text:
User talk:Alternative

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:22, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Shobana Image
The picture Image:Shobana.jpg seems to be cropped from another picture, so it has been listed as image with copyright violation. Vagab 05:14, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:ANR-Mini2.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:ANR-Mini.jpg
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Image copyright problem with Image:Nag-NN.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Nag-SRD.jpg
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Cuts.com
Administrators will look at your reasoning before deciding what to do with the article. Thank you. JuJube 11:38, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Cutslogo.gif)
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Fair use rationale for Image:Eenadulogo.gif
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Unspecified source for Image:Eenadulogo.gif
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title: User talk:Alternative


text:
User talk:Bigdottawa

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Bigdottawa


text:
Talk:Controlled ecological life-support system

Acronyms?
This is a good article, but when were the term and acronym coined, and by who? Mr. Jones 13:26, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What plants is ideal for controlled environments?
It would be nice if someone would list and explain what plants would be the best for a particular purpose, such as which plants is ideal for maximum CO to O2 conversion, which is ideal for waste treatments, food production, et. al.

Methods of growing plants in a controlled environment.
An entry, possibly expanded, on the methodologies of plant growing in a controlled environment would be a good addition to this section. Example, hydroponic growing, soil based growing, etc..

Confused
Most of the way though this article it talks about a "closed" system in the sense that no matter moves in or out of the system, then suddenly switches to defining a closed system where matter and energy do not move in or out of the system -- the only kind of closed system where entropy cannot decrease. --76.194.210.77 (talk) 19:43, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, "The life of such a system is limited, as the entropy of a closed system can only increase with time." - this is misleading, since there is obviously an energy flow in any plausible CELSS. This error does crop up in various literature (Adams, Georgescu-Roegen, early Rifkin) and should not be spread. This section needs a rewrite. Anders Sandberg (talk) 17:46, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
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text:
Three Counties (Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire)

The Three Counties of England are traditionally the three agrarian counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire.

Including towns and cities such as Worcester, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Hereford, Leominster, Stourbridge, Evesham, Malvern and Kidderminster, they extend from the southern boundaries of Birmingham in the north to Bristol in the south. Traditionally rugby union and cricket playing areas, there is a Three Counties Showground situated in the Worcestershire town of Malvern that holds an annual agricultural show, and the area is also referred to in the names of local businesses and in the Three Counties Cider and Perry Association – the popular apple and pear derived alcoholic beverages, many of which are made in this area.

The Three Choirs Festival is a festival of sacred choral music which has been held since 1724. It rotates between the three county towns (Worcester, Hereford and Gloucester). It often features music by local composer Edward Elgar.


text:
Talk:La Línea de la Concepción

Untitled
Linenses have never been known as piojosos in my experience. Am I wrong or is this a windup? I have heard them called 'Los Especiales'.

 * Yes, piojosos is the name given to linenses..though the name is mostly used by non-linenses... Los Especiales is the name given to the inhabitants of the nearby town of Algeciras..

..my knowlege on this is because I lived in the area for a long sixteen years...Kbservices 11:17, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm removing it. Pejorative slang does not belong in WP, nor do facts (however true they may be) based on personal experience.  Cite a reliable source and you can put it back in.  --BlueMoonlet 15:12, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

"Invasion"
Should the accidental "invasion" of La Línea by British Royal Marines in 2002 be mentioned in the article? Redxiv 05:36, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

short on facts
I see a lot of assumptions about La Linea without references, including an absurd allegation that the British were attempting to encroach on the Isthmus where in fact it was cleared as a neutral ground (DMZ) to prevent the Spanish attacking Gibraltar, contrary to the treaties they signed and reneged on, a common practice it seems. --Gibnews (talk) 23:11, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Gibnews, possibly you know it, but I'll remember it to you. You must provide sources of your statements. Regarding the isthmus, the state-of-the-art is pretty clear: the isthmus was not ceded by Spain in the Treaty of Utrecht and therefore it was occupied afterwards. UK claims that they did it without Spanish complaint (and therefore prescription applies). The text, for instance, is here:

British title to the Rock of Gibraltar is based on Article X of the Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713. Our title to the southern part of the isthmus connecting the Rock to Spain is based on continuous possession over a long period.

 * On the other hand, Spain claims that it complaimed everytime the British went North (and therefore prescription does not apply). Therefore, I can't see any valid reason to include a POV-section template, since the text does not analyze how fair the British claims are, but only the effect. --Ecemaml (talk) 22:29, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The notion that "the isthmus was not ceded by Spain in the Treaty of Utrecht" has been disputed by, inter alia, The Europa Historical Society, see here. To treat such a proposition axiomatically is to prejudice the reliability of Wikipedia. In the same vein, the notion that "therefore prescription does not apply" is original research and is, moreover, premised on the assumption that the UK invokes the principle of prescription in the first place, an inference based presumably on an individual editor's interpretation of the words "continuous possession". RedCoat10  •  talk  23:43, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Well, RedCoat, I must say that your statements are, although possibly done in good faith, totally misinformed.

You're possibly aware of Reliable sources. It says "Articles should rely on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy". Is your "source" a reliable, third-party, published source with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy? It seems it's none of them. Let's see. Is the "Europa Historical Society" referenced by anyone? Well, a quick check to Google Scholar shows no mention. I've carefully read through the bibliography of my extensive Gibraltar-related library and no mention to such a prestigious "historical society". No mentions to it in google besides directories and the like. The Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society does not mention them ever. Although it's pretty simple to collect a group of guys and pretend they're more than that, a group of friends. So, it's unknown whether it's "reliable" (nobody is able to provide any assessment), it's not a "third-party" source, it's unknown whether it has "published" anything ever, and it has no "reputation" since nobody in the "business" is aware of its existence.

However, it could be possible that what they say were useful or at least sensible. However, that's also again wishful thinking. The main "finding" of the analysis is some agreement in the Treaty of Seville. Unfortunately, without resorting to proper secondary sources, it is nowadays possible to access the text of the Treaty of Seville (see here) and, unfortunately Gibraltar is not even mentioned not only in the text of the Treaty but in the Preliminaries (the immediately previous text). So, we have inter alia, an unknown "historic society" that is unable to fulfill at least one of the requirements to be considered a reliable source. Given the invention of the contents of the Treaty of Seville, it cannot described as having a "reputation for fact-checking and accuracy". On the contrary.

Finally, you talk about original research. Well, the fact that you don't understand what I say is not necessarily my fault. It could be better explained if we consider that here we're talking about Public International Law (and not a pub chat). I'm not an expert, but I try to document and source whatever I say in wikipedia. You can have a look at this book: International law. It talks about the ways to acquire a territory. Besides "cession" (page 420), which is what the Treaty of Utrecht is, you can see that the classical ways of such an acquisition are mainly "the exercise of effective control" (what UK claims for the isthmus). If you read carefully the chapter (page 424), you'll see that it has two variations: occupation and prescription. The former relates to the occupation of res nullius, while the latter does not apply to res nullius. Considering that primary sources may be used a "only to make descriptive claims, the accuracy of which is verifiable by any educated person without specialist knowledge" and that I think I'm an educated person, noting that "continuous possession over a long period" and "the exercise of effective control" are the same thing (since no other categories in International Law exist when it comes to acquisition of territory) and that only one of the two variations (prescription) is valid since the other applies to res nullius, where is the original research? Not knowing anything about International Law does not involve that the ones that do know about it are doing original research when they talk about issues related to International Law. --Ecemaml (talk) 23:43, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Moreover, some secondary sources to reflect it better:

"The fourth geographical aspect concerns the fact that there are really two separate areas that are under negotiation: the town and the Rock on the one hand, and the isthmus that connects the Rock to the Spanish mainland on the other. The isthmus is territory that has been occupied by Britain since 1814 but it is not covered by the Treaty of Utrecht, so that whereas Britain can use de jure arguments in relation to the promontory, it has to rely on the more contentious de facto arguments of possession by prescription in relation to the isthmus and the airport that has been built upon it. As a consequence Spain has often seen the isthmus as more fruitful territory for negotiation, and at times British Governments have felt more vulnerable in relation to it, although the Gibraltarians consider it to be as much part of their territory as any other."

