text:
Talk:Red Planet (film)

Plot Outline
Okay, so I finally got off my butt and wrote this beast. It's long and ugly, much like the film, and could use some better formatting. Also, it's only a film article, but it may be a bit non-NPOV, because I happened to like this film--not so much for it's literary quality, but for what it was trying to say about science and philosophy and the future of humanity if we don't smarten up. Anyway, I'm sure it's not perfect, so, Wikipedia, do your thang... work your magic... wave the wand... stroke the lamp... oh, geez... nevermind. It's very late. I go bed now. Sincerely yours--Pariah 06:12, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

plot
This is so dumb. That's the most pointless movie I've ever seen! The astronauts didn't accomplish their mission! Why'd that idiot set the algae and the atmosphere on fire for? What a dummy! What's gonna happen to Earth now? It's going to get overpopulated and everyone's going to die! They shouldn't have made that movie if it wasn't going to have a happy ending! Scorpionman 01:36, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh...thats kind of the point. Not everything happens according to plan and not every conclusion can be a happy one.--Kross July 7, 2005 07:11 (UTC)
 * Heheheh... --Pariah 03:09, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sez you! 4.158.60.25 21:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm still just trying to figure out what the hell was the deal with the guy calling the bugs "Nematodes" 2 Oct 2005

 * That's what we thought, too. They put all that work into the scientific aspects, then trot out embarassing gaffes like that. -Timvasquez 20:50, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Wasn't the final point that they had these bugs that they could use to clean up earth's atmosphere? -- Imladros 18:22, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Scientific Mistakes, Goofs and Blunders
There are several flaws in the plot, including scientific goofs.

Dr. Quinn Burchenal: At one point he brags about knowing about science, "A-G-T-P! Thats what i believe in!" THE four base pairs of DNA  are A-G-C-T not A-G-P-T like he says. His character plays a geneticist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:1C2:1900:71FD:288E:473A:223C:12E (talk) 19:16, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

 * First of all, can anyone tell what was exactly the original plan for the return flight to the ship? The landing capsule that got busted after falling off a cliff apparently had no rocket motor (or, at least, it was never spoken of).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_to_Stay

 * Another one: having all that highly advanced science, and having based the mission precisely on the unaccounted-for lower Oxygen levels in the Martian athmosphere, why didn't those crew members know that the Martian air was breathable? Did they have to discover it by sheer accident, when they were at he brink of dying by suffocation when their spacesuit air reserves were depleted?

Yes

 * When they search for some hardware to build a radio they desperately need, they find an "off-the-shelf computer modem... with a frequency we're not using in our mission". Two hours after they manage to transmit "This is Mars One ground crew. Do you copy?" several times, Houston calls Bowman to report that they've "...picked up on the telescope... ...you'll have to turn to a frequency we haven't used in 50 years". Just what kind of a telescope was that, a radio telescope? And just does the "frequency" of a pre-Internet, pre-wireless modem have to do to with radio frequencies? Gosh, pretty powerful radio at that (even though it was battery-operated), able to reach Earth!
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem#Deep-space_telecommunications Gramby (talk) 20:59, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telescope

 * Another inexplicable scientific blunder is the weird chemistry of the martian insects, that ate algae ("and everything else") and "produced oxygen". How did they do it, decomposing CO²? That would consume a lot of energy, and where would that energy come from? Why did those beasts burn like firecrackers? The article perpetrates further Chemistry goofs, asserting that "The insects eat the algae and excrete oxygen creating the new Martian atmosphere and explaining why they explode when burned", which explains nothing at all. It just doesn't make sense. Also, in the story those insects or arthropods are called "nematodes". Nematodes are unsegmented worms, so, equally and in addition to Chemistry, someone got a "D" in Biology here.

The CGI artist got the "D" the writer probably knew what he was talking about, and Locusts are more intimidating than worms. Originally Earth was like Venus, but anaerobic algae http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa polluted the planet with oxygen. Mars is red for the same reason rocks on Earth are red: RUST. Oxygen on Mars and Earth is trapped as iron oxide in rocks. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide So Oxygen was present on Mars at some point, and why should the Martian Locusts use Oxygen & expel Carbon Dioxide? Why cant they be the other way around?

 * Speaking of Biology and Chemistry, all those Algae in that clear martian patch came from Earth, right? It was green due to its Chlorophyll, which means it had a regular, earthlike chemistry, right? So, why did it burn like gunpowder when Burchenal "ignited the bugs, causing a chain reaction that burned the remaining algae and much of the region's atmosphere", something that was visible from space? Grass and Algae just don't "burn" (or rather, explode) in an Oxygen atmosphere. And sorry, but another D in Meteorology. An Atmosphere doesn't just "burn", either. Oxygen consuming Oxygen?

They shit pure oxygen, don't they? Have you ever seen a forest fire? Trees shit oxygen too.

 * When Gallagher makes his last stride toward the soviet lander, he discards his spacesuit helmet. One wonders, where did he find a replacement helmet?

The CGI artist, again. But this is fiction, so why sweat it?

 * Bowman directs Gallagher to throw away "two liters" of an unnamed and highly flammable fuel, after some "computations" in order to reach a suitable orbit to allow for his recue. But, how did she manage to know the original fuel level in the tank, to begin with?

Because she had access to the schematics.

 * When Gallagher finally blasts off Mars, he has no idea about how to control the Soviet lander KOSMOS navigation (all the "interface" is in Russian, remember - in reality it's a lot of nonsense made up of loose Russian words). Yet he somehow manages to come to a complete relative stop in orbit just some "1,000 metres" (actually it looks like 150, but in space distances are deceptive) away from the main ship. WOW! What a bullseye!!!

The Ship turns toward him, but it was already set up to collect him if he did make it to space.

 * And last but not least, why did the mission have to include that murderous, mechanical ninja beast, AMEE? Only to jeopardize the mission further, and have one extra villain, I guess. As if the harsh conditions upon an alien planet weren't tough enough.

Because Hollywood Execs have just less imagination than you do. All they see are dollar signs and all you see are problems with a fictional movie.

I enjoyed the film hugely, despite these and other defects.

--AVM 21:08, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Ooh, want more? If the board computer has a voice interface and an AI smart enough to make witty remarks (e.g. about the woman not taking the lack of gravity into account when trying to use a fire extinguisher), why does AMEE never speak a word? If AMEE is such a highly advanced robot, why can't her combat mode be disabled BEFORE the mission, and why is she too stupid to tell a real threat from her own teammates -- also, why doesn't she kill all of them if they are entirely unarmed and thus already inferior (no need for wounding)? Lastly, how did the bugs evolve if there were no algae before human intervention and hardly enough time for complex multi-celled organisms to evolve? Even more so, how did they evolve to be able to digest humans if there were no humans (or any higher creatures other than the bugs) on Mars? Where are all those ancestor species anyway -- did they just get eaten by the bugs? That's not how evolution works at all!
 * I'm fascinated by the note in the article claiming it was praised by its fans for its science when there are so many blatant flaws. Yes, the greenhouse/algae concept is a real one, but that's hardly a "scientific basis" for the entire film. -- 62.143.139.233 (talk) 21:25, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

How about this for unrealistic? Gallagher, Pettengill and Burchenal have 19 hours to walk 100 kilometers to the Russian probe. Walk (walk!) across rough terrain, with one of them severely injured. And then they take refuge for 2-3 hours from the storm. Presumably, there is also the time required to reconfigure the probe, so they've actually use at best 14-15 hours (probably less) to travel those 100 kilometers (62 miles). Tough enough on smooth roads and paths, but they've got to bushwack it across Mars! Hah! --99.139.139.119 (talk) 02:16, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

 * @62.143.139.233 The crew expected that the Martian atmosphere is like before the terraforming already, so they didn't even look up what the atmosphere's composition is. Probably they would have before entering the atmosphere, but the solar storm caused huge damage to the mothership, with all instruments shutting down at first, the crew made an emergency landing. They would have been safe in the habitat if it wasn't destroyed, and would return by another spacecraft sent from Earth perhaps. 212.186.15.63 (talk) 06:36, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Removed some POV statements
I removed a few POV statements in the last section. We can't say stuff like "the movie was long and dull" or "the movie has a solid cast and an interesting premise". If anyone want it in here, it should be a quoted reference to a review in a newspaper or similar. Bergsten 18:59, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No objections here; although I guess I'm biased. I enjoyed the film--Pariah 04:15, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * You might as well remove the section below. Thanks. 89.1.162.134 (talk) 13:08, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

At least it's better than
this piece of crap. Mission_to_Mars ;)
 * You're joking, right? Mission to Mars was a slow-burner with suspense and a twist ending. Red Planet elicits a yawn, oftentimes a cringe, and is entirely predictable with the focus not even being about Mars at all, but AMEE trying to kill everyone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8388:501:2700:7D2D:DA6:6FA1:ECA5 (talk) 11:46, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

is it worth
mentioning the references to 2001 a space odyssey (the character being called bowman, AMEE going mental due to the threat to her 'life' and her HAL-esque eye, bowman flushing out the spacecraft with a vacuum for example) as it's notable and one of the things i enjoyed most about the film. also the whole nearly-asphyxiating-on-mars-but-then-there's-oxygen sequence was reminiscent of total recall and the main premise seemed similar to silent running (directed by douglas trumbull who also worked on 2001)

the 'space janitor' wearing a hawaiian shirt and a shot of mars-1 passing under the camera reminded me of red dwarf, but that's probably just me :) 87.112.209.194 19:06, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

I just watched Red Planet and found the plot very similar to The Martian. Many of the plot details were also used in The Martian. Is this already discussed somewhere?

