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Michael Peterson trial

Michael Iver Peterson (born October 23, 1943) is an American novelist who was convicted in 2003 of murdering his second wife, Kathleen Peterson, on December 9, 2001. After eight years, Peterson was granted a new trial after the judge ruled a critical prosecution witness gave misleading testimony. In 2017, Peterson submitted an Alford plea to the reduced charge of manslaughter. He was sentenced to time already served and freed.

Peterson's case is the subject of the French documentary miniseries The Staircase, which started filming soon after his arrest in 2001 and followed events until his eventual Alford plea in 2017. In 2019, he released his own account of his life since his wife's death in an independently published memoir, Behind the Staircase. Miniseries The Staircase starring Colin Firth and Toni Collette, also covers the case and its aftermath. Several other documentaries have been produced about Kathleen's death, including a sequel to the 2004 French documentary, podcasts, radio shows and other media.

Personal and professional life
Michael Iver Peterson was born near Nashville, Tennessee, the son of Eugene Iver Peterson and Eleanor Peterson (Bartolino). He graduated from Duke University with a bachelor's degree in political science. While there, Peterson was president of Sigma Nu fraternity and was editor of The Chronicle, the daily student newspaper, from 1964 to 1965. He attended classes at the law school of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

After graduating, Peterson took a civilian job with the United States Department of Defense, where he was assigned to research arguments supporting increased military involvement in Vietnam. That year he also married Patricia Sue, who taught at an elementary school on the Rhein-Main Air Base in Gräfenhausen, West Germany. They had two children, Clayton and Todd. In 1968, Peterson was commissioned in the United States Marine Corps and served in the Vietnam War. In 1971, he received an honorable discharge with the rank of captain after a car accident left him with a permanent disability.

Years later, during the 1999 Durham mayoral election, Peterson claimed he had been awarded a Silver Star, a Bronze Star with Valor, and two Purple Hearts. He had all the medals, but said he did not have the documentation for them. Peterson claimed he had received one Purple Heart after being hit by shrapnel when another soldier stepped on a land mine, and the other when he was shot. He later admitted his war injury was not the result of the shrapnel wound in Vietnam, but was the result of a car accident in Japan, where he was stationed after the war as a military police officer. The News & Observer said records did not contain any mention of the two Purple Hearts that Peterson said he had received.

Peterson and his first wife Patricia lived in Germany for some time. There they befriended Elizabeth and George Ratliff and their two children, Margaret and Martha. After George's death, the Peterson and Ratliff families became very close. When Elizabeth Ratliff died in 1985, Michael became the guardian of her two children. After Michael and Patricia divorced in 1987, Clayton and Todd lived with Patricia, and Margaret and Martha stayed with Michael, who then moved to Durham, North Carolina. Clayton and Todd later also joined their father. In 1989, Michael moved in with Kathleen Atwater, a successful Nortel business executive. They married in 1997, and Kathleen's daughter Caitlin became the fifth sibling in the blended family.

Peterson wrote three novels based "around his experiences during the Vietnamese conflict": The Immortal Dragon, A Time of War, and A Bitter Peace. He co-wrote the biographical Charlie Two Shoes and the Marines of Love Company with journalist David Perlmutt, and co-wrote Operation Broken Reed with Arthur L. Boyd. Peterson also worked as a newspaper columnist for The Herald-Sun, where his columns became known for their criticism of police and of Durham County district attorney James Hardin Jr., who would later prosecute Peterson for the murder of his second wife, Kathleen.

Kathleen's death
On December 9, 2001, Peterson called emergency services on 911, to report that he had just found Kathleen Peterson unconscious in their Forest Hills neighborhood home in Durham, North Carolina, and suspected she had fallen down "fifteen to twenty, I don't know" stairs. He later claimed that he had been outside by the pool and had come in at 2:40 am to find Kathleen at the foot of the stairs. Peterson said she must have fallen down the stairs after consuming alcohol and Valium.

Toxicology results showed that Kathleen's blood alcohol content was 0.07 percent (70 mg/100mL), her alcohol in urine was 0.11 and she had taken between 5 and 15 mg of Valium. The autopsy report concluded that the 48-year-old woman sustained a matrix of severe injuries, including a fracture of the superior cornu of the left thyroid cartilage and seven lacerations to the top and back of her head, consistent with blows from a blunt object, and had died from blood loss ninety minutes to two hours after sustaining the injuries. Kathleen's daughter, Caitlin, and Kathleen's sister, Candace Zamperini, both initially proclaimed Michael's innocence and publicly supported him alongside his children, but Zamperini reconsidered after learning of Michael's bisexuality, as did Caitlin after reading her mother's autopsy report. Both subsequently broke off from the rest of the family.

Although forensic expert Henry Lee, hired by Peterson's defense, testified that the blood-spatter evidence was consistent with an accidental fall down the stairs, police investigators concluded that the injuries were inconsistent with such an accident. As Peterson was the only person at the residence at the time of Kathleen's death, he was the prime suspect and was soon charged with her murder. He pleaded not guilty.

The medical examiner, Deborah Radisch, concluded that Kathleen had died from lacerations of the scalp caused by a homicidal assault. According to Radisch, the total of seven lacerations to the top and back of Kathleen's head were the result of repeated blows with a light, yet rigid, weapon. The defense disputed this theory. According to their analysis, the lacerations were not consistent with blows of any sort, because there was a lack of underlying injury, such as skull fractures or bruising, swelling and hemorrhaging of the brain.

The trial drew increasing media attention as details of Peterson's private life emerged. Hardin and his prosecution team (among them Mike Nifong) attacked Peterson's credibility, focusing on his alleged misreporting of his military service and what they described as a gay life he led and kept secret. The prosecution contended that the Petersons' marriage was far from happy, suggesting that Kathleen had discovered Michael's alleged secret gay life and wanted to end their marriage. It was the main motive that the prosecution offered at trial for Kathleen's alleged murder (the other being a $1.5 million life insurance policy). According to Assistant District Attorney Freda Black, Kathleen

"'would have been infuriated by learning that her husband, who she truly loved, was bi-sexual and having an extramarital relationship—not with another woman—but a man, which would have been humiliating and embarrassing to her. We believe that once she learned this information that an argument ensued and a homicide occurred.'"

The defense argued that Kathleen accepted Michael's bisexuality and that the marriage was very happy, a position supported by Michael and Kathleen's children and other friends and associates.

The prosecution said that Kathleen's murder was most likely committed with a custom-made fireplace poker called a blow poke. It had been a gift to the Petersons from Kathleen's sister but was missing from the house at the time of the investigation. Later in the trial the defense team produced the missing blow poke, which they said had been found in the garage. A juror contacted after the trial noted that the jury had dismissed the idea of the blow poke as the murder weapon.

Suspicion surrounding Elizabeth Ratliff's death
Elizabeth Ratliff, a friend of the Petersons, who died in Germany in 1985, had also been found dead at the foot of her staircase with injuries to the head. Her death had been investigated by both the German police and U.S. military police. An autopsy at the time of her death concluded Ratliff died from an intra-cerebral hemorrhage secondary to the blood coagulation disorder Von Willebrand's disease, based on blood in her cerebrospinal fluid and reports that she had been suffering severe, persistent headaches in the weeks leading up to her death. The coroner determined that the hemorrhage resulted in immediate death, followed by Ratliff falling down the stairs after collapsing. The Petersons had dinner with Ratliff and her daughters, and Peterson had stayed and helped Ratliff put the children to bed before going home. The children's nanny, Barbara, discovered the body when she arrived the next morning. Peterson was the last known person to see her alive.

Before Peterson's trial, the Durham court ordered the exhumation of Ratliff's embalmed body, buried in Texas, for a second autopsy in April 2003. Arrangements were made for the Durham medical examiner, who had initially performed Kathleen's autopsy, to perform this reevaluation, over the objections of defense counsel who argued that the autopsy should be performed by Texas medical examiners. The body was then transported from Texas to Durham. The Durham M.E. found sufficient evidence drawn from the results of the second autopsy, along with new witness statements describing the scene, to overturn the earlier findings and list Ratliff's cause of death as "homicide".

The prosecution declined to accuse Peterson of Ratliff's death but introduced the death into the trial as an incident, giving Peterson the idea of how to "fake" Kathleen's accident. Despite police reports that there was very little blood at the scene of Ratliff's death, the nanny, who was the first to discover Ratliff's body in 1985, took the stand at Peterson's trial and testified that there was a large amount of blood at the scene. Another witness testified to spending much of the day cleaning blood stains off the wall. Doubt as to the admissibility of the Ratliff evidence in court was one of the grounds for the subsequent appeal against his conviction, lodged by Peterson's lawyers in 2005.

In October 2002, acting as administrator of Kathleen's estate, Caitlin filed a wrongful death claim against Peterson. In June 2006, he voluntarily filed for bankruptcy. Two weeks later, Caitlin filed an objection to the bankruptcy. On February 1, 2007, Caitlin and Peterson settled the wrongful death claim for $25 million, pending acceptance by the courts involved; finalization of the settlement by the court was announced on February 1, 2008.

Verdict
On October 10, 2003, after one of the longest trials in North Carolina history, a Durham County jury found Peterson guilty of the murder of Kathleen, and he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Denial of parole requires premeditation. Despite the jury accepting the murder as a "spur-of-the-moment" crime, they also found it was premeditated. As one juror explained it, premeditated meant not only planning hours or days ahead, but could also mean planning in the seconds before committing a spur-of-the-moment crime. Peterson was housed at the Nash Correctional Institution near Rocky Mount until he was released on December 16, 2011.

