martín Vázquez appeared for Spain at the 1990 World Cup and Euro 1988, winning nearly 40 caps.

Club career
Born in Madrid, Martín Vázquez joined the youth academy of Real Madrid in 1980 at the age of 15 and made his debut for the first team three years later, going on to achieve fame as part of the La Quinta del Buitre which still included Míchel, Emilio Butragueño, Miguel Pardeza and Manolo Sanchís. In 1989–90, as Real achieved a club and La Liga record of 107 goals, he scored a career-best 14, second only in the squad to Hugo Sánchez's 38.

After the arrival of Romanian Gheorghe Hagi, Martín Vázquez decided to accept the offer of Torino FC, but failed to settle in Italy during his two-season spell, although he did help the side reach the 1992 UEFA Cup Final. He then moved to Olympique de Marseille but only lasted two months in France, after which a return to Real Madrid was arranged; in his two stints with the latter he won six leagues, two UEFA Cups and two Copa del Rey.

As injuries hit him, Martín Vázquez eventually retired from football at the end of 1998, after unassuming spells with Deportivo de La Coruña, Atlético Celaya – where he teamed up with Butragueño – and Karlsruher SC (German 2. Bundesliga). Afterwards, he worked with Real Madrid as a youth coach while also keeping fit with the club's veterans.

International career
Martín Vázquez played 38 times for Spain, including at UEFA Euro 1988 and the 1990 FIFA World Cup. His debut came on 23 September 1987, in a friendly against Luxembourg.

Honours
Real Madrid
 * La Liga: 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1994–95
 * Copa del Rey: 1988–89, 1992–93
 * Copa de la Liga: 1985
 * Supercopa de España: 1988, 1989, 1993
 * UEFA Cup: 1984–85, 1985–86
 * Copa Iberoamericana: 1994

Torino
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 1991–92

Spain U21
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1986

Individual
 * Spanish Player of the Year: 1990

title: Rafael Martín Vázquez


text:
District Council of Karoonda East Murray

The District Council of Karoonda East Murray is a local government area in the Murray Mallee area of South Australia. The main council offices are in Karoonda.

The council area covers 4,415 square kilometres and had a population of approximately 1,100 at the 2016 Census. The annual average rainfall is 350 mm.

It is entirely in the state electorate of Chaffey and the federal Division of Barker.

History
The council was established in 1979 when the District Council of Karoonda (established 1922) and the District Council of East Murray (established 1923) amalgamated.

The township of Karoonda was established in 1913 when the mallee railway lines were put in place to open the area to grain growing, as previous pastoral runs had failed.

Geography
It includes the towns and localities of Bakara, Borrika, Copeville, Galga, Halidon, Karoonda, Marama, Mindarie, Perponda, Sandalwood, Wanbi and Wynarka, as well as parts of Bowhill, Mantung and Mercunda.

Councillors
The District Council of Karoonda East Murray has a directly-elected mayor.

Mayors and chairmen of Karoonda East Murray

 * Allan Ernest Arbon (1979-1981)
 * Douglas James (Doug) Fullston (1981-1993)
 * Allan Ernest Arbon (1993-2000)
 * Kevin Burdett (2000-2018)
 * Caroline Phillips (2018–Present)


text:
Guanidine nitrate

Guanidine nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula [C(NH2)3]NO3. It is a colorless, water-soluble salt. It is produced on a large scale and finds use as precursor for nitroguanidine, fuel in pyrotechnics and gas generators. Its correct name is guanidinium nitrate, but the colloquial term guanidine nitrate is widely used.

Production and properties
Although it is the salt formed by neutralizing guanidine with nitric acid, guanidine nitrate is produced industrially by the reaction of dicyandiamide (or calcium salt) and ammonium nitrate.

It has been used as a monopropellant in the Jetex engine for model airplanes. It is attractive because it has a high gas output and low flame temperature. It has a relatively high monopropellant specific impulse of 177 seconds (1.7 kN·s/kg).

Guanidine nitrate's explosive decomposition is given by the following equation:

Uses
Guanidine nitrate is used as the gas generator in automobile airbags. It is less toxic than the mixture used in older airbags of sodium azide, potassium nitrate and silica (NaN3, KNO3, and SiO2), and it is less explosive and sensitive to moisture compared to the very cheap ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3).

Safety
The compound is a hazardous substance, being an explosive and containing an oxidant (nitrate). It is also harmful to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.

title: Guanidine nitrate


text: File:Boodleboodleboodle.jpg

title: File:Boodleboodleboodle.jpg


text:
User:Cepstra

What are cepstra? Why they're the Fourier transform of the logarithm of the absolute value of the Fourier transform of windowed signals, of course!

How do you use them? In speech processing mainly. I used cepstra to characterise the useful bits in voices when I did my engineering honours project in user verification.

Now I'm doing a PhD not in speech but in Computer Vision.

title: User:Cepstra


text:
Nordmarka

Nordmarka is the mostly forested region which makes up the northern part of Oslo, Norway. Nordmarka is the largest and most central part of Oslomarka. The area called Nordmarka also extends into the municipalities of Hole, Ringerike, Lunner, Jevnaker and Nittedal. It is the largest part of the Marka borough.