 * The author is this analysis is Peter Gold, a British scholar, who has written several books on the issue (and it's quoted, for instance to support that Gibraltarians are a "nation"). The source is
 * So, where's the "original research"? --Ecemaml (talk) 22:00, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

Same old story
I question whether every article needs to be turned into a battleground over the Spanish claim to Gibraltar. Although its interesting in the history of La Linea to note its origin, the town has no particular relevance to the sovereignty claim or the Treaty of Utrecht. Similarly the section on 'modern confrontations with Gibraltar' these are not La Linea specific, as the only recent dispute has been with the late mayor's traffic plans, the fishing dispute was with Algeciras and the other items with The Campo and not La Linea, which tends not to bite the hand that feeds it. --Gibnews (talk) 19:18, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Placename
Is there an established English-language placename other than 'La Línea' or 'La Línea de la Concepción' for this place? Being next to an English-language speaking place, I would be persuaded to think that perhaps there is. But that should be attested with quality sources (source provided here is neither a "quality source" nor a proper way to establish an alternative English-language placename, but a translation). WP:NCPLACE does not exactly endorse that "Use English" means "translate placenames" but When a widely accepted English name, in a modern context, exists for a place, we should use it.. The translation of the placename without attesting actual usage/track of the translation as a way to refer to the place is a different issue, much less important and perhaps not even worth of mentioning in the lead (but in a placename toponymical section). There are reasons about why translations of placenames are not particularly common across introductory sections of Wikipedia articles (as in the likes of mentioning that "New Town of the Blunderbuss" is a possible translation for Villanueva del Trabuco).--Asqueladd (talk) 07:28, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * What about the source makes it unworthy of citation? it might be a travel website but it has an editorial board. Here are a bunch of other sources that also call it "the Line" as it's English name:
 * encyclopedia Britannica, El Pais
 * and also in some sources from Gibraltar:
 *
 * Not sure why you don't believe that "the Line" is used by English speakers when referring to "La Línea"
 * Scu ba (talk) 15:54, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Not sure why you don't believe that "the Line" is used by English speakers It's not I don't "believe" it. I am agnostic on that matter, and as I have written before, I was slightly persuaded to think that perhaps there is an alternative placename given the proximity of an English-speaking territory. It's more like you did not demonstrate the use of The Line as a common placename in English literature, and you have not demostrate it now, as both new sources ("britannica" and an "El País" news report about drug trafficking) actually use "La Línea" as the default placename. Similarly, pardon my English, the gibraltarinfo website mentions "THE TOWN SITUATED JUST ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BORDER IN SPAIN IS CALLED LA LÍNEA DE LA CONCEPCIÓN – YOU MAY HAVE COME THROUGH LA LÍNEA ON YOUR WAY TO GIBRALTAR".. Bluntly speaking the crux of the matter is that so far, the sample of English-language sources actually use La Línea or La Línea de la Concepción as the placename, only subsidiarily and one-off mentioning what does it translate to. Shall that situation (absence of English-language literature consistently referring to the place as The Line) continue, that factoid would not require bold text and, ideally, it might be better served in a proper placename section than in the opening statement. The WP:ONUS is still on you to demonstrate it otherwise.--Asqueladd (talk) 16:24, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I've never heard it referred to as anything but La Linea, the sourced examples aren't saying that the English name is "The Line" but simply explain what the name means in English. I am tempted to revert back to before the edit war started today.  Is  available to provide a second opinion?  WCM email 17:03, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * This is also my interpretation - these sources are giving the derivation of the name, not a separate English name. In the case of the El Páis source, it isn't clearly even doing that.  We should not be giving alternative English names in the lead unless we have evidence that they are actually significantly used in English, and I see nothing that suggests that here. Kahastok talk 17:41, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Every English speaker, whether from Gibraltar or an expat living in La Linea (as I was) refers to it simply as "La Linea". It's never, ever referred to as "The Line" and is rarely referred to by English speakers in speech by its full name of "La Línea de la Concepción".
 * The border itself is referred to in English as "the Frontier". Evanonthegc (talk) 00:29, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:La Línea de la Concepción


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 * Cleanup Taskforce/Misael Pastrana Borrero (has been reduced to a stub, hard to research)
 * Cleanup Taskforce/Park golf
 * Cleanup Taskforce/Curly horse was made a redirect

December 2006

 * 1) Cleanup Taskforce/2006 World Solar Rally in Taiwan
 * 2) Cleanup Taskforce/CVSS

November 2006

 * 1) Cleanup Taskforce/Stony Kill Falls
 * 2) Cleanup Taskforce/Xenophilia (was made a redirect)
 * 3) Cleanup Taskforce/Mount Henry Peninsula
 * 4) Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Meg:_A_Novel_of_Deep_Terror
 * 5) Cleanup Taskforce/Fujitsumon sent to AFD anbd died there.
 * 6) Cleanup Taskforce/Kevin_Cadogan
 * 7) Cleanup Taskforce/Software prototyping
 * 8) Cleanup_Taskforce/4Kids Entertainment

October 2006

 * 1) Cleanup Taskforce/Loonatics Unleashed
 * 2) Helbreath
 * 3) Cleanup_Taskforce/Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
 * 4) Cleanup_Taskforce/Élan
 * 5) Cleanup_Taskforce/The Icebird

September 2006

 * 1) Cleanup_Taskforce/The_Sims_2

August 2006

 * 1) Cleanup Taskforce/London Underground anagram map
 * 2) Cleanup Taskforce/Tkid
 * 3) Cleanup Taskforce/Czech Republic in the Eurovision Song Contest

July 2006

 * 1) Cleanup Taskforce/Samantha Fox
 * 2) Doping at the Tour de France
 * 3) Cleanup Taskforce/Tardive dysphrenia
 * 4) Sabine Appelmans
 * 5) Rosetta Stone
 * 6) Great Observatories program
 * 7) Jardin de Tivoli, Paris
 * 8) What Really Happened Died at AFD.
 * 9) FilePro
 * 10) Algebraic syntax (This article requires the attention of an expert, we don't have one).
 * 11) M-80 (explosive)
 * 12) Rescuing Prometheus
 * 13) Georgia Author of the Year Award
 * 14) The Killam Trusts
 * 15) Topanga, California
 * 16) What Comes Around

June 2006

 * 1) The Robot Ate Me
 * 2) Ibex
 * 3) Photorefractive keratectomy
 * 4) Technomad
 * 5) List of pseudorandom number generators
 * 6) So Weird
 * 7) Flaming Gorge Reservoir
 * 8) The butterfly that stamped
 * 9) Sky Blu
 * 10) King Edward VI Grammar School (Chelmsford)
 * 11) Training corset
 * 12) Project Rockstar
 * 13) Bill James
 * 14) Christopher McCandless
 * 15) Foundry (electronics) (Article has been moved to Foundry model)
 * 16) Break_of_Reality
 * 17) List of Marilyns in England
 * 18) Tutelary Closed without changing as problem not cleanup-related.
 * 19) Sanguinarian
 * 20) List of misleading food names
 * 21) Shamrock (comics)
 * 22) Atul Chitnis
 * 23) King_Edward_VI_Grammar_School_(Chelmsford)
 * 24) Project Rockstar
 * 25) Bill James
 * 26) Training corset

April 2006

 * 1) Benson Deng
 * 2) The List (My Name is Earl) closed without changing.
 * 3) H5N1
 * 4) Airline Tycoon
 * 5) Sub-Quorum merged
 * 6) Marty Makes Five died at AFD
 * 7) Skull and Bones
 * 8) Person Centred Planning
 * 9) Loung Ung

March 2006

 * 1) Azuth
 * 2) Corpolitical
 * 3) FC MTZ-RIPO
 * 4) Richard Rorty
 * 5) Zoo Tycoon 2

Not cleaned up

 * 1) Rothesay Netherwood School Cleanup not needed.

February 2006

 * 1) John III of Portugal cleaned up a long time ago, only just closed
 * 2) Insider attack died at AFD
 * 3) Desire (album)
 * 4) Enlil
 * 5) Wheel of time (most of material moved to different article so close)
 * 6) Bai Ling
 * 7) Simhavisnu
 * 8) Marine_Park_Race_Attack
 * 9) Robot
 * 10) Spore
 * 11) Disaster Recovery Plan

January 2006

 * 1) Table of Judgments Died on AFD
 * 2) Redbird
 * 3) Tanaka Giichi  (Good Job everyone!)
 * 4) Transcience of time (died in AFD)
 * 5) Venkateshwara
 * 6) Paintball marker
 * 7) SUMO class
 * 8) SDAIE
 * 9) Fictional Resistance Movements and Fictional Resistance Groups
 * 10) Afro-Asian Club Competition
 * 11) Winx Club
 * 12) Jute cultivation
 * 13) John F. Lehman
 * 14) Misanthropy
 * 15) The brilliant green (album)
 * 16) Hello

