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Troy Donahue

Troy Donahue (born Merle Johnson Jr., January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American film and television actor, best known for his role as Johnny Hunter in the film A Summer Place. He was a popular sex symbol in the 1950s and 1960s.

Early years
Merle Johnson Jr., later known as Troy Donahue, was born on January 27, 1936, in New York General Hospital. His father was Frederick Merle Johnson, the Production Chief of promotional motion pictures of General Motors. His mother, Edith "Dede" Johnson (née Frederickson), was a Swedish retired stage actress. Donahue stated in a 1959 interview: "Acting is all I ever wanted. Ever since I can remember, I've studied and read plays. My mother would help me, but my parents didn't want me to become an actor. They preferred something more stable—doctor, lawyer, Indian chief, anything.""I can remember always being exposed to Broadway and theater people", he added in 1984. "I can remember sitting with Gertrude Lawrence while she read her reviews in The King and I."

When he was six years old, he contracted pneumonia and confined to bed for six weeks. Donahue's parents decided it would be better to move out the city for his recovery. They purchased a five-acre estate in Middle Road, in Bayport, Suffolk County on Long Island. The family acquired a variety of farm animals. His sister, Eve, was born a year after the move.

Frederick was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when Donahue was young. As his father's health declined over two years, Donahue began to exhibit behavior issues, including drinking alcohol in excess. On December 5, 1950, Frederick died in St. Alban's Hospital in New York City when Donahue was 14 years old. Following his death, Donahue and his mother's relationship became strained.

Donahue dropped out of high school his sophomore year and in return his mother enrolled him into the New York Military Academy, where he roomed with English actor Owen Orr. There he met Francis Ford Coppola after casting him in school plays. He was to attend West Point, but suffered a knee injury at a track meet, knocking it out of the joint and tearing the cartilage. The injury ruined the chance for a sports scholarship. He volunteered for the United States Army, but was rejected due to his permanently damaged knee.

After Donahue was left unable to participate in sports, he turned to writing and acting. He also wrote for the school paper, eventually ending up as the editor. He graduated from the academy in June 1954.

When Donahue was 18, he moved back to New York and got a job as a messenger for Sound Masters, a commercial film company that his father had founded. He attended Columbia University and studied journalism. He acted in summer stock in Bucks County. He trained briefly with Ezra Stone, an American actor, director, and a family friend. During this time, Donahue had very little money and was kicked from six different apartments for not paying rent. He would move around different cheap hotels, refusing to move back in with his mother and sister - who had both moved back to New York. He would visit occasionally to eat a meal there.

He was fired from his job at Sound Masters, after being promoted to film cutter, due to being too young to join the union. Donahue wrote a letter to Darrell Brady, a family friend and working associate of his father, who managed a film company, Commercial Film Industries, in Los Angeles. After a few months, Brady wrote back and offered him a job with his company. He also invited Troy to stay at his home until he found a proper place to live.

1956-1958: Early career
In February 1956, Donahue moved to California, staying in Brady's Calabasas home. He worked cutting film at Brady's company. He would later rent a garage apartment in Malibu, near his mother and sister's new home.

In spring that same year, producer William Asher and director James Sheldon spotted Donahue in a diner in Malibu and arranged for a screen test with Columbia Pictures. The weekend before the big meeting, Donahue suffered a near-fatal auto accident, plummeting 40 feet down into a canyon and smashing into a tree. He managed to escape the car and crawl back up to the road, meeting his friend who had been flung from the car and onto the road. The two were found by a passing motorist and taken to the hospital. Donahue suffered two cracked ribs, a bruised spinal cord, a concussion, a cracked kneecap, and a crushed kidney. In addition, he lost a tooth and had forty stitches.

Later that year, Donahue was introduced to actress Fran Bennett. Bennett introduced him to her agent Henry Willson, who also represented Rock Hudson. Willson signed him and changed his name to Troy Donahue. "'At first they had Paris, the lover of Helen of Troy, in mind', Donahue says. 'But I guess they thought they couldn't name me Paris Donahue because there was already a Paris, France, and Paris, Illinois.' He later added 'it took me five minutes to get used to [my] new name.'"Donahue signed a six month contract, including extension options, with Universal Studios in October 1956. He earned a $125 weekly salary and with that, moved to North Hollywood. Donahue started off in small roles in films such as Man Afraid, Man of a Thousand Faces, The Tarnished Angels, Above All Things, and The Monolith Monsters (all 1957).

In 1958, he appeared in Charles F. Haas' Summer Love and Paul Henreid's Live Fast, Die Young.

Due to Donahue's heavy drinking and a 1958 arrest for speeding, his contract with Universal was at its end. He had spent all his money and had no work, leaving him unable to pay for his apartment. Willson was able to secure guest starring roles in several western shows, allowing Donahue to rent a slightly smaller apartment in Hollywood.

Donahue began appearing on TV in a guest part in Man Without a Gun. This was followed by parts in This Happy Feeling, Wild Heritage, Voice in the Mirror, The Perfect Furlough, and Monster on the Campus (billed fifth). He often had better roles on TV, guest-starring in episodes of The Californians, Rawhide, Wagon Train, Tales of Wells Fargo, and The Virginian.

Donahue achieved good reviews for a brief, but effective part in Douglas Sirk's Imitation of Life (1959), playing Frankie, a young white man who beats his new girlfriend after he discovers she is black.

1959-1964: A Summer Place and Warner Bros.
The big break of Donahue's career came when he was cast opposite Sandra Dee in the 1959 Warner Bros' film A Summer Place, directed by Delmer Daves. The movie was released to mixed critical reception, however still managed to gain widespread popularity and became a box office hit. The film was No. 1 at the US box office for two weeks. The film and its soundtrack have been continuously noted in popular culture since the films release - the first being in another Donahue film, The Crowded Sky (1960) between Donahue's character and co-star Efrem Zimbalist Jr., the popular "Theme from A Summer Place" is heard on the restaurant sound system. The music and scenes from the film have appeared in numerous later films, among them, Diner (1982) and Ocean’s Eleven (2001).

Donahue became a celebrity overnight, especially among teenage audiences. In John L. Scott's Los Angeles Times review, he wrote simply of him, "Donahue reveals promise." In 1960, he was named by The Film Daily as one of the five "finds" of the year. He would later receive the Golden Globe Award for "Most Promising Newcomer - Male" at the 17th Annual awards. Following the success, Warner's signed him to a long-term contract in 1959, with a beginning salary of $400 weekly ($4,300 weekly in 2024). Warner Bros immediately sent Donahue on a cross-country tour to promote the film.

Journalist Joan Beck wrote in the Chicago Tribune on October 22, 1959:"To plug the movie – and sell himself, too – Troy is touring the country with press agents and studio representatives from Warner Bros., to whom he is under contract. He’s lionized by reporters for high school newspapers at special teen press conferences. He talks on disk jockey radio programs, women’s television shows and teenage TV dancing parties. And for a dash of glamour, he’s being seen at posh restaurants and celebrity gathering spots. He’s interviewed by columnists and photographed by fan magazines – which appeal almost totally to teens these days. Along with the publicity build-up, Troy has acquired several other accouterments of a successful star. He has a top Hollywood agent. A business manager who keeps him on a $35 weekly allowance. A bachelor apartment. A Porsche. And a circle of  friends which includes many of the other rising young teen favorites of the movie  colony. Now that all the proper stops have been pulled out, Hollywood’s star makers expect teenagers to respond with a chorus of enthusiasm loud enough to sweep Troy into real movie stardom. They don’t doubt that the tall, blue-eyed actor has what it takes to capture the all-important high school audience."Donahue guest starred in a variety of their western television series, including Colt .45 (1959), Maverick (1959), Sugarfoot (1959), The Alaskans (1960), and Lawman (1960). He had a support part in a disaster movie, The Crowded Sky (1960).

Donahue also had a brief tenure as a recording artist at the height of his fame in the early 1960s, releasing a handful of singles for Warner Bros. Records, including "Live Young" and "Somebody Loves Me". However, no recordings entered the Billboard Hot 100 list.

He was reportedly going to be cast in Elia Kazan's 1961 American period drama Splendor in the Grass, but missed out to Warren Beatty. Instead Warner Bros. put him in a TV series, Surfside 6 (1960–62), one of several spin-offs of 77 Sunset Strip, announced in April 1960. On Surfside 6, Donahue starred with Van Williams, Lee Patterson, Diane McBain, and Margarita Sierra in the ABC series, set in Miami Beach, Florida. The show launched him to a household name.

He was sent on press junkets around the country to visit radio and television stations. Warner Bros. charged thousands for an appearance of him, yet Donahue never received a bonus. Donahue's face was plastered on merchandise - from posters to lunch boxes to board games.

McBain spoke on the marketing of the show: "Sex sells. The boys and I were sold as sex symbols, and so much of the publicity campaign had all of us posing in swim suits and frolicking around the beach. Troy was a beach-lover for sure – I think he would have been content to live in a tent on the  beach all his life – but for the rest of us, it seemed so contrived. And more importantly,  whatever acting abilities or ambitions we had seemed to be dismissed in favor of  cheesecake and beefcake pictures.”"After Surfside 6 was cancelled, Donahue joined the cast of Hawaiian Eye, another spinoff of Sunset Strip, for its last season from 1962 to 1963 in the role of hotel director Philip Barton, joining Robert Conrad and Connie Stevens in the series lead.

Donahue struggled with acting in television, believing himself to be a movie star, as opposed to a TV star. Both Donahue and Stevens expressed disinterest in the shows and their current career paths. They complained of a "mediocre pattern" and a "lack of great scripts" to journalist Edith Efron. This unhappiness began to fuel Donahue's drinking habits. In return, criticisms began to rise concerning his acting. Journalist Rick Du Brow wrote of him, "Troy is big and strong and has the rare ability to make the most glamorous and exciting events seem colorless and flat."

Donahue's career received another big break when Joshua Logan dropped out as director of Parrish (1961). Logan was replaced by A Summer Place director, Delmer Daves, who brought in Donahue to star. The movie became a box office hit. Donahue would later describe the film as the most satisfying of his movies to date. "I had the best script and the best opportunity as an actor", he said. "Not too many of those came my way."

Donahue and Daves reunited for another melodrama in 1961, Susan Slade, with Connie Stevens, Dorothy McGuire and Lloyd Nolan also starring. They made a fourth film, Rome Adventure (1962), a romance starring Suzanne Pleshette, Angie Dickinson, and Rossano Brazzi.

