text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Emico

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: {insert UTC timestamp with }), its subject may request for the page to be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

'Please note that this RfC has been superseded by a Request for arbitration. Comments from other parties are welcomed.'

 * (Emico | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
This dispute is with user Emico about his ("his" assumed for conciseness) disruptive behaviour on Wikipedia: repeated reversion of accepted edits in favour of his strongly POV stance; failure to abide by Wikipedia guidelines while editing articles and contributing to associated Talk pages; personal attacks against various users; and breach of the 3 revert rule.

Description
Emico has been making extreme POV edits, apparently on religious grounds, to Iglesia ni Cristo, Bereans and related articles. He has also personally attacked anyone opposed to his edits, including the editors of Bereans. This has extended to editors such as Raygirvan who joined the discussion as a response to the request for comment.

The behaviour appears to stem from a dispute between the Philippine religious organisations The Bereans and Iglesia ni Cristo. Emico's user page indicates that he supports the latter, and this appears to bias his edits of the Bereans article. He treats any reference to the Philippine Bereans, however worded, as unacceptably favourable to them, and this bias extends to the historical Bereans (a defunct 19th century Scottish sect) where he repeatedly edits in unsubstantiated claims of a continuity with the modern USA-based Berean church.

A particular complaint is disruptive editing of the Bereans page: refusal to abide by repeated requests to Cite sources, to write with a Neutral point of view and to avoid original research. He has repeatedly reverted to early edits of the page, deleting cited sources and links, category information and other users' contributions. His edit summaries list as "vandalism" edits by those who dispute his version of the page, and he has several times asserted that critics of his claims and Wikipedia conduct are members of the Bereans that the page describes.

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 * Generally, see Talk:Bereans
 * - Initial Diff between first Bereans edit and its revert.
 * Later typical revert, removing text, categories, sources, links.
 * Personal attacks plus evidence of POV stance: Are you a member of this berean cult? If you are, can you tell me what your source is for making the claim on you website. If you're not a member, then why do you care so much. The link you had had claims that were'nt true. Why do you participate in propagating lies? Do you know what you look like if you cover up for liars?
 * Further personal attacks and rejection of advice to follow Wikipedia guidelines on citation: Very interesting. I think it would help if you admit you're a berean
 * User_talk:Emico Personal attacks and evidence of POV on religious matters: Mr Ray (Raygirvan) went from an atheiist impartial advocate of non-partisanship to a defender of bereans ... Stop living a lie DJ (DJ Clayworth). Admit you are a member of a sect based in teh philippines ...Facts. You can't defeat them. The truth is the truth is the truth. Even being ganged up by 3 losers, the truth remains. Up to this point, 3 men(?), or is it 1 person using 3 names, cannot get over the facts. That authoritative source states the trinity was decreed by the catholics, and that it is not biblical. Their post reveal what's going on in their minds.
 * POV on a cited source, and original research. Mr DJ put a link of a website whose owner is unknown. I tried to find out who the owner is but there were no replies. I simply wanted the website owner to stand behind what he puts out on the web, put his name on it and be ready to defend. I was asking too much. These liar are never going to back up their claims. The website was spewing lies and me and Mr DJ being lovers of truth finally agreed to remove it.
 * Original research again: If you want to know, on the Berean website there was profile. I personally asked member of the Iglesia ni Cristo if that particular entry was correct and was told it was not. I tried to have the Bereans correct it but unfortunately, most of the writers on that website do not sign their work. And there were no other ways to contact them but via a web-based form. I did not get a reply nor a correction to the error I pointed out.
 * Erano Manalo
 * In the history of the Bereans article, after a moratorium on edits was placed, a user with the IP 165.248.247.134 [bcweb.k12.hi.us] in Hawaii mysteriously edited the article back to the last Emico version, replete with a Emico-like comment "This version is better" which is tragically ludicrous, to say the least. I have good reason and evidence to believe that it was Emico, trying in vain to "disguise" himself and circumvent the 3RR rule.
 * After this edit was reverted, yet another anonymous IP re-inserted the same edit.
 * And it continues: persistent edits by 210.5.64.246 (a group of addresses in the Philippines) and 195.55.164.8 (an address in Spain) to revert the Bereans page to a form with irrelevant and POV background material that fails to Cite sources accurately. For instance, using present tense to refer to the historical Scottish sect described as "extinct" in the Columbia Encyclopedia . RayGirvan 00:13, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Personal attack, false accusation; Summary of dispute May 28 2005 sub-section: Too bad. It's a good fight(so to speak) and 4 against 1 is'nt so bad. One of them [ User:Lbmixpro ] reverts for another to get around the 3 revert rule. He does'nt even read what he's reverting! loser. But I do have to do some personal stuff. My comments are in User_talk:Emico. I don't want to put them here where the vandals are. Emico 18:01, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Applicable policies
{list the policies that apply to the disputed conduct}

 * WP:NPOV
 * No personal attacks
 * WP:3RR
 * Cite sources
 * No original research

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute

 * Attempt by DJ Clayworth - rejected - to advocate Neutral point of view.
 * Wikiquette alerts 24 May External view of article content solicited by alert treated as 'tag-teaming'.
 * End of page: attempt to achieve compromise by If you're genuinely prepared to cooperate on editing, I'm happy to do so likewise. This apparent truce and attempt to negotiate and re-edit, with careful explanation of the Wikipedia rationale for each edit, ended with further blanket reversion by Emico.
 * Attempt to avert edit war by citing Wikipedia guidelines: that editing is acceptable, and that sources must be cited.
 * See above links.
 * Talk:Bereans - repeated requests to Cite sources and adopt NPOV, as well as specifically NPOV.

 * Advised Emico about WP:NPA - Result in reply "Don't be a sore loser."

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * DJ Clayworth 01:45, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * RayGirvan 02:22, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 22:11, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * Onlytofind 04:31, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

{Add summary here, but you must use the endorsement section below to sign. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.} Users lbmixpro and onlytofind colluded to get around wikipedia rules. Emico 15:37, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

When asked why he reverted my edits, he replied "I don't know what you are talking about. Nor do I care. I made the revert so that Onlytofind won't get the Bereans article locked". His excuse was that he did'nt really made the effort to understand what he was reverting, nor if it was prudent to revert without first investigating. Basically, his defense was ignorance. Bottom line, he took one side against another, and reverted for another user to get around the wilipedia 3 revert rule. Emico 15:44, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Another display of lbmixpro's bias are his complaints against my "attitude". I'd like to see him call out onlytofind's insults. don't be a johnny come lately again.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Emico 15:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

{Add summary here, but you must use the endorsement section below to sign. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.}

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Hello, I have been a frequent editor and contributor to the Iglesia ni Cristo, Erano Manalo and Felix Manalo articles. Reading the description on Emico's userpage shows his bias and desire for preferential treatment towards the Iglesia ni Cristo and personnel inside the Iglesia ni Cristo. The Bereans (based in the Philippines) and the church of Ang Dating Daan are two organizations who oppose the teachings of the Iglesia ni Cristo, and Emico has shown extreme bias against those organizations, placing personal comments and opinions inside of the articles relating to those groups. I am a former member of the Iglesia ni Cristo, and have added positive and negative information, to the best of my knowledge in the article, and Emico has consistently accused me of being affiliated with the latter two organizations although I am not. I have spoken to him on numerous occasions about this, and it seems that he will not relent in his behavior. I concur with Raygirvan that this kind of behavior is detrimental to the Wikipedia, and I implore the sysops to do something about Emico. Thank you.--Onlytofind 04:24, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello, I have not done these statements that Onlytofind is accusing me of. If he has mistaken me for somebody else, I do believe I deserve an apology. Ealva 07:53, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Quite. This needs clarifying. Onlytofind, what is Ealva to do with this? The complaint is specifically about Emico RayGirvan 09:58, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I sincerely apologize for dragging Ealva into this discussion. He has not done anything which I have unwittingly accused him of in the paragraph and the reason his name appears above is because I was tired on the night when I wrote this, and I confused the names since both were so close. I have corrected my paragraph and affirm that Emico has committed the accusations above and user Ealva has nothing to do with this dispute. Sincerely, --Onlytofind 19:12, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Apology accepted. Excuse was lame though. :-) Ealva 02:41, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I could have came up with a better excuse, but I decided the truth, as pathetic as it might sound was better :^P--Onlytofind 03:08, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

While I certify the basis for this dispute, I do not believe that User:Emico yet deserves serious action. A short block in response to any further violations of 3RR might be applicable. DJ Clayworth 01:53, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I disagree. I think that behaviour like this poisons the functioning of Wikipedia. As well as failing to abide by simple conventions such as citing sources, this user is so deeply biased - if you disagree, you're instantly accused of being a member of the organisation that's his idee fixe - that it's hard to see how any compromise could be reached. RayGirvan 03:56, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I've changed my mind. Emico is clearly not listening to reason. He deserves exclusion until he learns to handle cases where his personal viewpoint does not match up with the consensus. DJ Clayworth 13:37, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

After reading this page, he has come back with renewed vigor in insulting others and pushing his ignorance upon the Wikipedia. I would like to see him expelled from Wikipedia, and the Bereans, Felix Manalo and Erano Manalo articles locked.--Onlytofind 21:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Emico's attitude and personal attacks have brought me to the conclusion of agreeing with the above in referring Emico to the Arbitration Committee, for further action. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 05:24, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

It seems that Emico has gotten wise to us, and thinks that by not logging in, he can fool everyone into thinking that it's not him who's doing this. I propose a lock on the Bereans, Felix Manalo and Erano Manalo articles once we can get consensus on the latter two. (moved to discussion sub-section area by LBMixPro(Speak on it!))

Search for "agustinongpinoy" or "agustinong pinoy" in Google and you'll find out Emico does it everywhere, not just here. He even has faked using someone else's identity. (Contribution posted by Onlytofind - it's best if we only list things happening in Wikipedia.)

