text: User talk:58.64.125.165

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:58.64.125.165


text:
Du Mingxin

Du Mingxin (b. August 19, 1928) is a Chinese composer known for his work on ballets, concertos and a symphonic Beijing Opera.

Biography
His early studies include time at the famous Yucai School in Chongqing. He moved to Shanghai in 1948, where he performed as a pianist. He attended the Tchaikovsky Music Conservatory in Moscow from 1954 to 1958, before joining the Beijing Central Conservatory.

Notable works

 * Collaborating on the ballet Red Detachment of Women (premiered 1964, possibly the best-known Chinese ballet).
 * The Mermaid (ballet), with Wu Zuqiang
 * The Goddess of the River Luo (symphonic fantasia)
 * Two violin concertos (1982, 1993)
 * Four piano concertos, the first one subtitled Spirit of Spring (1988), the third one subtitled Gulangyu (2004), and the fourth one subtitled Awakening (2020). The second piano concerto (1991) was retracted by the composer shortly after its premiere.
 * A symphonic version of the Beijing Opera, Women Generals of the Yangs, commissioned by the China Philharmonic Orchestra

Notable students

 * Qu Xiao-Song
 * Liu Sola

title: Du Mingxin


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John Hawley Glover

Sir John Hawley Glover  (24 February 1829 – 30 September 1885) was a Royal Navy officer who served as Governor of Lagos Colony, Governor of Newfoundland, and Governor of British Leeward Islands.

Naval career
He entered the service in 1841 and passed his examination as lieutenant in 1849, but did not receive a commission until May 1851.

He served on various stations, and was wounded severely in an action with the Burmese at Donabew (4 February 1853). During his years of service as lieutenant in the navy he gained considerable experience off the coast of Africa, and took part in the expedition of Dr WB Baikie up the Niger. Glover also commanded a gunboat that patrolled the Lagos Lagoon in 1861.

Governor of Lagos Colony
On 21 April 1863, he was appointed administrator of the government of Lagos Colony, and in that capacity, or as colonial secretary, he remained there until 1872. His style of governing Lagos was controversial to officials in the British Colonial office who complained about his "disregard for all rules and orders". To Lagosians, however, Glover was popular and was affectionally called Oba Globar because of his adoption of patterns rooted in local culture. He presided over many Lagosians disputes, bypassing newly instituted colonial courts. He shrewdly cultivated relationships with Lagosians such as Oshodi Tapa, Kosoko, and Taiwo Olowo who were previously beneficiaries of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade and encouraged them along the path of legitimate commerce. Curiously, these were political foes of the now weakened Oba of Lagos, Dosunmu who ceded Lagos to Britain in August 1861 under the Lagos Treaty of Cession. In return, Glover's cultivated network of Lagosian loyalists provided him with intelligence and information that enabled him to govern effectively.

Establishing the forerunner of the Nigerian Army and Police
Glover formed the nucleus of present-day Nigeria's Army and Police with 10 Hausa runaway slaves on 1 June 1863. The group was known as Glover's Hausas or 'Glover's Forty Thieves'. Glover went to great lengths to develop bonds of personal loyalty with the Armed Hausas. He personally trained, commanded, and chose his successors, ensuring their loyalty. In return for their loyalty, Glover rewarded his troops with land and dwellings. He raised their pay and provided them with smart uniforms that broadcast their status of free men and agents of the British colonial government.

After this period Glover was employed to repel incursions of the Ashantis. When the Third Anglo-Ashanti War broke out in 1873, Captain Glover undertook the task of organizing the native people, whose hatred of the Ashantis might be expected to make them favourable to the British authorities—to the extent at least to which their fears would allow them to act. His services were accepted, and in September 1873, he landed at Cape Coast in the Gold Coast and, after forming a small trustworthy force of Hausa, marched to Accra. His influence sufficed to gather a numerous native force.

In January 1874, Captain Glover was able to render some assistance in the taking of Kumasi, but it was at the head of a Hausa force. His services were acknowledged by Parliament and by his appointment to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1874 Birthday Honours.

Governor of Newfoundland, and Leeward Islands
In 1875, he was appointed governor of Newfoundland and held the post until 1881, when he was transferred to the Leeward Islands. He returned to Newfoundland in 1883 as governor again.

Death and legacy
Glover died in London on 30 September 1885. Lady Glover's Life of her husband appeared in 1897. Lagosians raised money in 1885 to build a public hall in his memory - Glover Memorial Hall, situated on land donated by Madam Tinubu, a sometimes adversary and collaborator of Glover. There is also a memorial to him in St Paul's Cathedral in London. The unincorporated community of Glovers Harbour in Newfoundland is named after him.

title: John Hawley Glover


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Beer in Australia

Beer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. In 2004 Australia was ranked fourth internationally in per capita beer consumption, at around 110 litres per year; although, the nation ranked considerably lower in a World Health Organization report of alcohol consumption per capita of 12.2 litres. Lager is by far the most popular type of beer consumed in Australia.

The oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in Tasmania in 1824. The largest Australian-owned brewery is the family-owned Coopers Brewery; the other two major breweries, Carlton & United Breweries and Lion Nathan, are owned by Japan's Asahi and Kirin Brewing Company respectively.

Non-alcohol beer accounts for more than 1% of beer sales at the retail level in Australia; industry observers expect that figure to rise to 2% by 2025.

Market characteristics
Within an alcoholic beverage market worth some $16.3 billion, beer comprises about 48% compared to wine at 29% and spirits at 21%. Within the beer sector, premium beers have a 7.8% share of the market; full-strength beer has 70.6%; mid-strength holds 12%; and light beer has 9.6%. 85% of beer is produced by national brewers, the remainder by regional or microbreweries. Microbreweries manufacturing less than 30,000 litres receive a 60% excise rebate.

18th century
The history of Australian beer starts very early in Australia's colonial history. Captain James Cook brought beer with him on his ship Endeavour as a means of preserving drinking water. On 1 August 1768, as Cook was fitting out the Endeavour for its voyage, Nathaniel Hulme wrote to Joseph Banks with a recommendation:

"'a quantity of Molasses and Turpentine, in order to brew Beer with, for your daily drink, when your Water becomes bad. … [B]rewing Beer at sea will be peculiarly useful in case you should have stinking water on board; for I find by Experience that the smell of stinking water will be entirely destroyed by the process of fermentation.'"

Beer was still being consumed on-board two years later in 1770, when Cook was the first European to discover the east coast of Australia.

The drink of choice for the first settlers and convicts was rum, as represented in a supposed traditional convict song:

 * Cut yer name across me backbone
 * Stretch me skin across yer drum
 * Iron me up on Pinchgut Island
 * From now to Kingdom Come.
 * I'll eat yer Norfolk Dumpling
 * Like a juicy Spanish plum,
 * Even dance the Newgate Hornpipe
 * If ye'll only gimme Rum!

The first official brewer in Australia was John Boston who brewed a beverage from Indian corn bittered with cape gooseberry leaves. It is likely though that beer was brewed unofficially much earlier. The first pub, the Mason Arms was opened in 1796 in Parramatta by James Larra, a freed convict.

19th century
Rum was so popular—and official currency was in such short supply—that it became a semi-official currency for a period of time (see Rum corps), and even played a role in a short-lived military coup, the Rum rebellion in 1808. Drunkenness was a significant problem in the early colony:

"'Drunkenness was a prevailing vice. Even children were to be seen in the streets intoxicated. On Sundays, men and women might be observed standing round the public-house doors, waiting for the expiration of the hours of public worship in order to continue their carousing. As for the condition of the prison population, that, indeed, is indescribable. Notwithstanding the severe punishment for sly grog selling, it was carried on to a large extent. Men and women were found intoxicated together, and a bottle of brandy was considered to be cheaply bought for 20 lashes... All that the vilest and most bestial of human creatures could invent and practise, was in this unhappy country invented and practised without restraint and without shame'"

As a means of reducing drunkenness, beer was promoted as a safer and healthier alternative to rum:

"'The introduction of beer into general use among the inhabitants would certainly lessen the consumption of spirituous liquors. I have therefore in conformity with your suggestion taken measures for furnishing the colony with a supply of ten tons of Porter, six bags of hops, and two complete sets of brewing materials.'"

Although modern Australian beer is predominantly lager, early Australian beers were exclusively top-fermented and quick-maturing ales. Lager was not brewed in Australia until 1885. Early beers were also brewed without the benefit of hops, as no-one had successfully cultivated hops in Australia and importation was difficult. James Squire was the first to successfully cultivate hops in 1804, and he also opened a pub and brewed beer. The Government Gazette from 1806 mentions that he was awarded a cow herd from the government for his efforts.