December 2005

 * 1) Gigi D'Agostino
 * 2) Blood type
 * 3) Knot_polynomial

November 2005

 * 1) French onion soup
 * 2) Bloods
 * 3) Francis L. Dade
 * 4) Sembawang

October 2005

 * 1) Naron
 * 2) Black Sunday
 * 3) National Intelligence Service (South Korea)
 * 4) Ethical non-naturalism
 * 5) Media bias
 * 6) Presence Information
 * 7) Erode District
 * 8) Military
 * 9) Miami model
 * 10) Joseph Hansen
 * 11) Start of injection
 * 12) Captain George Shelvocke
 * 13) Suprnova.org
 * 14) Ardzruni
 * 15) Nicholas Serota
 * 16) Burke Marshall
 * 17) Absolute monarchy in France
 * 18) Ten Powers
 * 19) Prekmurska gibanica

Not cleaned up

 * 1) List of Atlantic hurricane seasons - Cleanup not needed
 * 2) Tornado tornado - Page on Articles for Deletion

September 2005

 * 1) Australian Air League
 * 2) Chess table
 * 3) Action at a distance (computer science)
 * 4) Qingxi
 * 5) NetBIOS
 * 6) Daily build
 * 7) Competitors for the Crown of Scotland
 * 8) John de Menteith
 * 9) Snake oil (cryptography)
 * 10) Managing Urban America
 * 11) Proctor
 * 12) Bogotá
 * 13) Mefenamic acid
 * 14) Backergunje

July 2005

 * 1) Bashir Ali Mohammad
 * 2) Clan Ramsay
 * 3) Jeff Gerhardt

June 2005

 * 1) Ales
 * 2) heterodoxy
 * 3) German 9th Mountain Division
 * 4) Hydraulics demonstration

 * 1) Steakhouse
 * 2) Stephen Murgatroyd
 * 3) Lists of music videos
 * 4) Prediction
 * 5) Aegean civilization
 * 6) Witchcraft
 * 7) Genghis Khan
 * 8) Finland and Globalization
 * 9) Anger management
 * 10) Chiropractic medicine
 * 11) Italian unification copyedit
 * 12) Joel Higgins copyedit
 * 13) Paddy Doyle
 * 14) Cardiovascular disease
 * 15) Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau

May 2005

 * 1) Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan
 * 2) Moé
 * 3) Jean-Martin Charcot
 * 4) Roger Delk
 * 5) Sanguma
 * 6) Box, Wiltshire
 * 7) USS Alabama (SSBN-731)
 * 8) USS Plunger (SS-2)
 * 9) USS A-1 (1911)
 * 10) Category:Portmanteaus
 * 11) Peerage of Scotland
 * 12) USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)
 * 13) Family therapy
 * 14) Calvinist Church, USA
 * 15) Doctor Alexander Manette
 * 16) Women in the Victorian era
 * 17) Irwin Union Bank, Columbus, Indiana
 * 18) First Christian Church, Columbus, Indiana
 * 19) Mabel McDowell Adult Education Center
 * 20) Endocrine disruptor
 * 21) North Christian Church
 * 22) Overview of MIDP1
 * 23) Tom Friedman (artist)
 * 24) SOAP
 * 25) William A. Patterson
 * 26) Miksa Fenyo
 * 27) The Office
 * 28) Charismatic authority
 * 29) Kersey Graves
 * 30) Giuseppe Peano copyedit
 * 31) Canadian Mennonite University
 * 32) Varsity Blues
 * 33) Long telegram
 * 34) Samuel de Champlain
 * 35) Trent University

April 2005

 * 1) Maynard Jack Ramsay
 * 2) Information broker
 * 3) Melrose Abbey
 * 4) Conventional Forces in Europe
 * 5) 1922 in Germany
 * 6) Basalt fiber
 * 7) Standardized testing

 * 1) Standardized test
 * 2) F-Zero GX
 * 3) Second Industrial Revolution
 * 4) Breech birth
 * 5) Peter Llewelyn-Davies
 * 6) Ghost detainee
 * 7) 1921 in Germany
 * 8) Club kid
 * 9) Dorint Hotel Tower
 * 10) Space Interferometry Mission
 * 11) Phosphorus cycle accuracy
 * 12) Bosnian crisis copyedit
 * 13) Conventional Forces in Europe

title: Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/closed


text:
African cuisine

African cuisine is a staple of the continent's culture, and its history is entwined with the story of the native people of Africa. The foods that native Africans eat have been influenced by their religions, as well as by their climates and lifestyles. The first Africans to inhabit the continent were hunter-gatherers who ate what they could find in nature. As agriculture became more common in Africa, so did agriculture-based diets.

Traditionally, the various cuisines of Africa use a combination of plant-and seed-based ingredients, without having food imported. In some parts of the continent, the traditional diet features an abundance of root tuber products.

Central Africa, East Africa, North Africa, Southern Africa and West Africa each have distinctive dishes, preparation techniques, and consumption modes.

History
The roots of native African cuisine goes back to thousands of years to the Bronze Age in Northeast Africa, when early civilizations began cultivating grains such as barley and wheat. Part of North Africa is in the Fertile Crescent where settled agriculture was practiced by the Ancient Egyptians in this area. Animals such as donkeys and sheep were also domesticated starting the spread of agriculture to other parts of Africa, notably West Africa, although most tribes still lived a simple hunter-gather diet.

Arab explorers Leo Africanus and Ibn Battuta provide accounts of African food ways encountered on their travels through sub-Saharan Africa. Most European travelers stayed close to coastal areas until the 19th century. Many of their diaries also recorded details on foods and crops. Many staples were introduced later when Africa was colonized by the Europeans. Foods that are now important parts of African cuisine such as maize and potatoes were not common until the 19th century.

The influence of African food on Caribbean, Brazilian, American Lowcountry cuisine, and Cajun cuisine from Louisiana is seen in rice dishes and green stews like the Afro-Caribbean efo, duckanoo and callaloo. The vegetable okra, introduced from Africa, is used in classic Louisiana gumbos, and American rice growing in the Carolina. Lowcountry was influenced by West African techniques of rice cultivation and many slaves hailed from rice growing regions of West Africa. Lowcountry cuisine is still known for its distinctive rice dishes.

Central Africa
Central Africa expands from the Tibesti Mountains in the north to the vast rainforest basin of the Congo River, the highlands of Kivu and the savannah of Katanga.

This region has received culinary influence of the Swahilis (culture that evolved via the combination of Bantu, Yemeni, Omani and Indian cultures) during the trans-Saharan slave trade. Swahili culinary influences can be found in dishes such as mandazi, pilaf rice, kachumbari, sambusa, and kuku paka.

Central African cuisine has also been influenced by the Portuguese, by way of the Kongo and Ndongo Kingdoms. Salt fish was introduced following trade in the late 17th century, and the Kikongo term for salt fish, makayabu, comes from the term bacalhau (ba-cal-ha-u).

The Portuguese culinary influence is especially prominent in Angola, Sao Tomé and Equatorial Guinea. Central Africa has also been influenced by the cuisine of the regions East, West and Southern Africa because of their close proximity, e.g. babuté or bobotie is shared with the south, nyama choma with the east and gombos with West Africa.

In Central Africa, a variety of crops are grown, including yams, cassava, bananas and plantains, sweet potatoes, and cocoyams. These crops have become staples in the diet of many people in Central Africa. Fufu-like starchy foods are usually made from fermented cassava roots, but they can also be made with plantain, corn maize and yam. Fufu is served buffet-style with grilled meat, fish, stews, greens and piment. A variety of local ingredients are used while preparing other dishes, like spinach stew cooked with tomato, peppers, chilies, onions, and peanut butter. Eastern central Africa is also one of the few regions in Africa that uses potatoes as one of its main bases, since potatoes grow easily in the region.

Cassava plants are also consumed as cooked greens. Groundnut (peanut) stew is also prepared, containing chicken, okra, ginger, and other spices. Beef and chicken are favorite meat dishes, but game meat preparations containing crocodile, elephant, antelope and warthog are also served occasionally.

Countries

 * Angolan cuisine
 * Cameroonian cuisine
 * Cuisine of the Central African Republic
 * Chadian cuisine
 * Congolese cuisine
 * Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea
 * Gabonese cuisine
 * Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe

East Africa
The cuisine of East Africa varies from area to area. In the inland savannah, the traditional cuisine of cattle-keeping peoples is distinctive meaning that meat products are generally absent. Cattle, sheep, pigs and goats were regarded as a form of currency and a store of wealth. They are not generally consumed as food.

In some areas, traditional East Africans consume the milk and blood of cattle, but rarely the meat. Elsewhere, other Africans are farmers who grow a variety of grains and vegetables. Maize (corn) is the basis of ugali, the local version of West and Central Africa's fufu. Ugali is a starch dish eaten with meats or stews. In Uganda, steamed green bananas called matoke provide the starch filler of many meals.