Appeal
Peterson's appeal was filed by his defense counsel, with Thomas Maher now serving as his court-appointed attorney, and was argued before the North Carolina Court of Appeals on April 18, 2006. On September 19, the Court of Appeals rejected Peterson's arguments that he did not get a fair trial because of repeated judicial mistakes. The Appeals' ruling said the evidence was fairly admitted. The judges did find defects in a search warrant, but said they had no ill effect on the defense. Because the ruling was not unanimous, under North Carolina law, Peterson had the right to appeal to the North Carolina Supreme Court, which accepted the case. An oral argument was heard on September 10, 2007. On November 9, the Court announced that it affirmed the decision of the appeals. Absent a reconsideration of the ruling or the raising of a federal issue, Peterson had exhausted his appeals of the verdict.

On November 12, 2008, attorneys J. Burkhardt Beale and Jason Anthony of Richmond, Virginia, who were now representing Peterson, filed a motion for a new trial in Durham County court on three grounds: that the prosecution withheld exculpatory evidence about the blow poke, that the prosecution used an expert witness whose qualifications were disputed, and that one juror based his judgment on racial factors. On March 10, 2009, Peterson's motion was denied by the Durham County Superior Court.

Owl theory
In late 2003, a new theory of Kathleen's death was raised: that she had been attacked by a barred owl outside, had fallen after rushing inside, and had been knocked unconscious after hitting her head on the first tread of the stairs. The owl theory was raised by Durham attorney T. Lawrence Pollard, a neighbor of the Petersons who was not involved in the case but had been following the public details. He approached the police suggesting an owl might have been responsible after viewing the autopsy photographs of Kathleen's head wounds. Later, when reading the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation (SBI) evidence list, he found a feather listed as found in Kathleen's hair (despite having previously been informed by the District Attorney's office that no feathers had been found during the investigation ). The SBI crime lab report listed a microscopic feather and a wooden sliver from a tree limb entangled in a clump of hair that had been pulled out by the roots found clutched in Kathleen's left hand. A re-examination of the hair in September 2008 had found another microscopic feather.

According to Pollard, had a jury been presented with this evidence it would have "materially affected their deliberation and therefore would have materially affected their ultimate verdict". Prosecutors have ridiculed the claim, and Deborah Radisch, who conducted Kathleen's autopsy, says it was unlikely that an owl or any other bird could have made wounds as deep as those on her scalp. However, Radisch's opinion was challenged by other experts in three separate affidavits filed in 2010.

Despite interest in this theory among some outside advocates, no motion for a new trial was filed on this point in 2009. On March 2, 2017 (following his Alford plea), Peterson's attorney filed a motion to allow him to pay for a bird expert at the Smithsonian Institution to examine feather fragments found in Kathleen's hair to determine whether or not she had been attacked by an owl. In 2023, Pollard endorsed the theory presented in the book Death by Talons, which runs that a bird attack was not restricted to the outside path, but continued inside the Peterson's home.

Retrial hearing
In August 2010, following a series of newspaper articles critical of the SBI, North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper led an investigation which resulted in the suspension of SBI analyst Duane Deaver, one of the principal witnesses against Peterson, after the report found his work among the worst done on scores of flawed criminal cases. Pollard subsequently filed affidavits to support a motion that Superior Court Judge Orlando Hudson order the state Medical Examiner's Office to turn over all documentation related to Kathleen's autopsy to Peterson's attorneys. However, Judge Hudson barred Pollard from filing further motions on behalf of Peterson because he did not represent him. A new motion was filed in August 2010 by David Rudolf, one of Peterson's original attorneys, who acted pro bono in proceedings challenging the SBI testimony.

Deaver was fired from the SBI in January 2011, after an independent audit of the agency found he had falsely represented evidence in 34 cases, including withholding negative results in the case of Greg Taylor, a North Carolina man who spent seventeen years in prison on a murder conviction based on Deaver's testimony. A bloodstain-analysis team that Deaver had trained was suspended and disbanded. In the 2003 Peterson trial, Deaver testified that he had been mentored by SBI bloodstain specialist David Spittle, worked 500 bloodstain cases, written 200 reports, and testified in 60 cases. During the retrial hearing, SBI Assistant Director Eric Hooks testified that Deaver had written only 47 reports. Spittle testified that he could not recall mentoring Deaver who, since completing a two-day training course in the 1980s, had testified in only four cases, the Peterson case being the third. The SBI cited the bloodstain analysis given in the fourth case as the reason for firing Deaver.

On December 16, 2011, Peterson was released from the Durham County jail on $300,000 bail and placed under house arrest with a tracking anklet. His release on bond followed a judicial order for a new trial after Judge Hudson found that Deaver had given "materially misleading" and "deliberately false" testimony about bloodstain evidence, and had exaggerated his training, experience, and expertise. Former North Carolina Attorney General Rufus L. Edmisten said that any evidence gathered after Deaver arrived at the scene might be deemed inadmissible in a new trial. In July 2014, Peterson's bond restrictions were eased.

In October 2014, the court appointed Mike Klinkosum to represent Peterson, replacing David Rudolf, who had been working pro bono on the case since Peterson's conviction was overturned. Rudolf had stated that he could no longer afford to represent Peterson without being paid. On November 14, 2016, Peterson's request for the second trial to be dismissed was refused, and a new trial was scheduled to begin on May 8, 2017. However, a news report on February 7, 2017, indicated that a resolution had been negotiated by Rudolf (once again representing Peterson) and the Durham County District Attorney.

Alford plea
On February 24, 2017, Peterson entered an Alford plea to the voluntary manslaughter of Kathleen, asserting his innocence but agreeing there was enough evidence to likely result in a guilty verdict. The judge sentenced him to a maximum of 86 months in prison, with credit for time previously served. Because Peterson had already served more time than the sentence (98.5 months), he did not face additional prison time.

Films about the case
The court case generated widespread interest, in part because of a televised documentary series variously named Soupçons (Suspicions), Death on the Staircase, and The Staircase, which detailed Peterson's legal and personal troubles. Eight 45-minute episodes of the documentary were assembled from more than 600 hours of footage. It was directed by French filmmaker Jean-Xavier de Lestrade and released by Maha Productions in October 2004. The documentary offers an intimate depiction of defense preparations for the trial. It also examines the role and behavior of the press as it covered aspects of the case. The filmmakers started their project within weeks of Kathleen's death and Peterson's murder indictment; jury selection took place in May 2003 with the case itself going to trial in July 2003.

Following the guilty verdict, de Lestrade interviewed the jurors to find out why they reached their verdict. By and large, the jurors were swayed by the amount of blood Kathleen lost and the number of lacerations, which indicated to them it could not have been an accident. Henry Lee, however, had testified at the trial that the amount of blood was irrelevant, as the blood spatter indicated most of it was spattered as she coughed as the blood ran down her face from the injuries. He also suggested some of the blood could have been diluted with urine. Lee had also duplicated blood spatter from coughing for the jury by drinking ketchup and spitting it out.

In November 2012, de Lestrade released a sequel, The Staircase 2: The Last Chance, which premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam. The film documents Peterson's family and his legal team's arguments in seeking a retrial, in which they succeed.

Television productions about the case

 * The Staircase, a French miniseries, also broadcast on Netflix and as part of the BBC Storyville series, under the title "Death on the Staircase", including a sequel, "The Staircase II: The Last Chance"
 * "A Novel Idea" – Forensic Files
 * "Debut" – Cold Case
 * "Bite Me" – CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 * "Written in Blood" – The New Detectives
 * "Blood on the Staircase" – American Justice
 * "Murder, He Wrote" – Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice
 * "Staircase Killer" – True Crime with Aphrodite Jones
 * "The Staircase Murders" – 2007 TV Movie written by Aphrodite Jones
 * "Stairway to Hell" – The Devil You Know
 * "Reversal of Fortune" – Dateline NBC
 * "Down the Back Staircase" – Dateline NBC
 * Trial and Error Season One (Loosely based)
 * "Voids, Part I & II" – Silent Witness (Loosely based)
 * The Staircase – Max dramatization miniseries

Radio productions about the case

 * Criminal: "Animal Instincts"
 * The Generation Why Podcast: "The Staircase"
 * BBC Radio 5 Live: "Beyond Reasonable Doubt?"
 * My Favorite Murder "The 100th Episode"
 * Real Crime Profile- # "140-151"
 * And That's Why We Drink Episode 324 "Foot Pimples and Chicken Pox Parties"
 * What The French Toast Podcast: "E28. What The Staircase?? Part 1 & E29. What The Staircase?? Part 2"

Books about the case

 * Fanning, Diane. Written in Blood (St Martin's Press, 2005)
 * Jones, Aphrodite. A Perfect Husband (Kensington Books, 2013)
 * Parker, R. J. The Staircase (Independently published, 2018)
 * Smith, Tiddy Death by Talons (WildBlue Press, 2023)

Publications

 * The Immortal Dragon (New American Library, 1983) – historical fiction
 * A Time of War (Pocket Books, 1990) – Vietnam War fiction
 * A Bitter Peace (Pocket Books, 1995) – Vietnam War fiction
 * Charlie Two Shoes and the Marines of Love Company, Peterson and David Perlmutt (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998) – biography
 * Operation Broken Reed, with Lt. Col. Arthur L. Boyd (Da Capo Press, 2007) – Korean War autobiography
 * Behind the Staircase (Independently published, 2019) – Biographical memoir
 * Beyond the Staircase (2021) – Biographical memoir https://www.worldcat.org/title/1337870680

title: Michael Peterson trial


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Tim Munton

Timothy Alan Munton (born 30 July 1965) is an English cricketer. He had a long career in county cricket, playing over 500 games combined between first-class and List A, primarily with Warwickshire before ending his career at Derbyshire. He also played two Test matches for England in the 1992 series against Pakistan, and went on a number of England A tours. A medium pace bowler and lower order batsman, cricket writer Colin Bateman stated, "at 6ft 6in, with an ability to make the ball swing, Munton is at his best in English conditions". His time at Warwickshire was a particularly successful one for the club, winning 6 trophies between 1993 and 1995; as a crucial part of that side, Munton was honoured as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1995.

