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Silent Night, Deadly Night

Silent Night, Deadly Night is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Charles E. Sellier, Jr., and starring Robert Brian Wilson, Lilyan Chauvin, Gilmer McCormick, Toni Nero, Linnea Quigley, Britt Leach, and Leo Geter. The story concerns a young man named Billy, who suffers from post-traumatic stress over witnessing his parents' murder on Christmas Eve by a man disguised as Santa Claus and his subsequent upbringing in an abusive Catholic orphanage. In adulthood, the Christmas holiday leads him into a psychological breakdown, and he emerges as a spree killer donning a Santa suit.

The film was released by Tri-Star Pictures on November 9, 1984; it received substantial controversy over its promotional material and content, which featured a killer Santa Claus. In addition to receiving mixed reviews, it was pulled from theaters a week after its release. However, it was a success during its opening week, grossing $2.5 million on a budget of $750,000. Since its release, it has developed a cult following and spawned a series, consisting of four sequels, with the fourth and fifth installments having no connection to the original film, as well as a loose remake in 2012. Another reboot is in development.

Plot
In 1971, 5-year-old Billy Chapman and his family visit a nursing home in Utah where his catatonic grandfather lives. When Billy's parents leave the room, his grandfather suddenly awakens and tells Billy to fear Santa Claus, as he punishes the naughty.

On the way back home, a criminal dressed in a Santa suit – who had just robbed a liquor store and killed the owner – attempts to carjack the family. As Billy's father tries to drive away, the criminal shoots him dead and attempts to sexually assault Billy's mother; when she hits him, he slashes her throat with a switchblade. Billy flees and hides, leaving his baby brother Ricky in the car.

Three years later, in December 1974, 8-year-old Billy and 4-year-old Ricky are celebrating Christmas in an orphanage run by Mother Superior, a strict disciplinarian who beats children who misbehave and considers punishment to be a "good" thing. Sister Margaret, who sympathizes with the children, tries to help Billy, but he is regularly punished. On Christmas, the orphanage invites a man in a Santa Claus suit to visit the children; Billy, forced to sit on his lap by Mother Superior, punches the man before fleeing to his room in horror.

10 years later, in the spring of 1984, Billy, now 18, leaves the orphanage for a normal life, and obtains a job as a stock boy at a local toy store, with support from Sister Margaret. At the store, he develops a crush on his co-worker Pamela; he has sexual thoughts which are often interrupted by morbid visions of his parents' murders. On Christmas Eve, the employee who plays the store's Santa Claus is injured and Billy's boss Mr. Sims makes him take his place. After the store closes, the staff has a Christmas Eve party. Billy, still in a Santa Claus suit, tries to have a good time, but keeps having memories of his parents' murders, causing him to feel depressed. He sees his co-workers Andy and Pamela kissing and then walking into the back room. Billy follows them and sees Andy trying to rape Pamela. This triggers his insanity; he hangs Andy with a string of Christmas lights and, declaring that punishment is "good", murders Pamela with a box cutter.

Next, Billy murders Mr. Sims and his manager Mrs. Randall. Sister Margaret discovers the carnage and goes to the police station to seek help. Billy breaks into a nearby house where a young couple named Denise and Tommy are having sex and a little girl named Cindy is sleeping; he impales Denise on a set of deer antlers and throws Tommy through a window. When this awakens Cindy, Billy asks if she has been nice or naughty; she says nice, and he gives her the box cutter he had used earlier. After this, he witnesses bullies picking on two teenage boys and stealing their sleds, and decapitates one of the bullies with his axe.

The next morning, Captain Richards and Sister Margaret deduce Billy will go to the orphanage, where Ricky is still living. Officer Barnes responds to orders to secure the orphanage and kills a pastor, Father O'Brien, who was dressed in a Santa outfit, mistaking him for Billy. As Barnes continues patrolling the area, he is struck in the chest by Billy's axe. Billy confronts Mother Superior, now in a wheelchair. Just as he prepares to kill her, Richards shoots him in the back. Billy drops to the floor and tells the children "You're safe now, Santa Claus is gone", before dying from his injuries. A 14-year-old Ricky, scowling at Mother Superior, utters "Naughty.", indicating his revenge on her for his brother’s death.

Production
The concept of the film was pitched by executive producer Scott J. Schiend who at the time, accepted screenplay ideas in submissions from the public. One of these was a short story entitled He Sees You When You're Sleeping written by a Harvard University student named Paul Caimi. The story was about a killer Santa Claus and Schiend was impressed with the concept even though he disliked slasher films. He then contacted writer Michael Hickey and requested him to write a screenplay based on the short story in which he agreed. Afterwards, Hickey sent the screenplay to Tri-Star Pictures who were pleased with it and agreed to finance and distribute the film.

The film's working title during production was Slayride and it was to be produced by Slayride Productions Inc. Producer Ira Richard Barmak was recruited by Tri-Star to produce the film. Executive producers, Scott J. Schiend and Dennis Whitehead were hoping to hire a new and young director who would be the "next John Carpenter" and considered Sam Raimi, Albert Magnoli, and Ken Kwapis for the position. Tri-Star expressed interests in television producer Charles E. Sellier Jr. who was well known for producing the Life and Times of Grizzly Adams motion picture and TV series. Schiend and Whitehead disagreed believing that a veteran producer would not give the film a good look and reputation; however, Tri-Star insisted and eventually hired Sellier for the position.

Principal photography lasted from March to April 1983 and was shot on location in Heber City and Midway, Utah. At the time, most of the snow was beginning to melt, so the production crew raced to shoot all exterior shots first. Numerous buildings were used for the interior scenes during filming. The orphanage building was an abandoned school house that was renovated by the crew during production. It was then demolished not long after filming concluded. The Ira's Toys building was a vacant building that was rented out by the crew. As of 2022, it still stands and is currently a gym. During filming, director Charles E. Sellier Jr. was too uncomfortable with shooting the murder sequences and this resulted in editor Michael Spence to come in as the stand-in director for these scenes.

The film's cast mainly consisted of local actors in the state of Utah. Lead star Robert Brian Wilson (Billy at age 18) was at the time living in Salt Lake City and had no acting experience. He auditioned for his role as the request of his girlfriend. No major and well-known actors were featured in the film and many mostly had experience in only television acting roles.

During post-production, TriStar had decided to change the Slayride title of the film to Silent Night, Deadly Night. Music composer Perry Botkin was hired to compose the musical score; he did so by watching a betamax copy of the film while composing the score as it played. Afterwards, TriStar hired graphic designer Burt Kleeger to create the infamous theatrical release poster that depicted Santa Claus climbing down a chimney while holding a double-bit axe that also included the film's tagline: "You've made it through Halloween, now try and survive Christmas" along with "He knows when you've been naughty".

Because the film's concept was done before in the 1980 horror film Christmas Evil as well as the first segment of the 1972 horror anthology film, Tales from the Crypt, the producers and TriStar were not concerned about the killer Santa Claus theme being controversial. However, there was concern that the portrayal of the Catholic Church in the film would be. Because of this, TriStar agreed to distribute the film in a limited release in the mostly protestant midwestern United States before moving forward with releasing it in the dominantly catholic northeastern United States. TriStar set the film's theatrical release date as November 9, 1984, around the start of the Christmas season. Robert Brian Wilson expressed dissatisfaction with this decision, believing that the film should have been released around Halloween to cause less controversy.

Release
The film was released theatrically by Tri-Star Pictures on November 9, 1984, opening in 398 theaters in the Midwest United States. On its opening weekend, the film finished eighth, grossing $1,432,800. It outgrossed Wes Craven's landmark slasher A Nightmare on Elm Street, which opened the same day (albeit in 235 fewer theaters). Before being pulled from theaters, it grossed over $2.4 million in its first 10 days of release.

In November 2013, it was announced that Fangoria in association with Brainstorm Media and Screenvision would be re-releasing the film to theaters in the United States throughout December 2013.

Controversy and censorship
Silent Night, Deadly Night was one of the most controversial films of the 1980s due to its advertising campaign, particularly its posters and TV spots, that made significant emphasis on the killer being dressed as Santa Claus. The PTA fought to have this film removed from theaters due to its subject matter and the fact that it was shown around Christmas, although an earlier film with a similar premise, Christmas Evil, had gone unnoticed. Television advertisements, which aired between episodes of family-friendly series such as Little House on the Prairie, led to parents complaining that their children were terrified of Santa Claus. Large crowds (mostly angry families) formed at theaters and malls around the nation to protest the film; at the film's East Coast premiere at the Interboro Quad Theater in The Bronx in New York City, protesters picketed the theater and sang Christmas carols in protest.

