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Shubenacadie Canal

The Shubenacadie Canal is a canal in central Nova Scotia, Canada. It links Halifax Harbour with the Bay of Fundy by way of the Shubenacadie River and Shubenacadie Grand Lake. Begun in 1826, it was not completed until 1861 and was closed in 1871. Currently small craft use the river and lakes, but only one lock is operational. Three of the nine locks have been restored to preserve their unique fusion of British and North American construction techniques. More extensive restoration is planned.

History
The Shubenacadie Canal was originally surveyed by William Owen in 1767 which led to the proposal of the canal 30 years later. The government of Nova Scotia commissioned Owen to follow the Shubenacadie waterway from the Atlantic Ocean to Cobequid Bay. The Shubenacadie Canal was envisioned to facilitate transportation between Halifax and the agricultural, timber and coal producing areas of northern Nova Scotia and the Annapolis Valley. Construction was started in 1826 by the Shubenacadie Canal Co. which went bankrupt in 1831. Several Scottish and Irish stonemasons had immigrated to Nova Scotia to work on the project but were left stranded in the colony with few resources after the project had halted. Construction started again in 1854 under the Inland Navigation Company. The new company altered the original British stonework lock designs to use more inexpensive North American stone and wooden construction. Steam boats and barges began to use the canal in 1856 and the entire system was completed by 1861. The canal enjoyed a few years of healthy traffic especially during the Waverley gold rushes of the 1860s. However the canal company showed little profit and experienced many problems relating to frigid winters which damaged the locks linking the freshwater lakes.

The president of the Canal company was Michael Wallace.

The canal's ongoing construction delays were partly responsible for the 1851 decision by Nova Scotia's colonial government to build the Nova Scotia Railway, which built lines from Halifax to Windsor and Truro by 1858. Railway construction created a short-term surge in canal traffic but a decision in 1870 by the Intercolonial Railway to replace the Waverley draw bridge over the canal with a fixed bridge blocked canal steamships and severely limited canal traffic, a conflict related to the frog wars which plagued rival railways crossings. A final blow was a takeover by the Town of Dartmouth of the Dartmouth Lakes for the city's water supply which ended canal operations in 1871.

Route
The community of Maitland was part of the Douglas Township until it was named Maitland after Governor General of Nova Scotia Peregrine Maitland (1828–34), when building the Shubenacadie Canal was first attempted (1826–1831). The canal was supposed to start at Maitland, Nova Scotia and run through the province to Maitland Street, Dartmouth, the canal being "bookended" by two "Maitland" landmarks.

The canal followed the course below, running north from Halifax Harbour at Dartmouth Cove:

 * Dartmouth Cove in Dartmouth (part of Halifax Harbour)
 * Dartmouth Inclined Plane (no longer present)
 * Sullivan's Pond
 * Lock One (partially restored)
 * Lake Banook
 * Lake Micmac
 * Lock Two in Shubie Park (partially restored but inoperable)
 * Lock Three also in Shubie Park (fully restored but inoperable)
 * Lake Charles
 * Porto Bello Inclined Plane (no longer present)
 * Lake William
 * Lake Thomas
 * Lock Four (in ruins)
 * Fletchers Lake
 * Lock Five (fully restored and operational)
 * Shubenacadie Grand Lake from Wellington Station to Frenchmans Road
 * Lock Six to Nine on the Shubenacadie River from Frenchmans Road to Lantz (no longer present)
 * Shubenacadie River from Lantz to Maitland
 * Cobequid Bay at Port Maitland (part of Minas Basin/Bay of Fundy)

Present use
In recent decades, citizens of Dartmouth sought to restore portions of the canal's portage route between the lakes running from Halifax Harbour to Shubenacadie Grand Lake for pleasure boaters. Highway construction, notably low bridges crossing the Lake Banook-Lake Micmac connection (Highway 111) and Lake Thomas (Highway 102) resulted in blocking the historic canal route to larger vessels, although canoes and small pleasure boats may still pass underneath.

The Shubenacadie Canal Commission was established to stabilize the deterioration of the remaining locks and attempt to restore some of them to working order. An interpretive site for the canal is located in the Fairbanks Centre in Dartmouth's Shubie Park, along the shores of Lake Micmac. Located next to one of the restored operational locks, the Fairbanks Centre features a scale model of canal lock mechanisms.

Some areas along the Shubenacadie Canal are popular outdoor recreation areas for the Halifax Regional Municipality, including:

 * Lake Banook's competitive paddling course
 * Lake Banook's Birch Cove Beach
 * Shubie Park's Dartmouth Multi-use Trail
 * Laurie Provincial Park on the shore of Shubenacadie Grand Lake
 * Oakfield Provincial Park on the shore of Shubenacadie Grand Lake

The Trans-Canada Trail is currently being planned to run alongside part of the canal.

Dartmouth Crossing silt run-off
Environmentalists and residents became concerned in 2005 when it was discovered that large amounts of silt were flowing off the Dartmouth Crossing mall project construction site and into the canal. After heavy hurricane-season rains, run-off from the construction overflowed containment ponds and began running into the canal, Lake Charles, Lake Micmac, and Shubie Park's Grassy Brook.

Dartmouth Crossing is located on Highway 118 across from Shubie Park. Measures were taken to mitigate the silt run-off and construction continued on the mall project.

title: Shubenacadie Canal


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Shiomi zaka

Shiomizaka (潮見坂) is a slope in Mita 4-chome located at Tsuki no Misaki, Tokyo. It intersects Hijirizaka, which runs southwest from the head of the promontory. In the Edo period, one could look out from the slope and see Tokyo Bay. This caused the slope to become a well-known scene of Edo-era Japan. It is often used in ukiyo-e prints. Many hill roads in Japan bear the name "Shiomizaka". The name carries a dual meaning in Japanese; the most common is one is "watch the tide" and another is "see death." (Similar dual meanings occur in Japanese, for example Fujimi has two meaning, one is "look at Mount Fuji," another is "become immortal.") The names of the roads are attributed to Edo Shogunate founder Tokugawa Ieyasu who was given the territory by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. It is said that he gave the slopes the names "shiomi" and "fujimi" because had faced the many crisis and overcame it in his life, that is Shi wo mite, and Fujimi ni naru.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shiomi zaka


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Amiga game music

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus --cesarb 18:38, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

List of Amiga game music
Starts with "The following Amiga games have especially good music:". Presumably most Amiga games have music, and this is infact a list of games and not the music within them. Not only is it POV, but its more listcruft. Hedley 23:31, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Foul lists. Delete delete delete.  Oh yes, and inherently POV with that title, or thoroughly unmaintainable.  smoddy 23:35, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete' Back to the blog with it. --Wetman 23:50, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Highly POV. Nestea 23:52, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherently POV. Pointless list of little encyclopedic quality.-- Joolz 23:57, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I removed the POV.  Amiga games of the late 1980s, particularly the Amiga version of Lemmings, used to be streets ahead of the IBM-style PCs of the time. Danny Elfman used to use Amigas. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:13, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The list is for Amiga game music, but for the best part this is just a list of a few Amiga games. And no matter how good Lemmings was, thats nothing to do with music. Hedley 00:27, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * To clarify, I mean the music of the Amiga versions of games was better. PC sound wasn't really standardized at the time whereas Amigas came with a pretty good 8-bit wave player built-in.  The music for the Amiga version of Lemmings *made* the game. Other Amiga games that were noted for their music (sometimes the music was far better than the game) were Beast, Elf and Toki. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 01:33, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Have you "removed the POV"? All that's happened is you've removed the line where it says "this is the particularly good music", it's still the same selective list as before, of select music in a few select games which the author of the list viewed as good, and although it doesn't say it anymore, it still is just that. Even if you could balance it out, it would still not make it notable. -- Joolz 14:08, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. There is no consensus on a notability criterion for non-biographical articles. And check the deletion policy. POV is a criterion for cleanup, not deletion. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 18:55, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Then a claim about POV being removed isn't relevent then, is it? ;) Just because there's no consensus on notability of non-persons doesn't mean that they're inelible for VFD, it just means that not everyone is going to agree! -- Joolz 20:07, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * To clarify, I absolutely have no problem with the idea of listing this article on VfD. So I agree with you there.  I'm simply making refutations for your arguments for deletion, to the best of my ability.  It won't be the end of the world if this article is deleted, but I don't think it should be. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:06, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as NPOVized by Tony Sidaway Kappa 03:41, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete As a rule, I fail to see how such lists are notable. --Xcali 05:29, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pointless list of little encyclopedic value. JamesBurns 05:43, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. It seems interesting.. How is this verifiable, though? These games are noted for their music, by what people, were this information collected from game reviews, or by some other method? --Mysidia 05:55, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Judging by the POV introduction which was there, the information wasn't collected at all. It's just a list of the authors favourite game music from the Amiga. Very much like List of PC game music, it is arguable unmaintainable, even though the Amiga is long out of production. Hedley 15:36, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A very large portion of the list's elements actually link to other Wikipedia articles, which is a rarity for lists in Wikipedia.  Having a navigational guide that sits above these links is useful.  Additionally, any complaints on the selectivity present in the article can be resolved by adding more examples yourself, which is the process for every other Wikipedia article.  --Dachannien 16:16, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As for being a navigational guide: isn't Amiga Games sufficient? --Mysidia 17:37, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to video game music. -Sean Curtin 07:33, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic list. Indrian 08:15, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Most of the games are generally considered - by the Amiga games community, not by the Wikipedia community - to have good music. Saying that doesn't necessarily constitute POV. And please allow me to relist Ork (computer game).   — J I P | Talk 08:21, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Can these be verified then? If they cannot, then the list is unverifiable and therefore should be deleted. smoddy 12:50, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it's an interesting list, I see no reason for it to be deleted. Raquel Sama 01:14, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The title and whole concept is inherently NPOV, and inclusion in this list is, sadly, a matter of opinion. The only way I can see such a page can exist on Wikipedia is to document, with references, the "goodness" of each an every of these titles. (I don't know if published polls among video game fans exist in the video gaming literature or associated magazines, but such a thing would be a good enough source.) Later edit: Ah, the POV is almost gone after the page was renamed. Now it's just a list of Amiga games with music. Pointless, so I stand by my vote. Even later edit: I was rambling. I came to this page via link called List of Amiga games that have especially good music, and mistook it for the title. Silly me. As far as I can see, the proper name for this list is List of Amiga games with music. I boldly assume that this list would coincide with List of Amiga games and therefore should be merged into that; if not then List of Amiga games without music would be a more informative article. Arbor 12:56, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think this kind of lists are very important. Why? Because if somebody is interest in game music, it may be a hard task to find new interesting songs. If you want to find new good amiga (or other format) songs, you do not find a list like this from the Internet (there are some charts for C64 and NES but not for PC or Amiga or some smaller machines). So Wikipedia can offer a list that gives good ideas for anybody interested in this kind of music. Without this list a person is quite lost since there are so many games and it is hard to know which ones might have interesting music. There is a danger of subjectivity in this list, since anybody can add his personal favorites. But with most of titles we can see, that they contain a music of relatively high quality and thus the problem cannot be so serious (the list is much better as it is now than no list at all) --User:Jarkka Saariluoma 15:24, 22 Jun 2005 (GTK+2)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Sons and Daughters (Australian TV series)