Lbmixpro's response to Emico's "cross-examination"
Accoring Emico's responce, he states I reverted the page per request of Onlytofind. He hasn't posted my complete statement:

"I don't know what you are talking about. Nor do I care. I made the revert so that Onlytofind won't get the Bereans article locked. Just like User:DJ_Clayworth told you, Wikipedia has a three revert rule, which can cause either you to be temporarily banned from Wikipedia, or the article you're reverting to be locked. It's what Wikipedia does, and whether or not is fair doesn't matter. Also, I reverted it because the original edit contained more repuatble sources than yours. Removing large parts of the article without good reason and consensus is not what you do here."

Along with that statement, my replies at the 17:56, May 31, 2005 verion of talk:bereans gives the full reason for my involvement in the Bereans article.

The diff between the revert in question explains itself. He ommited critical elements of the article's structure -- such as category listings, and references --, which was my primary reason for reversion. Although I didn't completely read his revision, that diff alone was grounds of reversion. Onlytofind had no knowlege of my reversion prior to it.

FYI: Assuming Emico was correct in his claims, WP:3RR states: ''3RR specifically does not apply to groups. If the edit really needs reverting, somebody else will probably do it—and that will serve the vital purpose of showing that the community at large is in agreement over which of two competing versions is correct.'' Therefore my reversion would be still valid based on that guideline. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 20:13, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

Emico's response
I'm sorry, I missed the part where you rule over everyone else. of course we all agree you have authority on this article, and so what you decreed is final and binding. Although, if I may say so, mediating and investigation before butting in would have been better for resolving things. But that's just me.

 * Allow me to remind you about article authority; Believe it or not, I don't have authority over the articles. Sysops and the Arbitration Committee have that. I believe in consensus, And I'm usually the one at the INC article which puts that into excersise. Everybody has the ablility to create a survey, as I done in the INC links situation. It's part of the Dispute resolution process, just as much as this page is. Nothing here is final and binding, as this is a "Request for Comment" page. It's only here to get more outside help to resolve this dispute, and to make sure the arguments stay in one place. Each person who certified this page has their own reasons of why it's up here, we only agree on one thing; we believe your conduct on Wikipedia is determental to the progress and enjoyment of the site. Some reasons are the same as other wikipedians. If we can't seem to resolve the problem that this point, we'll take it up to a higher level in the dispute process. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 02:39, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

How do you know the source are refutable if you did'nt read them.
 * If I remember correctly, there was a book and a Bereans website, which appeared official. Why was the book omitted? --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 10:06, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Nice ending, but self serving, as usual. Emico 20:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Another display of lbmixpro's bias are his complaints against my "attitude". I'd like to see him call out onlytofind's insults. don't be a johnny come lately again. Emico 15:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * My attitude and opinions of Emico's conduct do not have any affect on how I edit articles. In contrast to his claim, I have agreed to some of his suggestions throughout the duration of this dispute. My conduct here does not excuse his, just as much as his conduct doesn't excuse mine. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 20:13, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * well said. I hope I don't stumble upon something you wrote on wikipedia that'll make you a liar. Emico 20:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Just as much as I hope not to find another personal attack from you. Note to Onlytofind: Please don't try to add more fuel to the fire, I'm trying to resolve the NPA issue here, you know you don't like to be dissed, so don't diss Emico, no matter how much Wikistress his posts may cause you. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 01:46, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would have wrote "I hope I don't stumble upon something you wrote on wikipedia that would contradict what you posted", and wouldn't have sounded like a personal attack. But that's me. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!)

 * There you go again. You like to criticize others, let's not forget that you're the one who started the whole insult and baiting game, with myself, RayGirvan, DJClayworth, and even LBMixPro, who was and still is trying to help you become a useful contributor even though you broke so many rules. Yet, that didn't excuse me for starting a flame war with you, when I should have just reported you to the sysops in the first place. I will now leave this up to the arbitrators.--Onlytofind 20:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Stop making promises you can't keep, gollum. Emico 20:44, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Will we please stop the personal attacks? It gets this nowhere! --Lbmixpro
 * God bless you, my friend.--Onlytofind 02:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Current situation: the Bereans article seems to have settled to a steady and NPOV state. However, given that the personal abuse is still going on, both in discussions here and on the Talk page, I'm not confident that Emico won't start reverting it again the moment the spotlight is off. It shouldn't be forgotten that this problem extends across several other articles (for instance, see here) where he is continuing to try to bring a specific religious POV: slanting articles in favour of the Iglesia ni Cristo church. This has seen a lot of wasted verbiage for a small article, but the issue is about flouting a central Wikipedia convention. RayGirvan 11:00, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You say I'm 'slanting in favor of the INC'? Why do you question my intentions, and not those of the others including yourself? Is'nt this a proof of a biased POV? Why do you join in pressing me for sources, but not the others? You actions show your bias. Emico 15:30, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

WP:NPA Issue Resolved
Based on recent developments, I have now reached a resolution in the NPA issue as far as I'm concerned. This is what's written in the 21:30, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC) version of User Talk:Emico ''From now on, I'll assume good faith about your posts. But you should note that all articles are subject to WP's guideines and policies. As far as I'm concerned, my primary reason for disupte is now resolved, since I expect no more trash talk (at least toward me). But that doesn't prevent anybody from taking further action against you for any other reason. Remember each action made is part of the Resolution process, just as I said that the RfC. Arbitration is only another form of trying to get our issues settled. -- Just look at the WP entry for the term "Arbitration". The Arbitration committee may react in your favor, if your future edits to WP are in the best interests of WP. Also there are other Wikipedia-like sites which you may find more productive and enjoyable. Wikipedia isn't the only "free encyclopedia". --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 21:30, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)''

 * Cautiously, agreed: as long as Emico also agrees to abide by the Wikipedia guidelines we cited. And of course all this is on record if it starts up again the moment the RfC process is over. A useful point of reference is the Neutral_point_of_view, third paragraph, which suggests a mutually agreeable format for description of religious views. RayGirvan 23:01, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I will use good faith regarding Emico's contributions to the Wikipedia in the future, as he has expressed his desire for fairness and neutrality as well as a moratorium on personal attacks, which I hope will translate into productive contributions and constructive discussion. Let's give him the benefit of the doubt, but make sure that history does not repeat itself once again. --Onlytofind 03:23, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration has begun
Emico has broken the uneasy peace that we have had, and is trying to bait me by bolding a previous insult I made to him on the Erano Manalo talk page, even though I declared a moratorium on insults a few days back; and he insists on bringing up something I did a month ago, even though he has frequently made personal attacks on us since then. I told him to get his behavior in check or I would report him to arbitration, and he baited me once again and accused me of "threatening him." I understand the Wikistress this is causing each of us, but I can't rest until this ordeal is finally over.--Onlytofind 03:09, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please note that the reason I 'bolded' the comment was to highlight Onlytofinds ungentlemanly conduct which incites flame wars on the discussion page. In the above mentioned talk page, when asked to cite sources for the article, after a few exchanges, this is what Onlytofind posted - '''In short, you're some deranged INC fanboy who's depressed because he's unable to cover his bias with a cloak of legitimacy. Have a nice day. --Onlytofind 22:55, 4 May 2005 (UTC)'''. This 'bolding' was made after another round of threats. I intentionally ignore his namecalling and rude post because I was sure he was baiting me. This will be my last post concerning this matter. I do not intend to spend anymore time arguing with Onlytofind. --Emico 04:28, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please also check the Iglesia ni Cristo talk page where one contributor noted Onlytofind 'strongly implied' I was illiterate. Note also I did not respond to this personal attack and flame bait. --Emico 04:40, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Emico


text:
Bernard Gallacher

Bernard Gallacher, OBE (born 9 February 1949) is a Scottish professional golfer.

Early life and amateur career
Gallacher was born in Bathgate in West Lothian, Scotland. He took up golf at the age of eleven. In 1965 he won the Lothians Golf Association Boys Championship. He won the 1967 Scottish Amateur Open Stroke Play Championship and turned professional the same year.

Professional career
He won the Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year award in 1968. His first professional wins came in 1969; a pair of them in Zambia and another pair in Europe in the equivalent of European Tour events. (The European Tour wasn't established until 1972.) He finished 1969 as Order of merit winner earning the Harry Vardon Trophy.

He accumulated ten wins on the European Tour between 1974 and 1984 and finished in the top ten on the European Tour Order of Merit five times between 1972 and 1982, with a best placing of third in 1974.

In 1969, at the age of 20, Gallacher became the youngest man to represent Great Britain in the Ryder Cup up to that time. This record was subsequently beaten by Nick Faldo and others. He went on to play in the Ryder Cup eight times and was non-playing captain of the European Team in 1991, 1993 and 1995. All three of those matches were very close; Europe lost the first two but won the third.

After turning 50, Gallacher played on the European Seniors Tour. His first senior win came at The Mobile Cup in 2002.

Gallacher was the professional at the Wentworth Club near London for 25 years until the end of 1996. He wrote a column for Scottish golf magazine bunkered from 1998 until 2008.

Personal life
Gallacher's daughter Kirsty was a presenter on Sky Sports News for 20 years. Another daughter, blogger and former restaurateur Laura Gallacher, is married to Russell Brand.

In August 2014, Gallacher was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.

Amateur wins

 * 1967 Scottish Amateur Open Stroke Play Championship, Tennant Cup

Source:

European Tour wins (10)
European Tour playoff record (2–2)

Other wins (12)

 * 1969 (4) Eagle Open, Cock o' the North, Schweppes PGA Championship, W.D. & H.O. Wills Tournament
 * 1970 (1) Mufulira Open
 * 1971 (1) Martini International
 * 1973 (2) Coca-Cola Young Professionals' Championship, Scottish Professional Championship
 * 1974 (1) Scottish Professional Championship
 * 1977 (1) Scottish Professional Championship
 * 1981 (1) Sanyo Open
 * 1983 (1) Scottish Professional Championship

Results in major championships
{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1969 Open Championship) "T" = tied Note: Gallacher never played in the U.S. Open or the PGA Championship.