Fair use rationale for Image:Redplanetmovieposter.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 12:15, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Director
Was it ever explained why the studio trusted a big-budget movie like this to an ad director ? - Beardo (talk) 23:29, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

This Is One of My Most Favorite Films of All Time
Why did this film bomb? I don't quite get it. I'm glad that at least The Martian didn't bomb. But this film is 10 times more fun than The Martian. I don't care what the critics say and whether it bombed at the box office, this film is one of my most favorite films of all time.

These are some of the things in it that make me love it:

 * It's about a mission to Mars.
 * It has an artificially intelligent robot which has martial arts skills
 * It's about radio communications, a subject that I love.
 * The computer graphics of the ship are quite nice, especially for 2000.
 * Who doesn't love Carrie-Anne Moss??!
 * The Mars terrain shown is awesome.
 * The way Gallagher uses an old Soviet lander to shoot back into space is freaking awesome.
 * All and all, it's a great movie - it should be loved, at least, by most electrical engineers.
 * Anyway, that's what I think.
 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.255.5.112 (talk) 05:55, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * * so is The Martian
 * * Something that might excite 12 year olds. I found the robot too campy.
 * * Doesn't every film set on Mars involve that?
 * * true
 * * I don't
 * * Nothing notable other Mars movies haven't gotten right.
 * * It's a slap in the face of physics — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8388:501:2700:7D2D:DA6:6FA1:ECA5 (talk) 11:49, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Red Planet (film)


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Downtown Julie Brown

Julie Dorne Brown, better known as Downtown Julie Brown, is an English-born actress, television personality, SiriusXM DJ and former MTV VJ. Brown is best known as the host of the television music show Club MTV, which ran from 1987 until 1992.

Life and career
Brown's father was Jamaican and her mother British. Brown has six siblings. Her father was in the Royal Air Force, and she grew up on air force bases around the world, including Singapore and Cyprus, before returning to the United Kingdom, where they settled in Bridgend, Wales.

After winning the UK Disco Dancing Championships, she went on to win the World Disco Dancing Championship in 1979. Soon after, Brown began a career on British television as presenter and guest on a number of children's programmes, including the long-running show Crackerjack. Brown also appeared as a dancer on Top of the Pops in the early 1980s as a member of the dance troupe Zoo.

Brown became a presenter on the pan-European music channel Music Box and, after moving to the United States, eventually became an MTV VJ and went on to host the Club MTV show in the late 1980s. That show had a format similar to American Bandstand's but featured an exclusive lineup of dance music. From this came her catchphrase, "Wubba Wubba Wubba", after she accidentally read the T-shirt of a camera crewmember who was holding the cue cards while on live TV.

MTV capitalized on the confusion between Downtown Julie Brown and comic actress Julie Brown by sending the pair together as correspondents for MTV News as well as by their "facing" each other on both their shows (Club MTV and Just Say Julie).

Later career
After leaving MTV, Brown went on to work for ESPN conducting on- and off-field interviews with football athletes. Brown then moved to Los Angeles to host the E! channel's gossip show. She also became the host of the syndicated radio program American Dance Traxx in March 1992 until its final broadcast in December 1993.

Brown has appeared in a number of movies and TV shows, including Sharknado 5: Global Swarming; Spy Hard; Spring Break '83; The Weird Al Show; B*A*P*S; Ride; Walker, Texas Ranger; Battle Dome; Hey Arnold!; I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here!; The Dog Whisperer; The Eric Andre Show; Kenan & Kel; and RuPaul's Drag U.

Most recently, she appeared in television's Wife Swap on 21 July 2013. She also appeared on the cover and posed nude for the August 1998 edition of Playboy. Brown is currently a host on the SiriusXM channel '90s on 9. In addition to hosting programmes, she also hosts The Back in The Day Replay Countdown, on which are played the 30 biggest songs of the week from a particular year in the 1990s.

Personal life
Brown married film producer and former CEO of Intermedia Martin Schuermann in 2001. They live in Marina del Rey, California, with their daughter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Downtown Julie Brown


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User talk:Cstanners

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User talk:Tuneman42

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Tonkawa

The Tonkawa are a Native American tribe who now live in Oklahoma. Their Tonkawa language, now extinct, is a linguistic isolate.

Tonkawa people are enrolled in the federally recognized Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma.

Name
The Tonkawa's autonym is Tickanwa•tic (meaning "real people"). The name Tonkawa is derived from the Waco tribal word, Tonkaweya, meaning "they all stay together".

History
Recent research indicates that as of 1601 the tribe inhabited what is now northwestern Oklahoma. By 1700, Apache and Wichita enemies had pushed the Tonkawa south to the Red River which forms the border between current-day Oklahoma and Texas. In the 16th century, the Tonkawa tribe probably had around 1,900 members. Their numbers diminished to around 1,600 by the late 17th century due to fatalities from European diseases and conflict with other tribes, most notably the Apache.

In the 1740s, some Tonkawa were involved with the Yojuanes and others as settlers in the San Gabriel Missions of Texas along the San Gabriel River.

In 1758, the Tonkawa along with allied Bidais, Caddos, Wichitas, Comanches, and Yojuanes went to attack the Lipan Apache in the vicinity of Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá, which they destroyed.

The tribe continued their southern migration into Texas and northern Mexico, where they allied with the Lipan Apache.

In 1824, the Tonkawa entered into a treaty with Stephen F. Austin to protect Anglo-American immigrants against the Comanche. At the time, Austin was an agent recruiting immigrants to settle in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas. In 1840 at the Battle of Plum Creek and again in 1858 at the Battle of Little Robe Creek, the Tonkawa fought alongside the Texas Rangers against the Comanche.

The Tonkawas often visited the capital city of Austin during the days of the Republic of Texas and during early statehood.

In 1859, the United States removed the Tonkawa and a number of other Texas Indian tribes to the Wichita Agency in Indian Territory, and placed them under the protection of nearby Fort Cobb. When the American Civil War started in 1861, Texas declared for the Confederacy, so the federal troops at the fort received orders to march to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, leaving the Indians at the Wichita Agency unprotected.

In response to years of animosity (in part regarding rumors that the Tonkawas engaged in ritual cannibalism against defeated enemies ), a number of pro-Union tribes, including the Delawares, Wichitas, and Penateka Comanches, attacked the Tonkawas in 1862 as they tried to escape. The fight, known as the Tonkawa Massacre killed nearly half of the remaining Tonkawas, leaving them with little more than 100 people.

The tribe returned to Fort Griffin, Texas where they remained for the rest of the Civil War. After the war, the tribe was returned to Texas.

In October, 1884, the United States removed them, once again, to the new Oakland Agency in northern Indian Territory, where they have remained. This journey involved going to Cisco, Texas, where they boarded a railroad train that took them to Stroud in Indian Territory, where they spent the winter at the Sac and Fox Agency. The Tonkawas travelled 100 miles to the Ponca Agency, and arrived at nearby Fort Oakland on June 30, 1885.

On October 21, 1891, the tribe signed an agreement with the Cherokee Commission to accept individual allotments of land.

By 1921, only 34 tribal members remained. Their numbers have since increased to close to 950 as of 2023. The Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma incorporated under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act in 1938.

A 60 acre, was purchased by the Tonkawa Tribe in 2023 in commemoration of its status as a site sacred to the Tonkawa. Sugarloaf Mountain, the highest point in Milam County, Texas, will become part of a historical park.