Sons and Daughters is an Australian Logie Award-winning soap opera/drama serial, broadcast by the Seven Network between January 1982 and December 1987 and produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation. It was created by executive Reg Watson, and is distributed by Fremantle.

Sons and Daughters is remembered for its regular use of dramatic end-of-season cliffhangers and its most famous character; Patricia "Pat the Rat" Hamilton, initially played by Rowena Wallace, who became the second soap opera actor, rather than personality after Pat McDonald to win the Gold Logie award for her performance in the role - (McDonald had previously won the Gold Logie for her role in 70's soap opera Number 96 as Dorrie Evans, coincidently she also starred in Sons and Daughters, featuring for its entire run.

Wallace decided to leave the series when in 1985, and her popular character was recast, with Belinda Giblin taking over the role, in a story-arc which see's the character receiving extensive plastic surgery in the Rio DE Jeneiro, and returning as the look-alike Alison Carr

A notable cast members in the series later years was the Australian pop singer Normie Rowe, Rowe had previously appeared in musical theatre, but it was his first major TV drama role

Broadcast
The extended pilot episode premiered on Monday, 18 January 1982, during the Christmas/New Year non-ratings period in Sydney and Melbourne, and the following week in Brisbane and Adelaide. For the first two years in Sydney and Melbourne, it aired in four half-hour installments, Monday to Thursday, for approximately ten months of the year, although this differed in other markets. After 1984, it was mostly aired as two hour-long episodes. The series was cancelled in November 1986, and production ended in March 1987, with the final episode broadcast in Sydney on Sunday, 27 December 1987, and in Melbourne, on Sunday, 10 January 1988 (again in the non-ratings period). Adelaide station ADS7 was one of the first to complete the series, showing the final episodes in a two-hour special on Monday, 16 November 1987.

Sons and Daughters was successful internationally. From February 1983, British television broadcaster ITV began airing un-networked episodes of the series to audiences across the United Kingdom, meaning that some parts of the country were months or even years behind others in the storyline. During the late 1980s, the series aired throughout western Europe on various TV stations. The UK and most European and foreign territories broadcast the series in daytime, although it did air at 7 pm in the Netherlands and Belgium.

History and synopsis
Sons and Daughters was broadcast nationally on the Seven Network and produced by the Reg Grundy Organization, it was created by television executive Reg Watson, in 1981, well known for his work on the British soap opera,  Crossroads (1964), and creating the popular Australian serials, The Young Doctors (1976), The Restless Years (1977), and Prisoner (1979).

Watson was inspired by the glossy US prime-time soap opera, Dallas, and its more down-to-earth spin-off, Knots Landing, which were averaging huge ratings in the US in their respective time slots on network CBS. Curious to see how an Australian soap opera, similar in style to those shows, would fare with early evening or prime-time audiences, he began coming up with new material with the possibility of them becoming ongoing serials. Two of his ideas were commissioned for broadcast in 1982; Taurus Rising, which was bought by Nine Network, was a series about two wealthy families at war, the Drysdales and the Brents; Seven Network green lit

Sons and Daughters - also about two families: the wealthy Hamiltons, and working class Palmers - as their new soap, commissioning 174 episodes in the first year to air in half-hour installments, Monday to Thursday at 7pm. While Taurus Rising was not a success for Nine, Sons and Daughters was an instant hit on Seven and it quickly became the biggest and most watched series on Australian television. Its success can be somewhat attributed to the writers placing one or more families, and other peripheral characters, in either Sydney or Melbourne; they knew the show would appeal to viewers living in both those cities. Watson was keenly aware that Melbourne-based shows often did not rate well with Sydney viewers, and he set about using either Sydney or Melbourne as the birthplace for many of the show's cast of characters. Critics and press likened the serial as an Australian version of Latin American or South American telenovelas which would often hit huge viewership figures in their home country.

Ratings for the serial were very high for the first three years of production, but following the departure of the series' biggest star, Rowena Wallace, in early 1985 to pursue other acting opportunities, ratings quickly began to decline. A series of replacement characters were brought in, most notably Abigail, as Caroline Morrell, and former 1960s pop idol Normie Rowe as her husband Doug but ratings were still not as strong as the early years, so producers decided to bring back Wallace's character, Patricia Hamilton, but this time, she'd be played by another actress. In mid-1985, the well known and popular actress Belinda Giblin arrived as "Alison Carr", the new identity of Patricia, who'd had a vast amount of plastic surgery in Rio de Janeiro to escape from authorities who were looking for her in Australia in connection with the murder of a wealthy millionaire's son Luke Carlyle, who'd embezzled his father's and Patricia's firm. Patricia used this new identity to regain entry into Australia to clear her name - but slowly, the other characters all began to realise that Alison was really Patricia in disguise.

With an instant boost to viewing figures, and Giblin's portrayal of Alison/Patricia a huge success, the serial was deemed to be saved from cancellation and continued through 1985 and into 1986, but still on very shaky ground. A drastic cast revamp then followed in early 1986, saw long-serving cast members removed in an attempt to appeal to younger viewers, and more comedy added to scripts and storylines. Unfortunately, the revamped cast and plots did nothing to halt the falling ratings and so more desperate measures were applied to try and save the show. In late 1986, and after several previous offers, Rowena Wallace finally relented and agreed to return to the series, but this time, she'd play Patricia/Alison's long-lost twin sister, Pamela Hudson. Production ended in March 1987, with a one-hour episode aired weekly across Australia, until the end of the year.

Sons and Daughters is best remembered also for its over-the-top storylines and dramatic cliffhangers, which became much more outrageous in the later seasons. One such "cliffhanger episode", the finale for the 1986 season, Alison Carr (Belinda Giblin) is bitten by a venomous snake, which had been hidden in a wall safe that Alison broke into to steal documents belonging to long-running villain, Wayne Hamilton, played by Ian Rawlings. In the same episode, Wayne himself is pursued by a great white shark, and Andy Green (Danny Roberts) is kicked in the face by a rearing race horse. All these cliffhangers were used as a way to try and increase ratings, but ultimately, they had poor resolutions, and this had the unfortunate effect of furthering the demise of the serial. Sons and Daughters has gradually gained a cult following after several repeat runs locally and other international territories. Testamount to the series longevity, between 2020 and 2022, the entire series were released on DVD as season boxsets by ViaVision Entertainment.

Theme tune
The theme tune was composed by partners Peter Pinne & Don Battye and performed by Mick Leyton and Kerrie Biddell. Two main versions of the theme were used in the closing credits, one in 3/4 time and one in 4/4 time: the first version was used as the main closing theme for most episodes shown in 1982 and 1983, with very occasional use of the second version, while the second version was then used permanently from 1984 to 1987. In addition. The full theme tune was released on a 7-inch single in the UK in 1984 and reached number 68 in the charts remaining for three weeks. It was released on the A1 record label with catalogue number 'A1 286'.

Season 1
The initial premise for the show was a Romeo and Juliet-style romance storyline that revolved around two families, the wealthy Hamilton family who lived in Sydney, and the Palmers, a working-class family from Melbourne. The characters of John Palmer (Peter Phelps) and spoilt rich girl Angela Hamilton (Ally Fowler) meet by chance whilst John is on the run from the police for a murder he did not commit. The two fall in love, not realising that they are actually twins, separated at birth 20 years earlier following an affair between their parents, David Palmer (Tom Richards) and Patricia (Rowena Wallace). Early episodes saw the pair discover the truth about their heritage and showed the problems and strains this put on their own relationship and those of their immediate families. While on the run John is protected in Sydney by Fiona Thompson (Pat McDonald), a former madame and prostitute and now boarding house owner who had raised John when he was a young boy. With a new identity and now going by the name of Scott Edwards, John attempts to build a new life, with the help of Fiona and her friend Jill Taylor (Kim Lewis), another former prostitute.