In 1962, he claimed he received 5,000–7,500 fan letters a week. The following year, exhibitors voted him the 20th most popular star in the US. Donahue had also gained wide popularity in Japan, later saying "'I guess because I was blond, blue-eyed, and tanned, people associated me with all those beach movies that were around then, even though I never did one.' He later said. 'I was always the goody-goody, the guy who did what he was supposed to.'"He did appear in a nearly beach-party film, Palm Springs Weekend (1963), alongside several other Warner Bros. players. His final film for Warner Bros was the 1964 western A Distant Trumpet, the last film of director Raoul Walsh.

1965-1968: Leaving Warner Bros. and bankruptcy
In 1965, Donahue was cast as a psychopathic killer opposite Joey Heatherton in William Conrad's My Blood Runs Cold. While Donahue was happy to break type and play a different type of role, it was not well received by the public. His contract with Warner Bros. ended shortly thereafter—although it ran until early 1968, Donahue asked to be released from it in January 1966. Donahue later claimed: "Jack Warner called every studio I used to work for and used his muscle to keep me busted. I was blackballed and everyone in the business knew it. Please print that. I made one film in Europe playing a Victorian astronaut, but no one ever saw it. Then by the time I could get work again, it was too late because my type was already out of fashion." He later reflected on this period, "'They pumped me til the well went dry. My image came out of Warner Bros. and it was one that was on its way out. I think I'm a little deeper than the roles I was given to play.' In 1967, he said Parrish had been the most satisfactory of his movies. 'I had the best script and the best opportunity as an actor. Not too many of those came my way. But I did get great exposure at Warner [Bros.]. Now I'm free to call my own shots. I've made more money in two years on my own than the whole time I was under contract.'"Donahue appeared in a variety of smaller projects, including a spy spoof, Come Spy with Me (1967); a British adventure tale, Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967); and a western for Albert Zugsmith, The Phantom Gunslinger (1970).

From 1966 to 1967, Donahue co-starred in The Owl and the Pussycat on tour with wife, Valerie Allen. The show had great success, resulting from Donahue's dedicated fanbase.

In 1967, Donahue was slated to co-star in a Poor Richard production with Allen at the Pheasant Run Playhouse. In the week before, Donahue was drunk and could not focus on his lines. A few days before opening, he walked, despite Allen begging him to stay. Terry Moore was brought in at the last minute to replace him. Donahue was sued for $200,000.

On February 22, 1968, Donahue signed a long-term contract with Universal Studios for films and TV. This lasted a year and saw him get four roles: guest shots on Ironside (1968), The Name of the Game (1968), and The Virginian (1969), and an appearance in the TV movie The Lonely Profession (1969).

Due to his recent divorce from Allen and other lawsuits, Donahue was advised to file bankruptcy by lawyer and he reluctantly did so on October 1, 1968. He eventually lost his home and began sleeping on friends couches. He claimed that he "spent a lot of time judging beauty contests and opening banks" during this time. "'I was living like a movie star but wasn't being paid like one', he says. 'I lived way over my head and got into great trouble and lost everything. I went from a beautiful home, garden, swimming pool to living in shabby apartments.'"Donahue was struggling to make his way in a changing Hollywood. As he said later, "If you're the boy next door and you're supposed to be squeaky clean, all you had to do was let your sideburns grow and suddenly you were a hippie." Donahue says when he met casting directors they would ask, "Why don't you comb your hair? How come you have grown a moustache? What are you doing with a beard?"

Donahue also believed his career was hurt by the fact he was an anti-Vietnam War Democrat while "everybody assumed I was a Republican." In spite of this fact, Donahue was invited by the USO to Vietnam in 1968 and accepted, due to having "no place to go." He was sent home when the Special Services learned of him taking drugs from nurses. The Department of Defense still awarded Donahue a Certificate of Appreciations in February 1969.

1969-1974: New York, video nasties and The Godfather Part II
In 1969, Donahue moved from Los Angeles to New York City and into his new wife, Alma Sharpe's, Mahattan apartment. While in New York, Donahue appeared in the daytime CBS drama The Secret Storm for six months.

Donahue was interviewed by Carol Kramer for New York Today in May 1970. Kramer noted key differences in Donahue's appearance and demeanor, reporting that he was not the heartthrob that fans once knew and loved. She noted his love for astrology, belief in God and reincarnation, and has tried psychoanalysis. By 1971, Donahue blamed his inability to find work on the outdated image created for him a decade before by the studio. At the same time, Wilson had retired, leaving him without an agent.

He starred in the 1971 Robert L. Robert's film Sweet Savior as a Charles Manson-esque cult leader. The movie received criticism for being a video nasty exploitation film, being credited as a "blood-gushing shocker!" Donahue shocked the public when he assumed a Manson-like appearance, from clothing to hair. He defended the film, stating that:"I play Moon, a religious creep who murders a lot of people, a real heavy trip. But I don't want anyone to think I'm playing it in some phony exploitation flick that takes advantage of the Manson case to make a fast buck. I don't like many things, man, but I dig this picture... We're trying to show both sides of the problem. The Hollywood glamor society is as guilty as the depraved hippy cults. They pick up people on the Sunset Boulevard and tease them. When they made fun of Manson they picked on the wrong guy. I was up at the Tate house. It was a freaky scene. Sure I met Manson at the beach playing volleyball."He also had roles in low-budget films such as The Last Stop (1972), and Seizure (1974), Oliver Stone's directorial debut.

By this time, Donahue's drug addiction and alcoholism had ruined him financially. After splitting from Sharpe, Donahue claimed he was homeless and lived in a bush in Central Park. To survive, he depended on friends and even fans. Donahue stated, "I went home with fans for a hot meal or a shower. And a couch or bed to sleep in. I did what I had to do."

In November 1971, Donahue chopped his hair, shedding his new look, and moved to Atlanta, Georgia to play a cop in Michael Meola's independent film Without Last Rights. However, the project was never completed after the funds ran out in just a few weeks. Donahue and the rest of the cast and crew were never paid.

With no upcoming acting jobs, Donahue accepted a celebrity-for-pay engagement to host a mall-wide fashion show at the Lafayette Plaza Shopping Center in Bridgeport, Connecticut on May 26, 1972. When interviewed by the Bridgeport Post, He said he had been either “working to the extreme,” or concentrating on “intensely goofing off.”

In the spring of 1973, Donahue traveled to the Philippines to make the low budget gory action film South Sea Massacre. The film was directed by Pablo Santiago and written by Leo Martinez. The movie was criticized for a lack of story and an abundance of nudity, rapes, beatings, decapitations, machete slayings, and machine gun attacks. The film was never released theatrically in the United States. He also appeared in Cockfighter (1974) for director Monte Hellman.

In December 1973, Donahue returned to Atlanta to promote and participate in a concert at Omni Coliseum to raise money for the Wounded Knee defense fund. Donahue assisted the local AIM office to generate publicity for the benefit concert which starred Paul Ortega, a Mescalero Apache. He acted as the Master of Ceremonies at the show which featured banjo picker John Hartford, actor Burt Reynolds, Doc and Merle Watson, Yoko Ono, several local performers, and Sacheen Little Feather.

In 1974, former classmate Francis Ford Coppola learned of Donahue's situation. Coppola cast him in a small part in The Godfather Part II as the fiancé of Connie Corleone. His character was named Merle Johnson, a nod to Donahue's real name. Donahue was paid $10,000 ($63,000 in 2024) for the role for one week's work.

1974-2000: Final years
He made his first television appearance in years as a guest star on The Merv Griffin Show in August 1974. Donahue moved back to Los Angeles the same year.

On March 15, 1975, he participated in the Easter Benefit Ball in San Francisco. The proceeds from the event benefited the Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults of San Francisco. Donahue led the celebrity judge panel that included film stars Jane Withers, Janet Blair, and Terry Moore.

Without a studio to promote him, with no money to afford a publicist, and news agencies uninterested in covering his every move, he was at a loss and disadvantage in the market. In the summer of 1975, he licensed his name and likeness to a marketing company called First Seen, Inc. in New York. For $5.98, the company sent a specially recorded LP album featuring Donahue explaining how to get into show business. Advertisements appeared in tabloids around the country.

He acted in occasional television guest spots such as, Ellery Queen, The Hardy Boys, and CHiPs. Donahue appeared in a variety of whiskey commercials for the Japanese television market. Donahue said in 1978:"After eight years at Warners, I did a few independent pictures that never went any place. I travelled, played stickball, had a few marriages and many affairs. I just totally enjoyed myself and did the things I didn't get to do when I was a kid. Now I've decided I wanna go back to work again and I've been encouraged by a lot of people who feel that I have the talent and everything that goes with it." Following his 1981 divorce from fourth wife, Vicki Taylor, he fell off the grid, and lost contact with most of his friends – many of whom had lost patience with him long before. His agent had let him go, professionals were not calling him, and they didn’t return his calls. One friend warned him, that in his current physical state, he was uninsurable for producers. He spent months at the beach, often spending the night there in his car.

Aaron Spelling gave Donahue his first television job after becoming sober in 1982. Matt Houston was a crime drama series starring Lee Horsley as Matt Houston, a rich Texas oilman who works on the side as a private investigator in Los Angeles. Donahue appeared in a supporting role in the 1984 feature film Grandview, U.S.A.

On October 6, 1985, he hosted a telethon in Palm Springs to raise money for the American Red Cross Mexican Earthquake Relief Fund. On September 19, an 8.0 earthquake had caused major damage to Mexico City, and killed at least five thousand people. The telethon was broadcast live from the ballroom of the Sheraton Plaza Hotel. Numerous celebrities participated including Cameron Mitchell and June Lockhart. Trini Lopez performed. The five-hour event raised more than $27,400.

He appeared in John Waters' 1990 romantic comedy musical Cry-Baby, paying tribute to his idolism of the 50s.

In 1997, Donahue toured from January to May with Encore Attractions' production of Bye Bye Birdie. He starred alongside Casey Marshall, Krista Pigotti, and Chuck Ragsdale.

In July 1998, he joined Sandra Dee at the Castro Theatre for a one-night revival of A Summer Place. Donahue also worked for Holland-America Lines, sailing for two months each year, doing a seminar discussing film and theater improvisations.

Donahue continued to act in films throughout the 1980s and into the late 1990s. However, he never obtained the recognition that he had in the earlier years of his career. His final film role was in the 2000 comedy film The Boys Behind the Desk, directed by Sally Kirkland.

Judi Meredith
In 1956, Donahue met actress Judi Meredith and the two began dating. The studio encouraged the romance and sent them on "publicity dates." The couple separated in 1958 due to her claims of Donahue being "too rough and too possessive." Meredith would go on to allege that Donahue "stormed into [her] place... and pushed [her] face into a glass covered picture" upon learning she was dating a mutual friend after their break up.

Nan Morris
In 1957, he began a relationship with Nan Morris. They were engaged at one point during the two year relationship, however Donahue continued to see other women. Morris attempted to salvage the relationship, despite his infidelity and heavy drinking. Donahue allegedly became physical with Morris during arguments - including, at one point, throwing her into the pool.