In September 1804, a government-owned brewery opened in Parramatta, followed by a rival privately owned brewery three months later. The government brewery was sold two years later to Thomas Rushton, who was its head (and only) brewer. Brewing rapidly expanded in all of the Australian colonies and by 1871 there were 126 breweries in Victoria alone, which at the time had a population of only 800,000.

Notable events from this period include: Tasmania was the first Australian colony to tax beer. Its Beer Duty Act of 1880 established a duty of 3 pence per gallon which was raised to four pence in 1892.
 * 1832 – Peter Degraves starts the Cascade Brewery in Hobart. It is Australia's oldest operational brewery.
 * 1835 – Tooth brewery established in Sydney.
 * 1837 – James Stokes establishes the Albion Brewery, Perth's first brewery, which later became the Emu Brewery.
 * 1838 – John Warren starts "The Torrens", Adelaide's first brewery.
 * 1838 – John Mills establishes the first brewery in Melbourne.
 * 1844 – William Henry Clark founded the Halifax Street Brewery in SA (Later to be known as West End Brewery)
 * 1848 – James Stokes opens the Stanley brewery at the Foot of Mt Eliza. (Later Changed to the Emu Brewery)
 * 1853 – Queensland's first brewery, "The Brisbane Brewery" is opened by John Beach.
 * 1862 – Thomas Cooper establishes the Coopers Brewery in the Adelaide suburb of Norwood. The brewery continues to be owned and operated by the Cooper family, and since 2011 has been the largest Australian-owned brewery.
 * 1864 – Carlton brewery opens in Melbourne.
 * 1881 – CS Button opens the Esk Brewery in Launceston
 * 1882 – Cohn Brothers' Victoria Brewery in Bendigo becomes the first brewery in Australia to brew lager.
 * 1883 – In 1883, James I and his son took over the Esk Brewery. J. Boag & Sons was officially formed
 * 1887 – The Foster brothers arrive from New York with refrigeration equipment and establish the first lager brewery to use refrigeration in Australia.
 * 1889 – Lager is first brewed in Queensland at the Castlemaine and Quinlan brewery.

20th century
By 1900 the number of breweries had begun to dwindle as a result of the recession of the 1890s. In 1901, just after Federation, the new federal government passed the Beer and Excise Act. This act regulated the making and selling of beer and made homebrewing illegal. The provisions in this act, regarded by many as draconian, led to the closure of many breweries. In Sydney 16 out of 21 breweries closed either immediately after the act's introduction or soon afterwards. The remaining breweries began a process of consolidation, with larger breweries buying out the smaller ones. Within a short period of time, only two breweries remained in Sydney: Tooths and Tooheys. In Melbourne, five breweries merged in 1907 to form the giant Carlton and United Breweries.

 * 1951 - Harry Ellis-Kells founded the Darwin Brewery (to be known as N.T Brewery)

21st century
Since 2011, Kirin-owned Lion Co and AB InBev-owned Foster's Group own every major brewery in Australia, with the exception of Coopers. Boag's Brewery, previously owned by San Miguel, was sold to Lion Nathan for A$325 million in November 2007. In 2006 Boag's Brewery reported total revenues of A$92 million.

Although Foster's Lager is not a popular domestic beer in the 21st century, its popularity internationally has grown and the product is made mostly for export. In January 2005, the brand was one of the ten best-selling beers globally.

The introduction of the Tap King product by Lion Nathan in mid-2013 caused controversy due to the perceived impact upon alcohol venues. The product is a home draught beer dispenser and raised concerns regarding lower patronage rates for venues due to a greater incentive for consumers to drink beer in home environments. The product is sold with a gas chamber that is cooled for eight hours prior to use.

Beers by region
Before federation in 1901, Australia was a patchwork of separate colonies, each with different laws regulating the production and sale of alcohol. In addition, until the late 1880s when the rail network began to link the capital cities together, the only means of transporting foods in bulk between the colonies was by sea. This prevented even the largest breweries from distributing significant amounts outside their home city. This allowed strong regional brands to emerge; and, although all but one of the major regional brands (Coopers) are now owned by multinational companies, loyalty to the local brewery remains strong today.
 * New South Wales: Tooheys, Reschs and Tooths
 * Northern Territory: NT Draught
 * Queensland: Castlemaine XXXX, Powers and Great Northern
 * South Australia: Coopers, West End and Southwark
 * Tasmania: Boags in the north, Cascade in the south
 * Victoria: Carlton Draught, Melbourne Bitter, Victoria Bitter
 * Western Australia: Swan, Emu and Kalgoorlie

While Foster's Group owns many of these brands, Foster's Lager itself is not considered a local drink anywhere in Australia.

Speciality beers
Speciality brews in Australia are produced by both major brewers and microbreweries, and include a wide variety of ales. Microbreweries exist throughout the country, including small towns, but the availability of such beers on-tap in venues is often limited.

Microbrewery Nail Brewing, from Perth, Western Australia, produced a beer in 2010 using water from an Antarctic iceberg, and sold it at auction for US$1,850. The batch of 30 bottles was created to raise money for the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, which assisted with the procuring of the ice.

Australian styles
Australia has some unique beer styles of its own:

Brewed under licence
Imported premium beers have started to gain market share in Australia. The two Australian corporate brewers responded to this by signing licence agreements with foreign brands to brew their beers here. Foster's Group brews Kronenbourg. Coopers Brewery brews Carlsberg in Australia. Lion Nathan locally produces Guinness, Heineken, Beck's, Stella Artois and Kirin. Brewers claim that their locally produced product tastes better because it is fresher, and local operations are overseen by the parent brewers using strict guidelines. However, groups such as the Australian Consumers Association say that such beers should have clearer, more prominent labels to inform drinkers.

Beer glasses
Prior to metrication in Australia, one could buy beer or cider in glasses of 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15 or 20 (imperial) fluid ounces. Each sized glass had a different name in each Australian state.

These were replaced by glasses of size 115, 140, 170, 200, 285, 425 and 570 mL, and as Australians travel more, the differences are decreasing.

Smaller sizes have been phased out over time, and in the 21st century, very few pubs serve glasses smaller than 200 mL (approximately 7 imp fl oz).

Those typically available are the 200 mL, 285 mL (10 fl oz) and 425 mL (15 fl oz), with increasingly many pubs also having pints (570 mL, approximately 20 imp fl oz) available. It is also common for pubs and hotels to serve large jugs filled to 1140ml ( approximately two imp pints).

Many imported beers are also served in their own branded glasses of various sizes, including 250 mL, 330 mL and 500 mL for many European beers.

With the introduction of the National Trade Measurement Regulations in 2009 there are no prescribed sizes for beverage measures for the sale of beer, ale and stout, so terms such as seven, middy, pot or schooner do not legally specify a particular size. A typical "schooner" glass can be calibrated to hold 425ml to the rim but poured with 15mm of head, resulting in a "schooner" of 375ml of beer and 50ml of froth.

South Australia in particular has some unusually named measures:
 * 6 fl oz (170 mL) – prior to metrification this glass was known as a "Butcher"
 * 7 fl oz (200 mL), became known as a "Butcher" in later years after smaller sizes were phased out
 * 10 fl oz (285 mL) known as a "schooner". Prior to metrication and standardisation of glass sizes throughout Australia, schooners in SA were 9 fluid ounces (256 mL).
 * 15 fl oz (425 mL) known as a "pint"
 * 20 fl oz (570 mL) known as an "imperial pint"

Many of these sizes are now rarely used. In contemporary SA pubs and restaurants, the most frequent measures are the "schooner" of 285 mL (an imperial half pint), and the "pint" of 425 mL. "Imperial pints" are also increasingly popular, along with the sale of "premium" and non-locally brewed beer in bottles of between 300 mL to 375 mL.

Note that the SA "schooner" and "pint" are considerably smaller than the measures of the same name used elsewhere:
 * the SA "schooner" (285 mL) is the same size as other States' pot / middy / half pint
 * the SA "pint" (425 mL) is the same size as other States' schooner, and is three-quarters of an imperial pint.

Headmasters is one of the most common glass manufacturers, at least for the schooner size. Many pubs, in Sydney and Melbourne particularly, offer Guinness style and/or conical pint glasses along with tankard glass and British dimpled glass pint mugs.

