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European Space Research Organisation

The European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) was an international organisation founded by 10 European nations with the intention of jointly pursuing scientific research in space. It was founded in 1964. As an organisation ESRO was based on a previously existing international scientific institution, CERN. The ESRO convention, the organisations founding document outlines it as an entity exclusively devoted to scientific pursuits. This was the case for most of its lifetime but in the final years before the formation of ESA, the European Space Agency, ESRO began a programme in the field of telecommunications. Consequently, ESA is not a mainly pure science focused entity but concentrates on telecommunications, earth observation and other application motivated activities. ESRO was merged with ELDO in 1975 to form the European Space Agency.

European Preparatory Commission for Space Research
The origins of a joint European space effort are generally traced back to a number of initiatives taken in 1959 and 1960 by a small group of scientists and science administrators, catalysed by two friends, physicists and scientific statesmen, the Italian Edoardo Amaldi and the Frenchman Pierre Victor Auger. Neither Amaldi nor Auger was a stranger to the cause of scientific collaboration on a European scale. Indeed, it was they who, in the early 1950s, were key actors in the process which led to the setting up of CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

Now, as the decade drew to a close, they turned their attention to space. Success was rapid. Within a year of the first formal discussions being held amongst scientists, European governments had set up a preparatory commission in order to explore the possibilities for a joint space research effort.

The European Preparatory Commission for Space Research (Commission Préparatoire Européenne de Recherche Spatiale, COPERS) held its first session in Paris on 13 and 14 March 1961. Its first task was to create the organs needed to define the scientific programme and the necessary infrastructure of the envisaged organisation, to draw up its budget, and to prepare a Convention for signature by those member state governments who wished to join it. To this end the meeting first elected its "bureau": chairman Harrie Massey, vice-chairmen, Luigi Broglio and Hendrik van de Hulst, and executive secretary Pierre Auger, all men who had played an important role in the debates in 1960 and, Auger apart, still active and eminent European space scientists. It then established two working groups.

The first was the Interim Scientific and Technical Working Group and its task was to prepare the scientific programme for the future space organisation, paying particular attention to the technical and financial implications of its proposals. Lamek Hulthén, from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, was nominated chairman of this group; Reimar Lüst from the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Garching, Germany was appointed its coordinating secretary.

The second was the Legal, Administrative and Financial Working Group. Its chairman was initially left open, though it was recommended that he be someone from the German Federal Republic. Alexander Hocker, a senior bureaucrat from Bad-Godesberg who was the chairman of the CERN Finance Committee at the time, took on this task. All Member States were to be represented on both working groups, which were empowered to set up subgroups to facilitate their work.

The Blue Book
By the third meeting of COPERS on 24 and 25 October 1961 in Munich, the Interim Scientific and Technical Working Group had prepared a 77-page document outlining the future European Space Research Organisation. The so-called "Blue Book" was divided into five parts, each devoted to one of the following subjects:
 * 1) a general outline of ESRO
 * 2) ESRO's scientific programme
 * 3) its technology centre
 * 4) data handling
 * 5) ranges and vehicles

The Blue Book foresaw the firing of some 435 sounding rockets and the successful development and launching of 17 satellites in the 8 years covered by the ESRO Convention, namely 11 small satellites, 4 space probes, and 2 large satellites. It was assumed that 2 launchings would be required to orbit one successful spacecraft, so the number of satellite and space probes launchings budgeted for was doubled. The total cost of the satellite programme was estimated at 733.5 million ₣, of which 450 million ₣ was for launchers and launch operations and 283.5 million ₣ for spacecraft development.

The Blue Book was more a manifesto of interests and expectations than a concrete working hypothesis. It only reflected the intentions and hopes of important sectors of the European scientific community while ignoring their lack of capacity to fulfill these intentions. The fact that transforming the manifesto into a true operational programme would be a long and laborious process and the results sometimes disappointing.

The Auger years (1964–67)
The ESRO Convention entered into force on 20 March 1964. The ten founding states were Belgium, Denmark, France, (Federal Republic of) Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Two other countries which had participated in the early COPERS activities, Austria and Norway, decided not to join the new organisation but retained an observer status. The first meeting of the Council opened in Paris three days later with Harrie Massey in the chair. Pierre Auger was appointed ESRO's first Director General.

