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Chopped and screwed

Chopped and screwed (also called screwed and chopped or slowed and throwed) is a music genre and technique of remixing music that involves slowing down the tempo and DJing. It was developed in the Houston hip hop scene in the early 1990s by DJ Screw. The screwed technique involves slowing the tempo of a song down to 60 and 70 quarter-note beats per minute and applying techniques such as skipping beats, record scratching, stop-time and affecting portions of the original composition to create a "chopped-up" version of the song.

1990: Creation
Preceding the late 1990s, most Southern hip hop was upbeat and fast, like Miami bass and Memphis, which was inspired by Afrika Bambaataa & the Soulsonic Force with their groundbreaking track "Planet Rock". Unlike its southern musical counterparts Houston's rap style has consistently remained slower, even in the beginning of Houston hip hop, as can be heard on the earliest Houston based group Geto Boys records from the mid to late 80's. It is unknown when DJ Screw definitively created "screwed and chopped" music. Screw's former manager Charles Washington stated, "Screw mistakenly created the sound while hanging out with friends at an apartment in the late 80s." Screw discovered that dramatically reducing the pitch of a record gave a mellow, heavy sound that emphasized lyrics to the point of storytelling. Initially, the slow-paced hip hop genre was referred to as laid-back driving music and was limited to South Houston until it was popularized by DJs such as DJ T-Rent Dinero and DJ Z-Rusty.

1991–2000: Rise to popularity and death of DJ Screw
In Houston, between 1991 and 1992, there was a notable increase in the use of lean (also known as purple drank and sizzurp) which, as Patel Joseph from MTV News believes, contributed to the allure of screw music. The drug beverage has been considered a major influence on the making and listening of chopped and screwed music due to its perceived effect of slowing the brain down, and giving the slow, mellow music its appeal. In an interview for the documentary film Soldiers United For Cash, DJ Screw denounced the claim that one has to use lean to enjoy screwed and chopped music, saying, "People think just to listen to my tapes you gotta be high or dranked out. That ain't true. There's kids getting my tapes, moms and dads getting my tapes, don't smoke or drink or nothing."

In the mid-1990s, chopped and screwed music started to move to the north side of Houston by way of DJ Michael "5000" Watts, and later OG Ron C. A rivalry between north and south Houston over the true originators of chopped and screwed began to arise. Michael "5000" Watts always gave credit to DJ Screw as the originator of chopped and screwed music, although Watts has been a proponent of the slogan "screwed and chopped" instead of "chopped and screwed". In the late 1990s, with the help of P2P networks such as Napster, chopped and screwed music spread to a much wider audience.

On November 16, 2000, DJ Screw was found dead in the bathroom of his music studio. The autopsy report later revealed that Screw died from a combination of codeine, Valium, PCP.

2000–present: Expansion and development
Following the death of DJ Screw, his musical influence spread all over the southern United States. Later in 2000, the Memphis-based group Three 6 Mafia came out with their song "Sippin' on Some Syrup". The song debuted as a minor hit but later became one of Three 6 Mafia's most popular songs.

The 2007 documentary film Screwed in Houston details the history of the Houston rap scene and the influence of the chopped and screwed subculture on Houston hip hop. In 2011, University of Houston Libraries acquired over 1,000 albums owned by DJ Screw. Some of the albums were part of an exhibit in early 2012 and, along with the rest, went available for research in 2013.

As of to date, the chopped and screwed music genre has been added to all forms of streaming services including iTunes, Spotify and has crossed over to receive mass mainstream appeal.

The Chopstars/ChopNotSlop
Created by Swishahouse Records Co-founder OG Ron C they began calling their remixes ChopNotSlop due to all the “sloppy” remixes that came out after the passing of DJ Screw. Since 2001 they have dedicated their cause to the legacy of DJ Screw. The Chopstars have become the prominent source for chopped up music. With official releases with Brent Faiyaz, Don Toliver and Little Dragon (Nabuma Purple Rubberband) they have made a niche in the sub genre. They currently have a radio show called ChopNotSlopShow on Sound 42 which is Drake’s radio station on SiriusXM. Notable members include DJ Ryan Wolf, official DJ of the Cleveland Browns, DJ Candlestick, DJ Hollygrove, Mike G formerly of Odd Future and Oscar Award winning director Barry Jenkins as a creative collaborator.

Future screw and lean house
In the mid-2010s, producers on SoundCloud began experimenting with fusing chopped and screwed music and EDM. It has since developed into subgenres such as "future screw and lean house".

Slowed and reverb
Slowed and reverb (stylized as "slowed + reverb") is a technique of remixing and a subgenre, derived from chopped and screwed hip-hop and vaporwave, which involves slowing down and adding reverb to a previously existing song, often created by using digital audio editors such as Audacity. The technique originated in 2017, when Houston-based producer Jarylun Moore (known online as slater!), having been inspired by DJ Screw, began uploading remixes of popular songs using the technique to YouTube. The first of these—a remix of Lil Uzi Vert's song "20 Min"—earned over one million views on the platform in under two months, eventually earning over four million views before being taken down. The style became especially popular on YouTube, where it became common to play remixes over looping clips from retrofuturistic anime scenes. Other notable producers in this sub-genre include (also known as ciki 8k), rum world, Aestheticg, imlonely, Chovies, slerb as well as streliz.

Slowed and reverb remixes were also uploaded to Spotify using the service's podcast feature. For Okayplayer, Elijah C. Watson dubbed slowed and reverb remixes "the soundtrack for Generation Z", comparing the style to lo-fi hip hop. Remixes using the technique also became popular on the video-sharing service TikTok.

Slowed and reverb remixes became controversial on social media in mid-2020 after a viral video posted to TikTok failed to attribute the creation of slowed and reverb to chopped and screwed, causing users to brand slowed and reverb a "gentrified" version of chopped and screwed. For the Houston Chronicle, Shelby Stewart wrote, "Give DJ Screw his flowers. Slowed + reverb is a poor imitation of what chopped and screwed music is." Moore had mixed feelings about the phenomenon, saying, "I always felt that I shouldn’t touch chopped and screwed music. One, it’s not really screwed if it’s not by Screw. Two, the chops are sacred to the culture, and not everybody can imitate it. So I would never want to even try to. I’m just glad I’m able to bring it to a wider audience."

Other responses to the subgenre's popularity were more positive. Despite the backlash from DJ Screw fans, other creators such as Isaac Sigala uploaded slowed and reverb remixes to honor the chopped and screwed genre through nostalgia. Sigala said of the popularity of his remixes, "I knew it was gonna happen. I see the kind of emotions that were brought out in me when I first started getting into [slowed music]. I could see how others would express their emotions too."