Following the shock revelation of John and Angela's true heritage and the subsequent reunion of the two families, a series of dramatic events unfolds, intertwining the lives of both the Palmers and the Hamiltons. The Palmers' newly-wed daughter Susan (Ann Henderson-Stiers) receives the shock revelation that her husband Bill Todd is responsible for the murder of which John was suspected, and Bill is subsequently convicted and jailed. The Palmers' youngest son Kevin (Stephen Comey) and his girlfriend Lynn Hardy (Antonia Murphy) find their lives turned upside down when she becomes pregnant, despite their families' best efforts to keep them apart. Father and son David and John Palmer's relationship continues to deteriorate, and when David and Patricia meet up again 20 years on from their initial affair, old passions resurface, culminating in the destruction of both their marriages—David's marriage to dedicated housewife Beryl (Leila Hayes) and Patricia's marriage to the wealthy and successful businessman Gordon (Brian Blain). Amidst a web of intrigue concerning the numerous instabilities within both families, and shady big-business deals concerning Gordon's company, his ownership of country estate Woombai, and the increasing involvement of his manipulative son Wayne (Ian Rawlings), the drama builds throughout the season.

The character of Patricia rapidly developed into the main focus of the show, with her neurotic bitchiness and scheming being the source of most of the drama and tension between the other characters. Patricia became a popular character among viewers and was dubbed 'Pat the Rat'. New characters introduced later in the season included Patricia's best friend, the dizzy socialite Charlie Bartlett (Sarah Kemp), Rob Keegan (Noel Hodda), the younger brother of Beryl Palmer who falls in love with and marries Angela, and Paul Sheppard (Mark Ferguson), the morally confused and neurotic grandson of Patricia's former lover James Sheppard, who left Patricia a substantial amount of his fortune following his death.

Season 2
As season 2 kicks off, Patricia is sinking further into depression after she overdoses on sleeping pills and Susan steps in to help take care of her as a live-in nurse, while scheming Wayne tricks Patricia into signing her power of attorney over to him to give him power over his father, Gordon. Shortly after, Susan becomes the first of the main cast to depart the series as she leaves to be closer to her husband Bill's prison. John tracks down his real father Martin Healy (Paul Sonkkila)—a prominent officer in the Air Force—and also manages to find Patricia's estranged sister, Margaret Dunne (Ilona Rodgers). The reunion of Patricia with Martin and Margaret sparks off a series of dramatic storylines as old secrets are revealed and old tensions between Patricia and Margaret resurface. At the same time, we are introduced to Martin's children, John and Angela's half-brother Peter (Brett Climo), and adoptive half-sister, Jennifer (Jodie Yemm). A major turning point in the series comes with the eventual suicide of Martin, after his past crimes catch up with him. When Margaret removes his suicide note from beside the body, David comes under suspicion of Martin's murder.

Other plot developments included Jill's involvement with illegal Irish immigrant Brian O'Donnell (Lee James), whom she agrees to marry so he can obtain a visa to stay in the country. Fiona is shattered when her boarding house on Manly Terrace burns down, almost killing Jill in the inferno. A heated love triangle occurs between the characters of Angela, Rob Keegan (Noel Hodda), and Paul Sheppard, following which all three characters depart the show. Unlucky Jill is shockingly raped by drifter Terry Hansen (Andrew Clarke), who is revealed to be Fiona's long-lost son, whom she conceived with on-off past love, Scott Thompson (David Nettheim). In a highly controversial storyline, Terry was treated by the scriptwriters as a sympathetic character despite the rape and his subsequent spell in prison. Later in the season, Gordon marries neighbour, Barbara Armstrong (Cornelia Frances), and after they enter a business deal with Barbara's entrepreneur brother, Stephen Morrell (Michael Long), they are shocked when Stephen suddenly marries Patricia after a whirlwind romance. This leads to the introduction of a third family for the show—the wealthy and powerful Morrells, including Stephen's mother Dee (Mary Ward), a ruthless elderly businesswoman, and his daughter, scheming and beautiful, Amanda (Alyce Platt). Following Dee's death from a heart condition, major developments occur when the contents of her will are revealed, affecting the other characters' lives dramatically. Upon Dee's insistence that a male heir continue her business, Stephen tracks down the young man he believes to be his long-lost son, Andy Green (Danny Roberts).

Season 3
When season 3 starts, Fiona is shocked by the return of Scott Thompson, whom Jill had contacted to pay for her abortion. Patricia's short marriage to Stephen unravels and she seeks comfort in the arms of psychiatrist, Matt Kennedy (Vince Martin), while continuing her bitter feud with sister Margaret, which climaxes in the siblings being trapped in a bush fire at Woombai, and finally making their peace when Margaret saves Patricia's life.

Major changes in the cast occur with the departure of original twin, John (Peter Phelps); a temporary departure for Stephen Morrell (Michael Long); whilst Doug (Syd Conabere) and Rosie Palmer (Anne Haddy) also left the regular cast. To replace the departed characters, there was the introduction of a fourth family in the form of the Melbourne-based, working-class, O'Brien family; Mike (Ken James) and Heather (Rona Coleman), and their teenage children, Katie (Jane Seaborn) and Jeff (Craig Morrison) - move in next door to the Palmers, and quickly become involved in the dramas of the other characters. Mike's brother, Jim (Sean Scully) arrived a few weeks later. The Palmers go on to experience further problems when David has an affair with Patricia's sister Margaret, which finally ends his marriage to Beryl. She soon starts dating Jim O'Brien, but David's happiness with Margaret is short-lived when she dies following injuries sustained in a plane crash. Beryl's happiness is also shattered when Jim dies following a bomb explosion on David's booby-trapped truck. Lynn (Antonia Murphy) becomes involved with Andy Green while Kevin is working overseas, and the two fall in love, leaving Lynn confused and contemplating suicide on the edge of a cliff. Lynn eventually chooses to stay with Kevin, and they both decide to move overseas with son Davey, and leave the series for good.

Patricia finds herself embroiled with shady businessman, Roger Carlyle (Leslie Dayman), and his son, Luke (Peter Cousens). Shortly after Luke embezzles Patricia's company, Luke is found by Beryl murdered, and Patricia becomes the prime suspect in the police's search to find his killer, leading to a series of attempts on her life, all orchestrated by Roger. Other new characters introduced during the season include Irene Fisher (Judy Nunn), a GP who opens a new boarding house with Fiona; Karen Fox (Lyndel Rowe), a deceitful businesswoman who wreaks havoc whilst having a romantic affair with Wayne; Ross Newman (Robin Stewart), a gambling-addicted surgeon, under the influence of Roger Carlyle; and Bob 'Mitch' Mitchell (Philip Quast), an ex-convict who becomes romantically involved with Amanda whilst coming to blows with Karen and Wayne.

Season 4
Season 4 features a major turning point with the departure of its most popular character, Patricia Hamilton Morrell Palmer Dunne, only two weeks into the season. When Rowena Wallace chose to leave, the producers initially attempted to replace Patricia with several strong female antagonists in the form of Karen Fox (Lyndel Rowe), Leigh and Caroline Morrell but none of these proved as successful. This led to the producers deciding to bring back the character of Patricia back, now played by actress Belinda Giblin, having undergone a drastic facial reconstruction following plastic surgery in Rio de Janeiro, and now known as "Alison Carr". Further cast changes include the departure of the entire O'Brien family - not long after the tragic death of Jeff, in a house fire he caused whilst drunk on vodka - as well as an original character, Jill O'Donnell, who all left during the aftermath of Patricia's disappearance in episode 584. The season begins with Patricia finally marrying David, before fleeing to Rio to escape Roger Carlyle. Meanwhile, Wayne is tricked by Karen into marrying her, believing she has covered up the murder of Mitch for him, unaware Mitch is not dead at all and was paid by Karen to disappear. Shortly after the truth is revealed, Karen is found dead in the creek at Dural, having been pushed off a bridge following a confrontation with escort Liz Smith who is in love with Gordon. Beryl gives birth a baby son Robert, but he is abducted by Dr. Ross Newman, and a nurse, Gloria Dutton; then again later by Leigh. Fiona becomes involved in a bitter battle to have deceased fiancé Barney Adams' secret wartime diaries published, running into opposition from Colonel Bainbridge and his son Chris. The Colonel commits suicide and Chris sets out on a vendetta of revenge against Fiona. Karen Fox tricks Wayne into marriage after convincing him that he has killed Mitch. Wayne goes missing shortly after, worried that he will face jail for murder and whilst he is away a look-alike arrives and fools everyone into believing he is Wayne. Ian Rawlings plays dual roles as both Wayne Hamilton and Gary Evans. One of the bigger storylines for the season sees a planned redevelopment threaten to destroy Woombai under the direction of the scheming Bill Ashley (Peter Dahlsen) although the development is a scam. When Amanda Morrell overhears a conversation that could jeopardise the entire scheme, she mysteriously goes missing, leaving the Morrell family distraught and Caroline desperate to find her. Caroline begins to get closer to recently returned ex-husband Stephen, and she warns his new love interest Jenny Turner to stay away from him and the two become rivals. The father of Leigh Palmer's baby, Richard Crampton arrived, deciding he wants custody and he hires Neil Duffy (Geoffrey Rowe) to try to buy his son from Leigh. When this fails, Crampton starts terrorising her and hires a hitman, Nick Stafford to go after Leigh. Crampton ends up dying at Stafford's hands after David has already fired a shot at him. David and Fiona go to Rio in search of Patricia, David having received an amount of money that he believes must have come from her. Following plastic surgery to hide injuries sustained at the hands of a thug who beat her up in Rio de Janeiro, Patricia returns to Australia under a new identity; Alison Carr and she begins to start trying to clear "her friend's" Patricia's name for the murder of Luke Carlyle. Mary Reynolds turns up at Woombai, lost and confused and claiming that Patricia is her mother