Economy
The Tonkawa tribe operates a number of businesses which have an annual economic impact of over $10,860,657 (as of 2011). Along with several smoke shops, the tribe runs three different casinos: Tonkawa Indian Casino and Tonkawa Gasino located in Tonkawa, Oklahoma, and the Native Lights Casino in Newkirk, Oklahoma.

Events
The annual Tonkawa Powwow is held on the last weekend in June to commemorate the end of the tribe's own Trail of Tears when the tribe was forcefully removed and relocated from its traditional lands to present-day Oklahoma.

Tonkawa groups
The Tonkawa were made up of various groups. These groups are generally counted as Tonkawa:

 * Awash
 * Choyopan
 * Haiwal
 * Hatchuknni
 * Kwesh
 * Mayeye
 * Nilhailai
 * Ninchopen
 * Pakani
 * Pakhalateh
 * Sanukh
 * Talpkweyu
 * Titskanwaticha

title: Tonkawa


text:
Cassin Young

Cassin Young (March 6, 1894 – November 13, 1942) was a captain in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for his heroism during the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Biography
Young was born in Washington, D.C., on March 6, 1894. At the age of two he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where his father operated a drug store. After graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy on June 3, 1916, he served on the battleship USS Connecticut (BB-18) into 1919. He attended submarine school in 1919 and then spent several years in subs. During that period, he served on the USS R-22 (SS-99) and USS R-3 (SS-80). In 1921, he and his family returned from Panama and he assisted in outfitting the USS S-51. In January 1922, he served in Naval Communications on the staff of Commander Submarine Divisions, Battle Fleet, and at the Naval Academy.

During 1931 to 1933, Lieutenant Commander Young served on the battleship USS New York (BB-34). He was subsequently awarded command of the destroyer USS Evans (DD-78) and was assigned to the Eleventh Naval District from 1935 to 1937. After promotion to the rank of Commander, he commanded Submarine Division Seven and was stationed at Naval Submarine Base New London, in Groton, Connecticut.

When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, he was commanding officer of the repair ship USS Vestal (AR-4), which was badly damaged by Japanese bombs and the explosion of the battleship USS Arizona (BB-39). Commander Young rapidly organized offensive action, personally taking charge of one of Vestal's anti-aircraft guns. When Arizona's forward magazine exploded, the blast blew Young overboard. Although stunned, he was determined to save his ship by getting her away from the blazing Arizona. Swimming through burning oil back to Vestal, which was already damaged and about to be further damaged, Young got her underway and beached her, thus ensuring her later salvage. His heroism was recognized with the Medal of Honor.

Promoted to Captain in February 1942, he took command of the heavy cruiser USS San Francisco (CA-38) on November 9, 1942. On November 13, 1942, during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, he guided his ship in action with a superior Japanese force and was killed by enemy shells while closely engaging the battleship Hiei. Captain Young was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the campaign and San Francisco received the Presidential Unit Citation.

Military decorations
Young's decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
Medal of Honor citation:

"For distinguished conduct in action, outstanding heroism and utter disregard of his own safety, above and beyond the call of duty, as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. Vestal, during the attack on the Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, by enemy Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. Commander Young proceeded to the bridge and later took personal command of the 3-inch antiaircraft gun. When blown overboard by the blast of the forward magazine explosion of the U.S.S. Arizona, to which the U.S.S. Vestal was moored, he swam back to his ship. The entire forward part of the U.S.S. Arizona was a blazing inferno with oil afire on the water between the two ships; as a result of several bomb hits, the U.S.S. Vestal was afire in several places, was settling and taking on a list. Despite severe enemy bombing and strafing at the time, and his shocking experience of having been blown overboard, Commander Young, with extreme coolness and calmness, moved his ship to an anchorage distant from the U.S.S. Arizona, and subsequently beached the U.S.S. Vestal upon determining that such action was required to save his ship."

PRESENTATION DATE & DETAILS: APRIL 18, 1942 PEARL HARBOR, TERRITORY OF HAWAII, ONBOARD THE U.S.S. VESTAL, PRESENTED BY ADM. CHESTER W. NIMITZ

Captain Young's Medal of Honor is on display at the Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis MD.

Navy Cross citation
Navy Cross citation:

"For extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the Heavy Cruiser U.S.S. San Francisco, during an engagement with Japanese naval forces near Savo Island on the night of 12 - 13 November, 1942. On this occasion the force to which Captain Young was attached engaged at close quarters and defeated a superior enemy force, inflicting heavy damage upon them and preventing the accomplishment of their intended mission. This daring and intrepid attack, brilliantly executed, led to a great victory for his country's forces. By his indomitable fighting spirit, expert seamanship, and gallant devotion to duty, Captain Young contributed largely to the success of the battle and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country."

Namesake
In 1943, the destroyer USS Cassin Young (DD-793) was named in his honor. This famous destroyer has been restored and is now berthed at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston Harbor, across from the USS Constitution.

title: Cassin Young


text:
Invariant polynomial

In mathematics, an invariant polynomial is a polynomial $$P$$ that is invariant under a group $$\Gamma$$ acting on a vector space $$V$$. Therefore, $$P$$ is a $$\Gamma$$-invariant polynomial if

 * $$P(\gamma x) = P(x)$$

for all $$\gamma \in \Gamma$$ and $$x \in V$$.

Cases of particular importance are for Γ a finite group (in the theory of Molien series, in particular), a compact group, a Lie group or algebraic group. For a basis-independent definition of 'polynomial' nothing is lost by referring to the symmetric powers of the given linear representation of Γ.

title: Invariant polynomial


text:
Thompson language

The Thompson language, properly known as Nlaka'pamuctsin, also known as the Nlaka'pamux ('Nthlakampx') language, is an Interior Salishan language spoken in the Fraser Canyon, Thompson Canyon, Nicola Country of the Canadian province of British Columbia, and formerly in the North Cascades region of Whatcom and Chelan counties of the state of Washington in the United States. A dialect distinctive to the Nicola Valley is called Scw'exmx, which is the name of the subgroup of the Nlaka'pamux who live there.

Phonology
Nlaka'pamuctsin is a consonant-heavy language. The consonants can be divided into two subgroups: obstruents, which restrict airflow, and sonorants or resonants, which do not. The sonorants are often syllabic consonants, which can form syllables on their own without vowels.

Vowels
Stress is used with an acute accent; á.

Morphology and syntax
Researchers working in the Generative tradition have speculated that Salishan languages lack lexical categories such as nouns and verbs. Evidence for such an absence of contrast between parts of speech in Nlaka'pamuctsin come from a lack of clear morphological markers (e.g. morphemes) that differentiate nouns and verbs. Instead, generative linguists discuss morphology and syntax in Salishan based on a framework of predicates and particles. However, more contemporary work suggests a changing understanding of Salishan grammar. Some Salishanists believe that functional categories are not prescriptive of lexical categories. Work in Functional linguistics suggests that other factors beyond morphological evidence code lexical categories in languages. In Salishan, the distinction would be less overt than in some other languages.

Lexical suffixes
One morphological feature of Nlaka'pamuctsin is lexical suffixes. These are words that add nuance to predicates and can be affixed to the ends of root words to add their general meaning to that word. Thompson and Thompson assert that as a result of English language influence, speakers are using these more complex predicates less and less in favor of simpler predicates with complements and adjuncts, resulting in “a general decline in the exploitation of the rich synthetic resources of the language.”

title: Thompson language


text:
User talk:Beeblebrox87

Sorry, it seems that nobody has given you the formal welcome to Wikipedia. So if you don't mind...

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:24, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Beeblebrox87


text:
Bundesautobahn 8

is an autobahn in southern Germany that runs 497 km (309 mi) from the Luxembourg A13 motorway at Schengen via Neunkirchen, Pirmasens, Karlsruhe, Pforzheim, Stuttgart, Ulm, Augsburg and Munich to the Austrian West Autobahn near Salzburg. The A8 is a significant east–west transit route. Its construction began in March 1934 during Nazi rule as a Reichsautobahn, the section between Karlsruhe and Salzburg having been completed by the time road works were discontinued in World War II. Although most parts have been modernized and extended since, significant sections remain in their original configuration from the 1930s - 2+2 lanes, no emergency lanes, steep hills and tight curves. In combination with today's traffic this makes the A8 one of the most crowded and dangerous autobahns in Germany. Especially in winter the slopes of the Black Forest, the Swabian Alb near Aichelberg, as well as the Irschenberg become bottlenecks when heavy trucks traverse the A8 uphill.