The YouTube comments sections of slowed and reverb videos are often used as a safe haven for users, which Digital Trends described as "a sensitive reprieve from the toxicity often found on the platform." Users commonly share stories of heartbreak and loss, which are given support by the slowed and reverb content creators. YouTuber Rayen Hemden said that he feels protective of his commenters and will act as a moderator to keep discussion compassionate. He further stated, "I make sure there are no hate comments towards the people who share their stories because it takes bravery. Someone has to be courageous to actually share their story."

title: Chopped and screwed


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Genetic Wuz

Guys, listen to yourselves, you sound like old women!? Don’t you have anything better to do then go and criticize someone’s page? So what if the English is broken? They are foreign for goodness sakes! And I agree with the statement that if you took of all the foreign contributions, there would be little left. So stop being such nurds and get a freaking life, rather then hammering on something so trivial? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.156.248.154 (talk • contribs) 17:07, 14 June 2005 (UTC).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Template:Chicago L

title: Template:Chicago L


text: User talk:68.199.100.109

title: User talk:68.199.100.109


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Nuclear cross section

The nuclear cross section of a nucleus is used to describe the probability that a nuclear reaction will occur. The concept of a nuclear cross section can be quantified physically in terms of "characteristic area" where a larger area means a larger probability of interaction. The standard unit for measuring a nuclear cross section (denoted as σ) is the barn, which is equal to $m2$, $cm2$ or $100 fm2$. Cross sections can be measured for all possible interaction processes together, in which case they are called total cross sections, or for specific processes, distinguishing elastic scattering and inelastic scattering; of the latter, amongst neutron cross sections the absorption cross sections are of particular interest.

In nuclear physics it is conventional to consider the impinging particles as point particles having negligible diameter. Cross sections can be computed for any nuclear process, such as capture scattering, production of neutrons, or nuclear fusion. In many cases, the number of particles emitted or scattered in nuclear processes is not measured directly; one merely measures the attenuation produced in a parallel beam of incident particles by the interposition of a known thickness of a particular material. The cross section obtained in this way is called the total cross section and is usually denoted by a σ or σT.

Typical nuclear radii are of the order 10−15 m. Assuming spherical shape, we therefore expect the cross sections for nuclear reactions to be of the order of $\pi r^2$ or $m2$ (i.e., 1 barn). Observed cross sections vary enormously: for example, slow neutrons absorbed by the (n, $$\gamma$$) reaction show a cross section much higher than 1,000 barns in some cases (boron-10, cadmium-113, and xenon-135), while the cross sections for transmutations by gamma-ray absorption are in the region of 0.001 barn.

Microscopic and macroscopic cross section
Nuclear cross sections are used in determining the nuclear reaction rate, and are governed by the reaction rate equation for a particular set of particles (usually viewed as a "beam and target" thought experiment where one particle or nucleus is the "target", which is typically at rest, and the other is treated as a "beam", which is a projectile with a given energy).

For particle interactions incident upon a thin sheet of material (ideally made of a single isotope), the nuclear reaction rate equation is written as:

 * $$r_x = \Phi\ \sigma_x\ \rho_A = \Phi \Sigma_x$$

where:
 * $$r_x$$ : number of reactions of type x, units: [1/time⋅volume]
 * $$\Phi$$ : beam flux, units: [1/area⋅time]
 * $$\sigma_x$$ : microscopic cross section for reaction $$x$$, units: [area] (usually barns or cm2).
 * $$\rho_A$$ : density of atoms in the target in units of [1/volume]
 * $$\Sigma_x \equiv \sigma_x \ \rho_A$$: macroscopic cross-section [1/length]

Types of reactions frequently encountered are s: scattering, $$\gamma$$: radiative capture, a: absorption (radiative capture belongs to this type), f: fission, the corresponding notation for cross-sections being: $$\sigma_s$$, $$\sigma_\gamma$$, $$\sigma_a$$, etc. A special case is the total cross-section $$\sigma_t$$, which gives the probability of a neutron to undergo any sort of reaction ($$\sigma_t = \sigma_s + \sigma_\gamma + \sigma_f + \ldots$$).

Formally, the equation above defines the macroscopic cross-section (for reaction x) as the proportionality constant between a particle flux incident on a (thin) piece of material and the number of reactions that occur (per unit volume) in that material. The distinction between macroscopic and microscopic cross-section is that the former is a property of a specific lump of material (with its density), while the latter is an intrinsic property of a type of nuclei.

title: Nuclear cross section


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QUICC

The QUICC (Quad Integrated Communications Controller) was a Motorola 68k -based microcontroller made by Freescale Semiconductor, targeted at the telecommunications market. It lends its name to a family of successor chips called PowerQUICC.

History
The original QUICC was the Motorola 68360 (MC68360), based on the MC68302. It was followed by the PowerPC-based PowerQUICC I, PowerQUICC II, PowerQUICC II+ and PowerQUICC III.

Applications
QUICC chips form the core of many Motorola Cellular Base stations.

Many PowerQUICC II+ designs now have SATA controllers for SAN based applications.

PowerQUICC CPUs/boards come with a Linux environment. Freescale also offers MQX (a RTOS) for PPC.

title: QUICC


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Talk:GURPS Cyberpunk

What about the book?
The Hell? There is nothing about the book itself on this page! This page should be retitled Steve Jackson Games vs. The United States Secret Service Case.

 * Ditto — The lawsuit crap, and SS raids need to be mentioned, but most of the content moved to a more appropriate page... Zotel - the Stub Maker 23:55, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll add some info when I get around to it. TowerDragon 10:26, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I just did it, the new page is SJ Games vs. The Secret Service it needs work as it just contains a verbatim hack of the old text. This article is now focused more on the book itselfBrehaut 20:27, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Raid possibly not part of Sundevil
I added a "disputed" notice to the Sundevil portion of the article, as the EFF and SJG claim otherwise. From http://www.eff.org/legal/cases/SJG/?f=media_errors.sjg.txt :

 * 5. This was part of Operation Sun Devil.
 * No it wasn't. Sun Devil was a totally separate project, aimed at credit card fraud. Because it had a neat name, it got a lot of headlines. Since computers were involved, some reporters got the two confused. The Secret Service helped the confusion along by refusing to comment on what was, or wasn't part of Sun Devil. Sun Devil was not a "hacker" investigation. So says Gail Thackeray, who was its spearhead.