The forests are popular sites for hiking, biking and skiing. Winter sport is mostly possible from December until March, in cold winters also until April or the beginning of May in some areas. Most of the forests are protected, and it is not possible to obtain building permits for cabins in the area. There are, however, many cabins already in Nordmarka with cafes and overnighting accommodation.

There are several lakes in Nordmarka, which are used as a supply for drinking water, largest of these is the Maridalsvannet. Svarttjernshøgda in Jevnaker is the highest point in Nordmarka, at a height of 717 m.

Name
The first element is nord 'north', the last element is the finite form of mark f 'woodland, forest'. The name is first mentioned on a map from 1760.

title: Nordmarka


text:
River Esk, Lothian

The River Esk (Brythonic: Isca (water), Easg (water)), also called the Lothian Esk, is a river that flows through Midlothian and East Lothian, Scotland.

It initially runs as two separate rivers: the North Esk and the South Esk.

Route
The North Esk rises in the North Esk Reservoir in the Pentland Hills, in Midlothian, a mile (1.6 km) north of the village of Carlops. It flows north-east past Penicuik and Auchendinny, where it is joined by the Glencorse Burn, flowing in a south-easterly direction from the Glencorse Reservoir. The reservoir was built by the Edinburgh Water Company in the 1820s, to supply compensation water to millowners on the Esk when they started to take water from the Glencorse Burn for drinking water supplies. The river continues through Roslin Glen and the Penicuik–Dalkeith Walkway, past Hawthornden Castle, Polton, Lasswade and Melville Castle.

The South Esk rises at the southernmost extremity of Midlothian, on the western slopes of Blackhope Scar (the highest of the Moorfoot Hills). It flows north through Gladhouse Reservoir and Rosebery Reservoir, and by the village of Temple, before receiving the Redside Burn close to Arniston House. It is joined by the Gore Water at Shank. The Dalhousie Burn joins just to the west of Newtongrange. The South Esk passes Newbattle Abbey and proceeds through Dalkeith.

The rivers converge just about 1.25 mi north-east of Dalkeith at the edge of the grounds of Dalkeith Palace. From here the River Esk continues north for about 4.3 mi, entering the East Lothian region, skirting Inveresk and flowing into the Firth of Forth at Fisherrow (Musselburgh).

title: River Esk, Lothian


text:
Judith McGrath

Judith McGrath (21 April 1947 – 20 October 2017) was an Australian actress. She was known for her roles as Colleen Powell in Prisoner, Matron Gribble in Round the Twist, Bernice Hudson in A Country Practice, and Yvonne 'Von' Ryan in All Saints.

Biography
McGrath was known for her television roles, including soap operas Prisoner (1979–84), as Deputy Governor/Officer Colleen "Poface" Powell, A Country Practice (1992–93) as hippy Bernice Hudson and for her Logie Award-nominated role in the medical drama All Saints as Nurse Yvonne "Von" Ryan (1998–2009) and her comedy roles in children's series Round the Twist as Matron Cecilia Gribble.

McGrath was known for playing characters with a dry, often sarcastic wit.

Early life
Born in Brisbane, McGrath began her career at the Brisbane Arts Theatre, and was a member of Twelfth Night Theatre under artistic director Joan Whalley. She also played Grace in the 1969 film Age of Consent.

Career
McGrath is probably best known to international audiences for her role in the cult Network Ten series Prisoner as fair-minded but sarcastic Deputy Governor Colleen" Poface" Powell. Initially a minor character, appearing in 12 episodes in the first two series (1979–80), she became a permanent cast member in 1981 and went on to appear in a total of 263 episodes. She chose to leave the series, taping her final scenes in December 1983. Her farewell episode aired in May 1984 during the show's sixth season.

After leaving Prisoner, McGrath appeared in guest roles in Neighbours in 1985 and The Flying Doctors in 1986 and 1988, before appearing in the first series of the children's television show Round The Twist in 1989, playing Matron Gribble. She went on to be a regular cast member on A Country Practice as Bernice Hudson from 1992 until 1993.

McGrath played the long-running role of Yvonne "Von"' Ryan in television medical drama series All Saints on Network Seven from its debut in 1998, opposite co-star Georgie Parker. She was the only original cast member to stay with the series until it concluded in late 2009.

Death
McGrath died at a hospice in Brisbane at the age of 70 from lung cancer on 20 October 2017.

title: Judith McGrath


text:
Fraternal party

A fraternal party is a political party officially affiliated with another, often larger or international, political party or governmental party, or several of them, notably when these share a political ideology.

They may express this 'fraternity' by exchanging fraternal delegates to each-other's party congresses.