Lili Kardell
Donahue first met Swedish actress and model Lili Kardell at a Halloween party in 1956. The two reconnected in 1960 and began a romance. They became engaged in January 1961. The engagement was ended the same year after an alleged domestic abuse incident. Kardell claimed that she had gone to Donahue's home on August 16 to pick up her dog and found him with another woman - some claims state it was Suzanne Pleashette. According to her, Donahue charged at her and she slapped him in defense. The two got into a fist fight and he punched her in the face, knocking her to the floor. Donahue denied all the claims, however agreed that the argument did become physical.

Diane McBain, Donahue's Surfside 6 co-star, admitted to having an affair with him at this time as well - however, claiming that she was unaware he had a serious girlfriend.

Suzanne Pleshette
In December 1960, Donahue met actress Suzanne Pleshette in New York, while dating Kardell. They would later be cast as on-screen lovers in Rome Adventure (1962), where they began their relationship. They announced their engagement on December 2, 1963 and wed on January 5, 1964, in Beverly Hills, California.

Pleshette filed for divorce in June 1964 on the grounds of mental cruelty from Donahue. She was awarded the divorce by the Superior court in Santa Monica, California.

She would later state that Donahue was a "sweet, good man... [They] just were never destined to be married [and] didn't have the same values."

Valerie Allen
In 1966, Donahue met his second wife, actress Valerie Allen, at an audition for the film Come Spy With Me. The two began a relationship while filming the same year. Donahue and Allen married on October 21, 1966 in Dublin, Ireland.

Allen filed for divorce in April 1968, citing "extreme cruelty" from Donahue. The divorce was finalized in November 1968, with Donahue agreeing to pay $14,000 then and $600 a month of alimony.

Alma Sharpe
Donahue's third marriage was to executive secretary Alma Sharpe. They married on November 15, 1969, in Roanoke, Virginia. The two had an on again/off again relationship. Sharpe grew tired of Donahue's friends and became frustrated that he would not listen to her warnings of them. The two separated in the early '70s with Donahue's packing a backpack and leaving upon Sharpe's request. Their divorce was finalized in summer of 1974.

Vicki Taylor
Donahue's fourth and final marriage was to land developer Vicki Taylor. They were married in 1979 and divorced in 1981.

Zheng Cao
Donahue began dating mezzo-soprano opera singer Zheng Cao in October 1991. The two met at his seminar for Holland America Line, where she was also working as a singer. Donahue and Cao were engaged and living together in Santa Monica, California at the time of Donahue's death in 2001.

Children
In 1982, Donahue learned he had a son, Sean, by a woman with whom he had a brief relationship in 1969. As he recalled in 1984: "She walked over and introduced herself and I remembered that we had been together four or five times in L.A. in 1969. Nothing serious. Just fun and games. She said, 'I'm glad I saw you. I've always wanted to tell you about something. Look over there, Troy.' I looked and across the room I saw a 13-year-old spitting image of what I looked like when I was young. 'This is your son, Sean', she said. 'He's known all his life that you are his father.'... I see him every couple of weeks now." In early 1987, Donahue learned that he had another child. He was contacted by Janene Curtis, a woman claiming to be his daughter. Curtis was born in 1964 to an unidentified woman and was given up for adoption at birth by her biological mother. Upon finding her mother, she was informed that Donahue was her biological father. Janene reached out to Donahue and the two later met. They remained close until his death.

Alcoholism and drug addiction
Donahue began drinking in the seventh grade, as a result of his father's health decline and later death. Donahue stated:"I think I was mad at my father for dying. A kid doesn’t know how to process those things. I liked being by myself whenever I could. Even though I played sports, participated in school functions, and was always around kids. It was hard. I used to go and sit by myself. Funny, I liked being alone. It gave me a chance to think and read. But then I'd cut loose."Donahue stated he did not blame the Hollywood lifestyle for his drinking habit. However, he would later state that he "never went before the cameras without having a buzz on." He admitted to getting drunk with Julie London on the way to film Voice in the Mirror, falling out of the limo and trying to sober up. Donahue claimed that he was "drinking half a pint of vodka mixed with codeine." Donahue later admitted that he began abusing drugs and alcohol at the peak of his career and increased use after his career began to wane:"I was loaded all the time... I'd wake up about 6:30 in the morning, take three aspirins mixed with codeine, slug down half a pint of vodka, and then do four lines of cocaine. That was just so I could get the front door open to peek out and see if I could face the day... I would lie, steal, and cheat, all those wonderful things that drunks do. I was crafty. Nobody knew how much I drank then. If a bottle was out on the counter, I'd take a swig when I passed it and quickly put it back."As his career progressed and Warner Bros. pushed for Donahue to star in more television, his drinking habit increased. Donahue was unhappy with the trajectory of his career, fueling frustration and further drinking. While he was often drunk on set, McBain could never recall smelling alcohol on his breath during shoots.

In 1968, while performing for troops in Vietnam with the USO, Donahue had been obtaining "mind-numbing" drugs from the nurses. He later admitted that he went "partly because [he] had nowhere else to go, but mostly because [he] was into drugs, and [he] knew Vietnam was one big medicine chest." When Special Services became aware of this he was kicked out and sent back to the United States.

He suffered from pancreatitis stemming from his drinking. The pain sent him to the hospital for days of treatment and recovery on an average of once a year. In the summer of 1976, he was ill for nearly a month.

Immediately upon marrying his fourth wife, Vicki Taylor, Donahue began his previous self-destructive behavior. He drank heavily and used drugs whenever he could get his hands on them. He stayed away from Taylor and the apartment for days at a time, passing out at friends’ homes, or more often, sleeping on the beach. He failed to show up for scheduled auditions, or arrived looking disheveled and hungover. His drinking sent him to the hospital again for several days in early summer with a painful recurrence of pancreatitis. Doctors warned him that his uncontrolled drinking would kill him. On February 5, 1982, Donnahue’s addiction problem culminated in an embarrassing incident when he accompanied Julie Newmar to the wrap party for her film, Hysterical. He made a drunken, stumbling spectacle of himself, and dozens of photographers captured his antics. He was again hospitalized for nearly two weeks with pancreatitis.

After his fourth marriage ended in 1981, Donahue decided to seek help for his drinking and drug use. In May 1982, he joined Alcoholics Anonymous, which he credited for helping him achieve and maintain sobriety. Donahue stated"I realized I was going to die, and I was dying - or, worse than that, I might live the way I was living for the rest of my life."Donahue was almost twenty years sober when he died in 2001.

Legal issues
In 1958, Donahue received five speeding tickets that all went ignored. After his sixth ticket, it was revealed he had five warrants. On April 17, he was sentenced to 15 days in Los Angeles County Jail. This caused him to miss a promotional tour for the film, This Happy Feeling (1958).

On August 9, 1968, the U.S. Tax Court ruled in favor of the Internal Revenue Service to collect $5,100 (equivalent to $45,500 in 2024) in back taxes from Donahue. His accountant had prepared the actor’s 1964 income tax return. At the time, Donahue was involved in his divorce from Suzanne Pleshette. The court decided his filing status had been incorrectly reported, which resulted in a delinquent tax bill.

Lili Kardell civil suit
In 1961, Kardell sued him for $60,450 in damages, claiming he had hit her without provocation. Kardell claimed that she had gone to Donahue's home on August 16, 1961 to pick up her dog and found him with another woman. According to her, Donahue charged at her and she slapped him. The two got into a fist fight and he punched her in the face, knocking her to the floor.

Donahue recounted the story differently, however agreed that blows were inflicted between the two.

In an attempt to suppress the news, Warner Bros. president, Jack L. Warner settled the case out of court for $3,000 ($31,300 in 2024) for medical and legal expenses, as well as a new two-piece suit to replace her ripped one. In return, Kardell was banned from the Warner lot and she disappeared from Hollywood.

Modern Screen Magazine lawsuit
On January 16, 1963, Donahue filed a $200,000 law suit in Santa Monica against Modern Screen magazine, Dell Publishing Co., and 17 year old Joyce Becker, a self-described actress and writer, who wrote an inflammatory article the magazine published titled, “The First Time Troy Made Love to Me.”

Donahue protested that the article described them as better friends than they really were. His lawyer said they were only casually acquainted and had met only once, when Becker interviewed Donahue for a teen magazine. Donahue’s action claimed that the story violated privacy and said the statements in the article were “unjustified and untrue.”

Eventually, Dell Publishing Co. printed a retraction, and paid Donahue an undisclosed settlement.

Arbua Productions lawsuit
On February 22, 1968, Arbua Productions, the talent hiring agency for the Pheasant Run Playhouse in Illinois, won a default judgement against him in the amount of $100,000. The actor was accused of inducing his wife, Valerie Allen, to break a contract with the theater, and walk out with him days before the production, Poor Richard, was scheduled to open. Donahue did not appear at the pleadings, and Allen was not named in the suit.

Death
On August 30, 2001, Donahue suffered a heart attack and was admitted to Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. An emergency angioplasty was performed successfully, however Donahue suffered a second heart attack. He underwent a bypass surgery on September 1.

He died on September 2 at the age of 65.

Discography

 * Live Young (1963)
 * Somebody Loves Me (1963)

Box office ranking

 * 1960: voted 5th most likely star of Tomorrow
 * 1961: 24th most popular star in the US
 * 1963: 20th most popular star in the US

In popular culture

 * Troy Donahue, along with Doug McClure, inspired The Simpsons character Troy McClure, voiced by Phil Hartman.
 * Donahue is mentioned in the song "Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee", from the 1971 musical Grease, reflecting his status as a teen idol at the time in which the action is set. The line, which is performed by Stockard Channing in the 1978 film version, is as follows: "As for you, Troy Donahue, I know what you want to do."
 * Donahue is also mentioned in the song "Mother" in the musical A Chorus Line, when the character Bobby sings, "If Troy Donahue could be a movie star, then I could be a movie star."

title: Troy Donahue


text:
Nicolas Grunitzky

Nicolas Grunitzky (5 April 1913 – 27 September 1969) was the second president of Togo and its third head of state. He was President from 1963 to 1967. Grunitzky was Prime Minister of Togo from 1956 to 1958 under the French Colonial loi cadre system, which created a limited "national" government in their colonial possessions. He was elected Prime Minister of Togo —still under French administration— in 1956. Following the 1963 coup which killed his nationalist political rival and brother-in-law Sylvanus Olympio, Grunitzky was chosen by the military committee of coup leaders to be Togo's second President.