As of 2016, the following sections have three lanes in each direction of travel: Karlsruhe - Pforzheim-North, Pforzheim-South - Stuttgart - Mühlhausen, AK Ulm/Elchingen - Augsburg - Munich-Eschenried, and AK Munich-South - AD Inntal. Other sections in Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate and Munich have two lanes in each direction of travel and follow current Autobahn standards. As of 2016, the following sections have sections which are either incomplete or do not comply with modern Autobahn standards: near Merzig (under construction), AK Neunkirchen - Zweibrücken (no emergency lanes yet), Enz crossing near Pforzheim (modernizing planned), Alb crossing Mühlhausen - Hohenstadt (planned), Hohenstadt - Ulm-West (under construction), Ulm-West - AK Ulm/Elchingen (planned)  and AD Inntal - Salzburg (planned). At least, complete section Karlsruhe - Salzburg will be extended to 3 + 3 lanes.

Incomplete
Plans for the section between Pirmasens and Karlsruhe were abandoned in the 1980s. Instead of this the B10 from Pirmasens to Landau is being widened. This is not completed as of early 2021. Also the Landau - Karlsruhe section was built as a part of A65 in the 90s. In Munich there is also a gap: the section from Augsburg ends in Munich-Obermenzing and the section from Salzburg ends in Munich-Ramersdorf. Transit traffic has to use the A99 north around Munich or the A995 west, "Mittlerer Ring" and A995 (shorter but incomplete autobahn)

Along the route
Near Merzig there used to be a section with only one lane in each direction, but it has been rebuilt as 2+2 lanes with hard shoulders.

Near Heusweiler wire netting was built over the autobahn as a faraday cage to protect vehicle electronics from radiation from Heusweiler high powered radio transmitter. The transmitter no longer operates and the wires have been removed, as of 2020.

Pirmasens-Winzeln is one of only four "left slip roads" in the German autobahn network: coming from Zweibrücken, the left lane is the exit to Winzeln and the right lane stays on the A8; access from Winzeln leads to the left lane. In the direction towards Zweibrücken, the exit and entry are normal. An interchange between the A8 and A62 was planned here, but following the cancellation of the A8 Pirmasens - Karlsruhe section the "interchange" was used for the Winzeln exit.

In Gruibingen (Stuttgart - Ulm section) Gruibingen motorway services was built according to feng shui philosophy.

At Drakensteiner Hang, between Mühlhausen im Täle and Hohenstadt (Stuttgart - Ulm section), the A8 is divided into separate northbound and southbound routes on either side of the peak.

Near Adelsried (Ulm - Munich section) is the Autobahnkirche ("motorway church") Maria, Schutz der Reisenden ("Mary, patron saint of travellers"). It was built in 1956 as the first of 42 motorway churches in Germany.

For the expansion of the Ulm/Elchingen - Augsburg - Munich section, a new kind of financial funding was used, an operator model: consortiums of constructing companies funded the work themselves and in return they receive lorry road charges for 30 years. They are also responsible for maintenance during this period.

For transit traffic around Munich is signposted to use the orbital motorway A99 north/east at Eschenried and Munich-South interchanges. But those who are familiar with place often use A99 west - Mittlerer Ring - A995 as a shorter route, which can be faster if the traffic is light. However this route is narrower and leads through Munich so is more congested, therefore the authorities want to keep transit traffic out of town.

Austria charges tolls for use of its autobahns, so many drivers who do not want to pay for the short section to the border near Salzburg use the Bad Reichenhall or Schwarzbach exits which sometimes causes traffic jams on the local country roads.

title: Bundesautobahn 8


text:
Divergence-from-randomness model

In the field of information retrieval, divergence from randomness, one of the first models, is one type of probabilistic model. It is basically used to test the amount of information carried in the documents. It is based on Harter's 2-Poisson indexing-model. The 2-Poisson model has a hypothesis that the level of the documents is related to a set of documents which contains words occur relatively greater than the rest of the documents. It is not a 'model', but a framework for weighting terms using probabilistic methods, and it has a special relationship for term weighting based on notion of eliteness.

Term weights are being treated as the standard of whether a specific word is in that set or not. Term weights are computed by measuring the divergence between a term distribution produced by a random process and the actual term distribution.

Divergence from randomness models set up by instantiating the three main components of the framework: first selecting a basic randomness model, then applying the first normalization and at last normalizing the term frequencies. The basic models are from the following tables.

Definition
The divergence from randomness is based on this idea: "The more the divergence of the within-document term-frequency from its frequency within the collection, the more the information carried by the word t in document d. In other words, the term-weight is inversely related to the probability of term-frequency within the document d obtained by a model M of randomness." (By terrier.org)

$$\text{weight}(t|d) =k\text{Prob}_M(t\in d|\text{Collection})$$ (Formula 1)

It is possible that we use different urn models to choose the appropriate model M of randomness. In Information Retrieval, we have documents instead of urns, and terms instead of colors. There are several ways to choose M, each of these has a basic divergence from randomness model to support it.
 * 1) M represents the type of model of randomness which employs to calculate the probability.
 * 2) d is the total number of words in the documents.
 * 3) t is the number of a specific word in d.
 * 4) k is defined by M.

Basic Models
D     Divergence approximation of the binomial P     Approximation of the binomial BE       Bose-Einstein distribution G Geometric approximation of the  Bose-Einstein I(n)  Inverse Document Frequency Model I(F)  Inverse Term Frequency Model I(ne) Inverse Expected Document Frequency Model

DFR Models
BB2   Bernoulli-Einstein model with Bernoulli after-effect and normalization 2. IFB2   Inverse Term Frequency model with Bernoulli after-effect and normalization 2. In-expB2 Inverse Expected Document Frequency model with Bernoulli after-effect and normalization 2. The logarithms are base 2. This model can be used for classic ad-hoc tasks. In-expC2 Inverse Expected Document Frequency model with Bernoulli after-effect and normalization 2. The logarithms are base e. This model can be used for classic ad-hoc tasks. InL2   Inverse Document Frequency model with Laplace after-effect and normalization 2. This model can be used for tasks that require early precision. PL2   Poisson model with Laplace after-effect and normalization 2. This model can be used for tasks that require early precision[7,8].

First Normalization
When a specific rare term cannot be found in a document, then in that document the term has approximately zero probability of being informative. On the other hand, if a rare term occurs frequently in a document, therefore it can have a very high, near 100% probability to be informative for the topic that mentioned by the document. Applying to Ponte and Croft's language model can also be a good idea. Notice that a risk component is considered in the DFR. Logically speaking, if the term-frequency in the document is relatively high, then inversely the risk for the term of not being informative is relatively small. Say we have a Formula 1 giving a high value, then a minimal risk has the negative effect of showing small information gain. So we choose to organize the weight of Formula 1 to only consider the portion of which is the amount of information gained with the term. The more the term occurs in the elite set, the less term-frequency is due to randomness, and thus the smaller the associated risk is. We basically apply two models to compute the information gain with a term within a document: the Laplace L model, the ratio of two Bernoulli's processes B.

Term frequency normalization
Before using the within-document frequency tf of a term, the document-length dl is normalized to a standard length sl. Therefore, the term-frequencies tf are recalculated with the respect to the standard document-length, that is: tfn = tf * log(1+ sl/dl) (normalization 1) tfn represents the normalized term frequency. Another version of the normalization formula is the following: tfn = tf * log(1 + c*(sl/dl)) (normalization 2) Normalization 2 is usually considered to be more flexible, since there is no fixed value for c.
 * 1) tf is the term-frequency of the term t in the document d
 * 2) dl is the document-length.
 * 3) sl is the standard length.

Sampling space V
Utility-Theoretic Indexing developed by Cooper and Maron is a theory of indexing based on utility theory. To reflect the value for documents that is expected by the users, index terms are assigned to documents. Also, Utility-Theoretic Indexing is related an "event space" in the statistical word. There are several basic spaces Ω in the Information Retrieval. A really simple basic space Ω can be the set V of terms t, which is called the vocabulary of the document collection. Due to Ω=V is the set of all mutually exclusive events, Ω can also be the certain event with probability: P(V)= Σ(t∈V)P(t)=1 Thus P, the probability distribution, assigns probabilities to all sets of terms for the vocabulary. Notice that the basic problem of Information Retrieval is to find an estimate for P(t). Estimates are computed on the basis of sampling and the experimental text collection furnishes the samples needed for the estimation. Now we run into the main concern which is how do we treat two arbitrary but heterogeneous pieces of texts appropriately. Paragons like a chapter in a Science Magazine and an article from a sports newspaper as the other. They can be considered as two different samples since those aiming at different population.