Larger serving measurements have become increasingly popular, such as Jugs, 1 fluid litre Maß (pronounced like "mass", normally in German-themed bars) and beer towers (although technically illegal due to strict self-service of alcohol laws, these are in some Asian bars/karaoke parlours) have grown in popularity around Australia in tourist spots.

Beer bottles

Before metrication, beer bottles were frequently 1/6 impgal, while a carton of beer contained a dozen bottles (two gallons) of beer. Originally, the bottles were reduced slightly to 26 impoz, but with metrication they became 750 mL, with a carton of 9 L of beer.

From the 1950s, bottles known as "stubbies" (as compared to traditional bottles, they were "stubby") of 2/3 imppt were introduced. In 1958, cans were introduced by CUB, which were originally in steel and the same size as the bottle; other breweries introduced these in the 1960s.

Originally the stubbies and cans were reduced slightly to 13 impoz, but with metrication they became 375 mL, and the cans were later made of aluminium to accommodate its increasing use and lower cost compared to steel.

A carton of nine litres of beer in stubbies (i.e. 24 bottles) or cans became known as a "slab" because compared to the more cube-like shape of the traditional cartons, they were flatter, and hence, like slabs.

Traditional bottles subsequently became known as "long necks" or "tallies" to distinguish them from stubbies, and in Western Australia, the 750ml "long neck" bottle is known as a "king brown" because of the size and typical brown coloured glass (the term being wordplay in reference to the king brown snake). In the 21st century, most bottled beer in Australia is sold in 250 mL (Throwdown/Twist Top), 375 mL (Stubby) or 750 mL (Long Neck) sizes. Carlton United briefly increased to 800 mL in the 1990s and 2000s, but this has since been reduced to the original 750 mL.

Bottle sizes of 330 mL, 345 mL and 355 mL (imported from the United States, equal to 12 US fl oz) are becoming increasingly common, particularly among microbreweries, so-called "premium" beers, and imported beers.

In the Northern Territory, the once-common "Darwin Stubby", a large two litre bottle, is now sold largely as a tourist gimmick, albeit very successfully.

Most bottles are lightweight "single use only", though some are still reusable, and in some cases (e.g. Coopers 750 mL), breweries are reintroducing refillable bottles, such as the Growler (a large bottle of approximately two litres intended for re-use) sold by Four Pines Brewery – a boon to home brewers. In South Australia, container deposits on beer bottles and cans (and some other types of beverage containers) support a well established network of recycling centres, providing significant environmental benefits as well as generating employment opportunities for unskilled workers.

Beer-related organisations
The Australian Hotels Association represents hoteliers around Australia. It was established in 1839. The Brewers Association of Australia and New Zealand was set up to advocate on behalf of brewers in both countries.

Drinkwise is an industry funded organisation that funds alcohol-related research and conducts public education activities. Ocsober is an Australian fundraising initiative that encourages people to give up alcohol for the month of October, while Dry July encourages people to give up alcohol for the month of July.

title: Beer in Australia


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title: User talk:84.9.66.252


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Agnomen

An agnomen (: agnomina), in the Roman naming convention, was a nickname, just as the cognomen had been initially. However, the cognomina eventually became family names, and so agnomina were needed to distinguish between similarly-named persons. However, as the agnomen was an additional and optional component in a Roman name, not all Romans had an agnomen.

Pseudo-Probus uses the hero of the Punic Wars, Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, as an example: "Men's personal names are of four types, praenomen, nomen, cognomen and agnomen: 'praenomen for instance Publius, nomen Cornelius, cognomen Scipio and agnomen'' Africanus."

Marius Victorinus further elucidates: "Now the agnomen comes from outside, and in three styles, from personality or physique or achievements: From personality, such as Superbus ["Haughty"] and Pius [displaying the Roman syndrome of virtues including honesty, reverence to the gods, devotion to family and state, etc.], from physique, such as Crassus ["Fatty"] and Pulcher ["Handsome"], or from achievements, such as Africanus and Creticus [from their victories in Africa and on Crete]."

Africanus, Creticus and the likes are also known as victory titles. For example, Gaius Marcius Coriolanus earned his from the capture of Corioli.

Etymology
Latin agnōmen (also spelled adnomen) comes from ad "to" and nōmen "name".

Caligula
As a minimum, a Roman agnomen is a name attached to an individual's full titulature after birth and formal naming by the family. True Roman nicknames, fully replacing the individual's name in usage, are rare. One such example in which the nickname fully replaced the individual's name in usage was the Emperor Caligula; that name was used in place of and not along with his full name, which was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Caligula's praenomen was Gaius, his nomen Julius, his cognomen Caesar. Some agnomina were inherited like cognomina and thus established a sub-family. Caligula's agnomen came from the little boots that he wore as part of his miniature soldier's uniform while accompanying his father, Germanicus, on campaigns in northern Germania. In turn, Germanicus received his agnomen in 9 BC, when it was posthumously awarded to his father Nero Claudius Drusus in honour of his Germanic victories. At birth, Germanicus had been known as either Nero Claudius Drusus, after his father, or Tiberius Claudius Nero, after his uncle. As with Caligula, Germanicus is mostly referred to by his agnomen.

Comparison with pseudonyms
An agnomen is not a pseudonym but a real name and is an addition to, not a substitution for, an individual's full name. Parallel examples of agnomina from later times are epithets like Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson, who is, however, known more often by his agnomen than by his first name, or popular nicknames like "Iron" Mike Tyson or Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson.

title: Agnomen


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title: User talk:84.19.56.1


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Surge

Surge means a sudden transient rush or flood, and may refer to:

Science

 * Storm surge, the onshore flow of water associated with a low-pressure weather system
 * Surge (glacier), a short-lived event where a glacier can move up to velocities 100 times faster than normal
 * Pyroclastic surge, the fluidised mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments ejected during some volcanic eruptions
 * Characteristic impedance, also known as "surge impedance" in electrical engineering
 * Voltage surge, Transient increase of voltage in electrical circuits
 * Compressor stall, also known as "compressor surge", in aviation
 * Surge in compressors in industrial compressors
 * Hydraulic surge in liquid pipes; also called pressure surge and water hammer (see surge control)
 * Surge (translational motion), one of the translational degrees of freedom of any stiff body (for example a vehicle), describing motion along the longitudinal axis (forward or backwards)
 * Surge (waves), transient or periodic motion in the direction of propagation, specially of a breaking wave or surf
 * Terminal lucidity, also known as "the surge" in medicine, where a patient regains significant consciousness and energy immediately preceding their death

Popular culture

 * Surge (soft drink), a soft drink made by the Coca-Cola Company
 * Surge, a video game publishing label owned by Namco Bandai Games
 * Surge (radio station), the student radio station of the University of Southampton
 * Surge (Marvel Comics), a comic book character and mutant in the Marvel Universe
 * Surge, a 2016 book written by Mike Michalowicz
 * Surge: Side A, a 2017 multimedia performance piece by Jay Bernard
 * Surge, a 2019 poetry collection by Jay Bernard
 * Surge (2020 British film), a film starring Ben Whishaw
 * Surge (2020 American film), a television documentary film
 * Lt. Surge, a gym Leader in the Pokémon video games
 * Mark Surge, a Hero in the Hero Factory toyline
 * The Surge (video game), a video game developed by Deck13 Interactive
 * Surge, robot protector of Super City, a character in the mobile game Brawl Stars
 * Surge the Tenrec, a character from the IDW Publishing comic series Sonic the Hedgehog
 * The Surge (Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu), an episode of Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu

Other

 * Surge S1, ARM-based System-on-Chips (SoCs) developed and manufactured by Xiaomi
 * Iraq War troop surge of 2007 (usually referred to as "The Surge"), the revised U.S. counter-insurgency strategy in the Iraq War
 * Afghanistan War troop surge of 2010, increase of U.S. troops in 2010
 * The Surge: A Military History, a military history book by Kimberly Kagan about the Iraq War troop surge of 2007
 * Stuttgart Surge, the American football franchise of the European League of Football

title: Surge


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Talk:South Division (AFL)

Nom for deletion
This article survived nomination for delation - the result can be found here--Doc (?) 01:48, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Division (AFL)


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Frax

Frax or FraX or FRAX may refer to:
 * Frax, a villain in the Power Rangers: Time Force fictional universe
 * Frax, a character in the Bucky O'Hare fictional universe
 * FraX, an abbreviation for Fragile X Syndrome or the associated gene
 * FRAX, a tool for assessing risk of fracture due to osteoporosis developed by the University of Sheffield
 * Frax, an abbreviation for Fractional Ownership
 * Frax, an app for realtime fractal exploration
 * FRAX, a fractional reserve stablecoin cryptocurrency

title: Frax


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Category:Tourist attractions in Kent

NB: this category incorporates attractions in Medway as well as Kent

title: Category:Tourist attractions in Kent


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Category:Titles and names of Krishna

Titles and names of Krishna.

title: Category:Titles and names of Krishna


text: User talk:81.134.190.154

title: User talk:81.134.190.154


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Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock

Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock, (19 September 1849 – 5 November 1928), known as Sir Arthur Nicolson, 11th Baronet, from 1899 to 1916, was a British diplomat and politician during the last quarter of the 19th century to the middle of World War I.

