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Killed by Death (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Killed by Death" is episode 18 of season two of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by Rob Des Hotel and Dean Batali, directed by Deran Sarafian, and first broadcast on The WB on March 3, 1998.

After flu lands Buffy in the hospital, she rescues fevered children from Der Kindestod, a demon that turns out to have killed her cousin when she was younger and which gave her a phobia of hospitals.

Plot
Weak with flu, Buffy collapses after a fight with Angelus. She is admitted to the hospital, much against her will. Her mother reveals that Buffy has hated hospitals ever since she saw her beloved cousin, Celia, die in one when she was eight years old.

That night, in what may be a dream, Buffy sees a young boy, Ryan, being followed by a strange-looking creature. She then starts having flashbacks of Celia's time in the hospital. Buffy awakes and takes a walk down the hall where she see two men remove a dead child from the children's ward. At the door, she overhears an argument between Dr. Backer and Dr. Wilkinson about Backer's experimental treatments on the kids. She meets Ryan who tells her that "Death" comes at night.

The next morning, Buffy tells her friends about the overheard conversation. Since she is forced to stay at the hospital, she plans to find out what the doctor is up to and Xander volunteers everyone's help. Cordelia and Xander sneak into the hospital's record room and search for records on the girl who died in the night. Meanwhile, Giles and Willow search for information at the school library.

Buffy visits Ryan who is drawing a picture of the monster she saw the night before. Willow finds that Dr. Backer has a long history of controversial experimental treatments and investigations into his practices. Dr. Backer goes to the children's ward with his latest experimental treatment. Before he can do anything, an invisible creature kills him as Ryan watches in terror.

In the morning, Buffy informs everyone that Dr. Backer is not the suspect and shows them Ryan's drawing of the creature. At the library, Cordelia finds a picture of Ryan's monster on the cover of a book; they learn that it is called Kindestod (German: 'the child's death'), a demon that absorbs the life force of sickly children, making it seem that they died of their illness. They report to Buffy by telephone, and she realises that Backer was murdered because he was curing the children and depriving the monster of food. Buffy also recognizes to her horror that this monster is what killed Celia whilst Buffy watched helplessly.

Buffy and Willow go to Dr. Backer's office, where they find that he was giving the children injections of the virus they already have, to stimulate their immune response. Buffy realizes that only feverish people can see the demon, so she decides to re-infect herself with the virus.

Buffy stumbles to the children's ward but finds all the children are gone. She sees Kindestod in the room and watches as it heads down to the basement. The children hide quietly, but Kindestod finds them and attacks Ryan. It begins to suck his life out, growing two protuberances from its eyes and attaching them to his forehead. Buffy arrives and fights Kindestod. Just as it is about to suck her life out, she snaps its neck. Later that day, Buffy finishes recuperating at home and Xander and Willow decide to keep her company. Buffy receives a bloody drawing from Ryan picturing her how she killed the monster.

Continuity
Xander's unresolved romantic feelings for Buffy, which began in Season 1, are brought up, first by Angelus when he attempts to enter Buffy's hospital room; Angelus taunts Xander about his love for Buffy and how it must irk him that Angel took Buffy's virginity. An annoyed Cordelia later tells Xander that his loyalty to Buffy is not attractive (his later love interest, Anya, will make similar complaints) and how she knows that he took friendship with Buffy as a way of being close to her, since she didn't see him in a romantic way. This may explain Xander's anger and frustration over Buffy's romantic choices throughout the series, as from his perspective ordinary guys like him don't seem to "do it" for her.

Reception
Vox ranked it at #134 of all 144 episodes on their "Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best" list (to mark the 20th anniversary of the show), explaining, "There are a lot of season two episodes that feel like leftovers from season one, but 'Killed by Death' actually is a season one leftover. It was written for a goofy, campy point in the series’ run, and then lightly revised for the darker second half of season two through the addition (most likely by Whedon) of a few scenes of Xander and Angel facing off at the hospital where a feverish Buffy is recovering. That’s probably why those scenes feel exponentially stronger than the rest of the episode — but the rest of the episode is still perfectly fun TV. Plus, Der Kindestod and his extendable eyeball stalks are genuinely creepy."


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TV.com

TV.com was a website owned by Red Ventures that covered television series and episodes with a focus on English-language shows made or broadcast in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Originally launched by CNET in the mid-1990s, the website was transformed in 2005 when CNET acquired the website TV Tome and incorporated its assets into the new website's composition. CNET Networks, including the TV.com site, was later purchased by CBS in 2008. In its heyday, TV.com emphasized user-generated content listings for a wide variety of programs that included episode air dates, descriptions, news, season listings, notes, credits, trivia, and a forum section.

Although TV.com was successful as an information website in the late 2000s, it went without regular updates beginning in 2019. On June 28, 2021, the TV.com website was quietly shut down with no redirect put in its place.

History
CNET originally acquired the domain name (among other generic domain names like news.com, radio.com, etc.) in the mid-1990s to host a website for the company's technology-related TV shows. One of these shows was titled TV.com. The program, highlighting the best of the Internet for new and casual computer users, aired in U.S. syndication, and featured Ron Reagan as a correspondent.

On April 22, 2005, CNET acquired TV Tome, a fan-run television database. TV.com was launched a few months after that acquisition on June 1, 2005.

On May 15, 2008, CBS formally announced its purchase of CNET Networks, and the company changed its name to CBS Interactive.

TV.com continually looked at innovating the television viewing experience by incorporating it with technology, as seen with the creation of WatchList.

TV Tome
TV Tome was an American website devoted to documenting English language television shows and their production. It was run by volunteer editors, with the assistance of user contributions. The site was founded by John Nestoriak III.

On April 22, 2005, TV Tome officially announced its acquisition by CNET.

Relay
TV.com Relay was a social television check-in application that was available via mobile networks and web.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TV.com


text: Category:Songs written by Dick Manning

title: Category:Songs written by Dick Manning


text:
Category:Mountains of Sudan

The mountains of Sudan.

title: Category:Mountains of Sudan


text: Talk:Singaporean Eurasian

title: Talk:Singaporean Eurasian


text:
Talk:Calvin Klein

Typo needs to be fixed: there is a missing word in sentence about Marci Klein working on 30 rock.

Why is sexuality in the opening line?
"Calvin Richard Klein (born November 19, 1942) is an American fashion designer who launched the company that would later become Calvin Klein Inc. in 1968. " xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Its it that much contested? that it needs to be added on the forst line does it really matter that much

No references
This article has no references! others articles like that would merit a deletion.

 * An article on a famous person should not be deleted. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 17:14, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Is this picture a fake?
This pic looks like a fake, there is no logo or anything on it. A bit too extreme even for CK methinks. 67.127.220.113 18:33, June 11, 2005 (UTC)

The picture it refers to is no longer on the page. Somebody removed it without even posting a reply to the user from 67.127.220.113. By the way, please end your comments with four tildes (˜˜˜˜). This will add your username and time of posting. I have done so for the comment above. ralmin 15:37, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was the person who uploaded the picture and to my knowledge it is NOT fake. I have others like it. Picture restored until discussion solved. --None-of-the-Above 15:45, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Calvin Klein has always been extreme in his advertising. Note, the picture I replaced was one of a girl with her legs spread so that you can see her underwear under her jeans skirt. There is a reason that the link Sex in advertising is on this article. None-the-less, maybe the proof you seek lies in this...

Picture

I don't know if this picture is fake, but is it appropriate in this medium? I understand that CK advertises like this but couldn't that be mentioned in the text and not shown so explicitly? Peregrine88 15:32, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Article subject
Is the subject of this article the man or the company? Or both? Is it worth distinguishing or explaining? Dbchip 18:04, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

First and foremost it is the man, but as his company and logo are the same the article expounds on both. Better sections and/or breaking it into two articles could be in order, IMO. Doc 20:07, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Conspicuous by absence
I find it odd that there's no mention of any controversies regarding previous ad campaigns; specifically, those campaigns that came very close to being child pornography. Perhaps somebody at CK posted this glossy overview?210.49.25.204 06:56, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Orientation
I was curious for more biographical details. There are some hints that Klein is bisexual or gay; has that been firmly established? -- Beland 11:56, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * He is, but it needs to be sourced for the article. Someone needs to feel that it is worth that time to research. Doc 15:26, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * He's been married twice, but anyone who hung out in Studio 54 in the 70s is a bit bent. The short answer is that, he probably is, but nobody's pinned it down. The long answer is here. Dev920 (Have a nice day!) 21:49, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * He's bi; is this sufficient proof? What We Learned From Calvin Klein's 'Vanity Fair' Profile

Yeah why is there no mention of his bisexuality in the article? He's apparently with some twink now.
 * Yeah, he is. I don't know much about how do a fancy citation, but I put in a couple links that talk about Nick being his boyfriend and a porn star. If someone wants to clean up the citations a bit feel free but I think it's important to have something there showing that he's not 100% straight.Valacan (talk) 19:26, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Kelly Klein was a socialite?
Since when was Kelly a "socialite" when she married Calvin in '87? She was just a girl from Bucks County, PA. . . just seems like an odd categorization. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.161.224.35 (talk) 17:52, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Daughter was kidnapped
His daughter Marci was kidnapped in 1978. The following is from People magazine January 18,1982.