Biography
He was born in Atakpamé in 1913 to a German father and a Togolese mother (of Yoruba royalty). He studied civil engineering at the ESTP in Paris and was a public administrator before leaving to form his own company. He was the secretary-general of the Togolese Party of Progress and was elected into the Togolese Representative Assembly in 1951. Grunitzky also served in the French National Assembly from 1951 to 1958, winning elections in 1951 and 1956. Supported by France, he became the Prime Minister of the Republic of Togo on September 12, 1956. The PTP and its northern ally, the Union of Chiefs and Peoples of the North, were defeated in elections held on May 16, 1958 by Sylvanus Olympio's Committee of Togolese Unity (CUT) and their nationalist allies Juvento, and Grunitzky subsequently went into exile.

The CUT/JUVENTO government declared Togo's independence on April 27, 1960, and Olympio (Grunitzky's chief political rival and brother-in-law) was elected the first president of independent Togo. Following a coup d'état in 1963 that ended with the assassination of President Olympio, Grunitzky was appointed president by the "Insurrection Committee" headed by Emmanuel Bodjollé. This was the first military coup in Western Africa following independence, and was organized by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant Étienne Gnassingbé Eyadema. Grunitzky attempted to unify the country by including several political parties in his government. He was, however, toppled in a bloodless military coup led by now-Lt. Col Étienne Gnassingbé Eyadema and was exiled to Paris.

He was injured in a car accident in Côte d'Ivoire, and died from complications in a hospital in Paris in 1969.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nicolas Grunitzky


text:
Tinderbox (Stiff Little Fingers album)

Tinderbox is an album by Stiff Little Fingers, released in 1997. Steve Grantley played bass on the album.

Critical reception
The Washington Post called the album "hard-hitting," writing that "there's no way it can recapture the impact of the band's '70s work."

AllMusic wrote that "the biggest surprise is a churning, rubber-burning remake of 'The Message', Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five's searing indictment of inner-city misery."

Track listing

 * 1) "You Never Hear the One That Hits You" (Burns) – 2:53
 * 2) "(I Could Be) Happy Yesterday" (Burns) – 4:06
 * 3) "Tinderbox" (Burns) – 3:57
 * 4) "Dead of Night" (Burns) – 5:20
 * 5) "The Message" (Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five) – 3:06
 * 6) "My Ever Changing Moral Stance" (Burns) – 2:48
 * 7) "Hurricane" (Burns) – 4:25
 * 8) "You Can Move Mountains" (Burns, Foxton) – 4:16
 * 9) "A River Flowing" (Burns) – 3:25
 * 10) "You Don't Believe in Me" (Burns) – 3:24
 * 11) "In Your Hands" (Burns) – 4:00
 * 12) "Dust in My Eyes" (Burns, Foxton) – 2:43
 * 13) "Roaring Boys (Part One)" (Burns) – 4:27
 * 14) "Roaring Boys (Part Two)" (Burns) – 6:05

Personnel
with:
 * Stiff Little Fingers
 * Jake Burns - guitar, vocals
 * Bruce Foxton - bass; vocals on "Dust in My Eye"
 * Steve Grantley - drums, percussion
 * Ian McCallum - backing vocals
 * Billy Boy Miskimmin - harmonica
 * Holly Roberts - keyboards
 * Tim Sanders - tenor saxophone
 * Simon Clarke - alto and baritone saxophone
 * Roddy Lorimer - trumpet
 * John Curtis - tin whistle
 * Theresa Heanue - fiddle

title: Tinderbox (Stiff Little Fingers album)


text:
Hamzat Bek

Hamzat Bek (also Hamza, or Gamzat from the Russian rendering; ХIамзат Бек; Хьамзат Бек; Гамзат-бек; 1789 – 1834) was the imam of Dagestan between 1832 and 1834. He was the second leader of the movement begun by his predecessor Ghazi Muhammad for the implementation of sharia in Dagestan. He fought against local communities and rulers that followed customary law (adat) and against the Russian army. Unlike his predecessor Ghazi Muhammad and his successor Shamil, Hamzat Bek was the son of an Avar nobleman and was not a member of the Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya Sufi order. He became one of Ghazi Muhammad's commanders and was immediately proclaimed the imam's successor after his death in battle in October 1832. By early 1834, he had subjugated most of the Avar plateau and captured Khunzakh, the capital of the Avar Khanate, killing its ruling family. After this, Hamzat Bek may have claimed the title of Avar khan, trying to combine the authority of the traditional Avar nobility with the Islamic authority of his movement. In October 1834, he was assassinated by Hajji Uthman, a relative of the Avar ruling family and the brother of Hajji Murad.

Early life
Hamzat Bek was born in 1789 in the large village of Hutsal or Gotsatl in the Avar Khanate to a noble father and a commoner mother. This made him a member of the janka class. His father was close to the Avar khan Ali Sultan Ahmad and was a respected figure among the Avars for his bravery and administrative skills. He spent a few years of his adolescence at the khan's residence in Khunzakh, where Ali Sultan Ahmad's widow Pakhu Bike arranged for his education. Hamzat Bek received an education in Shafi'i Islamic law and Arabic under a number of Avar learned men. In his youth, he drank alcohol, but he stopped when he met the Dagestani religious reformer Ghazi Muhammad. Hamzat became a pious Muslim and joined Ghazi Muhammad's movement to impose sharia (Islamic law) in Dagestan, where customary law (adat) was widely followed instead. However, he never joined the Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya Sufi order, of which Ghazi Muhammad and the third imam Shamil were members.

Under Ghazi Muhammad
In late 1829–early 1830, Ghazi Muhammad was proclaimed imam (religious and political leader) of Dagestan and he declared the beginning of a holy war (jihad or ghazawat) against the Russians. Hamzat Bek had participated in fighting against the Russians earlier in 1826, and he may have helped convince Ghazi Muhammad to declare jihad. He became one of Ghazi Muhammad's main commanders and led one of the counterattacks against the Russians after they conquered Jar-Balakan (south of Dagestan, in modern-day Azerbaijan) in 1830. In the autumn of 1830, Hamzat raided Georgian settlements in the Alazani valley in Kakheti. In early 1831, he made a joint declaration with Ghazi Muhammad exhorting the Muslims of the region to continue the fight against the Russians. However, in June 1831, Hamzat Bek negotiated with the Russians, but was taken prisoner and sent to Tiflis. He gave his son as a hostage to secure his own release. He rejoined Ghazi Muhammad after learning that his son had died in captivity. Hamzat Bek was wounded in battle in early July 1832, but he went on to campaign in Jar-Balakan in July–August that year. He was in his home village at the start of the Battle of Gimry. He rushed to assist Ghazi Muhammad's forces, but he did not arrive in time. Ghazi Muhammad was killed at the Battle of Gimry on 29 October 1832.

Election and reign as imam
After the death of Ghazi Muhammad, Hamzat Bek was proclaimed imam by the Dagestani ulama and notables. This was done at the initiative of Muhammad al-Yaraghi, a Naqshbandi sheikh who supported Ghazi Muhammad's jihad (alternatively, Michael Kemper writes that Hamzat Bek "had himself proclaimed the new imām"). According to some sources, the choice for a new imam was between Hamzat Bek and Shamil, but Hamzat Bek was chosen since Shamil was still recovering from wounds received at the Battle of Gimry and Hamzat, as a wealthy janka, had more means to win over supporters.

Many of Ghazi Muhammad's followers had abandoned the movement shortly before or after his death, and few local elites initially accepted Hamzat Bek's authority. At first, his rule did not extend beyond Hustal, Ashilta, Gimrah, Tiliq and Mohokh. He used force to bring the communities back under the control of the imamate. In the summer of 1832, he made another incursion into Kakheti and conducted punitive attacks on Avar and Dargin communities in central Dagestan that had cooperated with the Russians. However, he also tried to negotiate with the Russians. He was invited to negotiations at Temir-Khan-Shura, but he was distrustful of the Russians since his earlier imprisonment and preferred to send letters. In one of these letters, he proposed peace with Russia as long as they would not interfere with the enforcement of sharia. When this was unsuccessful, he turned to the shamkhal—the ruler of a Kumyk principality based in Tarki—to mediate. Hamzat Bek did not know that the shamkhal himself had been urging the Russians to attack the imam. These negotiations failed as well and were the last to occur under Hamzat Bek.

In October 1833, Hamzat Bek forced the village of Gergebil to accept his rule, defeating the forces of the shamkhal, the khan of Mehtuli and the confederation of Aqusha which had come to Gergebil's aid. Unlike his predecessor and successor, who relied mainly on the uzden ("free") communities and rarely on the nobility, Hamzat Bek focused on gaining the support of the royal family of the Avar Khanate, with which he had personal connections. The Avar Khanate's de facto ruler Pakhu Bike had sometimes accepted Hamzat Bek's calls to enforce sharia, but she also wanted Russian assistance to preserve the khanate's independence. Additionally, she was pushed by the Russians to oppose Hamzat Bek. In March 1834, Pakhu Bike secretly attempted to organize Hamzat Bek's murder.

By early 1834, Hamzat Bek controlled most of the Avar confederacies around the Avar Khanate, including Koisubu, Gumbet, Andi, and Andalal. In the summer of 1834, he besieged Khunzakh for two weeks. Pakhu Bike gave two of her sons to Hamzat Bek as hostages to secure an agreement. On, another son of Pakhu Bike came to negotiate with Hamzat Bek, but a fight unintentionally broke out, causing the deaths of Pakhu Bike's sons Nusal and Umma and their men and the imam's brother and some of his followers. Ḥamzat Bek then stormed Khunzakh and ordered the killing of Pakhu Bike and all of the women of the Avar royal family, except for Pakhu Bike's pregnant daughter-in-law. After this, Hamzat Bek may have claimed the title of Avar khan, trying to combine the authority of the traditional nobility with the Islamic authority of his movement.

Hamzat Bek gained as an ally Hajj Tasho, an important leader in Chechnya, which alarmed the Russians. In early September, Hamzat Bek resumed campaigning and unsuccessfully tried to take Tsudakhar in the Aqusha confederation. Still viewing Hamzat Bek as a dangerous enemy, the Russians planned new operations against the imam. Before this could occur, Hamzat Bek was assassinated on 1834 in front of the Khunzakh Friday mosque by Hajji Uthman, a relative of the Avar ruling family and the brother of Hajji Murad (the subject of Leo Tolstoy's famous novella). The assassination was an act of revenge for the destruction of the Avar ruling family, as Uthman and Hajji Murad had been "milk brothers" of the khan. Uthman was killed immediately after assassinating Hamzat Bek. Hamzat Bek was succeeded as imam by Shamil. His grave is located in Khunzakh.

