text:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis

The Archdiocese of Indianapolis (Archidioecesis Indianapolitana) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Indiana in the United States.

When it was originally erected as the Diocese of Vincennes on May 6, 1834, it encompassed all of Indiana as well as the eastern third of Illinois. It was renamed the Diocese of Indianapolis on March 28, 1898. Bishop Francis Chatard became the first bishop of Indianapolis. It was elevated from a diocese to a metropolitan archdiocese on October 21, 1944.

As of the 2000 census, the archdiocese contained 2,430,606 people, 233,273 of whom were Catholic. The archdiocese covers 39 counties in central and southern Indiana, with a total area of 13,757 square miles. Charles Thompson has been the archbishop of Indianapolis since 2017.

Bishops of Vincennes

 * 1)  Simon Bruté de Rémur (1834–1839)
 * 2)  Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière (1839–1847)
 * 3)  John Stephen Bazin (1847–1848)
 * 4)  Jacques-Maurice De Saint Palais (1848–1877)

Bishops of Indianapolis
(John T. McNicholas was appointed in 1925; did not take effect.)
 * 1)  Francis Silas Chatard (1878–1918)
 * 2)  Joseph Chartrand (1918–1933; coadjutor bishop 1910–1918)
 * 3)  Joseph Ritter (1934–1944), elevated to archbishop

Archbishops of Indianapolis

 * 1)  Joseph Ritter (1944–1946), appointed Archbishop of Saint Louis (cardinal in 1961)
 * 2)  Paul C. Schulte (1946–1970)
 * 3)  George Biskup (1970–1979; coadjutor archbishop 1967–1970)
 * 4)  Edward T. O'Meara (1979–1992)
 * 5)  Daniel M. Buechlein (1992–2011)
 * 6)  Cardinal Joseph William Tobin (2012–2017), appointed Archbishop of Newark while he was Cardinal-designate
 * 7) Charles C. Thompson (2017–present)

Auxiliary bishops

 * Denis O'Donaghue (1900–1910), appointed Bishop of Louisville
 * Joseph Ritter (1933–1934), appointed Bishop and later Archbishop of Indianapolis (see above); future cardinal
 * Christopher J. Coyne (2011–2015), appointed Bishop of Burlington

Other diocesan priests who became bishops

 * Herman Joseph Alerding, appointed Bishop of Fort Wayne in 1900
 * Emmanuel Boleslaus Ledvina, appointed Bishop of Corpus Christi in 1921
 * Alphonse John Smith, appointed Bishop of Nashville in 1923
 * Gerald Andrew Gettelfinger, appointed Bishop of Evansville in 1989
 * Paul Etienne, appointed Bishop of Cheyenne in 2009, Archbishop of Anchorage in 2016, Coadjutor Archbishop of Seattle in 2019 and subsequently succeeded to latter see

History
Before the Archdiocese of Indianapolis was erected in 1944, the episcopal see passed through several other ecclesiastical jurisdictions:

 * Diocese of Quebec from 1700 to 1789
 * Diocese of Baltimore from 1789 to 1808
 * Diocese of Bardstown from 1808 to 1834
 * Diocese of Vincennes from 1834 to 1898
 * Diocese of Indianapolis from 1898 to 1944

Early mission (1675–1834)
The origins of the Catholic mission churches in the area that is now Indiana date to the late seventeenth century, when the Catholic parishes in the area were under the authority of the Diocese of Quebec. French Jesuit missionaries first arrived in the region of present-day Vincennes, around 1675. The first Catholic church at Vincennes was established around 1732 as Saint Francis Xavier. Sebastian Louis Meurin, the first resident priest, arrived in May 1748. The parish's earliest records date from April 21, 1749. Following Meurin's departure from Vincennes in 1753, several itinerant priests visited the Catholic parish, including Pierre Gibault, who served as resident priest at Saint Francis Xavier from 1785 to 1789. In these early years, the Catholic communities in the area experienced hardships during the American Revolution, conflicts with Native Americans, and suffered from epidemics that swept through the frontier. They also lacked financial resources and sufficient priests.

On November 6, 1789, Pope Pius VI erected the Diocese of Baltimore, the first Catholic diocese in the United States, including present day Indiana. The pope named John Carroll as the first bishop of Baltimore. In 1791, Carroll sent Benedict Flaget to Vincennes succeed Gibault at Saint Francis Xavier Parish. Arriving in 1792, Flaget opened a school and held classes at Saint Francis Xavier before he was recalled to Baltimore in 1795. John Francis Rivet, who was sent to Vincennes in 1796 as Flaget's successor, received an annual teacher's salary of $200 from the U.S. Congress, making him the first public school teacher in the Northwest Territory.

In 1808, Pope Pius VII divided the Catholic churches in the United States and its territories into five dioceses. The Catholic parishes in the northwest territories came under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Bardstown, with Flaget appointed as its first bishop. In 1832, Flaget and Bishop Joseph Rosati, the first bishop of the Diocese of Saint Louis, petitioned the Vatican to name Simon Bruté de Rémur as the first bishop of a new diocese in the State of Indiana.

Diocese of Vincennes (1834–1898)
On May 6, 1834, Pope Gregory XVI issued a papal bull to erect the Diocese of Vincennes, the first episcopal see in Indiana. Bruté was consecrated as the first bishop of Vincennes on October 28, 1834, in St Louis. At the time of his installation, the new diocese, which covered all of Indiana and the eastern third of Illinois, had only three priests.

Bruté made it a point to visit each Catholic family in the new diocese, regardless of the distance from his rectory at Vincennes. In 1837, he founded a college at Vincennes, and connected it to a local theological seminary established under the Eudists. Bruté became ill while attending a provincial council in Baltimore. The illness weakened Bruté's immune system, but he continued his duties until his death at Vincennes on June 26, 1839.

Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, Bruté's vicar general, was consecrated as bishop of Vincennes on August 18, 1839. De la Hailandière completed Saint Francis Xavier Cathedral, which he consecrated on August 8, 1841. He also constructed a library at Vincennes to house Bruté's collection of over 5,000 books and religious documents. Under de la Hailandière, the Sisters of Providence moved into the diocese and the Brothers of the Holy Cross established schools for boys. Edward Sorin, founder of the University of Notre Dame, and Théodore Guérin, founder of Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, also joined de la Hailandière in Indiana. Indiana's population during this period grew slowly and the institutions de la Hailandière helped to establish experienced many problems. In 1843, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Chicago, removing the Illinois counties from the Diocese of Vincennes. De la Hailandiè reresigned in 1847.

John Bazin, de la Hailandière's successor, was appointed bishop of Vincennes on September 3, 1847. Bazin's consecration took place at Saint Francis Xavier Cathedral on October 24, 1847, making him the first bishop to be ordained in Indiana. Bazin appointed Jacques-Maurice De Saint Palais, his vicar general, as the diocesan administrator. Bazin died at Vincennes on April 23, 1848, having served the diocese for six months.

Bazin's successor, de St. Palais, was consecrated as bishop of Vincennes on January 14, 1849, at Vincennes. During his tenure as bishop, de St. Palais had to contend with unresolved monetary issues from Hailandière's episcopacy, a cholera epidemic, and expanding the educational and ministerial opportunities within the diocese. In 1849, Guerin established an orphanage in Vincennes and in 1853 monks from Einsiedeln, Switzerland, founded Saint Meinrad abbey and seminary in southern Indiana; however, plans to open a school for African Americans were ever carried out. In 1857, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Fort Wayne, taking its territory from the Diocese of Vincennes.

During the American Civil War, de St. Palais had to contend with the call for soldiers, and several priests from the diocese served as chaplains. In 1864, one priest from the diocese, Ernest Audran, was drafted as a soldier. De St. Palais did not address the topic of the Emancipation Proclamation because he feared that doing so would venture too far into politics.

Although de St. Palais recognized that Indianapolis had become a major city (the eighth largest in the United States by 1870), he deferred the decision to move the seat of the diocese to his successor, Silas Chatard. At the time of the De St. Palais' death in 1877, the diocese had grown to include 151 churches, 117 priests, and 90,000 parishioners.

Chatard, Indiana's first American-born bishop, was consecrated as bishop of Vincennes in Rome, Italy, on May 12, 1878. Chatard obtained permission from Pope Leo XIII to move the bishop's residence and diocesan chancery to Indianapolis in 1878, but the episcopal see remained at Vincennes. Anticipating the eventual relocation of the episcopal see to Indianapolis, Chatard established Saints Peter and Paul Parish as a new parish on the city's near north side, where he planned to construct a new cathedral. Chatard's tenure as bishop was also marked by his poor health.

Diocese of Indianapolis (1898–1944)
On March 28, 1898, Pope Leo XIII transferred the episcopal see from Vincennes to Indianapolis; the Diocese of Vincennes was renamed as the Diocese of Indianapolis. Chatard became the first bishop of Indianapolis. Saint John the Evangelist Church in Indianapolis served as the pro-cathedral of the diocese until Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral was completed in 1907. Chatard was paralyzed by a stroke in 1900. On July 27, 1910, Pope Pius named Joseph Chartrand as coadjutor bishop of Indianapolis to assist Chatard. Chatard died on September 7, 1918, at Indianapolis and Chartrand automatically succeeded him as bishop.

Chartrand opened more than 25 elementary and secondary schools in his first 14 years as bishop. Chartrand dealt with threats from the Ku Klux Klan by publishing a list of Klan members in the Indianapolis Times newspaper. During the Great Depression, he exempted the entire diocese from fasting, with the exception of Fridays during Lent. Chartrand was appointed archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati in 1925, but declined the appointment. When Chartrand died in 1933, the diocese had 126 parochial schools and 19 secondary schools.

Archdiocese of Indianapolis (1944–present)
Joseph Ritter, who had served as auxiliary bishop and vicar general for the Diocese of Indianapolis, succeeded Chartrand as bishop in March 1934. In 1937, Ritter ordered the racial integration of three girls' schools in the diocese, opening enrollment for all female students. In 1942, he integrated the Catholic high school in Evansville.