In response, Tri-Star Pictures (which was the joint venture between Columbia Pictures, HBO, and CBS), the film's original distributor, pulled all ads for the film on November 15, 1984, six days after its release. The film itself was also withdrawn shortly thereafter, due to the controversy. In response to the public outcry, producer Ira Barmak told People magazine: "People have taken offense at Santa being used in a scary context... Santa Claus is not a religious figure, he's a mythic character. I didn't deliberately ride roughshod over that sensitivity and I didn't anticipate the objection to it." An editorial published in Variety stated: "Most protests were generated by the feeling that the depiction of a killer in a Santa Claus suit would traumatize children and undermine their traditional trust in Santa Claus." When the film was castigated at length by Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert, the backlash against the film became louder and more widespread.

The film was due to be re-released by an independent distributor, Aquarius Films, in May 1985, with an ad campaign replacing the original "Twas the night before Christmas"-themed trailer with a new one that centered on the controversy surrounding the film and edited out all close-up shots of Billy in the Santa suit with weapons. The print ad material also replaced the original 'Chimney' picture with one that talked about the controversy. However, the film only had further test engagements.

In the United Kingdom, the movie was never submitted for certification to the BBFC, and its sequel was denied a video certificate in 1987 after the distributors refused to make the cuts required for an '18' certificate. However, in 2009, Arrow Films submitted the film to the BBFC for classification, who passed the film uncut with an 18 certificate. The UK DVD was released on November 23, 2009.

Differences between the R Rated and Unrated versions
According to Robert Brian Wilson, the film had to be re-submitted four times to the MPAA to secure an "R" rating. When released to theatres, Tri-Star originally made these cuts, but when released on home video, the film was unrated. The film was sourced from another master copy containing these scenes. The theatrical R-rated version never received a home-video release until December 4, 2017. Due to the film having these scenes missing from other master copies, Anchor Bay DVD and Blu-ray releases were released as composite cuts. In hopes that Shout! Factory would find uncut footage from the original negatives, their search was unsuccessful. According to them, Tri-Star edited out all uncut footage from all their negatives.

The following edits were made in the R-rated version:
 * A shot of Billy being slashed by Santa in his nightmare is removed.
 * After Sims asks Billy what Santa does, it cuts immediately to Andy and Pamela going into the stock room.
 * Sims and Randall singing carols has been entirely redone.
 * Billy's flashback has been edited.
 * Footage of Billy killing Pamela is edited.
 * Randall's death is edited.
 * The deer-impalement scene is shortened.
 * The sledding-decapitation scene is shortened.
 * Officer Barnes' death has been edited.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Silent Night, Deadly Night holds an approval rating of 46% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10.

Siskel and Ebert condemned the film, and Siskel went as far as to read names of the film's production crew on air, telling them, "Shame on you". Gene Siskel also said that all the money the filmmakers were making off of this film was blood money.

Leonard Maltin also denounced the movie, calling it a "...worthless splatter film", citing it as a "BOMB" and asking: "What's next, the Easter Bunny as a child molester?" A Daily Variety review argued that whatever arguments the film was making on the commercialism of Christmas were overshadowed by the graphic violence, which the reviewer saw as off-putting. Michael Wilmington wrote in the Los Angeles Times: "[it's] safe to predict that Silent Night, Deadly Night... will start making 'Worst Movie of All Time' lists almost immediately".

One positive notice came from Kirk Ellis from The Hollywood Reporter, who complimented director Sellier's "workmanlike competence" and praised the cinematography and Gilmer McCormack's performance as Sister Margaret.

Home media
Originally planned to be released on home media by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video in early 1985, the home media release was cancelled. The film was then originally released on VHS and Beta in May 1986 through USA Home Video. The film was released on Laserdisc in 1987 and reissued on VHS by International Video Entertainment in 1987 and 1988. In 1992, the film was last released on VHS for the last time by Avid Home Entertainment.

The film was released on as a double feature disc alongside sequel Silent Night, Deadly Night Part 2 in 2003. The second release was in 2007. The first two Region 1 releases are currently out of print.

The film was released on DVD in the United Kingdom in 2009 by Arrow Video; this set includes an audio interview with director Charles E. Sellier Jr., poster, booklet including "Deadly Director: Charles Sellier Interviewed by Calum Waddell" and "Silent Night, Sex Night: The Slice and Times of Linnea Quigley".

On December 4, 2012, the film was again released alongside Part 2 as a two-disc "Christmas Survival Double Feature", containing the same archival bonus features as the 2003 release.

On September 16, 2014, it was released on Blu-ray by Anchor Bay/Starz Entertainment. No new special features were included, with the exception of a few new commentaries, none of which any of the actors participated in. The Blu-ray contains exactly the same release as previous DVD editions with the extended scenes edited back into the film with noticeable picture quality changes. There has yet to be a release of the full, uncut print from a single source.

On December 5, 2017, Shout! Factory, under its Scream Factory label, released the film in a two-disc set collector's edition on Blu-ray and DVD. It contains the film remastered in a 4K resolution from the original negative sourced from the original R-rated theatrical cut while the unrated version used SD inserts. It also contained new special features such as an interview and audio commentary from actors Robert Brian Wilson and Linnea Quigley, co-executive producers Scott J. Schneid and Dennis Whitehead, writer Michael Hickey, music composer Perry Botkin, and editor Michael Spence. It also contained a new documentary on the making of the film entitled Slay Bells Ring: The Story of Silent Night, Deadly Night which included interviews from the cast and crew. The original theatrical trailer, radio and TV spots are included. It also contained the original special features from the 2003 and 2012 DVD and 2014 Blu-ray releases as well.

Scream Factory also released a limited edition deluxe offer that contained the collector's edition set along with a 18x24 size poster of the new artwork for the film, as well as an 8" tall figure of Billy in his Santa suit holding his double-bit axe. This offer was limited to 2,000 orders and pre-orders started on September 7, 2017.

Sequels and remakes
Due to the minor success of the film, four sequels were produced. The first two, Silent Night, Deadly Night Part 2 and Silent Night, Deadly Night 3: Better Watch Out!, focus on Billy's younger brother Ricky becoming a serial killer. However, Silent Night, Deadly Night 4: Initiation and Silent Night, Deadly Night 5: The Toy Maker have no connection with the characters from the previous films, with each of them focusing on a different Christmas-themed horror story.

A loose remake of the film, titled Silent Night, was released on December 4, 2012, starring Jaime King and Malcolm McDowell.

On March 2, 2021, another remake was announced when Orwo Studios and Black Hanger Studios acquired the rights to the original film.

The 2022 film Christmas Bloody Christmas began as a pitch for a remake of Silent Night, Deadly Night. The pitch was rejected for straying too far from the original, then was further developed into its own film.

title: Silent Night, Deadly Night


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Hackathon

A hackathon (also known as a hack day, hackfest, datathon or codefest; a portmanteau of hacking and marathon) is an event where people engage in rapid and collaborative engineering over a relatively short period of time such as 24 or 48 hours. They are often run using agile software development practices, such as sprint-like design wherein computer programmers and others involved in software development, including graphic designers, interface designers, product managers, project managers, domain experts, and others collaborate intensively on engineering projects, such as software engineering.

The goal of a hackathon is to create functioning software or hardware by the end of the event. Hackathons tend to have a specific focus, which can include the programming language used, the operating system, an application, an API, or the subject and the demographic group of the programmers. In other cases, there is no restriction on the type of software being created or the design of the new system.

In addition to creating functional software or hardware, hackathons can help participants develop skills like problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, team work, communication and time management. Hackathons can also lead to formation of new companies, finding innovative solutions to real-world problems, or building a community around particular technology or cause.

Etymology
The word "hackathon" is a portmanteau of the words "hack" and "marathon", where "hack" is used in the sense of exploratory programming, not its alternate meaning as a reference to breaching computer security.

OpenBSD's apparent first use of the term referred to a cryptographic development event held in Calgary on June 4, 1999, where ten developers came together to avoid legal problems caused due to export regulations of cryptographic software from the United States. Since then, a further three to six events per year have occurred around the world to advance development, generally on university campuses.

For Sun Microsystems, the usage referred to an event at the JavaOne conference from June 15 to June 19, 1999; there John Gage challenged attendees to write a program in Java for the new Palm V using the infrared port to communicate with other people who are using Palm and register it on the Internet.

Starting in the mid to late 2000s, hackathons became significantly more widespread and began to be increasingly viewed by companies and venture capitalists as a way to quickly develop new software technologies, and to locate new areas for innovation and funding. Some major companies were born from these hackathons, such as GroupMe, which began as a project at a hackathon at the TechCrunch Disrupt 2010 conference; in 2011 it was acquired by Skype for $85 million. The software PhoneGap began as a project at the iPhoneDevCamp (later renamed iOSDevCamp) in 2008; the company whose engineers developed PhoneGap, Nitobi, refocused itself around PhoneGap, and Nitobi was bought by Adobe in 2011 for an undisclosed amount.