Season 5
This season sees a significant change of focus for the serial, with storylines shifting from the business intrigue and corporate scheming of the previous couple of years, to more down-to-earth storylines with humour and comedy being introduced, along with a lot of new younger characters. A new production regime swept away popular regular characters, including the long-running Barbara Hamilton, and also Irene Fisher; both were hastily written out of the series in very quick succession. In Cornelia Frances's 2003 autobiography, she states that it was not her decision to leave the series, but that of a producer, Posie Jacobs, who suddenly axed hers, and Judy Nunn's character, due to there being an overabundance of "aunty" types in the cast. Other characters that failed to make it to the end of the season included Leigh Palmer, killed-off very early in the season; Tim Palmer Donna Palmer Spider Webb (Willy Fennell), Brett Keegan, Adam Tate, Samantha Morrell and Mary Reynolds were also written out after relatively short stints in the series. Consequently, there was an influx of less well-received new characters including Fiona's niece, prim and proper Janice Reid ; a new tenant in Fiona's boarding house, May Walters a young runaway, Craig Maxwell, who mistook Beryl Palmer as his real mother; and Doug Fletcher came in as a new love interest for Caroline. There was also a trio of new, good-looking younger characters; Glenn Young (Mark Conroy), Debbie Halliday and Ginny Doyle and in a nod to the early years, the return of a re-cast Susan Todd Palmer, played now by Oriana Panozzo. Storylines see Samantha Morrell shocked after running into Bill Ashley and discovering new information regarding her missing sister Amanda, but the search that follows ends with devastating news as they discover Amanda died a few months earlier having been forced into a life of drugs and prostitution. Leigh Palmer commits suicide early in the season, outside the court where she is facing sentencing for kidnapping baby Robert—bringing an end to one of the series longest-running storylines. Fiona meets her bossy niece Janice for the first time, arriving just as Fiona is to undergo an operation to remove her kidney and together they launch a campaign to save an old mansion house that Fiona once lived in with old friend May Walters. When an angry Caroline starts arguing with Alison whilst she is driving, a serious car crash ensues, with Barbara and Gordon's lives left at risk and ultimately leaving Barbara with serious facial scars and Gordon with amnesia believing he is still married to Patricia. Alison uses the situation to her advantage to get Barbara out of Gordon's life for good and Caroline finds herself serving time in prison. Craig Maxwell turns up in Sydney, looking for his mother, Ruby Hawkins, who gave him up when he was a baby, and who happens to be the exact double of Beryl Palmer. Initial misunderstandings are resolved and Craig accepts that Beryl isn't Ruby. Beryl subsequently helps Craig track Ruby down. At this point Leila Hayes plays both the roles of Beryl and Ruby. Ned Parker and Micky Pratt hold Janice, May, Gordon and Neville hostage at the mansion, following Ned's escape from jail. Micky is killed when she walks out into the road without seeing a car heading towards her. As the siege comes to an end, Patricia's fingerprints are discovered on a gun that was used and Alison's real identity is finally revealed.

Season 6
Departing characters included another original character, David Palmer (Tom Richards), May Walters and Owen Brooke—all left at the end of season 5—and relatively recent additions, Ginny Doyle and Glen Young, were both killed off in a car accident involving Wayne. Debbie Halliday also left during the season but returned for the final episode. New additions include feuding brothers, Nick (John Hannon) and Michael Benson (Phillip Spencer-Harris); a new set of twins, Greg (Tom Jennings) and Sarah Hudson (Melissa Docker); and, in an attempt to boost flagging ratings, producers finally lured back Rowena Wallace, who'd originally played Patricia, to play her own twin sister Pamela Hudson — a storyline which ultimately failed to save the series. Caroline discovers that Susan is alive and well despite being presumed dead and she is in hiding from Wayne. When an upset Wayne gets drunk and drives off, Glen and Ginny go after him and a high-speed chase follows which leads to Glen's and Ginny's deaths. Wayne turns everyone against him and when he is shot there are no shortage of suspects. Beryl finds herself behind bars for the shooting, having realised Susan was guilty and so she lied to protect her daughter. While in prison Beryl meets Pamela Hudson, who is the spitting image of Patricia. It is soon discovered that Pamela and Patricia are twins, separated at birth. While Patricia lived the good life, Pamela had a much tougher upbringing. Andy learns that he has a baby daughter, Madonna, who is the result of a fling with Jodie Frazer. When Jodie decides that she can't cope with bringing up a baby on her own and dumps Madonna on Janice, Andy steps in and decides to be a proper father to the girl. Gordon goes into business with Bill Sanders, Doug and Alison at Sanders' Air Charter. Just as everything seems to be going well, a plane is sabotaged. The company appears to be falling apart until a mystery company puts up money to keep it going. Gordon discovers to his surprise that it was Wayne who was behind the rescue. Although father and son have been on opposing sides for some time, Gordon remarks that it appears that Wayne might have changed for the better. As he settles with new wife Beryl and her son, Robert in Melbourne, Gordon finds himself content. Benson is a psychiatrist brought in to help Wayne remember who shot him. Nick has a fraught relationship with his brother, Michael. Very much a ladies' man, Nick is attracted to Alison but he also finds himself attracted to sister, Pamela. There ensues a furious struggle between Alison and Pamela, using powerful mind games to try to destroy each other. Nick eventually chooses Pamela over Alison and drives off with her to begin a new life. Doug and Caroline marry, and Caroline is revealed as the author of a book entitled My Sister My Love, based on the lives of the Hamiltons and the Palmers, despite the changes of character names. Doug tries to stop Caroline promoting the book, warning her that they're going to lose all their friends, but Caroline ignores him. She even writes a sequel. Caroline discovers that she's pregnant, but also learns that the baby could be born with Down's Syndrome and she opts to have an abortion, later deciding that she can't go through with it. She doesn't tell Doug that she's pregnant, but instead decides to leave him and start life afresh elsewhere. Doug learns about the pregnancy, though, and he chases after Caroline and tells her that he loves her, and that he wants her to have the baby and that he doesn't care if its handicapped, wanting them all to be together as a family. Caroline agrees and Doug buys a fish shop in Melbourne! Charlie meets Todd Buckley (Paul Dawber), a fitness instructor who works at her gym, and there is an instant attraction. The couple quickly announce their engagement, despite attempts by Alison to break them up. Charlie becomes so appalled at Alison's behaviour and schemes that she throws her out, leaving Alison staying in a cheap, run-down motel. Charlie enjoys a fairytale wedding to Todd and prepares to live happily ever after. Sarah Hudson arouses Wayne's interest, and they begin to spend time together. Sarah tries to throw herself at Wayne, but he's wary after all his bad experiences with women. Meanwhile, he puts his plan into action to take everything and everyone away from Alison. With Wayne believing his wife Susan is dead, Alison decides to use Susan to get at Wayne but the plan backfires when Susan is left dead on the lounge floor at Dural, having apparently been strangled by Wayne. Realising that he's finally gone too far, he turns to the telephone and makes a call. He asks for the police. Alison faces bankruptcy but is reunited with David. The show ends in a similar vein to how it began. At Fiona's mansion boarding house, a young couple arrive and ask for a room. The young woman is heavily pregnant. Fiona takes them in, just as she had with David and Patricia all those years ago. The woman gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl and the story seems to have finally come full circle. The final episode ends with a montage of many cast members, both past and present.

Cast
The main cast of Sons and Daughters are initially listed in the closing credits under their respective families (The Hamilton family, the Palmer family, the Morell family, the O'Brien family), interspersed with separate slides for characters (such as Fiona Thompson and Jill Taylor) who don't easily fit into a category. This was followed by the guest actors of each episode (referred to as "guest artists").

From episode 737, the credits were changed to list the main cast in alphabetical order.

There were occasional errors during the series run, such as cast members credited in episodes long after they departed or characters listed under their wrong married name.