Sampling with a document
The relationship of the document with the experiments is made by the way in which the sample space is chosen. In IR, term experiment, or trial, is used here with a technical meaning rather than a common sense. For example, a document could be an experiment which means the document is a sequence of outcomes t∈V, or just a sample of a population. We will talk about the event of observing a number Xt =tf of occurrences of a given word t in a sequence of experiments. In order to introduce this event space, we should introduce the product of the probability spaces associated with the experiments of the sequence. We could introduce our sample space to associate a point with possible configurations of the outcomes. The one-to-one correspondence for sample space can be defined as: Ω=Vld Where ld is the number of trials of the experiment or in this example, the length of a document. We can assume that each outcome may or may not depend on the outcomes of the previous experiments. If the experiments are designed so that an outcome is influencing the next outcomes, then the probability distribution on V is different at each trial. But, more commonly, in order to establish the simpler case when the probability space is invariant in IR, the term independence assumption is often made. Therefore, all possible configurations ofΩ=Vld are considered equiprobable. Considering this assumption, we can consider each document a Bernoulli process. The probability spaces of the product are invariant and the probability of a given sequence is the product of the probabilities at each trial. Consequently, if p=P(t) is the prior probability that the outcome is t and the number of experiments is ld we obtain the probability of Xt=tf is equal to: P(Xt=tf|p)=(ld pick tf)ptfqld-tf Which is the sum of the probability of all possible configurations having tf outcomes out of ld. P(Xt=tf|p) is a probability distribution because Σ(t∈V)P(Xt=tf|p)=(p+q)ld=1
 * 1) ld The length of document d.
 * 2) tf The term frequency of t in document d.
 * 3) Xt The number of occurrence of a specific word in one list.

Multiple samplings
Already considering the hypothesis of having a single sample, we need to consider that we have several samples, for example, a collection D of documents. The situation of having a collection of N documents is abstractly equivalent to the scheme of placing a certain number Tot of V colored types of balls in a collection of N cells. For each term t∈V a possible configuration of ball placement satisfies the equations: tf1+...+tfN=Ft And the condition F1+...+FV=Tot Where Ft is the number of balls of the same color t to be distributed in the N cells. We have thus changed the basic space. The outcome of our experiment will be the documents d in which the ball will be placed. Also, we will have a lot of possible configurations consistent with the number of colored balls.
 * 1) Ft The total number of tokens of t in the collection.
 * 2) Tot The total number of tokens in the collection D

Conclusion
The divergence from Randomness Model is based on the Bernoulli model and its limiting forms, the hypergeometric distribution, Bose-Einstein statistics and its limiting forms, the compound of the binomial distribution with the beta distribution, and the fat-tailed distribution. Divergence from randomness model shows a unifying framework that has the potential constructing a lot of different effective models of IR.

Applications and Characteristics

 * 1) The Divergence from randomness model can be applied in automatic indexing in Information Retrieval. These can be explained as the dissertation eliteness，the notion of an informative content of a term within a document.
 * 2) The effectiveness of the models based on divergence from randomness is very high in comparison with both BM25 and language model. For short queries, the performance of the models of divergence from randomness is definitely better than the BM25 Model, which since 1994 has been used as a standard baseline for the comparison of the models.
 * 3) The Divergence from randomness model can show the best performance with only a few documents comparing to other query expansion skills.
 * 4) The framework of Divergence from randomness model is very general and flexible. With the query expansion provided for each component, we can apply different technologies in order to get the best performance.

Proximity
Proximity can be handled within divergence from randomness to consider the number of occurrences of a pair of query terms within a window of pre-defined size. To specify, the DFR Dependence Score Modifier DSM implements both the pBiL and pBiL2 models, which calculate the randomness divided by the document's length, rather than the statistics of the pair in the corpus the pair in the corpus.

Examples of divergence from randomness
Let t be a term and c be a collection. Let the term occur in tfc=nL(t,c)=200 locations, and in df(t,c)=nL(t,c)=100 documents. The expected average term frequency is avgtf(t,c)=200/100=2; this is the average over the documents in which the term occurs. Let N.D(c)=1000 be the total amounts of documents. The term's occurrence is 10% in the documents: P.D(t|c)=100/1000. The expected average term frequency is 200/1000=1/5, and this is the average over all documents. The term frequency is shown as Kt =0,...,6. The following table show the column nD is the number of Documents that contains kt occurrence of t, shown as nD(t,c,kt). Another column nL is the number of Locations at which the term occurs follows by this equation: nL=kt*nD. The columns to the right show the observed and Poisson probabilities. P obs,elite(Kt) is the observed probability over all documents. P poisson,all,lambda(Kt) is the Poisson probability, where lambda(t,c)=nL(t,c)/N D(c)=0.20 is the Poisson parameter. The table illustrates how the observed probability is different from the Poisson probability. P poisson(1) is greater than P obs(1), whereas for kt>1.the observed probabilities are greater than the Poisson probabilities. There is more mass in the tail of the observed distribution than the Poisson distribution assumes. Moreover, the columns to the right illustrate the usage of the elite documents instead of all documents. Here, the single event probability is based on the locations of elite documents only.

Further interest of examples

 * 1)  Adjusting document length.
 * 2)  Applying DFR in content-only XML Documents
 * 3)  Introduction to DFR models

title: Divergence-from-randomness model


text: User talk:84.243.91.102

title: User talk:84.243.91.102


text:
User talk:Sven Viking

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:28, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sven Viking


text:
Titus Vestricius Spurinna

Titus Vestricius Spurinna (c. 24 – after 105 AD ) was a Roman senator, consul, and a friend and role model of Pliny the Younger. He was consul at least twice, the first time possibly in 72, and the second in the year 98 as the colleague of the emperor Trajan. Spurinna is one of the correspondents in Pliny's Letters, and had literary interests of his own, including writing lyric poetry. Pliny says dinner parties at his home were often enlivened by scenes from Roman comedy.

Pliny admired Vestricius Spurinna for his active but orderly life as a septuagenarian. He enjoyed conversation, reading and writing, exercise, and bathing. His diet was simple but good, and he enjoyed the full use of his faculties, remaining both physically and mentally vigorous.

Life
"The origins of Vestricius Spurinna is nowhere documented," writes Ronald Syme, then a few lines later states he was "presumably a Transpadane". Syme also notes that Spurinna's gentilicium and cognomen both are Etruscan, then states the gentilicium, Vestricius, appears only one other time in the entire Italian peninsula, in an inscription at Florentia.

Spurinna first appears in history during the Year of the Four Emperors, when Appius Annius Gallus, one of Otho's generals, put him in command of a detachment of some 3,000 men, to garrison Placentia, while Gallus occupied Verona. Spurinna commanded an unruly force, far too eager to engage their counterparts on the Vitellian side. When he tried to keep this force inside the city, the troops threatened to mutiny; as a wily move, Spurinna agreed to their demands. The next day the soldiers marched forth; when nightfall came, they were surprised to find they must construct a camp. According to standard Roman practice, this would include digging a trench and erecting a wall around the encampment. When the soldiers started having second thoughts, their officers seized the opportunity to praise "Spurinna's foresight in selecting Placentia as a strongpoint." The men acquiesced and marched back to Placentia where they enthusiastically set to work on improving the city's fortifications.

Spurinna's role in the following First Battle of Bedriacum is not recorded; Syme notes Tacitus allows him "to fade out, perhaps mercifully: there is no sign of his whereabouts during the battle or the surrender." It is possible that Tacitus learned of Spurinna's handling of his unruly troops from Spurinna himself; Syme suggests as much, then in a footnote admits, "Not, however, that Tacitus' account need derive anywhere directly from Spurinna, although the old fellow was still alive c. 105"

He is said to have "held no office under Domitian after it became dishonorable to do so," but under Nerva, Spurinna was governor of Germania Inferior in 97, at the age of 73. He was awarded a triumphal statue for his military service.