Legacy and reputation
Both during and after his reign, Hamzat Bek's reputation was tarnished by the massacre of the Avar ruling family. However, Hajji Ali, an eyewitness to the Caucasian War, describes Hamzat Bek as "learned and wise, and no one in Daghestan could rival his gallantry." Moshe Gammer argues that Hamzat Bek's importance has been overlooked in both Dagestani and Russian sources, partly because he is "overshadowed" by the other two imams. Gammer stresses the significance of Hamzat Bek's swift succession after Ghazi Muhammad's death in preserving the jihad movement. He also notes the importance of Hamzat Bek's destruction of the Avar khanate, which allowed the imamate to spread its control over all of central Dagestan and made war with the Russians unavoidable. Gammer also suggests that Hamzat Bek was the originator of the administrative structures of the imamate as a state, which were later developed more under Shamil. For example, Hamzat Bek regularly appointed his deputies (na'ibs) to each region under his control, whereas Ghazi Muhammad only appointed deputies as needed. Because of Hamzat Bek's noble origins and reliance on the nobility, Michael Kemper characterizes his reign as "a brief 'aristocratic' interlude between the charismatic leaders Ghāzī-Muḥammad and Shāmil who stood for the interests of the 'free' Avar communities and relied on noblemen only in certain cases."

title: Hamzat Bek


text:
Speakers Bank

Speakers Bank is a large coral atoll structure in the Northwestern part of the Chagos Archipelago. It is the northernmost feature of the archipelago, located at -4.91667°N, 72.33333°W, 22 km Northwest of Blenheim Reef and is 44 km Northeast-Southwest, and 24 km wide. The total area is 582 km2, most of which is water. Most of the rim of the reef is between 5.5 and 14.5 metres below water. In the south, near the southwest edge, there are some coral heads at 05°04'S, 072°16'E, 0.5 metres of which are dry during low tide, and over which the sea breaks heavily during the southeast trade winds. In the Northeast, at 04°47'S, 072°26'E, there are a number of drying cays, the biggest of which, Big Speaker Reef, just reaches the high water mark. The land area is negligible.

Speakers Bank was surveyed in 1856 by British captain J. Speaker on HMS Wallerup. It is the site of many wrecks, also from prior times.

title: Speakers Bank


text: Category:Slovak sculptors

title: Category:Slovak sculptors


text:
Notre Dame High School

Notre Dame High School or Notre Dame Academy or variations are the name of numerous high (secondary) schools and other academies:

Australia

 * Notre Dame College, Shepparton, Victoria

Canada

 * Athol Murray College of Notre Dame, Wilcox, Saskatchewan
 * Collège Notre-Dame (Sudbury), Ontario
 * Collège Notre-Dame du Sacré-Cœur, Montreal, Quebec
 * Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School (Ajax), Ontario
 * Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School (Brampton), Ontario
 * Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School (Burlington), Ontario
 * Notre Dame College School, Welland, Ontario
 * Notre Dame High School (Calgary), Alberta
 * Notre Dame High School (Ottawa), Ontario
 * Notre Dame High School (Toronto), Ontario
 * Notre Dame Regional Secondary School, Vancouver, British Columbia

France

 * Notre-Dame International High School, Verneuil-sur-Seine

Ghana

 * Notre Dame High School (Ghana), Fiapre, Brong-Ahafo Region

Haiti

 * Collège Notre-Dame (Haiti), Cap-Haïtien

India

 * Notre Dame Academy, Patna
 * Notre Dame Academy, Munger
 * Notre Dame Academy, Jamalpur

Philippines

 * Notre Dame Institute, Aringay, La Union
 * Notre Dame of Dadiangas University, General Santos City, South Cotabato
 * Notre Dame of Midsayap College, Midsayap, North Cotabato
 * Notre Dame University (Philippines), Cotabato City, Maguindanao
 * Notre Dame of Cotabato, Inc., Cotabato City, Maguindanao
 * Notre Dame – RVM College of Cotabato, Cotabato City, Maguindanao
 * Notre Dame of Kidapawan College, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato

 * Notre Dame of Isulan, Sultan Kudarat
 * Notre Dame of Greater Manila, Caloocan, Metro Manila

United Kingdom

 * Lingfield College, Lingfield, Surrey, England
 * Notre Dame Catholic College (Liverpool), Lancashire, England
 * Notre Dame Catholic School, Plymouth, Devon, England
 * Notre Dame Catholic Sixth Form College, Leeds, Yorkshire, England
 * Notre Dame High School, Glasgow, Scotland
 * Notre Dame High School (Norwich), Norfolk, England
 * Notre Dame High School (Sheffield), Yorkshire, England
 * Notre Dame School, Cobham, Surrey, England
 * Notre Dame Roman Catholic Girls' School, London, England

United States

 * Notre Dame Preparatory High School (Arizona)
 * Notre Dame Academy (Los Angeles, California)
 * Notre Dame High School (Belmont, California)
 * Notre Dame High School (Riverside, California)
 * Notre Dame High School (Salinas, California)
 * Notre Dame High School (San Jose, California)
 * Notre Dame High School (Sherman Oaks, California)
 * Notre Dame Catholic High School (Connecticut) (Fairfield)
 * Notre Dame High School (West Haven, Connecticut)
 * Notre Dame Academy (Miami, Florida), merged in 1981 into Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School
 * Notre Dame Academy (Georgia), Duluth, Georgia
 * Notre Dame High School for Girls, Chicago, Illinois, closed in 2016
 * Notre Dame College Prep, Niles, Illinois, formerly Notre Dame High School for Boys
 * Peoria Notre Dame High School, Peoria, Illinois
 * Quincy Notre Dame High School, Quincy, Illinois
 * Notre Dame High School (Burlington, Iowa)
 * Notre Dame Academy (Park Hills, Kentucky)
 * Notre Dame High School (Crowley, Louisiana)
 * Institute of Notre Dame, Baltimore, Maryland
 * Notre Dame Preparatory School (Towson, Maryland)
 * Notre Dame Preparatory School (Fitchburg, Massachusetts)
 * Notre Dame Academy (Hingham, Massachusetts)
 * Notre Dame Cristo Rey High School, Methuen, Massachusetts
 * Notre Dame Academy (Worcester, Massachusetts)
 * Notre Dame High School (Harper Woods, Michigan) (closed in 2005)
 * Notre Dame Preparatory (Pontiac, Michigan)
 * Notre Dame High School (Biloxi, Mississippi): see Mercy Cross High School (Biloxi, Mississippi)
 * Notre Dame High School (Cape Girardeau, Missouri)
 * Notre Dame High School (St. Louis), Missouri
 * Notre Dame High School (New Jersey) (Lawrenceville)
 * Notre Dame High School (Batavia, New York)
 * Notre Dame High School (Elmira, New York)
 * Notre Dame School (Manhattan), New York, New York
 * Notre Dame Academy (Staten Island), New York, New York
 * Notre Dame Junior Senior High School (Utica, New York)
 * Notre Dame-Cathedral Latin School, Chardon, Ohio
 * Notre Dame High School (Hamilton, Ohio)
 * Notre Dame High School (Portsmouth, Ohio)
 * Notre Dame Academy (Toledo, Ohio)
 * Notre Dame High School (East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania)
 * Notre Dame High School (Easton, Pennsylvania), Easton, Pennsylvania
 * Notre Dame Academy, Mitchell, South Dakota, of NRHP-listed Holy Family Church, School, and Rectory
 * Notre Dame High School (Chattanooga, Tennessee)
 * Notre Dame School of Dallas, Texas
 * Notre Dame Catholic School (Wichita Falls, Texas)
 * Notre Dame Academy (Middleburg, Virginia) (became Middleburg Academy in 2010)
 * Notre Dame High School (Clarksburg, West Virginia)
 * Notre Dame Academy (Green Bay, Wisconsin)

Guam

 * Notre Dame High School (Guam), Talofofo

Puerto Rico

 * Colegio Católico Notre Dame, Caguas

title: Notre Dame High School


text:
User talk:Afghansite

I have now deleted your user page as you requested. In future, you can ask for a deletion of your own page by putting or  on it. jni 10:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Image:Afghansite.gif listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Afghansite.gif, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:17, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Afghansite


text:
Corby (disambiguation)

Corby may refer to:

Places

 * Corby, Northamptonshire, England, a town
 * Borough of Corby, a former district that contained the town
 * Corby (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Corby (crater), on Mars
 * Corby Glen, England, a village in Lincolnshire, England
 * Corby Farm Complex, near Honeoye Falls, New York, United States; on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Corby Hill, Great Corby and Little Corby, Cumbria, England

People

 * Corby (surname)
 * Corby Kummer (born c. 1956), American food writer and restaurant critic
 * Fernando J. Corbató (born 1926), American computer scientist nicknamed "Corby"
 * Matt Corby Australian singer
 * Michael Corby (born 1951) rock musician

In business

 * Samsung Corby, a telephone
 * Corby trouser press, an electrical appliance
 * Corby Spirit and Wine, a Canadian alcohol company

Other uses

 * Corby Castle, Cumbria, England, an ancestral home of the Howard family
 * Corby Bridge, Cumbria, England, a railway viaduct
 * "Corby", a Series C episode of the television series QI (2005)

title: Corby (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Quality of service/to do

 * Cover QoS history in History section. --Kvng (talk) 23:51, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Discuss hard QoS - --Kvng (talk) 23:51, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Discuss relationship to Network neutrality and consider restoring template --Kvng (talk) 16:07, 19 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Remove repeated links. --Kvng (talk) 16:02, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quality of service/to do


text:
Talk:Cuboid

Square cuboid
Pardon me for being stupid, but is a square cuboid not only one square face? If it has two square faces then does its conjunction on each edge not require that the third is therefore also a square?
 * Care to sign your post (-)? The sentence in the article is correct. Hint: A cuboid has six faces. But you are thinking along the right line (:-). --RainerBlome 06:36, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

From the article:

"The square cuboid, square box or right square prism (also ambiguously called square prism) is a special case of the cuboid in which at least two faces are squares."

Each face of a cuboid is identical to the opposite face. This means a square cuboid must have "at least" 2 square faces, and it must be an even number.

Sorry but in fact, a square cuboid must have AT MOST 2 square faces. The other 4 faces can be equal sized rectangles. e.g. the rectangles can measure 6cm on each length and 2cm in width therefore having the two square faces measuring 2cm on each side. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.45.84.40 (talk) 10:15, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

If a square cuboid has 4 square faces, then the other 2 faces must also be square, and the "square cuboid" is actually a cube in that case. User: Unregistered 18 Feb 2008
 * Being a cube doesn't stop it from also being a cuboid. —David Eppstein (talk) 15:39, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

The Word Itself
It says that i added
 * It can also be called a rectangular parallelepiped or rectangular prism.