Early life
Munton was born in Melton Mowbray to parents Alan and Brenda. He attended Sarson High School and Edward VII Upper School, where he achieved 8 O-levels and 1 A-level. He made his county second XI debut for his native Leicestershire in 1982, taking three wickets that season in limited action. The 1983 season was similar, with Munton taking 4 wickets for 182 runs across the campaign. His breakthrough to regular second team action came in 1984, where he took 9 second XI wickets at 23.88 each, while scoring 91 runs at 18.20. However, at the end of that season, he was released by Leicestershire, who did not believe he was good enough.

Professional career
After his release from Leicestershire, Munton struggled to find another county to take him on. He came to Warwickshire's attention after dismissing one of the Warwickshire committee, then playing for Nuneaton, in a Central League match, and participating in Webster's Bitter Find-a-Fast-Bowler competition at Edgbaston, where he was invited to winter nets at Edgbaston. He was subsequently offered a contract for the 1985 season by Warwickshire, where he would play the bulk of his career. He made his first-class debut for the county against the touring Zimbabweans in 1985. In a heavily rain affected three day game, in which over 6 hours were lost to the weather, he did not bat and failed to take a wicket in either innings, conceding 35 runs from his 9 overs. In the winter of 1985/6 he played for Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand.

1986-89 seasons: county regular
Munton's first County Championship appearance came in the season following his first-class debut. Over the course of the season, he played in 17 of Warwickshire's 24 County Championship matches, taking 25 wickets at 32.12, with best bowling figures of 4/60 versus Kent.

Munton was a core member of the Warwickshire squad for the 1987 season, playing in 15 of the 24 County Championship matches. His returns improved considerably over 1986, taking 38 wickets across the season at 25.84 each, outperforming overseas player Allan Donald in both respects. Against Surrey in May his contribution was described by Wisden as "match winning" as he had match figures of 8/89; while against Nottinghamshire his "accurate seam bowling" returned him 6/96 in the first innings. However, a mid-season injury meant that he missed all of July's fixtures, and on his return to action he did not take any further five wicket hauls. In List A cricket, he appeared in one of the three Warwickshire matches in the Natwest Trophy; in the Benson & Hedges Cup matches against Yorkshire and Scotland; and was a regular in the Warwickshire side which finished bottom of the Refuge Assurance League.

The 1988 season saw Munton continue his "steady progress" in his returns in the county championship, increasing his season's tally to 46 wickets while lowering his bowling average to 22.76. He also set a new career best bowling analysis, in a game where he "combined hostility and accuracy" to take 6/21 against Worcestershire. Munton's progress continued in 1989, surpassing 50 County Championship wickets for the first time in his career, finishing with 56 at 24.41 apiece, second for Warwickshire only to his new ball partner Donald.

1990 and 1991 seasons: England A call-up
The 1990 first-class season was an outstanding one for Munton, taking 75 county championship wickets at 27.81 apiece, with Wisden commenting that "it was fortunate for [Warwickshire] that this shortfall [of wickets from Allan Donald and Gladstone Small] was more than made up for by the advance of Tim Munton" Outstanding performances came in the championship game at Northamptonshire, with match figures of 9/77, the best match figures of his career to date, and against Glamorgan at Edgbaston, with 3/44 in the first innings and 5/64- including all of the Glamorgan top 4- in the second innings Munton did not feature in either of Warwickshire's Natwest Bank Trophy matches; and played in all four of Warwickshire's Benson & Hedges matches without any notable performances as Warwickshire were eliminated at the group stage. In the Refuge Assurance League, in which he played regularly, he took 5/23 from 8 overs against Gloucestershire, which would remain the best List A analysis of his career.

Following this successful season, Munton was selected in the England A tours of both Pakistan and Sri Lanka over the 1990/91 winter. He made his England A debut in a List A match against the Karachi Cricket Association in Karachi, taking 3/28 in his eight overs. However, the tour was called off due to the start of the Gulf War after this one match, with the England side having to flee Pakistan on a "hastily-arranged" flight. Instead, England A toured Sri Lanka from January until March. Munton played in all 5 A team ODIs against Sri Lanka A, along with the first of the three A team Tests. His best bowling analysis on the tour came in the single A team test he played, with 4/61 off 35 overs in the first innings. He finished the tour with 10 first-class wickets at 17.60, with only Andy Pick finishing above him in the averages.

After returning from Sri Lanka the 1991 season proceeded in a similar vein to 1990. He played in all 22 of Warwickshire's county championship matches, taking 71 wickets at 25.28, including no fewer than five five-wicket innings, and two ten-wicket matches. His best bowling performance came against Middlesex at Edgbaston, where he had figures of 8/89 in the first innings and 3/38 in the second innings in an 89-run Warwickshire victory, a performance described by Wisden: "Munton bowled superbly to take a career-best eight for 89 in an unchanged spell of 30.2 overs, underlining both his stamina and his skill". He also had a seven wicket haul in the first innings against Worcestershire at Edgbaston, helping to skittle Worcestershire for 166 in a Warwickshire victory. By this stage there was increasing pressure for Munton to be called up to England's test side; he "was unlucky not to be selected for the Edgbaston Test, where conditions would have suited him so well". Munton was also a first choice List A player for Warwickshire, and performed particularly strongly against Surrey in the Benson & Hedges Cup, taking 4/35, his career best figures in that competition; and took a five wicket haul against Gloucestershire in the Refuge Assurance League, including three wickets in four balls.

1992 season: Test debut
Munton was included in the England Test squad from the start of the 1992 summer, with Phil Tufnell, David Lawrence and Dermot Reeve all recovering from injuries. However, he was omitted from the side from the first Test, as England chose an extra batsman in the shape of Mark Ramprakash, and from the second Test as Devon Malcolm returned after a year out of the side. He came into the side for the third Test, after Ian Botham was dropped and Phil Defreitas was declared unfit with a groin strain. However, he struggled with the ball throughout the match, with figures of 1/112 in the first innings and 0/26 in the second, as Pakistan scored nearly 750 runs for the loss of 14 wickets. He was more successful with the bat, scoring 25 not out and putting on a partnership of 64 for the 9th wicket with Ian Salisbury. He kept his place in the XI for the fourth Test at Headingley and took 2/22 in the first innings and 1/40 in the second, with Inzamam-ul-Haq and Ramiz Raja among his victims, as England won by five wickets. He was, however, dropped for the final Test of the summer at the Oval, as Malcolm and Tufnell returned to the side, and did not make the squad for either of the 1992/3 overseas tours.

Despite his appearances for England, Munton played in 15 of Warwickshire's 22 County Championship matches in the 1992 season, and bowled the second most overs in the side after only Allan Donald. He took 42 wickets from those games, at an average of 33.07. He played key roles in several matches: against Derbyshire he took 5/44 in the first innings, including the crucial last wicket when Derbyshire needed a single run to avoid the follow on; and against Leicestershire he took 5/46 in the first innings, with four wickets falling in his first four overs to break the back of the innings, and 7/64 in the second innings. He appeared in all of Warwickshire's fixtures as they made a run to the semi-finals of the Natwest Trophy, conceding just 17 runs off his 11 overs in their semi-final defeat; and played in three of Warwickshire's four games in the Benson & Hedges Cup.

1993 county season: Natwest Trophy win
Munton started the season well, taking 7/41 in the first innings of Warwickshire's match against Kent in mid-May. However, that was to prove to be his only five wicket haul of the season, as he missed around a third of the season, from mid-July, with a hip injury sustained in the match against Middlesex. He finished the County Championship with just 25 wickets at 27.08, well short of his returns the previous season, as Warwickshire slumped to 16th in the championship table. With the bat, he accrued just 51 runs in 13 innings.

Despite his injury, he was able to return in time for the final of the Natwest Trophy, against Sussex, bowling 9 overs for 67 runs as Warwickshire won a high-scoring game, which "redeemed an otherwise poor season".

1994 season: the treble
From both an individual and a team perspective, the high point of Munton's career came in the 1994 season. Warwickshire won the treble of County Championship, Sunday League and Benson & Hedges Cup, and lost in the final of the Natwest Trophy in what was described by Wisden as "the most remarkable season by any side in the history of English county cricket". With skipper Dermot Reeve playing in fewer than half of Championship matches due to injury, Munton captained the Warwickshire side for nine matches in his absence, and was spectacularly successful, with eight wins from those nine games.

Ever-present in the championship matches, Munton finished as the side's leading wicket-taker in the championship with 81 (the third most in the competition) at an average of 21.58, the eighth lowest average amongst qualified bowlers. He had a number of outstanding match performances in the championship over the year, notably taking five wicket hauls (5/53 and 5/79) in both innings against Northamptonshire; 9 wickets in the match against Surrey, including 5/96 in the second innings; another 10 wicket match display against Essex (6/89 and 4/41); and 7/52 in the first innings against Derbyshire.

Munton was also a regular feature in Warwickshire's one-day sides. He played in every one of Warwickshire's Natwest Bank Trophy matches, and all of the Benson & Hedges Cup matches, winning the man of the match award in the first round match at Middlesex.

Despite his outstanding personal figures and team results across the season, Munton, "especially unlucky", was not chosen on either of England's winter tours.

1995 season : further success and England A
After missing the first five championship matches of the 1995 season and the pre-season warm-up fixture against England A after having a back operation, Munton returned to the Warwickshire side to have an excellent season in the County Championship, playing ten of the seventeen games and finishing in the top five of the bowling averages (46 wickets at 19.56) as Warwickshire took the title. In only his second game back, he had a match return of 5/89 against Yorkshire, and was denied a potential hat-trick when Dougie Brown took the last wicket between his overs. He then took 4/14 in the second innings of Warwickshire's heavy win at Leicester. Once again, Warwickshire finished the season as county champions.

In List A cricket he was a crucial part of the Warwickshire team which lifted the Natwest Bank Trophy, despite missing the final through injury. In the quarter-final at Derby, he was man of the match as a result of a 12 over spell which conceded only 13 runs; and he was again man of the match in the semi-final against Glamorgan, this time for an unchanged 12 over spell of 2/18. He missed the entire Benson & Hedges Cup campaign through injury, as Warwickshire were eliminated at the group stage.