In 1960s, communist parties in charge of states often had fraternal parties in other countries than the one(s) in which they were organized. A major example was the Chinese Communist Party, which exercised enormous influence over the New Left and New Communist Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. In The Modern History Sourcebook, there is a 1964 statement by the Romanian Workers' Party in which they caution, "In discussing and confronting different points of view on problems concerning the revolutionary struggle or socialist construction, no party must label as anti-Marxist, anti-Leninist the fraternal party whose opinions it does not share."

title: Fraternal party


text:
User talk:Corkserker

George W. Bush
Hi. You have removed a significant portion of text from George W. Bush. Since you did not give an explanation, the text you removed has since been restored. In the future if you wish to remove text that isn't clear vandalism, please follow this four step guide. Following this four step guide will provide other contributors with the opportunity to peer review your removal and allow the opportunity for multiple opinions. Making future edits in this fashion will prevent other contributor's submissions from vanishing onto the Wikipedia cutting room floor without explanation. Thanks.— oo64eva (AJ) (U @ 08:35, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Copy the portion of text you wish to remove to your clipboard but do not remove it from the article just yet.
 * 2) Paste the text onto the corresponding talk page under an appropriate heading.
 * 3) Underneath, give a detailed argument as to why you feel the article could do without the text.
 * 4) You can now remove the text in the article as well as write in the edit summary a small snippet of what you removed followed by an ellipsis and to "see the talk page for details".

title: User talk:Corkserker


text:
User:MPerel/About me

Who am I?
I am Miri, the wife of a very good man who I love and adore, and the mother of a truly beautiful daughter who makes me proud. You may ask me, "Don’t you have any sense of identity outside your roles with other people, Miri?" "No, not really," I would answer. I am not designed to be a self alone in the universe. I am completely designed to interact with others. I have eyes, ears, a mouth (and typing fingers) to see, listen to, and communicate with others. I have breasts to nourish another generation, and my whole body to share intimately with someone special to me. Even the biblical commandments are all about my role with others, how to relate to God and other people. How could I even be me if there was only me? My true essence is realized through interpersonal engagement, and so I am only who I am because there is a you to help define me.

Tidbits about me
Hopefully these won't be used to pigeonhole me : )

 * According to the Jungian Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, I am an INFJ, what Kiersey calls a Counselor Idealist. I first took this test  over a decade ago at my workplace, and have since had other opportunitites to take it again, always coming out the same.  Here is an online pay version of the test as well as a free version.

 * According to the Political Compass, I am a slightly-fiscally-to-the-right libertarian (0.38 on the Economic left/right scale and -2.62 on the Social libertarian/authoritarian scale).

title: User:MPerel/About me


text:
Subnetwork Access Protocol

The Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) is a mechanism for multiplexing, on networks using IEEE 802.2 LLC, more protocols than can be distinguished by the eight-bit 802.2 Service Access Point (SAP) fields. SNAP supports identifying protocols by EtherType field values; it also supports vendor-private protocol identifier spaces. It is used with IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4, IEEE 802.5, IEEE 802.11 and other IEEE 802 physical network layers, as well as with non-IEEE 802 physical network layers such as FDDI that use 802.2 LLC.

The SNAP and LSAP fields are added to the packets at the transmitting node in order to allow the receiving node to pass each received frame to an appropriate device driver which understands the given protocol.

Background
The OSI model uses a Service Access Point (SAP) to define the communication between layers (like Network, Transport, Session, and the other layers of the seven-layer model), that is to identify which protocol should process an incoming message. Within a given layer, programs can exchange data by a mutually agreed-upon protocol mechanism. A pair of programs that do not support a common protocol cannot communicate with each other. Thus for multiple protocols to coexist within a layer, it is necessary to determine which protocol is invoked to process a service data unit delivered by the lower layer.

The most common reference to SAP, including a Source Service Access Point (SSAP) and a Destination Service Access Point (DSAP) refers to the boundary between the Data Link Layer and the Network Layer. It is common to think of SAP only in terms of its use at Layer 2, specifically in its Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer as defined in the IEEE 802.2 standards. Link Service Access Point (LSAP) includes both Destination Service Access Point (DSAP) and Source Service Access Point (SSAP). It enables a MAC station to communicate with upper layers via different protocols.

Standard Network layer protocols have been assigned reserved LLC addresses, as recorded in ISO/IEC TR 11802-1. One half of the LLC address space is reserved for such assignment. Other protocols are accommodated in two ways. One way is by local assignment of LSAPs, for which the other half of the LLC address space is available. The second way is to use a particular reserved LLC address value that has been assigned for use in conjunction with the Sub-network Access Protocol (SNAP) is called the SNAP address. The SNAP address identifies, at each MAC SAP, a single LSAP. Thus, each protocol using SNAP must employ a protocol identifier. Thus, the Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) is a mechanism for multiplexing, on networks using IEEE 802.2 LLC, more protocols than can be distinguished by the 8-bit 802.2 Service Access Point (SAP) fields. SNAP supports identifying protocols by Ethernet type field values; it also supports vendor-private protocol identifier spaces. It is used with IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4, IEEE 802.5, IEEE 802.11 and other IEEE 802 physical network layers, as well as with non-IEEE 802 physical network layers such as FDDI that use 802.2 LLC.

Use
The SNAP is an extension of the 802.2 LLC specified in the IEEE 802 Overview and Architecture document. The 5-octet SNAP header follows the 802.2 LLC header if the destination SAP (DSAP) and the source SAP (SSAP) contain hexadecimal values of AA or AB:

The SNAP header consists of a 3-octet IEEE organizationally unique identifier (OUI) followed by a 2-octet protocol ID. If the OUI is zero, the protocol ID is the registered EtherType value for the protocol running on top of SNAP. If the OUI is an OUI for a particular organization, the protocol ID is a value assigned by that organization to the protocol running on top of SNAP.