Legislative arm
At the decision making level (the "Legislative" in the ESRO jargon), the supreme governing body was the council, made of delegations from its Member States. Each member state had one vote in the council, where it could be represented by not more than two delegates, one of whom was generally a scientist, the other an important national science administrator. One or more advisers were usually included national delegations. The main tasks of the council were to determine the Organisation's scientific, technical and administrative policy; to approve its programme and annual work plans; and to determine its level of resources both annually, and every third year for the subsequent three-year period. The council was advised by two subordinate bodies, the Administrative and Finance Committee (AFC) and the Scientific and Technical Committee (STC).

Executive arm
At the executive level, ESRO was managed by a Directorate based in Paris, including the Director General assisted by a Scientific Director, a Technical Director and a Head of Administration. The directors of ESRIN, ESDAC and ESLAB reported to the Scientific Director; the director of ESTEC, who had also responsibility for ESRANGE and ESTRACK, reported to the Technical Director. The "Executive", as it was eventually called, was responsible for the implementation of approved programmes within the established financial envelope and under general control from the Scientific and Technical Committee. It was also called to perform feasibility studies of space missions proposals coming from the scientific community and recommended by the STC, in view of their eventual adoption in the programme.

The Bannier report and its consequences
Only two years after the formation of ESRO, problems with its structure became painfully obvious. By mid-1966 it had climbed to 50%, placing enormous pressure on the operational programme. For this reason the Council set up a group of experts led by J.H. Bannier to investigate and solve the problem. Bannier quickly relieved the pressure on the AFC by raising the limit below which the Executive could award contracts without having to seek committee approval. He further increased the role of the Executive by transferring certain competencies from the Legislative to the Directorate. But this was only a stop-gap measure.

Bannier realised that the entire structure of ESOC had to be changed. Firstly, they were emphatic that the executive function of the organisation should be clearly separated from the policy and the planning function. Secondly, as far as the scientific programme was concerned, they recommended that there be a clear institutional distinction drawn between spacecraft development and spacecraft operation after launch. To achieve these objectives, the Bannier group suggested that ESRO's top management structure be completely changed. The dichotomy between scientific and technical directorates was, in Bannier's view, wrong in principle for an organisation like ESRO. To overcome it, he suggested that the two posts be abolished. In its stead a new structure was proposed. It comprised the Director General (DG) plus four directors, two of whom were essentially responsible for policy-making and two for policy execution. A new post was to be created in the first category, a so-called Director of Programmes and Planning (DPP), whose task it would be to prepare draft programmes of the Organisation, based on the scientific, technical, financial and time implications of the different proposals. The second member of the directorate concerned with forward planning would be the Director of Administration (DA) whose task it would be to prepare policy on the future needs of personnel, finance and contracts, and to organise and implement the necessary procedures to maintain an a posteriori control over the Organisation's functioning. The two posts in the Directorate having executive authority would be filled by the director of ESTEC and of ESDAC, which was to be renamed ESOC, the European Space Operations Centre. As for ESRIN, the Bannier group judged its research to be marginal to the major activities of the Organisation. Its director, they felt, should not be a member of the directorate but should rather report directly to the DG.

European Space Research and Technology Centre

The European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) was to be a facility at the very core of ESRO. Its responsibilities included the engineering and testing of satellites and their payloads, the integration of scientific instruments in these payloads, and making arrangements for their launch. In some cases member states were to produce the scientific instruments for ESRO or produce them as part of their own national effort and compensate ESTEC for its service. In practise, national organisations simply used ESTEC as a service organisation and left it to pay for their efforts from the ESRO budget. After the Bannier Report the facility gained overall executive authority for spacecraft development and was merged with ESLAB. The satellite control centre was also moved to ESOC. ESTEC was originally to be located in Delft (Holland) but because of unforeseen difficulties, Noordwijk was chosen instead.

ESLAB
The situation with ESRO's laboratory, ESLAB was similar. It lacked the staff to function as an independent organisation. But this wasn't surprising since the ESRO Convention describes ESLAB's role in the following manner: "...to undertake joint research programmes on the minimum scale deemed necessary by the Council [...] to complete or complement the scientific studies carried out in Member States."

This meant that ESLAB was little more than a venue for visiting scientists. ESLAB's role was later expanded. It acted as the interface between national scientific groups and ESTEC engineering groups as well as conducted its own research within the scope of the large astronomical satellite project. After the Bannier Report ESLAB was merged with ESTEC.