Early life
Born in London, he was the eldest son of Admiral Sir Frederick Nicolson, 10th Baronet by his wife Mary Loch. Educated at Rugby and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he left without taking a degree, he succeeded his father as Baronet in 1899.

Career
From 1870 to 1874, he worked in the Foreign Office, during which time he was author of the History of the German Constitution (1873).

From 1872 to 1874, he was secretary to Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, followed by secretary of the Embassy at Berlin (from 1874 to 1876) and secretary of the Embassy at Peking (1876–1878).

From 1879 to 1881, he was Secretary to the Ambassador at the Embassy at Constantinople. He was promoted to Chargé d'affaires in Athens, where he served from 1884 to 1885, before becoming Chargé in Teheran from 1885 to 1888.

Beginning in 1888, and continuing until 1893, he was Consul-General in Budapest. He was stationed with the Embassy in Constantinople in 1894 before becoming the British Minister at Tangiers from 1895 to 1904.

In 1904, he was appointed the British Ambassador to Spain in Madrid, serving until 1905. From 1906 to 1910, he was the British Ambassador to Russia in Saint Petersburg, followed by the Permanent Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1910 to 1916.

On 27 June 1916, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Carnock, ''of Carnock in the County of Stirling.

Personal life
In 1882, Nicolson was married to Mary Katherine Hamilton, daughter of Capt. Archibald Rowan Hamilton, of Killyleagh Castle, Co. Down, and a descendant of Archibald Hamilton Rowan. Together, they had three sons and a daughter:

 * Frederick Archibald Nicolson (1883–1952), who succeeded him as 2nd Baron Carnock and died unmarried.
 * Erskine Nicolson (1884–1982), who became the 3rd Baron Carnock. He married Hon. Katharine Frederica Albertha Lopes (1892–1968), the eldest daughter of Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough.
 * Sir Harold Nicolson (1886–1968), the writer and husband of Vita Sackville-West, daughter of Lionel Sackville-West, 3rd Baron Sackville.
 * Clementina Gwendolen Catherine Nicolson (1896–1995), who married Francis St Aubyn, 3rd Baron St Levan.

Descendants
Through his second son, he was a grandfather of one girl and two boys, including David Nicolson, 4th Baron Carnock. Through his third son Harold, he was a grandfather of Benedict Nicolson, an art historian, and Nigel Nicolson, a politician and writer.

Through his daughter, he was a grandfather of John St Aubyn, 4th Baron St Levan and the Hon. Oliver Piers St Aubyn (father of the 5th Baron St Levan).

Honours

 * CMG: Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George – 1886
 * KCIE: Knight Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire – 1888
 * KCB: Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath – invested 27 June 1901, gazetted 2 July 1901 – on the occasion of the visit to the UK of a Special diplomatic mission from Morocco
 * KCVO: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order – 1903
 * GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order – 1905
 * GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George – 1906
 * GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – 1907

title: Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock


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Red Detachment of Women (ballet)

The Red Detachment of Women is a Chinese ballet which premiered in 1964 and was made one of the Eight Model Operas which dominated the national stage during the Cultural Revolution.

Background and development
Adapted from the earlier 1961 film of the same title under the personal direction of Zhou Enlai, which in turn adapted from the novel by Liang Xin, it depicts the liberation of a peasant girl in Hainan Island and her rise in the Chinese Communist Party. The novel was based on the true stories of the 100+ member strong all-female Special Company of the 2nd Independent Division of Chinese Red Army, first formed in May 1931. As the communist base in Hainan was destroyed by the nationalists, most of the members of the female detachment survived, partially because they were women and easier to hide among the local populace who were sympathetic to their cause. After the communist victory in China, the representatives of the surviving members were taken to Beijing and personally inspected and praised by Mao Zedong. In 2014, Lu Yexiang, the last member of red detachment of women, died in Qionghai, Hainan.

The ballet was later adapted to a Beijing opera in 1964, and as with the ballet itself, both stage and film versions were produced. The 1970 film version of the ballet made Xue Jinghua (as Wu Qinghua) and Liu Qingtang (as Hong Changqing) superstars along with a dozen other artists who were cast as protagonists in other model plays of the time. It is one of the so-called eight model plays in China during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). With The White Haired Girl, it is regarded as a revolutionary Chinese ballet, and its music is familiar to almost every Chinese person who grew up during that time. It was made into a film in 1972 again, and is now part of the permanent repertoire of the National Ballet of China. It remains a favorite of music and ballet lovers nearly 30 years after the Cultural Revolution in China. It is often performed for international women's day.

It was collaboratively created by: with music by Du Mingxin, Wu Zuqiang, Wang Yanqiao, Shi Wanchun and Dai Hongwei, and choreography by Li Chengxiang, Jiang Zuhui and Wang Xixian. Many numbers were based on the folk songs of Hainan Island, a place that, with its coconut trees rustling in tropical wind, evokes much romantic ethos. Though there are unmistakable elements of Chinese music, the music of this ballet was performed with basically a Western symphony orchestra.

On 25 December 2015 Chinese Choreographer Wen Hui, the German Director and Dramaturge Kai Tuchmann, and the author Zhuang Jiayun premiered their work RED at the Power Station of Art in Shanghai. RED is a reinterpretation of The Red Detachment of Women and it analyses this model opera/ballet as a politico-cultural symbol that became part of the collective consciousness during the Cultural Revolution. Since its premiere in China, RED is touring around Asia and Europe.

Synopsis

 * Place: Yelinzhai ("Stronghold of the coconut woods"), Hainan Island, China
 * Time: The Ten-Year Civil War (1927-1937)

Main Characters:

 * Hong Changqing, Commissar of the Red Detachment of Women
 * Wu Qinghua, daughter of a peasant, later a soldier, and finally the Commissar
 * Lian Zhang, literally the Company Commander
 * Xiao Pang, or "Little Pang," the Messenger
 * Nanbatian, literally "the Tyrant of the South"
 * Ou Guangsi (Lao Si), Nanbatian's Lackey

Prologue
In his dungeon, Nanbatian, the despotic landlord, has imprisoned his tenants who are unable to pay their exorbitant rents. Wu Qinghua, daughter of a poor peasant, is chained to a column. Lao Si comes with the order of Nanbatian to sell Wu. Lao Si releases Wu from the chain. While Lao Si is in an unguarded moment, Wu kicks him, and he loses his balance and falls. Wu manages to escape while two other inmates hold Lao Si to the ground.

Major numbers:

 * Pas de deux of two inmates

Act I
Immediately after the prologue. Night has fallen in the coconut forest and Wu Qinghua is desperately running away from Lao Si and his lackeys. She is soon recaptured. Nanbatian and his entourage arrive. The Tyrant whips Wu until she loses consciousness. A thunderstorm approaches, so Nanbatian and his followers leave and Wu is left for dead.

Hong Changqing, the Commissar, and Xiao Pang, the Messenger, who are on a reconnaissance mission in disguise, pass by. They save Wu and point her the way to the camp of the Red Army.

Major numbers:

 * Dance of Lao Si and his lackeys
 * Wu Qinghua's Solo No. 1
 * Wu Qinghua's fight with Lao Si
 * Wu Qinghua's fight with Nanbatian
 * Group dance of slaves
 * Wu Qinghua's Solo No. 2
 * Pas de trois of Hong Changqing, Wu Qinghua and Xiao Pang

Act II
In the camp of the Red Army beside the Wanquan River, a newly formed Detachment of Women is being trained. Wu Qinghua arrives to meet Hong Changqing and Xiao Pang, who introduce her to others. In a solo dance, Wu tells the Red Army soldiers the enormity of Nanbatian's crimes. She then ceremoniously receives a rifle and is accepted as a member of the Women's Detachment. With determination, they plan to liberate the peasants and slave girls under the oppression of Nanbatian.