In October 1944, Pope Pius XII elevated the Diocese of Indianapolis to the Archdiocese of Indianapolis. The pope named Ritter as the first archbishop of Indianapolis. At the same time, the pope founded the Dioceses of Evansville and Lafayette, taking their territories from the new archdiocese. In 1946, Ritter left Indianapolis to become archbishop of Saint Louis.

Archbishop Paul Schulte, formerly bishop of the Diocese of Leavenworth, led the archdiocese from 1946 until 1970. He built three high schools in the Indianapolis area and 17 churches in the archdiocese. On December 17, 1956, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Gary from the territory of the archdiocese. Schulte resigned as archbishop in 1970. Auxiliary Bishop George Biskup from the Archdiocese of Dubuque became archbishop of Indianapolis in 1970. He established the first priests senate in order to expedite decisions and encourage communications between the archbishop and the priests within the archdiocese.

Auxiliary Bishop Edward T. O'Meara of Saint Louis, installed as archbishop of Indianapolis in 1980, reorganized the archdiocesan offices and consolidated them into one location at the Catholic Center. O'Meara was also concerned about the shortage of priests within the archdiocese. Although the archbishop did not believe that ordination of female clergy was a solution, he appointed women to key roles. O'Meara also opposed abortion rights for women and supported the needs of the poor. The archdiocese celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1984.

O'Meara's successor, Bishop Daniel M. Buechlein from the Diocese of Memphis, became archbishop of Indianapolis in September 1992. He continued archdiocesan opposition to abortion rights along with its support of Catholic education and assistance to the poor. Because of his focus on education, the news media designated Buechlein as the "education bishop." Pope Benedict XVI appointed Christopher J. Coyne as auxiliary bishop in Indianapolis to assist Buechlein in March 2011. On September 21, 2011, the Vatican granted Buechlein an early retirement at age 73 due to health issues. Coyne served as apostolic administrator until October 2012, when Bishop Joseph Tobin, secretary of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life in Rome, was appointed archbishop. In May 2016, Tobin was named to oversee the Sodalitium Christianae Vitae in Lima, Peru.

Bishop Charles C. Thompson from the Diocese of Evansville was appointed archbishop of Indianapolis by Pope Francis on June 13, 2017. His installation mass was on July 28, 2017.

A Catholic high school teacher in a same-sex marriage was fired and afterward sued the archdiocese on July 10, 2019, for discrimination and interfering with his teaching contract. They had reached a settlement in which the school was to help with future employment opportunities. Meanwhile, the archdiocese said in July 2019 that Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School in Indianapolis was no longer recognized as a Catholic institution due to its refusal to fire a teacher in a same-sex marriage.

As of 2023, Thompson is the current archbishop of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis.

Sex abuse
In September 2018, the archdiocese suspended Patrick Doyle, a priest at Nativity Catholic Church, from public ministry after receiving an allegation of sexual abuse by him dating back several decades. In October 2018, the archdiocese published a list of 24 priests with credible accusations of sexual abuse of minors. The archdiocese added four more names to the list in 2022.

David Marcotte, an archdiocesan priest, pleaded guilty in March 2022 to felony dissemination of matter harmful to minors. In 2016, Marcotte was using social media to send pornographic materials to minors and to recruit them to engage in sexual conversations. The archdiocese suspended him from ministry in February 2019 after receiving a report about his activities. Marcotte was sentenced to one year of home detention and 18 months of probation. Lloyds of London sued the archdiocese in 2020, claiming that the archdiocese did not disclose the Marcotte allegations to Lloyds in June 2019 when it applied for excess sexual misconduct liability insurance.

Patronage
The patron saints of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis are Francis Xavier and Theodora Guerin.

 * Xavier was the patron saint of the first cathedral of the diocese, and therefore also of the diocese.
 * Guerin was the first saint canonized from the archdiocese and was recognized as patroness of the archdiocese in 2006.

Cathedral

Since 1834, three parish churches have served as diocesan cathedrals or as pro-cathedrals:

 * Basilica of Saint Francis Xavier in Vincennes – cathedral from 1834 to 1898
 * Saint John the Evangelist Church in Indianapolis – pro-cathedral from 1878 to 1906
 * Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in Indianapolis – cathedral from 1906 to present

History
Saint Francis Xavier Church was built in Vincennes in 1826, making it the oldest Catholic church in Indiana. A Greek Revival-style building, it is similar in design to the Basilica of St. Joseph Proto-Cathedral in Kentucky. Pope Paul VI elevated Saint Francis Xavier to the status of a minor basilica in 1970.

The cornerstone for Saint Francis Xavier Church was laid on March 30, 1826. The first services were held in 1827, although the interior was not yet complete. The diocese added a bell tower, designed by the architect Jean-Marie Marsile, in the 1830s.

On May 6, 1834, when Gregory XVI erected the Diocese of Vincennes, Saint Francis Xavier became the cathedral for the new diocese. The cathedral was unfinished when Bishop Bruté arrived in 1834. Bishop Hailandière continued work on the cathedral, which he consecrated on August 8, 1841. Saint Francis Xavier served as the diocesan cathedral until 1898, when the Vatican transferred the episcopal see to Indianapolis.

Description
The basilica interior features three large murals, painted in 1870 by Wilhelm Lamprech t. These murals include:

 * A scene of Christ being crucified
 * The Virgin Mary with Simon of Cyrene, Pope Celestine I, Deacon Stephen, and Maurice, the patron saints of the first four bishops
 * Francis Xavier, the parish's patron saint

The diocese obtained 14 oil paintings from France to illustrate the Stations of the Cross in the church. The remains of the first four bishops of Vincennes (Bruté, Hailandière, Bazin, and de St. Palais) are buried in the basilica crypt.

History
Saint John the Evangelist Church is the main structure in a cluster of parish buildings on the southwest corner of Georgia Street and Capitol Avenue in Indianapolis. Construction on the church started in 1867; it was dedicated in 1871.

When Bishop de St. Palais visited Indianapolis in the early 1870s, he stayed at the church rectory and used the parish church as the pro-cathedral for the diocese. His successor, Bishop Chatard, requested permission from Leo XIII in 1878 to establish the bishop's residence and chancery at Indianapolis. Many considered Saint John as the de facto diocesan cathedral, but Saint Francis Xavier Cathedral in Vincennes remained the official cathedral. On April 18, 1892, Chatard moved into the new rectory at Saints Peter and Paul Parish in Indianapolis.

Saints Peter and Paul became the new diocesan cathedral in 1898, with Saint John no longer considered as a pro-cathedral. The rectory at Saint John housed the diocesan chancery until 1968. It served as the metropolitan tribunal for the diocese until 1982.

Description
The architect Diedrich A. Bohlen, founder of D. A. Bohlen and Son, designed the Saint John Church complex. This included the rectory (1863), the church (1867–1871) and the rectory addition (1878). The church includes a mix of American Romanesque Revival and French Gothic Revival architectural styles. Oscar Bohlen designed the twin spires on the towers that flank the main facade and supervised their construction. Due to their expense, the diocese did not add the spires until 1893.

The painter Guy Leber painted the apse ceiling with The Angels of Glory, white-robed angels and halo-crowned seraphs. The French painter L. Chovet provided paintings for the Stations of the Cross. In 1971, the diocese renovated the church interior. Following the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, the diocese removed the communion rail, repositioned the altar to allow the priest to face the congregation, and moved the baptismal font to the left transept.

History
Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in Indianapolis serves as the seat of the archdiocese. With construction starting around 1900, the cathedral was completed in 1906.

Bishop Chatard established Saints Peter and Paul parish in 1892 north of downtown Indianapolis. The diocese began construction for a chapel and rectory at the current location in 1891. The chapel was dedicated on March 25, 1892, and Chatard moved into the rectory on April 18, 1892. Bishop Chartrand was ordained a priest in the Saints Peter and Paul chapel on September 24, 1892. Anticipating the episcopal see's relocation from Vincennes to Indianapolis, Chatard purchased additional lots by the chapel in 1894 to build a cathedral. Saints Peter and Paul became the cathedral parish on March 28, 1898, when Leo XIII officially transferred the seat of the diocese to Indianapolis from Vincennes. At that time, Chatard started fundraising for the new cathedral.

James Renwick Jr.'s architectural firm in New York used the Classical Revival-style to design the cathedral, rectory, and adjacent chapel. He may modeled it after the Archbasilica Saint John Lateran in Rome. William Renwick, Renwick's nephew, took over the project around 1900 and simplified its design. D. A. Bohlen and Son served as local supervisors for the project. To save money, the diocese constructed a temporary facade on the cathedral, foregoing the permanent facade and spires for a later date. The high altar was consecrated on December 21, 1906, and four days later the first pontifical high mass was celebrated at the new cathedral on December 25, 1906.

In 1936, Bishop Ritter started construction of the spires and permanent facade for the cathedral. The project was supervised by Indianapolis architect August Bohlen. The permanent facade was also modeled after Saint John Lateran. Chatard and Chartrand were initially buried in the cathedral's crypt, but their remains were removed and interred at Calvary Cemetery in Indianapolis in 1976.

Description
William Renwick designed the cathedral's original interior decorations, including three altars, a doorway and arch decoration, a metal ceiling, and frames for the Stations of the Cross. D. A. Bohlen and Son designed the original baptismal fonts and dark oak furnishings.

Chatard commissioned the sculptor Cesare Aureli to carve the Blessed Mother and Child and Saint Joseph statues in the cathedral in white Carrara marble. They were installed around 1909. Aureli then carved a statue of Frances de Sales, which was installed in 1911 on the high altar. A life-size crucifix was placed above the main altar in 1915. The diocese commissioned a copy of Italian sculptor Antonio Montauti's Pieta statue for the sanctuary. In 1936, the diocese covered the original murals painted by Edgar S. Cameron with glass mosaics. These mosaics depict an enthroned Christ in Majesty flanked by the Apostle Peter and Paul the Apostle.