Around 1000 years ago, Omani and Yemeni merchants settled on the Swahili Coast. Middle Eastern influences are especially reflected in the Swahili cuisine of the coast—steamed or cooked rice with spices in Persian style; saffron, cloves, cinnamon and several other spices; and pomegranate juice.

Several centuries later, the British and the Indians came, and both brought with them foods such as Indian spiced vegetable curries, lentil soups, chapattis and a variety of pickles which have influenced various local dishes. Some common ingredients used in this region include oranges, lemons, limes, chilies, capsicum peppers, maize, tomatoes, and strawberries.

In the Horn of Africa, the main traditional dishes in Eritrean cuisine and Ethiopian cuisine are tsebhis (stews) served with injera (flatbread made from teff, wheat, or sorghum) and hilbet (paste made from legumes, mainly lentils and fava beans). Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisine (especially in the northern half) are very similar, given the shared history of the two countries.

Eritrean and Ethiopian food habits vary regionally. In the highlands, injera is the staple diet and is eaten daily among the Tigrinya. Injera is made out of teff, wheat, barley, sorghum or corn, and resembles a spongy, slightly sour pancake. When eating, diners generally share food from a large tray placed in the center of a low dining table. Many injera are layered on this tray and topped with various spicy stews. Diners then break into the section of injera in front of them, tearing off pieces and dipping them into the stews.

In the lowlands, the main dish is akelet, a porridge-like dish made from wheat flour dough. A ladle is used to scoop out the top, which is filled with berbere and butter sauce and surrounded by milk or yoghurt. A small piece of dough is broken and then used to scoop up the sauce.

The best known Ethiopian/Eritrean cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrées, usually a wat, or thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread made of teff flour. One does not eat with utensils, but instead uses injera to scoop up the entrées and side dishes.

Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people. Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of an exotic mixture of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated. Qaddo or lunch is often elaborate.

Varieties of bariis (rice), the most popular being basmati, usually serve as the main dish. Spices like cumin, cardamom, cloves, cinnamon and sage are used to aromatize these different rice dishes. Somalis serve dinner as late as 9 pm. During Ramadan, dinner is often served after Tarawih prayers, sometimes as late as 11 pm.

Xalwo (halwo) or halva is a popular confection served during special occasions such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, cornstarch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder, and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense (lubaan) or incense (cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad.

Food and nutrition security in East Africa (Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan) is a significant issue. The region has been plagued by drought, conflict and economic instability since the 1990s. The current situation is characterized by low levels of food availability and high levels of malnutrition among young children. The solution proposed for this problem is to increase local food production. This would be achieved by increasing agricultural productivity by improving soil fertility and water management, which will help farmers grow more crops per year. This will also help reduce poverty in the region by providing more employment opportunities for local people.

North Africa
In a study of food loss and waste in North Africa, researchers found that the region was wasting about 30% of its food, which is likely to increase as the population continues to grow. This waste occurs for a variety of reasons, including lack of refrigeration and storage facilities. to solve that issue the people had to get creative with new dishes and creative new ways of storing food. The more we looked, the more we found that people were using all parts of the plant in some way—the leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and seeds. They also used every edible part of animals as well—from fat to bones for making broth or soup. North Africa lies along the Mediterranean Sea and encompasses within its fold several nations, including Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Egypt and Sudan. The roots of North African cuisine can be traced back to the ancient empires of North Africa, particularly in Egypt, where many of the country's dishes and culinary traditions date back to African antiquity.

Over several centuries traders, travelers, invaders, migrants and immigrants all have influenced the cuisine of North Africa. The Phoenicians of the 1st century brought sausages, while the Carthaginians introduced wheat and its by-product, semolina. The Berbers adapted semolina into couscous, one of the main staple foods. Olives and olive oil were introduced before the arrival of the Romans.

From the 7th century onwards, the Arabs introduced a variety of spices, like saffron, nutmeg, cinnamon, ginger and cloves, which contributed and influenced the culinary culture of North Africa. The Ottoman Turks brought sweet pastries and other bakery products, and from the New World, North Africa got potatoes, tomatoes, zucchini and chili peppers.

Most of the North African countries have several similar dishes, sometimes almost the same dish with a different name (the Moroccan tangia and the Tunisian coucha are both essentially the same dish, a meat stew prepared in an urn and cooked overnight in a public oven), sometimes with a slight change in ingredients and cooking style. To add on, two completely different dishes may also share the same name (for example, a tajine dish is a slow-cooked stew in Morocco, whereas the Tunisian tajine is a baked omelette/quiche-like dish). There are noticeable differences between the cooking styles of different nations, from the sophisticated, full-bodied flavors of Moroccan palace cookery to the fiery dishes of Tunisian cuisine and the humbler, simpler cuisines of Egypt and Algeria.

Southern Africa
The cooking of the region of Southern Africa (not to be confused with the country of South Africa) is sometimes called "rainbow cuisine", as the food in this region is a blend of many cultures: indigenous African societies, European, and Asian. To understand indigenous African cuisine, it is important to understand the various native peoples of southern Africa. The indigenous Africans of Southern Africa were roughly divided into two groups and several subgroups.

The largest group consisted of the Bantu-speakers, whose descendants today may identify themselves by various subgroup names such as Ndebele (northern and southern), Shona, Venda, Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Sotho, Tswana, Pedi and Tsonga. They arrived in the region around 2,000 years ago, bringing crop cultivation, animal husbandry, and iron toolmaking with them. Hence the Bantu-speakers grew grain crops extensively and raised cattle, sheep and goats. They also grew and continue to grow pumpkins, beans, and leafy greens as vegetables.

A smaller group were the primeval residents of the region, the Khoisan, who some archaeologists believe had lived in the region for at least 10,000 years. Many descendants of the Khoisan people have now been incorporated into the population of South Africa. The Khoisan originally were hunter-gatherers (who came to be known as "San" by the Bantu-speakers and as "bushmen" by Europeans). After the arrival of the Bantu-speakers, however, some Khoisan adopted the Bantu-speakers' raising of cattle but did not grow crops. The Khoisan who raised cattle called themselves "Khoi-Khoi" and came to be known by Europeans as "Hottentots."

People were, in other words, defined to some extent by the kinds of food they ate. The Bantu-speakers ate dishes of grain, meat, milk and vegetables, as well as fermented grain and fermented milk products. While the Khoi-Khoi ate meat and milk and the San hunted wild animals and gathered wild tubers and vegetables. In many ways, the daily food of native South African families can be traced to the indigenous foods that their native African ancestors ate. The Khoisan and Bantu traditionally ate roasted meat, and they also dried meat for later use.

The influence of their diet is reflected in the universal Southern African love of barbecue (generally called in South Africa by its Afrikaans name, a "braai") and biltong (dried preserved meat). The traditional beer was ubiquitous in the southern African diet, and the fermentation added additional nutrients to the diet. It was a traditional obligation for any family to be able to offer a visitor copious amounts of beer. Beer brewing was done by women, and the status of a housewife in pre-colonial southern Africa depended significantly on her skill at brewing delicious beer.

Milk was historically one of the most important components of the southern African diet. Cattle were considered a man's most important possession. In order to marry, a man had to compensate his prospective in-laws with a gift of cattle as a dowry for his bride. A married man was expected to provide a generous supply of milk to his wife and children, along with meat whenever he slaughtered cattle, sheep or goats. Because there was no refrigeration, most milks was soured into a kind of yogurt.

The young men of the family often took care of the cattle far away from the villages at "cattle posts," and they sent a steady stream of yogurt home on behalf of their fathers. Today, many South Africans of African origin enjoy drinking sour milk products that are sold in the supermarket, comparable to American buttermilk, yogurt, and sour cream. On weekends they will have a "braai", and the meal usually consists of "pap and vleis", which is maize porridge and grilled meat as has historically been done in the region.

The basic ingredients include seafood, meat products (including wild game), poultry, as well as grains, fresh fruits and vegetables. Fruits include apples, grapes, mangoes, bananas, papayas, avocado, oranges, peaches and apricots. Desserts may simply be fruit, but there are some more western-style puddings, such as malva pudding, reminiscent of sticky toffee pudding, which was inspired by both British cuisine and Dutch cuisine. Meat products include lamb, and game like venison, ostrich, and impala. The seafood includes crayfish, prawns, tuna, mussels, oysters, calamari, mackerel, and lobster. There are also several types of traditional and modern alcoholic beverages including many European-style beers.

Notable dishes

 * Inyama yenhloko

Countries

 * Botswana cuisine
 * Cuisine of Eswatini
 * Cuisine of Lesotho
 * Namibian cuisine
 * South African cuisine
 * Zimbabwe cuisine
 * Mozambican cuisine

West Africa
A typical West African meal is made with starchy items and can contain meat, fish as well as various spices and herbs. A wide array of staples are eaten across the region, including fufu, banku, kenkey (originating from Ghana), foutou, couscous, tô, and garri, which are served alongside soups and stews. Fufu is often made from starchy root vegetables such as yams, cocoyams, or cassava, but also from cereal grains like millet, sorghum or plantains.