In 1974 his 10-year marriage to childhood sweetheart Jayne Centre ended in divorce, and four years later Klein suffered through the dramatic nine-hour kidnapping of his only daughter, Marci. Police arrested the culprits soon after Klein paid a $100,000 ransom, but the episode "was worse than death," says the still-shaken father.

Here is the link to verify this claim- http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20081260,00.html

I don't know how to add sources to the bottom of articles on Wikipedia so I will see if someone else can do it.--BeckiGreen (talk) 21:16, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

I added the info to the article and put a link at the bottom of the page but the link looks weird,even though it does work. Sorry if I messed anything up,as I am new to Wikipedia.--BeckiGreen (talk) 21:28, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Sexual orientation?
He was dating Nick Gruber recently. Isn't Nick Gruber a guy? So does this make him gay or bi? 119.224.27.62 (talk) 20:19, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 29 October 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved (page mover nac) Flooded  with them hundreds  12:45, 5 November 2018 (UTC)

– For consistency with Tommy Hilfiger and Ralph Lauren, where the undisambiguated title refers to the fashion designer. ANDROS1337 TALK 01:45, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Calvin Klein (fashion designer) → Calvin Klein
 * Calvin Klein → Calvin Klein (company)
 * Support, per nom. Randy Kryn (talk) 14:47, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Per |Calvin_Klein page view counts the article about the business/company is more likely to be sought than the article about its founder. WP:OTHERSTUFF (Hilfiger, Lauren) is irrelevant. --В²C ☎ 20:32, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination. Another RM, which primarily concerns the founder's middle name, but which also questions whether the company's name is more notable than that of the founder, may be found at Talk:Condé Montrose Nast [in the present instance, no one is proposing that this article's main header should be Calvin Richard Klein, which currently redirects to Calvin Klein the company, not to Calvin Klein (fashion designer)].   Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 23:11, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support Rreagan007 (talk) 23:22, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Semi-protected edit request on 20 November 2020
2604:6000:150E:C13F:C4ED:A00B:F03A:EE7C (talk) 03:28, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

He is now 78, not 77.
 * This is now shown correctly in the infobox. Age is calculated automatically, and sometimes there is lag.  RudolfRed (talk) 23:33, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Lack of detail
why are personal life and early life the only categories. What about the bulk of his career? 2A01:B340:63:E903:F81D:D596:B6EC:662B (talk) 21:47, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calvin Klein


text:
Rudolice

Rudolice (Rudelsdorf) is a village and administrative part of the city of Most, Czech Republic. As of 2021, it had 234 inhabitants.

History
The area has been inhabited since the neolithic age. The first written mention of Rudolice (as Rudolfsdorf) comes from 1298. Between 1298 and 1349, Osek Monastery bought out the estate and kept it until 1848.

Until the end of the 18th century Rudolice was a tiny hamlet; later, the number of inhabitants started to grow, peaking in the period of 1921 (389 inhabitants) – 1930 (1,279 inhabitants). In 1947 the village became part of the city of Most. Much of the housing was torn down during second half of the 1960s to make way for mining and transportation infrastructure.

title: Rudolice


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User:BIGASSEDGREENCACTUS

YO WASSSSSUP!!! ____                            -_______-       |   |                             -|______|-      |   |                             -|(.)(.)|-      |   |                             -|  0   |-      |   |                     _________|      |_______|   |                     |        |      |           |                     |   _____|      |___________|                     |   |   -|      |-                                           |   |   -|      |-                                                |   |   -|      |-                                                  |___|   -|      |-

Da B.A.G!

title: User:BIGASSEDGREENCACTUS


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Thomas J. Dryer

Thomas Jefferson Dryer (January 8, 1808 – March 30, 1879) was a newspaper publisher and politician in the Western United States. A member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature in 1857, Dryer is best remembered as the founder of The Oregonian, an influential and enduring newspaper in the American state of Oregon.

Dryer was also a committed mountain climber and is credited with being among the first to summit Mount St. Helens and perhaps Mount Hood.

Early years
Thomas Jefferson Dryer was born on January 8, 1808, in Ulster County, New York.

Move to Portland
After working as a journalist in New York state, Dryer came to San Francisco in 1849 with a hand-operated printing press in tow, seeking a suitable location to establish a newspaper of his own.

He initially launched a publication called the California Courier, but with limited success. While in San Francisco Dryer was recruited to relocate north to the town of Portland, Oregon by Stephen Coffin and William W. Chapman, founders and leading boosters of the fledgling enclave.

Coffin and Chapman provided a crude log cabin to Dryer to set up his press and establish his newspaper office. He was able to release the first issue of his publication, The Weekly Oregonian, on December 4, 1850 — about two weeks after the launch six miles to the south in Milwaukie, Oregon by Lot Whitcomb, The Western Star, a rival publication.

Political career
In 1856, Dryer served in the Territorial Legislature representing Multnomah and Washington Counties as a Whig. The following year, he was elected and served at the Oregon Constitutional Convention.

Dryer became a Republican and was an active supporter of Abraham Lincoln in the Presidential election of 1860, winning election as a presidential elector. Following Lincoln's victory, Dryer called in a political favor and was appointed U.S. Commissioner to the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Dryer was a heavy drinker and it was not long until his taste for alcohol was drawing public scrutiny and criticism. In March 1862 Dryer's longtime publishing rival and political foe Asahel Bush gleefully reprinted a snippet from the Yreka Union charging that the "Bad Egg" T. J. Dryer "is so constantly drunk as to render him unfit to discharge the duties of his office." By the summer of 1863 the same paper would be able to cheerfully report that "Ex-Commissioner T.J. Dryer has arrived at San Francisco, on his return from the Sandwich Islands."

Loss of the Oregonian
During Dryer's absence The Oregonian was published by Henry Lewis Pittock, a compositor and pressman who had been on the paper's staff since November 1853. Dryer was deeply in debt to Pittock for unpaid back wages and he mortgaged the publication to him as security on the unpaid debt. When Dryer made no further attempt at repayment, ownership of the Oregonian passed into Pittock's hands.

Pittock would later go into business partnership with longtime editorialist Harvey W. Scott and The Oregonian would come to see its place cemented as the state's de facto newspaper of record during the 20th century.

Mountain climber
Dryer is credited with being part of the first documented ascent of Mount St. Helens on August 27, 1853, together with three companions. He has also been reported as among the first party to climb Mount Hood, on August 8, 1854. This latter report has been disputed, with most historians claiming the Dryer attempt fell several hundred feet of the summit of Mount Hood, while an 1857 climb by Henry Lewis Pittock and four others provided better documentation of the summit having been reached.

Death and legacy
Dryer died March 30, 1879. He was 71 years old at the time of his death. Dryer's body was buried at Lone Fir Cemetery in Portland.

Mount St. Helens' Dryer Glacier, which disappeared following the eruption of 1980, was named for Dryer.

title: Thomas J. Dryer


text:
Talk:Billy Martin (disambiguation)

-

Untitled
dude you need more stuff on Billy Dean Martin {GC}

title: Talk:Billy Martin (disambiguation)


text:
Chautang

The Chautang is a seasonal river, originating in the Sivalik Hills, in the Indian state of Haryana. The Chautang River is a tributary of the Sarsuti river which in turn is a tributary of the Ghaggar river.

Origin and route
The Chautang river is a seasonal river in the state of Haryana, India. It is theorized by some to be a remnant of the ancient river Drishadvati. It joins the Ghaggar-Hakra River east of Suratgarh in Rajasthan. According to McIntosh, this river was one of the main contributors to this river system until the Yamuna changed its course. However, according to Giosan, the Chautang is a rain-fed river, and the Yamuna changed its course towards east some 50,000 to 10,000 years ago, and didn't pour any water into it for the last 10,000 years. Hansi Branch of Western Yamuna Canal is palaeochannel of this river.

Firuz Tughluq ( A.D. 1351-1388) did not do what his predecessors had done. He reduced land revenue, exempted the peasants of several taxes and providing them many facilities. He took out a canal from the Yamuna which entered the district at Anta (tahsil Safidon) and thence flowing through the present Jind District from east to west in the line of the old Chautang river passing the town of Safidon, Dhatrath and Jind and reached Hisar. This branch was built in the paleochannel of seasonal Chautang river which is a relict of Drishadvati river flowing from Kaithal to Hisar district, passing through the towns of Jind, Hansi, Hisar, largest Indus Valley civilization site of Rakhigarhi and ancient Agroha Mound. Drishadvati river itself was a tributary of the Ghaggar-Hakra River.

title: Chautang


text:
File:Bomberman Generation box.jpg

Box art for Bomberman Generation, a video game for the Nintendo GameCube.