Family
The wife of Vestricius Spurinna was Cottia, who was probably considerably younger. They had at least one son, who died around 97 or 98 AD before he had begun a political career, which typically began at the age of thirty. Pliny refers to the son as Cottius, from his mother's nomen, an example of how in the Imperial era sons might preserve their mother's name as well as their father's.

title: Titus Vestricius Spurinna


text:
User:Rickscholz

About Me

 * 1974: I was born at O'Conner Hospital in San Jose, California.
 * 1980-1984: Attended Laneview Elementary School in San Jose, California.
 * 1984-1986: Attended Northwood Elementary School in San Jose, California.
 * 1986-1989: Attended Morrill Middle School in San Jose, California.
 * 1989-1993: Attended Independence High School in San Jose, California. Graduated in 1993.
 * 1993-1999: Attended Concordia University, Irvine in Irvine, California. Graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics. Continued at Concordia until 1999 to earn California Teaching Credential in Mathematics and a Lutheran Teaching Certificate.
 * 1997-1998: Served as Assistant Director of Instructional Technology at Concordia University, Irvine.
 * 1999: Student taught at El Toro High School and Lutheran High School of Orange County.
 * 1999 to Present: Called to teach at Valley Lutheran High School in Phoenix, Arizona.
 * 2001: Purchased a house in Anthem, Arizona.

title: User:Rickscholz


text:
Tonkawa language

The Tonkawa language was spoken in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico by the Tonkawa people. A language isolate, with no known related languages, Tonkawa has not had L1 (first language) speakers since the mid 1900s. Most Tonkawa people now only speak English, but revitalization is underway.

Vowels
Tonkawa has 10 vowels:

 * Each vowel is distinguished by the quality of sound and the length of the vowel.
 * The vowels occur in five pairs that have differing vowel lengths (i.e. short vowels vs. long vowels).
 * In the front and the mid back vowel pairs, the short vowels are phonetically lower than their long counterparts: →,  → ,  →.
 * The low vowels vary between central and back articulations:.
 * Vowels that are followed by j and w are slightly raised in their position of articulation

Consonants
Tonkawa has 15 consonants:

 * The affricate and fricative  vary freely between dental and postalveolar articulations, i.e.  and . There is a tendency for  to occur at the end of words (but no tendency for ).
 * The other coronals are consistently dental.
 * The dorsal obstruents are produced with a palatal place of articulation before front vowels, otherwise they are velar:
 * The dorsal approximants are consistently palatal and labiovelar respectively.
 * The dorsal approximants are consistently palatal and labiovelar respectively.

Consonant clusters
There are two environments in which consonant clusters occur in Tonkawa:
 * when a consonant is repeated
 * when the cluster is within the syllable

Repeated or identical consonants are treated as one unit. However, the condition that causes this repetition has not been fully analyzed. There are cases where the glottal stop is not used in the cluster or combination
 * Example: ' 'he scrapes it' versus ' 'lightning strikes him'

There are certain consonants that can either begin or end in a cluster. However, if the cluster begins the syllable, there can be no intervening vowel.
 * Initial Cluster Consonants:
 * Final Cluster Consonants:

Phonological processes and morphophonemics
Initial stem syllables that begin with h-
 * the h- is dropped when a prefix is added
 * if the syllable is C + V, then the vowel is lengthened and given the quality of the stem vowel.
 * if the syllable ends in a consonant, then the initial stem forms a new syllable with the final consonant of the prefix.

Final stem syllables
 * Forms: C V w or C V y
 * The form changes to C if followed by a suffix that starts with a consonant
 * If a long vowel occurs the suffixes change from (-we/-/) to (- or -o//-)

An interesting feature of Tonkawan phonology is that the vowels in even-numbered syllables are reduced. That is, long vowels are shortened, while short vowels disappear. Analyses of this were given by Kisseberth (1970), Phelps (1973, 1975) and Noske (1993).

Syllable structure
The Tonkawa language is a syllabic language that bases its word and sentence prosody on even stressed syllables.
 * Disyllabic words are when the stress is placed on the final syllable.
 * Polysyllabic words are when the stress is moved to the next to last syllable, the penult.

There are five types of syllable arrangements: (CL consonant, CC: consonant cluster, V: vowel)
 * C + V → ka-la 'mouth'
 * C + V + C → tan-kol 'back of head'
 * CC + V →  'he scrapes it'
 * CC + V + C →  'lightning strikes him'
 * C + V + or / /  →  jam- 'I paint his face'

Morphology
The morphemes in Tonkawa can be divided as follows:

I. Themes In Tonkawa the theme is composed of morphologic units. The basic unit is the stem. The stem is composed of two elements (the consonant and vowel) and modified by affixes. The theme, or stem, is functional, which means it changes as more affixation is added. This leads to the fusion of the stem and affix where it becomes difficult to isolate the word into its smaller units.
 * Free – the stem can stand alone
 * Bound – the stem must have a suffix or prefix attached; it cannot stand alone

II. Affixes
 * Transformative – the affix changes the meaning and/or function of the word
 * Verbal – the affix changes a certain aspect of the verb
 * Noun and Pronoun – the affix changes a certain aspect of the noun or pronoun

III. Enclitics

Grammar
In English, pronouns, nouns, verbs, etc., are individual words; Tonkawa forms the parts of speech differently, and the most important grammatical function is affixation. This process shows the subjects, objects, and pronouns of words and/or verbs. Within affixations, the suffix has more importance than the prefix.

The differentiation between subject and object is shown in the suffix. While the word order tends to be subject-object-verb (SOV), compounding words is very common in Tonkawa. Reduplication is very common in Tonkawa and affects only the verb themes. Usually, only one syllable undergoes reduplication, and it notes a repeated action, vigorous action, or a plural subject.

Nouns
Nouns function as free themes, or stems, in Tonkawa. There is a limit of only two or three affixes that can compound with a noun. However, there are cases of a bound theme occurring in noun compounds, which occurs with the suffix -an is added. In English, pronouns and nouns are usually grouped together, but because pronouns in Tonkawa are bound themes, they will be discussed with the verb section.

Verbs
Verbs are bound morphemes that have a limit of only two themes, the second theme being the modifying theme and usually serving as an adverbial theme. However, if the suffix -/-wa is added the verb functions as a free theme.

Pronouns
Pronouns are not used except for emphasis on the subject and are affixated as prefixes. Person and number are usually indicated by the affixation of the verb. Most pronouns are bound themes, especially the demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative adverbs can be formed by adding -ca 'place', -l 'direction', -c 'manner' to the demonstrative pronouns below.
 * Example: 'that one aforementioned' + ca 'place = ' 'that place aforementioned'

Interrogative pronouns can be formed by adding the prefix he- to the demonstrative pronouns as well by using the same format for the demonstrative adverbs.
 * Example: he 'interrogative' + 'this' + l 'direction' =  'where'

Indefinite pronouns can also be formed with affixation. (Interrogative + )
 * Example: 'what' +  =  'anything, something, anyone, someone'

Also within the verbal-prefix category are the causatives and, where  is the older form.

Verb suffixes
Verb suffixes are important in Tonkawa because they usually indicate the tense, negativity, and manner (outside of what is conveyed in the aforementioned prefixes) of the action performed.

Enclitics
Enclitics are bound morphemes that are suffixed to verbs, nouns, and demonstratives that end with -k. Enclitics often express modal concepts in Tonkawa, which occur in the declarative, interrogative, and quotative/narrative clauses or statements.

Writing system
The orthography used on the Tonkawa Tribe's website is based on Americanist phonetic notation.

Long vowels are indicated with a following middle dot $⟨·⟩$. The affricate is written $⟨c⟩$. The glottal stop is written as a saltillo $⟨⟩$. The palatal glide is written $⟨y⟩$.

The phonemic orthography used in Hoijer's Tonkawa Texts is in a slightly different version of Americanist transcription. It uses a colon for long vowels $⟨꞉⟩$ and the IPA glottal stop letter ⟨ʔ⟩.

Example
The following text is the first four sentences of Coyote and Jackrabbit, from Hoijer's Tonkawa Texts.

 * ha·csokonayla ha·nanoklaknoˀo xamˀalˀa·yˀik. ˀe·kʷa tanmaslakʷa·low hecne·laklaknoˀo lak. ha·csokonayla "ˀo·c!" noklaknoˀo.  "ˀekʷanesxaw sa·ken nenxales!" noklaknoˀo.  ˀe·ta tanmaslakʷa·lowa·ˀa·lak hewleklaknoˀo.

Gloss:

 * Coyote / he was going along, S / on the prairie. When he did so / Jackrabbit / he was lying, S / (accus.).  Coyote / "Oho!" / he said, S.  "Horse /my / I have found it!" / he said, S.  And then / that Jackrabbit afm / he caught him, S.