See also: Talk:Operation_Sundevil. Somegeek 21:08, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I suggest to change the title of that section to SJGames vs. The Secret Service, and the text to something like: "... was raided by the U.S. Secret Service in 1990. This raid is often attributed to Operation Sundevil, a nation-wide crackdown on 'illegal computer hacking activities', although SJG and the EFF claim otherwise." + References to both organisations' texts. Any objections? TowerDragon 10:26, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * As there don’t seem to be any objections, I’ll edit the main page to state both points of view as suggested above. TowerDragon 01:33, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:GURPS Cyberpunk


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Tom Cheney (cartoonist)

Tom Cheney (born 1954) is an American cartoonist. He was born in Norfolk, Virginia and grew up in Saranac Lake, New York, and later in Watertown, New York. He attended Watertown High School (class of '72), and graduated from the State University of New York at Potsdam in 1976 with a BA in psychology.

A contributing artist to The New Yorker for 48 years, his work has also appeared in over 500 other publications in the United States and other countries, including Esquire, National Lampoon, The Harvard Business Review, Mad Magazine, Penthouse, The Wall Street Journal, Punch, Barron's Magazine, Hustler, and the Commies From Mars comic book series (issues #4–5, 1982–1986, Last Gasp).

His cartoons have been spotlighted on ABC Nightline, CNN, CBS 60 Minutes, and NBC News.

Originals of Cheney's work are on permanent display at the Museum of Cartoon Art, the New-York Historical Society, the headquarters of the United Nations, and the Empire State Building, as well as in numerous private collections. He and his wife Cynthia live in Hawaii.

title: Tom Cheney (cartoonist)


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Scrim (lighting)

A scrim is a device used in the film and television industries, as well as by photographers, to modify properties of light. There are variations on types of scrim, depending upon its use, whether with natural light, or with man-made light sources. However, their basic use is the same – to reduce intensity and/or harshness of light.

On lights
Film and TV productions typically use constant lighting in the studio and on location. Some types of bulbs cannot be electrically dimmed because of their design, and incandescent bulbs will progressively change in colour temperature, becoming more orange, as they are dimmed.

Scrims in this context are considered to be a “colour safe” alternative to electrically dimming lights, and are a fine wire mesh available in different strengths, placed directly in front of the light.

Half and graduated scrims
A half scrim, as implied by its name, only has the mesh halfway across, which will allow the full intensity of light to fall on part of a scene. A graduated scrim varies the intensity of light from across it.

Outdoors and photography
A scrim can also be a translucent gauze type material that may be fastened onto a frame, and used outdoors to reduce the intensity of, and soften harsh light on subjects/people being filmed or photographed. They are available in a multitude of shapes and sizes, either small enough to be held in one hand by a photographer or assistant, up to almost tent like contraptions.

In this context, a scrim can be used when harsh midday sun would otherwise cause people to squint, or “blown out” hotspots on people's skin, such as cheeks, foreheads and shoulders. The scrim is placed close to the subject, diffusing and reducing the intensity of light, which is much more flattering, especially for portraits.

A scrim can be used indoors on a soundstage. For example, a set may be built on a soundstage to include both the interior and exterior of a wall with a window, thereby enabling characters inside to see characters on what appears to be a patio or walkway outside. The portion of the set that appears to be "outside" may have to be brightly lit to simulate sunlight. A scrim is then attached to a frame overhanging the entire "outdoor" portion of the set between the lighting and the actors, in order to diffuse the light so that it appears more natural when it hits the actors' faces.

Theatre
Scrims are also used as drapery in theatre and performance art. When lit from the front they appear as a solid piece of fabric. When lit from the rear they become semi transparent, creating a silhouette effect.

Scrims can be semi-transparent or wholly transparent depending on the fabric used and the lighting. They can be painted or not. They only create a 'silhouette effect' when designed to do so.

title: Scrim (lighting)


text:
Wometco Home Theater

Wometco Home Theater (WHT) was an early pay television service in the New York City area that was owned by Miami-based Wometco Enterprises, which owned several major network affiliates in mid-sized media markets and its flagship WTVJ in Miami (then a CBS affiliate on channel 4, now an NBC owned-and-operated station on channel 6). The signals were broadcast beginning in August 1977 on WWHT-TV (channel 68) and later on WSNL-TV (channel 67) out of Smithtown, New York.

Overview
Initially subscribers paid $15 for a set-top descrambling box that allowed subscribers to view channel 68's scrambled television signals (a later addressable, 2-channel version of this descrambler was developed under vice president of engineering, Alex MacDonald). The service was similar to Home Box Office (HBO), but a Wometco executive told The New York Times that WHT was more likely to select films with a particular interest to the New York City area. Wometco also targeted areas that were not yet served by cable television (although parts of Manhattan had cable television service as early as 1971, the vast majority of the five boroughs of New York City would not begin receiving cable television service until 1988).

Programming consisted of 12 features a month, including movies and entertainment specials. In addition, select home games of the NHL's New York Islanders were broadcast live from the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum. Each program was repeated five times during the month. During the daytime, WWHT was a small commercial television station. The station was originally going to be a general entertainment station with shows that independents WNEW-TV (channel 5), WOR-TV (channel 9) and WPIX (channel 11) passed on. However, the costs were too high to acquire such programs so the station broadcast only a couple hours of low budget syndicated shows, The Uncle Floyd Show, public affairs programs, religious programs, stock market reports, and minority-interest and foreign language programs. In 1980, WHT began programming a movie from 10:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. as well, later adding the adult-themed late night service "Nightcap" with its black cat logo.

In the fall of 1980, Wometco Enterprises brought in a new management team. The team consisted of Harold Brownstein as the new president and Robert Borders as vice president of marketing, both of whom had previously worked together at a major BTB direct marketing company. Having operated at $1 million plus loss for over four years, this team turned the operation profitable within 18 months. This was accomplished by consolidating numerous satellite offices/functions into the company's headquarters in Fairfield, New Jersey; producing a bi-monthly program guide (instead of monthly), significantly reducing printing and postage costs; and implementing direct response marketing concepts into the company's multimillion-dollar local television ads, so that the company could determine which markets and promotions generated sales, instead of just awareness.

WHT also employed an MATV division in an effort to expand their viewership by partnering with the real estate community to provide the service to buildings and apartment complexes, using a facility's pre-existing master antenna system. In the spring of 1983, WHT also began operating 20 hours a day (increasing its subscription rate to $21/month), with only two hours a day of religious and public affairs shows seen on WWHT. Uncle Floyd moved off Channel 68 and onto NJN. However, the station marketed WHT as 24 hours a day, and the two hours of religious and public affairs shows were positioned as part of WHT's lineup. This block of programming was also unscrambled. Also, another two hours of children's shows were marketed as part of WHT, but also unscrambled. It was at this time that Wometco Home Theater and Wometco Enterprises were sold to the private investment firm of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.