The archdiocese began renovating the cathedral in 1985 to comply with liturgical changes made during the Second Vatican Council. The refurbished cathedral was rededicated on May 14, 1986.

Education
The Archdiocese of Indianapolis has two colleges, two seminaries, seven high schools, and 60 elementary schools. As of 2008, the system had approximately 24,000 students. The archdiocese established the Cristo Rey Project with the Sisters of Providence to assist low income students in 2006.

Operated by archdiocese

 * Bishop Chatard High School – Indianapolis
 * Father Michael Shawe Memorial High School – Madison
 * Father Thomas Scecina Memorial High School – Indianapolis
 * Cardinal Ritter High School – Indianapolis
 * Our Lady of Providence Junior-Senior High School – Clarksville
 * Roncalli High School – Indianapolis
 * Seton Catholic High School – Richmond

Operated by religious institutes

 * Cathedral High School – Indianapolis
 * Oldenburg Academy of the Immaculate Conception – Oldenburg
 * Providence Cristo Rey High School – Indianapolis

Colleges

 * Bishop Simon Bruté College Seminary – Indianapolis
 * Marian University – Indianapolis
 * Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College – Saint-Mary-of-the-Woods
 * Saint Meinrad Seminary – St. Meinrad

Archabbey
St. Meinrad Archabbey, a Benedictine monastery in St. Meinrad, serves the archdiocese as a seminary and lay graduate school of theology. It was founded in 1854 by monks from the Einsiedeln Abbey in Switzerland to meet the needs of a growing German-speaking Catholic population in Indiana.

In 1969, St. Meinrad opened its programs to lay persons during the summer for graduate level theological studies. In 1993, it opened its lay program during all academic sessions.

Radio

 * WSPM 89.1 FM Catholic Radio Indy – licensed to Cloverdale with studios in Indianapolis and a repeater:
 * WSQM 90.9 FM – Noblesville

Both stations offer an audio stream from its website. www.catholicradioindy.org

Other stations outside the archdiocese offer online streaming from the websites of:
 * WRDF 106.3 FM Redeemer Radio – Fort Wayne
 * WNOP 740 AM Sacred Heart Radio – licensed to Newport, Kentucky, and based in Cincinnati.
 * WVSG 820 AM St. Gabriel Radio – Columbus, Ohio
 * Radio Maria USA – based at KJMJ Alexandria, Louisiana

Suffragan sees

 * Diocese of Evansville
 * Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend
 * Diocese of Gary
 * Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana


text:
User:לערי ריינהארט/sandbox/alef/bet/

user:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/dalet
→ 02343 – "navigation to parent pages of a subpage"

→ 02342 – "w:he:(aleph) is a valid interwiki link at en: but not at other wiki's"

 * 1) alef – &
 * 2) bet – &
 * 3) gimel – &

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:לערי ריינהארט/sandbox/alef/bet/


text:
User:MichaelK

Babel
bar:Benutzer:Michael de:Benutzer:MichaelK fr:Utilisateur:MichaelK zh:User:MichaelK

title: User:MichaelK


text:
User:לערי ריינהארט/sandbox/alef/

user:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/dalet
→ 02343 – "navigation to parent pages of a subpage"

→ 02342 – "w:he:(aleph) is a valid interwiki link at en: but not at other wiki's"

 * 1) alef – &
 * 2) bet – &
 * 3) gimel – &

title: User:לערי ריינהארט/sandbox/alef/


text:
GT4

GT4 or GT-Four may refer to:

Automotive

 * GT4 European Series, a sports car championship
 * SRO GT4 a sports car racing category
 * Ferrari GT4
 * Porsche Cayman GT4
 * Porsche 981 Cayman GT4
 * Porsche 718 Cayman GT4
 * Toyota Celica GT-Four

Other uses

 * Gran Turismo 4, a racing video game
 * GT4 (tram), a design of articulated tram which has two bogies and two body sections, and specifically:
 * GT4 (Bremen), a model of GT4 tram used in the German city of Bremen
 * Maschinenfabrik Esslingen GT4, a model of GT4 tram used in Stuttgart and other German cities

title: GT4


text:
1976 in New Zealand television

This is a list of New Zealand television-related events in 1976.

Events

 * TV2 is renamed South Pacific Television

Domestic

 * 26 August - University Challenge (TV One) (1976-1989, 2014–present)
 * That's Country (TVNZ) (1976-1983)

International

 * 5 February - Shang-a-Lang (TV2)

Television shows

 * No information on television shows this year.

Ending this year

 * No shows ending this year.

Channels
Launches:
 * December: South Pacific Television

title: 1976 in New Zealand television


text: User:Thomas AquinasII

title: User:Thomas AquinasII


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gallery furniture

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 20:14, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Gallery furniture
NN. Possible advertising? Was previously marked as speedy. - Mailer Diablo 21:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete mostly about a person and nothing of note about the store. Vegaswikian 06:48, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:24.198.33.69

title: User talk:24.198.33.69


text:
User talk:Trickster~enwiki

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 21:01, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Trickster. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Trickster~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:24, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

File:Trickster1.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Trickster1.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Jon Kolbert (talk) 18:31, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trickster~enwiki


text:
1974 in country music

This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1974.

Events

 * March 16 — The Grand Ole Opry moves from the Ryman Auditorium, its home of the past 41 years, to the newly constructed 4,400-seat Grand Ole Opry House, on the Opryland complex. President Richard Nixon is a guest at the Ryman's last show. The Ryman would essentially sit vacant for the next two decades before being renovated in the early 1990s as a historical landmark and concert hall.
 * July 17 — Don Rich, a key member of Buck Owens' backing band, The Buckaroos, is killed in a motorcycle crash on State Route 99 north of Bakersfield, California; he was 32. Owens is deeply saddened by Rich's death, and it will gravely affect his career for many years.
 * October 17 — The pilot episode of Austin City Limits, featuring Willie Nelson, is recorded, and will air during PBS' 1975 pledge drive.

No dates

 * Country purists, long troubled by a growing trend of pop music-influenced country, form the Association of Country Entertainers, as a result of the outcry over the 1974 Country Music Association awards program, where pop diva Olivia Newton-John won Female Vocalist of the Year, and Danny Davis & the Nashville Brass was awarded another Instrumental Group of the Year.
 * The proliferation of No. 1 hits, as certified by Billboard, extends into 1974, when 40 songs reach the top of the Hot Country Singles chart. In fact, just nine songs – 10, counting Merle Haggard's "If We Make It Through December", which spent two of its four weeks at No. 1 in January – remain at the top spot for more than one week.
 * Dolly Parton leaves Porter Wagoner's band and his weekly television show, after seven years, to embark on a solo career.
 * Loretta Lynn releases "The Pill", a sexually frank song about birth control. The song is deemed too controversial and most country stations refuse to play it.

United States
(as certified by Billboard)

 * Notes
 * 1 ^ No. 1 song of the year, as determined by Billboard.
 * A ^ First Billboard No. 1 hit for that artist.
 * B ^ Last Billboard No. 1 hit for that artist.
 * C ^ Only Billboard No. 1 hit for that artist to date.

Canada
(as certified by RPM)

 * Notes
 * A ^ First RPM No. 1 hit for that artist.
 * B ^ Last RPM No. 1 hit for that artist.
 * C ^ Only RPM No. 1 hit for that artist.

Births

 * January 7 — John Rich, singer-songwriter and member of Big & Rich.
 * February 17 – Chuck Dauphin, American sports radio broadcaster and country music journalist (died 2019).
 * February 17 — Bryan White, singer-songwriter from the 1990s.
 * March 18 – Phillip Sweet, member of Little Big Town.
 * May 23 – Jewel, multi-genre singer-songwriter who released the country album Perfectly Clear in 2008.
 * June 6 – Uncle Kracker, rock singer who has had major country successes with "When the Sun Goes Down" (duet with Kenny Chesney) and "Smile."
 * September 12 — Jennifer Nettles, lead singer of Sugarland.
 * October 14 — Natalie Maines, lead singer of the Dixie Chicks.
 * November 21 — Kelsi Osborn, member of SHeDAISY.

Deaths

 * January 2 — Tex Ritter, 68, silver screen cowboy and western artist (heart attack).
 * April 26 – Tim Spencer, 65, member of the Sons of the Pioneers.
 * July 17 — Don Rich, 32, right-hand man of Buck Owens and key member of the Buckaroos (motorcycle crash).