In this gloss, S is an abbreviation for "it is said", and afm for "the aforementioned".

Vocabulary

title: Tonkawa language


text:
Retaruke River

The Retaruke River is a river in the North Island of New Zealand. It joins with the Whanganui River at Whakahoro just above Wade's Landing and downstream from Taumarunui. The river flows through the farming communities of Upper and then Lower Retaruke Valley. Downstream from this junction is the Mangapurua Landing with its Bridge to Nowhere, servicing the ill-fated Mangapurua Valley farming community.

Geology
Most of the valley is made up of Early Miocene Mahoenui Group rocks. About 65,000 years ago movement of the Waimarino Fault probably allowed capture of the Waimarino Stream and/or Makatote River by the Manganuiateao River, which would have reduced erosion by ending the incidence of lahars and reducing flows in the Retaruke River.

Coal was discovered in 1909 in the Late Miocene Whangamomona Group. During the 1960s and 1970s, an opencast coal mine operated at the top end of Retaruke Road. Between 1938 and 1984 it produced about 3,000 tons of coal.

Upper Retaruke valley community
1 kilometre up the Upper Retaruke Valley road is the location of the annual Kaitieke Collie club sheepdog trials. Next is the location of a "Victory Hall". Further up the valley there was a coal mine, and it was along the upper Retaruke river that fossil whalebones were found by Ken McNaught.

Kaitieke County
The Retaruke valley is contained within the original Kaitieke County.

This county was created by the Kaitieke County Act 1910 from portions of Waimarino and West Taupo Counties. Its eastern boundary was the Main Trunk line from Erua to Taumarunui, and its western boundary was the Whanganui River down to Te Auroa, about 7 km east of Waitotara. Other settlements in the county included Manunui, Raurimu, Ōwhango, Kakahi, and Piriaka. Manunui Town Board was split from the county in 1911 and the county became part of Taumarunui County in 1956.

The Kaitieke Council Chambers were located at Raurimu near the old Raurimu District High School.

The Kaitieke County stockyards are located at the junction of the Upper and Lower Retaruke Roads -39.0925°N, 175.24783°W. There stands the World War I memorial, a set of stockyards for auctioning of sheep stock, and a defunct manual telephone exchange. Previously in near proximity to the stockyards, there was a postal depot, a general store and then an automatic telephone exchange.

Lower Retaruke valley community
Portions of the Lower Retaruke Valley were settled about 1900 by government run farm ballot. Other portions were independently purchased from the Māori community. The land was then cleared, grassed, and sheep flocks herded in from Raurimu to stock the hills.

The valley previously had a tiny Mangaroa Primary School(-39.12033°N, 175.13433°W). At a location further up there still remain the community hall and sports field, here there are annual children's Christmas parties, occasional Dances/Social and the annual Retaruke Easter Sports Day are run.

Access to the Valley is via three main roads: Oio Road, Kawautahi Road or the Raurimu-Kaitieke Road from Raurimu. However, on foot the valley can be accessed via the old Mangapurua Road, or by jetboat or via the Whanganui River. (Other access routes such as the Kokako Road & Kuotoroa East Road (to Ruatiti), Te Mata Road from Whakahoro to Taumarunui have long since been abandoned. Some of these roads were examples of pack horse tracks that were expanded to roads during the Great Depression 1930s as job creation schemes.)

Historically, the wealth of the valley has come from the production of wool. Early on there were also some small dairy farms producing cream/"butterfat" for the Kaitieke dairy factory that was located in Piriaka near Taumarunui.

Reserves
The Retaruke valley has several scenic reserves. Hautonu 9 acre, Papapotu 28 acre, Ngataumata 7 acre, Ngamoturiki 12 acre and Rotokahu 312 acre were gazetted in 1913 and Ngamoturiki 12.5857 ha in 1979. The original vegetation was mainly rimu, rata, tawa, hinau, rewarewa, hard beech, and kamahi. Since about 1960, many kamahi around the headwaters of the river have died. The highest and steepest hills in the Retaruke catchment have residual tawa-dominated stands or secondary growth of kamahi and some kanuka and rewarewa. The rest of the valley was largely converted from native bush to pasture in about 40 years from the 1880s.

title: Retaruke River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cleotus Scott Sipe

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 18:54, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

Cleotus Scott Sipe
Hoax? Zero Google hits for this guy under any name, and the aphorism is at best an urban legend. RickK 06:33, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- unless verifiable - Longhair | Talk 06:35, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Story appears in Best Little Stories from the Civil War by C. Brian Kelly, Ingrid Smyer. A little obscure for google - User:BatMan | User talk:BatMan 06:59, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment actually made by 66.152.52.229 who may or may not be User:BatMan.
 * What does Andrew Jackson have to do with the Civil War? RickK 08:23, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. Zzyzx11 | Talk 07:12, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable, possible hoax. Megan1967 08:30, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looking through the index of Best Little Stories from the Civil War (as mentioned above), shows no sign of a "Cleotus Scott Sipe". Not that I expected it to anyway. And, hey, if this ever is verified (haha) then it could be reposted... R Calvete 18:57, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
 * Delete Cburnett 06:29, May 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Davidwestling2

I live in the United States. My interests include German philosophy, particularly the period known as the Vormarz, artistic modernism, and political philosophy.

title: User:Davidwestling2


text:
Bundesautobahn 94

is an autobahn in southern Germany. When completed, it will connect Munich with Passau. Currently, only the parts Munich-Burghausen, and Malching-Kirchham have been built. Between Burghausen and Simbach am Inn, there is a 14 kilometer, two-lane section that is signed as Bundesstraße 12. Provisions for an upgrade to A 94 exist here.

The route between Forstinning and Heldenstein was the subject of a decades-long debate.

History
In the original plans for the A 94, the section between Simbach and Passau was not planned. Instead, the A 94 was supposed to cross the Inn to the Austrian border, at which point it would continue through the Innviertel to Ried im Innkreis and connect to the Austrian A 8 towards Vienna. This path would have decreased travel time from Munich to Vienna compared to the route via Salzburg. Provisions for such a routing were built in Simbach and in Ried. However, since Austria did not want to burden the Innviertel with traffic, the plan was given up on the Austrian side. After this, on the German side, the plans were changed so that the A 94 connected with the A 3 at Pocking/Neuhaus am Inn. This makes an eventual northern extension to the Czech border possible.

At one point, a route from Mühldorf to Pfarrkirchen to Pocking was planned. Under this plan, today's A 94 section from Mühldorf to Simbach would have been given the designation A 942.

Exit list
(Austria)

 * }

title: Bundesautobahn 94


text:
Yamaha Genesis engine

"Genesis" is Yamaha's marketing name for a range of innovative, high-performance multi-valve four-stroke motorcycle engines. The flexible design of the engine allowed Yamaha to use it on a variety of configurations, from sport bikes to outboard engines.

The five-valve engine
The DOHC Genesis engine has five valves per cylinder and downdraft carburetors. Yamaha adopted the 5-valve concept, using three intake valves and two exhaust valves per cylinder, because it allowed both excellent volumetric efficiency and high RPM. As designers began to appreciate the benefits of multi-valve layout, 4-valves-per-cylinder (and even 3-valves) became common. In a multivalve engine, maximum RPM is limited by the size of the largest valves: in a 3-valver, the exhaust valve is larger, and in a 4-valver, the inlet valves are larger. The significance of the five-valve engine compared to other multivalve configurations engines is that, like a 3-valver, there were more intake valves than exhaust valves, yet all valves were small and of very similar sizes and weights.

Downdraft carburetors were adopted for improved gas flow, but, for motorcycles, a perceived disadvantage was that the intake airbox was above the engine, taking up space from the fuel tank, rather than being sited conventionally behind the engine. However, this apparent disadvantage was an advantage as it allowed for pressurization of the airbox. Also, Yamaha dealt with this apparent loss of fuel tank volume by building the tank lower and using an electric fuel pump to pump fuel to the bank of carburetors above. A deeper fuel tank also gave a small advantage as it centralized weight and moved the CoG lower.

What could be argued is that the Genesis concept (not just the inclination of the engine, although on the FZ750 was a radical 45 degrees, on the FZR1000 a less radical 35 degrees, a feature now generally universally used in the modern (post 1990) sport bike thus allowing downdraft air induction and airbox pressurization, but also the use of beam frames as opposed to spine or perimeter frames previously commonly used) set the architecture for the modern sport bike.