Original uploader information

 * 18:40, 11 June 2005 . . TheDotGamer (Talk | contribs) . . 463×646 (80,212 bytes) (Box art for Bomberman Generation, a video game for the Nintendo GameCube. )

title: File:Bomberman Generation box.jpg


text:
Bomberman Generation

Bomberman Generation (ボンバーマンジェネレーション) is a 2002 video game released for the GameCube. It was followed up by Bomberman Jetters.

Gameplay
Bomberman Generation consists of six worlds consisting of about five levels each. The levels involve puzzles, mini games, Pokémon-like battles using Charaboms who get befriended by Bomberman once defeated, and Charabom or bomb merge areas where a merge item and a bomb get fused or a Charabom and another Charabom get fused resulting in a stronger bomb or Charabom. Pommy (Pomyu) from Bomberman 64: The Second Attack and a few of his variations make appearances as Charaboms. The worlds have unique bosses each with a different strategy of defeating them. All of the worlds have puzzles that the player has to solve with bombs or Charaboms. Bomberman can acquire various power-ups which can increase his speed and his bomb power.

Bomberman Generation was one of the first titles to employ the style of cel-shading for the GameCube, a style utilized again in the follow-up game Bomberman Jetters.

The multiplayer mode resembles that of the classic games in that the players can no longer utilize full three-dimensional movement. The battles can consist of up to four human or computer characters. There are five different modes from which to choose:

 * Standard Battle: This mode consists of classic Bomberman multiplayer where four players attempt to defeat one another by using bombs. Whoever is the last man standing wins. In the last minute of the battle, blocks drop along the edges of the arena, making it smaller and smaller until someone wins or time runs out, which ends in a tie. This mode has a variety of levels from which to choose, and the player can decide how often the power-ups appear.
 * Reversi Battle: Bomb explosions flip the green floor panels to the color of whichever Bomber dropped the bomb. However, opponents can flip the panels previously flipped by other players. Whoever has the most panels matching their corresponding Bomber when time is up is the winner.
 * Coin Battle: By blowing up treasure barrels, players attempt to find the most coins before time runs out. Being killed causes the player to lose half of their coins. As the match progresses, Hige Hige Bandits appear to steal the coins, but blowing them up releases the coins and additional power-ups.
 * Dodge Battle: Bombers cannot drop bombs; rather, bombs fall from the sky, and everyone must avoid the explosions. Bombers are equipped solely with Bomb Kicks, Punches, and Speed-Ups to avoid the blasts. The blast area of each bomb is shown on the arena floor. As the match progresses, a variety of different bombs and patterns of bombs will fall.
 * Revenge Battle: All Bombers are in Revenge Bomber mode, and get points depending on how many moles they can stun or blow up. The bombs only go as far as the cursor allows, and merely stunning the moles with a bomb does not give the player as many points as making one explode.

Plot
According to the game's opening scene, stories of the origin of the universe's power have circulated for years, but it was not until recently that the source of the power has been found. Six crystals, named the "Bomb Elements," are said to contain unfathomable, though unknown, powers. So Professor Ein sends a space freighter to retrieve them and return to Planet Bomber for analysis.

However, en route to Planet Bomber, the freighter is attacked by a hired gun and is destroyed. The Bomb Elements fall out but are sucked in by the gravitational pull of the nearby planet Tentacalls. Professor Ein receives word that the Hige Hige Bandits, led by Bomberman's arch-enemy Mujoe, are making large scale moves towards Tentacalls, and it turns out that they were the ones responsible for the freighter attack. Not only that, but the Bandits have allied themselves with Bomberman's rivals, the Crush Bombers, who are also on the move to get the Elements for Mujoe.

Professor Ein orders Bomberman to Tentacalls to defeat the Crush Bombers and the Hige Hige Bandits, and to get the Bomb Elements before they do, for if even one element falls into their hands, then the universe would be as Mujoe pleases. Thus begins Bomberman's latest chapter to restore peace and order to the galaxy.

Reception
Bomberman Generation received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 27 out of 40.

The game was nominated for "Best Platformer on GameCube" and "Best Game No One Played on GameCube" at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2002 Awards, both of which went to Super Mario Sunshine and Sega Soccer Slam, respectively.

title: Bomberman Generation


text:
Ingo Schwichtenberg

Ingo "Mr. Smile" Schwichtenberg (18 May 1965 – 8 March 1995) was a German drummer and one of the founding members of the power metal band Helloween.

Biography
Helloween guitarist Roland Grapow said about Schwichtenberg in an interview 1999: "I would see him and he would go from one day to another like totally crazy, because of a nervous breakdown. He was a proud quiet guy, who was very laid back and did not talk much. He never talked about his feelings or anything and then he always had a beer in his hand..He was telling me he saw this and that and the devil, and was going totally nuts. It was really hard and it was my first experience in seeing someone like this, and when someone is changing over a period of a few months you realize there is something going on from one day to another. It was getting worse and sometimes we would think he is getting better, then suddenly he would act all crazy again ten minutes later.We went on tour again with him and we felt insecure because we did not know what would happen with him, and we were scared something bad would happen while playing live. Sure enough we went to play a show in Hiroshima, Japan (2 October 1992) he stood up on his drum riser in the middle of a song and he then fell onto his cymbals, and we had to stop the show. That was one of his last shows, and we took him to the hospital and he was there for awhile and we had always hoped that he would get better and he would be himself again, but the problem still persisted."

The song "Step Out of Hell" from the Helloween album Chameleon is written by Roland Grapow about Schwichtenberg's problems with drug abuse.

After a six-hour telephone call with Michael Weikath, in which he explained why they had made that hard and painful decision, Ingo was asked to leave Helloween after the album Chameleon. Schwichtenberg was apparently somewhat dissatisfied with the direction of the band as well, even going as far as to refer to their song from the Chameleon album "Windmill", as "Shitmill". Michael Kiske said about the recording: "Ingo was very sick, that was the last thing he did, after he did the drumming he had a breakdown." Drummer Ritchie Abdel Nabi covered immediate commitments and played on the Chameleon Tour.

After Helloween, Schwichtenberg's father had died in February 1995, and he slid further and further into his schizophrenic episodes, culminating in his suicide on 8 March 1995 by jumping in front of an S-train in his native hometown Hamburg. He was 29 years old.

Schwichtenberg's replacement in the band was Uli Kusch. Helloween dedicated the album The Time of the Oath to him. His friend Kai Hansen had dedicated the song "Afterlife" from Gamma Ray's Land of the Free to him. Michael Kiske also made a tribute to Schwichtenberg with the track "Always" from his first solo album Instant Clarity.

Discography
With Helloween
 * Helloween (1985) – EP
 * Walls of Jericho (1985)
 * Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part I (1987)
 * Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part II (1988)
 * Live in the U.K. (1989) – live album
 * Pink Bubbles Go Ape (1991)
 * Chameleon (1993)

With Doc Eisenhauer
 * Alles Im Lack (1992) – drums on "Pharao"

title: Ingo Schwichtenberg


text:
Complete mixing

In evolutionary game theory, complete mixing refers to an assumption about the type of interactions that occur between individual organisms. Interactions between individuals in a population attains complete mixing if and only if the probably individual x interacts with individual y is equal for all y.

This assumption is implicit in the replicator equation a system of differential equations that represents one model in evolutionary game theory. This assumption usually does not hold for most organismic populations, since usually interactions occur in some spatial setting where individuals are more likely to interact with those around them. Although the assumption is empirically violated, it represents a certain sort of scientific idealization which may or may not be harmful to the conclusions reached by that model. This question has led individuals to investigate a series of other models where there is not complete mixing (e.g. Cellular automata models).

title: Complete mixing


text:
Force 10

Force 10 may refer to:
 * Force 10 from Navarone (novel), a World War II novel by Scottish author Alistair MacLean published in 1968
 * Force 10 from Navarone (film), a war film based on the novel
 * Force 10 on the Beaufort scale of wind speed
 * Force Ten, a model of tent made by British firm Vango
 * Gull Force 10, a fuel brand in New Zealand
 * Force10, an American computer networking company
 * Force 10, a variation of the Paratrooper amusement ride
 * "Force Ten" (song), a song by Rush from Hold Your Fire

title: Force 10


text:
Jordan Aviation

Jordan Aviation (PSC) is an airline based in Amman, Jordan. It operates worldwide charter flights, provides wet lease services to major airlines seeking additional capacity and is also an important provider of air transportation for UN peacekeeping forces. Its main base is Queen Alia International Airport (AMM/OJAI), Amman from where it operates its fleet of Wide Body and Narrow Body aircraft. In addition it has its own MRO which forms part of is Operations & Technical Centre opened in October 2010.