Over the 1995/6 winter, Munton was called up to Nasser Hussain's England A side for their tour of Pakistan as a replacement for Gloucestershire bowler Mike Smith, who flew home with a rib injury. In his first appearance on the tour he took 5/54 in the first innings in a first-class fixture against the PCB Patron's XI, including four wickets in 13 balls, and took 2/13 in 11 overs in the second innings. This performance earned him a place in the second A team Test against Pakistan A, in which he finished with match figures of 2/49 in a rain-shortened fixture. He was replaced in the side for the third and final A team Test, which was also the last first class match of a tour which was criticised by Wisden for the paucity of cricket played.

1996-99: injury frustrations
Munton's season started poorly, as a broken wrist forced him to miss the first six County Championship matches of the season; in all he played only nine of 17 championship matches across the year. When he did return, he proved less effective than in his dominant 1994 and 1995 seasons, with a return of only 25 wickets at 35.88, and no five wicket hauls. However, he did score his maiden first-class half century, with 54 not out against Worcestershire, as part of a partnership of 141 with Ashley Giles, breaking Warwickshire's record tenth-wicket stand previously held by Reg Santall and Wilfred Sanders.

After several years as vice captain under Dermot Reeve, Munton was appointed Warwickshire first team captain for the 1997 season, but missed the entire campaign after needing surgery for a back injury which emerged immediately before the start of the season. He returned for the 1998 season, having ceded the captaincy to Brian Lara, but was injured after the early season fixture at the Oval, and subsequently missed all but the last seven County Championship matches. In the eight games he did play, he took 36 wickets at an average of 19.19. The same injury ruled him out of both the Benson & Hedges Cup and Natwest Trophy. 1998 was also his benefit season, and raised the figure of £225,000 for him.

Despite further injuries in 1999 which limited him to 13 of the 17 championship matches, Munton was once again Warwickshire's leading wicket taker in first class cricket, with 52 wickets at 19.76. He also obtained his first hat-trick in first class cricket, against Kent, with Rob Key, David Fulton and Trevor Ward his victims, as part of first innings figures of 6/44. He had further championship five wicket hauls against Durham (7/91) and Sussex (7/36) in the last two games of the season.

The Warwickshire season was riven with off-field problems, with the director of coaching Phil Neale leaving, and upset from members regarding whether Dominic Ostler would be given a benefit during the 2000 season. Following the end of the season, Munton asked to be released from Warwickshire, stating that it was due to "a series of circumstances over the past couple of years". His request was granted, and Munton left Warwickshire after 15 seasons.

Move to Derbyshire and end of career
Following his release from Warwickshire, Munton moved to Derbyshire for the 2000 season where he was "reliable after a slow start, during which he collected every injury going". Across the county championship campaign, he collected 35 wickets at 31.22, with the highlights being a 6/54 during the first innings against Kent, and 7/34 against Surrey in a match where Munton himself said "it was one of those magic days where everything clicks". He was a regular in Derbyshire's List A sides, but had best bowling of only 3/24 against Essex in the National League, as Derbyshire finished bottom of Division 2 in that competition, were knocked out in the group stages of the Benson & Hedges Cup, and were eliminated from the Natwest Trophy in their first match against professional opposition.

Munton's final season in professional cricket came in 2001, where he played 9 championship matches but took only 19 wickets. His final match in first-class cricket came at Edgbaston, where he had played for so long, and saw him both act as Derbyshire captain and score only the fourth half century of his first-class career. Following that game, an injury to his achilles tendon ended his career.

After retirement
Following his retirement, Munton spent three years working for the Professional Cricketers Association. In 2007 he founded a sports marketing company, called BIG Consultancy. He subsequently became Director of Sport at the brand and business development agency UK Champions plc.

Following his retirement from professional cricket, Munton continued to play social cricket for the Staffordshire village side of Meynell, near his home. He told the Sunday Times in 2012 that one of his ambitions was to lose weight and play more social cricket.

Personal life
Munton's first marriage was with Helen, in September 1986. He had two children from this marriage. He subsequently divorced and remarried with Sonia, leading to another son.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tim Munton


text: Talk:Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters

title: Talk:Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters


text: User talk:202.138.180.33

title: User talk:202.138.180.33


text:
Duty to rescue

A duty to rescue is a concept in tort law and criminal law that arises in a number of cases, describing a circumstance in which a party can be held liable for failing to come to the rescue of another party who could face potential injury or death without being rescued. The exact extent of the duty varies greatly between different jurisdictions. In common law systems, it is rarely formalized in statutes which would bring the penalty of law down upon those who fail to rescue. This does not necessarily obviate a moral duty to rescue: though law is binding and carries government-authorized sanctions and awarded civil penalties, there are also separate ethical arguments for a duty to rescue even where law does not punish failure to rescue.

Common law system
In the common law of most English-speaking countries, there is no general duty to come to the rescue of another. Generally, a person cannot be held liable for doing nothing while another person is in peril. However, such a duty may arise in two situations:

 * A duty to rescue arises where a person creates a hazardous situation. If another person then falls into peril because of this hazardous situation, the creator of the hazard – who may not necessarily have been a negligent tortfeasor – has a duty to rescue the individual in peril.
 * Such a duty may also arise where a "special relationship" exists. For example:
 * Parents have a duty to rescue their minor children. This duty also applies to those acting in loco parentis, such as schools or babysitters.
 * Common carriers have a duty to rescue their patrons.
 * Employers have an obligation to rescue employees, under an implied contract theory.
 * In some U.S. jurisdictions, real property owners have a duty to rescue invitees but not trespassers from all reasonably foreseeable dangers on the property. Other jurisdictions, such as California, extend the duty to rescue to all persons who enter upon real property regardless whether they are classified as invitees, social guests or trespassers.
 * Spouses have a duty to rescue each other in all U.S. jurisdictions.
 * In the United States, as of 2009, ten states had laws on the books requiring that people at least notify law enforcement of and/or seek aid for strangers in peril under certain conditions: California, Florida, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Ohio, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. These laws are also referred to as Good Samaritan laws, despite their difference from laws of the same name that protect individuals who try to help another person. These laws are rarely applied, and are generally ignored by citizens and lawmakers.

Where a duty to rescue arises, the rescuer must generally act with reasonable care, and can be held liable for injuries caused by a reckless rescue attempt. However, many states have limited or removed liability from rescuers in such circumstances, particularly where the rescuer is an emergency worker. Furthermore, the rescuers need not endanger themselves in conducting the rescue.

Civil law system
Many civil law systems, which are common in Continental Europe, Latin America and much of Africa, impose a far more extensive duty to rescue. The duty is usually limited to doing what is "reasonable". In particular, a helper does not have to substantially endanger themselves.

This can mean that anyone who finds someone in need of medical help must take all reasonable steps to seek medical care and render best-effort first aid. Commonly, the situation arises on an event of a traffic accident: other drivers and passers-by must take an action to help the injured without regard to possible personal reasons not to help (e.g. having no time, being in a hurry) or ascertain that help has been requested from officials.

Shipping
A duty to rescue arises under international shipping law. A ship that is in a position to provide assistance to persons in distress at sea must do so. The requirement is found in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and represents customary international law.

Regulations by country
In some countries, there exists a legal requirement for citizens to assist people in distress, unless doing so would put themselves or others in harm's way. Citizens are often required to, at minimum, call the local emergency number, unless doing so would be harmful, in which case the authorities should be contacted when the harmful situation has been removed. , there were such laws in several countries, including Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Tunisia.

Argentina
Argentina has legislation on "abandonment of persons", Articles 106–108 of the Argentine Penal Code, which includes the provision in Article 106 that "a person who endangers the life or health of another, either by putting a person in jeopardy or ... will be imprisoned for between 2 and 6 years" [emphasis added].

Belgium
In Belgium, the obligation to provide assistance was introduced by the law of January 6, 1961.

Failure to provide assistance is punishable under article 422bis of the Penal Code.

The conditions of the duty to help relate to two main points:
 * knowledge of a hazard;
 * the possibility of helping without putting oneself in physical danger.

Non-assistance is punished by up to one year in prison.

Brazil
In Brazil, the Article 135 ("Omission of rescue") of the Brazilian Penal Code states that: One who fails to provide medical assistance to an abandoned child (or lost) or invalid person (or harmed) who is in peril and no harm is present to himself (or herself), or does not call the public authority for help will be either imprisoned for a period ranging from one to six months or fined. The sentence is increased in half if the failure for help results in great personal injury and tripled if it results in death.

Canada
In Quebec, which makes use of civil law, there is a general duty to rescue in its Charter of Rights: "Every human being whose life is in peril has a right to assistance...Every person must come to the aid of anyone whose life is in peril, either personally or calling for aid, by giving him the necessary and immediate physical assistance, unless it involves danger to himself or a third person, or he has another valid reason." Criminal law in Canada is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government, so failure to comply with an article of the Charter in Quebec does not constitute a criminal offence except if by doing so a party also violates the Criminal Code.

Other provinces follow common law.

In Canadian air law, it is mandatory to make oneself and one's aircraft available to aid search-and-rescue efforts if the aircraft is in the immediate area and a distress signal is received.

Czechia
As per Czech Criminal Code, all persons must provide assistance to anyone who is in risk of death or appears to be lifeless or shows signs of a major health condition or other serious illness, unless providing it would put the assisting person or other persons in harm's way (§ 150).

Drivers of vehicles involved in traffic accidents are obliged to provide aid to other parties involved, unless assisting would pose an imminent danger to them or other persons under § 151.

Violations are punishable by up to 2 years (§ 150, par. 1), 3 years if the convicted is expected, by the nature of their job (even when off duty), to save the life of another (§ 150, par. 2) or 5 years (§ 151). Depending on the circumstances, a driving ban or a prohibiton of activity (meaning an individual is banned from working respective jobs) are an adequate alternative to imprisonment.