ESRANGE
In 1964 ESRANGE was established as an ESRO sounding rocket launching range located in Kiruna (Sweden). This location was chosen because it was important to carry out a sounding rocket programme in the auroral zone, and essential that ESRO equip itself with a suitable range in the northern latitudes. Access to Kiruna was good by air, road and rail, and the launching range was relatively close to the town of Kiruna. Finally and perhaps decisively, ESRANGE could be located near Kiruna Geophysical Observatory (subsequently renamed the Swedish Institute of Space Physics). In 1972 ownership and operations of the range was transferred to the Swedish Space Corporation.

ESTRACK and ESDAC
Space science data handling has two aspects. Firstly, it requires the setting up of a network of tracking and telemetry stations which can receive signals from spacecraft (ESTRACK). This network comprised four stations situated in the following locations:
 * Redu (Belgium)
 * Fairbanks (Alaska)
 * Spitsbergen (Norway)
 * Falkland Islands

Secondly, it requires a central facility which edits and processes the information from the tracking network. The facilities at the centre, initially labelled ESDAC (European Space Data Acquisition Centre), were essentially a large mainframe computer or computers, which wAS made available both to its in-house staff and to visiting scientists and fellows who wished to use them to analyse and study the recovered data. ESDAC was later renamed ESOC, the European Space Operations Centre. ESOC is located in Darmstadt (Germany). After the Bannier Report it gained overall executive authority for spacecraft operation. ESOC's director also became responsible for ESRANGE and for ESTRACK.

ESLAR
ESLAR, a laboratory for advanced research was created in 1966 mainly to break the political deadlock over the location of ESLAB. Later renamed ESRIN, and acronym for European Space Research Institute, ESLAR was based in Frascati (Italy). The ESRO Convention describes ESRINs' role in the following manner: "...to undertake laboratory and theoretical research in the basic physics and chemistry necessary to the understanding of past and the planning of future experiments in space." The facility began acquiring data from environmental satellites in the 1970s.

ESRO headquarters
ESRO headquarters was home to the Executive arm of ESRO. After the Bannier Report it became responsible for policy, planning and a posteriori control.

Scientific activities
The ESRO convention outlined the organisation as one which would be solely devoted to space science. As a consequence, scientific work was the main area of ESROs early operations. As the organisation and its capabilities matured it shifted from a strictly scientific programme to one where applicational activities played a more dominant role.

Sounding rockets

The fact that sounding rockets are relatively inexpensive, have a short lead time, provide a test bed for more ambitious project and have a low risk of failure made them an ideal first project for the newly formed European Space Research Organisation.

The first two ESRO sounding rockets were launches from the Salto di Quirra range in Sardinia on 6 and 8 July 1964. They released a payload of barium and ammonia into the ionosphere. The first launch from ESRANGE was made in November 1966. From this point onward the frequency of sounding rocket launches increased dramatically. The Norwegian base in Andøya was also used as a launch site.

The British Skylark (83) and French Centaure (64) were the main rockets utilised for the programme. The American Arcas (14), French Bélier (4) and Dragon (2), British Petrel (1) and German/Swiss Zenit (1) were also used. In total, the program oversaw the launch of 168 sounding rockets with an average success rate of 75%. During the course of the programme, the size and payload of the sounding rockets used by ESRO increased from 2.7 to 5.55 m (in length) and from 140 to 310 kg respectively.

About half of the 168 sounding rockets were dedicated to ionospheric and auroral studies, about a quarter to atmospheric physics and the rest to solar, stellar and gamma-ray studies. While the number of launched rockets was lower than foreseen, the project exceeded expectations due to higher than anticipated payload capacity and longer range of the rockets.

Original satellite programme

The Blue Book foresaw the launching of 11 small satellites, 4 space probes, and 2 large satellites. These ambitions were never realized mainly due to financial troubles. The programme went through many revisions and in the end only a handful of projects produced concrete results. These were the two small, non-stabilised satellites ESRO I and ESRO II, launched in 1968 and renamed after launch Aurorae and Iris respectively; the two small highly eccentric orbit satellites HEOS-A and HEOS-A2, launched in 1968 and 1972 and then renamed HEOS-1 and HEOS-2; the medium size, stabilised satellite TD-1, launched in 1972; and the small satellite ESRO IV, also launched in 1972, which replaced the second satellite of the TD series (TD-2). All of these were multi-experiment satellites, i.e. the spacecraft carried a payload comprising several instruments provided by different research groups.