By 1984, Wometco Home Theater had ceased its own programming and began carrying programs from California-based pay television service SelecTV. Finally, after losing more and more subscribers over the next two years, WHT ceased operations in March 1986. WSNL and WWHT then switched to an all-music format named "U68", similar to MTV, which lasted for about 8 months before both stations were purchased by an affiliate company of the Home Shopping Network. The stations are now owned-and-operated stations of the Spanish-language network UniMás.

List of Wometco Home Theater affiliates
This list is incomplete, please help by adding stations which carried WHT.

title: Wometco Home Theater


text: Category:Naval mines

title: Category:Naval mines


text:
European Parliament Committee on Legal Affairs

The Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI) is a committee of the European Parliament.

Responsibilities
The main responsibilities of the committee are the interpretation and application of international and European law and the compliance of European Union acts with the treaties of the European Union. It is also responsible for legislation in the areas of civil law, commercial law, intellectual property and procedural law. It is responsible for matters relating to the statutes and political immunity of MEPs and EU staff.

The member of the European Commission responsible for legal affairs is the European Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality. In the European Commission. The committee responds to the Justice and Home Affairs Council of the Council of the European Union.

Pre-hearing of designated nominees to the European Commission
The committee scrutinizes the declaration of financial interests of designated nominees to the European Commission and adverts about conflicts of interest. It may declare a nominee unable to carry out his duties of a commissioner if upcoming concerns are not cleared up. In September 2019 the committee rejected two nominees of the Von der Leyen Commission, in particular Rovana Plumb and László Trócsányi.

This scrutiny should not to be confound with the subsequent hearings dealing with the European Commission candidates' portfolio.

Members in the 9th legislature (2019–2024)
Source:

Following the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union chair Lucy Nethsingha was replaced by Adrián Vázquez Lázara on 17 February 2020.


text:
Talk:The Comics Journal

Allegations
Those are some serious allegations just added to the article. What is the source of this info? Gamaliel 17:12, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

material removed by Hiding talk 21:49, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
This material seems questionable and seems to have been proven to be false by Thompson's statement.

However, TCJ has also been criticized for lapses in journalistic ethics. During a libel suit filed against it by comics writer Michael Fleisher, taunting comments about Fleisher were added to the back issues sales pages; when reporting on the trial itself, the Journal promised comprehensive coverage, but excluded Fleisher's own testimony without explanation.

TCJ co-publisher Kim Thompson on the above statement: ''"When reporting on the trial itself, the Journal promised comprehensive coverage, but excluded Fleisher's own testimony without explanation" is in fact untrue. The explanation AS REPORTED IN THE ISSUE ITSELF was that due to some sort of miscommunication, we were not supplied with Fleisher's testimony in time for the magazine's deadline. We suggested we might go back and print some of Fleisher's testimony at a later date, but so far as I recall everyone was so sick of the thing at that time that not a single solitary soul ever requested it. As I understand it, the best part of Fleisher's testimony was his trying to explain why, in the two or three years after Ellisons's supposedly career-crippling comments (his justification for seeking "damages"), Fleisher's comics income skyrocketed. Calling our (in fact, my) silly Fleisher jokes in the back issues page a "lapse of journalistic ethics" is just goofy. The Time Warner memo thing is news to me, and the conflict-of-interest note is ridiculous -- EVERY retailer or distributor is financially tied to EVERY publisher in some way or another; any news story involving either would need to be festooned with disclaimers like a Christmas tree ("XXX is a regular advertiser in THE COMICS JOURNAL... YYY sells Fantagraphics products... ZZZ once bought me a beer at SPX").

Wow, something on the internet that's mostly bullshit...wotta surprise.''

http://www.tcj.com/messboard/ubb/Forum3/HTML/000679.html

During the 1990s shakeup of the comics distribution industry, the Journal reported that Time Warner CEO Steve Ross had been involved in DC Comics' decisionmaking, relying on a apparently forged memorandum dated, and referring to events happening, months after Ross's death. TCJ also gave favorable coverage to a supposedly independent retailer's lawsuit against Marvel Comics' distribution practices, without revealing that the "independent" retailer was also the principal comics wholesaler to the Tower Records chain and one of Fantagraphics' largest customers at the time. Hiding talk 21:49, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Editing Jungrobot
User:Jungrobot wrote a load of unsubstantiated stuff on November 13th with a surprisingly negative and aggressive tone, so I've had a hack at making it all sensible and useful. A couple of chunks were removed due to no references and, in the latter's case, spurious worth, but I'll leave them here in case anyone can back them up and make them useful:

 * More recently TCJ has largely disregarded many of its own prevailing principles with actions such as publishing public domain artwork from the canon of legendary artist Alex Toth against Toth's expressed wishes not to ever be involved or included in the magazine. Additionally Fantagraphics Books has sought to profit from the works of artists that TCJ in its heyday routinely bashed. This has resulted in "special" editions aimed at bookstores featuring mainstream artists such as Frank Miller, Jack Kirby, and Barry Windsor-Smith, and even a book on Japanese manga, a subset of comics that had been all but ignored throughout TCJ's history, until it became obviously profitable. The magazine has also lost much of its luster in recent years as a result of poor editorial direction, and uncharacteristically weak writing likely due to taking on too many freelancers from weblogs and lining its pages with worshipful young TCJ devotees, instead of top-notch critics.

 * TCJ's most recent high profile spat came as the result of an article in Clamor magazine by former TCJ Managing Editor Anne Moore intimating sexual harassment by her former employers. Backed by no evidence and claims that seemed little more than bitter hyperbole, Moore's claims were simply ignored by Groth and Thompson and eventually went away.

Peteashton 06:11, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Mad Magazine vs. Mad Comics
In its Top 100 list, the Journal made a clear voting distinction between the issues it selected (#1-28, edited by Harvey Kurtzman), and all the rest that it omitted (following Kurtzman's ouster).

Top 100 list
Is that list in the correct order (i.e. 1 is favored over 100) according to the magazine? --Newt ΨΦ 13:38, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it was presented as a ranked list, with Krazy Kat as "best". BTfromLA 15:35, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. --Newt ΨΦ 16:13, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Kurtzman's Jungle Book
The Wiki reference to Harvey Kutzman's Jungle Book (Number 26 on the list of 100) brings you to Kipling's Jungle Book.Lestrade 15:23, 30 August 2006 (UTC)Lestrade

Top 100 list, method of compiling.
The present wording seems definite as to how the list was compiled:

To create the list, eight contributors and editors each selected up to 100 works. The eight lists were then informally combined and massaged into an ordered list.