Opening titles sequence
Each episode opens with sepia-toned portraits of the main cast members, which change from year to year. There are some anomalies, such as Judy Nunn (who is credited as "guest artist" for her entire two-year run) being included over cast members who never appear in the opening. They include (in chronological order):
 * Peter Phelps as John Palmer (series 1–3, episodes 1–434)
 * Ally Fowler as Angela Hamilton Keegan (series 1–2, episodes 1–292)
 * Rowena Wallace as Patricia Hamilton Morrell (series 1–4, episodes 1–545)
 * Tom Richards as David Palmer (series 1–5, episodes 1–860)
 * Pat McDonald as Fiona Thompson (all episodes)
 * Brian Blain as Gordon Hamilton (all episodes)
 * Leila Hayes as Beryl Palmer Hamilton (all episodes)
 * Kim Lewis as Jill Taylor O’Donnell (series 1–4, episodes 1–584)
 * Ian Rawlings as Wayne Hamilton Morrell (all episodes)
 * Ann Henderson-Stires as Susan Todd (series 1, episodes 1–174)
 * Stephen Comey as Kevin Palmer (series 1–2, episodes 1–352)
 * Noel Hodda as Rob Keegan (series 2, episodes 277–292)
 * Cornelia Frances as Barbara Hamilton (series 2–5, episodes 293–736)
 * Antonia Murphy as Lynn Palmer (series 2–4, episodes 293–500)
 * Danny Roberts as Andy Green (series 3–6, episodes 353–972)
 * Alyce Platt as Amanda Morrell (series 3–4, episodes 425–596)
 * Jane Seaborn as Katie O’Brien (series 3–4, episodes 493–596)
 * Sarah Kemp as Charlie Bartlett Buckley (series 4–6, episodes 546–972)
 * Abigail as Caroline Morrell Fletcher (series 4–6, episodes 585–972)
 * Lisa Crittenden as Leigh Palmer (series 4, episodes 597–696)
 * Michael Long as Stephen Morrell (series 4, episodes 601–652)
 * Judy Nunn as Irene Fisher (series 4–5, episodes 653–736)
 * Belinda Giblin as Alison Carr (series 5–6, episodes 697–972)
 * Mark Conroy as Glen Young (series 5–6, episodes 737–868)
 * Jared Robinson as Craig Maxwell (series 5–6, episodes 737–972)
 * Normie Rowe as Doug Fletcher (series 5–6, episodes 861–972)
 * Oriana Panozzo as Susan Hamilton (series 6, episodes 893–972)

Broadcast schedule
Seven Network aired the first episode as a 90-minute special 18 January 1982 in Sydney and Melbourne, during the Christmas/New Year non-ratings period. The date of the final episode varied across Australia. There are 972 half-hour episodes, although during the series' original run, later episodes were shown in an hour-long format. No figures are available for how many of these longer episodes made up the show's run. The series was broadcast on the Seven Network, initially (in Sydney and Melbourne) four days a week for half an hour at 19:00-19:30. In 1984, Sydney broadcasts changed to one-hour episodes on Sunday and Monday at 19:30-20:30, and in later years, most Australian stations aired Sons and Daughters as two one-hour shows per week, and finally in one hour-long show per week. It became the highest-rated programme in its slot, and was the most watched Australian soap of the 1980s. The series eventually began to suffer from declining ratings, and was ultimately cancelled April 1987 though the final episodes did not screen till after Christmas on 27 December 1987 at 6.30pm Sunday night on Channel Seven Sydney.

During the 1990s the TV series was repeated throughout Australia, usually in early-morning and daytime slots first at 9.30am weekday mornings then at the later time of 5.30am early mornings.

The series has been repeated 4 times in Australia, firstly on Foxtel between from 1997, with the final episode airing in mid-2000. Seven Network began another re-run in October 2006, airing weekdays at 10:00. This was discontinued in early 2007, then resumed in July 2008, airing on Wednesday nights, usually around midnight. In October 2013, episodes were airing Tuesday and Thursday mornings at 3:30 am. Episode 461 aired on 8 October 2013. Series was again replayed on its original broadcast TV channel Seven during 2014-2018 on Sunday mornings first as a half hour at 5.00am and then later in double episodes 5.00-6.00am before final episode (972) aired, in HD, on 11 August 2019 on Sunday morning 5am.

7TWO has repeated the series twice, in full. First from 2 November 2009 until 9 October 2013. To mark the 40th anniversary, a second run began Monday, 3 January 2022. Four episodes aired back to back each weekday at 2.30pm, later moving to 1.00pm in October 2022 for the final season. The final episode aired at 2.30pm on Friday, 16 December 2022.

Episodes
Although Sons and Daughters was screened by all stations of the Seven Network, and many regional stations and affiliates, each station scheduled the series independently and at their own pace, in a combination of 30-minute and 60-minute episodes. The table below refers only to the original broadcast dates by ATN7, the Sydney station of the Seven Network. ATN is generally considered to be the “home station” of Sons and Daughters as it was filmed at their studios in Epping, New South Wales.

Ireland
Debuted on the RTÉ One network in October 1984 airing Friday's at 2pm The series has been repeated multiple times on RTE throughout the 80's and 90's during their afternoon schedule.

New Zealand
Sons and Daughters debuted on TV2 as a feature-length telemovie (the first three episodes) on Sunday 9 February 1986 at 7.25pm.

The series was then shown on TV2 as five half-hour episodes every week at 6.00pm, Monday to Friday, all year round (as opposed to four half-hour, or, two one-hour weekly episodes, for approximately ten months, as broadcast in Australia) from Monday 10 February 1986 until Friday 22 July 1988. Kim Lewis, Antonia Murphy and Ian Rawlings appeared as overseas guests on Telethon in June 1988, after the series had been cancelled in Australia.

On Monday 25 July 1988, the series was moved to TV One and aired at 5.25pm as a lead-in to the Network News at Six. The final episode of Sons and Daughters was broadcast on Wednesday 13 December 1989 at 5.25pm.

United Kingdom
Sons and Daughters has been broadcast on four British TV channels: The first airing was on the ITV network from 6 February 1983 when Central Independent Television started the serial. Five months later in July, Yorkshire Television began, and over the following two years, all mainland ITV regions across the UK picked up the series and were free to show it as and when they wished; it was therefore seen as regional daytime filler and, despite strong ratings for daytime, there were rarely, if ever, articles about it in the British media, or any interviews with its stars (except for one notable feature on TV-am when Anne Diamond interviewed Ian Rawlings, Pat McDonald and Brian Blain in January 1988, after the series had been cancelled in Australia).

The series was initially shown in most ITV areas three episodes every week at 15:30-16:00, Wednesday to Friday, all year round (as opposed to four half-hour, or, two one-hour weekly episodes, for approximately ten months, as broadcast in Australia). However, TVS aired the series 17:15-17:45 between 1984 and 1987, whilst Granada, originally chose 18:00-18:30, before they too moved the series to daytime. Towards the end of their respective runs, some ITV regions increased episodes to four or five every week (Central, Ulster, TSW and Yorkshire), whilst others (Thames, Anglia, TVS) reduced their output to two, or just one per week, demonstrating the wide range of viewing patterns across the UK. The last ITV region to air the final episode was STV, broadcast on 27 July 1995. During the 1980s, Sons and Daughters achieved consolidated viewing figures of 6 million across the ITV network.

The series was also given further broadcasts by Super Channel between January 1987 and January 1989. In November 1992, the entire series was aired the newly launched UK Gold. Finally, following its launch in March 1997, Channel 5 began broadcasting Sons and Daughters for a nationwide re-run where it ran 13:30-14:00, Monday to Friday, from March 1998 until the end of the year. This ended part-way through the second season at episode 212, but in January 2002, the programme was reinstated to the schedules in an early-hours-of-the-morning Saturday and Sunday slot, continuing from episode 213, until the last episode was broadcast in November 2005.

Home media
In July 2021, all episodes were made available to stream free on 7plus.

From November 2020 to December 2022, ‘Via Vision Entertainment’ released all six seasons to DVD.

Sons and Daughters: Cast album
In the early 1980s when Australia's Seven Network was broadcasting both Sons and Daughters and A Country Practice, it decided to cash in on the shows' success, and provide the shows with some publicity, by producing and releasing a cast album. The album was called All My Friends, and featured the cast of Sons and Daughters on the A-side and the cast of A Country Practice on the B-side.

A-side:
 * 1) "Sons and Daughters Theme"
 * 2) "Some Kind of Friend" (Ian Rawlings)
 * 3) "Bosom Buddies" (Pat McDonald and Rowena Wallace)
 * 4) "The More I See You" (Peter Phelps and Kim Lewis)
 * 5) "Behind Closed Doors" (Tom Richards and Leila Hayes)
 * 6) "Sometimes When We Touch" (Stephen Comey)
 * 7) "Help Me Make It Through the Night" (Leila Hayes)
 * 8) "Friends" (Rowena Wallace)

Remakes
The series has inspired seven remakes produced under license from the original producers and based, initially, on the original story and character outlines. These are Verbotene Liebe (Germany, 1995–2015); Skilda världar (Sweden, 1996–2002); Apagorevmeni agapi (Greece, 1998); Cuori Rubati (Italy, 2002–2003) Zabranjena ljubav (Croatia, 2004–2008), Zabranena lubov (Bulgaria, 2008–) and Belahan Hati (Indonesia, 2001–2002).


text:
Mirko Kovač

Mirko Kovač is the name of:

 * Mirko Kovač (basketball) (born 1983), Serbian professional basketball player
 * Mirko Kovač (writer) (1938–2013), Yugoslav novelists

title: Mirko Kovač


text:
Talk:Michelle Yeoh

Untitled section
The intro currently says the show Star Trek: Discovery is a CBS All Access/Netflix show. Although it's probably the case that Paramount+ (new name of CBS All Access) is where it can be seen in the USA but Netflix elsewhere in the world, it seems misleading to imply that it's partially a Netflix show. The show's intellectual property and production derives from CBS and Paramount, with Netflix having no involvement other than streaming rights (as far as I know).
 * Valid point; is there any indication if Netflix paid at all for the production of the show? Balon Greyjoy (talk) 17:03, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

Neither
I heard he proposed to her, she declined, he announced it, and she denied it. It appears she does not want to get married to him at this time. As recently as March 2007, she denied an upcoming marriage despite continuing reports in the rumor mill.

Engaged?
I rember reading in the newspaper a while ago that she was sporting a ring. 218.111.5.164 (talk | Contribs) 14:14, 30 July 2005

Name note
There is a 'Chinese name' note "This is a Chinese name; the family name is Yeoh."

However, the article title is 'Michelle Yeoh'. This is not a Chinese name, and it is not ambiguous (to an English speaker) which name is the family name. I suggest the note is redundant.