I don't think it was bcz i was on drugs tho it would make more sense than what i remember, but i think it's wrong, bcz "rectangular" does not (for a solid figure) imply all faces. "Right rectangular prism", but i'm not sure we should bother with that. --Jerzy·t 17:25, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

I took higher level math, and I check it on the Mathworld website.... The statement about "rectangular parallelepiped " is correct, I should be added. The current description is too "dumbed down". A Cubiod is rather technical in and of its self, therefore having the discription equally technical is justified. Ashby
 * Good then.
 * Certainly the word cuboid is technical (you can minor in math and not know it), but this is not a dictionary, and the article is not about the technical word "cuboid", but about the sometimes technical, sometimes simplistic concept of cuboid. Its only really suitable name (adequately precise and adequately brief) is "cuboid", but the technical sound of that word is a red herring: piping means it can be lk-ed via box, and inspected by non-technical users who want to know if we're ruling out a 10-faced box (its interior is the union of two truncated square pyramids) that might have a fast-food burger in it, or a cylindrical one with 3 pounds of Quaker-brand oatmeal. To see that this is not hypothetical, sample the articles that lk to this talk page's article.
 * I've no objection to including good rigorous material, but do bear in mind that the straight-forward stuff needs to be there too. None of these articles belong exclusively to the specialists.
 * --Jerzy·t 07:14, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Surface area
A colleague added
 * , or in a shortest calculation, 2(a+b)h+ab.

but Let's hear what they have in mind here. --Jerzy·t 05:36, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) They must mean "2((a+b)h+ab)
 * 2) The h is undefined, but h=c would fix it
 * 3) It needs some justification of the logic of "shortest": what assumption is involved as to, e.g., ratio between time do multiplications and addtiongs, and what is the domain where that matters? This isn't an optimum-computation manual, and the effort of remembering a less intuitive formula is unlikely to be repaid.

Euler Brick
This didn't make any sense to me (a lowly Physicist) until I followed the link.

"A cuboid with integer edges as well as integer face diagonals is called an Euler brick, for example with sides 44, 117 and 240. A perfect cuboid is an Euler brick whose space diagonal is also an integer. It is currently unknown whether a perfect cuboid actually exists."

I think the words length and area are missing. But it is not my field so I have not changed it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.88.75.48 (talk) 09:40, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

 * An edge or a diagonal has length, not area. —Tamfang (talk) 04:11, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Am I correct..
... in saying that according to the definitions given on the main page, a square cuboid is not a special case of a rectangular cuboid since the former may have 4 faces which are not rectangles, whereas the latter has all faces rectangles ? If so, is this definition of a square cuboid intended, or should a square cuboid be defined as a cuboid in which all faces are rectangles and at least 2 are squares - i.e. a rectangular cuboid of which at least 2 faces are squares ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96.59.93 (talk) 18:58, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * You seem to be under the impression that a square is not a rectangle. While there is some support for that position in the literature, I don't think it's a helpful point of view. A square is a special kind of rectangle, but it is still a rectangle. The square cuboid's square faces are also rectangles, and the square cuboid is also a rectangular cuboid. —David Eppstein (talk) 19:12, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:56, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Is this whole article completely wrong?
The Cuboid definition at wolfram alpha, which is linked to from this page says: '' A closed box composed of three pairs of rectangular faces placed opposite each other and joined at right angles to each other, also known as a rectangular parallelepiped. The cuboid is also a right prism, a special case of the parallelepiped, and corresponds to what in everyday parlance is known as a (rectangular) "box."''

And the text book citation on this article, to Elements of Synthetic Solid Geometry

https://archive.org/details/elementssynthet01dupugoog/page/n68/mode/2up

p53, Def. 4) says:  If the three sections are rectangles, all the faces are rectangles, and all the dihedral angles are right angles, and all the corners are right corners [...] The figure is then a cuboid.

It too requires that a cuboid is rectangular.

Everywhere I look, including the sources and references on this article say a cuboid is rectangular. Its faces are rectangles (more specific than merely 'quadrilaterals' as stated). And therefore NO, a rectangular cuboid is not a special case of cuboid -- a cuboid is ALREADY rectangular, and then NO a frustrum, rhombohedron, parallelepiped, etc are NOT cuboids. 70.69.234.76 (talk) 18:35, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

 * So what other word do you use for the actual topic of this article, the shapes that are combinatorially equivalent to cubes but not required to have rectangular sides? It is clear that some people use "cuboid" in the restricted sense that you mean. It is also clear that some people use "cuboid" for the more general shape (example: 10.1007/BF03026511). What is less clear is whether there is any alternative to "cuboid" for the more general shape. —David Eppstein (talk) 19:12, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The article you reference doi:10.1007/BF03026511 could be introducing its own local definition for its own purpose, "Suppose that we call a polyhedron a cuboid iff it is combinatorially equivalent to a cube." That, to me, seems to fall short of being a claim that this is what is generally accepted to be called a cuboid, and more of a 'lets call these solids cuboids as a convenient shorthand for our purpose here'. Is there a more authoritative source or more consensus on that usage?
 * As for what other word to use for the shapes in the table in this article. Both the table on this page and the same table on the more general hexahedron page ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexahedron ) are co-labelled "Quadrilaterally-faced hexahedron" which seems unambiguous, precise, and correct. It refers to no other polyhedra, and leaves none of the ones in the table out. 70.69.234.76 (talk) 23:06, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Please provide evidence that this phrase is actually in common usage. I can only find a handful of hits for it in Google Scholar, several of which immediately clarify what they mean by writing "quadrilaterally-faced hexahedron (cuboid)". The fact that this name is also used for a different meaning is irrelevant; what is relevant is what name is in common use for this meaning. See WP:NOTDICT and WP:COMMONNAME. —David Eppstein (talk) 00:03, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'll set aside what to call quadrilateral faced hexahedra aside for a moment; because that's not really my issue.
 * You say "what is relevant is what name is in common usage for this meaning". Well, what mathematical name is in common usage for things are ONLY rectangular boxes and not parellelepides and frustrums? Isn't that name: "cuboid"?
 * Shouldn't that be clear from the article?
 * I could see how the article might expand from there that there are these other more exotic shapes that are sometimes also classed as cuboids, and when cuboid is used in that context then the usual 'cuboid' is a 'rectangular cuboid'.
 * The article cites a page from textbook on solid geometry; and it says:
 * "If the three sections are rectangles, all the faces are rectangles, and all the dihedral angles are right angles, and all the corners are right corners [...] The figure is then a cuboid"
 * Those are the mathematically defining criteria for what a shape needs to be to be a cuboid; and then wikipedia directly contradicts that and says that cuboids can have any quadrilateral shaped face at any angle.
 * If we consider that the parallelepiped is also cuboid based on another source, fine, but then shouldn't the fact that the source materials are in direct opposition, itself, be made apparent?
 * And shouldn't the FAR more common meaning of cuboid -- that of being a box and only being a box, be more clear and prominent? 70.69.234.76 (talk) 02:42, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * We have an article about the things you want to call cuboids. It is rectangular cuboid. That is not the subject of this article. This article is about the things you want to call quadrilateral-faced hexahedra. Regardless of the name, the subject of the article is what it is. See WP:NOTDICT, again. Dictionary articles are about words and their meanings. Encyclopedia articles are primarily about the things described in those articles, and to a much lesser extent about the words used to name those articles. —David Eppstein (talk) 06:19, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * This article has 4 citations:
 * 1 - Robertson, I can't find it online. I'd love to see what it actually says.
 * 2 - Branko - cited as re-using the word cuboid to talk about a more general class of polytopes expanded into higher dimensions.
 * 3 - Dupuis - says a cuboid MUST be rectangular.
 * 4 - Roberston - to me, that looks a LOT like Branko, where he literally says in a paper "Suppose that we call [these things] cuboids". I think he's appropriating the term to talk about a more general class (which is the subject of the article).
 * Also, hang on, that's the same Robertson -- that makes it especially interesting to me what he said in "Polytopes and Symmetry"; what does he say in polytopes and symmetry? Do you have access to that reference? can you share what it actually says?
 * I don't really have an issue with this article 'existing' per se. And I don't really have an issue with this article being called cuboid, if that's the common term applied to the class of shapes here, if this class of objects is referenced often enough to deserve its own article.
 * My issues here are that:
 * 1) This article on 'cuboid' cites a reference that says the subject matter of this article are NOT cuboids, surely that should be called out somehow?
 * 2) The disambiguation page for Cuboid doesn't include 'rectangular cuboid' despite that being the article most people would actually be looking for. When you search for cat, both the article for the domestic house cat, and the larger family of cats including lions and tigers are included in the disambiguation page. Not so here. Only this article is returned. I think that's also an issue.
 * 3) Yes I know wikipedia is not a dictionary; and I understand your point - but you have one source using cuboids for quadrilateral polyhedra and one source saying those non-rectangular solids are NOT cuboids - that disagreement needs to be apparent.
 * The article for rectangular cuboid says "These are often called "cuboids", without qualifying them as being rectangular, but a cuboid can also refer to a more general class of polyhedra, with six quadrilateral faces" -- that's a really weak statement; that fails to reflect that MOST sources actually DEFINE cuboid to REQUIRE them to be rectangular, and that the more general class of polyhedra according to those sources would NOT be cuboids.
 * Interestingly the line I quoted from rectangular cuboid again a cites back to the same 1984 Robertson text. 70.69.234.76 (talk) 22:18, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * In doing a search, this use of the name 'cuboid' seems to be very rare. The only source I can find by an author other than Robertson, who seems to have coined this usage, is one 2019 PhD thesis. By contrast, I can easily find hundreds of examples of sources using 'cuboid' to mean a rectangular parallelepiped. I'd recommend putting the disambiguation page Cuboid (disambiguation) at the title Cuboid, and possibly renaming Rectangular cuboid to Cuboid (geometry). I'm not sure what the right title is for the subject of this current article under discussion. Is it really even notable as a concept? Are there other authors beyond Robertson who have anything meaningful to say about it? It could probably just be merged as a section of Hexahedron. –jacobolus (t) 23:35, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of examples of "cuboid" being used in the general sense in the scientific computing / finite element meshing literature. For example:
 * Zienkiewicz & Phillips 1971 (see for instance fig. 7)
 * Pissanetzky 1981 (see for instance figs. 6 & 7)
 * Kohl 1996 (see for instance fig. 19(e), identified as being a cuboid earlier in the text)
 * —David Eppstein (talk) 01:40, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
 * From skimming around, the name "hexahedron" seems to usually refer to the quadrilateral-faced topological cube rather than other 6-faced polyhedra, and seems much much more common for this than "cuboid". Apparently in finite element literature it's called a "brick". Edit: after more skimming, I would say that the relevance to "hexahedral mesh" construction is the main reason this shape is notable, and by far dominates all of the research literature ever mentioning it. If there's going to be an article about this, it should maybe focus on that topic. –jacobolus (t) 02:12, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Another phrase that appears to describe the six-quadrilateral shapes in some literature is "combinatorial cube", although that also has other meanings. See e.g., , . Also, "combinatorial box": . —David Eppstein (talk) 08:00, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

extensions
I'm going to remove this new passage:
 * In hyperbolic geometry, specifically in higher-dimensional space increasing axis vectors increases the vertices by a multiplication of two. With 8 vertices a cube, 16 vertices a 4-cube, 32 vertices a 5-cube, 64 vertices a 6-cube, 128 vertices a 7-cube, 256 vertices a 8-cube, with exponential multiplication of vertices as dimensions increase.

because this article otherwise has nothing to do with higher dimensions, and even less with hyperbolic space! I'll add hypercube to See Also. —Tamfang (talk) 19:35, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree that this is off-topic and should be removed. —David Eppstein (talk) 20:17, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

gallery vs table

 * Replaced gallery with wikitable (...): much more flexible.