...but I'm not sure as to sources. Was it just eight? Were the lists up to 100 items, over 100, all under, or what? Were all eight lists ranked, some, or none?

I added the "massaged", as I recall reading on some long-gone TCJO thread that GG tweaked it himself to include or raise certain favorites. Not that that there's anything wrong with that, compiling a list of artworks ought to be more of an art that a science, but we shouldn't mistake that for science.

The former wording:

Eight of the magazine's editors and contributors each selected 100 works. These ballots were combined to determine an ordered consensus for the Top 100 English-language comics of the 20th century.

Seemed misleading; I've read that some contributors couldn't think of 100 items. Calling their separate lists "ballots" implies a statistical rigor (equal vote weight, etc.) that wasn't there. "consensus ...for... the century" seems pompous, and makes a kind of fetish of it. --AC 10:03, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

I simply need to comment that the "The Death of Speedy Ortiz" link leads to a band of the same name instead of Jaime Hernandez's work. This needs to be amended. I honestly don't really know much about this topic so someone should find a good page to link to. I couldn't find the page. This may work but more experienced minds should be the judge of that: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Rockets_(comics) Saltybalty (talk) 18:57, 4 May 2014 (UTC)Saltybalty comment added by Saltybalty (talkcontribs) 18:53, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Done. Thanks. Nightscream (talk) 18:56, 4 May 2014 (UTC)
 * That was quick. I didn't see the L&R link right there.Saltybalty (talk) 18:59, 4 May 2014 (UTC)Saltybalty

Mellowing bias: cause or correlate of Top 100?
Some of Tortoiseshell's edits are good, some seem dubious but not worth arguing about, and then there's a few recurring ones that are puzzling:

(AC) After the Journal ' s "Top 100" list in 1999, suspicions of bias mellowed...

(TS) By the time of the Journal ' s "Top 100" list in 1999, suspicions of bias had mellowed...

I'm saying "after" because it's my considered opinion that suspicions of TCJ as comics haters mellowed as a consequence of the list. Not a coincidence, nor some vague correlation. I read every issue of the period concerned when it came out, and followed with interest the results online.

It's not clear why you believe the phenomena are so foggy as to deserve being reduced from a cause to a mere correlate, ("by the time of"). If your reasons for doubting are better than mine for not, by all means share them.

Second, the comment "a charge the publishers of Fantagraphics have cheerfully confirmed" -- is that attribution of confirmation relevant? The paragraph is about how criticism lead to false prejudice, not about the in-your-face POV of the TCJ's merry men. I don't question that they've confirmed the fact, since it's obvious they've confirmed it 1000 times, (e.g. in TCJ's reader's polls from the '90s they dubbed the top poll results "the Snobbies", that is, an award given by snobs), and even if they hadn't their actions and publications confirm it. Confirmation granted, we should only state the fact. --AC 08:13, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

For Deletion? List of interviews
There is a nomination of the TCJ interview list article for deletion here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/2007_March_24#List_of_Comics_Journal_interview_subjects

Please join the debate, whether pro or con. Rhinoracer 21:19, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

For the record, the debate is done. They voted "keep". --AC 07:51, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Noteworthy interviews include
To at least one editor it's not clear the "noteworthy interviews" are primarily excellent as interviews, (considered as literary dialogs), and not interviews of relatively famous people. For example, Denny O'Neil gets the nod, but not Stan Lee, even though most would consider Stan Lee more noteworthy as a subject, because Lee's interview in (#4?) isn't, for various reasons, up to snuff as an interview. I agree with Tom Spurgeon that Groth is a great interviewer; any TCJ article should try to note its best interviews, and the six listed are outstanding.

If there is any POV in this noteworthiness, it's necessary POV. Otherwise there'd need to be unfeasible levels of meta-critique; a Journal of the Comics Journal dedicated to critiquing the critics, the better to cite what's notable, or worse, a lame sock-puppet "I'll post it, then cite it" method. --AC (talk) 07:25, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Industry News & iJournalista!
Before today's revision:

The Journal's practice of investigating industry news objectively, although the norm for traditional journalistic enterprises, was in sharp contrast to the affectionate and promotional methods of publications like Comics Buyer's Guide and Wizard.

The Journal's news staff has been accused of failing to appreciate or disclose editorial and personal conflicts of interest that inevitably occur when covering Fantagraphics. For some errors, the Journal has issued corrections and apologies. In general, the magazine sought to balance its unabashed criticism of commercial comics with incisive investigative reporting on industry practices. This crucial news function was largely abandoned in 2006, in favor of a daily blog which covers the same issues with greater topicality.

...the second quoted paragraph's topic sentence (about conflict of interest) had nothing to do with sentence #3 & #4's mention of TJC's general news policy or 'Journalista!'. After moving #3 & #4 up to the first paragraph, I noticed that that following "investigating industry news objectively", the phrase "incisive investigative reporting on industry practices" seemed redundant.

Some terms look like unsupported POV, 'crucial' for who, or in what way? 'abandoned' implies some forsaken duty or thing, while 'incisive' and 'unabashed' sound a bit promotional.

Current revision:

The Journal’s practice of investigating industry news objectively, although the norm for traditional journalistic enterprises, was in sharp contrast to the affectionate and promotional methods of publications like Comics Buyer's Guide and Wizard. In 2006, the print Journal's industry news was largely abandoned in favor of a topical daily blog that covers the same ground.

The Journal's news staff has been accused of failing to appreciate or disclose editorial and personal conflicts of interest that inevitably occur when covering Fantagraphics. For some errors, the Journal has issued corrections and apologies.

Questions remain: like "does the blog cover the same ground as the old news section?", and is a daily blog even comparable to a monthly or bimonthly news section? -- granted a daily blog is much more topical, but it's also inherently less deliberative. Maybe the pre-revision text suggested that the old news was meatier, (in the sense of being more deliberative, studied, and historic), but I'm uncertain that was the was the intent, or if I'm just reading stuff into it. If it's known that the older monthly news favored the more substantial, versus the topically trivial, we should say so. (I haven't read enough of 'Journalista!' to decide.) --AC (talk) 07:21, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Good points. I don't read much of Journalista either, but I think The Journal's shift away from 12 issues a year has as much to do with the lack of news as anything else. But there's been a shift away from that since, hmm, maybe since Spurgeon left? A lot of the stuff covered in used to be just editorial moves, so I don;t think it was too meaty, occasionally there'd be someone fired and you'd get interviews with all the main parties, but I can't think of the last time a firing got that level of coverage. They still cover the bigger things in a more detailed approach, I would expect something on the Gordon Lee case, so I'm not sure I'd agree that the blog covers the same ground as the old news section.  It covers some of the same ground, in that it replaces the trivial coverage. I can't remember if there's anything in the Journal to describe the changes though. Hiding T 08:42, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Notability
I do not understand the tag; I don't see how it can reasonably be questioned, given the awards, the contributors, and the controversy. Some more sources would help show it, as is generally the case. DGG (talk) 22:36, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * If it really has these things, please demonstrate this with reliable independant sources. As it stands now, it is not readily aparent how this publication is notable.  --Kraftlos (talk) 00:22, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I've removed the tag. A quick google will turn up the many independent sources in newspapers, magazines, scholarly articles and books which either discuss the magazine, its impact and its role or instead cite it.  Rather than add or re-add a tag it would be nice if these could find their way into the article.  If you don't have time to add them, you don't have time to tag it as lacking.  84.92.54.229 (talk) 11:21, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Lead paragraph epithet: "the largest" -- how so?
A recent lead-in edit asserts that TCJ is most sizable:

...the largest US magazine of news and criticism pertaining to comic books and strips...

Yet it's not obvious what spatial or dimensional attribute the asserter believes merits the epithet "the largest". Nothing comes to my mind but guesses. ''Page count? Circulation? Cover price? Square inches? Height of all back issues when stacked? Number of contributors?'' --AC (talk) 08:29, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * After a week of no response, I changed "largest" to "foremost", which avoids dimensional attributes. "Foremost" seems about right, in the sense of "most advanced; chief in rank or dignity".  --AC (talk) 06:30, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Advertising Policy
User Sharksaredangerous recently excised the 'Advertising Policy' section, helpfully adding:

completely unsourced, erroneous notion that it's unusual for a publication to run ads they may disagree with

It's not clear which noun is claimed to be completely unsourced, the advertising policy of TCJ itself, or the erroneous notion? If the former is held to be unsourced, I submit the source would be none other than TCJ itself, its decades of pages of ads and text. These exist in 2010, they're not lost classical works.

If the latter 'erroneous notion' is supposedly unsourced, then your phrase "ads [the editors] may disagree with" as catch-all qualifier is misleading. The article makes a much stronger assertion: "ads that blatantly contradict the magazine's sensibilities". That is, the publishers printed many ads for what they condemn, and on some occasions in effect used that revenue to publish lampoons and critiques of those same ads. The advertiser pays for the editors' public scorn, who seem to relish biting the hands that feed them, when merited, as a matter of principle.

In the larger world of advertising driven American magazine and newspaper publishing this is unusual; in the field of comics, it's exceptional; and in general hobbyist periodicals it's uncommon. Advertisers effectively define much of what is sacred and unmentionable, and any consistently dissident publisher without substantial outside support must bend or break. With the increasing powers of media conglomerates, todays' publishers must also be wary of (or blind to) their owner's multiple commercial and political interests.

Almost any periodical's business model can survive regularly publishing modest critiques, or occasionally publishing stronger ones. A newspaper publisher can appear to cover a story critical of some necessary advertiser or superior influence, but almost never diligently. Or they can publish a blast, (does good, gets circulation), and publish weaker but incessant refutations, and not follow up; and make that a policy, balancing between interesting but dangerous (if unchecked) articles for the readers, then failing to support it for business reasons, until once again more spice is needed. In this way even a timid publisher when accused of timidity can point to their best journalism as proof of their bona fides, and employ a reliable stable of haggard reporters, who bite, but are doggedly resigned to careers of perpetual reassignment.

TCJ isn't like that at all. Perhaps some examples are needed. Calling all TCJ readers for typical anti-advertiser blasts and battles. A personal favorite is a an obscure Christian superhero comic-zine, advertised with full page ads, then critiqued, the comic's author was "a man to watch". Need to look up some names & dates...

As a result, TCJ doesn't attract or even repels certain advertisers. Those who do advertise are, by natural selection, either innoffensive to the editors, uninterested in their critical methods, or sympathizers. --AC (talk) 11:24, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

TCJ formats & form factors
A separate section might be good. TCJ started out as a newsprint "adzine", switched to glossy covers with newsprint inside, (and what appears to be IBM Selectric paste-up), "critzine?", later gets thicker, the typesetting and graphic design improve, "magazine", later the paper improves, later square binding, then the winter specials, "coffee table magazine", and the post #300 deluxe version, as well as the web/zine/blog/archive/hybrid online edition. The prices have changed. The advertising policies may have changed for the winter specials, (or perhaps higher prices drove out lower budget advertisers), and probably for #300 on. --AC (talk) 05:40, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Any Post-300 TCJs Published?
Does anyone have sourced information on TCJ material published after issue 300? Have any issues of the bi-annual publication gone to print? What is the form/format? The TCJ website offers little information and what it offers is stale. Any help or link leads would be welcomed.  Mr  JM 16:09, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Minor Correction to List of Contributors
The 'Don Phelps' in the list currently links to the football player. There is no page for Donald Phelps, the comics critic and historian. JWMcCalvin (talk) 04:35, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

Top 100 list
The Top 100 Comics list here is a copyright violation. Yes (unlike some other Top lists I've seen) there's some critical commentary, but not enough to justify the inclusion of the entire list. This is incontrovertible I think. It's way beyond fair use, it's the core of the entire work. You can't take people's intellectual work and just put it into the Wikipedia.

It should be removed. Herostratus (talk) 08:23, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * ✅. Good catch. I've removed it. Woodroar (talk) 08:53, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Good job. I added back in the top four entries as being a legitimate fair use excerpt (I guess) and legitimate encyclopedic interest. Herostratus (talk) 16:01, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * If it's a copyvio, then it continues to live in the edit history. Doesn't an admin have to do something about that? Curly Turkey ⚞¡gobble!⚟ 21:39, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. I usually just edit it out, but it seems to meet the requirements for revdel. I'll check on IRC or with an admin since it's been in there for almost 10 years. :( Woodroar (talk) 22:00, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I asked in IRC but didn't get a reply, so I added the copyvio revdel template. Hopefully an admin will be along shortly. Woodroar (talk) 22:17, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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I have just modified 14 external links on The Comics Journal. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:The Comics Journal


text:
Edward Whitacre Jr.

Edward Earl Whitacre Jr. (born November 4, 1941) is the former Chairman and CEO of General Motors. He is also a former chairman of the board and chief executive officer of AT&T, previously Southwestern Bell Corporation (SBC). He served as national president of the Boy Scouts of America from 1998 to 2000. On September 1, 2010, Whitacre stepped down as CEO, and retired as chairman of the board by the end of 2010.