History
The airline was established as a company in 1998 and gained its Air Operators Certificate in 2000 commencing operations in October of that year. The airline started operations with a Boeing 737-400. It launched services from Amman as the first privately owned charter airline in Jordan. Jordan Aviation operates a varied route network with a worldwide AOC. UN Peacekeepers are carried extensively on the various aircraft in the Fleet and the company also is involved in "wet-leasing" aircraft to air carriers who need extra capacity. Holiday Charter Flights are also operated from its bases in Amman.

Jordan Aviation is owned by Mohamed Al-Khashman (President & Chief Executive Officer) and Hazem Alrasekh, and has over 900 employees (as at June 2012). The company has grown considerably, as the fleet listing below shows. An Airbus A330-200 joined the fleet in March 2012 and this will be followed with additional aircraft planned to enter service in the next quarter – an Airbus A320-200 and a Boeing 737-300. Expansion into other market segments is in process.

Following the open sky territory agreement and relaxation of civil aviation regulation in Aqaba, Jordan. The airline shifted its operation to the King Hussein International Airport, the firm launched its inaugural flight from there in 2004. Between 2005 and 2007, Jordan Aviation operated scheduled charter flights from King Hussein International Airport to regional destinations including Kuwait City, Doha, Alexandria, Dubai, Cairo and Manama. Jordan Aviation was also recognized by King Abdullah II as one of the top ten initiatives benefiting the economy of Aqaba.

Destinations
As of February 2021, Jordan Aviation operates to the following destinations:

Fleet
The Jordan Aviation fleet consists of the following aircraft as of August 2019:

title: Jordan Aviation


text: Category:Songs with lyrics by Sammy Cahn


text:
Derek Piggott

Alan Derek Piggott (27 December 1922 – 6 January 2019) was one of Britain's best known glider pilots and instructors. He had over 5,000 hours on over 153 types of powered aircraft and over 5,000 hours on over 184 types of glider. He was honoured for his work on the instruction and safety of glider pilots. In 1961 he became the first person to make an officially authenticated take-off and flight in a man-powered aircraft. He also worked as a stunt pilot in several feature films.

Early years
Piggott was born in Chadwell Heath, Essex, the son of Rev. William Piggott and Alice Harvey. His father was a conscientious objector in the First World War, led the rent strike against London County Council after the war, and was a frequent speaker at Hyde Park. When his mother died, the family moved to Sutton, Surrey, where Derek attended Sutton County School. When he left school he became a trainee scientific instrument maker. He had been a very active aero-modeller and helped to form the Sutton Model Aircraft Club. After the war he was selected to be a member of the British Wakefield Cup team, a prestigious aero modelling competition held that year in Akron, Ohio. He first flew in an Avro 504 as a passenger at the age of four.

Royal Air Force
Piggott joined the Royal Air Force in 1942 as aircrew and made a first solo in a de Havilland DH.82A Tiger Moth after only six hours dual. He completed his training in Canada and was commissioned as a Pilot Officer in 1943. He was then sent on a multi-engine instructors' course and then on a course for elementary instructors before returning to England. By 1944, there was a surplus of trained pilots and he volunteered to fly military gliders. After a short conversion to the Airspeed Horsa, General Aircraft Hotspur, and Waco Hadrian, he was posted to India and then on to Burma where he flew Douglas Dakotas dropping supplies to front-line troops. During his stay in India, he instructed Royal Indian Air Force students and flew low anti-riot patrols just before the partition of India in August 1947.

Back in the UK, he was posted as a Staff Instructor at the Central Flying School at RAF Little Rissington where he trained instructors and flew North American Harvards, Boulton Paul Balliols, Avro Athenas, Gloster Meteors, Supermarine Spitfires, de Havilland Mosquitos, and Avro Lancasters. After being awarded an A1 Instructor Rating, he joined the Home Command Gliding Instructors' School at Detling teaching civilian instructors for the Air Training Corps on Slingsby T.21 and Slingsby Kirby Cadet gliders. As Chief Flying Instructor he introduced training methods that greatly improved safety. He also taught school teachers in the Combined Cadet Force how to teach flying in primary gliders. Flying with an ATC cadet as co-pilot in the national gliding championships, he established a British two-seater altitude record, in a T.21, climbing to over 17000 ft in a thunderstorm over Sheffield. In 1953, Piggott received the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air for work on developing and introducing new instructional techniques for gliding in the ATC.

Gliding career
In 1953, he left the RAF as a Flight Lieutenant and was the Chief Flying Instructor (CFI) for Lasham Gliding Society between 1953 and 1989, though he took breaks during this time to do stunt flying. He travelled widely, lecturing and advising gliding associations such as the Soaring Society of America and the Dutch gliding association on instructional techniques such as the use of motor gliders in training. As a leading authority on gliding, he wrote seven books on the subject, an autobiography, several monographs, and many magazine articles. His first book 'Gliding' was first published in 1958 and an eighth edition in 2002.

In addition he had success as a competition glider pilot winning three regional championships, was the UK National aerobatic glider champion in 1961, and set several national gliding records including the single-seat altitude record of over 25000 ft in an active thunderstorm in a Slingsby Skylark. He holds the FAI Diamond Badge. In 2003 at the age of 81, he completed a 505 km task in a Fedorov Me7 Mechta glider with only a 12.7 m span in a national competition in a time of 7hr 14min. (Several much younger pilots with superior machines failed to complete this task). He ceased regularly flying gliders solo in December 2012 but had one last Hurrah in an EoN Baby at Lyveden in August 2013, and no longer holds a full Private Pilot Licence (PPL).

He was a member of a test group for the British Gliding Association (BGA) and tested a number of prototype gliders and foreign machines for approval to be imported. He made a successful emergency parachute descent from a damaged SZD-9 Bocian making him a member of the Caterpillar Club. He researched the effect of sub-gravity sensations as a cause for many serious and fatal gliding accidents.

Other flying
On 9 November 1961, flying SUMPAC (Southampton University's Man Powered Aircraft), Derek Piggott became the first person to make an officially authenticated take-off and flight in a man-powered aircraft. The longest flight was 650 yd; turns were attempted, with 80 degrees the best achieved and he made a total of 40 flights in SUMPAC.

He took a break from being a gliding instructor to become a stunt pilot and was also technical adviser on several feature films. His role as a stunt pilot, began in 1965 with the film The Blue Max which tells the story of the competitive rivalry between two German pilots in the First World War. He was enlisted as one of several pilots who helped recreate the live dog-fight scenes for the film. However, he was the only stunt pilot to agree to fly for the climax of the film in which the two rivals challenge each other to fly beneath the spans of a bridge over a river. Taking the role of both German pilots and with multiple takes from contrasting camera angles, he ended up flying through the wide span of this bridge in Ireland 15 times and 17 times through the narrower span. The two Fokker Dr.I replicas had about 4 ft of clearance on each side when passing through the narrower span. Piggott was able to fly through the arch reliably by aligning two scaffolding poles, one in the river and one on the far bank. The director had placed a flock of sheep next to the bridge so that they would scatter as the plane approached in order to demonstrate that the stunt was real and had not used models. However, by later takes, the sheep had become accustomed to the planes and continued to graze, and so they had to be scared by the shepherd.

In Darling Lilli, he was responsible for the majority of the designs of six replica aircraft and for supervising their construction in a period of nine weeks. Some of the dog fight scenes are considered to be among the best made. However, they had to be re-shot the following year because the film was changed from being comic to serious.

Another notable film role, was Derek Piggott's contribution to Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines in which he flew and advised on the construction of several of the early aircraft recreated for use in the film. Many of the planes employed wing warping for control in roll, which involved re-discovering how to fly them safely without the better roll control that comes from the use of ailerons. Several of the aircraft had dangerous features and he had a number of narrow escapes.

In Villa Rides he had to crash an aircraft that was flying towards a cliff by making the undercarriage collapse. This stopped it from 110 km/h in about 10 m

Derek Piggott flew some or all the aerial stunts in several other films: Von Richthofen and Brown (The Red Baron); Agatha; Slipstream; You Can't Win 'Em All; Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and for several television programmes. For one of these TV programmes a replica of the Sir George Cayley's first heavier-than-air flying machine was built in the early 1970s. The machine was flown by Derek Piggott at the original site in Brompton Dale in 1973 for a TV programme and again in 1985 for the IMAX film On the Wing.

Piggott Hook
Derek Piggott was the inventor of the "Piggott-Hook", which is designed to prevent air brakes opening on a launch. The system is installed in all new gliders built by DG Flugzeugbau

Death
Piggott died of a stroke, aged 96, on 6 January 2019.

Honours
In 1987 Derek Piggott was appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE). In 2007 he was awarded the Royal Aero Club Gold Medal—the highest award for aviation in the UK. Also in 2007 the Royal Aeronautical Society appointed Derek an Honorary Companion of the Society. In 2008 he was awarded the Lilienthal Gliding Medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale for outstanding service over many years to the sport of gliding. In July 2016 he was appointed President of the BHPFC (British Human Powered Flying Club) in recognition of his pioneering achievements in the field of human powered aviation.

title: Derek Piggott


text: Category:Songs with music by Jule Styne

title: Category:Songs with music by Jule Styne


text:
Sonny Siaki

Sonny Siaki  (born July 23, 1974) is an American retired professional wrestler of American Samoan descent. He is best known for his time in NWA Total Nonstop Action, where he was a one-time TNA X Division Champion.