Country Music Hall of Fame Inductees

 * Owen Bradley (1915–1998)
 * Pee Wee King (1914–2000)

Grammy Awards

 * Best Female Country Vocal Performance — "A Love Song", Anne Murray
 * Best Male Country Vocal Performance — "Please Don't Tell Me How the Story Ends", Ronnie Milsap
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal — "Fairytale", The Pointer Sisters
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance — The Atkins - Travis Traveling Show, Chet Atkins and Merle Travis
 * Best Country Song — "A Very Special Love Song", Billy Sherrill and Norro Wilson (Performer: Charlie Rich)

Juno Awards

 * Country Male Vocalist of the Year — Stompin' Tom Connors
 * Country Female Vocalist of the Year — Shirley Eikhard
 * Country Group or Duo of the Year — Mercey Brothers

Academy of Country Music

 * Entertainer of the Year — Mac Davis
 * Song of the Year — "Country Bumpkin", Don Wayne (Performer: Cal Smith)
 * Single of the Year — "Country Bumpkin", Cal Smith
 * Album of the Year — Back Home Again, John Denver
 * Top Male Vocalist — Merle Haggard
 * Top Female Vocalist — Loretta Lynn
 * Top Vocal Duo — Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn
 * Top New Male Vocalist — Mickey Gilley
 * Top New Female Vocalist — Linda Ronstadt

Country Music Association

 * Entertainer of the Year — Charlie Rich
 * Song of the Year — "Country Bumpkin", Don Wayne (Performer: Cal Smith)
 * Single of the Year — "Country Bumpkin", Cal Smith
 * Album of the Year — A Very Special Love Song, Charlie Rich
 * Male Vocalist of the Year — Ronnie Milsap
 * Female Vocalist of the Year — Olivia Newton-John
 * Vocal Duo of the Year — Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn
 * Vocal Group of the Year — The Statler Brothers
 * Instrumentalist of the Year — Don Rich
 * Instrumental Group of the Year — Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass

Other links

 * Country Music Association
 * Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame

title: 1974 in country music


text:
Diocese of Indianapolis

Diocese or Archdiocese of Indianapolis may refer to the following ecclesiastical jurisdictions with the episcopal or archepiscopal see in the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, USA:

 * the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis (formerly Suffragan Diocese of Indianapolis, 1898–1944)
 * the Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis

title: Diocese of Indianapolis


text:
Talk:Huckapoo

Untitled
Which Northeast area? Lots of places have a Northeast.
 * I second this question. — flamingspinach | (talk) 21:14, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Huckapoo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060703031757/http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/10556/ to http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/10556/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:59, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huckapoo


text: User talk:69.156.154.118

title: User talk:69.156.154.118


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Hirshon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 07:16, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Michael Hirshon
Vanity. - Mailer Diablo 21:02, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete teenage vanity. --Etacar11 22:47, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Jacob1207 01:42, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Dulce de leche

Argentinian and Uruguayan dish
Dulce de leche is an Argentinian and Uruguayan dish, the other countries Peru, Us, Chile have adopted it but it's not original from there.

Besides the central american sweet "cajeta" is not exactly like dulce de leche (which is more similar to the Uruguayan and American version).

And it's not exactly like the majar blanco.

In Brazil, we do have a Manjar and its white. Its made of "coconut-milk" and served with plum. Wonderful, but very diferent from Doce de leite. I guess I can add Brazil to the above list. As Uruguay has some in common with brazillian culture (or the opposite, I dont know dont want to discuss this), we also have a strong tradition of doce de leite on the Minas Gerais state.

Dulce de leche, its proper form, it's eaten in Argentina, Uruguay and the United States.

These other forms (manjar blanco and cajeta) should have their own articles.

It's also eaten in Paraguay in its original form. I'm sure it's not native or original from Paraguay, but it has been   adopted as part of the traditional cousine. Veritiel (talk) 11:53, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry Veritiel, but this information you are giving is simply straightforward wrong. Leaving "nationalisms" aside, meanwhile it's very known that Dulce de Leche
 * was introduced as "Manjar" from Chile into Argentina in the 17th and 18th Century. This has been even confirmed by argentinian gourmet historians like Victor Ego Ducrot.
 * The "Rosas" myth, that Dulce de Leche was invented by coincidence due to milk being burnt in 1829, is a very nice and funny story, but can be easily deducted as false, because
 * San Martin used to love this "manjar" sweet from Chile, which he imported from Santiago to Mendoza quite a time before 1829. By the way, this does not mean that it was
 * invented in Chile neither, because it's origins are still disputed and believed to have arab origins. But at least it can be assured, that it was not invented in Argentina,
 * even it might be the country with the biggest production.

 * Also check this from the argentinian newspaper Clarin http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/04/06/s-04104.htm -- 194.203.215.254 (talk) 15:07, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

 * After reviewing the sources cited and the spanish-language version of the wiki article, I'm changing the country or origin to Chile. Maybe I'm coming late to this discussion, But the article cited as the source of the claim of Argentine origin specifically argues for Chilean origin. The Spanish-language wikipedia article has a much more detailed treatment of the various origin claims, but also uses that same citation to talk about a Chilean origin https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_de_leche#Origen.
 * The citation to backup the previous user's claim of 17th or 18th century importation of "Manjar" to Argentina from Chile starts at the bottom of page 4 in the following pdf: http://www.iau.usp.br/sspa/primeiroseminario/pdfs/mesa1_pon030_arg__boyle.pdf Furicorn (talk) 18:40, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Cajeta
Dulce de leche is extremely popular in Mexico and Central America as well, although it is known with a different name, "cajeta" (a word for dulce the leche accepted by the Real Academia Española). Unfortunately this word has a second meaning in the Argentine and Chilean slang (with sexual connotations). Nonetheless, cajeta is the word used for dulce de leche, and it is as popular in Mexico and Central America as it is in South America. Also, the most common ducle de leche is made out of cow's milk, but in Mexico, dulce de leche made out of goat's milk is popular as well. -- Comment unsigned by J.Alonso

 * ok. great. why did you post this in the discussion page, instead of the article? --Gerardo199 19:54, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm Argentinian and actually here the word "cajeta" is not used with sexual connotations. You're crazy, J.Alonso? --200.123.161.135 04:18, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Come on, man! Unless you've been living on top of the Aconcagua since birth, you should know Cajeta DOES have sexual connotation in Argentina. I laughed my ars off when, in Mexico, I bought some Bigotes de Cajeta (they were actually good). Mariano (t/c) 09:28, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yup, I guess the anonymous user lives on the top of the Aconcagua. Or perhaps, he is extremely naïve. --J.Alonso 19:19, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I may be being nit-picky about this, but the article makes it sound as though it is called 'cajeta' in Central America, too. It is called 'dulce de leche' at least in El Salvador and Guatemala.–Bspacheco 06:11, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

In Costa Rica it is called Dulce de Leche (Cajeta is a solid tablet made from dulce de leche like tablet, or coconut and or with powder milk, but not the same as Dulce de Leche). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.40.65.166 (talk) 21:43, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Does the solid version of dulce de leche bear any relation to tablet? Cammy 23:54, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Following the recepy, yes. My mom used to make dulce de leche by cooking a closed Condensed milk can in boiling water. Nevertheless, I'm not sure they are historically related. Mariano (t/c) 11:05, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

"Milk candy"
Is this an accurate translation? I'd say that "dulce" in this case refers more to "jam" than "candy". "Milk jam" would be more accurate (plus it redirects to this article, whereas "milk candy" doesn't). Cheers! -- ironcito 07:21, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * "Dulce de leche" is literally "sweet of milk" so I'd say "milk candy" is closer than "milk jam". JFD 01:06, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The word Dulce means jam in parts of latin america, such as Argentina and Chile, but I don't know which one suits the name better. Christophe Lasserre 02:01, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, in Portuguese, "doce de leite" can be straighfowardly translated to "milk candy". It really does not mean "jam", which is "geléia". I suspected "milk sweet" was not a good translation, but, if "sweet" can be made equivalent to "candy", it makes sense. Anyway, although "doce" can be as well a sweet/dessert, a more specific term for "dessert" is "sobremesa".
 * Hope this helps :) --Brandizzi (talk) 16:44, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * In England, a "sweet" is what Americans would call "dessert." Also, "sweets" are sometimes referred to as "pudding" (or "pud", as in, "What's for pud tonight?").  So, "milk dessert" or "milk pudding" might come close.71.161.155.126 15:40, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Dulce de leche means Milk Jam because of the preposition "de". Sweet milk would be "leche dulce". According to the Spanish dictionary dulce means jam or confiture like in "dulce de membrillo". Also caramel or caramelized milk is a description not a translation. For example germans describe chorizo as "Spanish salami". As this CONFECTION IS FROM SOUTH AMERICA and here we use dulce and jam as synonyms, the correct English translation is Jam. So in conclusion dulce de leche is translated as "Milk Jam" but can be described as caramelized, fudge or whatever. But sweet milk is quite wrong. 2800:150:11C:3A4:FCE1:B400:A127:A02 (talk) 01:04, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

I believe the corresponding desert for Dulce de Leche in US would be "fudge" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.35.225.229 (talk) 20:11, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Milk jam seems a strange translation to me, certainly in European Spanish usage. I also think that as the Portuguese version does not translate as "jam", it is probably not the right translation to use here. I would suggest "milk dessert", "sweet milk" or "milk sweet" instead. That or just leaving it untranslated. Alboran (talk) 05:42, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Hate this translation. From the brazillian standpoint, I agree on "fudge".

It looks like the word "dulce" has different meanings depending on the location, in puerto rico it means "sweet" in general, in the US the word for dulce de leche is caramel. A direct literal translation for me would be "the sweet of the milk", "milk candy" or "milk sweet", the word for jam in spanish is "mermelada" or "jalea", and as far as I know you will never hear anyone say "Mermelada de leche". :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.14.85.223 (talk) 23:56, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

JAM - in ENGLISH, which we are saying the "literal" meaning is of, is a fruit *jammed* into a container. Jams and jellies are made with different processes. You can't "jam" milk. "Preserve" is the umbrella term that people here are looking for. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.171.198.227 (talk) 22:51, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

I see the search term "milk jam" redirects here, but that still does not mean that "dulce de leche" *literally* means milk jam. The article, if it cares to address the jam/preserve controversy, should say that in English it is sometimes referred to as a jam, but that dulce de leche doesn't *literally* mean milk jam. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.171.198.227 (talk) 22:54, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

I think the best translation is Milk Caramel or Caramelized Milk. I think it's compelling that Nestle refers to it in English as "Caramelized Milk." https://www.verybestbaking.com/recipes/32293/caramelized-milk-dulce-de-leche/ If I was really being persnickity, I would argue it should be "Candied Milk," because I'm pretty sure "Caramelized" is just a fancy latinate way of saying "Candied." Furicorn (talk) 19:00, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Toffee
Perhaps is more easy to understand if you compare toffee (English toffee) whith "dulce de leche". In this way "dulce de leche" is a soft-toffee. Essentially is the same.