Team appearances

 * Ryder Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland/Europe): 1969 (tie), 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1991 (non-playing captain), 1993 (non-playing captain), 1995 (winners, non-playing captain)
 * World Cup (representing Scotland): 1969, 1971, 1974, 1982, 1983
 * Double Diamond International: 1971, 1972, 1973 (winners), 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977
 * Marlboro Nations' Cup/Philip Morris International (representing Scotland): 1973 (winners), 1976
 * Sotogrande Match/Hennessy Cognac Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1974 (winners), 1978 (winners), 1982 (winners), (representing Scotland) 1984 (captain)
 * Datsun International (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1976

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bernard Gallacher


text:
Jeseník

Jeseník (until 1947 Frývaldov ; Freiwaldau, Frywałdów) is a spa town in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 11,000 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The villages of Bukovice and Dětřichov are administrative parts of Jeseník.

Etymology
The original name of Jeseník was Freiwaldau/Frývaldov, deriving from German frei vom Walde, meaning "free from the woods". The name first appeared in Latin documents under the name Vriwald and later as Vrowald, Vrienwalde and Freynwalde. The Czech name of Frývaldov was a phonetic transcription of the German name.

After World War II, the town was renamed along with many other towns containing German elements in their names. It is named after the surrounding mountains, which are called Hrubý Jeseník or Jeseníky.

Geography
Jeseník is located about 70 km north of Olomouc, in the historical land of Czech Silesia. It lies at the confluence of the Bělá River, a tributary of the Eastern Neisse, with the Staříč Stream. The valley of these watercourses belongs to the Zlatohorská Highlands. The southern part of the municipal territory is situated in the Hrubý Jeseník mountain range. The northern part extends to the Golden Mountains. The highest point of the municipal territory is the Velké Bradlo mountain at 1050 m above sea level.

13th century
The first written mention of Jeseník is from 1267. It was probably founded during the colonization of the territory by the Bishops of Wrocław, who acquired the area in 1199. It became a town between 1284 and 1295, thanks to the development caused by its strategic location on a trade route from Moravia to Silesia and on the confluence of two rivers, and thanks to the iron ore deposits in the surroundings. In 1284 at the latest, a castle had to stand here.

14th–16th centuries
In the 14th century Freiwaldau developed as a centre of iron one processing. The first mention of the iron ore processing is from 1326, when thirteen hammer mills were already operating here. However, mining ended already at the end of the 14th century. In the second half of the 15th century, gold and silver were mined here.

From 1378 to 1463, the town was owned by the Mušín family. In the following decades it often changed owners. In 1506, the flourishing town was purchased by the Swabian Fugger dynasty who resumed mining activity. In the same year, the town obtained the Bergregal privileges. The iron ore deposits were soon exhausted or have become unprofitable, and the Fuggers sold the town back to the Wrocław bishops in 1547. The town developed crafts and gained many guild privileges at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. Linen weaving became the most important source of income.

17th–19th centuries
Jeseník was damaged several times during the Thirty Years' War. Between the years 1622 and 1684, the town was in the centre of the infamous Northern Moravia witch trials. A large fire severely damaged the town in 1696. Despite the difficulties, economic prosperity continued until 1742, when Jeseník became part of Austrian Silesia after the First Silesian War. Due to the loss of Silesian markets as the main customer of production, linen got into a crisis and the town lost its mining privileges.

New economic development occurred in the 19th century, when industrialization began and new factories and enterprises were established. Significant and world-famous was the Regenhart u. Rayman textile factory, established in 1822. The opening of the railway in 1888 also helped the development of the town. In 1808, the Grabenberg hamlet (later known as Gräfenberg/Gräfenberk, today Lázně Jeseník) was founded, and the spa was established here in the 1820s. Gräfenberg was incorporated into the town in 1868.

20th century
Jeseník remained with the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy until World War I and the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918. According to the Austrian administration census of 1910 the town had 6,859 inhabitants, with 6,588 (99.5%) were speaking German, 16 Czech and 13 Polish. Jews were not allowed to declare Yiddish, most of them thus declared German. Most populous religious groups were Roman Catholics with 6,552 (95.5%), followed by Protestants with 208 (3%) and the Jews with 83 (1.2%).

In 1938, Jeseník was ceded to Nazi Germany as a result of the Munich Agreement. It was administered as a part of Reichsgau Sudetenland. During World War II, the German occupiers operated several forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town. The town was restored to Czechoslovakia after the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II in 1945. The German population was expelled according to the Potsdam Agreement and Beneš Decrees in 1945.

In 1950, Bukovice and Dětřichov were joined to Jeseník. In 1997, Jeseník was damaged by the Central European flood.

Economy
The town is well known for the Priessnitz Medical Spa. Vincenz Priessnitz founded here the world's first hydrotherapy institute in 1822. Today the spa forms large spa resort on the northern outskirts of the town. The spa is visited by people from all over Europe.

Transport
Jeseník is located on the railway lines Šumperk–Jeseník and Krnov–Jeseník.

Sights
Jeseník is poor in historical monuments. The oldest and most important monument in the town is the Jeseník Water Fortress. This Gothic castle from the 13th century was first documented in 1374. Since 1989, it has been owned by the state and houses the regional museum with permanent exhibitions on regional history, Northern Moravia witch trials, and geomorphology.

The town hall dates from 1710. It has Renaissance core from the previous building from 1610, which was destroyed by fire in 1625.

There are several monuments in the town associated with the most important native, Vincenz Priessnitz. The tomb of Vincenz Priessnitz was built in 1853 and is today a protected heritage site. In 1909, the Monument to Vincenz Priessnitz was unveiled. It is 10 to 6 m large and the statue of a healer measures 2.85 m. Today, his birth house is a museum of his life and work, administered by the regional museum.

The Polish Monument is a valuable sculpture from the 1890s documenting the importance of the local spa. At its top is a bronze crowned eagle with outstretched wings on a sphere. During the renovation in 2005, notes were discovered in its foundation, which contained a protest against the Partitions of Poland.

Notable people

 * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799), Austrian composer and violinist; worked here as bishop's governor in 1773–1794
 * Vincenz Priessnitz (1799–1851), founder of hydrotherapy
 * Oscar Paul (1836–1898), German musicologist
 * Edmund Weiss (1837–1917), Austrian astronomer
 * Károly Khuen-Héderváry (1849–1918), Hungarian politician
 * Walter Reder (1915–1991), Austrian SS commander and war criminal
 * Diether Kunerth (born 1940), German contemporary artist
 * Luboš Pospíšil (born 1950), singer-songwriter
 * Jiří Švub (1958–2013), cross-country skier
 * Jirko Malchárek (born 1966), Slovak politician and racing driver
 * Anastasia Pustovoitova (born 1981), Russian football referee
 * Loukas Mavrokefalidis (born 1984), Greek basketball player
 * Petr Ševčík (born 1994), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Jeseník is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇰 Bojnice, Slovakia
 * 🇵🇱 Głuchołazy, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Neuburg an der Donau, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Nysa, Poland

Jeseník also cooperates with Prague 1 in the Czech Republic.

title: Jeseník


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Paul Gérin-Lajoie

Paul Gérin-Lajoie, (February 23, 1920 – June 25, 2018) was a Canadian lawyer, philanthropist, and a former member of the National Assembly of Quebec and Cabinet Minister.

Early life
Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Henri Gérin-Lajoie and Pauline Dorion, he studied at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, where he was editor of the school paper, the Université de Montréal, and Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, where he received a Doctor of Laws degree. He was admitted to the Bar of Quebec in 1943.

Career
He ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in the riding of Vaudreuil-Soulanges in the 1956 general election and in a 1957 by-election. In 1958, he came in second at the Quebec Liberal Party leadership convention.

He was elected in Vaudreuil-Soulanges in the 1960 election and was re-elected in 1962 and 1966. From 1960 to 1964 he was the Minister of Youth in the cabinet of Jean Lesage (eventually serving as vice-premier) and in 1964 became the first person since 1875 to be appointed Minister of Education, serving in that position until 1966. As Minister of Education he was the driving force behind major changes made to Quebec's education system. He did not run for re-election in 1970.

Gérin-Lajoie was president of the Canadian International Development Agency from 1970 to 1977.

He founded the Paul Gérin-Lajoie Foundation, in 1977, an organization that has contributed to the basic education of children in the poorest countries in addition to raising awareness of these countries among primary school children in Canada.

Honours
In 1966, he received an honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University. In 1979, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada "in recognition of his distinguished services to his country, chiefly as president of the Canadian International Development Agency from 1970 to 1977, and as deputy premier and minister of education of the Government of Québec from 1960 to 1966". In 1987, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec and was promoted to Grand Officer in 1998. In 2002, he was made a Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honour by the Government of France. There’s a high school, named in his honour, called École Secondaire Paul-Gérin-Lajoie-d’Outremont; located in the borough of Outremont, Montreal.

title: Paul Gérin-Lajoie


text:
Achillbeg

Acaill Bheag (Achillbeg) is a small island in County Mayo, Ireland, just off the southern tip of Achill Island.

Etymology
Its name means Little Achill.

History
Acaill Bheag was evacuated in 1965 after being inhabited for over 3000 years and the inhabitants were settled on the main (Achill) island and nearby mainland. The main settlement was in the centre of the island, bounded by two hills to the north and south. There are a small number of holiday homes on the island, but they are usually empty for most of the year. Access to the island is from Cé Mhór, in the village of An Chloich Mhór (Cloghmore), by local arrangement. A lighthouse on Acaill Bheag's southern tip was completed in 1965.