Early life
When Siaki was three, his family moved to Hawaii, then California in the United States of America before settling in Wilmington, North Carolina. Siaki graduated from New Hanover High School, received a football scholarship to play at East Carolina University, and majored in Physical Education. He played inside linebacker until a serious stinger injury forced him to stop playing football, preventing him from pursuing a professional football career.

Early career (1998–2002)
After his school friend Brad Cain notified Siaki that the WCW Power Plant was holding tryouts in early 1999, Siaki attended the tryout and was awarded a WCW developmental contract. He graduated after seven months and wrestled his first televised match on WCW Saturday Night against Allan Funk. Siaki largely appeared on Saturday Night and faced other Power Plant graduates, though he did make several appearances on Thunder and Nitro. Siaki eventually left WCW, unhappy with the way he was being utilized.

Siaki moved on to the Urban Wrestling Alliance in California, where he was known as "Money". After nine months, the UWA folded and Siaki joined Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling where he received further training from the TCW owner, Dusty Rhodes.

NWA Total Nonstop Action (2002–2005)
On June 19, 2002, Siaki debuted on the first event of the National Wrestling Alliance-Total Nonstop Action as one-third of The Flying Elvises with Jimmy Yang and Jorge Estrada. The Elvises were a comedy heel stable who impersonated Elvis Presley. After the team disbanded, Siaki joined Vince Russo's Sports Entertainment Xtreme, a faction that tried to take over TNA (kayfabe). There he was then given a valet, Desire, a fellow TCW graduate, and earned the nickname "The Ace in the Hole". He won his first and only title in the promotion on December 11, 2002, when he defeated Jerry Lynn to win the TNA X Division Championship. He held the belt until February 12, 2003 when he lost to Kid Kash. In July 2003, Siaki began a feud with D'Lo Brown, who he defeated in a casket match. In October 2003, he formed a tag team with Ekmo, which split when Ekmo began working for All Japan Pro Wrestling.

In April 2004 he and Simon Diamond began feuding with Glenn Gilberti and Johnny Swinger. After Siaki and Diamond were victorious in a tag match, their opponents were forced to wear Irish and Samoan native dress respectively, punishing Gilberti and Swinger for the ethnic jokes they had made in the preceding weeks. Siaki formed a tag team with Apolo, having his most notable match at Lockdown, where they faced Lance Hoyt and Chris Candido in a steel cage tag match. During the match, Candido broke his leg and died four days after due to a blood clot. In December 2005, Siaki's contract with TNA expired, and he declined to re-sign, instead leaving the promotion on good terms.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2005–2007)
In late December 2005, Siaki signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. He debuted in the WWE developmental territory Deep South Wrestling on February 2, 2006, suffering a minor injury in the process. On February 23, 2006, Sonny returned to Deep South Wrestling as a heel having a match with Damian Steele. Going by the moniker "Cocky Siaki", he and Eric Perez (as Urban Assault) would win the Deep South Tag Team Titles on November 30, 2006. He then began teaming up with Afa Anoa'i, Jr. Both Siaki and former partner Eric Perez were working Raw house shows in March but Siaki suffered a back injury during that tour which left him out of action for 1 month. Siaki continued to tag with Afa Jr. in Deep South until it closed in April 2007. Siaki then re-debuted with Afa, as The Samoan Fight Club, in the new development territory, under the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) name, Florida Championship Wrestling. On September 15, 2007, it was reported that Siaki had been released from his developmental contract. Three days after the release, Siaki issued a statement saying that he has had some "personal issues" at home and that his focus was on his family right now, not wrestling.

Late career (2007–2009)
After leaving WWE, Siaki returned to the independent circuit. On September 17, 2008, Siaki announced his intention to retire from professional wrestling because he planned to donate one of his kidneys to his brother. Siaki would only have one kidney remaining, and thus the doctor told him he could not wrestle anymore, effectively ending his ten-year career. He wrestled his final match on January 9, 2009.

Personal life
He currently resides in Atlanta, Georgia and has a daughter. After retiring from professional wrestling Siaki began working for UPS.

Siaki appeared on an episode of "Family Feud" with his family.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Deep South Wrestling
 * Deep South Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Eric Perez

 * Great Championship Wrestling
 * GCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * GCW Interstate Championship (1 time)
 * GCW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with David Young and The Wrestler

 * NWA Wrestle Birmingham
 * NWA Wrestle Birmingham Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Elix Skipper

 * NWA Total Nonstop Action
 * TNA X Division Championship (1 time)

 * Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling
 * TCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jorge Estrada

title: Sonny Siaki


text:
Talk:List of monarchs of Northumbria

First comments
Aethelwald Moll has, for the Anglo-Saxon/Latin, a W instead of VV. Which is correct? I'm changing to VV for now. --Golbez 18:46, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Similar problem: Aelle II lacks Æ. Most of the references in aelle's article are Æ, but the article name lacks Æ. If Æ is accurate, the article probably should be moved. --Golbez 18:52, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Another one: Ecgberht. The first entry has the AS as ECGBRYHT and the Latin as the same, but the second entry has the AS as ECGBRYHT and the Latin as ECGBERHT. Which is correct? --Golbez 18:59, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * You are quite right, of course. I have also spotted that I have put 'Eardwulf' as Eardvvulf, in fact it should be 'Eardvvlf' (apart from the erroneous 'u', wu was rendered as 'vv' rather than 'vvv' as might be expected.)  --JohnArmagh 21:36, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

OK, I think there were some problems in the list, like putting the Bernician Aethelric as having a second reign after Hussa and before Aethelfrith, and putting Aethelfrith as being of a separate dynasty from his predecessors among the Bernicians (of course his predecessors were also "Bernicians"; it was only Edwin who was Deiran), and some other things...I think it should be OK now, but I don't claim to be an expert, so feel free to take a harder look at it and fix anything else. Everyking 10:49, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Kings of Jorvik
I've added a table for the rulers of Jorvik; they seem to be diferent to the rulers of Northumbria. My understanding is, after the Viking conquest the kingdom was divided; the Danes ruled in York, over Yorkshire/Deira, while the Anglo-Saxon dynasty ruled, with varying degrees of independence, over Durham&Northumberland/Bernicia (presumably from Bamburgh). I understand also that they both gradually lost their independence to the kings of England. I'm trying to clarify that, on various pages. Swanny18 (talk) 05:28, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * King of York is just another name for the king of Northumbria, and in fact no contemporary source ever calls them king of York, just king of Northumbria. The "Danes" appear to have ruled as far as the Firth of Forth at some points, but the north was also host to rival claimants to the Northumbrian throne, several of whom were also kings of York/Northumbria. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 08:03, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, that’s different o what I was taught; I’d understood that "north" Northumbria and "south" Northumbria were different polities from the beginning, even though they were in one kingdom; and that the difference became more apparent after the Norse conquest. Are you saying the Anglo Saxons in the north were unable to maintain any independence? Or that they weren’t later under the overlordship of the English king in opposition to the Norse kingdom? That isn’t the picture I get from going through the articles on the various kings either. There's a multipicity of titles, co-rulers, overlapping reigns; separate polities within the kingdom makes more sense anyway.

 * Do you have a book or something that says what you say? Swanny18 (talk) 10:37, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you want. Books that say what? There are recent reliable discussions of Scandinavian Northumbria in Downham, Viking Kings, pp. 63–135, Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 138–91 (google book search), and Hudson, Viking Pirates, passim. The Anglo-Saxons in the north probably were independent at various times (a couple seized the throne of York in this period), some allied to the Wessex kings, and so on, but this is an open question which has no bearing on the Northumbrian kingdom's existence. There is no controversy that the "Kings of York" are kings of Northumbria (that's what English sources call them (e.g. just control + F Northumbria in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle here, here)). Regarding wikipedia's articles, as this area is so complex it is no surprise that most of our articles on this topic are quite bad, and are written by different people who've chosen different titles. What can I say? Let wikipedia be edited by one person? Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 12:32, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for those; I need to read up on this a bit. I wasn't wanting to go 15 rounds over the name; it just seemed that there were two sets of rulers here, like at the beginning of the kingdom, so it made sense to have two lists. But I'm not insisting on it. Swanny18 (talk) 18:17, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Olaf III Guthfrithson
I stumbled over this Battle_of_Brunanburh claiming Olaf_III_Guthfrithson was King of Dublin and York. I was going to create a link pointing to 'King of York' from the first page but then noticed that redirected here and that he didn't appear in the list on this page - Should he be there just before athelston in 927ish?
 * Olaf aka Amlaíb mac Gofraid, king of 'York' (r. 939-941)? He's there alright. Cavila (talk) 11:41, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Previously unknown king - Harthacnut
Here's a couple recent stories on the Silverdale Hoard:. One of the coins lists a king Harthacnut: "The design of the coin relates to known coins of the kings Siefredus and Cnut, who ruled the Viking kingdom of Northumbria around AD900, but Harthacnut is otherwise unrecorded," a museum spokesman said.--Brianann MacAmhlaidh (talk) 07:53, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