Structure
Hackathons typically start with communication via a presentation or a web page from the hosting organization that mentions the objectives, terms, and details of the hackathon. Developers register to participate in the hackathon and are qualified after the organization screens their background and skills.

When the hackathon event begins, the participating individuals or teams start their programming work. The administrator of the hackathon is typically able to answer questions and offer help when their issues come up in the event.

Hackathons can last several hours to several days. For hackathons that last 24 hours or longer, especially competitive ones, eating is often informal, with participants often subsisting on food like pizza and energy drinks. Sometimes sleeping is informal as well, with participants sleeping on-site with sleeping bags.

At the end of hackathons, there are usually a series of demonstrations in which each group presents their results. To capture the great ideas and work-in-progress often people post a video of the demonstrations, blog about results with screenshots and details, share links and progress on social media, suggest a place for open source code and generally make it possible for people to share, learn from and possibly build from the ideas generated and initial work completed.

There is sometimes a contest element as well, in which a panel of judges select the winning teams, and prizes are given. At many hackathons, the judges are made up of organisers and sponsors. At BarCamp-style hackathons, that are organised by the development community, such as iOSDevCamp, the judges are usually made up of peers and colleagues in the field. Such prizes are sometimes a substantial amount of money: a social gaming hackathon at the TechCrunch Disrupt conference offered $250,000 in funding to the winners, while a controversial 2013 hackathon run by Salesforce.com had a payout of $1 million to the winners, billed as the largest-ever prize.

For an application type
Some hackathons focus on a particular platform such as mobile apps, a desktop operating system, web development or video game development.

Mobile app hackathons like Over the Air, held at Phoenix Park, Ireland, can see a large amount of corporate sponsorship and interest.

Music Hack Day, a hackathon for music-related software and hardware applications, is a popular event, having been held over 30 times around the world since 2009. Also Music Tech Fest, a three-day interdisciplinary festival for music ideas bringing together musicians with hackers, researchers and industry, features a hackathon. Similarly, Science Hack Day, a hackathon for making things with science, has been held over 45 times in over 15 countries around the world since 2010.

Hackathons have been held to develop applications that run on various mobile device operating systems, such as Android, iOS and MeeGo. Hackathons have also been held to develop video-based applications and computer games. Hackathons where video games are developed are sometimes called game jams.

"TV Hackfest" events have been held in both London and San Francisco, focusing mainly on social television and second screen technologies. In TV Hackfests, challenge briefs are typically submitted by content producers and brands, in the form of broadcast industry metadata or video content, while sponsors supply APIs, SDKs and pre-existing open source software code.

Hackathons have also been used in the life sciences to advance the informatics infrastructure that supports research. The Open Bioinformatics Foundation ran two hackathons for its member projects in 2002 and 2003, and since 2010 has held 2-day "codefests" preceding its annual conference. The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center has co-organized and sponsored hackathons for evolutionary bioinformatics since 2006. BioHackathon is an annual event that started in 2008 targeted at advancing standards to enable interoperable bioinformatics tools and Web services. Neuroscientists have also used hackathons to bring developers and scientists together to address issues that range from focusing on a specific information system (e.g., Neurosynth Hackathon and the Allen Brain Atlas Hackathon ) and providing reserved time for broad scientific inquiry (e.g., Brainhack), to using specific challenges that focus hacking activity (e.g., HBM Hackathon).

There has been an emergence of 'datathons' or data-focused hackathons in recent years. These events challenge data scientists working with others attending to together use creativity and data analysis skills and platforms to build, test and explore solutions and dashboards which analyse huge datasets in a limited amount of time. These are increasingly being used to deliver insights in big public and private datasets in various disciplines including business, healthcare news media and for social causes.

Using a specific programming language, API, or framework
There have been hackathons devoted to creating applications that use a specific language or framework, like JavaScript, Node.js, HTML5 and Ruby on Rails.

Some hackathons focus on applications that make use of the application programming interface, or API, from a single company or data source. Open Hack, an event run publicly by Yahoo! since 2006 (originally known as "Hack Day", then "Open Hack Day"), has focused on usage of the Yahoo! API, in addition to APIs of websites owned by Yahoo!, like Flickr. The company's Open Hack India event in 2012 had over 700 attendees. Google has run similar events for their APIs, as has the travel guide company Lonely Planet.

The website Foursquare notably held a large, global hackathon in 2011, in which over 500 developers at over 30 sites around the world competed to create applications using the Foursquare API. A second Foursquare hackathon, in 2013, had around 200 developers. The IETF organizes Hackathons for each IETF meetings which are focused on IETF Internet Draft and IETF RFC implementation for better inter-operability and improved Internet Standards.

For a cause or purpose
There have been a number of hackathons devoted to improving government, and specifically to the cause of open government. One such event, in 2011, was hosted by the United States Congress. Starting in 2012, NASA has been annually hosting the International Space Apps Challenge.

In 2014, the British government and HackerNest ran DementiaHack, the world's first hackathon dedicated to improving the lives of people living with dementia and their caregivers. The series continues in 2015, adding the Canadian government and Facebook as major sponsors.

The Global Game Jam, the largest video game development hackathon, often includes optional requirements called 'diversifiers' that aim to promote game accessibility and other causes.

VanHacks is an annual hackathon that is part of Vancouver Startup Week. The focus of the hackathon is creating solutions for local non-profit organizations from the Vancouver area over the course of 36 hours. VanHacks was created in 2016 by TTT Studios.

Various hackathons have been held to improve city transit systems. Hackathons aimed at improvements to city local services are increasing, with one of the London Councils (Hackney) creating a number of successful local solutions with a two-day Hackney-thon. There have also been a number of hackathons devoted to improving education, including Education Hack Day and on a smaller scale, looking specifically at the challenges of field work based geography education, the Field Studies Council hosted FSCHackday. Random Hacks of Kindness is another popular hackathon, devoted to disaster management and crisis response. ThePort instead is a hackathon devoted to solving humanitarian, social and public interest challenges. It's hosted by CERN with partners from other non-governmental organizations such as ICRC and UNDP.

In March 2020, numerous world-wide initiatives led by entrepreneurs and governmental representatives from European countries resulted in a series of anti-crisis hackathons Hack the Crisis, with first to happen in Estonia, followed up by Poland, Latvia, and Ukraine. Beginning in 2020, the Michal Sela Forum has run hackathons to develop technology to help prevent domestic violence.

As a tribute or a memorial
A number of hackathons around the world have been planned in memory of computer programmer and internet activist Aaron Swartz, who died in 2013.

For a demographic group
Some hackathons are intended only for programmers within a certain demographic group, like teenagers, college students, or women.

Hackathons at colleges have become increasingly popular, in the United States and elsewhere. These are usually annual or semiannual events that are open to college students at all universities. They are often competitive, with awards provided by the university or programming-related sponsors. Many of them are supported by the organization Major League Hacking, which was founded in 2013 to assist with the running of collegiate hackathons.

PennApps at the University of Pennsylvania was the first student-run college hackathon; in 2015 it became the largest college hackathon with its 12th iteration hosting over 2000 people and offering over $60k in prizes. The University of Mauritius Computer Club and Cyberstorm.mu organized a Hackathon dubbed "Code Wars" focused on implementing an IETF RFC in Lynx in 2017.

ShamHacks at Missouri University of Science and Technology is held annually as an outreach activity of the campus's Curtis Laws Wilson Library. ShamHacks 2018 focused on problem statements to better quality of life factors for US veterans, by pairing with veteran-owned company sponsors.

For internal innovation and motivation
Some companies hold internal hackathons to promote new product innovation by the engineering staff. For example, Facebook's Like button was conceived as part of a hackathon.

To connect local tech communities
Some hackathons (such as StartupBus, founded in 2010 in Australia) combine the competitive element with a road trip, to connect local tech communities in multiple cities along the bus routes. This is now taking place across North America, Europe, Africa and Australasia.

Code sprints
In some hackathons, all work is on a single application, such as an operating system, programming language, or content management system. Such events are often known as "code sprints", and are especially popular for open source software projects, where such events are sometimes the only opportunity for developers to meet face-to-face.

Code sprints typically last from one week to three weeks and often take place near conferences at which most of the team attend. Unlike other hackathons, these events rarely include a competitive element.

The annual hackathon to work on the operating system OpenBSD, held since 1999, is one such event; it may have originated the word "hackathon".