Denmark
Under the Danish penal code, all persons must provide aid to the best of their ability to any person who appears to be lifeless or in mortal danger (§ 253), must alert authorities or take similar steps to prevent impending disasters that could cause loss of life (§ 185), must comply with all reasonable requests of assistance by a public authority when a person's life, health or well-being is at stake (§ 142), and must, if they learn of a planned crime against the state, human life or well-being, or significant public goods, do everything in their power to prevent or mitigate the crime, including but not limited to reporting it to authorities (§ 141), in all cases provided that acting would not incur particular danger or personal sacrifice.

Violations are punishable by up to three months (§ 142), two years (§ 185 and § 253) or three years (§ 141) in prison. Before 2004, the maximum penalty for § 185 and § 253 was only 4 and 3 months, respectively.

Outside hit-and-run incidents, § 253 is used only rarely, though a notable 2014 case saw a woman sentenced to a year in prison for abandoning another woman; the abandoned woman had become stuck in a bog and eventually died from exposure.

France
Anyone who fails to render assistance to a person in danger will be found liable before French Courts (civil and criminal liability). The penalty for this offence in criminal courts is imprisonment and a fine (under article 223–6 of the Criminal Code) while in civil courts judges will order payment of pecuniary compensation to the victims.

The photographers at the scene of the fatal car collision of Diana, Princess of Wales, were investigated for violation of the French law of "non-assistance à personne en danger" (failing to provide assistance to a person in danger), which can be punished by up to five years of imprisonment and a fine of up to €75,000.

Germany
In Germany, unterlassene Hilfeleistung (failure to provide assistance) is a crime under section 323(c) of the German Criminal Code: any person is obligated to provide assistance in case of an accident or general danger if necessary, and is normally immune from prosecution if assistance given in good faith and following the reasonable person's (aka ordinary prudent person's) understanding of required measures turns out to be harmful. Moreover, any individual who hinders a person who is providing or willing to provide assistance to another person in need can also be punished under the same section. Also, the rescuer or responder may not be held liable if the action they should take in order to help is unacceptable for them and they are unable to act (for example when unable to act at the sight of blood). In Germany, knowledge of basic emergency measures and certified attendance of a first aid and CPR course are prerequisites for being granted a driving license.

Greece
In Greece, a citizen is required by law to provide help to anyone who asks for it in case of a tragedy or public danger, as long as providing help does not endanger him or her personally. According to article 288 of the criminal code, not providing help in those cases can impose a prison sentence of up to 6 months.

Israel
In 1998, Israel enacted the "Stand-not-idly-by-thy-neighbor's-blood Law", taking its name from Leviticus 19:16. It requires one to render assistance whenever one is in the presence of a person who, due to some sudden occurrence, is in severe and immediate danger to life, limb or health, provided that one can do so without placing oneself or a third party in danger. Notifying the authorities (e.g. the police or fire department, as relevant) or calling on others who can render assistance for aid is considered "rendering assistance" under the law. A person obliged to render assistance who fails to do so can be fined.

Japan
In Japan, Article 19 (1) of the Medical Practitioners' act asserts that "No medical practitioner who engages in medical practice may refuse any request for medical examination or treatment without legitimate grounds."

However duty to rescue laws are generally limited to health professionals, other citizens are subject to laws closer to the "good samaritan model."

Netherlands
According to Article 450 of Dutch criminal law: "He who, being a witness to the instantaneous mortal danger of another, fails to provide or procure such help which he can provide or procure without reasonably needing to fear danger to himself or others, will, if the death of the person in need of help occurs, be punished with imprisonment of up to three months or a second category fine."

Norway
In Norway, Section 287 of the Penal Code states that "A penalty of a fine or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months shall be applied to any person who fails to provide assistance to the best of his/her ability to a person at obvious risk of losing his/her life or suffering considerable harm to his/her body or health". This is applicable as long as providing help does not endanger him or her personally.

Poland
In Poland, Article 162 of the criminal code states that whoever does not render aid to a person in a situation posing an imminent danger of death or serious injury to health, and is able to do so without exposing himself or another person to a danger of loss of life or serious injury to health, shall be subject to the penalty of imprisonment for up to 3 years.

A person who fails to render assistance for which it is necessary to undergo a medical procedure, or in circumstances in which immediate assistance from an institution or a person appointed for that purpose is possible, shall not commit an offence.

Russia
In Russia, Article 125 of the criminal code prohibits knowingly abandoning people who are in life- or health-threatening situations when said people cannot help themselves. However it binds only those who are either legally obligated to care for said people or who themselves have put said people into life or health threatening situation.

Serbia
In Serbia, a citizen is required by law to provide help to anyone in need (after for example a major car accident) as long as providing help does not endanger him or her personally. Serbian criminal code Articles 126 and 127 state that should one abandon a helpless person and/or not provide aid to a person in need, one could receive a prison sentence of up to one year. If the person dies of injuries due to no aid having been provided by the bystander, a sentence up to 8 years in prison can be imposed.

Spain
In Spain, a citizen is required by law to provide or seek help to anyone in need as long as providing help does not endanger him or her personally. Not doing so is a criminal offence under Article 195 of the Spanish Criminal Code.

Tunisia
In Tunisia, it is regulated by Article 143 of the Tunisian Criminal Code of 1913, modified by the ordinance dated July 9, 1942, relating to the lack of 'legal' assistance (Duty of Rescue). According to the mentioned article, the deliberate failure to assist a person in a dangerous situation (such as injury, fire, or a doctor refusing to provide care) is considered a criminal offense and is punishable by law.

Vietnam
In Vietnam, under Article 132 of the Vietnamese penal code, anyone who sees that another person is in a life-threatening situation, but fail to help them despite being capable of doing so, resulting in their death, shall be subject to warning, non-custodial reform for up to 2 years, or imprisonment from 3 months to 2 years. Offenders can be sentenced to between 1 and 5 years of imprisonment if that person created the dangerous situation or if that person is legally or professionally obligated to help. The penalty rises to 3 to 7 years' imprisonment if two or more people die as a result of the offender's inaction. Offenders may also be banned from holding certain posts, practicing certain professions or doing certain jobs for between 1 and 5 years.

Ethical justifications
Legal requirements for a duty to rescue do not pertain in all nations, states, or localities. However, a moral or ethical duty to rescue may exist even where there is no legal duty to rescue. There are a number of potential justifications for such a duty.

One sort of justification is general and applies regardless of role-related relationships (doctor to patient; firefighter to citizen, etc.). Under this general justification, persons have a duty to rescue other persons in distress by virtue of their common humanity, regardless of the specific skills of the rescuer or the nature of the victim's distress.

These would justify cases of rescue and in fact make such rescue a duty even between strangers. They explain why philosopher Peter Singer suggests that if one saw a child drowning and could intervene to save him, they should do so, if the cost is moderate to themselves. Damage to their clothing or shoes or how late it might make them for a meeting would be insufficient excuse to avoid assistance. Singer goes on to say that one should also attempt to rescue distant strangers, not just nearby children, because globalization has made it possible to do so.

Specific arguments for such a duty to rescue include, but are not limited to:
 * The Golden Rule: treat others as one would wish to be treated. This assumes that all persons would wish to be rescued if they were in distress, and so they should in turn rescue those in distress to the best of their abilities. What counts as distress requiring rescue may, of course, differ from person to person, but being trapped or at risk of drowning are emergency situations which this position assumes all humans would wish to be rescued from.
 * Utilitarianism: utilitarianism posits that those actions are right which best maximize happiness and reduce suffering ("maximize the good"). Utilitarian reasoning generally supports acts of rescue which contribute to overall happiness and reduced suffering.  Rule utilitarianism would look not just at whether individual acts of rescue maximize the good, but whether certain types of acts do so. It then becomes one's duty to perform those types of actions. Generally, having strangers rescue those in distress maximizes good so long as the rescue attempt does not make things worse, so one has a duty to rescue to the best of her or his ability as long as doing so will not make things worse.
 * Humanity: the rules of humanity advise that the essence of morality and right behavior is tending to human relationships. Therefore, virtues (desirable character traits) such as compassion, sympathy, honesty, and fidelity are to be admired and developed. Acting out of compassion and sympathy will often require rescue where someone is in need. Indeed, it would not be compassionate to ignore someone's need, though the way one fulfills that need may vary. In cases of emergency, rescue would be the most compassionate act compared with allowing a person to remain trapped in rubble.

There are also ethical justifications for role-specific or skill-specific duties of rescue such as those described above under the discussion of U.S. Common Law. Generally, these justifications are rooted in the idea that the best rescues, the most effective rescues, are done by those with special skills. Such persons, when available to rescue, are thus even more required to do so ethically than regular persons who might simply make things worse (for a utilitarian, rescue by a skilled professional in a relevant field would maximize the good even better than rescue by a regular stranger). This particular ethical argument makes sense when considering the ability firefighters to get both themselves and victims safely out of a burning building, or of health care personnel such as physicians, nurses, physician's assistants, and EMTs to provide medical rescue.

These are some of the ethical justifications for a duty to rescue, and they may hold true for both regular citizens and skilled professionals even in the absence of legal requirements to render aid.

United States
In an 1898 case, ''Buch v. Amory Mfg. Co.'', 69 N.H. 257, 44 A. 809, 1897 N.H. LEXIS 49 (N.H. 1898), the New Hampshire Supreme Court unanimously held that after an eight-year-old boy negligently placed his hand in the defendant's machinery, the boy had no right to be rescued by the defendant. Beyond that, the trespassing boy could be held liable for damages to the defendant's machine.

In the 1907 case People v. Beardsley, Beardsley's mistress, Blanche Burns, passed out after overdosing on morphine. Rather than seek medical attention, Beardsley instead had a friend hide her in the basement, and Burns died a few hours later. Beardsley was tried and convicted of manslaughter for his negligence. However, his conviction was reversed by the Supreme Court of Michigan saying that Beardsley had no legal obligation to her.