A comprehensive book about the life and times of the island and the people and way of life there, "Achillbeg - The Life of an Island", by Jonathan Beaumont was published in 2005.

The Irish artist Pete Hogan wrote a book about his time spent living on the island in 1983, The Artist on the Island: An Achill Journal which was published in 2013.

Demographics
The table below reports data on Achillbeg's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (1999) and the Census of Ireland.

title: Achillbeg


text: Category:Student television stations

title: Category:Student television stations


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Mursi people

The Mursi (or Mun as they refer to themselves) are a Surmic ethnic group in Ethiopia. They principally reside in the Debub Omo Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, close to the border with South Sudan. According to the 2007 national census, there are 11,500 Mursi, 848 of whom live in urban areas; of the total number, 92.25% live in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR).

Surrounded by mountains between the Omo River and its tributary the Mago, the home of the Mursi is one of the most isolated regions of the country. Their neighbors include the Aari, the Banna, the Mekan, the Karo, the Kwegu, the Nyangatom and the Suri. They are grouped together with the Me'en and Kwegu by the Ethiopian government under the name Surma.

Language
The Mursi speak the Mursi language as a mother tongue. It is a part of the Surmic language family. Mursi is closely related (over 80% cognate) to Me'en, Suri, Kwegu, and tribes in South Sudan such as Murle, Didinga, Tennet and Boya. According to the 1994 national census, there were 3,163 people who were identified as Mursi in the SNNPR; 3,158 spoke Mursi as their first language, while 31 spoke it as their second language. According to the analytical volume of the 1994 national census, where Mursi was grouped under Me'en, 89.7% were monolingual, and the second languages spoken were Bench (4.2%), Amharic, which serves as one of the six official languages of Ethiopia. (3.5%), and Kafa (1.1%).

Two orthographies for the Mursi language exist. One is the Amharic-based, although the Mursi language is one of the Surmic languages with incompatible vowel structures and stressed and unstressed consonants compared to Amharic. The second is the more suitable Latin-based alphabet. The Latin-based orthography was developed by David Turton and Moges Yigezu of Addis Ababa University.

Religion and culture
Like many agro-pastoralists in East Africa, the Mursi believe that they experience a force greater than themselves, which they call Tumwi. This is usually located in the Sky, although sometimes Tumwi manifests itself as a thing of the sky (ahi a tumwin), such as a rainbow or a bird. The principal religious and ritual office in the society is that of the Kômoru, the Priest or Shaman. This is an inherited office, unlike the more informal political role of the Jalaba. The Kômoru embodies in his person the well-being of the group as a whole and acts as a means of communication between the community and the god (Tumwi), especially when it is threatened by such events as drought, crop pests and disease. His role is characterized by the performance of public rituals to bring rain, to protect men, cattle and crops from disease, and to ward off threatened attacks from other tribes. Ideally, in order to preserve this link between the people and the Tumwi, the Kômoru should not leave Mursiland or even his local group (bhuran). One clan in particular, Komortê, is considered to be, par excellence, the priestly clan, but there are priestly families in two other clans, namely Garikuli and Bumai.

The religion of the Mursi people is classified as animism, although some Mursi have adopted Christianity. There is a Serving in Mission Station in the northeastern corner of Mursiland, which provides education, basic medical care and instruction in Christianity.

Life cycles
The Mursi undergo various rites of passage, educational or disciplinary processes. Lip plates are a well known aspect of the Mursi and Surma, who are probably the last groups in Africa amongst whom it is still the norm for women to wear large pottery, wooden discs, or 'plates', in their lower lips. Girls' lips are pierced at the age of 15 or 16. Occasionally lip plates are worn to a dance by unmarried women, and increasingly they are worn to attract tourists in order to earn some extra money. Lip plates are known as dhebi a tugoin. Ceremonial duelling (thagine), a form of ritualised male violence, is a highly valued and popular activity of Mursi men, especially unmarried men, and a key marker of Mursi identity. Age sets are an important political feature, where men are formed into named "age sets" and pass through a number of "age grades" during the course of their lives; married women have the same age grade status as their husbands.

Omo National Park
The African Parks Foundation and government park officials are accused of coercing Mursi into giving up their land within the boundaries of the Omo National Park without compensation. The documents are being used to legalize the boundaries of the park, which African Parks has taken over.

A group called "Native Solutions to Conservation Refugees" says that the documents will make the Mursi 'illegal squatters' on their own land and that a similar fate is befalling the Suri, Dizi, Me'en, and Nyangatom, who also live within the park. After the African Parks Foundation took over Omo National Park, the Mursi feared that they would eventually be evicted from their land like the Guji-Oromo in Nechasar National Park. Due to mounting pressures from human rights activists, African Parks Foundation announced its plans to leave Omo National Park in 2007. The Mursi have declared their territory a community conservation area as of July 2008 and have begun a community tourism project.

Gibe III Dam
The Gibe III hydroelectric dam, in the middle Basin of the Omo and completed in October 2015, will greatly modify the flood regime upon which thousands of people in the lower basin depend for their livelihoods. By regulating the river flows, and 'uplifting' the low flows during the dry season, it will also make possible the development of large-scale commercial irrigation schemes, although the latest report commissioned suggests that there is not enough water in the Omo River to irrigate the proposed area of plantations. The most ambitious of these is already being implemented by the state-run Ethiopian Sugar Corporation on land either taken from the Omo National Park or currently occupied by the Bodi, Mursi, Nyangatom and Kara. If current plans are realised the lower Omo will become by far the largest irrigation complex in Ethiopia, at least doubling the total irrigated area in the country.

title: Mursi people


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Amorio

Amorio or Amori may refer to:

 * Amorio, Evros, a town in the Evros regional unit, Greece
 * Amorium, an ancient city in Phrygia, near modern Emirdağ, Turkey
 * Amori (film), a 2019 Indian Konkani-language film
 * Amori Station, a railway station in Nagano, Japan

title: Amorio


text: User talk:70.18.50.174

title: User talk:70.18.50.174


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sister project

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:08, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sister project
Delete as self-reference in article space. Thue | talk 22:18, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Duplicates Sister projects badly (claiming to be a disambiguation when it isn't), and for no good reason. Delete. Uncle G 00:20, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Sister projects. --EvilZak 01:42, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * ' I don't think we redirect from article space into the wikipedia namespace. Thue | talk 08:25, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no need to redirect. UkPaolo 16:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: less than helpful, in the wrong place. --Phil | Talk 15:10, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Kawanishi Baika

The Kawanishi Baika (梅花) was a pulsejet-powered kamikaze ("divine wind") aircraft under development for the Imperial Japanese Navy towards the end of World War II. The war ended before any were built.

History
Nazi Germany supplied the Japanese with a great deal of technical data, including details of the Argus As 014 pulse jet engine. It remains debatable whether that technical data included examples of the V1, let alone the piloted Fieseler Fi 103R (Reichenberg). It is noted that wartime U.S. intelligence reports stated that the Japanese knew of the V-1 by October 1943, and one report stated that Japan received one example in November 1944. The reports also suggested that the Japanese were very interested in the V-1 air-launching techniques as used by the Germans.

One U.S. Army Air Force document from 1946 shows the Baika as being a copy of the Reichenberg. The cargo manifest of the Japanese submarine I-29 lists a single V-1 fuselage as being included in a shipment of equipment. Some contemporary Japanese historians debate on what, if any, V-1 and Fi 103R data the Japanese actually received and whether the Baika may simply have been an independent design. The only tangible outcome of the Axis cooperation, however, was the construction of prototypes of the Maru Ka10 pulse-jet engine which was to power the Baika.

Variants

 * Type I:Pulsejet intake located above and behind the cockpit, droppable landing gear. Intended for conventional take off on own power (possibly with the help of droppable rocket boosters).
 * Type II:Similar to Type I, but with pulsejet moved forwards, no landing gear. Intended for submarine launch.
 * Type III:Pulsejet mounted ventrally, no landing gear. Presumably, this version was intended to be air-launched by medium bombers such as the Mitsubishi G4M, Nakajima G8N or Yokosuka P1Y.

The currently accepted illustrations of the Baika come from the 1953 published book Koku Gijutsu No Zenbo in which Technical Commander Iwaya (the man who brought the Me 163 and BMW 003 info to Japan) provided drawings of all three versions of the Baika with all versions shown with tricycle landing gear in place.

title: Kawanishi Baika


text:
Amorio, Evros

Amorio (Αμόριο, ) is a village in the municipal unit of Orfeas, northeastern Evros, Greece. It is situated at 2 km from the right bank of the river Evros, that forms the border with Turkey here. Amorio is 6 km northeast of Lavara, 7 km southwest of Didymoteicho and 21 km west of Uzunköprü (Turkey). The Greek National Road 51/E85 (Alexandroupoli - Orestiada - Svilengrad) and the railway from Alexandroupoli to Didymoteicho pass through the village.

History
After the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913, the area of Western Thrace became part of Bulgaria. As a result of the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly, it became a part of Greece. Amorio suffered damage from floods in 2005.

title: Amorio, Evros


text:
Bartow High School

Bartow Senior High School is the only high school in Bartow, Florida. It resulted from a merger of the whites-only Summerlin Institute and Union Academy, a school for African Americans, after desegregation.

History
Summerlin Institute was founded in 1887 as the first public high school in Bartow, Florida. It was named after Jacob Summerlin who donated large amounts of land to the cities of Bartow and Orlando. This school was the first brick school in the United States located south of Jacksonville, Florida. It was also the only public military school in Florida.

Union Academy dates to 1897 when it opened as an elementary school for African Americans. In 1923, a secondary school curriculum was added and Union Academy became a high school for African-Americans.

Summerlin Institute was relocated to the corner of Broadway Avenue and Tharp Street, the current location of Bartow High School, in 1927.