It would be more flexible if transposed; as is, it's wider than my window, and adding/removing an entry will be prone to errors. —Tamfang (talk) 17:27, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

 * It rarely shows with mobile edit tags, but when I edit Wikipedia, I almost always do it on my (rather big) smartphone (with which I often use the PC version of Wikipedia), where tables are automatically adjusted to the width of the screen...
 * I'm not sure I understand your technical suggestion; but of course, you can try it (as long as it shows as much information as the present table does, please). —JavBol (talk) 19:23, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Galleries can reflow to fit narrower windows (only wide enough for 2-wide images, for instance). Wikitables cannot. Therefore for this sort of use galleries are preferable to windows. Wide tables are going to cause undesirable sidescrolling. Your table sidescrolls even on my laptop screen. Please revert to a gallery. —David Eppstein (talk) 19:35, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Additionally, because it is so wide, the table overlays the toolbar in my right margin (it goes past the margin and off the screen), blocking the use of the tools. —David Eppstein (talk) 20:16, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I prefer galleries in this case, instead of tables. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 04:16, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cuboid


text: Category:Danish sculptors

title: Category:Danish sculptors


text:
Notre Dame High School (Sherman Oaks, California)

Notre Dame High School (NDHS) in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California, is a co-ed Catholic college preparatory high school founded by the Congregation of Holy Cross in 1947. Initially a boys' school, it has been co-educational since the 1980s and has occupied the same campus since its founding.

Located in the Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles, Notre Dame was designated a United States Department of Education Blue Ribbon school for 1990–1991 and 1994–1996.

History
Notre Dame High School was founded by the Congregation of Holy Cross. At that time, some Holy Cross brothers were already on the staff at a Long Beach parish high school, St. Anthony, and have had a presence in the area since the 1850's. There was only one Catholic high school in the San Fernando Valley, Corvallis High School for girls run by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary, hence the decision to establish a school there to educate local boys. Father Cavanaugh, the newly-appointed president of the University of Notre Dame and two local priests visited the Riverside Drive location and purchased the land in 1945. Plans were drawn up immediately and the campus was to be built in the Mission style, the buildings modeling various Spanish Missions along the coast of California. The school opened on September 15, 1947 with 120 boys.

During the 1970s, Notre Dame went through a tumultuous period where enrollment dipped dangerously low, as was the trend throughout the Archdiocese of Los Angeles at that time. The buildings needed upgrading and there were discussions about selling the valuable property and moving to another site. The brothers contacted the nuns in charge of Corvallis to propose a merger but were rejected. Notre Dame announced it would admit girls starting from the 1983–84 academic year, a move which helped them to weather the decline in the enrollment encountered by other Catholic high schools in the San Fernando Valley area due to the aging population and competition from other private schools. When Corvallis closed in 1987, many of its girls transferred to Notre Dame.

Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 1,229 students enrolled for 2017–18 was:
 * Native American/Alaskan = 0.6%
 * Asian = 6.2%
 * Black = 8.0%
 * Hispanic = 17.3%
 * Native Hawaiian/Pacific islander = 5.8%
 * White = 62.2%

Notable alumni

 * Lily Aldridge – model
 * Ed Begley Jr. – actor
 * Rachel Bilson – actress
 * John S. Boskovich – artist, writer, filmmaker, and teacher
 * Joseph Vincent Brennan – Roman Catholic Bishop of Fresno
 * Nick Cassavetes – actor and director
 * Dayne Crist – football player
 * Patrick Curtis – motion picture/TV writer producer
 * Chris Dickerson – Major League Baseball player
 * Jamie Dixon – men's basketball coach at TCU.
 * Maggie Dixon – women's basketball coach at U.S. Military Academy
 * Terry Donahue – football player and coach
 * Kelly Dugan – MiLB baseball player
 * Kirsten Dunst – actress
 * Justin Fargas – NFL running back
 * Maureen Flannigan – actress
 * Tim Foli – MLB player
 * Nick Folk – NFL kicker
 * Kai Forbath – NFL kicker
 * Taylor Fry – actress
 * Amanda Fuller – actress
 * Tom Gamboa—baseball coach and manager
 * Donald Gibb – actor
 * Pat Gillick – baseball executive
 * Greg Goossen – MLB player
 * Ben Gottschalk – NFL football offensive lineman
 * Hunter Greene – MLB pitcher
 * Devon Gummersall – actor
 * Cary Harris – football player
 * Brett Hayes – MLB player
 * Wes Horton – NFL defensive end
 * Spencer Johnson – author
 * Travis Johnson – NFL football defensive end
 * Staci Keanan – actor
 * Richard Keith – actor
 * Emilee Klein – LPGA golfer
 * David Kopay – football running back
 * David C. Lane – professor of philosophy and sociology/author
 * Harper LeBel – football player
 * Rami Malek – actor
 * Arash Markazi – journalist
 * Rich Marotta – sports reporter
 * Jerry Mathers – actor
 * Jack McDowell – MLB pitcher, Cy Young Award Winner
 * Stephen McEveety – film producer
 * Katharine McPhee – singer
 * Nigel Miguel – basketball player, film actor and producer
 * Michael Minkler – motion picture soundman
 * Bob Moretti – Speaker of California State Assembly
 * Khalfani Muhammad – NFL running back
 * Michael Mullen – admiral in U.S. Navy and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 * Liliana Mumy – actress
 * Daniel Munyer – NFL offensive lineman
 * Dave Navarro – guitarist
 * Kathryn Newton – actress
 * Devon Odessa – actress
 * Josh Oppenheimer – basketball player and coach
 * Stephen Perkins – drummer
 * Jorge Piedra – MLB player
 * Brendan Ryan – MLB infielder
 * Chris Sailer – pro football player
 * C. J. Sanders – football player
 * Bill Seward – radio-TV sportscaster
 * Lindsey Shaw – actress
 * Giancarlo Stanton – MLB outfielder 2017 NL MVP
 * Tad Stones – animator, screenwriter, producer and director
 * Mary Strong – sportscaster
 * Jimmy Tatro – filmmaker
 * Michelle Trachtenberg – actress
 * John Vella – NFL offensive lineman.
 * Jim Yester — singer and musician
 * Dennis Zine – Los Angeles City Councilman
 * Mark Pellegrino - actor


text: Category:Norwegian sculptors

title: Category:Norwegian sculptors


text:
Talk:Redshirts (Italy)

Untitled
Could we go into more detail about who were the people of the i Mille, instead of the origin and nature of their shirts?

 * I Mille is currently a redirect here. It's just waiting for this very information, mentioning Redshirts just in passing. A good biography of Garibaldi would give some starting points. Anyone? --Wetman 21:07, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Red Shirt Movement
2004 Encyclopedia topics/22 lists a similarly named title called Red Shirt Movement but appears to be on a completley different topic. Does anyone know the differences between the two? NSR 29 June 2005 22:40 (UTC)

Trek's redshirts
Perhaps a article in three parts? SEctions?
 * You can't be serious, can you? It's not like ship's security wore red in homage to Garibaldi, any more than RCMP or British infantry did. Trekphiler 00:09, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Guards of NY
I altered the "of the 39h"; the Garibaldi Guard was the com ID of the entire outfit, N just part of it, as "of" implied. Trekphiler 00:10, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Mysterious remark
"A rather famous picture of Captain Charles Schwab shows him wearing a red woolen, undecorated shirt with a left breast pocket." Not apparently famous enough to turn up in googling Charles Schwab on image mode. If you can dab this and make it relevant, by all means put it back in the article. --Wetman 04:22, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

The Federal Red
"What about the red color used by 'federales' faction in internals wars of Argentina and Ururguay?. I don't know your origin with precision but is related at the foundation of 'La Liga de los Pueblos Libres' by Gervasio Artigas (circa 1820). Yours flags (exits some variations) had in common the colour 'rojo (red) punzó'. Yet today is an oficial flag  in Uruguay and argentinian provinces".--Visitor 01:10, 04  agost 2007 (arg)

 * And what about the blue color? See Liga Federal. --Wetman 05:53, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Wetman, are you rigth. Parcially. Let me explain. Searching about colors, i'm found that the 'celeste'(sky blue) was used by 'unitarios', the other faction in this wars. Well, Garibaldi fight by side of uruguyans unitarios but .. they used red color !(and not 'celeste'like argentinian unitarios). In spanish rojo (red) is also 'colorado' (that's the name the unitarios adopted and still today are named in Uruguay). So may be Garibaldi don't was a 'federal' after all but yet can used red color by political reasons. Something else may be interesting for you. If you visit http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen:Bandera_calabreses_de_garibaldi.png you can see the flag used by the "Italian Legion" (Garibaldi's men) in Montevideo's defense. Well, it's a green volcano, erupting red fire in black background. Some people see in this the origin of use red-black in revolutionaries flags : 'red shirts' with a black flag .(Ok, you can ask, then what about the green?. Good cuestion!).--Visitor 22:58, 06  agost 2007 (arg)

On Fascism
It states in this article "nothing to do with any proto-Fascist ideology; Garibaldi himself was a well known socialist, and his men were patriots of different political leanings, banded together in the name of national freedom and unity." Fascism is in its undiluted, uncorrupted form exactly that. Socialist who beleive in Nationalism and Unity. Yes fascism was subverted by totalatarism and turned from its initial aims but such is true of any ideology, but to say that Garibaldi had nothing to do with Fascism or Fascist ideology and then go on and define fascism to the crossed t is madness. Italian Fascism and by extention all Fascism was heavily based on the Nationalist and Socialist movements of the C19th of which Garibaldi's Influence, especially in Italy, cannot be denied. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

title: Talk:Redshirts (Italy)


text:
Talk:Ku Klux Klan regalia and insignia

Nazareno and Capirote
Are many people in the non-spanish speaking western world aware that costumes which are superficially similar to KKK costumes are used by Christians? Unfortunately, both the Nazareno and Capirote  articles are in the Spanish version of wikipedia .--80.47.210.255 16:10, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Deletions a bit too much?
I think the deletions are a bit extreme... I did some checking about various klux sites (not something I like to do in public), and there was some debate in some places about whether the cross was originally an X or a +. I think the various legends of origins are worth at least some discussion. The Crusader thing is plausible, especially if they were influenced by Scott. --MacRusgail 14:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * How about adding some references? My actions may come across as a bit harsh, but I've seen people add stuff to the main Ku Klux Klan article over and over that's nothing but urban folklore and self-mythologizing on the part of the Klan.--Bcrowell 14:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, the self-mythologising is a big feature, but perhaps it can be noted as such, e.g. "It is commonly stated that ... although there is no hard evidence for this". I think that the origins of the group are obviously shady, which makes things harder. Some of what the Straight Dope article says about the fiery cross (crann tara) is correct, I think, but other parts aren't so verifiable notably this statement -

 * "The fiery cross of Scottish legend wasn't the upright Roman cross commonly used by the Klan. Rather it was the X-shaped cross of St. Andrew. St. Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland, and an X-shaped cross probably also was a lot easier to make a signal bonfire out of. But nobody ever said the Klan's big attraction was its meticulous sense of detail."