The staple grain or starch varies between regions and ethnic groups, although corn has gained significant ground as it is cheap, swells to greater volumes and creates a beautiful white final product that is greatly desired. Banku and kenkey are maize dough staples, and gari is made from dried grated cassavas. Rice dishes are also widely eaten in the region, especially in the dry Sahel belt inland. Examples of these include the Senegalese dish thieboudienne also known as benachin or Jollof rice, a pan-West African rice dish similar to Arab kabsah.

Seeds of Guinea pepper (Aframomum melegueta, also called grains of paradise or melegueta pepper), a native West African plant, were used as a spice and even reached Europe, through North African middlemen, during the Middle Ages. Centuries before the influence of Europeans, West Africans were trading with the Arab world and spices like cinnamon, cloves, and mint were not unknown becoming part of the local flavorings. Centuries later, the Portuguese, French and British influenced the regional cuisines, but only to a limited extent.

The local cuisine and recipes of West Africa continue to remain deeply entrenched in the local customs and traditions, with ingredients like native rice (Oryza glaberrima), rice, fonio, millet, sorghum, Bambara groundnuts and Hausa groundnuts, black-eyed peas, brown beans, and root vegetables such as yams, cocoyams, sweet potatoes, and cassava. Cooking techniques include roasting, baking, boiling, frying, mashing, and spicing. A range of sweets and savories are also prepared.

Cooking techniques of West Africa are changing. In the past West Africans ate much less meat and used native oils (palm oil on the coast and shea butter in Sahelian regions). Baobob leaf and numerous local greens were everyday staples during certain times of the year. Today the diet is much heavier in meats, salt, and fats. Many dishes combine fish and meat, including dried and fermented fish. Flaked and dried fish is often fried in oil, and sometimes cooked in sauce made up with hot peppers, onions, tomatoes, various spices (such as soumbala), and water to prepare a highly flavored stew.

In some areas beef and mutton are preferred, and goat meat is the dominant red meat. Suya, a popular grilled spicy meat kebab flavored with peanuts and other spices, is sold by street vendors as a snack or evening meal and is typically made with beef or chicken. It is common to have a preponderance of seafood and the seafood, as earlier stated, is sometimes also mixed with other meat products. Guinea fowl eggs, eggs and chicken are also preferred.

With regard to beverages, water has a very strong ritual significance in many West African nations (particularly in dry areas) and water is often the first thing an African host will offer their guest. Palm wine is also a common beverage made from the fermented sap of various types of palm trees and is usually sold in sweet (less-fermented, retaining more of the sap's sugar) or sour (fermented longer, making it stronger and less sweet) varieties. Millet beer is another common beverage (Millet beer, also known as Bantu beer, is an alcoholic beverage made from malted millet.)

Countries

 * Benin cuisine
 * Burkinabé cuisine, Burkina Faso
 * Ghanaian cuisine
 * Cuisine of Guinea-Bissau
 * Cuisine of Guinea
 * Ivorian cuisine
 * Liberian cuisine
 * Malian cuisine
 * Mauritanian cuisine
 * Nigerian cuisine
 * Cuisine of Niger
 * Cuisine of Saint Helena
 * Senegalese cuisine
 * Cuisine of Sierra Leone
 * Togolese cuisine

title: African cuisine


text:
Caritas

Caritas may refer to:

 * The Latin term for charity, one of the three theological virtues

Religion

 * Caritas Internationalis, a confederation of Catholic relief, development and social service organisations
 * Caritas Christi Health Care, a non-profit Catholic healthcare system in the New England region of the United States
 * Caritas Hospital, a hospital located in Kottayam district, Kerala, India
 * Caritas Hong Kong, a charitable organisation of Caritas founded in July 1953
 * Caritas Macau, the charity outreach of the Diocese of Macau, China founded in 1971
 * Caritas Social Action Network, an agency of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales
 * Deus caritas est, the first encyclical of Pope Benedict XVI.
 * Caritas in Veritate, the third encyclical of Pope Benedict XVI; his first on social justice issues

Education

 * Caritas Academy, an all-girls private, Catholic high school in Jersey City, New Jersey
 * Caritas Institute of Community Education, an institute of higher education

Other

 * Caritas (yacht), a private yacht
 * Las Caritas, a collection of Indian inscriptions in a rock formation in the Dominican Republic
 * Caritas, a bar in the U.S. television series Angel (1999 TV series)
 * Caritas (Ponzi scheme), a pyramid investment in the early 1990s in Cluj-Napoca, Romania
 * Caritas Well or Caritas Fountain, a Renaissance fountain in Copenhagen, Denmark

title: Caritas


text:
Oceanic languages

The approximately 450 Oceanic languages are a branch of the Austronesian languages. The area occupied by speakers of these languages includes Polynesia, as well as much of Melanesia and Micronesia. Though covering a vast area, Oceanic languages are spoken by only two million people. The largest individual Oceanic languages are Eastern Fijian with over 600,000 speakers, and Samoan with an estimated 400,000 speakers. The Gilbertese (Kiribati), Tongan, Tahitian, Māori and Tolai (Gazelle Peninsula) languages each have over 100,000 speakers. The common ancestor which is reconstructed for this group of languages is called Proto-Oceanic (abbr. "POc").

Classification
The Oceanic languages were first shown to be a language family by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1896 and, besides Malayo-Polynesian, they are the only established large branch of Austronesian languages. Grammatically, they have been strongly influenced by the Papuan languages of northern New Guinea, but they retain a remarkably large amount of Austronesian vocabulary.

Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002)
According to Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002), Oceanic languages often form linkages with each other. Linkages are formed when languages emerged historically from an earlier dialect continuum. The linguistic innovations shared by adjacent languages define a chain of intersecting subgroups (a linkage), for which no distinct proto-language can be reconstructed.

Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002) propose three primary groups of Oceanic languages:

 * Oceanic
 * Admiralties linkage: languages of Manus Island, its offshore islands, and small islands to the west.
 * Western Oceanic (WOc) linkage: languages of the north coast of Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea), Papua New Guinea (excluding the Admiralties) and the western Solomon Islands. West Oceanic is made up of three or four sub-linkages and families:
 * ? Sarmi–Jayapura linkage: maybe part of the North New Guinea linkage?
 * North New Guinea linkage: consists of languages of the north coast of New Guinea, east from Jayapura.
 * Meso-Melanesian linkage: consists of languages of the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands.
 * Papuan Tip linkage: consists of languages of the tip of the Papuan Peninsula.
 * Central–Eastern Oceanic (CEOc) linkage: nearly all languages of Oceania not included in the Admiralties and Western Oceanic. Central–Eastern consists of four or five subgroups:
 * Southeast Solomonic linkage: of the South East Solomon Islands.
 * (Utupua–Vanikoro linkage: later removed to Temotu languages).
 * Southern Oceanic linkage: consists of languages of New Caledonia and Vanuatu.
 * Central Oceanic linkage: consists of the Polynesian languages, and the languages of Fiji.
 * Micronesian linkage.

The "residues" (as they are called by Lynch, Ross, & Crowley), which do not fit into the three groups above, but are still classified as Oceanic are:

 * St. Matthias Islands linkage.
 * ? Yapese language: of the island of Yap. Perhaps part of the Admiralties?

Ross & Næss (2007) removed Utupua–Vanikoro, from Central–Eastern Oceanic, to a new primary branch of Oceanic:

 * Temotu linkage, named after the Temotu Province of the Solomon Islands.

Blench (2014) considers Utupua and Vanikoro to be two separate branches that are both non-Austronesian.

Ross, Pawley, & Osmond (2016)
Ross, Pawley, & Osmond (2016) propose the following revised rake-like classification of Oceanic, with 9 primary branches.

 * Oceanic
 * Yapese language
 * Admiralty languages
 * St Matthias languages (Mussau and Tench)
 * Western Oceanic linkage
 * Meso-Melanesian linkage
 * New Guinea Oceanic linkage
 * North New Guinea linkage
 * Papuan Tip languages
 * Temotu languages
 * Southeast Solomonic languages
 * Southern Oceanic linkage
 * North Vanuatu linkage
 * Nuclear Southern Oceanic linkage
 * Central Vanuatu linkage
 * South Vanuatu languages
 * Loyalties-New Caledonia languages
 * Micronesian languages
 * Central Pacific languages
 * Western Central Pacific linkage
 * Rotuman language
 * Western Fijian languages
 * Eastern Central Pacific linkage
 * Eastern Fijian languages
 * Polynesian languages

Non-Austronesian languages
Roger Blench (2014) argues that many languages conventionally classified as Oceanic are in fact non-Austronesian (or "Papuan", which is a geographic rather than genetic grouping), including Utupua and Vanikoro. Blench doubts that Utupua and Vanikoro are closely related, and thus should not be grouped together. Since each of the three Utupua and three Vanikoro languages are highly distinct from each other, Blench doubts that these languages had diversified on the islands of Utupua and Vanikoro, but had rather migrated to the islands from elsewhere. According to Blench, historically this was due to the Lapita demographic expansion consisting of both Austronesian and non-Austronesian settlers migrating from the Lapita homeland in the Bismarck Archipelago to various islands further to the east.