Criticism
Over the years hackathons have come under severe criticism, with multiple observers questioning the adequacy of hackathons to deliver impactful technological solutions. A major part of the reserve towards hackathons has to do with the lack of viability and sustainability of solutions they develop,  as clearly shown by recent empirical research. A study examining 11,889 U.S. based events revealed that only seven percent of projects had any activity six months after the hackathon ended. Another global study found that only about five percent of all projects developed during hackathons continued for more than five months. Hackathons have been thus associated with the production of short-lived software products often denominated as vaporware. Hackathons have been equally criticized for their failure to contemplate the complexity of issues that they seek to solve, developing technologies that do not address underlining societal and political causes of a problem. The use of hackathon participants as de facto unpaid laborers by some commercial ventures has been criticized as exploitative.

High-profile hackathons have also been the object of controversies. A team at the September 2013 TechCrunch Disrupt Hackathon presented the TitStare app, which allowed users to post and view pictures of men staring at women's cleavage. TechCrunch issued an apology later that day. A November 2013 hackathon run by Salesforce.com, billed as having the largest-ever grand prize at $1 million, was accused of impropriety after it emerged that the winning entrants, a two-person startup called Upshot, had been developing the technology that they demoed for over a year and that one of the two was a former Salesforce employee. Major League Hacking expelled a pair of hackers from the September 2015 hackathon Hack the North at the University of Waterloo for making jokes that were interpreted as bomb threats, leading many hackers to criticize the organization. As a result of the controversy, Victor Vucicevich resigned from the Hack the North organizing team.

Notable events

 * AEC Hackathon
 * MHacks
 * HackMIT
 * GovHack
 * Junction (hackathon)
 * HackTX

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hackathon


title: User:Jax42


text:
User:Atari2600tim

=My Wikipedia contributions= full list of contributions I've made while logged in. I correct things when I read them, and sometimes I just watch the Special:Recentchanges list, so I end up doing seemingly random edits.

Some articles I contributed to:
 * InterMUD which was apparently moved to
 * online creation is less notable but somehow still here

=Categories to watch=
 * MU* servers
 * MU* games
 * LPMud gamedrivers
 * LPMud mudlibs
 * My list of MUD-related articles

=My stuff elsewhere=
 * TimMUD, a MUD I run, for development.
 * The Eternal Fantasy, another MUD I run, for playing on.

title: User:Atari2600tim


text:
Talk:Sandra Hess

Untitled
The article posted on the page for Sandra Hess was directly copied from her official fan site which I'm the webmaster. Articles on the site have been approved by the actress herself.
 * Yeah but that's a FANSITE and this is WIKIPEDIA. If you want your work to stand here without tags all the time then you need to REDACT IT.

Fan mail address
Sandra Hess c/o Thruline Entertainment 9250 Wilshire Blvd. Ground Floor Beverly Hills, CA 90212

Copyright again
Nt only was the text on the official fan site, but also the official PR site http://www.sandrahess.com/bio.html. Rich Farmbrough, 15:59 15 December 2007 (GMT). 15:59, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sandra Hess


text:
User talk:JustSomeKid

Welcome
Hi and welcome to wikipedia. I noticed you had a blank talk page, so I decided to welcome you. I hope you like it and decide to stay. Here are some handy links for newcomers. Also you can sign your name on talk pages and vote pages with three tildes like this, and your name with a time stamp with four like this ~. Howabout1 15:23, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Welcome
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Help pages
 * Village pump
 * help desk
 * Wiquette

JustSomeKid are you a molecular biology person? Me too. ron 15:50, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm grossly ignorant of the field. Some aspects I know a bit about, though, and there are a few things in it I think are really cool. - JustSomeKid 22:47, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Hey -- I noticed you have redirected a vast number of pages on individual kata to the page karate kata. I'm a mergist myself, so I understand the principle of this, but I think this is effectively removing a LOT of information from Wikipedia. Was this the result of a consensus somewhere? If so, let me know on my talk page; for now, I'm reverting all of those so the information is preserved. If not, I'm happy to debate this if you disagree; let me know and we can start a discussion, perhaps at Talk:Karate kata so that other people can find it. Mangojuice 04:13, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Looking through your history, I found many similar redirections to Blocking techniques and other mass-merge pages. Similarly, I'm undoing this, it's losing a lot of information.  Mangojuice 04:18, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I'm posting a response at Talk:Shotokan, but I am making a link to that discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Martial Arts, because some interested editors may not be aware of it, on a Shotokan page. Mangojuice 12:50, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Warning Monkey-baiting article
Please do not remove content from Wikipedia; it is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. SirIsaacBrock 21:31, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Omission of two unwiki sentences does not constitute vandalism. - JustSomeKid 21:47, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Please see my comment in regards to this at User_talk:SirIsaacBrock. --Stephane Charette 05:17, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject_Martial_Arts
You are listed as a participant in this Wikiproject, which appears to have ground to a halt - I'm contacting all participants to try to get things rolling again... hope you can help! -- Medains 08:52, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:MeiLing.JPG)
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Fair use rationale for File:PS2FightingForceCover.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JustSomeKid


text:
User talk:SeanEvans

Copyright problem
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Thingplatz, but we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. Perhaps you would like to rewrite the article in your own words. For more information about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, take a look at our Five Pillars. Happy editing! LizardWizard 01:50, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Please do not add copyvio material to the pedia
I noticed that you have copied various websites into the pedia. This is not acceptable, and it will be removed. See Copyrights, or ask me on my talk page for more details. JesseW, the juggling janitor 10:02, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Schwarze.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Schwarze.jpg. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. -- Carnildo 07:36, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Semi-automated template substitution

 * This page was modified to semi-automatically substitute templates using Pathoschild's template list. // Rory 0 96 02:38, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello SeanEvans! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 06:11, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Peter Adam -

title: User talk:SeanEvans


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear

The ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear is divided into 11 parliamentary constituencies; 9 borough constituencies and 2 county constituencies. As of the 2024 general election, all 11 are represented by the Labour Party.

2010 boundary changes
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to reduce the number of seats in Tyne and Wear from 13 to 12, leading to significant changes. The constituencies of Gateshead East and Washington West, Houghton and Washington East, Sunderland North, Sunderland South, and Tyne Bridge were abolished and replaced with Gateshead, Houghton and Sunderland South, Sunderland Central, and Washington and Sunderland West. Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend became Newcastle upon Tyne East.

Future boundary changes
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission has proposed that Newcastle upon Tyne and North Tyneside be combined with Northumberland as a sub-region of the North East Region, with the creation of two cross-county boundary constituencies comprising an expanded Hexham seat and a new seat named Cramlington and Killingworth. Gateshead, South Tyneside and Sunderland would be combined with County Durham, resulting in another cross-county boundary constituency, named Blaydon and Consett. The constituencies of Blaydon, Gateshead, Jarrow, North Tyneside, Newcastle upon Tyne Central, Newcastle upon Tyne East, and Washington and Sunderland West would be abolished, and new or re-established constituencies of Gateshead Central and Whickham, Jarrow and Gateshead East, Newcastle upon Tyne Central and West, Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend, and Washington and Gateshead South created.

The following seats are proposed:

Containing electoral wards from Gateshead Containing electoral wards from Newcastle upon Tyne
 * Blaydon and Consett (part)
 * Gateshead Central and Whickham
 * Jarrow and Gateshead East (part)
 * Washington and Gateshead South (part)

 * Cramlington and Killingworth (parts also in North Tyneside and Northumberland)

Containing electoral wards from North Tyneside
 * Hexham (part also in Northumberland)
 * Newcastle upon Tyne Central and West
 * Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend (part)
 * Newcastle upon Tyne North (part)

 * Cramlington and Killingworth (parts also in Newcastle upon Tyne and Northumberland)

 * Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend (part)

Containing electoral wards from South Tyneside Containing electoral wards from Sunderland
 * Newcastle upon Tyne North (part)
 * Tynemouth
 * Jarrow and Gateshead East (part)
 * South Shields
 * Houghton and Sunderland South
 * Sunderland Central
 * Washington and Gateshead South (part)

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Tyne and Wear in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
11983 & 1987 - Alliance

* Included in Other

2010 to present
1includes areas of County Durham

2parts transferred in 2024 to the seat of Cramlington & Killingworth which is mostly in Northumberland


text:
User talk:Kirloo

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

-℘yrop (talk) 15:26, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Your edits
Hi. Are you the same as 130.225.194.192, who have fx edited the Danish Superliga-team's kits? Kalaha 08:48, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

No, that's not me. I dunno anything about that. Should I write this on your User Talk-page? Kirloo 21:26, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kirloo


text:
IWF

IWF may refer to:
 * International Women's Forum (founded 1974), a global organization of 8,000+ members, comprising leaders in government, business, science, the arts, athletics, finance, philanthropy, etc..
 * Independent Women's Forum, a conservative non-profit organization, founded in 1992 out of the "Women for Clarence Thomas" ad hoc group.
 * Independent Wrestling Federation, a professional wrestling promotion based in Nutley, NJ, United States
 * Institut für Weltraumforschung (Space Research Institute), an Austrian space institute
 * International Wargames Federation, international body uniting national wargaming federations of South Africa
 * International Weightlifting Federation, the international governing body for the sport of weightlifting
 * Internet Watch Foundation, an online policing organization in the United Kingdom
 * Inter-working Function, a conversion interface between wireless and telephone networks
 * iShares Russell 1000 Growth Index, an exchange-traded fund with ticker symbol IWF

title: IWF


text:
Round nose

Round nose may refer to:

 * NOHAB Bulldog, a diesel locomotive
 * A type of bullet
 * A hemispherical diabolo pellet for an air gun
 * The 701 model Yahama SuperJet personal watercraft

title: Round nose


text: User talk:217.121.144.89

title: User talk:217.121.144.89


text:
Victory Bank

Victory Bank is a wholly submerged atoll structure in the Northern Chagos Archipelago at -5.55°N, 72.23333°W. It is located 17 km NNW of Nelson Island, the only island on the northern rim of the Great Chagos Bank. Île Boddam, of the Salomon Islands, lies 17 km to the north.