In 1968 Polk County, Florida schools were integrated and all high school students living in Bartow and surrounding areas were, for the first time, going to the same school. The name of Summerlin Institute was changed to Bartow Senior High School, and Union Academy became an integrated middle school. The name change was (and still is) controversial because Summerlin Institute was considered one of the more prestigious public schools in the Southern United States, but because the school was named after Jacob Summerlin, who was a slaveholder, many felt the name change was appropriate. Many (but not all) Bartowans consider the history, traditions, alumni, of Bartow High School to include the pre-1970 histories of Summerlin Institutes and Union Academy as well as the history of Bartow High School (1970–present), thus making the 1970 integration a "merger" of two schools. Others consider Summerlin Institute/Bartow High School one school, and Union Academy a now defunct high school, but current middle school.

In 1996, Bartow High School earned approval from the IBO to offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma program. The students pursuing this program are placed in the International Baccalaureate School, a school-within-a-school on the Bartow High campus. While IB students attend many IB specific classes they take regular Bartow High School electives and participate in the Bartow High School athletic program. Beginning with the Class of 2010, it was only composed of students from western Polk County, due to the opening of a second IB school at Haines City High School for students from eastern Polk County. There is no longer a principal for IB Bartow but the current head of schools is Mandy Craven.

In 2006, the Summerlin Academy was established as a military school originally located under the same roof as Bartow High School and International Baccalaureate School. In 2008, Summerlin moved to its own facility in Bartow.

In September 2021, a 15-year-old student was arrested after participating in the devious lick trend for damaging and stealing soap dispenses at Bartow.

Athletics
The school's nickname is the Yellow Jackets, although the school colors and uniforms are blue and orange (a result of the merge between Summerlin Institute and Union Academy; Summerlin's colors were orange and white and Union's colors were blue and white).

Over the last forty years, the school has won team and individual state championships in football, boys basketball, swimming, boys weightlifting and girls softball.

The girls' softball team is the only school to have appeared in a FHSAA state championship game for 10 consecutive years (1997–2006), winning 7 of those matches. Two Bartow pitchers became the first and second players in FHSAA softball history to pitch in four state championship games. Melissa Parsons pitched from 1997 to 2000, winning the '97 and '00 titles. Lindsay Littlejohn won four state title games from 2002 to 2005. Bartow also became the first team to win five consecutive state softball championships (2002–2006). In 2003, the program earned a No. 1 national ranking by the USA Today Coaches' Poll.

Bartow High School

 * Tony Bradley (born 1998), basketball player (Utah Jazz)
 * Walter Clayton Jr., basketball player for the Florida Gators
 * Bob Crawford, former legislator in the Florida Senate
 * John Laurent, state senator
 * Marcus Floyd (born 1978), Pastor, former NFL player for New York Jets, Buffalo Bills and Carolina Panthers #24 Jersey Retired on October 4, 2013
 * Odell Haggins - Longtime FSU assistant football coach, interim head coach, 2017.
 * Katherine Harris (born 1957), former Florida Secretary of State and former member of the United States House of Representatives
 * Jack Latvala, former Member of Florida Senate
 * Jason Odom (born 1974), former professional football player
 * Adam Putnam (born 1974), Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and former member of the United States House of Representatives
 * Heidi Heibert (born 2006) Florida State Commissioner of Opposition/Board of Directors of Opportunists

Summerlin Institute

 * Charles O. Andrews - U.S. Senator from 1938 to 1946
 * Frank Clark - former Bartow City attorney, U.S. Representative for the 2nd District 1905-1925
 * J. Adrian Jackson- Rear Admiral U.S. Navy.
 * James Van Fleet (1892–1992), head of U.S. forces in the Korean War
 * Spessard Holland (1892-1971), 28th Florida governor and U.S. Senator; founding partner of law firm Holland & Knight

Union Academy

 * Jim Battle, American football player for the Minnesota Vikings and Arizona Cardinals of the NFL
 * Major Hazelton, American NFL football player
 * Nat James, American NFL football player
 * Alton Lavan, American football player
 * Ken Riley, American football Pro Football Hall of Fame cornerback for the Cincinnati Bengals.
 * Sam Silas, American football player for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers.
 * Jerry Simmons, American football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Chicago Bears, and several other NFL teams.

title: Bartow High School


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RBD

RBD is a Mexican Latin pop group that gained popularity from Televisa's telenovela Rebelde (2004–2006). It was composed of Anahí, Dulce María, Maite Perroni, Alfonso Herrera, Christopher von Uckermann and Christian Chávez. The group achieved international success from 2004 until their separation in 2009 and sold over 15 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all time.

In November 2004, the group released their debut studio album, Rebelde, to great success. In September 2005, the group released their second album, Nuestro Amor, receiving their first Latin Grammy Award nomination at the 2006 ceremony. In 2006, the group released their third album, Celestial; this was their first album to be released simultaneously in all countries. The album's lead single, "Ser o Parecer", topped the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for two consecutive weeks. In the same year, the group released their fourth album, and first English-language project titled Rebels. In 2007, the group released their fifth album Empezar Desde Cero, which was nominated at the Latin Grammy Awards. In 2009, the group released their sixth and final album, Para Olvidarte De Mí.

RBD officially formed on 30 October 2004, and announced on 15 August, 2008, through a press release, that they would disband on 10 March 2009. In September 2020, the band announced they would reunite through a virtual show in December, and their music was released on digital platforms the same month. Four of the original members returned: Maite Perroni, Anahí, Christopher von Uckermann and Christian Chávez. Almost three years later, on 19 January 2023, they announced that all members would return for a one-off tour, titled Soy Rebelde Tour, with the exception of Alfonso Herrera.

2004–2005: Rebelde and Nuestro Amor
RBD (abbreviation for "ReBelDe" • English: Rebel) was formed on October 30, 2004, which followed the premiere of the Mexican soap opera Rebelde (produced by Pedro Damian and adapted from the original Argentinian creation of Chris Morena's Rebelde Way). The members were Anahí, Alfonso Herrera, Dulce María, Christopher von Uckermann, Maite Perroni and Christian Chávez. The band released their debut single, "Rebelde", exactly one month before the group officially formed, on September 30. Their debut album of the same name was released on November 11, 2004, by EMI. All four singles from the album were number-one hits in Mexico.

Rebelde sold well in the United States, reaching number 95 on the Billboard 200 and number two on the Latin Albums chart. In July 2005, a live CD/DVD, Tour Generación RBD En Vivo, was released. The CD/DVD documented their tour around Mexico that included 45 sold-out concerts across the country, including sixteen in Mexico City. In Spain, Rebelde spent five weeks on the top of the charts and was certified 3× Platinum for having sold over 240,000 copies.

With the success of the telenovela, the group used the hiatus between the first and second season to release their second album Nuestro Amor, on September 22, 2005. This album included twelve songs, plus "Una Canción", a live recording, and "Liso, Sensual", a studio version of the song previously performed on their last tour. The album set new record sales in Mexico, selling 127,000 copies on its release day and 160,000 copies in its first week. In the U.S., the album topped the Latin Albums chart for three weeks and peaked at number 88 on the Billboard 200. The four singles reached number one in Mexico. In the U.S., "Nuestro Amor", "Aún hay algo" and "Este corazón" charted on the Hot Latin Songs chart at numbers six, 24 and 10, respectively. Nuestro Amor was certified 2× Platinum in Spain. In November 2005, a Portuguese version of their debut album was released, titled Rebelde (Edição Brasil).

2006–2007: Celestial and Rebels
In early 2006, the group went on tour across the United States for the first time, which was recorded and released as a CD/DVD in April 2006, titled Live in Hollywood. It peaked at number six on the Latin Albums chart. Since that year, former singer Lynda Thomas, who had been uncredited with the group since their debut, officially became a recurring contributor for them. The first song credited to her was "No Pares", performed by Dulce María. In May 2006, the group released a Portuguese -language version of Nuestro Amor, titled Nosso Amor Rebelde, targeted for the Brazilian market. Nosso Amor Rebelde is their second album in Portuguese, released only in Brazil. The album contains Portuguese versions of 11 songs from Nuestro Amor. The album, however, did not have a full week of album sales because of its Friday release. Despite this, it became their first album to peak or chart in the top 20 of the Billboard 200. RBD was nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards in 2006 in the category Best Pop Album by a Group or Duo for Nuestro Amor. They performed a new version of "Tras de mí" at the ceremony.

In November 2006, the group released their third album, Celestial, produced and directed by Carlos Lara and Armando Ávila. The album debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 with over 137,000 copies sold in the United States in its first week. The album spawned three hit singles, "Ser o Parecer", "Celestial" and "Bésame sin miedo". In Spain, Celestial was certified Platinum.

One month later, in December 2006 a Portuguese-language edition of the album was released for the Brazilian market called Celestial (Versão Brasil). This third album in Portuguese was the first to be recorded in Brazil. From their tour in Brazil, the group released a DVD titled Live in Rio (2007). The group were also honored for selling over 2.5 million copies of their albums and DVD's in the country. That same month, the group released their fourth album and first English-language album, Rebels, which debuted at number 40 on the Billboard 200 with 94,000 copies sold in its first week. Rebels was certified Gold in Japan for having sold over 250,000 copies.

The group was nominated twice in the category "Latin Pop Album of the Year By a Duo or Group", with Celestial and Live in Hollywood. They also received a nomination for "Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year" and "Latin Tour of the Year" for Tour Generación RBD. The show was held on April 26 in Miami, Florida. They won in all categories they were nominated in. Celestial won the former award.

2008–2009: Empezar Desde Cero and Para Olvidarte De Mí
On March 2, 2007, Chávez revealed he is gay after pictures were discovered of him marrying another man in Canada. In a letter on the group's website, he asked fans for understanding and acceptance. After this, the group worked two side-projects; Sálvame, an organization that helps homeless youth get an education and shelter, and RBD: La Familia, their new sitcom. The group was nominated four times in three categories for the 2007 Billboard Latin Music Awards.