 * I am a Scot (and resident in Scotland), with a great interest in our history, and don't know of any particular evidence to suggest that the crann tara was X shaped. This is conflating our flag with the fiery cross. However, with the cross on the costume, I have seen some debate as to whether it is an X or a +. This is made harder to identify by the fact that it's often seen at an angle in old pictures. (To be honest, most Scots are thoroughly embarassed by their "link" with the Klan, especially when they call themselves a "clan".). The X may suggest a link with our flag, or the US South's one. --MacRusgail 14:39, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I read that the MIOAK/Blood Drop Cross are four K's (for Knights of the Ku Klux Klan), with their back against each other, that form the cross. The blood drop was originally a Yin & Yang symbol.

I only found this source for that:

VFD
On 16 July 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was move to Ku Klux Klan regalia and insignia. See Votes for deletion/KKK costume for a record of the discussion. – ABCD✉ 00:28, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Erm, as far as I can see, two people voted for the move. Am I missing something? -unsigned
 * I was taken aback when I read that the person who nominated the VFD realized the result would be keep, simply stated that would delete half the articler and revert it to a stub (which they then tried to do...see below). Clearly not the way a VFD should function.  And, yes, the result of that vote appeared to me to be a simple keep and not a move. -Husnock 16:26, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Oct 12 Revert
I visited this article and was shocked to see the massive deletions which had been accomplished by a single user. I read through teh deletions and saw many which were private opinions and one was even labeled as "delte statement I dont think is true". I was also very confused why the user stated that the popular culture section was "off topic" since it deals with how the KKK costume has been portrayed in television and cinema. In any event, no offense to the user, but this all strikes of article ownership. I have reverted t the last full version that I could find and recommnd that future mega-deletions get discussed first. -Husnock 22:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Simple Spanish Proof (directly from Google)
http://images.google.com/images?q=nazarenos

http://images.google.com/images?as_oq=capirotes+capirote

Although the pictures in the links above may not reflect this, white is a very common color. Even after KKK copied this, there has never been any order-of-magnitude-comparison in quantity of usage of this type of costume between Spain (and former colonies) and KKK. KKK usage is negligible on the map and is overrated due to USA media distortion/domination.

Alternative Ku Klux Klan costume?
I've been doing some research lately on the 19th century children's writer Martha Finley's series of 'Elsie Dinsmore' books. The fifth book in the series, 'Elsie's Motherhood', deals fairly extensively with KKK activities. It's set in 1867-68, was published in 1876 and, according to the preface, draws on published reports of the Congressional Committee of Investigation.

The costume description, however, doesn't match with any that I've seen elsewhere.

"Seemingly of gigantic stature, it wore a long, white garment, that, enveloping it from head to foot, trailed upon the ground, rattling as it moved, and glistening in the moonlight; the head was adorned with three immense horns, white, striped with red, a nose of proportional size, red eyes and eyebrows, and a wide, grinning, red mouth, filled with horrible tusks, out of which lolled a long red tongue." (Martha Finley, Elsie's Motherhood, London: George Routledge & Sons [1876], p. 90-91)

Elsewhere similar descriptions are given. There is reference to the horns being made of "odd looking rolls of cotton cloth", stuffed with cotton wool and horn shaped, tapering nearly to a point (pp. 84-85); and another which states that "Under that long red tongue, which is made of flannel, and moved by the wearer's real tongue, there is a leather bag, inside of the disguise and into it they pour the water; not down their throats." (pp. 154-155)

Is this a regional variant on the costume? Has anyone any knowledge or information about this?

BettyH

The MIOAK/Blood Drop Cross
I read that the MIOAK/Blood Drop Cross are four K's (for Knights of the Ku Klux Klan), with their back against each other, that form the cross. The blood drop was originally a Yin & Yang symbol. I only found this source for that:

Another origin involving the KKK costume
I had remembered another origin behind the klan's costume, but it involves a long story: Back in 1989, I went to see the Wendell B. Harris Jr. movie Chameleon Street at the Huntington Arts Cinema. Prior to the showing of the film a man came on to give a lecture about racism's role in our society, and one aspect he mentioned were that police departments in the South used to have Slave patrols before the civil war. Among the tactics used by the slave patrols were to dress up as ghosts in order to intimidate African-Americans out of trying to seek freedom. Basically it was another effort to play on their superstition and alleged gullibility, just as the Knight Riders and other KKK members used to do. DanTD 03:38, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Your recent edits have been reverted as they do not appear to be constructive
"The origins of the use of the costume are unclear, but it does seem certain that it was originally designed by weak white males that were repeatedly beat up by bullies and unable to function as a normal human beings. The dress allows easy access for the placement of foreign objects such as golf balls and hot wheels up their anuses."

Such supposed "constructive" information is why nobody takes wikipedia seriously. Now hopefully, as this page is edited to bring it up to the standards of a high school book report, the editors who reverted my edits will go and place "foreign objects such as golf balls and hot wheels up their anuses." Good day.

4.157.104.21 (talk) 10:23, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * sorry, I thought you were adding those stuff, My bad..its advisable that when you remove a lot of stuff from an article, its good and add a descent edit summary with it so that other editors will know what you are adding or removing since wikipedia gets hit by vandalism every 1/10th of a second and its hard to differentiate between the vandalism or improvements...-- Cometstyles 10:30, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Semi-protected
I think this page should have some kind of semi-protection. I have no love for the KKK and am diametrically opposed to them, however this page is mainly for information, and can't be vandalised on a regular basis. --MacRusgail (talk) 14:44, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The article on the Ku Klux Klan itself is already protected. I could see some editing that could be done there, specifically of one link. As for this one, it could probably use some images of KKK logos for various rankings within the klan. DanTD (talk) 17:21, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

The vandalism is still going on, so why can't this page be semi-protected? --MacRusgail (talk) 15:17, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

And I'll say it again! --MacRusgail (talk) 16:24, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Seriously what does have to happen to get a page semi-protected? Does libellous material have to be put up repeatedly? -MacRusgail (talk) 16:12, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Finding Sources
This article along with some others dealing with the klan are horribly unreferenced. And I'm having trouble finding anything reliable online. Mostly things like this and un-sourced Yahoo Answers postings. Can someone read a book on the klan or something and get some sources? ./zro (⠠⠵) 23:29, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Pop Culture
Since South Park and others were mentioned, how about adding Harry Potter IV? The Death Eater costumes were very Klan-like in that movie. (I'm glad they fixed the outfits for the subsequent movies. YIKES!) 67.142.130.30 (talk) 06:23, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

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No mention of Spanish costumes in article
The KKK regalia is almost exactly like the costumes worn in Spanish Catholic religious processions. Why is this not even mentioned in the article? 173.89.236.187 (talk) 15:35, 18 June 2016 (UTC)
 * A line has been added but the origin of the costume and significance (if any) of the resemblance need more research. Ewulp (talk) 23:21, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

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The article is unsourced WP:OR, with no sources nor citations since 2008. I redirected the page to the main article. If suitable sources exist, they could be first added to the main article. --K.e.coffman (talk) 18:03, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ku Klux Klan regalia and insignia


text: Category:Belarusian sculptors

title: Category:Belarusian sculptors


text:
Loch Ericht

Loch Ericht (Loch Eireachd) is a freshwater loch on the border between the former Perthshire, now Perth and Kinross and the former Inverness-shire, now Highlands Council areas of Scotland. It has a north-east to south-west orientation. The village of Dalwhinnie lies at the north east end of the loch. Loch Ericht is the tenth largest freshwater lake in Scotland and has a good reputation for its trout fishing and Ferox trout.

Loch Ericht occupies a major glacial breach cut through the former main Grampian divide from Ben Nevis over Ben Alder to the Cairngorms. The breach exploits the Loch Ericht Fault, a major feature of the Caledonian Orogeny, parallel to the Great Glen Fault and other NE-SW faults. The preglacial col in the former divide at Beinn Bheoil - Stob an Aonaich Mhoir is estimated by Linton to have been at 650m asl. With the loch bed being at 200m asl, ice has excavated a trench at least 450 m deep. The glacier has carried erratic boulders of Rannoch granite far down the flanks of Strath Spey. A secondary breach was cut between The Fara (Am Faireamh) and Geal Charn (Drumochter) thus beheading the Pattack catchment. The present watershed has been displaced about ten miles north-east to Dalwhinnie

The loch is part of a hydro-electric scheme and is dammed at both ends. Water flows into the northern end via the Cuaich Aqueduct. The southern end is linked to a hydro-electric power station at Loch Rannoch by a pipeline abstracting most of the flow of the 4 mi long River Ericht. The low northern barrage is located on the former natural watershed, raising the natural level of the loch slightly. The reservoir volume is 230 million m3 of water with a water length of 24.4 km. The Corrievarkie pumped-storage hydroelectricity project is planned to hold 22 million cubic metres of water in the hills above the lake. If built, it would have a power of 600 MW for 24 hours.

Loch Ericht is surrounded by a number of Munros, including Ben Alder (1148 metres), Geal-Chàrn (1132 metres). and the Drumochter hills on the SE side. Traditional hunting areas border the loch. These are called forests; the chief of which is Ben Alder Forest.

Mapping
Loch Ericht is covered by

 * Ordnance Survey Explorer map 393 (1:25000) Ben Alder, Loch Ericht and Loch Laggan (ISBN 9780319239186) and
 * Ordnance Survey Landranger map 42 (1:50000) Glen Garry and Loch Rannoch (ISBN 9780319231296).

title: Loch Ericht