Halfdan Ragnarsson
Should he be added to the list? His page says 'Sources sometimes title Halfdan King of Jórvík, beginning in 876. Alekksandr (talk) 14:52, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * After Halfdan's death in 877 "a probable interregnum follows in York". Alekksandr (talk) 20:42, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

Rulers of Bamburgh
The following from the above list, who seem to have ruled only the northern part of Northumbria, appear in the article. I suggest that they should be deleted, so that the article shows only those whose control covered the southern part of Northumbria:- 1. Ecgberht II of Northumbria 2. Eadwulf II of Northumbria 3. Ealdred of Northumbria. Alekksandr (talk) 21:18, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

The list would then read as follows
 * Now done. Alekksandr (talk) 17:02, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

Ælla or Ælle II of Northumbria
Ælle II is listed here and redirects to Ælla of Northumbria - which title is more accurate? Should either the link or the title be amended to match? — PhilHibbs | talk 12:35, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

Vernacular representations (?)
I have to question the propriety of the column showing the (supposed) vernacular representations of the kings' names and titles (at least I think that is what those columns are supposed to represent). Many of them contain an odd mix of Latin and Anglo-Saxon alphabets, and though you find the same type of intermingling in the surviving manuscripts, the forms that appear differ from manuscript to manuscript, the preserved versions of the manuscripts are from centuries later and not contemporary practice at all, and likewise it would be Original Research to look at them to see what is used. I strongly suspect many of these are formulaic editor-generated renderings of what they 'should have been', which violates policy. Can anyone give me a reason why this column should stay (one that overcomes my concerns about Original Research and whether these represent valid and noteworthy forms at all)? Agricolae (talk) 19:38, 24 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with your diagnostic. This column should be removed, not only here but also in Kingdom of Essex and List of monarchs of Wessex. The other lists of Anglo-Saxons kings have either no such column (e.g. List of monarchs of East Anglia, a featured list), or a column which states the various styles, withtout any OR attempt at uniformisation (e.g. List of monarchs of Sussex). – Swa cwæð Ælfgar (talk) 12:59, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and removed all three, but the Wessex one is now badly formatted, and I haven't had time to restore the relationships that the patronymics hidden in the vernacular styles were conveying to those in on the secret. Agricolae (talk) 21:09, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Adulf mcEtulfe?
This name sticks out and can't be found on a google search. Added in the past 50 revisions. Possible hoax? Swil999 (talk) 13:08, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of monarchs of Northumbria


text:
Talk:Grammy Trustees Award

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title: Talk:Grammy Trustees Award


text:
File:Dickies - Stukas Over Disneyland album cover.jpg

Summary
The Dickies - Stukas Over Disneyland. Original US LP album cover

Licensing
Original US release album cover - album covers are fair use. Picture scanned by me Ian Dunster from original US LP album.


text: Category:Airlines of Jordan

title: Category:Airlines of Jordan


text:
The Naturals

The Naturals were a professional wrestling tag team made up of Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens. They are best known for their work in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where they are former three-time NWA World Tag Team Champions.

History
While working for USA Championship Wrestling, Douglas and Stevens were paired together by booker Bob Ryder. They were briefly known as "Natural Heat" before shortening their name to "The Naturals". In USA CW, The Naturals were old-school Southern style heels.

Douglas and Stevens began working for Jerry Lawler's Memphis Wrestling promotion in 2003, where they were renamed "The Alternative Express". The Alternative Express—a gothic pair of rock fans who wore black clothing and recolored their hair and fingernails—were managed by The Goddess Athena. Athena later left The Naturals after a falling out, and they gained a new manager, April Pennington.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
Douglas and Stevens were brought into Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in late 2003 as "The Naturals", immediately beginning a lengthy feud with America's Most Wanted (AMW). In the course of the feud, they defeated AMW for the NWA World Tag Team Championship on July 7, 2004 in a twelve-second long match after hitting James Storm with one of the title belts. The Naturals successfully defended their titles against Triple X, but were eventually beaten by Chris Harris and Elix Skipper (one member of each team) on September 8, 2004.

In 2005, the Naturals formed a stable with Chris Candido, who also became their manager. They became peripheral members of Planet Jarrett in early 2005. On April 26 they defeated America's Most Wanted to become NWA World Tag Team Champions for a second time. The sudden death of Candido two days later led to them turning face due to fan reaction. They stated later in May that they were being advised through the ordeal by a "legendary figure" in professional wrestling, though they declined to say who at the time.

On June 19, 2005 at Slammiversary the Naturals were assisted in a title defense against Team Canada by Jimmy Hart, who was revealed to be their secret advisor. Hart acted as their manager throughout the summer of 2005 before he left his voluntary on-screen capacities with TNA in September. In their feud with Team Canada, they briefly formed an alliance with AMW. Their animosity, however, won out as infighting cost them an eight-man tag team match with Team Canada at Sacrifice on August 14.

The Naturals survived an Elimination Match involving Team Canada, AMW, and Alex Shelley (who was supposed to team with Sean Waltman, who no-showed, and instead was assisted by Johnny Candido) to retain the titles at Unbreakable on September 11. Their reign ended on the October 22 episode of Impact! when they lost to AMW following interference from Jeff Jarrett and Gail Kim. They were defeated by AMW in their rematch at Bound For Glory on October 23, again following interference from Kim.

On October 25, Stevens injured his neck when he landed bad on his head during a tag-team match being taped for the October 29 episode of Impact! The injury was minor, and not expected to require surgery. The match, however, was omitted, and a replacement match was taped the next day. He returned on November 13 at Genesis.

The Naturals went to the background in the early months of 2006. After Scott Steiner brutalized Douglas in March, Stevens spent about two months in singles action in the X Division with limited success. When Douglas returned and they tagged again and "The Franchise" Shane Douglas (no relation to Douglas), a former NWA World Heavyweight Champion and TNA official, took an interest in them. After they lost to The Diamonds in the Rough on June 15, Shane confronted them, telling them they were squandering their talent. Invoking his friend and their former manager Chris Candido, he offered to be their new manager. With much audience approval, they accepted Shane's offer, and, after a month of intense training overseen by The Franchise, faced and defeated The Diamonds in the Rough in a rematch at Victory Road. The Naturals then entered a feud with Team 3D, even handing Team 3D their first loss in a Tables Match in TNA, but after a loss to Team 3D in a Tables Match one month later, Shane Douglas abandoned them, saying "This experiment is over".

After the end of the Shane Douglas angle TNA were said to be done with the Naturals as a team, saying that they had given the team several opportunities to show their charisma, but had not delivered. The situation has since been rectified to an extent and after two house show appearances for TNA, one in January and one in March (2007), The Naturals returned to TNA on Xplosion, in mid-April 2007.

The Naturals appeared at the Lockdown FanFest held in St. Louis on April 14, 2007. Stevens and Douglas were released from TNA Wrestling as of May 10, 2007, but TNA Mobile announced soon afterward that they would be working for TNA without a contract from time to time.

International Wrestling Association
The Naturals went to IWA in mid-2007, where they held the IWA World Tag Teams Championships until they vacated the titles after leaving the IWA.

World Wrestling Entertainment
The Naturals competed in a taped match for the 21 March 2008 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Luke Hawx in a losing effort against The Big Show. Stevens wrestled Jack Swagger on ECW in a losing effort on September 16, 2008. Stevens was later defeated by Mike Knox on September 23's edition of ECW, followed by a post-match beating from Swagger which prompted a Tommy Dreamer run-in.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Birchfield Pro Wrestling
 * BPW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * Great Championship Wrestling
 * GCW Tag Team Championionship (1 time)
 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times)
 * USA Championship Wrestling
 * USACW Tag Team Championionship (1 time)
 * International Wrestling Association
 * IWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time)

title: The Naturals


text:
Construction management

Construction management (CM) aims to control the quality of a project's scope, time, and cost (sometimes referred to as a project management triangle or "triple constraints") to maximize the project owner's satisfaction. It uses project management techniques and software to oversee the planning, design, construction and closeout of a construction project safely, on time, on budget and within specifications.

Practitioners of construction management are called construction managers. They have knowledge and experience in the field of business management and building science. Professional construction managers may be hired for large-scaled, high budget undertakings (commercial real estate, transportation infrastructure, industrial facilities, and military infrastructure), called capital projects. Construction managers use their knowledge of project delivery methods to deliver the project optimally.