Other languages traditionally classified as Oceanic that Blench (2014) suspects are in fact non-Austronesian include the Kaulong language of West New Britain, which has a Proto-Malayo-Polynesian vocabulary retention rate of only 5%, and languages of the Loyalty Islands that are spoken just to the north of New Caledonia.

Blench (2014) proposes that languages classified as:
 * Austronesian, but perhaps actually non-Austronesian are spoken in northern Vanuatu and southern Vanuatu (North Vanuatu languages and South Vanuatu languages).
 * Austronesian, but may have experienced bilingualism with non-Austronesian are spoken in central Vanuatu and New Caledonia (Central Vanuatu languages and New Caledonian languages).
 * non-Austronesian, with some other languages traditionally classified as Austronesian may perhaps actually be non-Austronesian are spoken in the Solomon Islands and New Britain (various Meso-Melanesian languages).

Word order
Word order in Oceanic languages is highly diverse, and is distributed in the following geographic regions (Lynch, Ross, & Crowley 2002:49).

 * Subject–verb–object: Admiralty Islands, most of Markham Valley, Siasi Islands, most of New Britain, New Ireland, some parts of Bougainville Island, most parts of the southeast Solomon Islands, most parts of Vanuatu, some parts of New Caledonia, most of Micronesia
 * Subject–object–verb: central and southeast Papua New Guinea, some parts of Markham Valley, Madang coast, Wewak coast, Sarmi coast, a few parts of Bougainville, some parts of New Britain
 * Verb–subject–object: New Georgia, some parts of Santa Ysabel Island, much of Polynesia, Yap
 * Verb–object–subject: Fijian language, Anejom language, Loyalty Islands, Kiribati, many parts of New Caledonia, Nggela
 * Object-initial: only two, Äiwoo (object-verb-subject) and Tobati (object-subject-verb)
 * Topic-prominent language: much of Bougainville Island, Choiseul Island, some parts of Santa Ysabel Island

title: Oceanic languages


text:
Helen Oyeyemi

Helen Oyeyemi FRSL (born 10 December 1984) is a British novelist and writer of short stories.

Life
Oyeyemi was born in Nigeria and was raised in Lewisham, South London from when she was four. Oyeyemi wrote her first novel, The Icarus Girl, while studying for her A-levels at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School. She attended Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Since 2013 her home has been in Prague.

Career
While she was in college, Oyeyemi's plays Juniper's Whitening and Victimese were performed by fellow students and later published by Methuen in 2014. In 2007, Bloomsbury published Oyeyemi's second novel, The Opposite House, which is inspired by Cuban mythology. Her third novel, White Is for Witching, was published by Picador in May 2009. It was a 2009 Shirley Jackson Award finalist and won a 2010 Somerset Maugham Award. In 2009, Oyeyemi was recognized as one of the women on Venus Zine's "25 under 25" list.

Her fourth novel, Mr Fox, was published by Picador in June 2011, In 2013 she was included in the Granta Best of Young British Novelists list. Her fifth novel, Boy, Snow, Bird, was published by Picador in 2014. Boy, Snow, Bird was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize in 2014.

Oyeyemi published What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours, a story collection, in 2016. What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours won the 2016 PEN Open Book Award: for an exceptional book-length work of literature by an author of colour. Gingerbread, a novel, was published on 5 March 2019. Peaces, a novel, was published on 1 April 2021.

Her latest novel, Parasol Against the Axe, was published in February 2024. It is the first of her books to be set in the Czech Republic, despite living there for more than a decade.

Judging Roles
Oyeyemi was a judge on the Booktrust Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for 2015

Oyeyemi served as a judge for the 2015 Scotiabank Giller Prize.

Oyeyemi was a judge for the 2018 International Booker Prize.

Oyeyemi was a judge for the 2023 Goldsmiths Prize, along with Tom Lee (chair), Maddie Mortimer and Ellen Peirson-Hagger.

Invited Lectures
On 25 April 2017, Oyeyemi delivered "Shine or Go Crazy", focused on Korean television dramas at Seattle Arts and Lectures, Seattle. A 'reading list' of the shows mentioned in her talk was published following the lecture.

In 2023, Oyeyemi delivered the annual New Statesman/Goldsmiths Prize lecture at the Southbank Centre, London. Her theme was "Trying".

Oyeyemi delivered the 2024 Richard Hillary Memorial Lecture at Trinity College, Oxford.

Novels

 * The Icarus Girl (2005)
 * The Opposite House (2007)
 * White Is for Witching (2009)
 * Mr. Fox (2011)
 * Boy, Snow, Bird (2014)
 * Gingerbread (2019)
 * Peaces (2021)
 * Parasol Against the Axe (2024)

Plays

 * Juniper's Whitening (2004)
 * Victimese (2005)

Short story collections

 * What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours (2016)

title: Helen Oyeyemi


text:
FOREST

FOREST (short for "Freedom Organisation for the Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco") is a United Kingdom smokers' rights group primarily funded by the tobacco industry which campaigns against what it sees as "excessive regulation" of smoking and tobacco products.

Early history
In 1978, Air Chief Marshal Sir Christopher Foxley-Norris approached the major British tobacco companies regarding a possible Tobacco Consumers' Association. Foxley-Norris, a pipe and cigar smoker, said that he was concerned about the increasing interference by 'the Government and other do-gooding bodies' in people's lives, and that he was surprised that the industry had not put up any co-ordinated response to anti-smoking measures. He added that, having retired from the RAF in 1974, he was seeking a salaried position in such an organisation to supplement his pension.

At around the same time, Lieutenant-General Sir Geoffrey Charles Evans, a cigarette smoker and formerly General Secretary of the National Union of Retail Tobacconists made similar proposals to industry figures.

The Tobacco Advisory Committee (TAC), the then British tobacco industry trade association, agreed that the time was right to launch a pro-smoking group. TAC stated that the new organisation would need to 'be closely controlled and supported by the industry, but be seen to be sufficiently independent to maintain its credibility'.

After some debate as to whether Evans or Foxley-Norris should run the group, FOREST was launched on 19 June 1979, with Foxley-Norris chairman and Evans chief executive, the men being the group's first two members.

Soon after launch, a March 1980 TAC memo showed that the tobacco industry felt that there was confusion about the organisation's purpose, doubts as to the effectiveness of FOREST's activities, and continuing uncertainty as to whether it should endeavour to recruit a mass membership or continue to serve the industry directly. Further doubts were expressed over FOREST's direction by TAC figures in 1981, with some companies questioning whether to continue funding the group, or to establish a different, more effective group.

A model for a pro-smoking pressure group was agreed by TAC members, and it was further agreed that this model would be applied to the existing FOREST organisation, rather than attempting to establish a new pro-smoking group. The restructured FOREST would require a new chief executive to replace Evans, and would not only react to news and tobacco control developments, but would seek to make its own news in the form of conducting research and lobbying. Individual members were seen as 'desirable', but not essential.

Leadership and influence
FOREST's dependence on tobacco industry funding has ensured considerable industry influence upon its leadership and direction. The Tobacco Advisory Council selected Foxley-Norris as the first Chairman of FOREST in 1979, and when, by 1981, FOREST was felt by the TAC members to be ineffective, Stephen Eyres was selected as Director of a restructured organisation. From this point on, the leadership of FOREST has tended to be drawn from amongst elements of the libertarian movement.

The 1981 restructuring proposal stated that 'If money invested [in FOREST] is to be properly effective then control and management are essential' and that contact between the Executive Director of FOREST and the Tobacco Advisory Council should be made "on an almost daily basis." However, given that 'nobody of worth to a campaigning organisation can be run on too tight a rein', funding would be guaranteed on an annual basis.

Evans continued to be involved for some time until dying in 1987. Eyres, meanwhile, was suffering from increasing ill-health as a result of HIV, and Chris Tame was recruited to succeed both as the organisation's effective leader in 1988; a non-smoker, Tame voiced a concern about the potential wider impact of measures to reduce exposure from second-hand smoke, arguing from a libertarian perspective that individuals’ right to make their own health decisions may need defending.