SNAP is usually used with Unnumbered Information 802.2 protocol data units (PDUs), with a control field value of 3, and the LSAP values are usually hexadecimal AA, so the 802.2 LLC header for a SNAP packet is usually AA AA 03; however, SNAP can be used with other PDU types as well.

On Ethernet, the 8 octets occupied by the LLC and SNAP headers reduce the size of the available payload for protocols such as the Internet Protocol to 1492 bytes, compared to the use of the Ethernet II framing; therefore, for protocols that have EtherType values, packets are usually transmitted with Ethernet II headers rather than with LLC and SNAP headers. On other network types, the LLC and SNAP headers are required in order to multiplex different protocols on the link layer, as the MAC layer doesn't itself have an EtherType field, so there's no alternative framing that would have a larger available payload.

One might ask, "why is a separate sub-network header necessary?". The answer is that it was to augment a decision made during the layout of the LLC header. At the time that the LLC header was being designed, it was thought that a single octet (256 possible values) in the header would be enough to specify all the protocol values that vendors would want to register. As the values began to be reserved, it was discovered that the LLC header would soon run out of open values. The hexadecimal AA and AB values were reserved, and an additional header—the SNAP header—was developed; it can support all EtherType values and multiple spaces of private protocol values. As per IETF RFC 1042, IP datagrams and ARP datagrams are transmitted over IEEE 802 networks using LLC and SNAP headers, except on Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, where they are transmitted with Ethernet II headers, as per RFC 894.

title: Subnetwork Access Protocol


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Solidwater

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY

Solidwater
was solidwater.org

Delete for the reasons expressed here
 * Agree. The previous page was deleted for non-notability as per VfD procedure, no need for a re-vote for an attempt to re-create in under another name. This is therefore a speedy deletion candidate. -- Karada 08:46, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, qualifies under recreated article from previous vfd. Megan1967 10:23, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Content speedeleted; the page is under for technical reasons. Mikkalai 19:06, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Murray Mallee

The Murray Mallee is the grain-growing and sheep-farming area of South Australia. It is bounded to the north and west by the Murray River, called the "River Murray" in South Australia, to the east by the Victorian border, and extending about 50 km south of the Mallee Highway.

Details

The Murray Mallee area is predominantly a vast plain of low elevation, with sandhills and gentle undulating sandy rises, interspersed by flats. The annual rainfall ranges from approximately 250 mm in the north to 400 mm further south. The area was very lightly populated up until the beginning of the 20th century, with marginal pastoral runs of sheep at low stocking rates. Artesian water was discovered at moderate depth, and railways opened to make shipping of grain feasible.

The first railway was the Pinnaroo line in 1906 from Tailem Bend on the main Melbourne–Adelaide railway. The success of this line led to construction further north of the Brown's Well railway line in 1913. Before that line had been completed, the government approved a number of spur lines from it. These included the Peebinga railway line into the land between the new line and the Pinnaroo line, extending the Brown's Well line north to Paringa, and spurs to Loxton and Waikerie. Another spur, the Moorook railway line opened in 1925. All of these have now closed due to the declining use of railways for grain transport in the area.

Towns
The main towns in the mallee are Karoonda, Lameroo and Pinnaroo. Towns along the Murray are generally considered to be in the Riverland or Murraylands, rather than the Mallee.

Ecology
Originally the Mallee was covered in thick mallee scrub. Large expanses, estimates are around 80%, of the mallee were cleared for agricultural development, beginning as early as the 1880s. Most of the remaining natural vegetation is in protected areas such as Ngarkat Conservation Park, Billiatt Conservation Park,  Karte Conservation Park, Peebinga Conservation Park, Bakara Conservation Park and Lowan Conservation Park.

title: Murray Mallee


text:
The Seven Daughters of Eve

The Seven Daughters of Eve is a 2001 semi-fictional book by Bryan Sykes that presents the science of human origin in Africa and their dispersion to a general audience. Sykes explains the principles of genetics and human evolution, the particularities of mitochondrial DNA, and analyses of ancient DNA to genetically link modern humans to prehistoric ancestors.

Following the developments of mitochondrial genetics, Sykes traces back human migrations, discusses the "out of Africa theory" and casts serious doubt upon Thor Heyerdahl's theory of the Peruvian origin of the Polynesians, which opposed the theory of their origin in Indonesia. He also describes the use of mitochondrial DNA in identifying the remains of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, and in assessing the genetic makeup of modern Europe.

The title of the book comes from one of the principal achievements of mitochondrial genetics, which is the classification of all modern Europeans into seven groups, the mitochondrial haplogroups. Each haplogroup is defined by a set of characteristic mutations on the mitochondrial genome, and can be traced along a person's maternal line to a specific prehistoric woman. Sykes refers to these women as "clan mothers", though these women did not all live concurrently. All these women in turn shared a common maternal ancestor, the Mitochondrial Eve.

The last third of the book is spent on a series of fictional narratives, written by Sykes, describing his creative guesses about the lives of each of these seven "clan mothers". This latter half generally met with mixed reviews in comparison with the first part.

Mitochondrial haplogroups in The Seven Daughters of Eve
The seven "clan mothers" mentioned by Sykes each correspond to one (or more) human mitochondrial haplogroups.