Major numbers:

 * Group dance of the Detachment members
 * Rifle drill of the Detachment members
 * Hong Changqing's bayonet dance
 * Group bayonet dance of the Detachment members
 * A young women soldier's solo
 * Five-inch dagger dance of the Red Guards
 * Group dance of all
 * Wu Qinghua's solo

Act III
In the luxurious manor of Nanbatian, an extravagant birthday celebration for the Tyrant is going on in the garden before his house. Mountains of gifts are brought in; visitors are arriving, Li girls are driven in with whips at their backs to dance for the guests.

Hong Changqing, disguised as a wealthy merchant from southeast Asia, arrives on the scene, calm and dignified, to congratulate Nanbatian on his birthday. Meanwhile, the members of the Women's Detachment have secretly gathered around the manor of the Tyrant. It has been agreed that Hong is to fire his gun at midnight as signal for the Detachment to break in to wipe out the Tyrant and his gang in one fell swoop.

At night, all people recede into the houses. Nanbatian comes out to see some of his guests off. Overcome by deep personal hatred, Wu Qinghua shoots Nanbatian, prematurely issuing the battle signal. Nanbatian is merely wounded and escapes from a secret tunnel with a few of his lackeys.

Nanbatian's prisons are opened, and the prisoners are liberated. Hong leads them in opening the granary of the Tyrant and distributing the grain.

Wu is reprimanded for her blunder, and her gun is removed from her.

Major numbers:

 * Group dance of slaves
 * Li Girls' dance
 * Broadsword dance of Nanbatian's lackeys
 * Xiao Pang's solo
 * Pas de deux of Wu Qinghua and her comrade-in-arm
 * Opening the granary and distributing grain

Act IV
Back in the camp of the Red Army. Hong Changqing, the Commissar, is giving a lecture to the soldiers in the early morning. Wu Qinghua comes to grips with her mistake. Hong and the Company Commander are pleased to see Wu's progress. The Company Commander returns the gun to her, and together they practice marksmanship and grenade throwing.

The local people visit the Red Army and present them with doulis and lichees.

Suddenly, the sound of cannons is heard and Xiao Pang, the Messenger, arrives on horseback with the information that Nanbatian has assembled a large number of troops, and they are on their way to attack the base of the Red Army. The members of the Detachment immediately bid goodbye to their dear ones and set out to the battle field.

Major numbers:

 * Hong Changqing's solo
 * Group dance of the soldiers
 * Wu Qinghua's solo
 * Pas de deux of Wu Qinghua and Company Commander No. 1
 * Dance of five female soldiers and the head cook
 * Douli Dance
 * Pas de deux of Wu Qinghua and Company Commander No. 2
 * Dance of Hong Changqing and male soldiers
 * Group dance of all

Act V
On the battlefield at a mountain pass. In order to annihilate the enemy's effective power, the main force of the Red Army strategically shifts to the rear of the enemy, and the Company Commander leads most of the members of the Detachment in moving away with the main force. Hong Changqing and a small group of Red Army soldiers and Red Guards form a covering force to divert the enemy. After a series of fierce fights, the goal is achieved.

As they prepare to withdraw, the enemy starts yet another attack. Hong gives his portfolio to Wu Qinghua and orders her and other members to retreat while he and only two other soldiers stay behind to fend off the enemy.

Hong's two comrades-in-arms are killed and he himself is captured.

Major numbers:

 * Dance of Wu Qinghua and other soldiers
 * Wu Qinghua's fight with an enemy
 * Fight between two soldiers and two enemies
 * Red flag dance
 * Dance of Hong Changqing and two comrades-in-arm
 * Dance of Hong Changqing and two enemies

Entr'acte
The main force of the Red Army is pressing forward with the momentum of an avalanche. Their group dance.

A memorable moment in the entr'acte is the precisely synchronized grand jete of the Red Army soldiers crossing the stage in a seemingly endless line, vividly suggesting they are as fast as an arrow flying in the air.

Major numbers:

 * Group dance of the Red Army soldiers
 * Sequence of synchronized grand jeté

Act VI
In the lair of the Tyrant, Nanbatian and his lackeys are panic-stricken knowing that their end is approaching. The Tyrant runs out all his means to force Hong Changqing to surrender, but the Commissar vehemently denounces the enemy. Nanbatian threatens Hong with death, but the hero remains steadfast. At the end, Hong is burnt in a horrid fire under the giant banyan tree amidst a chorus of the Internationale, and he dies a martyr's death.

The main force of the Red Army has won their battle with the enemy. They storm the hideout of the Tyrant and kill him and his lackeys.

The Red Army emancipates Nanbatian's prisoners and Yelinzhai is liberated.

Wu Qinghua and the Company Commander look everywhere for Hong and find the truth. They all kneel in front of the place where Hong has died to pay their respects to the hero.

The Red Army Battalion Commander announces that Wu will succeed Hong as the Commissar of the Women's Detachment. Wu takes over Hong's portfolio, and she and her comrades-in-arm will continue their revolutionary cause.

Major numbers:

 * Dance of Nanbatian and Lao Si
 * Hong Changqing's solo
 * Hong Changqing dying a martyr's death
 * Red Army's assault on Nanbatian's lair
 * Celebration of liberation
 * Pas de deux of Wu Qinghua and Company Commander
 * Mourning the martyr
 * Group dance and the tableau vivant at the end

In literature
The revolutionary ballet is a motif around which develops Jiang Yun's novella, The Red Detachment of Women.

In popular culture
Images of dancers performing The Red Detachment of Women appear as a theme in the work of visual artists Hung Liu, who grew up in Changchun China but settled in Oakland California. The French film The Chinese in Paris has a six minute long "play-within-a-play", that hybridizes the ballet The Red Detachment of Women with the French opera Carmen, calling the production "Carmeng".

Other influence
The Red Detachment of Women Memorial Park in Qionghai was developed in 1998. The park includes revolutionary-themed sculpture, a museum, coconut groves, and live performances.

title: Red Detachment of Women (ballet)


text:
User talk:Aashish.chatterjee

--Aashish.chatterjee 11:59, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) Ashish Chatterjee Product Engineer (RFID) KeyTone Technologies Inc. Pune (India) 98905-29700

title: User talk:Aashish.chatterjee


text: Template:Rugby World Cup

title: Template:Rugby World Cup


text: Category:History of Kent

title: Category:History of Kent


text:
Max Gate

Max Gate is the former home of Thomas Hardy and is located on the outskirts of Dorchester, Dorset, England. It was designed and built by Thomas Hardy for his own use in 1885 and he lived there until his death in 1928. In 1940 it was bequeathed to the National Trust by Hardy's sister and is now open to the public. It was designated as a Grade I listed building on 8 May 1970.

Description
The house is a Grade I listed building, having been so designated since 8 May 1970. It was designed by Thomas Hardy and built out of red brick in 1885 in Queen Anne style. The architecture is more similar to country houses designed by Philip Webb rather than those designed by Richard Norman Shaw.

Thomas Hardy had purchased one and a half acres of land to build the house and was delighted to find Roman relics on the land. The building work was done by his father, who was a builder, and his brother. The name of the house was a pun on the name of a nearby toll-house known as "Mack's Gate" after a previous gate-keeper, Henry Mack. Originally Hardy's house had two rooms downstairs with two rooms above, but Hardy soon found this insufficient for his needs and the house was expanded in 1895, with further additions following. He used three different rooms as studies at different periods of his life. Wanting privacy, Hardy planted a thousand pine trees round the house as a windbreak. In time these grew so vigorously that the house was rendered dark and gloomy, and his second wife, Florence, removed them after his death.

History
Hardy designed and lived in Max Gate from 1885 until his death in 1928. He lived there with his first wife Emma, and then with his second wife Florence. It was there that he wrote Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure and The Mayor of Casterbridge, as well as much of his poetry.

In 1940, Hardy's sister Kate left the house to the National Trust with the stipulation that it should be lived in. The house has been continually occupied since then. It was first opened to the public in 1994 with restricted access and limited opening times for a few days a week. Beginning in 2011 the National Trust opened all three floors of the house to the public five days a week (from March to October), allowing access to the hall,  drawing room, two studies, the dining room and the kitchen. In 2013 two bedrooms were also opened up for the first time, including the room where Thomas Hardy wrote the Mayor of Casterbridge and where he died. The house contains several pieces of Hardy's furniture, although his study has been relocated to the Dorset Museum.