This submerged atoll is roughly elliptical in shape, with a size of 6 km east-west and 4 km north-south, and an area of about 19 km². It rises steeply from great depths. The lagoon is up to 33 metres deep, while the depth along much of the rim is only 5.5 metres.

Biodiversity
In 2021 the Living Oceans Foundation found that the Victory Bank had both a "high coral diversity" as well as high numbers of Millepora. The most common coral found is Acropora. Seagrass was intermixed within the reef, although its mass was less than 1% of the substrate. It was also reported that despite a low diversity of fish, the Victory Bank holds the highest fish density (421.3 individuals/100 m2) and highest ratio of large fish to other fish. This is unlike other areas of the Great Chagos Bank.

title: Victory Bank


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diego Sebastian

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:43, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Diego Sebastian
Vanity page, plus it's fictional. --Missmarple 15:32, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Fictional vanity. -- JamesTeterenko 01:01, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Fictional vanity, and not even particularly funny fictional vanity. -- Captain Disdain 01:17, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Speedy as joke. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  02:29, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity and nonsense. - Etacar11 02:49, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 03:06 May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Double Blue  (Talk) 03:51, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:25, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity, not funny enough for BJAODN. --Idont Havaname 05:52, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 05:56, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, it could be a sarcastic attack page. Delete. Uncle G 07:17, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Delete I'll take 'incorrect information'! Sonic Mew 09:19, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsense vanity. Megan1967 10:44, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Nonsense. Mgm|(talk) 14:25, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - absurd fiction. I support the suggestion earlier in today's VfD that this sort of thing should be a speedy candidate. AlexTiefling 16:07, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Michael Žygimantaitis

Michael Žygimantaitis (Mykolas Žygimantaitis, Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz; before 1406 – shortly before February 10, 1452 in Moscow) was pretender to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the last male descendant of Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

He supported his father Sigismund Kęstutaitis in power struggles with Švitrigaila. In 1435 he led his father's army to victory in the Battle of Wiłkomierz. After his father's assassination in 1440, Michael unsuccessfully fought against Casimir IV Jagiellon for the title of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. At first Michael was supported by Samogitia, but in 1441 Casimir issued a privilege confirming Samogitia's semi-autonomous status and thus avoiding a civil war. Until 1447, he was supported by the Dukes of Masovia. In 1448, Michael asked help from the Crimean Khanate. With their help he attacked and shortly took control of Kiev, Starodub, Novhorod-Siversky. Soon he was captured and transported to the Grand Duchy of Moscow where he died under unclear circumstances (possibly poisoned) in 1452. He was buried in Vilnius Cathedral.

At different times Michael was married to two daughters of Alexandra of Lithuania and Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia: Anna and Catherine. In total he had three wives, all from Masovia: Anna (died in 1435), Eufemia (died in 1436) daughter of Bolesław Januszowic, and Catherine (died in 1479/80).

title: Michael Žygimantaitis


text:
Grabowiec

Grabowiec or Grabówiec may refer to:

In Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland):
 * Grabowiec, Szamotuły County
 * Grabowiec, Turek County
 * Grabówiec, Greater Poland Voivodeship

In Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland):
 * Grabowiec, Grudziądz County
 * Grabowiec, Toruń County
 * Grabówiec, Brodnica County
 * Grabówiec, Lipno County

In Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland):
 * Grabowiec, Piotrków County
 * Grabowiec, Sieradz County

In Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland):
 * Grabowiec, Opole Lubelskie County
 * Grabowiec, Radzyń Podlaski County
 * Grabowiec, Zamość County

In Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland):
 * Grabowiec, Lipsko County
 * Grabowiec, Płock County
 * Grabowiec, Siedlce County
 * Grabowiec, Węgrów County
 * Grabówiec, Ciechanów County
 * Grabówiec, Pułtusk County
 * Grabówiec, Sierpc County

In Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland):
 * Grabowiec, Bielsk County
 * Grabowiec, Hajnówka County
 * Grabowiec, Siemiatycze County

In Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland):
 * Grabowiec, Człuchów County
 * Grabowiec, Gmina Bobowo
 * Grabowiec, Gmina Osiek
 * Grabowiec, Gmina Smętowo Graniczne
 * Grabowiec, Wejherowo County
 * Grabowiec, Braniewo County
 * Grabowiec, Iława County

In other voivodeships:
 * Grabowiec, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
 * Grabowiec, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
 * Grabowiec, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Grabowiec, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)

title: Grabowiec


text:
Talk:Bezeklik Caves

Caves “dating from the 5th to the 9th centuries”
This makes no sense. How can caves (a natural geological feature) exist between 5th and 9th centuries? Surely the caves must have been there for millions of years - and unless someone methodically filled them in, they must still be there?!?
 * I assume the art was created between the 5th and 9th centuries – or the caves were dug out by people after 400 AD, only to collapse half a millennium later :) Wikipeditor 01:27, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Facial vandalism
Anyone have any idea as to why the faces particularly have been wiped out? I did read somewhere that it may have been state vandalism to hide the European origins of some of the fresco characters/natives (as pertains to the Uyghur problem in China).Twobells (talk) 19:54, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

Chotscho : vol.1

http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/

Bezeklik grottoes, Toyuk grottoes

http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0081.html.en

http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0101.html.en

Rajmaan (talk) 21:20, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bezeklik Caves


text:
Sébastien Lareau

Sébastien Lareau (born April 27, 1973) is a former professional tennis player. He became the first Canadian to win a Grand Slam title by winning the 1999 US Open men's doubles with his American partner Alex O'Brien.

As a singles player
The right-handed Lareau achieved a career best singles ranking of world No. 76 in April 1995. He has a career ATP Tour event win–loss record of 99–137. Lareau's best singles tour results were:

 * in 1995, the quarterfinals of the Philadelphia and St. Petersburg World Series events;
 * in 1996, the fourth round of the Key Biscayne Super 9 event;
 * in 1997, the quarterfinals of the Hong Kong World Series event;
 * in 1998, the third round of the Australian Open; the semifinals of the Philadelphia, the quarterfinals of the Scottsdale, the semifinals of the Hong Kong, the quarterfinals of the Washington and Moscow World Series events;
 * in 1999, the quarterfinals of the Tokyo Outdoor World Series event; and
 * in 2001, the semifinals of the Memphis International Series Gold event.

As a doubles player
Lareau reached a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 4 in October 1999. He won 16 doubles titles on the ATP Tour. His victories included the 1996 and 1998 Stuttgart Masters, the 1999 London Queen's Club International Series, the 1999 US Open, the 1999 Paris Indoor Tennis Masters, and the 1999 ATP Doubles Championships events, all partnering Alex O'Brien; the 1999 Washington International Series and 2000 Memphis International Series Gold events, partnering Justin Gimelstob; and the 2000 Montreal/Toronto Tennis Masters and Sydney Olympics, partnering compatriot Daniel Nestor. Lareau was also a finalist in the 1996 Australian Open and ATP Doubles Championships, 1997 Australian Open, both partnering O'Brien.

title: Sébastien Lareau


text:
Cauvin Bank

Cauvin Bank is a wholly submerged atoll structure in the southern part of the Chagos Archipelago at -6.81667°N, 72.36667°W, just about 7 km south of the southeastern corner of the rim of the Great Chagos Bank. It is roughly circular in shape, with a diameter of 4 km, and an area of about 12 km2. There are least depths between 9 and 11 m in the northern part of the reef. The closest land is the northernmost part of Diego Garcia atoll, Middle Island, 41 km to the south.

title: Cauvin Bank


text:
Dirty White Boys

Dirty White Boys is a 1994 crime thriller novel by American author Stephen Hunter. It covers the escape of convict Lamar Pye and two accomplices from a penitentiary in Oklahoma, and highway patrol officer Bud Pewtie's attempts to track them down.