In early 2007, the group began to rehearse for their upcoming concert tour called Tour Celestial, which started in Ecuador on April 20, 2007. On May 28, 2007, Donald Trump invited the group to perform three songs at the Miss Universe 2007 finals in Mexico City. They performed a medley of "Wanna Play", "Cariño Mio" and "Money Money" at the event. In June 2007, the group recorded the accompanying music video for their single "Bésame sin miedo" in Transylvania while on tour in Romania where Celestial was released. It was the same year they were chosen to headline a series of Pepsi commercials with The Black Eyed Peas to air in South America and Spanish-speaking countries. On July 19, 2007, the group performed "Bésame sin miedo" at the Premios Juventud 2007 ceremony and won seven awards that night, including "Voice of the Moment" and "Favorite Concert". RBD broke the record for most albums in the top 20 in Brazil, having three different albums in the top 20 for the week ending January 20, 2007. Their single "Tu amor" was nominated for Best International Song in France. In an interview in Mexico, Christopher von Uckermann stated that it has always been an honor to be compared to Menudo and Timbiriche, but mentioned that RBD surpassed those groups by accomplishing much more in only five years, being the only Mexican group to gain worldwide fame. The first worldwide "RBD Day" was held on October 4, 2007. The group celebrated the day with fans in Houston, Texas. During their press conference, they confirmed that their fifth album would be titled Empezar Desde Cero, produced by Carlos Lara and Armando Ávila. The first single from Empezar Desde Cero, "Inalcanzable", debuted in October 2007 and peaked at number two on Mexican charts. Empezar Desde Cero was released on November 20, debuting at number one on the Billboard Latin Albums chart and peaking within the top-ten in a variety of countries such as Brazil (their first album that did not top the charts in that country, peaking at number three) and Mexico. As of November 2008, Empezar Desde Cero had sold over a million copies worldwide. It was voted by Billboard readers as the third best album released in 2007.

In April 2008, the group performed at a concert in Brazil's capital city. The free concert was held at the city's main park and had 500,000 fans in attendance. RBD was said to be the first music act in the history of Slovenia charts to have six different albums in the top ten in the same weekend. In August 2008, the 2008 Latin Grammy nominations were announced; the group was nominated for Best Pop Album By a Duo or Group with Vocals for Empezar Desde Cero. On August 14, 2008, they released a compilation album of their greatest hits titled RBD The Best Of.

On August 15, 2008, the group announced through a press release that they would disband in 2009. The group's manager, Pedro Damián, explained that although there weren't any fights among the members, it was best that they should disband for the ones who were already planning different solo activities. Herrera and Perroni were occupied with their television projects (the former with the TV series Terminales, and the latter as the protagonist of Cuidado Con El Ángel). Chávez was in the middle of a tour with the musical Avenue Q's Mexican stage production, and was planning to build his career as a solo artist, actor and producer. Anahí managed her own clothing store in Mexico City and began an organization to help those who have eating disorders. Dulce María was involved with shooting a film Alguién a visto a Lupita and a variety of projects, such as dubbing a cartoon character in a Mexican film. Later, Uckermann starred in the TV show Kdabra, produced by Fox in Colombia. On November 25, RBD released Best Of (in Brazil: Hits Em Português; in the United States: Greatest Hits), which was a CD/DVD that features their singles and a DVD with music videos as part of their goodbye.

Para Olvidarte De Mí (2009) was the sixth and final album to be released by the group. The album is preceded by the only single "Para Olvidarte De Mí". On December 2, 2009, the live concert DVD, Tournée do Adeus, recorded in São Paulo was released, containing the group's last show in Brazil.

2020: Social networks, streaming relaunch and Ser O Parecer Virtual Concert
After years with the music of RBD out of online streaming platforms (after Universal Music bought EMI), in August 2020 the former members announced on their social media that their six studio albums and the Brazilian versions would be available in all streaming services on September 3, 2020. It was also announced that the albums will be available in stores.

To celebrate the launch of their music on streaming, the group announced a virtual show that took place on December 26 and reunited 4 of the original members: Anahí, Maite Perroni, Christian Chávez and Christopher von Uckermann. Alfonso Herrera and Dulce Maria did not take part in the reunion, with the latter confirming that she couldn't join because of her pregnancy.

A week of snippets on the band's Instagram account teasing a new song followed soon after. On Tuesday, November 17 "Siempre He Estado Aquí" was released simultaneously in all streaming platforms. The group created a TikTok challenge for the song. An animated music video was released on December 3 on the group's YouTube channel.

2023: Soy Rebelde Tour
On December 14, 2022, von Uckermann archived all of his Instagram posts and deleted his profile picture, with no explanation. A day later, Chávez did the same thing, leading fans to speculate things related to the group. That same day, fans noticed María was beginning to archive posts and found a Brazilian ticket website with a page for RBD. Soon after, Puente archived all her posts and also removed her profile picture. She was followed by the group's official account, which did the same thing. The next day, Perroni cleansed her own Instagram page, and María finished the day after. The page T6H Entertainment also took part in this blackout. On December 19, the band's Instagram account posted a video that included a scene from the telenovela Rebelde, intercut with footage of the five members during a dinner at Puente's house from November 20. The end of the video showed a link called "soyrebelde.mundo", where fans could register and included a countdown to January 19, 2023, with the text "Prepare your ties" written above. On the scheduled date, a 3-minute video confirming their Soy Rebelde reunion tour was displayed in public spaces in cities such as Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City, where fans gathered to witness the announcement. Titled Soy Rebelde Tour, it initially comprised 26 dates and was scheduled to begin on August 25, 2023, from El Paso and continue throughout the U.S, Brazil and Mexico, ending on December 2, 2023, in Mexico City.

Due to its success and demand, additional dates were added in several cities including Los Angeles, Miami and New York City right after, and four new shows were added in Medellín in Colombia in February. The tour broke several records, including having the most shows at the Foro Sol in Mexico City, a record previously held by Puerto Rican rappers Daddy Yankee and Bad Bunny. The concert series was completely sold out, with both the original dates and the added shows. More shows were added later, with the final date now being on December 21, at the Estadio Azteca. The tour began on August 25, at El Paso, Texas, at the Sun Bowl Stadium.

Members

 * Anahí – (2004–2009, 2020-present)
 * Christian Chávez – (2004–2009, 2020-present)
 * Maite Perroni – (2004–2009, 2020-present)
 * Christopher von Uckermann – (2004–2009, 2020-present)
 * Dulce María – (2004–2009, 2023-present)
 * Alfonso Herrera – (2004–2009)

Spanish discography

 * Studio albums
 * Rebelde (2004)
 * Nuestro Amor (2005)
 * Celestial (2006)
 * Empezar Desde Cero (2007)
 * Para Olvidarte De Mí (2009)

Bilingual discography

 * Studio albums
 * Rebelde (Edição Brasil) (2005)
 * Nosso Amor Rebelde (2006)
 * Celestial (Versão Brasil) (2006)
 * Rebels (2006)

Tours

 * Tour Generación RBD (2005–07)
 * Celestial Tour (2007)
 * Empezar Desde Cero Tour (2008)
 * Tour del Adiós (2008)
 * Soy Rebelde Tour (2023)

2005–07: Tour Generación RBD
Tour Generación RBD was the group's first national tour, which had 80 sold-out shows in Mexico. They visited Monterrey three times, which gathered over 150,000 fans. The tour was certified by OCESA as the fourth most rapidly sold-out tour in Mexico, behind The Cure's 2004 Sing to the Deadly Mouse Trap Tour, Britney Spears' 2002 Dream Within a Dream Tour, and Backstreet Boys' 2001 Black & Blue World Tour. The tour began on May 13, 2005, in Toluca, Mexico, and ended on December 18, 2005, in Lima, Peru. RBD's first international concerts took place in Colombia with huge success. They performed first at Medellin in front of a crowd of 30,000; later in Cali, over 50,000 were in attendance, being the group's most attended concert in Colombia, and later in Bogota.

In January 2006, the Tour Generación RBD 2006 started in the United States, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum with a crowd of over 68,000 fans – a record-breaking act for a Latin group and a sign of their widespread success. In 2006, 694,655 tickets were sold accounting for North American shows, worth a total of $23,600,000. 749,485 tickets were sold worldwide as they came in as the 14th top-selling act of 2006 worldwide.

2007–08: Tour Celestial
Tour Celestial is RBD's third tour where they performed in Latin America, the U.S., and Europe. On June 22, 2007, RBD filmed their concert in Madrid, Spain with over 40,000 fans in attendance for their DVD called Tour Celestial 2007: Hecho en España.

In early October, it was confirmed by Roptus.com that the rest of the tour would be postponed until further notice. The reason the website gave for these actions was that RBD wants to give their audience a much well-deserved show by performing some songs off their new album, Empezar desde Cero, which was released on November 20, 2007. RBD grossed $5,400,000 on North American shows and a combined total of 293,742 tickets worldwide.

2008: Empezar Desde Cero World Tour
In February 2008, the Empezar Desde Cero Tour began in Hildalgo, Texas, at the Dodge Arena. In late 2007, their Celestial Tour in the United States was rescheduled to February 2008 and became part of their new tour, Empezar Desde Cero Tour. Timbiriche was their opening act in the United States. The tour took place in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Spain, Slovenia, Serbia, Dominican Republic, Romania, the U.S. and many more countries in South America and Europe. RBD performed in Brazil for over 500,000 people, breaking the record by the Rolling Stones. In September, they did a series of concerts in Slovenia. The first concert was sold-out in 30 minutes, which broke records. Poll Star released the top-100 selling concerts for mid-2008

RBD came in number 49 with 166,839 tickets sold from January 1 to June 30, 2008. Third quarter sales from Pollstar ranked RBD at number 48 out of 100 with 301,015 tickets sold from January 1 to September 30. Pollstar year-end sales from January 1 to December 31, showed that RBD sold 367,346 tickets. RBD pulled in $4.4 million worth of ticket sales in from North American shows.