Neolithic archaeology
Half of the 100m diameter Neolithic interrupted ditch enclosure known as Flagstones is under the grounds of Max Gate; the other half was archaeologically excavated in 1987 prior to the construction of the Dorchester bypass.

title: Max Gate


text: User talk:61.248.143.2

title: User talk:61.248.143.2


text:
Talk:Taiseki-ji

I have attempted
to write the stub out into a full, informative article on Taisekiji. It still needs some work, which I will undertake over the next few weeks offline (while checking with some sources which I will cite later).

The photos were taken by me, so they are copyright free.

I have inserted references to Soka Gakkai, not because I feel they belong, but because if I don't put them in, I will leave the article open to criticism for not mentioning that buildings erected by that organization have been torn down by the current NS leadership—which is true. So it goes, I guess, with religious wars.

--Jim_Lockhart 12:05, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fujitaisekiji Trip
I'm hardly an expert, and I'm not sure how Fujitaisekiji and Taisekiji are related, if at all. But I'm guessing Fujitaisekiji is a "sub-religion" of Taisekiji, if that makes any sense.

Anyway, when I was in Japan, I had the unique experience of being proseletized to by a member of Fujitaisekiji. Being the crazy adventurous person I am, naturally I agreed to go check out a service, and I even got to experience the private induction ceremony. I wrote about it here, with pictures:

My Trip To The Fujitaisekiji Buddhist Organization (Cult?) Glowing Face Man (talk) 16:48, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The Fujitaisekiji you visited is unrelated to the Taisekiji covered in this article.
 * It's not completely unrelated, but he is referring to Kenshokai. PeepleLikeYou (talk) 10:22, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

Added sources for specific descriptions re: Shohondo demolition
I am aware that the source in not "neutral" because it was published by Taisekiji itself; that is, in and of itself, irrelevant. If you have a different take to present, go ahead and do so using any reliable source you wish. But do not remove this material claiming lack of neutrality of the source, since sources need only be reliable, not neutral: what should be neutral is the overall article. In that sense, addition of a reliably sourced descriptions of other interpretations of the demolition and its background are welcome and even desired.

As for the comment about 59th High Priest Nichiko being the last Nichiren Shoshu high priest to support celibacy: I can neither verify nor negate the claim, since I can find no sources on the matter; if someone feels that the description should be put back, please back it up with a source. To my personal knowledge, he did not support celibacy (abstention from sexual relations), but rather the notion that priests ought not marry. Fine difference, perhaps; but he was a Buddhist, not a Christian, so the difference is significant. ——Jim_Lockhart (talk) 06:12, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

I added some source material with a few details about the Sho Hondo construction. BrandenburgG (talk) 22:52, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

 * It should be also noted that the construction of the Sho Hondo, amongst other issues, also led to great discomfort to some adherents and clerics of Nichiren Shoshu, critical of both SGI and Nichiren Shoshu leadership. --Catflap08 (talk) 18:26, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

Image deletion and censorship
66.65.19.113: Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia, it doesn't follow the internal rules of any religious organization: "Wikipedia will not remove content because of the internal bylaws of some organizations that forbid information about the organization to be displayed online. Any rules that forbid members of a given organization, fraternity, or religion to show a name or image do not apply to Wikipedia, since Wikipedia is not a member of those organizations." (WP:NOTCENSORED) I am sorry that this image is offending Nichiren Shoshu believers but the current community consensus is, that Wikipedia is not censored. If you want to avoid seeing the image yourself, please see Help:Options to hide an image. JimRenge (talk) 17:56, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:BRD and try to reach a consensus before you delete this image again. You might consider utilizing one of Wikipedia's established dispute resolution procedures instead of edit warring. Thanks JimRenge (talk) 18:46, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

Removal of "more footnotes" tag
@Catflap08, the "more footnotes" tag, added by @Aoidh appeared to be appropriate. The 3 references in the article verify only parts of the "Shohondo" section. The rest of the article is completely unsourced. You removed the tag with the edit summary: "Being the article on a place sacred to a group who should else deliver soures? Tourist board maybe." I don* t think this is a valid argument. All articles should comply with WP:V. The sentence: "Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations", made sense in this context. JimRenge (talk) 20:00, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

Daikyakuden bit really doesn't make sense
Sorry but this just makes absolutely no sense at all: The first Dai-Kyakuden (大 客 殿 "Grand Reception Hall") was built in 1465. It was rebuilt on 1 March 1959 and expanded in the year 1964 by the Soka Gakkai. The current edifice, a wood-clad steel-framed structure, was demolished in September 1995 and completed in 1998 with steel-reinforced concrete building. The priesthood cited its imposing ferroconcrete mass as incongruent with the architectural tone appropriate for a temple compound. It was demolished in 1995 and completed in 1998?

Unfortunately I don't know the true situation but this obviously needs attention. PeepleLikeYou (talk) 00:24, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taiseki-ji


text: User talk:83.16.78.126

title: User talk:83.16.78.126


text:
Theatrical producer

A theatrical producer is a person who oversees all aspects of mounting a theatre production. The producer is responsible for the overall financial and managerial functions of a production or venue, raises or provides financial backing, and hires personnel for creative positions (writer, director, designers, composer, choreographer—and in some cases, performers).

Terminology
The term "producer" is American in origin, referring to the person responsible for the financial aspects of producing a play, including acquiring the rights to produce it; renting a theatre; hiring actors and staff; and selling tickets. In Britain, these functions were carried out by the manager, while the person responsible for staging the play (now called the "director") was traditionally referred to as the producer.

Role
The independent producer usually initiates the production—finding the script and starting the process. The producer finds the director and pursues the primary goals, to balance and coordinate business and financial aspects in the service of the creative realization of the playwright's vision. This may include casting, but often only includes casting approval. The producer may secure funds for the production, either through their own company or by bringing investors into the production in a limited partnership agreement. In this business structure, the producer becomes the general partner with unlimited liability, and because of this, often brings in other general partners. The producer probably has optioned the play from the playwright, which includes rights to future production for film and television. The producer earns the right to future ventures because the original theatrical production enhances the value of an artistic property. This right to further options may be included in the royalty agreement. In other duties, the producer may work with theatrical agents, negotiate with unions, find other staff, secure the theatre and rehearsal hall, obtain liability and workers' compensation insurance, and post bonds with unions.

The producer handles the business and legal end of employing staff, as in any business entity. Hiring creative staff and teams generally involves the director and playwright's approval. The producer hires the production team, including the general manager, production manager, house manager, stage manager, etc., at their discretion. In many cases, contracts require that the producer use front of house staff (such as the house manager, box office, ushers, etc.) and backstage personnel (stage hands, electrician, carpenter, etc.) supplied by the theatre.

The producer creates, builds on and oversees the budget, sets ticket prices, chooses performance dates and times, and develops a marketing and advertising strategy for the production. Hiring a publicist and marketing team is one of the most important responsibilities of the producer. These teams are generally in place before the show is cast.

The producer collaborates with the director and all staff to plan a production timeline and deadlines for various aspects of the production to ensure a successful show opening and run. The producer and director oversee this timeline, with periodic re-assessment and modifications as needed.

The producer hires accountants, and perhaps already has legal representation. This is important, because of the liability issues mentioned above. All bills, including payroll, must be paid on time, and taxes must be paid. The producer oversees the budget. The theatre owner provides box office services and turns over net ticket sales revenue. If sales fall under a set minimum level, the unprofitable show may close. If ticket sales are good and the show makes a profit, the producer may get 50% of the net profit, the other 50% going to the investors. Statistically, highly successful shows with big profits are the exception. Independent commercial production is a high risk business.

Another kind of producer is the non-independent, or line producer, who facilitates other people's projects. A repertory or repertoire or festival or non-profit or amateur organization, in most cases, uses a managing director, and creative decisions fall to the artistic director. In theatres with no managing director, artistic directors often use the title producing artistic director or managing artistic director, to indicate a higher level of responsibility.