The events in the novel are set in between Point of Impact and Black Light, the first and second novels in the Bob Lee Swagger series.

Plot
The opening chapters of Dirty White Boys articulately sets an impressionable tone for the remainder of the novel, as the story's main antagonist, Lamar Pye, a physically powerful, charismatic, aggressive, and intelligent "alpha male" in his late thirties, uses brutal violence to avoid being raped by a giant black inmate in the showers at McAlester State Penitentiary (the Mac). Despite his position as a "Prince" (a ranking prisoner) amongst the Dirty White Boys, a white gang element of the prisoner populace, the rape was ordered as revenge for a slight made by Lamar's developmentally disabled, behemoth cousin Odell against the white gang chief. After his sale to the black inmate gang, Lamar knows that the revenge is inevitable if he remains in the prison. Richard, Lamar's failed artist cell mate, a timid man imprisoned for gruesomely blinding his own mother, joins Lamar as he uses his quick wit and unrestrained capacity for violence to abscond "the Mac" with Odell.

Bud Pewtie, the novel's main protagonist, is a State Trooper called to participate in the search for the escaped criminals. He is initially portrayed as a responsible father with two teenage boys, but it quickly emerges that he is having an affair with the young wife of his partner, Ted, a confused young man with unarticulated doubts about his role as a trooper. The troopers are briefed about the escape by the embittered alcoholic Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Lieutenant C. D. Henderson, a once star law enforcement officer who once served with Earl Swagger as a detective. A series of tips leads the troopers to the remote farmhouse of an old couple, where the Pyes and Richard have taken refuge, arming themselves with the old man's firearms. An ambush by the Pyes ensues, with Pewtie and Ted ducking for cover. While Pewtie performs distinctly well under fire of the Pyes, Ted caves under the pressure of the assault. As a result, Pewtie is severely wounded and left for dead by Lamar, and watches in horror as Lamar brutally executes his helpless partner.

The Pyes escape but Pewtie survives having been unknowingly shot by Lamar with lightweight bird hunting shot. The Pyes flee to the remote house of a mentally ill young woman, Ruta Beth Tull, who has been writing confused letters to Richard about their "mystic connection". Tull, it later emerges, murdered her own parents as a juvenile and sees this as her link to Richard. Tull immediately takes to Lamar and the group forms into a twisted family unit as the search for them loses momentum. Pewtie returns to the house where he was ambushed to thank the owner, who also survived being kidnapped by Lamar and raised the alarm about the shootout. While at the house he is given pictures of lions drawn by Richard, and overlooked by investigators, as Richard's value to Lamar rests on his ability to draw pictures as Lamar orders him to; Lamar being amused and intrigued by the artist's ability. Pewtie also returns to his affair with his dead partner's wife Holly and frustrations at the conflicting demands of his newfound romance and his family life continue to build.

Lamar and his "family" carry out a bloody robbery of a Denny's restaurant in Wichita Falls, Texas, from which Lamar narrowly escapes with his life. The bloodshed of the robbery intensifies the manhunt for Lamar and Pewtie is one of the officers who drops by the scene of the crime. There he finds more pictures of lions drawn by Richard at the restaurant. He is questioned by a suspicious Henderson about his find, but does not explain it or the earlier pictures. Lamar now reveals to his family that Richard has in fact been working on the design for a tattoo and they begin a search for a top quality tattoo artist to carry out the work and finding Jimmy Ky outside a small town. After discussing the drawings with a local art teacher Bud also begins to suspect that Lamar is working on a tattoo, and obtains information about Jimmy Ky. The stage is now set for the second bloody confrontation between Pewtie and Lamar. Pewtie literally stumbles in as Lamar is being tattooed and watched over by Odell. A gunfight ensues which ends with Pewtie killing Odell in a gun battle that only ends after Bud expends all his ammunition from his 3 handguns into Odell and blasting two fingers off Lamar's left hand. Pewtie himself is once again badly injured and Lamar escapes after the intervention of Richard and Ruta.

As Bud struggles with his choices Lamar plots a terrible revenge for the death of his cousin.

The stage is set for the final confrontation between Pewtie and Lamar. Pewtie fails at first to shoot Lamar with a rifle, his bullet deflected just enough by an unseen glass door to miss his intended target and wound Ruta. The firefight leads to Lamar breaking out of a window using Holly as a shield while running across the fields towards a patch of trees with Pewtie chasing. Holly breaks away from Lamar and runs back towards the house leaving Bud to face Lamar. Bud again confirms to Holly that they are through. Lamar ambushes Bud in the patch of trees but fails to shoot him with his final bullet; the two men begin a desperate hand-to-hand struggle for Bud's gun, which the physically stronger Lamar is sure to win. As the men fight, Pewtie desperately manages to fire a shot, which hideously wounds Lamar. The fight finishes as Bud uses his back-up gun to shoot Lamar twice in the head. As the medics and SWAT teams arrive all seems to be settled, but Richard is still alive and decides he should help Lamar. He finds Bud near a creek with the just-arrived Henderson. Both of the policemen talk quietly to Richard, trying to convince him to drop his gun and telling him that they know he was not responsible for the crimes committed by the Pyes. Richard responds by firing at Bud with the gun that Lamar took from Pewtie after their first confrontation at the old couples' farmhouse.

Henderson moves in front of Bud and takes the brunt of the bullet's damage, though the bullet hits Pewtie after going through Henderson. Bud is severely injured but lives as Henderson dies. The final scene is of a recovered Richard (having been shot by other policemen after firing) being transferred back to "the Mac" where he finds his previous fear of the prison and its brutal inmates is gone and he is a feared member of the criminal community.

Principal characters
Lamar Pye - A physically powerful, ultra-aggressive career criminal with high intelligence and considerable charisma. Lamar is depicted as the misshapen product of a violent, impoverished upbringing with the strong suggestion that under different circumstances he may have been a better man. Lamar is motivated by his contempt for the seemingly arbitrary rules of normal society, his desire to protect his retarded cousin Odell, his own love of danger and his violent tendencies.

Odell Pye - A deformed and mentally disabled man, rescued from a brutally abusive parent by Lamar, who has been looking after him ever since.

Richard Peed - A terrified, but artistically gifted inmate. Lamar is pleased with the art he produces, and in return for drawing more pictures, Lamar protects him from the violence and rape that is prevalent in the prison. When Lamar escapes, Richard goes with him because he knows he would be doomed without his protection.

Bud Pewtie - A courageous, but flawed police officer who is tasked with tracking the three escapees down. He is shot and nearly killed by Lamar, but recovers.

Film adaptation
In 2014, Fox commissioned David Benioff and D. B. Weiss to write, direct and produce a feature film adaptation of Dirty White Boys.

title: Dirty White Boys


text:
Template talk:Crowns

Previously unsectioned comments
Shouldn´t we combine this Template setting of "British crowns" together with the "European crowns" and other crowns, otherwise it takes up too much space at the bottom. also by putting the british crowns first, it looks as if they have a prerogative over other crowns. which is not a good idea I think because this Wikipedia is international, right?

No. It doesn't work.

 * If you try that, then for technical accuracy one has to subdivide English British Crowns by era (English, Great British, United Kingdom) because some of the Crowns of England, though kept in the British Crown Jewels, aren't technically British Crowns as they have never been used by British monarchs (ie, worn after 1707). So it gets very messy.

 * Alphabeticalising them produces other complex problems, as does arranging them by date.

 * As the UK is the only major monarchy still to use crowns rather than keep them in museums or parliamentary buildings, it is natural that (a) they have more crowns than defunct monarchies, and (b) they should be subcategorised. If it was France that had fifteen or twenty crowns rather than England/Britain/the UK it would make sense to subcategorise them. Putting them together produces an unwieldly mess. Separating them keeps in easy to follow.

I tried other formulas. The reason this interim format was used is because most of the information available right now is about English, British and United Kingdom crowns. When we have the names and links to more crowns, we can then design a format for them. Or maybe have separate templates for consort crowns, coronation crowns and state crowns. But merging all crowns in one bunch is unworkable without using other information that makes the page big anyway. (The way you merged them here, for example, is POV as it treats English/British/UK crowns as special, ie, no need to say where they are from, while other international crowns are categorised.)