2A00:23C6:A18C:3501:76:6CAA:4BF8:5BC (talk) 12:34, 29 September 2020 (UTC)
 * It's addressing the full name "Michelle Yeoh Choo Kheng" in which the Chinese given name is in front of the Chinese family name. WhisperToMe (talk) 22:16, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

Styles and Titles
Michelle Yeoh has been awarded several honors that carry with them styles and titles. Often in wikipedia pages, the full styling and titling of a person is listed in the first two sentences of the article as part of their full name. Other pages about knights and officers of the French legion d'honour don't list their tiles, so that's fine, but styles awarded by Malaysian states are applied to the full name, as seen in the articles for Yuen Yuet Leng, Burhanuddin al-Helmy or Hamzah Zainudin. So, I propose that her full name at the top of the page should read

Tan Sri Dato' Seri Michelle Yeoh Choo Kheng, PSM 98.217.96.71 (talk) 16:58, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

definition of citizenship/ethnicity
Surely Yeoh should be more acurately descirbed as a Chinese Malaysian? She has no Malaysian ethnicity and thus is ethnically Chinese and just happened to be born in Malaysia through the randomness of birth and thus at birth at least was Malaysian in terms of nationality and citizenship. Culturally it seems quite clear however, that she is Chinese (according to this very artical she doesn't even speak Malay). She doesn't even appear to have ever acted in any Malaysian productions of any kind, only playing parts in either Chinese (Hong Kong) or Western films, so it's quite clear that she see's herself as more Chinese than Malaysian. 94.175.102.211 (talk) 11:37, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * She's a Malaysian citizen and national. That's what goes in the lead. Her ethnic Chineae background is appropriately mentioned in the "Early Life" section. Tad Lincoln (talk) 04:02, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

Nomination to split
I think Michelle Yeoh's awards and nominations section should be split into an article of its own, List of awards and nominations received by Michelle Yeoh, as her successes these past years have been significant, especially if you count her Honors and styles as well. Samuelloveslennonstella (talk) 07:16, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Article too short for a split to make sense. Also don't do a split until you allow enough time for a reasonable discussion. Geraldo Perez (talk) 05:30, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Probably borderline on length for a separate "awards" article (but arguable). But if it is split, it should not keep the current (table) format – which is awful (horrible use of rowspan!). If it is split, it should be organized like List of awards and nominations received by Zendaya or List of awards and nominations received by Jennifer Lawrence (which is a WP:FL) with separate sections/tables for each award-giving institution, and proper/responsible use of rowspan in each separate table. I would definitely oppose just moving the current two tables over to a newly split article with no changes. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 03:02, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

Speech at UN General Assembly
Text that I deleted read that she is the first Malaysian to give a speech at the UN General Assembly. As thus stated, that is incorrect. Many Malaysians have given speeches at the General Assembly, including the PM in 2020. https://www.kln.gov.my/web/usa_un-new-york/news-from-mission/-/blogs/statement-general-debate-of-the-75th-session-of-the-united-nations-general-assembly-26-september-2020?_33_redirect=%2Fweb%2Fusa_un-new-york%2Fspeeches%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_uxy9iPxMFhvk%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D1%26p_p_col_count%3D2%26_101_INSTANCE_uxy9iPxMFhvk_delta%3D20%26_101_INSTANCE_uxy9iPxMFhvk_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_uxy9iPxMFhvk_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_uxy9iPxMFhvk_andOperator%3Dtrue%26p_r_p_564233524_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_uxy9iPxMFhvk_cur%3D3 If she is the first Malaysian of Chinese descent to give a speech there, there needs to be a source for that. Pechmerle (talk) 11:08, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

"First person of Asian descent"
Currently this page is being changed back and forth on either Yeoh is the first actress of Asian decent to win the Academy Award for Best Actress. Multiple articles have reported as such, including the BBC and NBC. However, if we look at the Wikipedia page for all Asian winners of Academy Awards, we can see that she is not the first actress Asian decent to win said award, but she is the first person of Southeast Asian descent. Can we discuss it here so that we can have a consensus that allows this back and forth to stop? List of Asian Academy Award winners and nominees OneRandomBrit (talk) 13:31, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

The intro claims she's the first actress of Asian ancestry to win Best Actress. Wouldn't that be Cher, with an Armenian father? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C5E:700E:300:EC61:F0D3:175F:A72 (talk) 13:51, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