Foxley-Norris remained a public figurehead until retiring in 1989, and was replaced by Lord Harris of High Cross, general director of the Institute of Economic Affairs, and pipe smoker. In September 1989 Eyres, still employed by FOREST, was accused of misusing Forest funds to buy first class flights to Australia and a property in Spain. The tobacco industry was keen to avoid any publicity and Eyres' resignation, effective as of 1 October 1989, and an agreement not to discuss the circumstances of the termination of his employment, was confirmed in a High Court judgement, of November 1989. Eyres died in 1990.

Harris remained as chairman of FOREST until his death in 2006, while Tame, who took over from Eyres as Director of Forest, continued in the position until 1995, when he was removed by the tobacco industry following concerns about his approach. Eyres was replaced by Marjorie Nicholson, who had previously been the organisation's campaign manager, standing for Parliament at the 1994 Dudley West by-election under the FOREST name.

The current director, Simon Clark, took over from Nicholson in 1999. Launching a spin-off campaign entitled 'The Free Society', a more general campaign against the perceived 'nanny state', Clark stated 'If people wish to eat themselves to death by eating too much fatty food that has to be their choice'.

Media profile
Foxley-Norris was interviewed on 25 July 1979 by BBC London, criticising measures such as smoke-free regulations which had been introduced on Glasgow public transport and asking members of the public to join FOREST at the cost of £1/year.

FOREST spokespeople continue to appear on television and radio in the United Kingdom and are quoted by British newspapers and broadcasters as representatives of a pro-tobacco viewpoint. Despite this media visibility, FOREST's internal communications to the tobacco industry have argued that its real successes "cannot be publicised": "Measuring FOREST purely in terms of media coverage denies the existence of other work in which it is engaged but which cannot be publicised. In short, if others can be persuaded to 'sing the same tune' this is of more value than anything that might be said by the tobacco industry itself, or FOREST."

Less direct techniques have also been made use of to maximise media impact while promoting an appearance of independence from the tobacco industry. This is acknowledged in FOREST's 1985 Directors' report, stating that “the arms-length relationship with the industry has worked to the benefit of both parties” and noting that letter-writers were "retained" to provide an active local media presence.

Funding and membership
Marketing itself as the "voice and friend of the smoker", FOREST has nevertheless been described as an astroturf front group created and primarily funded by the tobacco industry. Its establishment was planned by the Tobacco Advisory Committee, the British tobacco industry trade association. At a 1979 meeting, the Tobacco Advisory Committee discussed the launch of FOREST as well as ways to maintain its appearance of independence.

After its founding, membership campaigns were not successful in recruiting a broad support base which could make the organisation self-financing. In one instance, 10,000 cigarette retailers were solicited to join FOREST, but only four joined. Financial support from the tobacco industry thus remains the main source of funding for FOREST.

Notable supporters
While opposing proposals to restrict smoking in public places, FOREST attracted the support of celebrity smokers including artist David Hockney, inventor Trevor Baylis, musician Joe Jackson, chef Antony Worrall Thompson, and politician Claire Fox. Its more recent campaign to reverse smoke-free workplace regulations in licensed premises lists several politicians as supporters (see below).

Developments following the smoking ban
In February 2006, FOREST lost its fight against comprehensive smoke-free workplace regulations in England, achieved via a House of Commons free vote and subsequently implemented on 1 July 2007. Complementing smoke-free workplace regulations already introduced in Scotland (March 2006), Northern Ireland and Wales (both April 2007), these included all pubs, bars, cafés and restaurants, private members' clubs and any indoor workplace. Following this UK-wide defeat, FOREST has undertaken to continue to lobby under a 'freedom of choice' banner and in 2010 launched an Irish branch, Forest Eireann – the Republic of Ireland having instituted nationwide smoke-free workplace regulations in March 2004.

Concern about the potential impact of smoke-free regulations upon the income of publicans and licensees was a theme in FOREST's subsequent opposition to smoke-free workplace measures. FOREST launched its 'Save Our Pubs and Clubs' Campaign in 2009, with Greg Knight, Conservative MP, and Anthony Worrall-Thompson in attendance. It was backed by David Clelland, Labour MP, John Hemming, Liberal Democrat MP, and Nigel Farage MEP, the leader of UKIP. The campaign called for pubs and clubs to be able to choose whether to allow smoking and listed as supporters the Working Men's Club and Institute Union, the Adam Smith Institute, thinktank Progressive Vision and the Manifesto Club.

title: FOREST


text:
Shuswap (provincial electoral district)

Shuswap is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada.

It is the successor riding to the old Salmon Arm riding. For other historical and current federal and provincial ridings in the Shuswap-Kamloops-North Okanagan, please see Kamloops (provincial electoral district), Kamloops (federal electoral district) and Okanagan (electoral districts). All ridings in the southern BC region are "descendants" of the original Yale provincial riding.

Under the 2021 British Columbia electoral redistribution the riding will be renamed Salmon Arm-Shuswap.

Geography
As of the 2020 provincial election, Shuswap comprises the western portion of the Columbia-Shuswap Regional District and the northwestern portion of the Regional District of North Okanagan. It is located in southern British Columbia. Communities in the electoral district consist of Salmon Arm, Armstrong, Spallumcheen, Enderby, and Sicamous.

Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly:

Election results

 * NDP
 * Steve Gunner
 * align="right"|7,051
 * align="right"|30.54%
 * align="right"|
 * align="right"|$41,011

 * Conservative
 * Beryl Ludwig
 * align="right"|2,374
 * align="right"|10.28%
 * align="right"|
 * align="right"|$9,378

 * }

 * NDP
 * Wayne Fowler
 * align="right"|3,788
 * align="right"|16.46%
 * align="right"|$12,950

 * No Affiliation
 * Jeanette (N.O.) McLennan
 * align="right"|119
 * align="right"|0.52%
 * align="right"|$100

 * }

 * NDP
 * Calvin White
 * align="right"|7,869
 * align="right"|31.63%
 * align="right"|
 * align="right"|$37,552

 * No Affiliation
 * Gordon Campbell
 * align="right"|810
 * align="right"|3.26%
 * align="right"|
 * align="right"|

 * Independent
 * Merv Ritchie
 * align="right"|204
 * align="right"|0.82%
 * align="right"|
 * align="right"|$505

 * }

 * NDP
 * Shannon O'Neill
 * align="right"|7,687
 * align="right"|35.50%
 * align="right"|
 * align="right"|$33,572

 * }

title: Shuswap (provincial electoral district)


text:
CD Tenerife

Club Deportivo Tenerife, S.A.D. is a Spanish football club based in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands. Founded in 1922, the club plays in the Segunda División, holding home matches at the Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López, with a 22,824-seat capacity. The traditional home colours are white shirts and blue shorts.

Tenerife has a history playing in the top flight of La Liga. They have been promoted to the top tier on four occasions, including a 10-year stint from 1989 to 1999. The club managed to finish as high as fifth in the league table on two occasions during that period, which qualified them for the first round of the UEFA Cup. They most recently played in La Liga in the 2009–10 season.

Being based in the Canary archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Africa, while playing its away games on the Spanish mainland, both the club and rival Las Palmas from Gran Canaria are two of the most geographically isolated professional clubs. Tenerife and Las Palmas contest the Canary Islands derby.

History
Club Deportivo Tenerife was founded in 1922. La Liga started in 1928, but the team played in regional divisions until it was promoted to the Segunda División in 1953. It first reached the top flight in 1961, being immediately relegated back and, in the following 27 years, played almost exclusively in the second level, also spending three years in Tercera División and six – five in a row – in Segunda División B, the newly created division three (in 1978).

In 1985, when Tenerife were relegated to the third division for a second time, Javier Pérez became president of the club. The side was promoted this year to the second level and, two years later, returned to the first, after winning the promotion playoff against Real Betis (4–1 on aggregate).

In 1991, Jorge Valdano took charge of the club as manager, and the Argentine would help rob former side Real Madrid of two consecutive league titles in the last round, to the benefit of Barcelona. In the first season, the Canary Islands outfit barely avoided relegation, but would finish in a best-ever fifth position in the following year, eventually reaching the round of 16 in the subsequent UEFA Cup, losing to Juventus 2–4 on aggregate.