2008: Tour del Adiós
The Tour del Adiós was a world tour by Mexican group RBD. The tour was set to visit South America, North America, and Europe, which began on November 1, 2008, and ended on December 21, 2008.

On August 14, 2008, the group RBD announced their last tour, named Tour del Adiós (or also Gira Del Adiós). The tour initially included about 20 cities in countries such as Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay, Chile and Brazil. In November 2008, the group began the tour in the following cities: La Paz, Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario. In December, RBD concerts were held in Los Angeles, Guayaquil, Quito, Lima, Santiago, Ljubljana, Bucharest, Belgrade and Madrid. The last presentation of Tour del Adiós was on December 21, in Madrid and the final farewell of the phenomenon, RBD.

In Brazil, the tour was called "Turnê do Adeus". The first five presentations in the country were held soon after their presentations in Argentina. As in Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro with 30,000 people and more than 25,000 in São Paulo (where they recorded their last live DVD, entitled Tournée do Adeus) and Brasília.

2023: Soy Rebelde Tour
The Mexican group RBD will start their Soy Rebelde Tour in El Paso, Texas on August 25, 2023, performing 30 shows across the United States. They will end their U.S. leg on October 22, 2023. After an outpouring demand from fans in Colombia, RBD announced two dates in Medellin on November 3 and 4 at the Estadio Atanasio Girardot. After the two dates were sold out, a third and fourth date were also added. The following two shows will be held in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. They will end the tour in Mexico, including 6 shows at the Foro Sol in Mexico City.

Legacy
RBD was one of the most important phenomenons of Latin pop culture in the 2000s despite their short transition into the music scene. The cultural phenomenon led by the soap opera Rebelde and the pop group, accompanied by advertising strategies from 2004 to 2009, resulted in recognition from a young audience who followed the career of the group, leaving a legacy of six studio albums, two TV series and multiple awards. On March 2, 2007, photos of Chávez marrying a Canadian BJ Murphy were leaked, and the singer spoke about this in a statement, officially coming out. He became the first openly gay Mexican international singer. October 4 was selected as RBD World Day, in honor of the day Rebelde was released in Mexico.

Fundación Sálvame
In February 2006, thousands of RBD fans in Brazil attended an event where the six members signed merchandise and performed some of their songs. After the event concluded, a white van that was thought to contain the group was spotted leaving the area. Due to this, thousands of people ran in excitement and in the commotion, 43 people were injured and three others were killed. Later during their Celestial tour, the group spoke about the incident and stated "It is something that struck us all. No one would tell us what happened until we were on our way back to Mexico, and to know that your fans were killed at your event is a horrible feeling because you think 'Wow, they were there to see me and because of that they’re gone now' it’s such an indescribable feeling and we can’t explain how heartbroken we are". The group later confirmed they had met and spoken with the families of the victims.

The Mexican group RBD launched "Fundación Sálvame" ("Save Me Foundation", named after one of their songs) to help street children, which began on May 1, 2006. The foundation serves Mexico, Brazil, and Spain.

title: RBD


text:
Talk:Gilman School

Minor Inaccuracy
the Gilman 5 were not introduced in Mr. Schmick's first year as headmaster, it was more like his second or third. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.49.158.97 (talk) 03:42, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Assess for schools
Need to stop advertising. The school may be good ... but this is gushing. You have a mid as alumni look good and quite old for a US school. Anymore older alumni. Need to add refs. Ive added one to show you how. Come back when you have added a dozen or so. Pics? Victuallers 13:14, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree; the advertising is a bit too much. I'm considering adding a   tag to the page, but I'd rather get some support for it first.   —  Demonic Party Hat  talk  14:55, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Wow - not much has changed in 4 years ... Be BOLD Victuallers (talk) 16:56, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Following your advice, I added an   tag to the page (with explanatory hidden text). Hopefully, it'll stay there until the issue is fixed…   —  Demonic Party Hat  talk  17:10, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

Needs References
I just noticed that there is ALOT of information in this article that has no references; in fact there are only 4 references in the whole article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Legalthis (talk • contribs) 00:04, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Revisions
Did a solid round of updates to the intro, mission, and academics sections. Also added list of sports offered by the school and a chronology of headmasters. Hoping to fill out the history + academics sections quite a bit more, time permitting. Others with expertise are encouraged to pitch in.

Relatedly: I removed the peacock, weasel, and citation boxes--seems to me we've resolved most of those issues, at least for the time being. Jldavisson (talk) 08:09, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

More fixes
A few notes on recent maintenance:

 * Spent a few days tidying up the references. They should be pretty clean now, so I'm removing the bare URLs flag.

 * Added/substituted a bunch of footnotes in the notable alumni section. Tried to find 1 or 2 links for each alum that would confirm the essential facts of a) his affiliation with the school, and b) the reason he's considered notable; succeeded in all but a couple of cases. Hoping this doesn't seem too stringent a standard moving forward, but I'm curious what others think...

 * Added the logo w/ fair use rationale + 2 public domain shots.

-Jldavisson (talk) 05:35, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Weasel Wording
This passage was removed once already for weasel/peacock wording:

"Its graduates are noted for being intensely loyal to the institution and other alumni. For example, approximately 80% of the School's Board of Trustees are graduates of the School, one of the highest percentages of any school in the United States."

This may well be true, but I don't think it belongs in the article without a citation. Noted by whom? And where does the trustee statistic/ranking come from? I am inclined to remove it again short of corroboration. -Jldavisson (talk) 00:13, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Yeah, someone definitely should add a tag, or just undo the edit. I would, but my browser seems to be rather glitchy at the moment and won't load the page source when editing the whole article (although it works fine for individual sections). DemonicPartyHat (talk) 20:20, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It is indeed sourced, but only with a first-party source from Gilman's own website. I would just remove it unless we can locate a reliable, third-party reference or two. It is definitely weasel-worded at the moment; one may tag it with if they so choose.  Airplaneman   ✈  07:29, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I added a tag a while back, but I figured I might as well still let you know.  DemonicPartyHat  TALK TO ME!  13:37, 8 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, so the % bit still remains, but it's now 75%, which I find very odd. It has a citation from Gilman, but I've gone ahead and marked that with, since the linked source doesn't actually make a connection between the Board and their status as graduates—Wikipedia articles must not contain original research.  Demonic Party Hat (contact)   17:58, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gilman School


text:
Opočno

Opočno (Opotschno) is a town in Rychnov nad Kněžnou District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,100 inhabitants. Opočno is known for the Opočno Castle, one of the most magnificent examples of Renaissance architecture in Bohemia. The historic town centre with the castle is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Čánka and Dobříkovec are administrative parts of Opočno.

Etymology
The name is derived from the old Czech adjective opočný, meaning 'stone' or 'rock' (castle).

Geography
Opočno is located about 20 km northeast of Hradec Králové. It lies in the Orlice Table. The highest point is the Velká Hvězda hill at 355 m above sea level. The town is situated on the Dědina River (here also called Zlatý potok) and on the shore of the Broumar Pond.

History
Opočno was first mentioned in 1068 by Cosmas of Prague in his Chronica Boemorum, when there was a gord. In the early 14th century, Opočno was acquired by the Drslavic family, who had a Gothic castle built here, and a small town began to arise next to it.

In 1495, the Bohemian noble family of Trčka of Lípa became owners of Opočno. During their rule, Opočno enjoyed a period of a significant economic growth and the castle was rebuilt. After the extinction of the Trčka family, Opočno was acquired by the Colloredo family. In 1673, a Capuchin monastery was founded in Opočno.

In the 19th century, further development occurred. The district court and a hospital were established. The industrialization began with establishment of factories producing farm machinery and dairy products. This led to growth of the population.

During World War II, in 1942, the property of the Colloredo-Mandsfeld family including the castle in Opočno was confiscated by the Nazis. The restitution claims of the Colloredo-Mansfeld between 1991 and 2017 were denied.

Transport
Opočno is located on the railway line Náchod–Choceň.

Sights
The main sight is Opočno Castle. In 1560–1569, it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, and after a fire in the late 17th century, Baroque modifications were made. Its part is an English park with an area of 19.5 ha. In the castle park there is the French-style castle summer house from 1602.

In Opočno there are three churches. The parish Church of the Holy Trinity is located in the castle complex and is originally from the early 14th century. The Church of the Nativity of Jesus was originally a convent church of the Capuchin monastery. The monastery complex with the church is a unique complex of early Baroque buildings. The third church is the Church of the Virgin Mary in the old cemetery. The old church from the 17th centurx was rebuilt in 1810 to its current appearance. It now serves as a concert hall.

The historic centre of Opočno is formed by squares Kupkovo and Trčkovo with adjacent streets, and by the castle complex. On Trčkovo Square, there are valuable Renaissance and Baroque burgher houses.

Notable people

 * František Zdeněk Skuherský (1830–1892), composer
 * František Kupka (1871–1957), painter
 * Naděžda Kavalírová (1923–2017), human rights activist and political prisoner
 * Luboš Sluka (born 1928), composer
 * Ivo Ulich (born 1974), footballer
 * Jaroslav Plašil (born 1982), footballer
 * Taťána Kuchařová (born 1987), model, Miss World 2006

Twin towns – sister cities
Opočno is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Opoczno, Poland
 * 🇫🇷 Puteaux, France
 * 🇵🇱 Radków, Poland

title: Opočno


text:
Aarón Díaz

Aarón Díaz Spencer (born March 7, 1982) is a Mexican actor, singer, and model. He is known for playing in ABC series.