 * See article at Asian people specifically . Article is using the common convention of Americans and American press as to what they consider "Asian". Basically it is a US census driven racial classification that has replaced the deprecated "Oriential" and "Yellow" races. It has little to do with being from the Asian continent as the plain meaning of the term would otherwise indicate. How the rest of the world outside the US defines the term is also in the article and it does differ from the American definition.
 * Since this article is not about an American person we should generally avoid American jargon or make it clear that it is American jargon. Geraldo Perez (talk) 17:21, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * On that note, I would say that Yeoh isn't the first person of Asian descent to win the award - she is the first southeast Asian person. The internet is quite America-centric, but in the case of this we could also say that she is the first Chinese/Malaysian person to win the award. OneRandomBrit (talk) 17:42, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Although I will say that the current rendition of how it is phrased is definitely the best I've seen in the last 24 hours. OneRandomBrit (talk) 17:43, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The references that are in the article supporting "first Asian" are American outlets using American word definitions. Enwiki in general is US centric and prevalence of US references is one reason for it. Along with this, is that it is an award from an American organization so she is the "first Asian" from their perspective. Other award winners from Asia are not considered "Asian" by Americans. Geraldo Perez (talk) 17:51, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi @Geraldo Perez and @OneRandomBrit - I've found two articles from the Hollywood Reporter, which note several past winners like Vivien Leigh, Cher, Salma Hayek and Natalie Portman who have origins to Western Asia (or in the case of Leigh, she was born in South Asia) but in the grand scheme of things, are not considered or recognized as being "Asian", at least from American standards (because the Academy Awards and Hollywood Reporter are U.S-based things). It is quite nebulous though and I support keeping the note for clarity. On a tangent, Angelina Jolie won a Supporting Oscar (I know this is about Yeoh's Best Actress win) and has obtained Cambodian citizenship but I do understand that ultimately, sources will talk of the U.S definition of "Asian" as this is the Academy Awards.
 * "'Past winners Vivien Leigh, Cher and Natalie Portman have ties to Western Asian heritage, but none considered or considers themselves to be Asian.'"
 * "'Likewise for double Oscar winner Vivien Leigh, who was born in British-colonized India and whose mother might have had partial Western Asian ancestry. And although past nominee Salma Hayek and winners Cher and Natalie Portman all have claims to some Western Asian heritage (Lebanon, Armenia and Israel/Russia, respectively), none has identified as Asian.'"
 * Others consider Yeoh to be the first "full Asian" or "full Asian-presenting", because of Merle Oberon to be the "first Asian actress nominated", albeit she was of mixed Indian/Anglo and other ancestry, born in colonial India but denied her Asian heritage.
 * Should we put the Hollywood Reporter source into Yeoh's article to further explain the context of "Asian" in her case? Clear Looking Glass (talk) 08:28, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Might add it to the explanatory note. I think it too much to add for the lead. What Asian means to Americans and Yeoh herself, basically, is people who look like her. Since the others could pass as "white", they don't count. Geraldo Perez (talk) 08:48, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I see, thanks for your input. And yeah, it does seem that East/Southeast Asians are the "default" Asian to Americans. South Asians and West Asians are often debated, and you even have the often combined Asian American/Pacific Islander term. Clear Looking Glass (talk) 08:55, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi @Geraldo Perez - I know this is four months late, but I've added the sources discussed here which note the several other Asian actresses who won but aren't considered "Asian" in America. I've also clarified the note stating that common usage of "Asian" in America is synonymous with people of East Asian descent, as technically speaking, South Asians are considered "Asian" in an American context, yet several actresses of South Asian origins aren't widely considered the "first Asian". And it's clear which "Asian" is meant by the sources, especially in the Hollywood Reporter source which states that several non-East Asian descent actresses were not considered "Asian" or widely identified as such.
 * Although I understand this is an American context, it's quite odd that a highly diverse continent like Asia is largely reduced to only people who resemble ethnic East Asians, especially in common American vernacular. And technically, it's not like some Asians are aren't "white", "black", or so on. But American history now considers terms like "Yellow [Asiatic]" or "Mongoloid" problematic/racist. Clear Looking Glass (talk) 06:32, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Unfortunately, this section addresses the issue obliquely. It is not Asian "descent", which would include Gal Gadot (descended from Israeli sabra) and Omar Sharif (descended from Lebanese Christians). The issue is WP:Globalize regarding the use of "Asian" to refer to a race, which is a colloquial Americanism ironically NOT recognized in Asia itself. As I noted in my edit a few minutes ago, her native Malaysia explicitly has a bumiputera policy that provides affirmative action favoring the majority Malays for government posts (inc universities) over the minority Chinese. That policy is very clear evidence that Malaysia itself does not view "Asian" as a unified race. See also the first paragraph of ASEAN which cites the organization's own web site as using the term "ASEAN citizen" which might be a good compromise here. Martindo (talk) 09:09, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Read the previous discussion. We are going with what the references we have classify her as and the notes explain how American usage and American sources drive the descriptions. It has nothing to do with official racial classifications but what she is call in the reliable sources we have that do have an American point of view. The "firsts" are from an American perspective. Also there is no reference that states "becoming the first Southeast Asian person", references state "first Asian" without qualification. Geraldo Perez (talk) 20:58, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
 * There is a tendency to "put firsts first" when determining notability, leading to some exaggeration (e.g., first in ALL of ASIA). I think you should read WP:Globalize which redirects to the Systemic Bias page, which in turn expresses concern about Cultural Imperialism (e.g., US usage) directed towards the Global South.
 * I also recommend reading Crazy_Rich_Asians_(film) which shows the complexity of ethnicity in Southeast Asia (specifically Singapore, where that story is set). Many actors with varying ethnicity were dismayed that the casting director(s) dissuaded them from auditioning even though the director had declared open auditions.
 * The muddled "note a" in the text is evidence that this issue is not crystal clear. I don't see the urgency to revert back to that note without a discussion involving more than one person. This thread within Talk certainly doesn't seem conclusive to me.
 * Hollywood Reporter is not WP:RS in regard to identity issues. My guess is that US media have gotten lazy and now use the shorter "Asian" to refer to "Asian-American" (a conflated term that leads to perceptual blindness similar to what it is trying to correct). Then they realized Yeoh isn't a US citizen, so they had to affirm "Asian" without addressing geography or ethnicity. Martindo (talk) 21:01, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Hollywood Reporter is a WP:RS in general and their reporting is accurate. This isn't an identity issue, it is a word definition issue based on how words are used in the US. Different countries use the word "Asian" in different ways. This is covered in the footnote and the reason the footnote is there is to make it clear that it is an American jargon term. The footnote is necessary due to globalization issues. When Americans and Yeoh herself use the word Asian it means people who look like Yeoh, has nothing actually to do with a physical location, it is a race term. It does not mean people from SE Asia in general and it is not a synonym for SE Asia. The first that is defined and sourced is "first Asian". Anything added to the article replace that is unsourced. Geraldo Perez (talk) 21:14, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
 * "people who look like Yeoh"? OMG. You're descending into "they all look alike" racism now, or at best perceptual blindness. I really think you should read Crazy_Rich_Asians_(film) which describes in detail the whole issue of "who looks right for the part" -- with criticism by several ethnic "Asians" who are prominent in Hollywood. I don't see why wikipedia should reinforce that kind of sloppy usage, which verges on microaggression toward lesser-known ethnicities. Martindo (talk) 21:21, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe Yeoh should read those references, she herself talked about people who looked like her and what it means to her. She has bought into the American usage of "Asian" being a racial classification term and that is how it is used by the American sources. I have no interest in applying original research to this article. Report what the reference explicitly state with no interpretation. This one word "Asian" was used in reporting her win by multiple sources. The word has conflicting meanings to different people as covered in this discussion. We reached a compromise to keep true to sourcing but also explain what the word means to non-American readers by adding an explanatory footnote. Maybe the footnote could be cleaned up, but the article itself is accurately reporting what American references about an American award say about her winning that award. The article mentioned in the footnote,, explains it fairly well. Geraldo Perez (talk) 21:34, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm aware she said that in her Oscar dedication, in the heat of excitement. In her case, the over-generalization is unintentional subjectivity: not seeing beyond her own viewpoint as a Malaysian Chinese woman, who definitely does NOT "look like" Asian people from India or even the majority from her native country. Wikipedia shouldn't reinforce that kind of microaggression by *intentionally* using the term. So-called reliable sources make mistakes all the time and we're not robots who must repeat inaccurate terminology. Every WP page has interpretation, not merely a string of direct quotations. Anyway, it seems that Straits Times of Singapore and New Straits Times of Malaysia also prefer the grandiose term, so I'm not going to fight the inaccuracy anymore. Too bad WP isn't really serious about WP:Globalize. Martindo (talk) 23:46, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Hear hear! I read that footnote with some incredulity. "It doesn't matter what the facts are: to us Americans, only our perceptions matter." The footnote needs to go, or be heavily amended. And the article should reflect the truth, even if that's to say "Yeoh was erroneously described as the first Asian to..." Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 15:07, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The meaning of the word "Asian" has different meanings in different locations. That is explained in the footnote. Americans and American derived sources talking about an American award are using the American meaning of the word. It is not "erroneously described as ..." when using American English definitions of the word "Asian". That would be a false statement not supported by sourcing. The footnote is necessary to explain this to non-American readers who basically speak another version of English. Geraldo Perez (talk) 15:23, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The meaning of the word "Asian" is "a person from Asia." Full stop. Asia stretches from the eastern Mediterranean to the Bering Strait, and from the Anzhu islands to Indonesia. It is not limited to "south-east Asia." Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 15:59, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * That meaning is not common in American English in the context of referring to people. Also in British English but British English means a different part of Asia when they say "Asian". Asian does not have a common definition no matter how much you assert that your definition is the correct one. See the footnote you dislike for a more complete explanation of this. That is why the footnote is there, as a compromise solutions to stop the continued back and forth edit warring on this article about the definition of one word. Geraldo Perez (talk) 16:20, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Words mean what you say they mean? How Orwellian! "We have always been at war with eastasia!" Someone from Israel or Palestine or Armenia is Asian. Someone from Pakistan or Nepal is Asian. Someone from Siberia or Mongolia is Asian. Someone from Iran, South Korea or Taiwan is Asian. Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 16:38, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Getting over the huge irony in GP's position, and remembering that WP is an international encyclopedia, not an American one... it may be more accurate to describe Yeoh as Mashable does: "...the first Best Actress winner to have embraced her Asian heritage openly." Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 16:47, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * This particular word does not have a universal international meaning when referring to people. "International" does not mean "non-American", it includes the US and American readers have to be accommodated too as part of the international readership of enwiki. My position is I don't want to edit war this topic and everything stated here is nothing new and has been rehashed multiple times before mostly with edits and reverts to the article before the footnote was added and a strict adherence to what the sources state was kept in the article. Geraldo Perez (talk) 17:10, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

Nobody wants an edit war; this is why we're discussing things here. However, we also want an accurate encyclopedia. Yeoh is not the first Asian to have won Best Actress; Asian means someone from Asia. Universally. Even if you can show me a dictionary definition stating "Asian: Person from Asia. Person from South-East Asia (US meaning only)" that would not give precedence to the alleged US interpretation of a word. So far, we only have your assertion that this is the case, anyway. The argument is ridiculous in the extreme! Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 09:48, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

 * That is the nature of a compromise - nobody is fully happy with it. The compromise did solve the edit war issue though so serves its purpose. We go with sourcing per WP:V, not all of them American either (Yeoh's statements follow American usage too), and explain that it is, and why it is, American common usage in the footnote so people who think American usage is "ridiculous" have their issue covered in the article. Suggest as background you actually read the contents of the footnote and the articles linked in it. American usage is reflected in American law driven by demands of American "Asian" activists so it is a bit more than just a matter of how language evolves in different locations. Geraldo Perez (talk) 15:41, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Which School?
Any information on which 'private girl's boarding school' she attended in the UK? None of the following schools list her as alumnus. Badminton. Roedean. Benenden. Godolphin & Latymer. Information appears to be non-existent. 109.154.200.111 (talk) 20:11, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

 * From the looks of it, perhaps it's the Royal Ballet School, but it's a bit unclear, I agree. Continuing to look into it. "she trained from the age of four to be a dancer, until, aged 18, studying at the Royal Ballet School in London, a crippling fall ended her dance career" Cerebral726 (talk) 20:47, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

Which University/Higher Education did Yeoh actually attend and when?
It says in this article that Yeoh both attended and graduated from the Royal Academy of Dance in 1982 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Creative Arts and a Minor in Drama, however Manchester Metropolitan University considers her an alumni and says she graduated in 1983 with that same degree? Manchester Metropolitan University didn't exist in 1983, however there's photographic evidence to suggest she attended Crewe and Alsager College in the 1982-1983 academic year, which was one of the colleges that later formed Manchester Metropolitan.

The author of that article claims she did a Creative Arts and specialised in Dance in her final year (aligning with the degree she's claimed to have gotten from the Royal Academy of Dance - but also suggesting she was there multiple years?) and received a 2:1, however if she did complete a degree at Crewe and Alsager then would completely contradict the idea that she went to and graduated from the Royal Academy of Dance in London?

Michelle however does mention in an interview that she began studying Ballet at the Royal Academy of Dance in London, but had to stop because she suffered a back/spinal injury. She then mentions "Another door opened where I was still very much in the world that I wanted to be" (suggesting she she definitely transferred to do something different like this article claims), and another interview claims that she 'stayed on at the Royal Academy, studying choreography instead, and graduated in 1982 with a BA in creative arts with a minor in drama.', but that would again contradict the idea that she graduated in 1983 from Crewe and Alsager College?

TL;DR, I'm finding it hard to create an actual accurate timeline of Yeoh's education. I'm speculating that she did begin her higher education at the Royal Academy of Dance in London in 1980 studying ballet, but then at some point moved to Crewe and Alsager College (possibly in 1982, as the photographic evidence only suggests she was at Crewe from 1982-1983), where she transferred her Ballet degree to a degree in Creative Arts, completing her final year and graduating from there in 1983 at 21 (which is the expected age to graduate if she started higher educated at 18, which is typical for the UK).

This would mean that she left the Royal Academy of Dance in 1982 (which aligns with the idea that she "graduated" in 1982 that some claim), and still would have been able to get her Bachelor of Arts degree in Creative Arts and Drama degree in 1983 from Crewe and Alsager College. As this college later became Manchester Metropolitan University, it would then also support the (admittedly slightly far-fetched) claim that she graduated from Manchester Met.