ESRO I and ESRO II

 * These were small, non-stabilised spacecraft, carrying very simple experiments designed to measure the radiation environment around the spacecraft. They represented the direct satellite descendants of the experience gained with the sounding rocket experiments. ESRO I's origin in the sounding rocket programme was particularly obvious. It studied auroral phenomena and the polar ionosphere. ESRO II was dedicated to the fields of solar astronomy and cosmic rays. Sometimes the two satellites are also referred to as ESRO-1A (or Aurora) and ESRO-2B (or Iris) respectively.

HEOS 1 and HEOS 2

 * HEOS 1, with the earlier name HEOS-A, was the first highly eccentric orbit satellite was designed to make measurements of plasma, magnetic field and cosmic ray particles. There were disagreements over the cost of this project. Since the existing ESTRACK grid had been designed with low orbit satellites in mind it would be insufficient for tracking and receiving data form a satellite in a highly eccentric (escape) orbit. A solution was found in the form of upgrading an ELDO facility in Australia and integrating it at a relatively low cost. HEOS 1 was launched on December 5, 1968 from Cape Canaveral with a Delta E-1 rocket. Instruments were a magnetometer, particle detectors and a barium cloud release cannister.
 * HEOS 2 was launched on 31. January 1972 from Vandenberg AFB with a Delta rocket. Instruments were a magnetometer, particle detectors and a dust detector replacing the barium cloud release cannister.

Thor-Delta programme

 * Named after the workhorse medium launch system used by ESRO at the time, the Thor–Delta, the TD programme initially foresaw the launch of 3 satellites: TD-1, TD-2 and TD-3. TD-1 was devoted to stellar astronomy, TD-2 was to be devoted to solar astronomy while TD-3 was to study the ionosphere. Later TD-2 and 3 were merged to save funds. But subsequent financial difficulties and political disagreements led to the abandonment of the TD-2/TD-3 spacecraft. Later some of the experiments destined for launch aboard the TD-2/TD-3 were flown on the ESRO IV satellite.

LAS

 * The Large Astronomical Satellite (LAS) was to be an orbiting observatory with the mission of providing basic knowledge about celestial objects through the use of a high-resolution ultraviolet spectrometer. The project started in the late 1950s and was cancelled in 1968 because of the lack of financial support and political squabbles.

COS-B

 * The first successful ESRO science satellite was COS-B. The mission was first proposed by the scientific community in the mid 1960s, approved in 1969 and launched in 1975. It was shut off in 1982 after contributing a great deal of scientific data on cosmic gamma rays, which continues to be analysed today. This was the first ESRO satellite which carried only one experiment.

GEOS

 * GEOS was a geostationary multi-experiment satellite dedicated to magnetospheric research. The instruments for this project were provided by multiple European institutions. When GEOS was launched in 1977, the launcher malfunctioned and the planned orbit was not achieved. A modified qualification model of the same payload was successfully launched in 1978 and remained in operation until 1982 when it was turned off.

First package deal
This was the name of a policy shift negotiated by ESRO members in 1971 which drastically reduced scientific funding in favor of application activities doubling the overall budget. This first lead to a change in the administrative structure and a 50% reduction of the scientific staff. Given the new budgetary environment, LPAC had to choose which two missions to fly among the five which had been planned thus far. It eventually chose HELOS, renamed Exosat, and the IMP-D, renamed ISEE-2, projects.

Exosat

 * The European X-ray Observatory Satellite (EXOSAT), originally named "HELOS", was operational from May 1983 until April 1986 and in that time made 1780 observations in the X-ray band of most classes of astronomical objects.

ISEE-2

 * This satellite was the second of three International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE) spacecraft. The project was a cooperative effort between NASA and ESRO (later ESA) designed to study the interaction between the Earth's magnetic field and the solar wind. The program used three spacecraft, a mother/daughter pair (ISEE-1 and ISEE-2) and a heliocentric spacecraft (ISEE-3, later renamed International Cometary Explorer). The instruments on board ISEE-2 were designed to measure electric and magnetic field properties. ISEE-2 was launched in October 1977, and re-entered in September 1987. ISEE-1 (a.k.a. Explorer 56) and ISEE-3 were built by NASA, while ISEE-2 was by ESA. The space probes had complementary instruments supported by the same group of over 100 scientists. At least 32 institutions were involved, and the focus was on understanding magnetic fields. ISEE-1 and ISEE-2 remained near the Earth, while ISEE-3 went into a heliocentric orbit.