Applications
The Genesis engine first appeared on the 1985 Yamaha FZ750 and was later used on a variety of motorcycles for different kinds of markets. The design was used for parallel-twins (such as the TDM and the TRX) as well as for four-cylinder models. Both fours and twins had the cylinder block slanted forwards 45 degrees. The Genesis engine was also used in the Yamaha YZF-R1, FZX700, FZ750, and the USA-only FZ700.

Other applications ranged from the Supersport YZF-R6 and YZF-R1 models, using electronic fuel injection with YCCT and YCCI, to the less extreme but still powerful Yamaha FZ6 (4 valve per cylinder) and FZ1 Fazer line, which had a simpler fuel injection design but was the same basic engine design. The most significant changes made were the 4-valve per cylinder configuration and the crossplane crankshaft found on the YZF-R1 in 2009, along with the change of cylinder sleeves to steel for high precision and high temperature durability. Throughout its long period of production, the Genesis range has successfully provided performance and reliability.

Because of its high performance capacity (usually from 100 BHP - 350 BHP), the engine has also been employed in various other uses such as gyroplanes and high power marine engines, making it an affordable solution for high performance applications. The engine is also used in a racecar championship in Norway called SevenRacing. It is a copy of Lotus Super Seven, and is produced by MK and Stuart Taylor.

title: Yamaha Genesis engine


text:
Frøslev Prison Camp

Frøslev Camp (Frøslevlejren, Polizeigefangenenlager Fröslee) was an internment camp in German-occupied Denmark during World War II.

In order to avoid deportation of Danes to German concentration camps, Danish authorities suggested, in January 1944, that an internment camp be created in Denmark. The German occupation authorities consented, and the camp was erected near the village of Frøslev in the south-west of Denmark, close to the German border. From mid-August until the end of the German occupation in May 1945, 12,000 prisoners passed through the camp's gates. Most of them were suspected members of the Danish resistance movement, Communists and other political prisoners. Living conditions in the camp were generally tolerable, but 1,600 internees were deported to German concentration camps, where 220 of them died (approximate numbers).

Towards the end of the war, the Swedish count Folke Bernadotte tried to get all Scandinavian concentration camp prisoners to Sweden. Simultaneously, the Danish administration negotiated with the Germans about rescue of the Danish prisoners in Germany. As a result of these efforts, many Scandinavian prisoners came with the White Buses from the German camps. In March and April 1945, 10,000 Danish and Norwegian captives were brought home from Germany. Some of the returning prisoners came to Frøslev Prison Camp. Among those were some of the 1,960 deported Danish policemen, who had been arrested and deported on 19 September 1944.

After the war
When the German occupation ended, the prisoners were released, only to be immediately replaced with suspected Nazi collaborators, and the camp's name was changed to Fårhus Camp (Fårhuslejren). The internment camp was now run by the Danish resistance movement, and among those interned was Frits Clausen, former leader of the Danish Nazi party. Later on, the Danish state took over from the resistance movement, using the camp as the country's largest correctional facility for convicted collaborators.

By 1949 most collaborators had served their sentences, and the camp was converted to army barracks under the name of Padborg Camp (Padborglejren). The Frøslev Prison Camp Museum (Frøslevlejrens Museum) was inaugurated in 1969. According to a 2001 agreement, the camp will be preserved as a national memorial park. Some parts of the original 1944–45 prison camp, which had been demolished, have now been reconstructed, including a watchtower and a portion of the barbed-wire fence. The area also houses a residential continuation high school named Frøslevlejrens Efterskole.

title: Frøslev Prison Camp


text:
Talk:Battlestar Galactica (disambiguation)

Why Battlestar Galactica should be referenced in the disambiguation page

 * 03:18, 7 Apr 2005 user:Val42 Added "Battlestar Galactica (ship)"
 * 20:08, 7 Apr 2005 user:AlistairMcMillan Remove ship link.
 * 10:35, 21 Apr 2005 user:67.68.65.210 +ship - exactly why is this not in disambiguation? It is the name of the ship
 * 14:58, 23 Apr 2005 AlistairMcMillan Remove link to REDIRECT.
 * 02:18, 24 Apr 2005 user:69.156.69.243 instead of removing the link to the redirect, you should FIX IT! It is a disambiguation page, the SHIP *SHOULD* APPEAR!
 * 20:14, 24 Apr 2005 AlistairMcMillan Revert. If you think the subject is that important, go write a non-stub article on the subject that isn't filled with speculation, then create a link here.
 * 06:31, 26 Apr 2005 user:70.49.71.75 REVERT - this is a disambiguation page! DISAMBIGUATE! The Galactica ship disambiguation points to your bloody Battlestar compendium page, as it properly should!

 * Battlestar Galactica is the name of a ship. If someone is looking for said ship, clicking on the link to Battlestar is the proper place to go. This is a disambiguation page, it is supposed to disambiguate things. AlistairMcMillan, why do you not wish to point to the proper location for information? Is this not the function of a disambiguation page? Should it not point to the proper articles? 70.49.71.75 06:37, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Battlestar is perfectly adequate for describing the specific ship. No separate article is needed. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:07, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the requester is asking if the disambiguation page should point to Battlestar itself? Correct me if I'm wrong. IMHO it should point to wherever the Battlestar Galactica information is located. 132.205.45.148 17:26, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think my last edit is an elegant solution to the problem, what do you folks think? — Phil Welch 08:48, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks good to me 132.205.45.148 17:46, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Allistair McMillan has removed the ship link again, I've reverted 132.205.46.166 00:56, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

I added a "see also" section for the other uses of Battlestar --Viannah 00:07, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Photoplay?
"Photoplay" covers both television and movie presentations. But I'll let "television" be used since most people don't know that the pilot was first released theatrically in Canada, Western Europe, and Japan in July, 1978 in an edited 125-minute version. Val42 23:49, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Intermixing
I've just been reviewing some of the Battlestar Galactica articles and have found that there is quite a bit of intermixing between the versions. I'm going to fix this as best I can. Please help me and also fix the stuff that I've separated out wrong. Val42 23:54, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation
WolframSiever, this is not a list of all Battlestar Galactica articles—that belongs in the articles themselves. This is a disambiguation page, which should only list links to articles about subjects which could share the actual title "Battlestar Galactica". The list should be as short as possible, to make it easy for readers to find the right link. Please have a look at MOS:DP if you want to review the disambiguation guidelines. —Michael Z. 2006-01-19 19:32 Z

Categorization
I've cleaned up the page so it complies (more or less) with WP:MOSDAB, but the categorization isn't perfect. The article on the re-imagined universe has been placed in the "TV" section for a while, but as the re-imagining is more of a concept than a specific production, I'm not sure it belongs there. If anyone can figure out something that (1) makes logical sense and (2) preserves the relatively straightforward organization, go ahead and change it... -- Fru1tbat 21:51, 9 September 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Wisq

Nothing to see here yet. Stand by.

title: User:Wisq


text: Category:Employment

title: Category:Employment


text: Template:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Spain


text: Template:User he

title: Template:User he


text:
A Call for Unity

"A Call for Unity" was an open letter published in Birmingham, Alabama, on April 12, 1963, by eight local white clergymen in response to civil rights demonstrations taking place in the area at the time. In the letter, they took issue with events "directed and led in part by outsiders," and they urged activists to engage in local negotiations and to use the courts if rights were being denied, rather than to protest.

The term "outsider" was a thinly-veiled reference to Martin Luther King Jr., who replied four days later, with his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail." He argued that direct action was necessary to protest unjust laws.

The authors of "A Call for Unity" had written "An Appeal for Law and Order and Common Sense" in January 1963.

Signatories

 * C. C. J. Carpenter, D.D., LL.D., Bishop, Episcopal Diocese of Alabama
 * Joseph Aloysius Durick, D.D., Auxiliary Bishop, Catholic Diocese of Mobile, Birmingham
 * Milton L. Grafman, Rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, Birmingham, Alabama
 * Paul Hardin, Bishop of the Alabama-West Florida Conference of the Methodist Church
 * Nolan Bailey Harmon, Bishop of the North Alabama Conference of the Methodist Church
 * George M. Murray, D.D., LL.D., Bishop Coadjutor, Episcopal Diocese of Alabama
 * Edward V. Ramage, Moderator, Synod of the Alabama Presbyterian Church in the United States
 * Earl Stallings, Pastor, First Baptist Church, Birmingham, Alabama

title: A Call for Unity