The role of the contractor
Contractors are assigned to a construction project during the design or once the design has been completed by a licensed architect or a licensed civil engineer. This is done by going through a bidding process with different contractors. As dictated by the project delivery method, the contractor is selected by using one of three common selection methods: low-bid selection, best-value selection, or qualifications-based selection.

A construction manager is hired for the following deliverables means and methods, communications with the authority having jurisdiction, time management, document control, cost controls and management, quality controls, decision making, mathematics, shop drawings, record drawings and human resources.

In the US, the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) states the most common responsibilities of a Construction Manager fall into the following 7 categories: Project Management Planning, Cost Management, Time Management, Quality Management, Contract Administration, Safety Management, and CM Professional Practice. CM professional practice includes specific activities such as defining the responsibilities and management structure of the project management team, organizing and leading by implementing project controls, defining roles and responsibilities, developing communication protocols, and identifying elements of project design and construction likely to give rise to disputes and claims.

Function
The functions of construction management typically include the following:
 * 1) Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants.
 * 2) Maximizing the resource efficiency through procurement of labor, materials and equipment.
 * 3) Implementing various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process.
 * 4) Developing effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts.

Bids
A bid is given to the owner by construction managers that are willing to complete their construction project. A bid tells the owner how much money they should expect to pay the construction management company in order for them to complete the project.
 * Open bid: An open bid is used for public projects. Any and all contractors are allowed to submit their bid due to public advertising.
 * Closed bid: A closed bid is used for private projects. A selection of contractors are sent an invitation for bid so only they can submit a bid for the specified project.

Selection methods

 * Low-bid selection: This selection focuses on the price of a project. Multiple construction management companies submit a bid to the owner that is the lowest amount they are willing to do the job for. Then the owner usually chooses the company with the lowest bid to complete the job for them.
 * Best-value selection: This selection focuses on both the price and qualifications of the contractors submitting bids. This means that the owner chooses the contractor with the best price and the best qualifications. The owner decides by using a request for proposal (RFP), which provides the owner with the contractor's exact form of scheduling and budgeting that the contractor expects to use for the project.
 * Qualifications-based selection: This selection is used when the owner decides to choose the contractor only on the basis of their qualifications. The owner then uses a request for qualifications (RFQ), which provides the owner with the contractor's experience, management plans, project organization, and budget and schedule performance. The owner may also ask for safety records and individual credentials of their members. This method is most often used when the contractor is hired early during the design process so that the contractor can provide input and cost estimates as the design develops.

Payment contracts

 * Lump sum: This is the most common type of contract. The construction manager and the owner agree on the overall cost of the construction project and the owner is responsible for paying that amount whether the construction project exceeds or falls below the agreed price of payment.
 * Cost plus fee: This contract provides payment for the contractor including the total cost of the project as well as a fixed fee or percentage of the total cost. This contract is beneficial to the contractor since any additional costs will be paid for, even though they were unexpected for the owner.
 * Guaranteed maximum price: This contract is the same as the cost-plus-fee contract although there is a set price that the overall cost and fee do not go above.
 * Unitprice: This contract is used when the cost cannot be determined ahead of time. The owner provides materials with a specific unit price to limit spending.

Project stages
The stages of a typical construction project have been defined as feasibility, design, construction and operation, each stage relating to the project life cycle.

Feasibility and design
Feasibility and design involves four steps: programming and feasibility, schematic design, design development, and contract documents. It is the responsibility of the design team to ensure that the design meets all building codes and regulations. It is during the design stage that the bidding process takes place.
 * Conceptual/programming and feasibility: The needs, goals, and objectives must be determined for the building. Decisions must be made on the building size, number of rooms, how the space will be used, and who will be using the space. This must all be considered to begin the actual designing of the building. This phase is normally a written list of each room or space, the critical information about those spaces, and the approximate square footage of each area.
 * Schematic design: Schematic designs are sketches used to identify spaces, shapes, and patterns. Materials, sizes, colors, and textures must be considered in the sketches. This phase usually involves developing the floor plan, elevations, a site plan, and possibly a few details.
 * Design development (DD): This step requires research and investigation into what materials and equipment will be used as well as their cost. During this phase, the drawings are refined with information from structural, plumbing, mechanical, and electrical engineers. It also involves a more rigorous evaluation how the applicable building codes will impact the project.
 * Contract documents (CDs): Contract documents are the final drawings and specifications of the construction project. They are used by contractors to determine their bid while builders use them for the construction process. Contract documents can also be called working drawings.

Pre-construction
The pre-construction stage begins when the owner gives a notice to proceed to the contractor that they have chosen through the bidding process. A notice to proceed is when the owner gives permission to the contractor to begin their work on the project. The first step is to assign the project team which includes the project manager (PM), contract administrator, superintendent, and field engineer. During the pre-construction stage, a site investigation must take place. A site investigation takes place to discover if any steps need to be implemented on the job site. This is in order to get the site ready before the actual construction begins. This also includes any unforeseen conditions, such as historical artifacts or environment problems. A soil test must be done to determine if the soil is in good condition to be built upon.
 * Project manager: The project manager is in charge of the project team.
 * Contract administrator: The contract administrator assists the project manager as well as the superintendent with the details of the construction contract.
 * Superintendent: It is the superintendent's job to make sure everything is on schedule, including the flow of materials, deliveries, and equipment. They are also in charge of coordinating on-site construction activities.
 * Field engineer: A field engineer is considered an entry-level position and is responsible for paperwork.

Procurement
The procurement stage is when labor, materials and equipment needed to complete the project are purchased. This can be done by the general contractor if the company does all their own construction work. If the contractor does not do their own work, they obtain it through subcontractors. Subcontractors are contractors who specialize in one particular aspect of the construction work such as concrete, welding, glass, or carpentry. Subcontractors are hired the same way a general contractor would be, which is through the bidding process. Purchase orders are also part of the procurement stage.
 * Purchase orders: A purchase order is used in various types of businesses. In this case, a purchase order is an agreement between a buyer and seller that the products purchased meet the required specifications for the agreed price.

Construction
The construction stage begins with a pre-construction meeting brought together by the superintendent (on an American project). The pre-construction meeting is meant to make decisions dealing with work hours, material storage, quality control, and site access. The next step is to move everything onto the construction site and set it all up.

A contractor progress payment schedule is a schedule of when (according to project milestones or specified dates) contractors and suppliers will be paid for the current progress of installed work.

Progress payments or interim payments are partial payments for work completed during a portion of a construction period, usually a month. Progress payments are made to general contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers as construction projects progress. Payments are typically made on a monthly basis but could be modified to meet certain milestones. Progress payments are an important part of contract administration for the contractor. Proper preparation of the information necessary for payment processing can help the contractor financially complete the project.

Owner occupancy
Once the owner moves into the building, a warranty period begins. This is to ensure that all materials, equipment, and quality meet the expectations of the owner that are included within the contract.

Dust and mud
When construction vehicles are driving around a site or moving earth, a lot of dust is created, especially during the dryer months. This may cause disruption for surrounding businesses or homes. A popular method of dust control is to have a water truck driving through the site spraying water on the dry dirt to minimize the movement of dust within and out of the construction site. When water is introduced, mud is created. This mud sticks to the tires of the construction vehicles and is often lead out to the surrounding roads. A street sweeper may clean the roads to reduce dirty road conditions.

Environmental protections

 * Storm water pollution: As a result of construction, the soil is displaced from its original location which can possibly cause environmental problems in the future. Runoff can occur during storms which can possibly transfer harmful pollutants through the soil to rivers, lakes, wetlands, and coastal waters.
 * Endangered species: If endangered species have been found on the construction site, the site must be shut down for some time. The construction site must be shut down for as long as it takes for authorities to make a decision on the situation. Once the situation has been assessed, the contractor makes the appropriate accommodations to not disturb the species.
 * Vegetation: There may often be particular trees or other vegetation that must be protected on the job site. This may require fences or security tape to warn builders that they must not be harmed.
 * Wetlands: The contractor must make accommodations so that erosion and water flow are not affected by construction. Any liquid spills must be maintained due to contaminants that may enter the wetland.
 * Historical or cultural artifacts: Artifacts may include arrowheads, pottery shards, and bones. All work comes to a halt if any artifacts are found and will not resume until they can be properly examined and removed from the area.

Construction activity documentation
Project meetings take place at scheduled intervals to discuss the progress on the construction site and any concerns or issues. The discussion and any decisions made at the meeting must be documented.

Diaries, logs, and daily field reports keep track of the daily activities on a job site each day.
 * Diaries: Each member of the project team is expected to keep a project diary. The diary contains summaries of the day's events in the member's own words. They are used to keep track of any daily work activity, conversations, observations, or any other relevant information regarding the construction activities. Diaries can be referred to when disputes arise and a diary happens to contain information connected with the disagreement. Diaries that are handwritten can be used as evidence in court.
 * Logs: Logs keep track of the regular activities on the job site such as phone logs, transmittal logs, delivery logs, and RFI (Request for Information) logs.
 * Daily field reports: Daily field reports are a more formal way of recording information on the job site. They contain information that includes the day's activities, temperature and weather conditions, delivered equipment or materials, visitors on the site, images of the job site and equipment used that day.