 * Ursula: corresponds to Haplogroup U (specifically U5, and excluding its subgroup K)
 * Xenia: corresponds to Haplogroup X
 * Helena: corresponds to Haplogroup H
 * Velda: corresponds to Haplogroup V, found with particularly high concentrations in the people of Cantabria (15%) of northern Iberia but specially in the Sami people of northern Scandinavia: Swedish Sami (68%), Finnish Sami (37%) and Norwegian Sami (33%).
 * Tara: corresponds to Haplogroup T
 * Katrine: corresponds to Haplogroup K
 * Jasmine: corresponds to Haplogroup J

Additional daughters
Sykes wrote in the book that there were seven major mitochondrial lineages for modern Europeans, though he subsequently wrote that with the additional data from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, Ulrike (see below) could have been promoted to be the eighth clan mother for Europe.

Others have put the number at 10 or 12. These additional "daughters" generally include haplogroups I, M and W. For example, a 2004 paper re-mapped European haplogroups as H, J, K, N1, T, U4, U5, V, X and W. Richards, Macaulay, Torroni and Bandelt include I, W and N1b as well as Sykes' '7 daughters' within their 2002 pan-European survey (but - illustrating how complex the question can be - also separate out pre-V, HV1 and pre-HV1, and separate out U to include U1, U2, U3, U4 and U7 as well as U5).

Likewise, Sykes has invented names for an additional 29 "clan mothers" worldwide (of which four were native American, nine Japanese and 12 were from Africa ), each corresponding to a different haplogroup identified by geneticists: "Fufei, Ina, Aiyana/Ai, Yumi, Nene, Naomi, Una, Uta, Ulrike, Uma, Ulla, Ulaana, Lara, Lamia, Lalamika, Latasha, Malaxshmi, Emiko, Gaia, Chochmingwu/Chie, Djigonasee/Sachi, Makeda, Lingaire, Lubaya, Limber, Lila, Lungile, Latifa and Layla."

Reviews
Howy Jacobs in Nature labelled the book as semi-fictional with the majority of the information "the accounts of the imagined lives" of human ancestors. He commented: "All this made me feel that I was reading someone's school project, with influences from The Flintstones cartoon series, rather than a treatise by a leading academic." Robert Kanigel in The New York Times asserted that making imaginary names and identities for the human ancestors is inappropriate as "neither solid theorizing nor fully realized fiction." He wrote: "Sykes's book is so fine, the science so well explained, the controversies so gripping, that it is painful to report that 200 pages into it the author performs a literary experiment that flops."

Robin McKie in The Guardian concurred that the first part of the book is "an engrossing, bubbly read, a boy's own adventure", while the latter stories "try to pass off fiction as science." Erika Hagelberg in Heredity said the book "aimed at the punter" and does not picture an "accurate account of an inspiring field of science;" commenting: "the tedious narrations of the lives of the clan mothers, lack of bibliography, and casual treatment of facts, rules the book out of the category of serious popular science."

Editions

 * Bryan Sykes The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry, W.W. Norton, 17 May 2002, hardcover, 306 pages, ISBN 0-393-02018-5

title: The Seven Daughters of Eve


text: User talk:83.71.144.13

title: User talk:83.71.144.13


text:
Mumiy Troll

Mumiy Troll (Му́мий Тро́лль ) is a Russian rock group, founded in 1983 in Vladivostok by vocalist and songwriter Ilya Lagutenko (Илья Лагутенко). The name is a pun on Mumintroll, the children's books by Tove Jansson, translated into Russian as "Mummi Troll".

Career
Ilya Lagutenko founded Mumiy Troll in Vladivostok on 16 October 1983. In 1985, the group recorded their first album, Novaya luna aprelya, which was distributed as magnitizdat.

Mumiy Troll disbanded when Lagutenko was conscripted into the Russian navy. In 1990, they briefly reunited and released their second album, Delay Yu-Yu, on tape. Having studied Chinese and English at the Oriental Studies Institute of the Far Eastern Federal University, Lagutenko worked in China and London from 1991 to 1995. In 1995, he returned to Russia and reformed the band.

In May 1997, Mumiy Troll released their first studio album, Morskaya («Морская»), which brought them wide popularity. Six months later, they released their second studio album, Ikra («Икра»). In 1998, MTV began broadcasting in Russia and Mumiy Troll's music video for the song "Vladivostok 2000" was the first music video by a Russian artist shown on the channel.

In 2001, the group represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest and came in 12th place. Time Out (London) wrote that they 'stole the show' by standing out as snakeskin heroes amongst all the taffeta and tuxedos.

The group wrote and produced soundtracks for a full-length cartoon movie and gave a new sound to classic Russian silent sci-fi movie and donated tracks to feature films including Russian blockbuster Night Watch, where Lagutenko also plays the Vampire. His face is on the cover of the American release.

Their 2005 album Sliyaniye i pogloshcheniye (Слияние и Поглощение) was called back from the printers on the day of release when distributors realized that the bride and groom on the cover were wearing masks of Putin and Mikhail Khodorkovsky. The band changed them into symbols of hearts and United States dollars respectively. In 2008, the band signed with the Agency Group. In 2009, they released the album Comrade Ambassador, their first album to be made commercially available in North America, and toured North America to promote it. In 2012, Mumiy Troll released their first English-language album, Vladivostok.