 * Nope. It's identical to Scots tablet but there's only a vague resemblance to toffee, English or otherwise. Toffee ain't crumbly. -- Derek Ross | Talk 07:48, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

I tend to take Toffee as Doce de leite sometimes... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.25.137.236 (talk) 19:46, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Alcoholic drink?
I saw the musical Guys and Dolls a couple of months ago at my friend's high school and in the cabana scene Sky orders a "Dulce de leche" for Sarah when she asks for a milkshake, and it turns out to be an alcoholic drink he uses to basically trick her into getting drunk. The dialogue goes a little something like this:

Sky: How about a drink?

Sarah: A milkshake, please.

Sky (to the waitress): Dulce de leche.

Sarah (after getting her drink): These are delicious, what did you call them?

Sky: Dulce de leche.

Sarah: Dulce de leche... what's in it, besides milk?

Sky: Oh, sugar... and a sort of native flavoring.

Sarah: What's the name of the flavoring?

Sky: Bacardi.

Sarah: Doesn't Bacardi have alcohol in it?

Sky: Only enough to act as a preservative.

If you've seen Guys and Dolls you know that Sarah ends up drunk, but anyways, I'm just wondering a lot about this now, because the article says nothing about a drink that goes by the same name. Anyone have any information on this? Shivers  talk  23:38, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Peruvian stuff
I don't know much about the varieties of milk/sugar spreads in other countries, but I do know something about the spread in Peru. First, this spread is nothing like what is termed "Dulce de Leche" in the U.S. (the appearance and flavor are very different). Second, the spread in Peru is not "caramelized," per se (or at least not nearly to the degree that the stuff in the U.S. is). In particular, Manjar Blanco is an off-white color (hence the name). The brown color commonly seen in the U.S. variety is something different. I think this article needs to be clearer in terms of what specifically is being discussed.

Rivalry and further comments on the subject
Hey there, I'm Gustavo and I want to introduce myself and to collaborate in this beautiful project. By the way, "dulce de leche", as you mention here, is not Argentinian but Uruguayan as well, so I would rather use the word River Plate or Rio de la Plata in order to include both of them. You will see, there are several theories on the subject and you may have your opinions which do not prove to be fully considered as true or reliable evidence. Indeed, we should take into account the fact that Uruguay and Argentina were and still are countries with a similar history, more or less the same kind of culture and customs and, what is more, we both speak "Rioplatense Spanish", perhaps that being the reason why here, in Europe and in other countries in the globe, people tend to associate Uruguay with Argentina and viceversa. They don't see the difference, then, I say, should we? It's not my aim to argue about something irrelevant but I thought we, as River Plate brothers, must take conscience of this fact and stop with that rivalry. I would like to include the Uruguayan theory and, actually, I'll do it as soon as I have time. For now I can only say that African slaves may have introduced dulce de leche into the country and then spread all over the region. I'm not saying that this idea has to be considered as truth, when everyone knows that the origins of this jam is a subject to discuss. Finally, "dulce de leche" is available in some places here in Spain and Andorra, and has nothing to do with Peruvian or other versions of the product. The flavor is different, the color changes according to the ingredients that each country employs and the "name" is also different. In Chile, for instance, the so called "dulce de leche" contains, among its main ingredients, nut cream and, sometimes, chocolate. I agree with those who said that dulce de leche must have an article of it own. --Gustave - May I help you? 00:18, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

I don't think the comment that dulce de leche is used to make creme caramel. At least in French cooking the caramel topping is made by boiling sugar in water (no milk!) till the sugar caramelizes and then putting this in the bottom of the dish and pouring the egg/milk custard over it. After cooking, the flan may be inverted to leave the caramel on top, or served by scooping out of the dish. This statement should be removed, but I leave that to the main creators of this excellent page! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.254.2.205 (talk) 02:18, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

French Invention
I actually heard that dulce de leche was actually invented in Bretagne by a nationalistic french teacher in my school who also claims, for instance that the Malvinas should actually be french... What exactly makes that point of view more valid than the Argentine one??? I mean, and i'm quoting from this atricle,"It is, however, more likely to have its origins in Europe"... Maberk, 12/11/06

 * I guess you mean the Dulce de Leche and not the Malvinas. You have to have in mind the importance of Dulce de Leche to Argentina and the hole South America; wereas it might have it origin elsewere (I would remove the more likely from the text) it is mostly important in the context of the Argentine cuisine. Mariano (t/c) 12:35, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Indeed, the so called legend cited at the bottom (not a verifiable source) seems to be a localization of this other story

''Au XIXe siècle, la confiture connaît son apogée avec la découverte du sucre de betterave qui favorise le développement de la confiture familiale. Selon la légende, la recette de la "confiture" de lait naquît à cette époque de la distraction d'un chef cuisinier de l'armée Napoléonienne. Les soldats avaient alors pour ration un bol de lait sucré. Lors d'une bataille, le mélange incidemment chauffé trop longtemps se serait transformé en une pâte onctueuse délicieusement caramélisée. ''

It is not unlikely that the invention was around in the world for a long time before Argentina or any other latin american country took shape, however is hard to find reliable information.

Kakila (talk) 16:43, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

Russian invention
As a joke reply, I would like to remind you here in Russia we caramelize condensed milk without thinking of the French or the Spanish. It sorta annoys to me see how Dulce De Leche "takes all the credit", but that how it happens all the time: you just can't invent something without being told your newly invented thing have already existed elsewhere. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 08:33, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Cajeta Vs Dulce de leche?
the cajeta article is too short and should be merged into the Dulce de leche article. I also think cajeta is just a type of dulce de leche and it's the same thing as AREQUIPE.. typical of Colombia, Venezuela and other countries.. remember the obleas?. the name may be mexican but cajeta or arequipe isn't solely mexican or invented in mexico, neither Colombia or venezuela.. so these articles are inaccurate and must provide references. —Preceding unsigned comment added by F3rn4nd0 (talk • contribs)

 * Well, Cajeta is from goat's milk (I believe), and Dulce de Leche from cow's. It might not be a big difference, but the final product is not exactly the same. Arequipe is somehow whiter and also tates rather differently. I'm not sure it is such a bad idea leaving each regional version separatelly.--Mariano (t/c) 12:20, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Cajeta is usually made half&half (goat and cow's milk), but I believe both cajeta and arequipe fall under the same general concept of "Dulce de leche". In spite of the small variations in ingredients (quite normal in transnational products), cajeta is synonym of dulce de leche, at least in Mexico, though I do not know if it is the case in Central America. Like F3rn4nd0 suggested, I agree on merging the articles. It makes no sense to have separate articles (treating them as two different things) and then speaking about the legendary origins of all types of dulce de leche. --Dúnadan 16:59, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Arequipe is fairly distinct from Cajeta and should not be merged, being Colombian and familiar with both I would have to say that due to the big difference in flavor and cultural identification that the name implies they really should be treated separate. just because crepes and pancakes look similar and are made of virtually the same ingredients does not mean they are the same thing.

More terminology debates
Let me toss in my two cents on the terminology stuff. My knowledge of this is limited to the Peruvian confection Manjar Blanco and the U.S. confection Dulce de Leche. I can tell you that these are very different things. As a practical matter I believe that the basic ingredients are the same (although the minor flavorings may be different) but the preparation is different. The key difference is the caramelization of the sugars which gives dulce de leche its brown color and strong flavor. This is NOT the case for manjar blanco which is why it has a more creamy flavor and white color (hence the name). Unfortunately I have little knowledge of the confections of other countries so I do not know which type of confection applies to which country. As far as the cajeta/ariquipe debate above I cannot say what each refers to. One thing that adds to the confusion today is that in many places dulce de leche is gradually creeping in as a replacement for manjar blanco since it is easier to make.

One specific comment: The Spanish "Manjar blanco" article says that Chile uses "manjar" to refer to dulce de leche whereas this page says that it refers to "manjar blanco" like Peru. Can somebody resolve the discrepancy? --Mcorazao 16:14, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I noticed too and fixed this. Christophe Lasserre 02:07, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Maillard or not?
From dulce de leche article: "Although the transformation that occurs in preparation is often called caramelization, it is actually a form of the Maillard reaction, a chemical reaction that is responsible for many of the flavors of cooked food." From Maillard reaction article: " The following things are NOT a result of the Maillard browning reaction: caramel made from milk and sugar, especially in candies". So which is it? Caramel also contains this contradiction. 76.202.58.168 04:51, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Indented line Like the Maillard reaction, caramelization is a type of non-enzymatic browning. However, unlike the Maillard reaction, caramelization is pyrolysis, as opposed to reaction with amino acids.

Afaicr (from watching Heston Blumenthal, lol), the Maillard reaction is one that converts proteins to sugars, in agreement with the above. Also, simmering an unopened can of condensed milk in water for hours (these things I knew about from an Argentinian woman I knew 30 years ago) wouldn't reach the right temperature for the Maillard reaction either (I realise it may be possible for that reaction to occur at lower temperatures at higher pressures). Nigella pronounces it as an Italian would pronounce "Dulce de lecce": you'd think she'd be better educated than that. Fuficius Fango (talk) 17:35, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

Location of Starbucks fact
I moved the sentance about starbucks offering dulce de leche flavored lattes and frappachinos from the "origins" section to the main section. It still seems a little out of place so if anyone thinks it needs to be moved or changed around to fit better with the rest of the information, please do so. Glassbreaker5791 16:51, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Other Dulce de Leche products
I presume you don't want this wikipedia entry to become a list of products, but I thought I'd mention that The Hershey Company seems to have a number of new ones that are flavored with DdL. Hershey's Dulce de Leche Syrup

It seems that they tried dulce de leche kisses but they aren't listed on their products list now so maybe they weren't popular enough.