Some states such as Minnesota, Vermont, and Rhode Island make it a misdemeanor offence if it is known that someone is in serious danger and someone can intervene safely or call 911 and they do not.

Germany
In 2016, an 83-year-old man collapsed in a bank lobby in Essen and later died. Several customers stepped over him without providing assistance. With the help of security camera footage, these customers were identified and sentenced to fines of several thousand euros each for failing to provide assistance. A customer who phoned emergency services was not indicted, as he was considered to have provided sufficient assistance.

title: Duty to rescue


text:
Talk:Han Seung-soo

Prime minister
The new president of South Korea is apparently making this guy the new prime minister, I have heard on several websites. Contralya (talk) 11:08, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Han Seung-soo


text:
Talk:Speedy Keen

Spelling
The registrations of Speedy's birth and death give his name as "Keen" not "Keene", therefore I propose to change the article accordingly - unless anyone objects Peter Maggs (talk) 22:47, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Yes. Why is entry title spelled "Keene," when subject's name throughout is (correctly) spelled "Keen"? I don't know how to correct this. Jimakin (talk) 04:46, 12 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I have moved this article to Speedy Keen, because that is his commonly used name in wikipedia's sense, as on both solo albums, Guardian obituary, etc. "discogs.com" (for example) has different rules listing people (E-Kartoffel (talk) 16:03, 3 July 2013 (UTC))

title: Talk:Speedy Keen


text:
User:RadRafe/Foo

here goes…

title: User:RadRafe/Foo


text:
KRRL

KRRL (92.3 FM) – branded Real 92.3 – is a commercial urban contemporary radio station licensed to Los Angeles, California, serving much of the Greater Los Angeles area. Owned by iHeartMedia, KRRL serves as the flagship for Big Boy's Neighborhood. The KRRL studios are located in the Los Angeles suburb of Burbank, while the station transmitter resides on Mount Wilson. Besides a standard analog transmission, KRRL broadcasts over two HD Radio channels, and is available online via iHeartRadio.

KFAC-FM
The station first signed on the air on December 29, 1948, as KFAC-FM, the FM adjunct to KFAC. First owned by Errett Lobban Cord, a luxury vehicle manufacturer who purchased KFAC in 1931 from the Bible Institute of Los Angeles, KFAC became one of the first commercially operated radio stations in the United States to adopt a full-time fine arts/classical music format, having gradually added long-form programming devoted to the genre between 1938 and 1945. The station's longest-running program, the six-night-a-week Gas Company Evening Concert, would enjoy a run on both KFAC—and later it and KFAC-FM—between October 1940 and September 1989. KFAC also slowly assembled an airstaff with unprecedented continuity and tenure, including, but not limited to: Thomas Cassidy, Fred Crane, Tom Dixon, Dick Crawford, Bill Carlson and Carl Princi, all six of which would be continuously employed by the station between 1953 and 1983.

At the time KFAC-FM was established, it generally simulcast KFAC's programming, but began to deviate from this to participate in a series of pseudo-stereo concert broadcasts with KFAC from the Hollywood Bowl Amphitheatre, starting in 1953. KFAC was fed the audio from a microphone pointed at one end of the Bowl, and KFAC-FM the audio from a microphone at the other end of the Bowl. Originally based at the transmitter site for KFAC in Los Angeles' Crenshaw district and operated at 104.3 MHz, the station moved to 92.3 MHz and the transmitter was moved to the top of Mount Wilson, both in July 1954, and was officially dedicated during a pseudo-stereo concert broadcast from the Bowl. Because KFAC-FM made this move to Mount Wilson prior to the FCC enacting limits for power output by FM stations in 1962, it is formally classified as a "Superpower" FM by operating at a maximum power level, but with the antenna being placed well above the height limit. These pseudo-stereo broadcasts were offered over both stations for 12 hours each week over the next decade, ending after KFAC-FM converted to a multiplexed signal in 1964.

E.L. Cord sold KFAC and KFAC-FM to Cleveland Broadcasting Incorporated, founded by former Cleveland, Ohio mayor Ray T. Miller, for a combined $2 million. Miller founded WERE and WERE-FM in Cleveland, and also owned WLEC and WLEC-FM in Sandusky, Ohio, and pledged to maintain KFAC's classical format. After Miller's 1966 death, the company was sold two years later to Atlantic States Industries, a McGarven-Guild Radio subsidiary, for a combined $9 million. A waiver was requested to keep both KFAC and KFAC-FM under common ownership due to an interim policy proposed by the FCC which would have prohibited it; after a public on-air solicitation of support from listeners yielded 15,000 letters, the waiver was granted, and the deal was approved in October 1969.

KFAC and KFAC-FM ended their full-time simulcast on January 17, 1972; while both kept the same format and same airstaffs, KFAC-FM utilized a deeper playlist and broader spectrum of selections, while KFAC focused on more familiar selections and melodies, aiming to attract younger listeners. Both stations still simulcast core programming like Evening Concert, Luncheon at the Lincoln Center, and Continental Classics. The KFAC Listeners' Guild was established in 1970 supported by an annual $3 membership fee, providing listeners a chance to provide direct feedback to the station and its operations, it boasted over 11,000 members after the first year.

An ownership transfer in 1986 attracted controversy after most of the tenured airstaff was dismissed on December 31, 1986. When KFAC was sold to Lotus Communications as the new home of KWKW (1300 AM) for $8.7 million on July 15, 1988, only five percent of KFAC and KFAC-FM's total audience listened to the AM frequency; the only deviation between both stations was the Brian Clewer-hosted Cynic's Choice that aired solely on KFAC. Days before that deal closed, on January 15, 1989, KFAC-FM was sold to Evergreen Media for $55 million, setting a record for the most expensive sale of a classical music outlet in the United States.

Despite Evergreen head Scott Ginsberg telling Radio & Records that KFAC-FM's format would remain in place, industry analysis warned a format change would occur because of the debt incurred in purchasing the station. Speculation began to accelerate when KFAC-FM dropped format in early July—for only a few minutes—to carry part of a Rolling Stones press conference, then Evergreen took responsibility for a cryptic billboard taken on Sunset Boulevard reading, "Pirate Radio, KLSX, KLOS: Get Ready to Move Over and Let the Big Dogs Eat!" Jim de Castro, who was appointed as KFAC's general manager from Evergreen's WLUP in Chicago, later admitted he won free use of that billboard for a month as the result of a golf bet. Finally, Evergreen announced the donation of KFAC and KFAC-FM's music library, with roots dating back to the early 1940s and appraised at $1.8 million, to KUSC; Stanford University and the Los Angeles Public Library acquired KFAC's compact disc library, the majority of titles KUSC already held. KUSC was also presented with a $35,000 check and the rights to the KFAC calls, those would later be placed on a KUSC repeater in Santa Barbara.

KFAC's demise attracted local and national attention, in part due to the longevity of the format and its presence in the nation's second largest radio market. A New York Times profile printed on the day of its format change labeled KFAC "a staple of Los Angeles's cultural life for 58 years" and that its switch was "a sign of the times and perhaps of things to come as American cultural tastes evolve." Competing radio stations KPFK and KCRW both aired tribute programming to KFAC, and Mount Wilson FM Broadcasters' KKGO-FM announced that it would switch formats to classical in January 1990, with KKGO-FM's existing jazz format moving to KKGO (540 AM). KFAC's John Santana was hired by KKGO as a host, and revived the Gas Company Evening Concert the following March, with former KFAC announcer Tom Dixon as host. Meanwhile, Evergreen tried to capitalize on the attention the week of KFAC's switch by running television ads locally on L.A. Law, the 1989 MTV Movie Awards, and The Arsenio Hall Show teasing the "new" format.

An outdoor event was staged outside of KFAC's studios (at the former Villa Capri restaurant on Hollywood's Yucca Street ) at noon on September 20, 1989, to commemorate the end of the classical format; this was simulcast on KUSC, which—along with KFSD in San Diego —had placed advertising promoting themselves on KFAC. The hour began with Jim de Castro ceremoniously "passing a baton" to KUSC general manager Wallace Smith, then after a partially improvised farewell message from Rich Capparela, the hour concluded with KFAC-FM's final classical selection: Haydn's "Farewell" Symphony. After a moment of silence led by de Castro, the air signal switched to a heartbeat sound effect, while television monitors outside the studios started playing the television ad proclaiming the new format, accompanied by a skywriter scripting in the skies above "It's Alive. FM-92", but all reporters in attendance wound up focusing on KFAC instead.

KKBT
The on-air heartbeat sound stunting would continue for the next 23 hours, interspersed with brief snippets of rock songs, ahead of the debut of KKBT the next day (September 21, 1989). Branded "The New FM 92 The Beat", the station offered a blend of adult rock, dance music, and adult contemporary. The first song under the new format was "Walk on the Wild Side" by Lou Reed. However, the format failed in the ratings; in the Winter 1990 ratings report for the market, KKBT was ranked 8th 12+, 10th in the 25-54 year-old age demographic, and 15th in overall cume. After less than five months, on February 3, 1990, the station switched to rhythmic adult contemporary, while maintaining the "FM 92 The Beat" branding. With the change, KKBT entered into direct format competition with KDAY, KJLH, KACE, and KGFJ, although KKBT focused more on soul music/rhythm and blues selections. While the station attracted criticism for its aggressive on-air tactics, KKBT's ratings rose significantly after the switch; by the summer of that year, it evolved to a strictly urban AC format. By 1991, rap and hip-hop were being mixed in, and the station evolved to an urban contemporary format as "92.3 The Beat".