In 2013, they released the album SOS matrosu (SOS матросу), written during the band's round-the-world trip on a 19-century sailing ship in locations.

In 2015, they released album Piratskie kopii (Пиратские копии) and in 2016, the English-language album Malibu Alibi.

In 2011, the first Mumiy Troll Music Bar was opened in Vladivostok. In 2015, Lagutenko opened a second Mumiy Troll Music Bar in Moscow.

The group has participated in various international festivals and music conferences, including SXSW, Culture Collide, Zandari Festa, Mu:Con, Sound City, and Visual Japan Summit. In 2013, they founded their own showcase festival "Vladivostok Rocks" (V-ROX). The festival was dubbed "a small Pacific Woodstock" by Russia Beyond The Headlines. V-ROX was held annually from 2013 to 2019. The 2020 edition of the festival was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mumiy Troll was the first to support the activities of PSI organization fighting AIDS in Russia and performed at the No Name Fever exhibition for AIDS in Gothenburg, Sweden in 2005. They are also well known for conservation activities on wild life in Far-East taiga and helping local minorities to survive. Ilya Lagutenko is a patron of the British-Russian Amur fund for the protection of Amur tigers and leopards.

In 2022, the group condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine and, as a result, had all their concerts in Russia canceled by the authorities.

Style
Lagutenko lived in London in the 1990s and was influenced by the Britpop scene at the time. Lagutenko has described the band's style as "rockapops."

Members

 * Ilya Lagutenko – lead vocals, guitar, keyboard, acoustic guitar, tambourine
 * – drums
 * – keyboards
 * Artyom Kritsin – guitar
 * Pavel Vovk – bass guitar

Discography

 * 1985 – Novaya luna aprelya («Новая луна апреля»)
 * 1990 – Delay Yu-Yu (Делай Ю-Ю)
 * 1997 – Morskaya (Морская)
 * 1997 – Ikra (album) (Икра)
 * 1998 – Shamora – pravda o Mumiyakh i Trollyakh (Шамора. Правда о Мумиях и Троллях)
 * 1998 – S novym godom, Kroshka! (С Новым Годом, Крошка!)
 * 2000 – Tochno rtut' aloe (Точно Ртуть Алоэ)
 * 2002 – Meeamury (Меамуры)
 * 2004 – Pohititeli knig (Похитители Книг)
 * 2005 – Sliyaniye i pogloshcheniye (Слияние и Поглощение)
 * 2007 – Amba (Амба)
 * 2008 – 8
 * 2009 – Comrade Ambassador – US release (in Russian)
 * 2010 – Paradise Ahead – US EP Release
 * 2012 – Vladivostok
 * 2013 – SOS matrosu (SOS матросу)
 * 2015 – Piratskie kopii (Пиратские копии)
 * 2016 – Malibu Alibi
 * 2016 – #31E
 * 2018 – Vostok X Severozapad (Восток Х Северозапад)
 * 2020 – Prizraki Zavtra (Призраки Завтра)
 * 2020 – Posle zla (После зла)

Awards

 * 1997 The Best Still Image 1996 for Utekai (Slip Away) The Best Still Image 1997 for Delfiny (Dolphins) – the award from the Pokolenie Video Festival.
 * 1997 The Best Rock Group 1997 – Ovation prize from the Russian Music Academy.
 * 1997 The Best Group 1997, The Best Album 1997 for Morskaya (Nautical), The Best Song 1997 for Utekai (Slip Away), The Best Group 1998, The Best Video 1998 for Delfiny (Dolphins), The Best Video 1999 for Nevesta? (Bride?), The Best Musical Site 1999 – Russian music magazine Fuzz prize
 * November 2002 Golden Disk according to the Meamories album sales in Latvia.
 * 2002 Zolotoy Grammofon (Golden Gramophone) premium (for the most popular song at Russkoe Radio in 2002) was awarded for the song Eto po lyubvi (Based on Love).
 * 2002 The Best Group 2002, The Best Song 2002 for Eto po lyubvi (Because of love) – the Poboroll prize from Nashe Radio.
 * May 2004 Golden Disk according to the Pohititeli Knig album sales in Latvia.
 * 2005 The Best Album 2005 for Sliyanie i Pogloshenie (Merger and Acquisition) – Russian music magazine Fuzz prize.
 * 2006 Animation category – video clip Strakhu Net – Russian Flash Awards prize.
 * 2006 For the contribution to rock-art – Russian music magazine Fuzz prize.
 * 2006 Legend of MTV – MTV Russia Music Awards.
 * 2008 The Best Album 2008 – Mumiy Troll, «8» – Chartova Duzhina
 * 2008 The Best Music 2008 – Mumiy Troll, Contrabands – Chartova Duzhina
 * 2008 Internet 2008 – Mumiy Troll, www.mumiytroll.com – Steppe Wolf
 * 2008 CD 2008 – Mumiy Troll, «8» – Steppe Wolf
 * 2009 The Best Group 2009 – Mumiy Troll – Chartova Duzhina

title: Mumiy Troll


text:
Tammy MacIntosh

Tammy MacIntosh (born 16 February 1970) is an Australian actress known for portraying Dr. Charlotte Beaumont in the medical drama All Saints and Jool in the TV series Farscape. She is also known for her roles on television series The Flying Doctors, Police Rescue, Sea Patrol, the television film McLeod's Daughters which led to the acclaimed drama series of the same title, and played the role of Kaz Proctor in the prison drama series Wentworth, until her departure in June 2019.