According to this, Nabisco also has DdL-flavored Oreos. jwilkinson (talk) 19:11, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Cooking in sealed vs vented can? More directions and/or Warnings?
I noticed that the recipe linked to here mentions puncturing the can before slow-cooking. I was taught to cook it with the can sealed. (though making *very* sure that the water covered it at all times.)  I notice that Carnation's condensed milk can is saying "Caution - never heat in the can." I don't know if there is some real risk there or if it is mainly lawyer CYA. Is it appropriate for this WP entry to talk more about how it is made, to offer any different versions, and/or to offer any verified safety warnings? jwilkinson (talk) 19:13, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

I have always made dulce de leche in a sealed can, and have never had any issues. I have also been lax about making sure that the cans were fully submersed (I'm a ballsy, irresponsible bastard), and have done this dozens of times. I may be wrong, but I've never heard of anyone experiencing danger from this preparation. Perforating the cans seems like an unnecessary step that jeopardizes the quality of the final product by allowing the possible introduction of water. I strongly believe that the recipe portion of this page should be modified to reflect this common technique. Vorpal22 (talk) 05:22, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I have a close friend that did it your way, but forgot to watch over it. He tells me the cleanup of the kitchen ceiling afterwards was not fun. :-) -- Alexf42 12:38, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I also had a friend who forgot to watch over it and I spent an exciting weekend helping her repaint the now caramelised kitchen ceiling! Amusing in its own way, though I would hazard a guess that it would've been a lot less amusing had she been standing close when the can burst open. — Christine  (blather • contribs) 12:11, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

re the "citation needed" on the warning about boiling sweetened condensed milk: this is a common warning on the cans of nestle sweetened condensed milk found in most shops in (at least) australia. the cans themselves are now ring-pull peel types rather than can-opener-required ones, so i can see it being even easier to explode hot caramel all over the kitchen.... but anyway, not sure how we go about citing a nestle label :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.241.99.117 (talk) 12:06, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Surely, if there is a lid on the saucepan, any explosion from the water boiling away would be confined to the pan itself ?
 * 90.22.43.121 (talk) 09:12, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * It's called pressure. Unlike a pressure cooker, a tin can has no safety valve. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 08:38, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

2023 reply

Back in 1942, the Soviets used to make grenades out of tin cans (RG-42); please don't propagate such literally explosive cooking ideas. Unless you have a safe recipe that one should follow step-by-step, you shouldn't keep it within the main article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by OkiPrinterUser (talk • contribs) 08:35, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Cuban dulce de leche
There is a Cuban sweet also named "dulce de leche" that is different. The milk is curdled. Argentinian dulce de leche is known in Cuba as leche quemada or fanguito.

Dominican dulce de leche
Dominican dulce de leche is very different. It is solid, crumbly, sometimes filled with guayava preserves. It is often very light colored.

cambiar el nombre
change the name to English, this is wikipedia in English not Spanish Wikipedia.--~EEIMEEIM (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:39, 31 March 2011 (UTC).

loser--18.85.59.216 (talk) 05:04, 29 July 2011 (UTC) --Error (talk) 22:06, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * And what name do you suggest? Even Häagen-Dazs uses "dulce de leche" as one of its ice cream flavors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.19.210 (talk) 23:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Legend
"Legend says that it was invented in Argentina [1]. "

I think this is irrelevant for an enciclopedic article. All cultures have legends about the origin of many things. For example, some people think that storks deliver newborn babies or that babies come from Paris, yet this is not mentioned in the article about human pregnancy or about France. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.19.210 (talk) 00:02, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

"The only Hispanic country in Asia, the Philippines"
I think this is stretching the point a bit. The Philippines has a population of over 100 million, less than half a million of whom speak Spanish (i.e. less than 0.5%). Only 3,110 Spanish nationals currently live in the Philippines, and "the majority of the population is composed of ethnolinguistic groups whose languages are Austronesian also known as Malayo-Polynesian in origin." -Spacemartin (talk) 21:07, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

This article y all wrong
Dulce de Leche as such a thing, has it origins in Argentina and Uruguay. In Brasil and the rest of Latam is a whole different product. The oldest register of something alike Dulce de leche is a Chilean prepararion called 'Manjar Dulce'.

I feel these English texts in Wikipedia only has the objective of deny Latam products and history towards the World Market. Otherwise, I don't get the goal of them. There are a lot of active talks that are meant to correct it with the right information. 181.13.65.10 (talk) 13:22, 13 July 2022 (UTC)
 * It is the same in Spanish Wikipedia. If you wish to modify this portion of the article, please provide a reliable source.--ReyHahn (talk) 15:14, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

@ReyHann: I agree, since I have got a similar feeling. The article implies the dish have spread all across the world, while being Pyrineese. I disagree with this implication. The same dish can be made by an old enough Russian without any knowledge of Latin cuisine. It used to be a common trick called "Варёный сахар" or simple "Варёнка" (varyony sakhar, varyonka); especially since boiling milk used to be a necessity before the advent of sterilized milk with preservatives. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 14:13, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Dulce de leche
Is it like caramel? 174.21.23.217 (talk) 04:42, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Dulce de leche goes through non-enzimatic browning (Maillard and caramelization). If enough sugar is added it tastes similar to caramel (just not quite). Note that caramel does not contain milk while in dulce de leche milk is the main ingredients.--ReyHahn (talk) 09:24, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

Nutrition Information
I’ve noticed that most articles for food have a list of ingredients or generalized nutrition info, are this article lacks that. Is this an exception? And following this, does Dulce du Leche contain lactose in high enough amounts to trigger an allergic reaction, or is it cooked out with the evaporating moisture? I do not know the specifics, and feel free to remove my question if it is incorrect to ask here. 2600:1014:B044:6728:E8B2:6D16:B54D:8E64 (talk) 14:32, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I added nutritional value table per request. Does that cover your needs? --ReyHahn (talk) 17:38, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Weird question, as the milky's essence doesn't not evaporate, the water aka dihydrogen monooxide does. If you want a non-lactic dairy product, try looking up words like kefir or varenets/ryazhenka; or tvorog, or smetana/sour cream to see whether lactose or caseine or other proteine you are allergic to gets disassebled by the fermentation process OkiPrinterUser (talk) 08:42, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

The oreshki
Here in Russia, the are no products labelled as something with "Dulce de leche". And thus, no factory in Russia would ever fill its oreshki condiment with something labelled as "Dulce de leche" because "no one knows what it is", "we would have to spend a lot of money on the PR campaign". What I see on the photo is, it's merely boiled condensed milk, instead. Please don't misinterpret candies from Russian cuisine as Latin ones. It's like claiming Russian X is "actually Western Y under other name" - wrong; because that would involve confusing correlation and causation OkiPrinterUser (talk) 13:54, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Kinds of Dulce de leche - needs a list of ones indeed marketed as dulce de leche
IMO, people should actually focus on listing the ingredient variations of Dulce de leche, not on its popularity "under different name". You see, the basic Dulce de Leche looks like basic boiled milk with sugar - it's like implying every bread and butter sandwich is a butterbrot dish of German origin.

However, according to the earlier commentators, there ARE variations of dulce de leche, where some are good and some... well, not so much. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 14:21, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Condensed milk dulce de leche
A form of dulce de leche sometimes is made by boiling an unopened can of sweetened condensed milk for two to three hours (or 30 to 45 minutes if contained within a pressure cooker), particularly by those living in countries where it cannot be bought ready-made. This results in a product that is much sweeter than the slow-boiled kind. This method could be dangerous, and should not be done on a stove: if the pot is allowed to boil dry, the can will overheat and explode.

What should be improved
So. This article got a dangerousy sounding recipe, that calls for making a "homemade dulce de leche" by cooking a whole unopened tin can! That can explode if not careful enough! ALL WHILE it says in an adjacent paragraph: "Much of the water in the milk evaporates and the mix thickens". Ugh. Removed (moved to the talk page) because 1) 450-recipe cookbook could have been a compilation of original recipes from newspapers (hence WP:OR or rather, WP:SELF) 2) that's just unsafe. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 08:10, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I mean, seriously. An explosive tin can is a thing. So, there are pressure cookers, but those have safety valves. Yet a tin can doesn't have one. AND THERE'S A THING CALLED SHRAPNEL. For example, RG-42 grenade was a fragmentation grenade, all while was a grenade in a tin can.
 * The part where tin cans can be contained in a pressure cooker makes some sense to me. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 08:59, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Glass jar
According to https://sgushhenka.ru/poleznye-sovety/varenaya-v-domashnix-usloviyax.html (a primary source, though. In Russian...) you can pretty much boil condensed milk in a glass jar, standing upright and surrounded by water; no need to boil a whole tin can

Ставим в кастрюлю, куда наливаем воду. Вода должна доставать до уровня содержимого в банке. После закипания убавляем газ и варим 3 часа. Не помешиваем.

It should be put in a pot, the water level should reach the level of condensed milk. After boiling, the heat should be reduced. Keep cooking for 3 hours. Hope this helps.

ALSO: In Russian, the idea of boiling something in 2 pots or a pot and a jar is called "vodyanaya banya" - an idea of giving your food a sauna-like treatment rather than applying direct boiling. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 10:02, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Microwave cooking
The same link (https://sgushhenka.ru/poleznye-sovety/varenaya-v-domashnix-usloviyax.html) says you can microwave condensed milk. The measurements aren't listed, so I assume it's 1 "regular" jar, under 402g/1 pound in mass.