As an urban contemporary station, KKBT hit #1 a few times in the ratings, and competed aggressively with a hip-hop station on the 105.9 frequency, KPWR. During its tenure as "The Beat", the station featured many popular and legendary DJs who came from stations like KPWR, KMEL, WQHT, KIIS-FM, and KDAY, like John London and The House Party (a popular morning show which competed with other top local shows such as Mark and Brian on KLOS and Rick Dees on KIIS), Diana Steele, Theodore "Theo" Mizuhara, Eric Cubiche, Nautica De La Cruz, P.J. Butta, NWA's founder Dr. Dre and the World Class Wreckin' Cru, Ronnie "Big Ron" O'Brien, Johnny "Big John" Monds, Kevin "Slow Jammin'" James, and Kevin Nash. Other shows included Westside Radio, a weekly radio program dedicated to West Coast Hip-Hop (now airing on KDAY), and Street Soldiers, a weekly program dedicated to community issues and politics. The station went by the slogan "No Color Lines" based on the words to Janet Jackson's iconic 1989 smash hit and anthem entitled "Rhythm Nation", that slogan does proudly championing the diversity of the region. But it is also believed that KKBT was inspired by KMEL, KPWR, and KDAY. During the 1990s, the station held a summer concert known as "FM 92 The Beat's Summer Jam", which featured major Hip-hop and R&B stars who performed at the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre. In February 1996, sister station WYNY in New York City simulcasted KKBT for a day as part of a week-long stunt of simulcasting sister stations nationwide before changing formats to rhythmic adult contemporary as WKTU.

In a group deal in 1997, Evergreen merged with Chancellor. Chancellor acquired stations from other groups that exited the market. In 1999, Chancellor merged with Capstar and the company became AMFM, Incorporated.

KCMG
In the fall of 1999, Clear Channel Communications and AMFM, Inc. merged. This gave Clear Channel five FM stations in Los Angeles and KIIS, which Clear Channel already owned. However, in order to get under the government-mandated market ownership limits, some stations were required to be spun off; in Los Angeles, one of the full-powered FMs had to go. KKBT's was the station chosen; it was sold to Radio One. However, Clear Channel wanted to keep the best possible signal, and gave Radio One 100.3 FM. Leading up to the frequency swap, rumors swirled about whether 100.3's format would survive the move to 92.3 FM. Being that 100.3 was going to an African-American owned company known for urban formats, it seemed that "The Beat" would likely move to 100.3 intact. Much speculation led to 92.3 going active rock, possibly with the KMET calls. When the switch was made at 5 p.m. on June 30, 2000, the formats and call letters did come along for the ride, with 92.3 becoming KCMG, "Mega 92.3", and 100.3 becoming KKBT, "100.3 The Beat".

KHHT
The station, now called "Mega 92.3", continued playing rhythmic oldies. On August 9, 2001, KCMG changed its call letters to KHHT, re-branded as "Hot 92.3", and shifted to more of an urban AC format. However, KHHT was not a typical urban AC station; this station was one of the first urban AC's to play more old school/classic soul, the more mainstream-level R&B (barely-to-not playing neo-soul at all) and some rhythmic and Latino pop/R&B songs to cater to the Hispanic and Asian audiences that listen to R&B music in particular. In this way, KHHT's playlist structure was the inspiration for other urban AC markets in the western half of the U.S. such as sister stations in KISQ San Francisco, KSYU Albuquerque, and KHYL Sacramento.

KHHT was one of three urban ACs serving the Los Angeles market; the others were KRBV (formerly KKBT, which changed from R&B/hip-hop in May 2006, but was sold by Radio One to Bonneville International in April 2008), and KJLH, whose signal is not full-power and barely penetrates the San Fernando Valley. In July 2006, it was announced that Art Laboe, a legendary oldies DJ in Los Angeles, would expand his syndicated show from weekend to weekdays, with KHHT as the flagship station. Laboe's move was interpreted as an attempt to expand the station's Hispanic audience as it competed with KRBV and KJLH, both of which were African-American owned, operated and targeting stations (only KJLH remains Black-owned).

However, by 2008, it became apparent that the over-saturation of Adult R&B stations in Los Angeles had made it difficult for three outlets to compete for the same audience. As a result of this, KHHT began to shift directions from an urban AC direction to rhythmic hot AC, allowing it to focus more on the Hispanic and Asian audience, and opened up its playlist to include current rhythmic hits. This move also opened up a new battle in the Los Angeles radio war, which found KHHT taking on another rhythmic AC, KMVN, whose direction was more focused on recurrents from the 1970s and 1980s, which also explained KHHT's decision to add currents to its playlist. KHHT's sister station KBIG-FM once had a rhythmic AC direction before shifting back to Hot AC in September 2007. The April 2008 sale/format change of KRBV would have resulted in further tweakings at KHHT, but due to Arbitron's implementation of the Portable People Meter in the Los Angeles radio market and a move by its sister stations to adjust their formats to attract certain demos, KHHT decided to continue concentrating on attracting their Hispanic demos, where they feel more comfortable.

As of April 2009, KHHT once again became the only rhythmic adult contemporary in the market, as KMVN made a format change to Spanish. This move prompted KHHT to further adjust its musical direction by adding more Disco and Freestyle tracks to its current format as a way to attract the displaced KMVN listeners, and by June 2009, it showed an increase in the PPM ratings after it began to further tweak its selection more to slightly favor currents and less favor old school tracks. These latest changes at KHHT led to hints that it was moving towards adopting a current upbeat (and dance-leaning) formula patterned after sister stations WKTU/New York City, WMIA-FM/Miami, and WISX/Philadelphia. All three stations saw good ratings numbers with this formula.

In November 2010, KHHT tweaked its direction again, shifting to a Gold-based rhythmic AC approach and reducing the number of currents. Although it may have had elements of the former KCMG, KHHT had not tilted all the way back to rhythmic oldies or urban AC as most of the music was in line with other soft-leaning rhythmic adult contemporary outlets in nature.

In April 2011, KHHT fired morning host Victor Zaragoza (now at KBLX San Francisco). On April 20, the station announced that it would hire Rick Dees, who had hosted morning shows at sister station KIIS-FM and KMVN. At that time, the station dropped the "and R&B" from its slogan (to distance itself from playing current R&B or adult R&B product), effectively making KHHT a full-blown Gold-based rhythmic AC, with emphasis on rhythmic, disco, freestyle, and R&B hits from the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and 2000s. This same approach was also being used at sister stations KHJZ/Honolulu, KFBT/Fresno and WMOV-FM/Norfolk, Virginia, which are targeting Gen-Xers and concentrate on the latter two decades and play some currents in their presentation. Shortly after Dees arrived, KHHT shifted its format to a hybrid of rhythmic oldies and urban oldies, focusing mostly on urban rhythmic hits from 1970 to the late 1990s, with some soul hits from the 1960s sprinkled into the mix. However, on July 3, 2012, a year after making a return to morning drive, Dees parted ways with KHHT due to a desire by station management to make some adjustments in its direction.

KRRL
On February 5, 2015, iHeartMedia announced it was changing KHHT back to urban contemporary the following morning. The announcement came just a day after KHHT's HD3 sub-channel launched with Air 1 and just a few hours after KPWR's morning host Big Boy announced he would leave KPWR for KHHT. (Since then, he was served a lawsuit by KPWR's parent company Emmis Communications for breach of contract, thus preventing him from joining the station until his contract or his injunction was lifted; he would join the station on March 9.) Another reason for the change was the station's poor ratings performance; KHHT was ranked 14th in the market with a 2.5 share in the January 2015 PPM Nielsen radio ratings. The entire "Hot" airstaff was released (including Art Laboe, who would later end up on KDAY) on the same day as the announcement, as KHHT began promoting a "major announcement" at 9:23 a.m. the following morning, and running a "300 Greatest Hot Songs of All Time" countdown set to conclude at that time.

At the promised time, after playing "My Girl" by The Temptations (the number 1 song in the aforementioned countdown) and "End of the Road" by Boyz II Men, KHHT changed back to urban, branded as "Real 92.3", launching with "10,000 joints in a row", beginning with "Only" and "Truffle Butter", both by Nicki Minaj. The change put 92.3 back in direct competition with KPWR, as well as sister station KGGI, and returned the urban format to the 92.3 FM frequency for the first time since the 2000 format swap with 100.3 FM. The change also returns the urban format to the market for the first time since 2006, when KKBT changed to urban AC as KRBV. On February 20, 2015, KHHT changed its call letters to KRRL to match the "Real" moniker.

As of August 2018, the American cable channel FM now carries an edited video simulcast of the station's morning show, Big Boy's Neighborhood, weeknights and mornings.

HD Radio
The HD2 subchannel carries an all-news radio format, utilizing programming from the Black Information Network. The HD3 subchannel relayed KTLW in Lancaster, which carried Educational Media Foundation's Air1 format; the subchannel acted as a programming source to a network of analog translators throughout the southern portion of Los Angeles and Orange counties. With the purchase of KSWD by EMF, the feeder source has since moved to what is now KKLQ's HD2 subchannel.

Awards
The station was one of 10 stations awarded the 2007 Crystal Radio Award for public service awarded by the National Association of Broadcasters. Winners were honored at the Radio Luncheon on April 17, 2007, during the NAB Show in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Music

 * In Tupac Shakur's song "To Live & Die in L.A." (released under the stage name Makaveli and featuring Val Young), he says, "...This go out for 92.3 and 106. All the radio stations that be bumping my shit. Making my shit sells katruple quitraple platinum..." The station is mentioned alongside KPWR and KDAY.
 * Eminem did freestyles at KRRL during its time as KKBT in 1998 that caught the attention of Dr. Dre.

title: KRRL


text:
Kruzenshtern (ship)

Kruzenshtern or Krusenstern (Крузенштерн) is a four-masted barque (барк) that was built in 1926 at Geestemünde in Bremerhaven, Germany as Padua (named after the Italian city). She was surrendered to the USSR in 1946 as war reparation and renamed after the early 19th-century Baltic German explorer in Russian service, Adam Johann von Krusenstern (1770–1846). She is now a Russian sail training ship.

Of the four remaining Flying P-Liners, the former Padua is the only one still in use, mainly for training purposes, with her home ports in Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg).