Labor statements are required on a daily basis. Also list of Labor, PERT CPM are needed for labor planning to complete a project in time.

Resolving disputes

 * Mediation: Mediation uses a third party mediator to resolve any disputes. The mediator helps both disputing parties to come to a mutual agreement. This cost-saving process ensures that no attorneys become involved in the dispute and is less time-consuming.
 * Minitrial: A minitrial takes more time and money than a mediation. The minitrial takes place in an informal setting and involves some type of advisor or attorney that must be paid. The disputing parties may come to an agreement or the third party advisor may offer their advice. The agreement is nonbinding and can be broken.
 * Arbitration: Arbitration is the most costly and time-consuming way to resolve a dispute short of litigation. Each party is represented by an attorney while witnesses and evidence are presented. Once all information is provided on the issue, the arbitrator makes a ruling which provides the final decision. The arbitrator provides the final decision on what must be done and it is a binding agreement between each of the disputing parties.

Study and practice
Construction Management education comes in a variety of formats: formal degree programs (two-year associate degree; four-year baccalaureate degree, master's degree, project management, operations management engineer degree, doctor of philosophy degree, postdoctoral researcher); on-the-job-training; and continuing education and professional development. Information on degree programs is available from ABET, the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE), the American Academy of Project Management (AAPM), the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) or the Associated Schools of Construction (ASC).

According to the American Council for Construction Education (one of the academic accreditation agencies responsible for accrediting construction management programs in the U.S.), the academic field of construction management encompasses a wide range of topics. These range from general management skills, through management skills specifically related to construction, to technical knowledge of construction methods and practices. There are many schools offering Construction Management programs, including some offering a master's degree.

Software
Capital project management software (CPMS) refers to the systems that are currently available that help capital project owner/operators, program managers, and construction managers, control and manage the vast amount of information that capital construction projects create. A collection, or portfolio of projects only makes this a bigger challenge. These systems go by different names: capital project management software, computer construction software, construction management software, project management information systems. Usually construction management can be referred as subset of CPMS where the scope of CPMS is not limited to construction phases of project.

Required knowledge

 * Construction and building
 * Technology
 * Public safety
 * Customer service
 * Human resources
 * Mathematics
 * Leadership

Design, bid, build contracts
The phrase "design, bid, build" describes the prevailing model of construction management, in which the general contractor is engaged through a tender process after designs have been completed by the architect or engineer.

Design-build contracts
Many owners – particularly government agencies – let out contracts known as design-build contracts. In this type of contract, the construction team (known as the design-builder) is responsible for taking the owner's concept and completing a detailed design before (following the owner's approval of the design) proceeding with construction. Virtual design and construction technology may be used by contractors to maintain a tight construction time.

There are three main advantages to a design-build contract. First, the construction team is motivated to work with the architect to develop a practical design. The team can find creative ways to reduce construction costs without reducing the function of the final product. The second major advantage involves the schedule. Many projects are commissioned within a tight time frame. Under a traditional contract, construction cannot begin until after the design is finished and the project has been awarded to a bidder. In a design-build contract the contractor is established at the outset, and construction activities can proceed concurrently with the design. The third major advantage is that the design-build contractor has an incentive to keep the combined design and construction costs within the owner's budget. If speed is important, design and construction contracts can be awarded separately; bidding takes place on preliminary plans in a not-to-exceed contract instead of a single firm design-build contract.

The major problem with design-build contracts is an inherent conflict of interest. In a standard contract the architect works for the owner and is directly responsible to the owner. In design-build teaming agreement, the architect works for the design-builder, not the owner, therefore the design-builder may make design and construction decisions that benefit the design-builder, but that may not benefit the owner. During construction, the architect normally acts as the owner's representative. This includes reviewing the builder's work and ensuring that the products and methods meet specifications and codes. The architect's role is compromised when the architect works for the design-builder and not for the owner directly. Thus, the owner may get a building that is over-designed to increase profits for the design-builder, or a building built with lesser-quality products to maximize profits. However, incentive clauses are written into the contract to mitigate these issues.

Turnkey Contracts
A project delivery method where the construction company takes full responsibility for a project.

Construction Management as PDM
The construction industry typically includes three parties: an owner, a licensed designer (architect or engineer) and a builder (usually known as a general contractor). There are traditionally two contracts between these parties as they work together to plan, design and construct the project. The first contract is the owner-designer contract, which involves planning, design, and construction contract administration. The second contract is the owner-contractor contract, which involves construction. An indirect third-party relationship exists between the designer and the contractor, due to these two contracts.

An owner may also contract with a construction project management company as an adviser, creating a third contract relationship in the project. The construction manager's role is to provide construction advice to the designer, design advice to the constructor on the owner's behalf and other advice as necessary.

The construction project manager is sometimes referred to as an "Owner's Representative." The CM's role is to represent the interests of the Owner throughout the various phases of a project beginning as early as feasibility studies and conceptual planning of the project. Construction Managers help to inform good decision making on behalf of the owner through planning, design, permitting, construction contract procurement, and during construction. A primary role of the CM is to ensure the terms of the Construction Contract are fulfilled by the Contractor. A CM can be an individual or company focused on providing construction management services. A CM typically does not hold the contracts of the project design firms or construction firms but assists or leads the effort on behalf of the Owner to procure those services and ensure successful execution of those contracts' terms.

A CM firm is typically hired as a personal or professional, qualifications-based service rather than as a bid. Costs are based on a guaranteed maximum price or fixed price, and substantiated by level of effort or staffing plan that identifies the hours per service task to be provided, and based on individual billable hourly rates of proposed project-assigned staff.

Agency CM
Construction cost management is a fee-based service in which the construction manager (CM) is responsible exclusively to the owner, acting in the owner's interests at every stage of the project. The construction manager offers impartial advice on matters such as:
 * Optimum use of available funds
 * Control of the scope of the work
 * Project scheduling
 * Optimum use of design and construction firms' skills and talents
 * Avoidance of delays, changes and disputes
 * Enhancing project design and construction quality
 * Optimum flexibility in contracting and procurement
 * Cash-flow management

Comprehensive management of every stage of the project, beginning with the original concept and project definition, yields the greatest benefit to owners. As time progresses beyond the pre-design phase, the CM's ability to effect cost savings diminishes. The agency CM can represent the owner by helping select the design and construction teams and managing the design (preventing scope creep), helping the owner stay within a predetermined budget with value engineering, cost-benefit analysis and best-value comparisons. The software-application field of construction collaboration technology has been developed to apply information technology to construction management.

CM at-risk (CMaR)
CM at-risk is a delivery method which entails a commitment by the construction manager to deliver the project within a Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP). The construction manager acts as a consultant to the owner in the development and design phases (preconstruction services), and as a general contractor during construction. When a construction manager is bound to a GMP, the fundamental character of the relationship is changed. In addition to acting in the owner's interest, the construction manager must control construction costs to stay within the GMP.

CM at-risk is a global term referring to the business relationship of a construction contractor, owner and architect (or designer). Typically, a CM at-risk arrangement eliminates a "low-bid" construction project. A GMP agreement is a typical part of the CM-and-owner agreement (comparable to a "low-bid" contract), but with adjustments in responsibility for the CM. The advantage of a CM at-risk arrangement is budget management. Before a project's design is completed (six to eighteen months of coordination between designer and owner), the CM is involved with estimating the cost of constructing a project based on the goals of the designer and owner (design concept) and the project's scope. In balancing the costs, schedule, quality and scope of the project, the design may be modified instead of redesigned; if the owner decides to expand the project, adjustments can be made before pricing. To manage the budget before design is complete and construction crews mobilized, the CM conducts site management and purchases major items to efficiently manage time and cost.

Advantages

 * CM is working "at risk", therefore have incentive to act in the owner's interest, as well as to efficiently manage construction costs, considering they would be liable for any amount in excess of the GMP
 * Ability to handle changes in design or scope

Drawbacks

 * If a cost overrun occurred, it could cost the CM a great deal of money
 * The CM is allowed some mistake-related contingency, therefore there is a possibility that they will compensate by reducing the scope of the work to fit the GMP
 * Since the GMP is settled before design begins, it is difficult for owners to know whether they received the best possible bid

Bottom line
An at-risk delivery method is best for large projects—both complete construction and renovation—that are not easy to define, have a possibility of changing in scope, or have strict schedule deadlines. Additionally, it is an efficient method in projects containing technical complexity, multi-trade coordination, or multiple phases.

Accelerated construction techniques
Starting with its Accelerated Bridge Program in the late 2000s, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation began employing accelerated construction techniques, in which it signs contracts with incentives for early completion and penalties for late completion, and uses intense construction during longer periods of complete closure to shorten the overall project duration and reduce cost.

title: Construction management