I've reverted to the original version, but swapped the position of the English and British Crowns and the European and world crowns, so that the latter is at the top. The template is one of the bigger ones, but unlike other large templates, this one does need subcategorisation to make it easy to follow. Having all in one pile, when most of them come from one category and need additional words like England, Great Britain or United Kingdom added in after every one of their crowns, produces a messy and ugly template. (I tried it and the results were neither easy to follow nor attractive.) Fear ÉIREANN \ (talk) 16:31, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

it does still look bulgy, but I´ll go with the current format.... (talk)

TFD
This template was nominated for deletion, but consensus was to keep it. See Templates for deletion/Log/Not deleted/June 2005 for details. In the discussion, it was suggested to split the template (into one for British crowns and one for other crowns), or to convert it to a category instead. Radiant_ >|< 09:29, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Crown of Scotland
Couldn't you link to Honours of Scotland instead of Crown of Scotland? --Hun2 16:11, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

The Honours is the set of crown jewels. The article I am proposing is specifically about the crown alone. We have a template that includes the Honours and all other crown jewels. This template is about crowns in the jewels. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 16:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions to improve this template

 * 1) I think it would be more logical if the crowns were ordered by alphabetical order by the names of their countries. Right now there's no logical ordering.
 * 2) It would look nicer if there was an image on both sides of the template heading, now it looks very half-sided.

– Alensha 15:19, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Number of entries in this template
Apparently one editor is offended by me adding relevant Danish material to this template on the same level as the material of e.g. Romania, France, Prussia etc. In any case, it is constantly being removed.

I'm going to start articles on those, and I see absolutely no reason not to include such entries here. Precedence is established by similar material. The crown of Christian V is *the* royal crown of Denmark and has been a national symbol for the last 400 years. The crown of Christian IV is an exceptionally fine piece of Renaissance work, and most likely the only such preserved example in Europe Either all relevant examples should be included or all countries should have their material merged to one article each, starting with the British material. I don't see why the crown of the Queen of Romania should be included here, but not relevant Danish material. Valentinian (talk) 14:28, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Because the crown of the Queen of Romania has a separate article about it, while the Danish crown hasn't. WP:CONTEXT doesn't allow to spawn red links gratuitously, especially in templates. I do believe that you are going to start this one and will not revert any more. Cheers, Ghirla  -трёп-  14:37, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Let's call that a deal. Valentinian (talk) 14:42, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

This is an article about individual crowns. If a country has 5 crowns, then all five go in. It is not meant to link to pages about whole regalias. And yes red links always go into templates, because templates are a work in progress so links are being filled. When this template was started, two thirds of the links were red. They were put in to enable others with information on crowns to add in articles are they arose. One by one people filled in those links (Iranians added in articles about the red-linked Iranian crowns, Danish people filled in links to Danish crowns, etc.) There is one remaining red link which no doubt will be used to create an article on that crown. Creating valid links to be used but which are still red is not "spawning red links gratuitously". Creating links to nothing in particular, or to non-existing topics, is. It is perfectly normal for templates to have red links to valid topics that simply haven't been written about yet. FearÉIREANN \(caint) 15:51, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge Template:Types of Crowns
A couple of the entries in Template:Types of Crowns are actually individual crowns, and not types. If that template is cleaned up, there wouldn't be much left. I think it best to simply add a line to the bottom of THIS template linking to the basic types of crowns - coronet, circlet, coronation, consort, and state. PubliusFL 01:02, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Holland and the Netherlands
Both kingdoms posessed a royal crown. The crown of Louis Napoleon existed only on paper. There are two modern crowns, one of them was used at Queen Beatrix's accession ceremony.

I am just out of hospital but I promise to write an appropriate article with a link to the Dutch Wikipedia as soon as possible.

Faithfully yours,

10:19, 21 January 2008 (UTC) Robert Prummel (talk) 10:20, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

crowns of the british isles
why the crowns belonging to countries in the british isles are given a preeminent position by being placed at the beginning of the crowns template? if primacy there is to warranted, then it should go either to the ancient ones, or to the numerous ones, like those belonging to states of the holy roman empire. otherwise a strict alphabetical order should be followed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Heterodoxa (talk • contribs) 07:27, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Crowns


text:
Diecast

Diecast may refer to:

 * Die casting, the casting process where liquids are introduced into a mold and allowed to harden
 * Die-cast toys, scale models, usually of automobiles, that are often made via casting
 * Diecast (band), a Boston-based metalcore band
 * Alea iacta est, Latin for "The die is cast"

title: Diecast


text:
File:Yellow Magic Orchestra (album) US coverart.jpg

Licensing
Cover art by Lou Beach

Fair use in Yellow Magic Orchestra USA
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.


text:
Minocher Bhandara

Minocher Bhandara (1937–June 15, 2008), commmonly known as M.P. Bhandara, was a Pakistani industrialist and politician who served as a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 and from 2002 to 2007.

Family
He belonged to the small Gujarati-speaking Zoroastrian community. Bhandara was the brother of Pakistani novelist, Bapsi Sidhwa. His father owned a liquor shop on the Mall in Lahore, Pakistan. His son, Isphanyar Bhandara, is the current CEO of Murree Brewery.

Career
He was the architect and owner of one of the most successful and durable business conglomerates in Pakistan. Amongst his companies was the Murree Brewery, which his father had bought a controlling share in during the British Empire in the 1940s.

Politics
He leaves behind a legacy of enlightened political activism. Bhandara, was active as a minority representative and served as MNA from November 16, 2002 to November 15, 2007 affiliated with Pakistan Muslim League (Q). Before that, he had also served as a member of National Assembly of Pakistan from 14 April 1972 to 7 March 1977 during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto regime.

Minoo also wrote articles in the country's English language newspapers.

Death
He died in Islamabad, Pakistan on Sunday June 15, 2008 at the age of 71, due to complications as a result of a serious car accident in China several weeks earlier on 23 April 2008.

title: Minocher Bhandara


text:
Kleeer

Kleeer was an American New York City–based funk, disco and post-disco band, which was formed in 1972 under the name The Jam Band, as a backup group to different disco bands and vocalists.

Members

 * Woodrow "Woody" Cunningham (lead vocalist and drummer, died 2010)
 * Paul Crutchfield (percussionist and keyboardist)
 * Richard Lee (guitarist)
 * Norman Durham (bassist, died 2011)

Career
After a switch to the name Pipeline in 1975, the group also decided to switch to making hard rock instead of disco. Record labels competed to sign them but, when they finally ended up at Columbia Records, their single "Gypsie Rider" did not fare well commercially.

In 1976, they got the opportunity to become The Universal Robot Band along with underground disco producers Patrick Adams and Greg Carmichael. This project was more successful than their former projects. They made the single "Barely Breaking Even" alongside singer Leroy Burgess, and they also recorded an album. The group toured as The Universal Robot Band until 1978. After 1978, the band decided to make all their music themselves under the new name of Kleeer.

Between 1979 and 1985 the group released seven albums and had several hits in the US Billboard Hot 100 and in R&B charts. The most mentionable are "Keep Your Body Workin'", "Tonight's the Night", "Winners", "Intimate Connection", and "Get Tough". The sound was now more focused on 1980s style funk, and electronic instruments, like vocoders and synthesizers.

The System lead singer Mic Murphy was a road manager for the band before the start of his record career.

After the 1985's album Seeekret, the band disappeared for unknown reasons. Most of the musicians continued working with other projects. In the 1990s, however, the group re-formed as Kleeer at some occasions.

title: Kleeer


text:
Talk:Masaharu Homma

Untitled
this article is completely inaccurate and the author should be ashamed of himself; It pathetically tries to portray that Homma was kind and humane--- but totally neglects to mention that the Japanese military butchered hundreds of thousands of innocent Filipine men, women, and children (including my grandma's entire family) while he was in charge...this article should be burned and must be replaced with a truthful article- that Homma was a brutal animal who had no regard for human life- I will file a formal complaint with Wikipedia-  - SIGNED: JEREMY GABRIEL MONDEJAR, ESQ. HENDERSON, NV, USA — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmjoker (talk • contribs) 00:36, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

While I admittedly know very little on this subject, the whole article reads like an essay written to defend Homma and blackface MacArthur. It needs to be more NPOV in style, and it needs to show some sources for what it's writing. As it is now, the article only implicitly assures us that Homma was a kind man, innocent (in one way or another) of warcrimes and that his trial was a scam, without backing any of these claims up. --kissekatt 15:43, 2005 May 28 (UTC)

After spending about 30 minutes reviewing the Bataan Death March that happened under Homma's command, I cannot believe this listing. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_March or the referred to article at http://history.acusd.edu/gen/st/~ehimchak/death_march.html. I can't tell you what the unbiased report would say... but any general that would have 70,000 people, that have just surrendered after six months of seige where he knew they didn't have food, and have them march 100 km during the hottest part of the tropical year isn't a "kind man." I don't care whether he "knew" his people where murdering the stragglers or had Japanese items on them... just the fact that you would approve of such a march requires a rewriting of this article. Oh, by the way, 16,000 people who died on the Bataan Death March probably agree... --- TheWoodmanIII