1. Put it into a microwave-suitable bowl 2. Set up max wattage and 20 min times 3. Mix every 3 minutes.

6 iterations of mixing, 7 iterations of microwaving, but at least it won't explode. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 10:02, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

cookbook...
The "preparation and uses" section is looking very much like a cookbook or how-to, which Wikipedia is WP:NOT. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 16:08, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Except, this recipe has its notability: it is necessary to conter a "boiling a tin can" dangerous meme (see above). 2A00:1370:81A2:4AE2:707C:13AC:57F6:698B (talk) 09:08, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

Recent reverts based on "not a cookbook" rationale
You have both recently reverted the addition of citations to various cooking websites used to verify various food-related facts (such as the fact that dulce de leche goes by the name kajmak in Poland). I would argue that, since this is a food-related article, food-related websites are going to be the best sources. What would you suggest as better sources? WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 13:04, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Journal articles, books, other such reliable sources as are expected in other non-food related articles. Many recipe sites exist only to collect ad views, and the Wikipedia article risks becoming a spam magnet. ... disco spinster   talk  16:02, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dulce de leche


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Town Destroyer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 20:17, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

TOWN DESTROYER
Can anyone verify this? Hoax? Was marked as speedy. - Mailer Diablo 21:02, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, verification comes from the font of all wisdom Kappa 21:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but fix the capitalization of the title. --Xcali 21:54, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, Google certainly returns a whole load of hits for that. In fact, it's already mentioned in the George Washington article; I think a simple redirect would be preferable here. -- Captain Disdain 22:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a bad idea, seems to endorse the POV concept, as well as being highly inconvenient for users. Kappa 23:02, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For some semblance of sticking to naming conventions, I've redirected it to Town Destroyer. This might be temporary as the community will need to come to a consensus on the proper way to spell it (with or without a hyphen? or to redirect from the Iroquois spelling(s)?).  --Jeffrey O. Gustafson 07:35, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In at least one, possibly two, ways, this is at the very least the wrong title. First, someone's shift key appears to be stuck.  Second, George Washington tells us that the name was in fact "Hanodaganears", which to everyone (of the bare handful that even mention the word) apart from Wikipedia and its mirrors apparently means "Destroyer of Towns".  "Caunotaucarius" apparently means "Town Destroyer".  "Hanadahguyus" apparently also means "Town Destroyer".  Going by the naming conventions a Rename to Town Destroyer (and possibly several redirects) seems to be in order. Uncle G 23:53, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Keep and fix the capitalization. DS1953 02:08, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, do not redirect. Neutralitytalk 21:10, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm not sure if this nickname is worthy of an article itself, since almost every prominent white person of the era who dealt with American Indians received some sort of nickname like this. William Johnson (1715-1774), for example, was Warraghiyagey, "one who does much business." But "Town Destroyer" does get mentioned (briefly) in a lot of books, and there is more to be said about the nickname -- including that it might have been originally applied to one of Washington's ancestors. All told, it might be expanded to maybe two paragraphs at most. Article worthy? --Kevin Myers 03:58, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User:לערי ריינהארט/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/dalet

user:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/dalet
→ 02343 – "navigation to parent pages of a subpage"

 * 1) User:Gangleri
 * 2) User:Gangleri/ – hidden
 * 3) User:Gangleri/sandbox
 * 4) User:Gangleri/sandbox/ – hidden
 * 5) User:Gangleri/sandbox/alef
 * 6) User:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/ – hidden
 * 7) User:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet
 * 8) User:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/ – hidden
 * 9) User:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel
 * 10) User:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/ – hidden
 * 11) User:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/dalet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wavelet Tracker

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 07:16, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Wavelet Tracker
Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. - Mailer Diablo 21:03, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, don't use Wiki to generate interest for a future product. --Etacar11 22:50, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jacob1207 01:40, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
File:SLFNT.jpg

Summary
Cover of Stiff Little Fingers album Now Then

title: File:SLFNT.jpg


text:
2002 in the Netherlands

This article lists some of the events that took place in the Netherlands in 2002.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Beatrix
 * Prime Minister: Wim Kok after July 22 Jan Peter Balkenende

Events

 * January 1 - The Euro Currency officially became the legal tender for The Netherlands, along with the other European Union (EU) Eurozone member area countries, replacing the Dutch guilder by being introduced physically with the official launch of the currency coins and banknotes. The Netherlands entered an economic period where specifically both the Euro Currency and the Dutch guilder were in dual circulation until specifically February 28.
 * February 2 - Wedding of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, and Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti in Amsterdam.
 * April 10 - The Dutch Institute for War Documentation presents its findings in the investigation of the Srebrenica Massacre.
 * April 16 - The Dutch government resigns over the findings of the Dutch Institute for War Documentation into the Srebrenica Massacre.
 * May 6 - Maverick politician Pim Fortuyn is assassinated by animal rights activist Volkert van der Graaf.
 * May 15 - Pim Fortuyn's LPF are the winners of the Dutch general elections, winning 26 out of 150 parliamentary seats and becoming the second biggest party of the Netherlands, in the first election the party has participated in.
 * July 22 - Jan Peter Balkenende succeeds Wim Kok as Prime Minister, as his government, consisting of CDA, LPF and VVD is sworn in.
 * July 22 - A few hours after having been sworn in, LPF's State Secretary for Social Affairs and Work Opportunity (Staatssecretaris van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid) Philomena Bijlhout resigns after evidence was presented that she had been a member of a militia of Dési Bouterse in Suriname in 1982 and 1983, something she had denied until that moment.
 * October 16 - The Dutch government falls after infighting in the LPF.

Sports

 * 2001–02 Eredivisie
 * 2001–02 Eerste Divisie
 * 2001–02 KNVB Cup
 * 2002 Johan Cruijff Schaal
 * The Netherlands won the bronze medal at the 2002 Field Hockey World Cup in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and the gold medal at the Men's Champions Trophy in Cologne, Germany.
 * Feyenoord claims the UEFA Cup for the second time in the history of the club, after a 3–2 win in the final against Borussia Dortmund.
 * The Netherlands national football team failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup held in South Korea and Japan.
 * The Netherlands won a total of 8 medals at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. They consisted of three golds and five silvers, all won in the area of speed skating.
 * Benjamin Kimutai wins the Amsterdam Marathon

Births

 * March 10 – Ian Maatsen, footballer
 * May 16 – Ryan Gravenberch, footballer
 * June 8 – Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg, daughter of Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands
 * June 24 – Sem Scheperman, Malaysian footballer

Deaths

 * January 3 – Freddy Heineken, businessman (born 1923)
 * May 6 – Pim Fortuyn, politician, civil servant, sociologist, author and professor (born 1948)
 * July 25 – Hans Dorjee (60), football (soccer) player and manager
 * October 6 – Prince Claus of the Netherlands (born 1926)

title: 2002 in the Netherlands


text:
User:לערי ריינהארט/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/

user:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/dalet
→ 02343 – "navigation to parent pages of a subpage"

→ 02342 – "w:he:(aleph) is a valid interwiki link at en: but not at other wiki's"

 * 1) alef – &
 * 2) bet – &
 * 3) gimel – &


text:
Talk:Saikano

World War III enemies
Since one or more of the enemy pilot's lines are near perfect American-accented English, does that mean that the U.S. is one of Japan and Chise's enemies? --206.255.32.51 21:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Possibly. --TcDohl 06:39, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * One of the reasons for the war (also told in the anime itself) was that earth was beginning to decline (drawing upon parallels to the "decay" of Chise's body) and war for the last inhabitable pieces of land broke out.
 * The first episode of the series during the massive bombing raid is appearantly conducted by the USA. The bombers look strikingly similar to B1 Lancers and the fighter jets look similar to F22 Raptors.  However, the manga shows what appears to be of Russian origin.  The bombers are look a bit like Tupolev Tu-160 Blackjacks and the escorts are appearantly Su-37 fighters.  The live-action film version supports this assertion as one can see the red star emblem on the tail after the Blackjack bomber was shot down by Chise.
 * The beginning of the OVA version in episode 1 shows German Tornado fighter-bombers. One of the soldiers speak German, too.  There are also English-speaking soldiers, which they are appearantly Americans given the fact that they have American accents.  The second OVA episode show various Russian armored vehicles before Lt. Mizuki sacrificed herself to stop the advancing enemies.  In conclusion, since the OVA ties with the TV series, one can conclude that the military is consortium of nations' militaries.  Slavikcc 03:07, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

TV-MA(uncut)/TV-14(edited)
What's the deal? I dunno what the heck you're talking about. Saikano was never on TV. If it was, I would have definitely heard if it was edited. --TcDohl 17:59, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * On the Viz media article on this site, it says that. It is wrong. And do sign everytime you post, even if you're anonymous. --TcDohl 06:01, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, sorry about that! --Brian 04:42, 2 April 2006
 * Hey do anyone notice a logical problem with the description on the ending difference between the anime and the manga version? As far as i know it's the ending of the manga which speaks of Chise destroying population actively, not the anime. Saying so contradicts the former sentence Frankens 23:52, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Evangelion
This anime strongly reminds me of Neon Genesis Evangelion. Unknown enemy attacking Japan protected by an ultimate weapon. Lots of nervous breakdown for main characters. An apocalypse in the end with only the main characters surviving. Maybe these similarities should be mentioned in the article... --CannibalSmith 19:53, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It led me to think something: that's a reccuring theme in pretty much every apocaliptic anime (ranging from the early 80's Ideon to more recent productions)... If others anime with that situation (that the main characters are the last ones on the planet), do have such statements then it deserves that a small comment. If not, maybe just a note for an 'fatalist' ending. PhilR 15:02, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

On American TV?
I found this on a website: Originally on A&E (25 min.) Status: Ended Premiered: July 2, 2002 Last Aired: September 24, 2002 sorry for of topic stuff but IS THIS TRUE??? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Saikano (talk • contribs) 17:26, 12 February 2007 (UTC).
 * Yes, it's true. Saikano first premiered on July 2, 2002 and ended its original run on September 24, 2002. Burnt Flower 20:41, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry!--Lolicon(Down With Child Porn)Saikano 17:07, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It would have been useful to post what website you found it on so we could see if it were notable... Tyciol (talk) 17:29, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a soapbox, nor a discussion forum. Please do such things in appropriate places, not discussions for encyclopedic content. --TcDohl 16:28, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I cannot believe this! A&E has had anime & now I am learning this? Please tell me you we lying, or talking about another A&E!--Lolicon(Down With Child Porn)Saikano 17:33, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Airing information is relevant to articles since it can be listed in the broadcast data box. Tyciol (talk) 17:29, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