Life and career
Whitacre was born in Ennis, Texas. He graduated from Texas Tech University with a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering and is a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity.

He began his career with Southwestern Bell in 1963 as a facility engineer.

In October 1988, Whitacre became president and chief operating officer of a regional bell operating company, Southwestern Bell Corporation. Two years later, Whitacre became chairman of the board and chief executive officer. In 1995, Southwestern Bell Corporation changed its name to SBC Communications. Whitacre led SBC through a series of mergers and acquisitions in building the largest provider of both local long distance telephone services and wireless service (through its Cingular division) in the United States. These acquisitions included Pacific Telesis (1997), SNET (1998), Comcast Cellular (1999), Ameritech (1999) and AT&T Corporation (2005), from which the post-merger company took its name, as well as the 2006 acquisition of Bell South.

On June 23, 2006, he and the CEO of BellSouth were brought in under the Senate Antitrust Subcommittee following the AT&T-BellSouth merger. Whitacre was questioned regarding possible customer information leaks to the NSA in the interest of national security. There had been allegations by former AT&T technician Mark Klein that such work had been done in Room 641A of the San Francisco offices.

Whitacre's compensation totaled $61 million in 2006, $17 million in 2005, and about $14 million in 2004.

In 2006, Whitacre famously declared that companies like Google, Yahoo! or Vonage should not be able to “use the pipes for free.”

On April 27, 2007, at the AT&T annual stockholders meeting, Whitacre announced his intent to retire as chief executive officer and chairman of the board, effective June 3. The board of directors elected Randall Stephenson to succeed Whitacre as new CEO and chairman. Whitacre retired on June 4, 2007, with Randall Stephenson taking over the following morning. Upon retirement, Whitacre was eligible for a $158 million payout from AT&T. Following retirement, under his employment contract, Whitacre was entitled to receive some continuing benefits, including automobile use, access to AT&T's corporate aircraft for up to ten hours per month, use of AT&T office facilities and support staff, home security, and club memberships, as well as payment of applicable taxes resulting from these benefits, except for use of the aircraft. In addition, Whitacre has a three-year consulting contract with AT&T for which he is paid about $1 million annually. It has been reported that during his tenure at AT&T, Whitacre offered Randall Stephenson three words of advice via text message when the executive change was announced: "Give 'em hell".

BusinessWeek (1999) reported that, although the CEO of AT&T — amongst the largest and most influential names in telecommunications and its surrounding technology, Whitacre did not use e-mail or have a computer at his office.

As General Motors chairman and interim CEO, Whitacre does have a computer at his office and prefers to answer e-mail via BlackBerry.

In May 2008, Whitacre was elected to the board of directors for ExxonMobil.

On June 9, 2009, General Motors named Whitacre as chairman. He took the position when the automaker emerged from bankruptcy proceedings on July 10, 2009. On December 1, 2009, Whitacre became interim CEO following Fritz Henderson's resignation. Since taking the helms, he has been dubbed the GM Reaper by many in blogs, noted for his strong desire to "kill off" brands and projects, such as Saab and a sub-Volt Toyota Prius competitor planned for Chevrolet. In January 2010, chairman Whitacre was appointed permanent CEO after serving in the post in an interim capacity. On September 1, 2010 he relinquished the CEO position to Daniel Akerson but agreed to continue on as GM Chairman to the end of the year.

In February 2014 it was announced that he will deliver the Spring Commencement address for University of the Pacific's Stockton campus on May 10, 2014 at Alex G. Spanos Center.

He continues to live in San Antonio, but frequently travels to Detroit.

Honors
In 1997, Whitacre received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. His Golden Plate was presented by Awards Council member Carlos Slim.

AT&T headquarters in downtown Dallas was dubbed "Whitacre Tower" in honor of Whitacre's 44 years at the company, 17 of which were spent as chairman and CEO.

In 2004, he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by the University of the Incarnate Word.

On November 12, 2008, Texas Tech announced that its college of engineering will be renamed the Edward E. Whitacre Jr. College of Engineering. In 2007, AT&T created an award called the "Whitacre Award" to honor the former chairman.

Whitacre was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2009.

In 2010, Whitacre was named as a finalist for Texan of the Year.

In 2023, Whitacre was inducted into the Wireless Hall of Fame for his contributions to the cellular industry.

Book

 * American Turnaround: Reinventing AT&T and GM and the Way We Do Business in the USA. 2013. ISBN 1455513016

title: Edward Whitacre Jr.


text:
File:StHanshaugen.JPG

"Tårnhuset" - the tower overlooking the reservoir at the top of St. Hanshaugen park.

title: File:StHanshaugen.JPG


text:
Dong Ap Bia

Dong Ap Bia (Đồi A Bia, Ap Bia Mountain) is a mountain on the Laotian border of South Vietnam in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province. Rising from the floor of the western A Shau Valley, it is a looming, solitary massif, unconnected to the ridges of the surrounding Annamite range. It dominates the northern valley, towering some 937 metres above sea level. Snaking down from its highest peak are a series of ridges and fingers, one of the largest extending southeast to a height of 900 metres, another reaching south to a 916-metre peak. The entire mountain is a rugged, uninviting wilderness blanketed in double- and triple-canopy jungle, dense thickets of bamboo, and waist-high elephant grass. Local Montagnard tribesmen call Ap Bia "the mountain of the crouching beast."

History
In May 1969, a ridge of Dong Ap Bia, "Hill 937" in contemporary US military terminology, was the site of the Battle of Hamburger Hill, a controversial battle of the Vietnam War fought by the United States and South Vietnam against North Vietnamese forces.

title: Dong Ap Bia


text:
Stechford and Yardley North (ward)

Stechford and Yardley North is one of the 40 electoral wards in Birmingham, England.

Stechford and Yardley North is one of the four wards that make up the council constituency of Yardley. It covers an area of 4.4 square kilometres.

East Yardley, part of Garretts Green, Glebe Farm, Old Yardley Village, Poolway, Stechford including Stechford Village and Whittington Oval Estate are areas all covered by the ward.

Population
According to the 2001 Population Census there were 22,976 people living in 10,001 households in Stechford and Yardley North with a population density of 5,170 people per km2 compared with 3,649 people per km2 for Birmingham. 15.1% (3,458) of the ward's population consists of ethnic minorities compared with 29.6% for Birmingham in general. The population of the ward as taken at the 2011 census had increased to 25,757.

Politics
As of 2005, the three councillors representing Stechford and Yardley North on Birmingham City Council are Neil Eustace, Barbara Jackson and Carol Jones, all of the Liberal Democrat Party.

The ward has adopted a Ward Support Officer, with the current holder of the title being Osaf Ahmed.