In the commercial world of Broadway, New York City and West End, London and touring, both nationally and internationally, producers are expected to be active members of the team, and their names appear above the show title. However, many "producers" are really investors or the theatre owner, and claim no say in running the production. A producer credit occasionally applies to people who perform special important services, such as finding a theatre or a star—but normally, the credit for such roles is associate producer. The producer works closely with the production team and cast to make all final decisions. The producer, ultimately, is one of the most important roles in a theatrical production.

title: Theatrical producer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leaurtoe

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 20:01, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Leaurtoe
Possible hoax. Google, Yahoo, alltheweb and Alta Vista all return zero results for Leaurtoe. -- P Ingerson 12:07, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsense. Megan1967 13:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A peculiar hoax. As the article says "...many right-thinking articalists and specialist free-writers understand it to be utter nonsense." -- Mwanner 17:27, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete,Some ppl have too much time--Jetru 07:52, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Dubăsari

Dubăsari or Dubossary (Дубоссары; דובאסאר; Дубоcсари) is a city in Transnistria, with a population of 23,650. Claimed by both the Republic of Moldova and the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, the city is under the latter's administration, and functions as the seat of the Dubăsari District.

Name
The origin of the town name is the plural form of the Romanian archaic word dubăsar ("boatman"), a derivative of dubă ("a small wooden boat"), so "Dubăsari" means "boatmen".

History
Dubăsari is the site of one of the oldest settlements in Moldova, and the Transnistrian region. Stone Age artifacts have been found in the area, and there are several kurgans (presumed Scythian) around the city. First mentions of modern Dubăsari date to the beginning of the 16th century, as a fair populated by Moldavian peasants. The settlement became part of the Russian Empire in 1792 and was granted city status in 1795. It was part of Kherson Governorate from 1803 to 1922.

The murder of a Ukrainian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, in Dubăsari became one of the triggers of the Kishinev pogrom after the Bessarabetz paper insinuated that he had been murdered by the Jewish community for the purpose of using their blood in the preparation of matzo for Passover. Unlike in Kishinev, the authorities at Dubăsari acted to prevent the pogrom in the town.

In 1924–1940, Dubăsari was part of the Soviet-created Moldavian ASSR. The town was heavily industrialized during the pre-WWII period. In the course of World War II, in 1940, when Bessarabia was occupied by the Soviet Union, it became part of the newly created Moldavian SSR. On 27 July 1941, the town was occupied by German and Romanian troops. It was re-captured by Soviet forces in the summer of 1944.

In 1951–1954, the Dubăsari dam and a 48 MW hydroelectric power plant Dubossarskaya GES was constructed, and the Dubossary Reservoir was formed.

Dubăsari and its suburbs were the sites of major conflict during 1990–1992 that eventually culminated in the War of Transnistria (1992). Since then, it has been controlled by the breakaway administration of Transnistria, and tensions have risen most recently during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The city's economy was significantly damaged during the war in 1992.

Population
In 1989, the population of the city was 35,806, including 15,414 Moldovans (Romanians) (43.05%), 10,718 Ukrainians (29.93%), 8,087 Russians (22.59%), and 1,587 others (4.43%). According to the 2004 Census in Transnistria, the city had 23,650 inhabitants, including 8,954 Moldovans (37.86%), 8,062 Ukrainians (34.09%), 5,891 Russians (24.91%), 153 Belarusians, 104 Bulgarians, 90 Armenians, 49 Poles, 66 Gagauzians, 46 Jews, 39 Germans, 31 Gypsies, and 165 others and non-declared.

Notable natives

 * Victor Covalenco (born 1975), Moldovan decathlete
 * Louis Filler (1911–1998), American teacher and scholar
 * Igor Gorgan (born 1969), Moldovan military officer
 * Vlad Grecu (born 1959), Moldovan writer
 * Yulia Lisnik (born 1966), retired Moldovan race walker
 * Anna Odobescu (born 1991), Moldovan singer and actress
 * Mykhaylo Okhendovsky (born 1973), Ukrainian lawyer
 * Igor Pugaci (born 1975), retired Moldovan road bicycle racer
 * Pyotr Rachkovsky (1853–1910), chief of the Okhrana, the secret police in the Russian Empire
 * Nikolay Sklifosovsky (1836–1904), Russian surgeon and physiologist

In fiction

 * The Sisters of the Winter Wood by Rena Rossner is set in Dubăsari, before and during the 1903 Kishinev pogrom.

title: Dubăsari


text:
Joscelin (bishop of Paris)

Joscelin, Goslin, or Gauzlin (died 16 April 886), Bishop of Paris and defender of the city against the Northmen (885), was, according to some authorities, the son of Rorgon I, count of Maine, according to others the natural son of the emperor Louis I.

In 848 he became a monk, and entered a monastery at Reims, later he became abbot of Saint-Denis. Like most of the prelates of his time he took a prominent part in the struggle against the Northmen, by whom he and his brother Louis were taken prisoners (858), and he was released only after paying a heavy ransom (Prudentii Trecensis episcopi Annales, ann. 858). From 855 to 867 he held intermittently, and from 867 to 881 regularly, the office of chancellor to Charles the Bald and his successors.

In 883 or 884 he was elected bishop of Paris, and foreseeing the dangers to which the city was to be exposed from the attacks of the Northmen, he planned and directed the strengthening of the defences, though he also relied for security on the merits of the relics of St Germain and St Genevieve. When the attack finally came (885), the defence of the city was entrusted to him and to Odo, Count of Paris, and Hugh the Abbot.

The city was attacked on 26 November and the struggle for the possession of the bridge (now the Pont-au-Change) lasted for two days; but Joscelin repaired the destruction of the wooden tower overnight, and the Vikings were obliged to give up the attempt to take the city by storm. The Siege of Paris lasted for about a year longer, while the emperor Charles the Fat was in Italy. Joscelin died soon after the preliminaries of the peace had been agreed on, worn out by his exertions, or killed by a pestilence which raged in the city. He was succeeded by Askericus.

title: Joscelin (bishop of Paris)


text:
World Peace Congress

The World Peace Congress, founded by Professor Rajani Kannepalli Kanth in 2007, is a non-governmental organization dedicated to constructing an institutional basis for world peace, unmediated by state, government or politics. The Congress holds conferences and dialogues, regularly, attended by people with various backgrounds. These dialogues produced resolutions adopted initially at the first Congress in Salt Lake City, to ultimately achieve the goal of the Congress - to renounce war as a means of social and political policy. Later on, the World Peace Congress asked the United Nations to declare war as illegal by sending the Renunciation of War Resolution, resolutions adopted at the third World Peace Thai Congress in 2010, to UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, requesting him to ask all Heads of States of the UN to adopt the resolutions by suitably amending their individual Constitutions, or by enacting a special law by their legislatures. Since its foundation, the World Peace Congress has a wide range of participants, including Martin Almada, Shabana Azmi, A. Balasubramaniam, Roy Bhaskar, Oliver DeMille, Robert Jensen, Yinhe Li, Rajiv Malhotra, Ruth Manorama, N. Radhakrishnan, Sulak Sivaraksa, Tenzin Tethong, and John Zerzan.

The First Congress
The World Peace Congress was instituted in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 2007. The first Congress was held in Salt Lake City, the United States from August 24 to 26, 2007. Participants, including social activists, scholars, artists, politicians, and lay people, gathered together to discuss ways for the realization of world peace and drafted the Congress 2007 Resolutions as the basis for the future quest for peace.

The Second Congress
The Second Congress was held in Bangalore, India from February 27 to March 1, 2009. It sought to build upon the Resolutions of Congress 2007 and, in particular, to devise peace-oriented grassroots projects worldwide.

The Third Congress
The Third Congress was held in Thailand from July 9 to 11, 2010. Panelists participated in further discussions about the quest for world peace and, collectively, constructed the Congress 2010 Resolutions.

The WPC Health/Medicine Workshop
The World Peace Congress held a three-day Medicine Workshop from June 2 to 4, 2012 in Thailand. The workshop's purpose was to educate the public in non-allopathic methods of healing. The workshop was facilitated by Morkeaw (Jaipetch Klajon), a natural medicine practitioner, and was attended by 130 participants.

Resolution Renouncing War
This key Resolution of the World Peace Congress, emanating from the Third Congress in Thailand in 2010, points out the ubiquity of war after the signing of UN Charter (in the City of San Francisco on 26 June 1945), the Preamble to which states that members of the United Nations are "determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.” To re-focus attention to world peace and help accomplish this goal set by UN Charter, the World Peace Congress unanimously approved this Resolution and asked the United Nations, via a communication to its Secretary General, to similarly endorse the declaration renouncing “War as an instrument of State Policy.” This objective is to be further advanced by positive policies and practices in the form of educational aids, media events, and other promotions organized by the World Peace Congress collaborators worldwide.