Early and personal life
MacIntosh was born on 16 February 1970 in Perth, where she attended Morley Senior High School, Girrawheen Senior High School and Mount Lawley Senior High School. MacIntosh graduated from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, a division of Edith Cowan University.

MacIntosh is married to Mark Yeats and they have a son.

Career
MacIntosh started out as a reporter for a children's show C'mon Kids in South Australia in the late eighties.

MacIntosh has an extensive list of TV credits including The Flying Doctors, Something in the Air, Grass Roots, Stingers, State Coroner, Wildside, McLeod's Daughters, G.P., The Feds III and Chances. She was also a well-known face in her regular role of Kathy in Police Rescue. MacIntosh played a main character in the first season of the BAFTA Award-winning BBC show, Jeopardy.

In 1998, MacIntosh appeared in the detective series Good Guys, Bad Guys.

Farscape
MacIntosh joined the science fiction television series Farscape in late 2000. She was cast as Jool, a young Interion woman. She made her first appearance in the third-season episode "Self-Inflicted Wounds Part I: Could'a, Would'a, Should'a".

All Saints
In 2002, MacIntosh was cast as Dr Charlotte Beaumont in the medical drama All Saints. MacIntosh took the role of Charlotte as she saw the character as a new challenge. She was initially contracted for six weeks. Of Charlotte, MacIntosh commented "she's been empowering to play. I felt much stronger and more confident in who I was than I had in a long time." MacIntosh became one of the show's longest serving cast members joining in series 5 and staying until its final season went to air. Macintosh's film and theatre credits include Police Rescue: The Movie, the Melbourne Theatre Company's Shark Fin Soup, the Sydney Theatre Company's Private Lives, the Ensemble Theatre's Blinded by the Sun and Sleeping Beauty.

She had a recurring role on Sea Patrol portraying Commander Maxine "Knocker" White. She also played Doctor Elizabeth "Mac" Macmillan in ABC's crime drama Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, and Doctor Amelia Ward in "Episode 9" of Crownies.

Wentworth
MacIntosh was considered for the role of Bea Smith in prison drama Wentworth. She later joined the cast in the third season as vigilante Kaz Proctor, alongside actresses Pia Miranda and Libby Tanner.

Tammy would exit Wentworth in series 7 as the show begun to take a toll on her. Macintosh revealed the extent of filming would leave her 'crying while going on walks' and she would facetime her son every night during production. Tammy spoke with the production team at the end of series six to inform them that the upcoming seventh season would be her last as Kaz. During series seven Kaz dies in the fourth episode of season 7 in a horrific killing.

Macintosh would join several of her co-stars from Wentworth during 2022 and appeared at both a Screen Star Event in London and Birmingham and would also appear at the Wentworth Con fan convention in Melbourne. Macintosh appears regularly at these fan conventions

Other projects
MacIntosh made a cameo appearance in The Drover's Wife (film) and appeared in The Longest Weekend ..

title: Tammy MacIntosh


text:
User:Sj/MM

all things in moderation

 M E T A  M O D E R A T I O N       checking the flow of babble since 2005

Fresh Meta: #|Cyberarts & rcbirds, #|Mysql Conference, #|Fr:WP 100k, #|En:WN Turing's Test, ...

Meta Milestones
 * Fr:WP hits 100k articles at 18:26 CET, hours before Ja:WP does the same
 * MediaWiki releases 1.4.2 with bugfixes

Conferences & Events
 * 4/21 Boston Cyberarts Festival : Sj and Pingswept present at opening gala, with help from two local Wikipedians; de:, en:, fr:, and nl: handouts distributed. Wolfram appears, says: "[not] too horrible."
 * 4/20 Mysql Conference : Jwales and Jamesday accept "Mysql product of the year?" award on behalf of everyone. Jamesday drags Jwales onto stage.   Jwales talks...
 * 4/18-22 Pretoria, South Africa: Angela gives at least one talk...
 * 4/12 Stockholm, Sweden: Anthere presents at PixelAche, reported inspirational

 Metatech
 * 4/21 Brion announces timeline for 1.5 release
 * Beta testing starts May 1, 2005, release June 1; new features should be *working* or *disabled in default config* soon.

 Foundation Layer
 * 4/16 Wikimedia is officially recognized as a US public charity.

 Initiative
 * 4/2x Beck-sponsored "WikiJunior (temp name)" winnows down name options

Post-Meta

?? WQ #3 translation effort, 4/26 Jwales in Boston: public talk at Harvard Law School, 8:30pm... 4/28 Jwales in NYC, GEL 2005... 5/2...

 More helpful pages: GO | enGO | Babel | Quarto | SIGN | [[

title: User:Sj/MM


text:
Mottled umber

The mottled umber (Erannis defoliaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is common throughout much of the Palearctic region. The species was first described by Carl Alexander Clerck in 1759.

Distribution
The species can be found in western Europe from northern Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, then east to the Caucasus, northern Iran, Russia, Russian Far East, and Ussuri.