Places of interest
The ward is served by two libraries; Kents Moat and Glebe Farm libraries. There are numerous areas of open space and recreation grounds.

There is one secondary school, one nursery school and five primary schools located in Stechford and Yardley North.

Stechford railway station and Lea Hall railway station both serve the ward.

Sport
Stechford Cascades is a swimming facility in Stechford with an adjacent gym. Sheldon Marlborough Cricket Club, a privately managed cricket club, is located within the boundaries. Sedgmere Sports and Social Club and Co-op Sports and Social Club, two privately managed sports and social clubs are located within the boundaries.

Stechford Football Club was created through funding from the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund.

Ward Description
The ward covers an area of {} Birmingham, including the districts of {}.

Ward history
The ward was created in {}, with the boundaries being unaltered until {}.

Parliamentary Representation
The ward has been part of Birmingham {} constituency.

title: Stechford and Yardley North (ward)


text:
Interleukin 3

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene localized on chromosome 5q31.1. Sometimes also called colony-stimulating factor, multi-CSF, mast cell growth factor, MULTI-CSF, MCGF; MGC79398, MGC79399: after removal of the signal peptide sequence, the mature protein contains 133 amino acids in its polypeptide chain. IL-3 is produced as a monomer by activated T cells, monocytes/macrophages and stroma cells. The major function of IL-3 cytokine is to regulate the concentrations of various blood-cell types. It induces proliferation and differentiation in both early pluripotent stem cells and committed progenitors. It also has many more specific effects like the regeneration of platelets and potentially aids in early antibody isotype switching.

Function
Interleukin 3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal (cytokine) that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system. In conjunction with other β common chain cytokines GM-CSF and IL-5, IL-3 works to regulate the inflammatory response in order to clear pathogens by changing the abundance of various cell populations via binding at the interleukin-3 receptor.

IL-3 is mainly produced by activated T cells with the goal of initiating proliferation of various other immune cell types. However, IL-3 has also been shown to be produced in IgG+ B cells and may be involved in earlier antibody isotype switching.  IL-3 is capable of stimulating differentiation of immature myelomonocytic cells causing changes to the macrophage and granulocyte populations. IL-3 signaling is able to give rise to widest array of cell lineages which is why it has been independently named “multi-CSF” in some older literature.

IL-3 also induces various effector functions in both immature and mature cells that more precisely modulate the body’s defense against microbial pathogens. IL-3 is also involved in the reconstruction of platelets via the development of megakaryocytes.

Interleukin 3 stimulates the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid progenitor cells or, with the addition of IL-7, into lymphoid progenitor cells. In addition, IL-3 stimulates proliferation of all cells in the myeloid lineage (granulocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells), in conjunction with other cytokines, e.g., Erythropoietin (EPO), Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-6.

IL-3 is secreted by basophils and activated T cells to support growth and differentiation of T cells from the bone marrow in an immune response. Activated T cells can either induce their own proliferation and differentiation (autocrine signaling), or that of other T cells (paracrine signaling) – both involve IL-2 binding to the IL-2 receptor on T cells (upregulated upon cell activation, under the induction of macrophage-secreted IL-1). The human IL-3 gene encodes a protein 152 amino acids long, and the naturally occurring IL-3 is glycosylated. The human IL-3 gene is located on chromosome 5, only 9 kilobases from the GM-CSF gene, and its function is quite similar to GM-CSF.

Receptor
IL-3 is a T cell-derived, pluripotent and hematopoietic factor required for survival and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. The signal transmission is ensured by high affinity between cell surface interleukin-3 receptor and IL-3. This high affinity receptor contains α and β subunits. IL-3 shares the β subunit with IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This β subunit sharing explains the biological functional similarities of different hematopoietic growth factors.

IL-3 receptors can be found on a variety of cell types including many immature myelomonocytic cells in the hemopoietic system such as hemopoietic progenitor cells, as well as certain myeloid progenitors, basophils, and eosinophils.

IL-3/Receptor complex induces JAK2/STAT5 cell signalization pathway. It can stimulate transcription factor c‑myc (activation of gene expression) and Ras pathway (suppression of apoptosis).

Discovery
In the early 1960s Ginsberg and Sachs discovered that IL-3 is a potent mast cell growth factor produced from activated T cells. Interleukin 3 was originally discovered in mice and later isolated from humans. The cytokine was originally discovered via the observation that it induced the synthesis of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in hematopoietic cells and termed it interleukin-3 (IL-3).

Disease
IL-3 is produced by T cells only after stimulation with antigens or other specific impulses.

However, it was observed that IL-3 is present in the myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B. It is thought that this genetic change is the key in development of this leukemia type.

Immunological therapy
Human IL-3 was first cloned in 1986 and since then clinical trials are ongoing. Post-chemotherapy, IL-3 application reduces chemotherapy delays and promotes regeneration of granulocytes and platelets. However, only IL-3 treatment in bone marrow failure disorders such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and aplastic anemia (AA) was disappointing.

It has been shown that combination of IL-3, GM-CSF and stem cell factor enhances peripheral blood stem cells during high-dose chemotherapy.

Other studies showed that IL-3 could be a future perspective therapeutic agent in lymphohematopoietic disorders and solid cancers.

Interactions
Interleukin 3 has been shown to interact with IL3RA.

title: Interleukin 3


text: User talk:85.64.203.161

title: User talk:85.64.203.161


text:
Wistar

Wistar may refer to:

 * Caspar Wistar (1696–1752), Pennsylvania glassmaker and landowner.
 * Caspar Wistar (1761–1818), physician and anatomist, grandson of the glassmaker.
 * Isaac J. Wistar (1827-1905), Union general and penologist.
 * Wistar Institute, a biomedical research center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, named after the physician.
 * Wistar rat, a strain of albino laboratory rats developed at the institute.
 * Mount Wistar, a mountain in Greenland

title: Wistar


text:
Ethniki Amyna metro station

Ethniki Amyna (Εθνική Άμυνα, lit. 'National Defence') is an Athens Metro Line 3 (Blue Line) station with an island platform, situated close to the Ministry of National Defence and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. When the Metro first opened, it served as the terminal station for all trains to that direction (Syntagma station being the other end of the line at the time).

Cultural works
Ethniki Amyna has four art installations: three sculptures at the platform level and one large installation in the concourse.
 * Dimitris Kalamaras: The dead fighter (platform level)
 * Clearhos Loukopoulos: Stele (platform level)
 * Costas Koulentianos: Nouvelle Generation IX (platform level)
 * Costas Tsoklis, Underground Park (concourse)

title: Ethniki Amyna metro station