The Congress 2007 Resolutions
Participants of the World Peace Congress assembled in Salt Lake City, Utah in August 2007, and formulated Resolutions for a global action plan to ensure world peace. These Resolutions derived from the labors of twelve panels covering varied topics such as gender, culture, kinship /community, et al.

The Congress 2010 Resolutions
The Congress 2012 Resolutions followed the lead established by the 2007 Resolutions: however, they proposed even more detailed action plans geared towards world peace. These Resolutions, produced in similar fashion to the 2007 Resolutions, were submitted by 10 panels with different themes, with one panel specifically focused on the then extant Thai Crisis.

title: World Peace Congress


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Rubber Bowl

The Rubber Bowl was a stadium located in Akron, Ohio, that was primarily used for American football. From its opening in 1940 until 2008, it served as the home field of the Akron Zips football team of the University of Akron prior to the opening of InfoCision Stadium–Summa Field. Throughout its history, it also hosted concerts, professional football, high school football, and other events. It was named after the predominance of the tire industry in Akron. The stadium had a seating capacity of 35,202 and was located in southeastern Akron next to Akron Fulton International Airport and Derby Downs, about 6 mi southeast of downtown.

Since 2008, the stadium had been mostly vacant, hosting some high school football games. In 2013, the Rubber Bowl was acquired by Team1 Marketing Group Inc. of Canton, Ohio, with plans to renovate and update the structure as the home for a professional football team. Renovation work began later in 2013, but initial plans for a professional team in the revived United States Football League (USFL) fell through.

The stadium was condemned in 2017, and partial demolition began on June 20, 2018. By 2020, the south and east tiers, built into the hillside, remained, along with their respective ticket booths, though all wound up in a dilapidated state from damage caused by vandals and weathering. Most of the artificial turf field, last used in 2008, also remained in place during that time, though it had also been heavily damaged by vandals and the elements. As part of a statewide initiative, the remaining parts of the Rubber Bowl were demolished in mid-2023 after almost 15 years of abandonment.

History
The movement to build a stadium in Akron began in 1939 when Akron Beacon Journal sports editor James Schlemmer and Akron Municipal Airport director Bain Fulton began a campaign asking patrons to donate $1 each. Later that year, the Works Progress Administration authorized construction of a horseshoe-shaped stadium in southern Akron adjacent to Derby Downs, the home of the Soap Box Derby that had been built in 1936. Construction lasted approximately one year and the first event hosted was a state music and drill competition in June 1940. Dedication ceremonies were held in August 1940 before a crowd estimated between 36,000 and 40,000 the day before the running of the seventh Soap Box Derby.

Akron Zips football
The primary use of the Rubber Bowl was for American football games. The Akron Zips football team was the primary tenant, and they played their first game in the stadium on October 5, 1940, against Case Western Reserve, getting their first win in the facility November 9, 1940, against Kent State. Prior to playing at the Rubber Bowl, the Zips football teams played at Buchtel Field, a 7,000-seat facility that opened in 1923. The Zips recorded their first sellout in the Rubber Bowl on September 30, 1961. In 1971, the university purchased the stadium for $1 from the city. An artificial surface was installed in 1973, which was replaced with AstroPlay in 2003. On September 15, 1973, before the Acme-Zip game, renown tightrope walker Karl Wallenda walked a wire suspended above the field while the Akron Zips marching band played circus music. The Zips played 324 games at the stadium, which included their first-ever appearance on ESPN in 1986. Other notable games include the highest-scoring game in the stadium's history, a 65–62 victory over Eastern Michigan in 2001, as well as a 65–7 Akron victory over Howard University in 2003. In 2005, the Zips clinched their first Mid-American Conference East Division title and spot in the 2005 MAC Championship Game with a 35–3 win over arch-rival Kent State in that year's Wagon Wheel game. Akron would go on to win the 2005 MAC Championship with a last-second 31–30 win over Northern Illinois at Ford Field in Detroit.

In 2003, the university began exploring the feasibility of building an on-campus stadium to replace the Rubber Bowl, which was in disrepair and several miles away from campus. In 2007, plans were announced for a new stadium, later known as InfoCision Stadium – Summa Field, with work beginning in January 2008 and opening in September 2009. The final Akron Zips football game at the Rubber Bowl took place on November 13, 2008 against the Buffalo Bulls. The game was nationally televised on ESPN and featured the two teams tied for first place in the Mid-American Conference's East Division with identical 5-4 (3-2) records entering the game. Buffalo defeated the Zips 43-40 in four overtimes in front of a crowd of 18,516. For the Zips, it was both the first four-overtime game and the first overtime loss in school history. After the game, a special ceremony with current and former players and coaches was held to honor the 68-year history of the stadium.

Other uses
The Kent State Golden Flashes football team played select games in the Rubber Bowl during the 1940s, prior to the opening of Memorial Stadium in 1950.

The stadium also hosted professional football on a number of occasions: the Cleveland Rams of the National Football League (NFL) played two regular-season games at the Rubber Bowl, one in 1941 and one in 1942, and the NFL's Cleveland Browns used the stadium for 19 preseason games between 1950 and 1973.

On November 27, 1952, the Rubber Bowl hosted a "home" game for the financially troubled and league-controlled Dallas Texans. The Texans recorded their only win in franchise history, a 27–23 victory over the George Halas-led Chicago Bears, in front of approximately 2,500 fans: Halas had been so confident the Bears would beat the lowly Texans that he started his second-string players.

The Rubber Bowl has also hosted around 1,500 football games for the high schools in Akron, as well as for Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) playoff games.

The Rubber Bowl was also a regular performance venue: the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus gave its first performance since the Hartford circus fire on July 6, 1944. Music groups such as Black Sabbath, Simon & Garfunkel, Alice Cooper, Three Dog Night, and The Rolling Stones played there in the 1970s. In the 1980s, the New Jersey tour of Bon Jovi and the Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 that featured Van Halen, the Scorpions, Dokken, Metallica, and Kingdom Come had stops at the Rubber Bowl. Simon & Garfunkel returned in 1983 in front of a crowd of around 37,000 during their first tour together in 13 years. Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Bob Dylan, and The Grateful Dead toured together in 1986 and played at the Rubber Bowl, which featured Bob Dylan performing live on stage for the first time with The Grateful Dead. The stadium also hosted a Veterans Memorial Jam concert with Aretha Franklin, Ringo Starr, and Three Dog Night in 1997 and Ozzfest in 1998.

Purchase and demolition
On June 28, 2012, it was revealed that local marketing company Team1 Marketing Group of Canton was pursuing the Rubber Bowl for a potential United States Football League (USFL) team called the Akron Fire. Sean Mason of Team1 argued that even though InfoCision Stadium is newer, the Akron Fire's ability to generate revenue would be less due to the University of Akron controlling concession and marketing rights, and by buying the Rubber Bowl outright it could also be used for other sporting events and concerts. The Rubber Bowl was purchased by Team1 Marketing in January 2013 for $38,000, with several improvements planned such as updates to the press box, locker rooms, and concession areas, along with new scoreboards and seating. The company announced plans to acquire a USFL franchise; the team was planned to be named the Akron Fire, but in July 2013 it was announced that the league's plans no longer included the Akron team. Team1 announced on April 17, 2014 that the stadium would instead be used as a multi-use entertainment facility and that it would have a dome built over it. On April 2, 2015 it was revealed that the non-profit Minor League Football Team named the Summit County Storm would be playing football in the revived stadium along with its multi-use entertainment. The first event in the stadium under Team1 was scheduled for May 15, 2015, a hip-hop concert and party fest known as LOUD-Fest, produced by a local music company. However, the event was rescheduled to another location "due to concerns about the dilapidated stadium". On April 5, 2017 the County of Summit foreclosed on the stadium with plans to allow Team1 to lease the stadium and repurpose it for mixed use entertainment. Team1 gave up the deed on August 29, 2017 allowing the city of Akron to become full-time owners after Team1 announced that they failed to attract attention to the structure. Akron announced on September 22, 2017 that the stadium would be demolished. Demolition began in 2018 with the scoreboard and the western portion of the stadium closest to Derby Downs, which included the press box, being razed, while the east and south tiers, which are built into the adjacent hill, remaining. The portion built into the hillside supported George Washington Boulevard, and removal could potentially cause the roadway to collapse. In 2023, the remainder of the stadium was demolished with the hillside portion of the stadium reinforced with concrete to form a retaining wall for the roadway above and transform the structure into a grassy hill.

title: Rubber Bowl