As Padua
Launched in 1926 as the last of the P-Liners, Padua was commissioned as a cargo ship, used among other things to ship construction material to Chile, South America, returning with saltpeter around Cape Horn. Later she transported wheat from Australia. Her maiden voyage from Hamburg to Talcahuano, Chile took 87 days. Like all P-liners, Padua was painted according to the colours of the German national flag of the German Empire era: black (hull above water, topsides), white (waterline area) and red (underwater body).

Portions of the 1944 film Große Freiheit Nr. 7 were filmed on board the Padua.

As Kruzenshtern
On 12 January 1946 she was surrendered to the USSR and integrated into the Baltic Fleet of the Soviet Navy. She was moored in Kronstadt harbour until 1961. From 1961 to 1965 she undertook many hydrographic and oceanographical surveys for the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, and Mediterranean, and was used as a training vessel for naval cadets. In 1965 she was transferred to the USSR Ministry of Fisheries in Riga to be used as a schoolship for future fishery officers.

In 1976, Kruzenshtern sailed in the Tall Ships race from Bermuda to Newport and participated in Operation Sail in New York harbor during the United States Bicentennial. Sailors on some of the other ships wondered about her speed and suspected that the captain was occasionally turning on her engines to gain an advantage and called her the “Dieselshtern.”

In January 1981 she was transferred to the "Estonian Fisheries Industry" at Tallinn and in 1991 she became part of the "State Baltic Academy of the Fisheries" fleet with her new home port in Kaliningrad.

Kruzenshtern takes part in international regattas. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union funding became a problem, so passengers are carried for that purpose. In 1995–96 she circumnavigated the world in the trail of her namesake. She again sailed around the world in 2005–06 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Krusenstern's circumnavigation.

On 23 June 2009 while she was en route to the Charleston, South Carolina Harborfest, her foremast was damaged in a storm off Bermuda when the sail backed and snapped the mast.

On 3 May 2010 she stopped in Bremerhaven after a trip of five months with stops in Vancouver for the 2010 Winter Olympics and in Cuba, after which she returned to Kaliningrad. On 4 August 2014, Kruzenshtern sank the tug Diver Master at Esbjerg, Denmark when a line between the two vessels failed to release. On 11 June 2015, she rammed the two Icelandic Coastguard patrol ships ICGV Þór and ICGV Týr. Both vessels sustained damage. On 27 June, she ran aground at Archangelsk. She was refloated that day.

Trivia
The ship has been one of the main attractions during the Norwegian Constitution Day celebration in Larvik, Vestfold.

Photos and videos

 * Fine Art Prints of the "Kruzenshtern" ship]
 * PHOTOS: Kruzenshtern at Tall Ships Nova Scotia 2009 Festival in Halifax.
 * 360° QTVR fullscreen panoramas of the "Kruzenshtern" ship]
 * Avanzini Photography

title: Kruzenshtern (ship)


text:
Went the Day Well?

Went the Day Well? is a 1942 British war film adapted from a story by Graham Greene and directed by Alberto Cavalcanti. It was produced by Michael Balcon of Ealing Studios and served as unofficial propaganda for the war effort. The film shows a Southern English village taken over by German paratroopers, reflecting the greatest potential nightmare for the British public of the time, although the threat of German invasion had largely receded by that point. The film is notable for its unusually frank, for the time, depiction of ruthless violence.

Plot
The story is told in flashback by Charles Sims. During the Second World War, a group of seemingly authentic British soldiers arrive in the small, fictitious English village of Bramley End. It is the Whitsun weekend, life is even quieter than usual, and there is almost no road traffic. At first, they are welcomed by the villagers, until doubts set in about their true purpose and identity. After they are revealed to be German soldiers intended to form the vanguard of an invasion of Britain, they round up the residents and hold them captive in the local church. The Reverend Ashton is shot dead while sounding the church bell in alarm. To reach the outside world, many of the villagers take action. Such plans include writing a message on an egg and giving it with five others to the local paper boy Johnnie Wade for his mother; they are crushed when Mrs Fraser's cousin Maude runs over the dropped package with her car. Members of the local Home Guard are ambushed and shot dead by the Germans.

Mrs Fraser puts a note in Maude's pocket, but she idly uses it to wedge her noisy car window; her dog, Edward, chews it to shreds after it blows onto the back seat. Mrs Collins, the postmistress, manages to kill a German with a hatchet and tries to telephone for help, but the young women on the telephone exchange see her light and decide that she can wait. Mrs Collins is then killed by a German soldier who walks into the shop and sees her handiwork. One of the women finally picks up the phone but there is no response. The captive civilians attempt to warn the local Home Guard, but are betrayed by the village squire Oliver Wilsford, who is revealed to be a German collaborator. He stabs village constable Ted Garbett to death as he attempts to escape through the churchyard.

A young boy, George Truscott, escapes from the manor house. He meets a poacher, Bill Purvis, in the woods, and Purvis advises him on how best to raise the alarm. Purvis creates a diversion to draw attention away from George, but is shot dead whilst doing so. George is wounded in the leg, but manages to alert the British Army after limping to a nearby village and being taken in by the Drews. British soldiers arrive and are helped by some of the villagers, including Ivy Dorking and Peggy Pryde of the Women's Land Army, who have managed to escape, barricade their position, and arm themselves with captured German weapons. The women kill some of the Germans after a short battle. Wilsford is shot dead by the vicar's daughter, Nora, who discovers his treachery as he attempts to let the remaining Germans into the barricaded house. During the battle, many of the villagers who left to fight are wounded or killed; Mrs Fraser dies after saving the children from a hand grenade, smothering the explosion. The British troops arrive at Bramley End, finishing off the remaining Germans. Sims shows the Germans' grave in the churchyard and explains proudly "Yes, that's the only bit of England they got."

Cast

 * Leslie Banks as Oliver Wilsford, the treacherous squire
 * C. V. France as the Reverend Ashton, the vicar
 * Valerie Taylor as Nora Ashton, the vicar's daughter
 * Marie Lohr as Mrs Fraser
 * Basil Sydney as Kommandant Ortler, alias Major Hammond
 * David Farrar as Lt. Jung, alias Lt. Maxwell
 * Harry Fowler as George Truscott
 * Elizabeth Allan as Peggy Pryde (a Land Army Girl)
 * Frank Lawton as Tom Sturry
 * Thora Hird as Ivy Dawking (a Land Army Girl)
 * Muriel George as Mrs Collins, the postmistress
 * Patricia Hayes as Daisy
 * Mervyn Johns as Charles Sims
 * Norman Pierce as Jim Sturry
 * Kathleen Boutall as Mrs Sturry
 * Hilda Bayley as Cousin Maude
 * Edward Rigby as Bill Purvis, the poacher
 * Ellis Irving as Harry Drew
 * Irene Arnold as Mrs Drew
 * Norman Shelley as Bob Owen
 * Grace Arnold as Mrs Owen
 * Philippa Hiatt as Mrs Bates
 * Lillian Ellias as Bridget
 * Gerald Moore as Johnnie Wade
 * Charles Paton as Harry Brown
 * Josephine Middleton as Mrs Carter
 * Anthony Pilbeam as Ted Garbett
 * Arthur Ridley as Father Owen
 * Mavis Villiers as Violet
 * Josie Welsford as June
 * John Slater as German sergeant
 * James Donald as German corporal
 * Men of the Gloucestershire Regiment

Writing
The film was based on a short story by the author Graham Greene entitled "The Lieutenant Died Last". The film's title is based on an epitaph written by the classical scholar John Maxwell Edmonds. It originally appeared in The Times on 6 February 1918 entitled "Four Epitaphs".

Went the day well? We died and never knew. But, well or ill, Freedom, we died for you.

"Went the day well" also appeared in an unidentified newspaper cutting in a scrapbook now held in the RAF Museum (AC97/127/50), and in a collection of First World War poems collated by Vivien Noakes.

Casting
This was the first significant role of Thora Hird's career, and one of the last for C. V. France.

Filming
Exterior scenes were shot on location in the village of Turville in Buckinghamshire.

It was once known as They Came in Khaki.

Reception
The film reinforced the message that civilians should be vigilant against fifth columnists and that "careless talk costs lives". By the time the film was released the threat of invasion had subsided somewhat but it was still seen as an effective piece of propaganda and its reputation has grown over the years. It has been noted that by opening and closing in a predicted future where not only had the war been won but a (fictitious) full-scale German invasion of Britain defeated and by presenting a scenario where all echelons of British society unite for the common good (the lady of the manor sacrifices herself without hesitation, for example), the film's message was morale-boosting and positive rather than scaremongering. Anthony Quinn, a film critic for The Independent on Sunday, commented in 2010, "It subtly captures an immemorial quality of English rural life—the church, the local gossip, the sense of community—and that streak of native 'pluck' that people believed would see off Hitler".

Legacy
In 2005 it was named as one of the "100 Greatest War Films" in a poll by Britain's Channel 4. The 1975 book, The Eagle Has Landed and the later film use some of the same ideas. In July 2010, StudioCanal and the British Film Institute National Archive released a restoration of the Went the Day Well? to significant critical acclaim. Tom Huddleston of Time Out termed it "jawdroppingly subversive. Cavalcanti establishes, with loving care and the occasional wry wink, the ultimate bucolic English scene, then takes an almost sadistic delight in tearing it to bloody shreds in an orgy of shockingly blunt, matter-of-fact violence". When the restored film opened at Film Forum in New York City in 2011, A. O. Scott of The New York Times called it "undeservedly forgotten... [H]ome-front propaganda has rarely seemed so cutthroat or so cunning".

Home media
The film was released on a Manufactured-on-Demand DVD on 9 July 2015. It was released on Blu-ray in July 2011 by Vintage Classics and subsequently in a set called "Their Finest Hour: 5 British WWII Classics" in March 2020.

title: Went the Day Well?


text: Category:Australian figure skaters

title: Category:Australian figure skaters