WWIII confirmed enemy
I have confirmed by the evidence i saw in saikano & japans past that the enemy that japan is fighting is the USA! i dont like that but its true, heres why: Now does that mean the creater hate the USA? No, its just an anime. All that alone is proof enought to say that, so with all that said and done I can now say saikano's war is japan vs the USA!--Lolicon3043910 18:08, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * chise's fire, where she wipes out citys is the Atomic Bomb we droped on 2 of there cities in WWII!
 * the olny english speaking people japan has had ANY conflict with is what, thats right the USA!( that im aware of)
 * "i forgot the 3rd one dont wory ill fix it"
 * I think you're fucking insane and over-emphasizing the minor details instead of the meat of the story. There are plenty of differences between the manga, anime, and live-action movie with regards to WHO the opposing forces are.  You've obviously not read the manga nor watched the live-action movie which is why you're commenting that the Opposing Force is an American coalition.  If Saikano had only been limited to just the anime series then I would have considered the implications of the Opposing Force more seriously.  But since the manga and the anime both stressed the fact that none of the main characters knew who the enemy was nor why Japan was being invaded means that it didn't matter who the Opposing Force is.  (Psychoneko 20:18, 8 June 2007 (UTC))
 * Well smart ass From the work Ive studyed and puzzled togeather the evidence points to American Forces! The USA is the only english group the great place of Japan had faced in reason history! I am refiring to the ANIME, NOT THE MANGA AND THE LAM!!! I have seen the OVA which also points to the same thing! I am a SUPER fan of saikano and i do research and study the Anime before I start jumping to con...Soon i will put the evidence on the main page! so unless you have proff that my proff is s***y then I would stick to editing the articals instead of bitching because the Anime is fighting America!!! OK?! =^_^=--Lolichan4u 16:10, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Japan also fought the British Empire, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. All of them speak English. 71.187.14.89 22:10, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * They were also fighting Germany. I believe that was German at 00:01:27 on the 1st OVA ZinnKid 19:26, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should take it to mean that the author hates the USA. After all, the anime was produced BEFORE Americans went apeshit insane and declared war on terrorism, evil, and bad breath.  The impression I get from watching the anime and OVA is that the world is basically in a state of free-for-all, with everyone pretty much fighting everyone.  Japan is effectively the only nation that can repel the onslaught thanks to Chise. 76.10.139.182 (talk) 21:14, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Holocaust?
In the anime saikano: If my definition of the word Holocaust is right (mass death), then saikano has a Holocaust! Right? --Lolichan4u 17:10, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well the entire world dies. I guess that could be termed a holocaust. 76.10.139.182 (talk) 21:19, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Location
I wanted to add a little more regarding the location of the series, but was afraid it may be considered Original Research. I travelled to Otaru several years ago to explore the area that was used for the series. Using screenshots from the series, I managed to travel up "Hell's Hill", as well as reach the Asahi Observation Hill we we find Shuuji in the beginning. There is a school that is located up "Hell's Hill", and the road to the Asahi Observation Hill is across the street from it. This school is Otaru Shougyou (i.e. Otaru Commerical High School). Assuming the creators were truly faithful to geography and the like, I am fairly confident that this is the HS that Chise and Shuuji would be attending.

Therefore, I would like to add this to the page, but wanted confirmation that I could without other people thinking this could be considered Original Research. --(KaminaAyato 16:39, 12 June 2007 (PDT))

 * Well, please go ahead. Myself, I took a guess at Otaru, from the general size, location (between mountains and sea) and shopping distance from Sapporo. The Japanese talk show on DVD disc 2 shows (live) footage from the area (including Hell’s Hill), so it can be well documented/referenced from there.--Paracel63 (talk) 16:02, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

War
Both the manga and the anime feature a hotly-contested war. Battles are shown through the lives of people on the front, but the diplomatic particulars of the war are not revealed to the audience. A reason is never given as to why the war broke out in the first place, what the war is all about, or what countries the Japan Self-Defense Forces and Chise are fighting against. However, there is speculation about possible foes. For example, in one episode an enemy plane is shot down near the city and the pilot's one or two lines are in near perfect American English. In the manga, Chise speaks to the enemy soldiers, saying that she does not know much English, and later in the series there are certain enemy soldiers that speak French. The OVAs also portray some of the soldiers speaking French. This would suggest that there is an international coalition invading Japan.

However, in the end of both the anime and the manga, Chise remarks that many other parts of the world had experienced "horrendous things", and that "humans have done a lot of damage to this world". This may imply that the invasion was due to the lack of livable land anywhere else other than Japan, which was protected by Chise. This in turn would cause other countries to seek places where people are able to live. On the other hand, Chise could have been referring to her own creation and her part in destroying much of the world.

The only weapons of mass destruction observed in both the anime and manga was Chise herself, who by the middle of the story had the power to destroy entire cities and did so on a fairly regular basis. In more than one battle over a Japanese city, Chise simply vaporized the city and most of the people in it. Coupled with the comments about how the enemy had nowhere to return to and how Chise has been "working" all over the world, it seems unlikely that the invasion by other nations is simply over territory.
 * I'm moving this out of the article because it's OR - if anyone can find reliable citations about any of this it can go back in no problems. -Malkinann 06:23, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

The game
I heard news of a Saikano video game with scenes not shown in the anime! It contains action+adventure! I will have an article on it when it is released!--Saikano II 15:21, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Does anyone know anything about a mini Saikano series called Saikano: Another World ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.51.153.204 (talk) 22:24, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Completely unnececary and undesireable details
I can't get over the way anime fans edit these articles. I can appreciate enthusiasm for a story and wanting to make a detailed article about it, but we do not need complete plot summaries and certainly not descriptions of any characters' death! Look at this: "Akemi gets fatally injured (due to massive internal bleeding) during an earthquake that hits their little town, and with her dying breath, she tells Shuji her real feelings." It's shameful. Read Jyu Oh Sei for an example of how things should be written. There are no ending details, there are no active attempts to ruin the story for others. People come here looking for an encyclopedia article, not a list of spoilers.

I'll fix this article at some point in the future if nobody else is up to it. Can't you guys show some self-restraint and not post this kind of thing in the first place? Over the last couple of years I've rewritten about a dozen anime articles here, it seems like the entire genre has got a glut of people who like ruining stories for others. 76.10.139.182 (talk) 22:10, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * With Saikano this is impossible. Read the first chapter and tell me how you could begin an article without spoiling anything. I was absolutely astonished when I found out SPOILER: that Saikano is not a shoujo manga. END OF SPOILER: The only way is to put a huge warning on the top of the site that people should not read anything about Saikano before reading Saikano, and also not watch anything of the anime before finishing the Manga.92.227.190.215 (talk) 22:52, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, with an article of this nature it's just about impossible to do any sort of decent writeup and not include spoilers. The only way to not get spoiled is to do like I've done for the last several months and not read anything about the story in any source. I agree with the OP in this section, the article is very badly written and is in dire need of sourcing, removal of OR and speculative material, and de-weaseling. Also, the character images need to be culled to comply with the stricter non-free image use rules.  If/when I get time, I'll help out with the edits. Willbyr (talk | contribs) 00:44, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I think it's possible to avoid spoilers by giving basic descriptions of characters and introductions to the plot, spoilers are only necessary when relevant for the importance of the anime or comparing it to others and stuff. I don't even like spoilers on the talk page, to be honest, because I haven't even seen it yet. Luckily when you don't know who anyone is, they don't really get memorized. Tyciol (talk) 17:29, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Geographical update
After extensive research, I have found the school used in Saikano, as well as its name! It's not definite, but geologically, it's the most likely setting of the school. It is called. It is the only school locted on Hell's Hill in Otaru. --Akemi Loli Mokoto (talk) 15:38, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Did you remove Hokkaido Otaru Technical High School on purpose? Tyciol (talk) 17:29, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I dont believe I removed anything...

Complaints regarding lack of references
You have to understand that for an article regarding a show, the only reference/citation that can be included is...get this...the show itself.

I do not see people spamming, for example, the transformer movie articles with "Where is the reference for Optimus Prime fighting Megatron?" and "Where is the reference that the Allspark was in the movie?". It seems someone hates this series a lot to spam all the "This article isnt good enough!!!" tags on it(but doesnt want to contribute). Seriously, you want references for..."The series features a hotly contested war"? You might as well ask for references for "Frodo is a hobbit in Lord of the Rings". Its obvious!

Seriously, what do you want? Tagging every single paragraph and sentence with a [XX] -> "Saikano TV Series"? If you dont believe that event X or character Y is in the show, perhaps you could watch the show first and prove the information in the article is false first before insisting on citations and references. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.65.245.3 (talk) 21:42, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Reviews
Arsonal (talk) 18:03, 7 September 2009 (UTC) Gabriel Yuji (talk) 05:41, 2 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Manga
 * Anime
 * Anime
 * Anime
 * Anime
 * Anime
 * Anime

"lover"
in the context "Shuji’s first lover and Tetsu’s wife." under Fuyumi, lover links to the page Fordingbridge If there's no rational explanation it should be changed. Enumerate109 (talk) 11:37, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

bf'bd;fjnknbck wcibdf';owehfp duhdiiyhi uiigh edipgupd ihpeqihjdqijuh iqeghwo[ pqo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.141.24.113 (talk) 07:28, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Anime Ending
I've never seen this interpretation of the anime ending outside this article. Isn't the common interpretation that the "natural disaster" is Chise gone rampant, destroying the earth? She saves "Chise's Town" for last, because that's where Shuji is. 92.40.254.50 (talk) 22:16, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Cleaned up.
I sorted the war section, removing all the unsubstantiated opinion.

I also edited the character info, removing the spoilers. There is no need, for example, to explain how Akemi dies, to give a decent outline of her character. nagoyablue (talk) 06:04, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saikano


text:
Talk:Abram Besicovitch

Is this the same person as Emil Besicovich?

He was born on 11 January 1891 by Julian calendar. That is 23 January 1891 by Gregorian calendar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.202.129.197 (talk) 23:53, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abram Besicovitch