German Jupp Heynckes became head coach of Tenerife in 1995, leading the club to another fifth-placed finish and the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey. In the 1996–97 UEFA Cup, the islanders fared better, reaching the last-four after defeating Maccabi Tel Aviv, Lazio, Feyenoord and Brøndby (the winner coming late in extra time from an Antonio Mata free-kick), only bowing out to eventual winners Schalke 04. Tenerife then went on a downward spiral which eventually led to relegation to the "silver category" in 1999, prompting various managerial changes within the club. In 2001, the club was again promoted, led by Rafael Benítez, who promptly left to take up the manager's job at Valencia; the promotion was achieved in the last match of the campaign thanks to a goal from Hugo Morales. Pepe Mel became the new trainer but the first division season never took off, as Tenerife were beaten heavily at home by Barcelona 0–6, which cost the manager his job. Javier Clemente, formerly with the Spain national team, took the reins, but could not help prevent the eventual immediate relegation.

Tenerife suffered from serious economic problems in the following years, owing more than €40 million. President Pérez was replaced with Víctor Perez de Ascanio, who resigned due to bad management, leaving his position to Miguel Concepción, who negotiated with local politicians and businessmen, also creating a construction company as a subsidiary of the side.

On 13 June 2009, Tenerife secured a top flight return after a seven-year absence after a 1–0 win at Girona. In the following season, even though the team held on until the last round, another relegation befell, after the 0–1 loss at third-placed Valencia.

2010–11 brought with it three coaching changes, as Tenerife eventually suffered another relegation, returning to the third division after 24 years. On 2 June 2013, the club, led by Álvaro Cervera, returned to the second level after winning the promotion play-off against Hospitalet (3–2 on aggregate).

Season to season

 * 13 seasons in La Liga
 * 48 seasons in Segunda División
 * 8 seasons in Segunda División B
 * 3 seasons in Tercera División

Domestic

 * Copa del Rey
 * Semi-finals (1): 1993–94
 * Quarter-finals (4): 1960–61, 1961–62, 1975–76, 1995–96

Continental

 * UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League
 * Semi-finals (1): 1996–97

Friendly

 * Joan Gamper Trophy
 * Winners (1): 1993

Current squad
.

Fans
Fans of Tenerife are called Chicharreros because in early days, the inhabitants of a small fishing village called Santa Cruz (later the capital of Tenerife) consumed "chicharros" (Atlantic horse mackerel) as a main part of their diet.

Other inhabitants of Tenerife and the Canary Islands used the moniker as a pejorative name, but finally the inhabitants of Santa Cruz accepted it affectionately.

title: CD Tenerife


text:
Talk:British Columbia Moderate Democratic Movement

Platform
Including a party's platform in the article is valid: it explains what the party was about and what it was trying to achieve. In this case, we are dealing with a party that is now merged into another, so there can be no objection that Wikipedia is being used to promote the party. Many of the election articles feature party platforms to show what issues were being discussed in the election. This is similar, and it is not the only party article to discuss a party's aims and policies. Ideally, all of the party articles would do so. Ground Zero 13:37, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I can object. Wikipedia isn't a soapbox. --Spinboy 16:57, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This is what Wikipedia isn't a soapbox. says:
 * Propaganda or advocacy of any kind. Of course, an article can report objectively about such things, as long as an attempt is made to approach a neutral point of view. You might wish to go to Usenet or start a blog if you want to convince people of the merits of your favorite views.
 * So, if you think that the report on the party's platform is not objective, let's work together to make it so. I will take the first crack at it in restoring it. I don't agree that the soapbox stuff means that we can't report what the party stood for. Let's be clear that I am not an advocate for this party that doesn't exist any more in a province 5000 km from where I live. Ground Zero 17:43, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have taken another run at this to make it a more objective, factual recounting of its policy proposals, which is of historical interest, and not advocacy for its program. Again, since the party does not exist any longer, I don't think there is any danger that Wikipedia will be seen as promoting this defunct party. I hope this addresses your concern. If not, please let me know how we can improve this further. Ground Zero 19:51, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It doesn't belong there at all. Wikipedia isn't a soapbox. --Spinboy 19:55, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * So, we should never identify what a party's policies are orr weer, even if we do it in an objective, factual way? That is not what Wikipedia isn't a soapbox says. It does not say "no political party platforms allowed"; it says: "an article can report objectively about such things, as long as an attempt is made to approach a neutral point of view." I have tried my best to clean it up to "approach a neutral point of view". If you can identify in what ways it is not NPOV, then I can try again. I look forward to having you work with me on this. Ground Zero 20:02, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Further attempt to address Spinboy's concerns
I propose to post the following into the article. I have added an introductory paragraph to attempt to address Spinboy's concerns that I am using Wikipedia as a soapbox. I am not clear why he thinks I am doing so because he has refused requests for explanation, but here goes:

 * [ Text moved to article following Spinboy's repeated refusal to explain why this is a problem. -- see also User_talk:Spinboy ]

Comments are welcome. Ground Zero 13:08, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

My concern is basic. Wikipedia isn't a soapbox. That's it. I have nothing else to say. --Spinboy 16:14, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have laid out all of my arguments in detail here and on your talk page. And you refuse to explain yourself. The only thing I can add is to repeat that this is not using Wikipedia as a soapbox. Ground Zero 17:30, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * They have a website that explains their platform, they don't need Wikipedia to do it for them. If the website didn't exist, I might reconsider, but it does. --Spinboy 17:33, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Finally, an explanation. Thank you. I wish you had explained yourself much earlier. It would have avoided all of this mess, and been much more considerate. I will consider my further response. In the future, please work with other editors. Thank you. Ground Zero 17:38, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Platform NPOV
Starting from Ground Zero's last revision, I've generally stripped it down, especially the more self-laudatory and ambitious assertions ("making the health care system sustainable" by, etc.) Where such an assertion may have to stay (like about violent offenders), I've used a direct quote, so as to move the article a step back from appearing to endorse such a position's worth or practicality. Where possible, Wikilinks also provide more context.

Soo, if it's any help, how about something like...

Platform
The BCMDM's platform is typical of those of many small parties without thorough policy platforms. The proposals tended to lack detail, and the platform failed to address many important issues facing the province at the time. For example, there was no mention in the platform First Nations land claims, drug problems especially endemic to Vancouver's east end, and relations with the federal government of Canada.

The party proposed:

 * Education
 * forgivable student loans to cover tuition fees for B.C. residents
 * increased funding for school boards
 * greater autonomy for school boards to create new programs, subject to provincial standards

 * Healthcare
 * paying practicioners for "promotion of wellness rather than the treatment of disease"
 * creating regional treatment centres covering all stages of care from diagnosis to treatment

 * Economics
 * a B.C. business development bank to assist the creation of new businesses
 * an "Idea Development Centre" to help entrepreneurs develop business plans and gain funding

 * Governance
 * opposing to the privatization of public assets, and returning already-privatized assets to public ownership
 * requiring all MLAs to attend monthly town hall meetings in their communities
 * increased transparency, including access to information measures making all government, Crown corporation and public-private partnership records open to public inspection
 * laws to hold public officials accountable for what the party called "fiscal mismanagement and misleading budgets"

 * Justice
 * to "ensure violent offenders are removed from our streets"
 * increased use of restorative justice, halfway houses, and intense supervision for first-time non-violent offenders

 * Forestry
 * ensuring raw logs were processed in the community in which they were produced
 * funding forest management to prevent and control wildfires
 * ending the "self-policing" of forestry companies

 * Environment
 * maintaining the ban on bulk water exports
 * funding scientific research as the basis for all environmental decisions
 * increasing penalties for environmental violations, and putting funds raised directly into park maintenance and habitat protection
 * investing in pollution control research

 * BC Hydro
 * "fairly priced electricity" through investment in new generating facilities for BC Hydro, to replace aging facilities nearing the end of their life

Since the MDM on its own is now part of history, having merged with more or less seven (!) other parties in two steps to form DRBC, its Platform page probably isn't long for the web, so I tend to think we should have something here.

Further thoughts - from Spinboy, Ground Zero, and anybody else reading? Samaritan 20:19, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I still maintain that they have a website to promote their platform on, but this does look better. --Spinboy 20:27, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I've taken that as, with reservations, a sort-of-consensus to add the rewritten section to the page, so I did. (With two more tiny tweaks: is typical -> was typical and The party proposed -> The platform proposed). Samaritan 20:38, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Note re WP:COI (conflict of interest guidelines)
To party members who may wish to edit the article: please see WP:COI regarding conflict-of-interest concerning members of organizations editing articles about those organizations. this is a general comment/warning being placed on all BC political party pages because of problems with some articles...If you are a member of this party you should not be editing this article!!.Skookum1 01:36, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bcmdmlogo.jpg
Image:Bcmdmlogo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on British Columbia Moderate Democratic Movement. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050414232421/http://bcmdm.ca:80/article.php?p=41 to http://bcmdm.ca/article.php?p=41
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050120011909/http://bcmdm.ca:80/main.php to http://bcmdm.ca/main.php

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:24, 8 November 2016 (UTC)