Description
The female of this species is wingless and rather spider-like and can be found on the trunks and stems of its larval food plants. She is white or yellow-and-black patched. The male is fully winged (wingspan 40–45 mm) and very variable. The ground colour of the forewing is pale yellow or light yellow ochre and suffused dark grey. The basal and distal fasciae are dark brown. The basal fascia is bordered on the inner side by a brown cloud; the distal fascia has a brown cloud on the outer edge. There is also a brown cloud along the costa. There are two dark brown oblong spots in the upper half of the terminal area. The hindwing is grey white with grey suffusion. There is a grey-black discal spot on both wings. There are numerous and significant deviations from this colour pattern and some specimens are very dark. See Prout (1912–16) Truly melanic forms are also frequent. As with the peppered moth, the darker forms tend to be prevalent in industrial areas.

Biology
The adults have been recorded from September to December in the Great Britain and Ireland. Males are attracted to light. The egg is oval with very shallow, somewhat zigzag longitudinal ridges, a cell-pattern only discernible on high magnification and brownish yellow, without gloss. The larva is also variable from cream to dark brown and quite gaily coloured. It feeds on a wide variety of trees and shrubs (see list below) and can be a serious pest in orchards. The species overwinters as an egg.

 * Larval food plants include,
 * apple (Malus species)
 * birch – silver (Betula pendula), downy (Betula pubescens)
 * blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)
 * dog rose (Rosa canina)
 * elm (Ulmus species)
 * field maple (Acer campestre)
 * hawthorn – midland (Crataegus laevigata) common (Crataegus monogyna)
 * hazel (Corylus avellana)
 * hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)
 * oak – sessile (Quercus petraea), pedunculate (Quercus robur)
 * sallow – (Salix species) including goat (Salix caprea)
 * Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)
 * sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa)
 * sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)

Similar species

 * Agriopis aurantiaria
 * Agriopis marginaria

title: Mottled umber


text:
Josef Tošovský

Josef Tošovský (born 28 September 1950) is a Czech economist and former governor of Czech National Bank (from 1993 to 2000). From 17 December 1997 to 22 July 1998 he was the prime minister of the Czech Republic in a caretaker government.

Career
Tošovský studied international trade at the University of Economics, Prague from 1968 to 1973. After graduating, he was employed by the State Bank of Czechoslovakia, where he held a number of posts, including adviser to the chairman. He also worked in London during the 1980s at the branch office of Zivnostenska Banka. In 1989, he was appointed Governor of the State Bank. Following the split of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and the establishment of the Czech National Bank, he was appointed Governor of the Czech National Bank on 20 January 1993.

As Governor, Tošovský participated in drawing up the blueprint for economic reform and in implementing it in the monetary and banking areas. He took a leading part in drafting the legislative and institutional framework for the operation of the central bank in the market system, and oversaw the splitting of the Czechoslovak currency and central bank as part of the break-up of the state.

In response to the political crisis in the Czech Republic at the end of 1997, President Václav Havel appointed Tošovský Prime Minister of the Czech Government. On 22 July 1998, Tošovský was reappointed as the CNB Governor. Tošovský stepped down as the Governor of the CNB at the end of November 2000. Since 1 December 2000 he has been Chairman of the Financial Stability Institute at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland.

In August 2007, Russia nominated Tošovský to succeed Rodrigo Rato as head of the International Monetary Fund – as an alternative to the French candidate Dominique Strauss-Kahn. The Czech Republic immediately declared that it would not support Russia's nomination and would continue to stand behind the EU's one.

State Security allegations
In January 2007, the daily newspaper Mladá fronta DNES accused Tošovský of having cooperated with the Czechoslovak State Security. The Czech Office for Foreign Relations and Information (ÚZSI, civilian intelligence) denied any conscious cooperation of Tošovský with the State Security. Mladá fronta DNES later stated that Tošovský mainly performed economic analysis for the State Security agency and never gave any information leading to arrests or prosections by the State Security.

Other activities
Tošovský is an associate professor of the University of Economics, Prague and holds an honorary doctorate from Mendel University in Brno. He is a member of the board of the Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels; a member of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision; a member of the board of the Financial Services Volunteer Corps, New York and a member of the International Council of the Bretton Woods Committee, Washington.

Awards received by Tošovský include: Central Banker of the Year (1993), European Manager of the Year 2014 (European Business Press Federation), the Karel Engliš Prize for Economics at Masaryk University in Brno (1995), European Banker of the Year (Group 20+1, 1996), and the EastWest Institute Award for Leadership in Transition (2001).

Tošovský is married and has two daughters.

title: Josef Tošovský


text:
Market society

The term market society can refer to either the free-market style of capitalism first popularized by Adam Smith, or (to a lesser extent) can also refer to government-instituted and/or controlled forms of the market, commonly called state capitalism. It is a term particularly associated with the Hungarian-American political economist Karl Polanyi and his book The Great Transformation, first published in 1944. David Denham also argues that the analysis of market societies is a key feature of the thought and writings of Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim and Max Weber.

The term market society differs from market economy in implying that capitalist market economics influences not just the exchange of goods and services in a society, but also directly impacts and helps shape the personal attitudes, lifestyles, and political views of its people. Lisa Herzog, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, refers to Polanyi's distinction between "market economies" and "market societies" as "vague, but nonetheless helpful distinction".

title: Market society