Any thoughts? Am I missing some key information here? Frogsarehere (talk) 14:50, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

First Malaysian to win an Academy Award
You just re-added sources to "first Malaysian to win an Academy Award" in the lead. This is already well sourced in the "Award success (2021–present)", or if you feel it's not, the sources belong there, not in the lead. GA-RT-22 (talk) 23:39, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

 * OK. I missed that. Geraldo Perez (talk) 00:15, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michelle Yeoh


text:
Expressionist music

The term expressionism "was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg", because like the painter Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944) he avoided "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in his music. Theodor Adorno interprets the expressionist movement in music as seeking to "eliminate all of traditional music's conventional elements, everything formulaically rigid". This he sees as analogous "to the literary ideal of the 'scream.' " As well Adorno sees expressionist music as seeking "the truthfulness of subjective feeling without illusions, disguises or euphemisms". Adorno also describes it as concerned with the unconscious, and states that "the depiction of fear lies at the centre" of expressionist music, with dissonance predominating, so that the "harmonious, affirmative element of art is banished". Expressionist music would "thus reject the depictive, sensual qualities that had come to be associated with impressionist music. It would endeavor instead to realize its own purely musical nature—in part by disregarding compositional conventions that placed 'outer' restrictions on the expression of 'inner' visions".

Expressionist music often features a high level of dissonance, extreme contrasts of dynamics, constant changing of textures, "distorted" melodies and harmonies, and angular melodies with wide leaps.

Major figures
The three central figures of musical expressionism are Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) and his pupils, Anton Webern (1883–1945) and Alban Berg (1885–1935), the so-called Second Viennese School. Other composers that have been associated with expressionism are Ernst Krenek (1900–1991) (the Second Symphony, 1922), Paul Hindemith (1895–1963) (Die junge Magd, Op. 23b, 1922, setting six poems of Georg Trakl), Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) (Three Japanese Lyrics, 1913), Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915) (late piano sonatas). Another significant expressionist was Béla Bartók (1881–1945) in early works, written in the second decade of the 20th century, such as Bluebeard's Castle (1911), The Wooden Prince (1917), and The Miraculous Mandarin (1919). American composers with a sympathetic "urge for such intensification of expression" who were active in the same period as Schoenberg's expressionist free atonal compositions (between 1908 and 1921) include Carl Ruggles, Dane Rudhyar, and, "to a certain extent", Charles Ives, whose song "Walt Whitman" is a particularly clear example. Important precursors of expressionism are Richard Wagner (1813–1883), Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), and Richard Strauss (1864–1949). Later composers, such as Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–2016), "have sometimes been seen as perpetuating the Expressionism of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern", and Heinz Holliger's (b. 1939) most distinctive trait "is an intensely engaged evocation of ... the essentially lyric expressionism found in Schoenberg, Berg and, especially, Webern".

Arnold Schoenberg
Musical expressionism is closely associated with the music Arnold Schoenberg composed between 1908 and 1921, which is his period of "free atonal" composition, before he devised twelve-tone technique. Compositions from the same period with similar traits, particularly works by his pupils Alban Berg and Anton Webern, are often also included under this rubric, and the term has also been used pejoratively by musical journalists to describe any music in which the composer's attempts at personal expression overcome coherence or are merely used in opposition to traditional forms and practices. It can therefore be said to begin with Schoenberg's Second String Quartet (written 1907–08) in which each of the four movements gets progressively less tonal. The third movement is arguably atonal and the introduction to the final movement is very chromatic, arguably has no tonal centre, and features a soprano singing "Ich fühle Luft von anderem Planeten" ("I feel the air of another planet"), taken from a poem by Stefan George. This may be representative of Schoenberg entering the "new world" of atonality.

In 1909, Schoenberg composed the one-act 'monodrama' Erwartung (Expectation). This is a thirty-minute, highly expressionist work in which atonal music accompanies a musical drama centered around a nameless woman. Having stumbled through a disturbing forest, trying to find her lover, she reaches open countryside. She stumbles across the corpse of her lover near the house of another woman, and from that point on the drama is purely psychological: the woman denies what she sees and then worries that it was she who killed him. The plot is entirely played out from the subjective point of view of the woman, and her emotional distress is reflected in the music. The author of the libretto, Marie Pappenheim, was a recently graduated medical student familiar with Freud's newly developed theories of psychoanalysis, as was Schoenberg himself.

In 1909, Schoenberg completed the Five Pieces for Orchestra. These were constructed freely, based upon the subconscious will, unmediated by the conscious, anticipating the main shared ideal of the composer's relationship with the painter Wassily Kandinsky. As such, the works attempt to avoid a recognisable form, although the extent to which they achieve this is debatable.

Between 1908 and 1913, Schoenberg was also working on a musical drama, Die glückliche Hand. The music is again atonal. The plot begins with an unnamed man, cowered in the centre of the stage with a beast upon his back. The man's wife has left him for another man; he is in anguish. She attempts to return to him, but in his pain he does not see her. Then, to prove himself, the man goes to a forge, and in a strangely Wagnerian scene (although not musically), forges a masterpiece, even with the other blacksmiths showing aggression towards him. The woman returns, and the man implores her to stay with him, but she kicks a rock upon him, and the final image of the act is of the man once again cowered with the beast upon his back.

This plot is highly symbolic, written as it was by Schoenberg himself, at around the time when his wife had left him for a short while for the painter Richard Gerstl. Although she had returned by the time Schoenberg began the work, their relationship was far from easy. The central forging scene is seen as representative of Schoenberg's disappointment at the negative popular reaction to his works. His desire was to create a masterpiece, as the protagonist does. Once again, Schoenberg is expressing his real life difficulties.

In around 1911, the painter Wassily Kandinsky wrote a letter to Schoenberg, which initiated a long lasting friendship and working relationship. The two artists shared a similar viewpoint, that art should express the subconscious (the "inner necessity") unfettered by the conscious. Kandinsky's Concerning The Spiritual In Art (1914) expounds this view. The two exchanged their own paintings with each other, and Schoenberg contributed articles to Kandinsky's publication Der Blaue Reiter. This inter-disciplinary relationship is perhaps the most important relationship in musical expressionism, other than that between the members of the Second Viennese School. The inter-disciplinary nature of expressionism found an outlet in Schoenberg's paintings, encouraged by Kandinsky. An example is the self-portrait Red Gaze (see Archived link), in which the red eyes are the window to Schoenberg's subconscious.

Anton Webern and Alban Berg
Anton Webern's music was close in style to Schoenberg's expressionism, c. 1909–13, and subsequently his music "became increasingly constructivist on the surface and increasingly concealed its passionate expressive core". His Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 10 (1911–13) are from this period.

Alban Berg's contribution includes his Op. 1 Piano Sonata, and the Four Songs of Op. 2. His major contribution to musical expressionism, however, were very late examples, the operas Wozzeck, composed between 1914 and 1925, and unfinished Lulu. Wozzeck is highly expressionist in subject material in that it expresses mental anguish and suffering and is not objective, presented, as it is, largely from Wozzeck's point of view, but it presents this expressionism within a cleverly constructed form. The opera is divided into three acts, the first of which serves as an exposition of characters. The second develops the plot, while the third is a series of musical variations (upon a rhythm, or a key for example). Berg unashamedly uses sonata form in one scene in the second act, describing himself how the first subject represents Marie (Wozzeck's mistress), while the second subject coincides with the entry of Wozzeck himself. This heightens the immediacy and intelligibility of the plot, but is somewhat contradictory with the ideals of Schoenberg's expressionism, which seeks to express musically the subconscious unmediated by the conscious.

Berg worked on his opera Lulu, from 1928 to 1935, but failed to complete the third act. According to one view, "Musically complex and highly expressionistic in idiom, Lulu was composed entirely in the 12-tone system", but this is by no means a universally accepted interpretation. The literary basis of the opera is a pair of related plays by Frank Wedekind, whose writing is virtually a "reversal of the expressionist aesthetic", because of its complete indifference to the characters' psychological states of mind, and portrayal of characters whose "personalities have little or no basis in reality and whose distortions are not the product of psychological tension". The plainly evident emotion of Berg's music is dislocated from its cause and "deflected onto something else impossible to define", thereby contradicting its own intensity and undermining the listener's "instinctive obedience to emotive instructions", contrary to expressionism, which "tells its listeners pretty unambiguously how to react". In contrast to the plainly expressionist manner of Wozzeck, therefore, Lulu is closer to the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) of the 1920s, and to Bertolt Brecht's epic theatre.

Indeed, by the time Wozzeck was performed in 1925, Schoenberg had introduced his twelve-tone technique to his pupils, representing the end of his expressionist period (in 1923) and roughly the beginning of his twelve-tone period.

As can be seen, Arnold Schoenberg was a central figure in musical expressionism, although Berg, Webern, and Bartók did also contribute significantly, along with various other composers.

title: Expressionist music


text:
Mingan Archipelago

The Mingan Archipelago is an archipelago located east of Quebec, Canada. It consists of a chain of about 40 islands.

Starting but 124 miles from the end of the road along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River (Le Fleuve), the Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve of Canada spreads about 109 miles eastward as it dots the coastline with over 2,000 islands and islets. To the southwest a 9 to 10 hour drive away lies Quebec City. Due south across a 12-mile channel is Anticosti Island and below Anticosti another 25 miles is the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula. To the east is a roadless coastline all the way to Newfoundland and Labrador. To the north are tundra, lakes, bog and rock. In late June it is still Spring. Politically, most of the islands lie in the town of Havre-Saint-Pierre, but the westernmost of the chain lie in the municipality of Longue-Pointe-de-Mingan.

The archipelago includes Île Niapiskau and its limestone monoliths.

title: Mingan Archipelago


text: User talk:80.175.224.193

title: User talk:80.175.224.193