It is obvious that this page needs review. To the Japanese credit, they thought they were far fewer American soldiers that had surrendered. They were not prepared to take 70 thousand prisoners. There are also reports that half of the American soldiers were taken by truck. The japanses were not well fed or hydrated during this time either. So an unbiased look may be impossible given the differing and scattered reports of what really happened. I will try to remove the parts that are in question and remove the neutrality issue. Until the sources of the "overhearing" can be found, I am deleting them.-Cyclonus0102

Cyclonus0102's points are well taken, I have taken a further stab at editing the page. A couple of comments on Cyclonus0102's comments. The men did not march through wilderness. American and Philippine solders were POWs and they passed by Philippine civilians who offered them water (who were promptly beheaded by the Japanese) (read Oral history external link I have attached). As you read, don't stop at the end of the march, read on and you will be treated to the story of how they POWs were then packed like sardines into sealed railcars for the final miles of the trip leading to more deaths (does this remind anyone of anything???). All in all the POWs were beheaded, beaten, tortured, shot, buried alive, made to stand by clear streams of water at attention and not drink (but later offered dank water with floating bodies). By Homma's own statements at his trial, he was too busy to look into the evacuation of the troops. As we are taught again and again, a leader is responsible for the actions of his troops, especially when it leads to the deaths of thousands of POWs. Oh, and finally, I finally think I have cracked the code on this whole "they expected only 40,000 POWs"  This quote appears again and again in the research I have done... as well as, "supplies where scheduled to arrive three weeks later when the surrender was anticipated." This is given as the justification of why the Japanese acted so poorly... but I finally have got what they are really saying:  The Japanese expected the Allied forces to fight for three more weeks which would have lead to war deaths of 40,000 men, women and children, thus significantly reducing the supplies required. --TheWoodmanIII 04:40, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

"the Japanese beliefs that they were a superior race, and their training that the POWs surrender was highly dishonorable might have contributed to the tragedy that occured. Over 30,000 people, men women and children died during the 90 mile march and first month of imprisonment." I cleaned up this and took out some of the irrelevence that seemed to be present. If a person wishes to read about the Bataan death march itself, this is not the page for him. This pages is a support page of the death march and so redundancy should be kept at a minimum.-Cyclonus0102

2/2/07 edit
I added details found in John Toland's book "The Rising Sun" which is a very comprehensive history of the lead-up to WWII and the battles in the Pacific from the Japanese perspective (written by an American author). There is a lot of evidence in this book that Homma was probably an honorable man in war but came up with a disastrously incompetent plan to move the 76,000 America and Filipino troops in what became known as the Bataan Death March. I am not an expert on this topic but after reading this book (won the Pulitzer Prize, is heavily referenced and hundreds of interviews done for it) it appears Homma would have seriously disapproved and been appalled by what happened on the march. He was being seriously undermined by a group of fanatical officers under him. There is an instance where the Japanese army captured and executed a Filipino Chief Justice, and Homma blew up at the responsible officer, saying that he had disgraced all Japanese. I think it's most likely that he was concentrating on the upcoming battle for Corregidor (as was his primary job there - to conquer the country) and left the treatment of the prisoners to these younger officers. This does not absolve his responsibility though - as the highest ranking officer he is obviously responsible for the actions of officers under him. Whether or not this warranted the death penalty is up for argument. P. Moore 02:39, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

2/23/07 Edit
I removed the statement that Homma was in charge of the aerial bombardment of Manila. Both John Toland's book "Rising Sun: The Decline & Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945" and the "List of War Crimes" Wikipedia page attribute this act to Gen. Yamashita. If anyone can find a reference which implicates Homma in the death of civilians in Manila, please add it. P. Moore 14:53, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 10:46, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Head of state of the Philippines?
I don't think so. As a military governor, he was not a head of state. That would either be Manuel Quezon as President in exile or Hirohito as Emperor of Japan, depending on how you view the occupation. Anyone have a good reason why I should not remove the category link? --Yaush (talk) 17:32, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

Getting back to facts
Today I have made several separate edits to this page. I have undertaken each change individually to fully cite the reasons for each change. I don't know if that is the wikipedia way, but given the varying opinions of Gen Homma, I feel it is best to take small bites at this apple. TheWoodmanIII (talk) 03:32, 6 September 2015 (UTC)

I have separated the trial facts from the trial controversy. I hope this will allow the factual flow of the page to be better. The General was in charge of troops that did very bad things. He was convicted and executed for his crimes. Was the trial completely fair? Should he have been held responsible for the crimes? Was he a good guy in a bad place in time? All these questions can live in the controversy section. TheWoodmanIII (talk) 07:34, 6 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Newer comments go at the bottom of the TP, not the top.104.169.24.168 (talk) 14:31, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Masaharu Homma


text:
Charles Pearson, Lord Pearson

Charles John Pearson, Lord Pearson (6 November 1843 – 15 August 1910) was a Scottish politician and judge who rose to be a Senator of the College of Justice.

Life
He was born in Edinburgh on 6 November 1843. He was second son of Charles Pearson, chartered accountant, of Edinburgh, by his wife Margaret, daughter of John Dalziel, solicitor, of Earlston, Berwickshire. The family lived at Murrayfield House in west Edinburgh.

After attending Edinburgh Academy, he proceeded to the University of St. Andrews, and thence to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he distinguished himself in classics, winning the Gaisford Greek prizes for prose (1862) and verse (1863). He graduated B.A. with a first class in the final classical school in 1865.

He afterwards attended law lectures in Edinburgh, and became a member of the Juridical Society, of which he was librarian in 1872–3, and of the Speculative Society (president 1869–71). He was called to the English bar (from the Inner Temple) on 10 June 1870, and on 19 July 1870 passed to the Scottish bar, where he rapidly obtained a large practice. Though not one of the crown counsel for Scotland, he was specially retained for the prosecution at the trial of the City of Glasgow Bank directors (January 1879), became sheriff of chancery in 1885, and Procurator and cashier for the Church of Scotland in 1886.

In 1887, he was knighted, and was appointed sheriff of Renfrew and Bute in 1888 and of Perthshire in 1889. Pearson was a conservative, though not a keen politician, and in 1890 was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland in Lord Salisbury's second administration, and was elected (unopposed) as Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities. In the same year he became Q.C.

In 1891, he succeeded James Patrick Bannerman Robertson, as lord advocate, and was sworn of the privy council. At the general election of 1892, he was again returned unopposed for Edinburgh and St. Andrews Universities. After the fall of Lord Salisbury's ministry in 1892, he ceased to be lord advocate, and was chosen dean of the Faculty of Advocates. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh University in 1894, and on the return of the conservatives to power in the following year became again lord advocate, and resigned the deanship. In 1896, on the resignation of Andrew Rutherfurd-Clark, Lord Rutherfurd-Clark, he was raised to the bench, from which he retired, owing to bad health, in 1909.

In later life he lived at 7 Drumsheugh Gardens, a large Victorian townhouse in Edinburgh's West End.

He died at home in Edinburgh on 15 August 1910, and was buried in the Dean Cemetery. He is buried against the north wall of the Victorian northern extension, near the north-west corner.

Family
On 23 July 1873, Pearson married Elizabeth Hewat, daughter of M. Grayhurst Hewat of St. Cuthbert's, Norwood, by whom he had three sons.

title: Charles Pearson, Lord Pearson


text:
User talk:Whitetigah

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski // talk 15:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Madagascar
I already removed that link a little while ago. We can't have an indefinite disambiguation on top of country article's pages for every movie, song, etc., named after that country. El_C 10:42, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whitetigah


text:
Talk:Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland

Alexander Seton, 1st Lord Fyvie - who links to Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline, are they the same guy? - wasn't even born in 1533, and the date is also out of order; there's obviously something wrong here. Don't really know enough about this to correct it, does anyone else? Eixo 15:48, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

And what about John Hamilton-Leslie, 9th Earl of Rothes? Wasn't he in this office, too? Either the list here or the article about the earl is wrong, but which? - --VM 11:54, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

As I noted in the article on the 9th Earl of Rothes, the Concise DNB records him as Keeper in 1704, but other sources do not. I have not had time to investigate the discrepancy.--George Burgess 12:41, 19 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Uhersko

Uhersko a municipality and village in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

History
The first written mention of Uhersko is from 1308.

Sights
The main landmark of Uhersko is the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It was built in the Baroque style in 1704.

title: Uhersko


text: Category:Chumashan languages

title: Category:Chumashan languages