Early life
Aarón Díaz Spencer was born in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico to an Irish-American mother (surname Spencer) and a Mexican father (surname Díaz).

Career
He made his acting debut in the popular teen drama Clase 406, playing the role of Kike González. In 2004, he followed Clase 406 with another teen drama titled Corazones al límite co-starring with Sherlyn and Sara Maldonado. He later played the role of the older Andrés Romero in the telenovela Barrera de amor starring Yadhira Carrillo. He also starred with Sherlyn in Mexico's stage production of Grease.

Diaz signed on in 2006 with Pedro Damian, (creator of Clase 406) to be Alexander Von Ferdinand, the main male protagonist for the teen telenovela Lola...Érase una vez, co-starring with Eiza González and Grettell Valdez, which premiered on February 26, 2007 on Canal 5.

In 2008 he debuted as a designer and entrepreneur with the clothing brand Perra.

Aside from acting, Díaz is also a singer and he released his first album titled Enamórate de mí in June 2009. His second album self-titled Aaron Diaz, was released in 2011.

From 2010 to 2011 he was the main protagonist alongside Angelique Boyer and Sebastián Rulli in the latest version of the telenovela Teresa, playing the role of Mariano.

In November 2011, Díaz made his debut in American television show in the ABC series Pan Am, playing the role of Miguel.

For the first time in his career, Díaz starred in an antagonist role in the telenovela, El Talismán, where he played the role of Antonio Negrete, alongside Blanca Soto and Rafael Novoa.

In 2016, Díaz was cast in the ABC thriller series Quantico in the recurring role of CIA recruit, León Velez.

Personal life
In 2007, he began dating actress Kate del Castillo, and they were married on August 29, 2009 in Las Vegas, Nevada. A religious ceremony was later held in the Episcopal Church in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico on September 5 of the same year. He is now married to Lola Ponce.

Theater

 * Vaselina - Danny.

Discography

 * Aarón Díaz (2011)
 * Enamórate de mí (2009)

title: Aarón Díaz


text:
Talk:Michael Davitt Bridge

Untitled

 * "It is named for Michael Davitt, 19th Century Irish Social campaigner and founder of the National Land League, who officially opened it in 1887."

Who officially opened it? Davitt, or the NLL, or both? This should be two separate sentences, one telling about Davitt, one telling about the opening.

 * "In 1947, the old bridge,"

This implies that you have mentioned a new bridge previously in the article.

How about:

 * "A new bridge was built in 1947 to replace the first Michael Davitt Bridge, which had become to small to accommodate traffic." WikiOn! WikiDon 22:23, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Davitt Bridge


text:
SS Marine Electric

SS Marine Electric was a 605-foot bulk carrier that sank on 12 February 1983, about 30 miles off the coast of Virginia, in 130 feet of water. Thirty-one of the 34 crew members lost their life due to hypothermia; the three survivors endured 90 minutes drifting in the frigid waters of the Atlantic. The wreck resulted in some of the most important maritime reforms in the second half of the 20th century. The tragedy tightened inspection standards, resulted in mandatory survival suits for winter North Atlantic runs, and helped create the now famous Coast Guard rescue swimmer program.

Ship history
The ship was built by the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Chester, Pennsylvania, for the U.S. Maritime Commission (contract No. 1770) as a Type T2-SE-A1 tanker, hull number 437. She was laid down on 10 January 1944, launched on 2 May, and delivered on 23 May.

In May 1947, she was sold to the Gulf Oil Corporation and renamed Gulfmills. In May 1961, she was purchased by Marine Transport Lines (MTL), and renamed Marine Electric. The ship was modified by the addition of a new midsection for cargo transport, built at the Bremer Vulkan yard in Bremen, Germany, which was then towed to the Bethlehem Steel Co. yard in East Boston. This extended the ship's length overall from 523 ft to 605 ft, and her tonnage from 10,448 to. The work was completed in November 1962. However, the Marine Electric was showing its age, exhibiting corrosion and damage to the hull and other structural components.

Final voyage
The Marine Electric put to sea for her final voyage on 10 February 1983, sailing from Norfolk, Virginia, to Somerset, Massachusetts, with a cargo of 24,800 tons of granulated coal. The ship sailed through a fierce (and ultimately record-breaking) storm that was gathering.

The Marine Electric neared the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay at about 2:00 a.m. on Thursday, 10 February. She battled 25-foot (7.6-m) waves and winds gusting to more than 55 mph, fighting the storm to reach port with her cargo.

The following day, she was contacted by the United States Coast Guard to turn back to assist a fishing vessel, the Theodora, that was taking on water. The Theodora eventually recovered and proceeded on its westerly course back to Virginia; the Marine Electric turned north to resume its original route.

In the early morning hours of 12 February, members of the crew noted that the ship's bow was riding low in the water. Multiple mayday calls were made to Coast Guard beginning at 2:51 a.m. Shortly thereafter, the Marine Electric capsized, killing 31 of the 34 man crew.

Investigation
During the course of the investigation into the ship's sinking, representatives of MTL theorized that the ship ran aground during her maneuvering to help the Theodora, fatally damaging the hull. They contended that it was this grounding that caused the Marine Electric to sink five hours later. However, these theories were disproved by the factual evidence discovered during the Coast Guard investigation.

Investigations by the Coast Guard, led by Captain Dominic Calicchio and independent examinations of the wreck discovered that the Marine Electric had left port in an un-seaworthy condition, with gaping holes in its deck plating and hatch covers. These had been noted at multiple points by surviving Chief Mate Bob Cusick, who testified that no effort had been made by MTL to rectify the issues. The hatch covers, in particular, posed a problem, since without them the cargo hold could fill with water in the storm and drag the ship under.

Investigators discovered that much of the paperwork supporting MTL's declarations that the Marine Electric′s seaworthiness was faked. Inspection records showed inspections of the hatch covers during periods when they had in fact been removed from the ship for maintenance; inspections were recorded during periods of time when the ship was not in port. A representative of the hatch covers' manufacturer warned MTL in 1982 that their condition posed a threat to the ship's seaworthiness, but inspectors never tested them. Yet the Marine Electric was repeatedly certified as seaworthy.

Part of the problem was that the Coast Guard delegated some of its inspection authority to the American Bureau of Shipping. The ABS is a private, non-profit agency that developed rules, standards and guidelines for ship's hulls. In the wake of the Marine Electric tragedy, questions were raised about how successfully the ABS was exercising the inspection authority delegated to it, as well as about whether the Coast Guard even had the authority to delegate that role. Also there was a conflict of interest in that the inspection fees paid to the ABS were paid by the ship owners.

Aftermath
In the wake of the Marine Electric sinking, The Philadelphia Inquirer assigned two reporters, Tim Dwyer and Robert Frump, to look into old ship catastrophes. In the series, the writers concluded that government programs designed to strengthen the merchant marine had actually kept unsafe ships afloat. Frump later wrote a book, Until the Sea Shall Free Them, about the sinking.

In the wake of the Marine Board report, and the newspaper's investigation, the Coast Guard dramatically changed its inspection and oversight procedures. The Coast Guard report noted that the ABS, in particular, "cannot be considered impartial", and described its failure to notice the critical problems with the ship as negligent. At the same time, the report noted that "the inexperience of the inspectors who went aboard the Marine Electric, and their failure to recognize the safety hazards...raises doubt about the capabilities of the Coast Guard inspectors to enforce the laws and regulations in a satisfactory manner."

While the Coast Guard commandant did not accept all of the recommendations of the Marine Board report, inspections tightened and 90 old World War II relics still functioning 40 years after the war were sent to scrap yards.("Disasters at Sea" S01E02 Deadly Neglect 2019). In 2003, Coast Guard Captain Dominic Calicchio was posthumously awarded The Plimsoll Award by Professional Mariner magazine in part because of his role as a member of the Marine Board of Investigation.

Additionally, the Coast Guard required that survival suits be required on all winter North Atlantic runs. Later, as a direct result of the casualties on the Marine Electric, Congress pushed for and the Coast Guard eventually established the now famous Coast Guard Rescue Swimmer program.

In popular culture
Chief Mate Bob Cusick credited his survival of the sinking to the Stan Rogers song "The Mary Ellen Carter". The song, which details the exploits of a loyal crew working to salvage the titular vessel, and more specifically the last stanzas, was repeatedly sung by Cusick in order to keep himself awake in the pounding Atlantic swell.

Following his ordeal, Cusick wrote a letter to Rogers, detailing his ordeal. Rogers responded by inviting Cusick to what would be one of his last concerts, announcing on the stage that upon his return to Canada he would write a new song specifically about the sinking of the Marine Electric. However, before he could do so, Rogers was killed aboard Air Canada Flight 797, leaving the song unwritten.

The 2019 series "Disasters at Sea" Season One documented the story of the SS Marine Electric in its second episode 'Deadly Neglect'.

title: SS Marine Electric


text:
Wagon (disambiguation)

A wagon is a heavy four-wheeled vehicle pulled by draught animals.

Wagon may also refer to:

Transport

 * Automobile, including:
 * Crossover (automobile)
 * Minivan
 * Sport utility vehicle
 * Station wagon
 * Van
 * Goods wagon or freight car, a railroad car used for transporting cargo
 * Scenery wagon, a mobile platform upon which theatrical scenery is built
 * Toy wagon
 * Wagon Automotive, a British car parts company
 * Mitsubishi Wagon, a passenger van marketed in the United States

Music

 * Wagons (band), an Australian alt-country band
 * Wagon (instrument) or yamatogoto, a Japanese musical instrument
 * "The Wagon", a 1990 song by Dinosaur Jr.

People with the surname

 * Daniel Wagon (born 1976), Australian rugby league player and coach
 * Stan Wagon, Canadian-American mathematician

Other uses

 * Ursa Major or "the Wagon", a constellation

title: Wagon (disambiguation)