Second package deal
This new ESRO policy, negotiated in 1973, gave the organisation overall responsibility for the development of the European Ariane launcher. This task was entrusted to CNES. The second package deal enabled ESRO to enter into cooperation with NASA on the Spacelab project as well as manage the MAROTS maritime satellite navigation project. This agreement made funding easier and more flexible for the contributing nations which led to a doubling of the organisation's overall budget. ESRO also participated in the International Ultraviolet Explorer mission with NASA under these policy guidelines.

Telecommunications Satellite Programme
The first step towards a telecommunications program within ESRO was made in the end of 1966 when the European Conference on Satellite Communications requested that the organisation examine the potential for a European telecom satellite project. Although studies were carried out at this early stage as well as during the subsequent 5 years the ESRO council would not approve research and development activities until 1971 when the first package deal took effect. The delay was due to ESROs rigid decision making structure and the unfavorable political situation which existed among ESRO members at the time. These problems were largely done away with as part of the 1971 policy change which, among other things, outlined a fully voluntary mechanism for application project financing. Under the first package deal ESRO pursued a project to establish a European satellite system by the early 1980s in partnership with the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations and the European Broadcasting Union. ESRO merged with ELDO to form the European Space Agency in 1975 before the first satellite of the effort, the Orbital Test Satellite, would be successfully launched in 1978.

Literature

 * ESA History Advisory Committee: A history of the European Space Agency 1958–1987, Volume 1: The story of ESRO and ELDO (=ESA special publication 1235). European Space Agency 2001, ISBN 92-9092-536-1,

title: European Space Research Organisation


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Richard Clarke

Richard Clarke may refer to:

Government and politics

 * Richard Clarke (MP), Member of Parliament for Lynn in 1584
 * Richard A. Clarke (born 1950), retired U.S. government official, expert in counter-terrorism, and author
 * Richard Henry Clarke (1843–1906), U.S. Representative from Alabama
 * Richard W. B. Clarke (1910–1975), UK civil servant

Sports

 * Richard Clarke (boxer) (born 1963), Jamaican boxer
 * Richard Clarke (footballer, born 1979), Northern Irish football manager
 * Richard Clarke (footballer born 1985), Northern Irish footballer with Newry City & Glentoran, see 2008–09 Irish League Cup
 * Richard Clarke (rugby league) (born 1962), rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 1990s
 * Richard Clarke (sailor) (born 1968), Canadian Olympic yacht racer

Religion

 * Richard Clarke (priest) (died 1634), English Anglican vicar, on the committee translating the King James version of the Bible
 * J. Richard Clarke (1927-2022), leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Richard Clarke (bishop) (born 1949), Church of Ireland bishop

Others

 * Richard Clarke (actor), in films such as Notorious (1946)
 * Richard Clarke (frontiersman) (1845–1930), English frontiersman and scout in the United States; inspiration for character Deadwood Dick
 * Richard Clarke (merchant) (1711–1795), Boston merchant and Loyalist, father-in-law of John Singleton Copley
 * Richard Clarke (radio personality) (born 1978), radio presenter on 95.8 Capital FM and The Big Top 40 Show
 * Richard D. Clarke (born 1962), United States Army general

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title: Richard Clarke


text: Talk:Richard Clarke

title: Talk:Richard Clarke


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People Under the Stairs

People Under the Stairs was an American hip hop duo from Los Angeles, California, formed in 1997 and disbanded in 2019. Since their inception, the group consisted solely of Christopher Portugal (Thes One) and Michael Turner (Double K). The group employed a DIY work ethic of sampling, MCing, DJing, and producing all of their output.

Despite difficulties achieving mainstream or chart successes, the group rejected the label of underground hip hop. They achieved prominence and acclaim, along with praise from fellow musicians.

1996–1999: Formation, The Next Step
While attending high school in Mid-City Los Angeles, group members Thes One and Double K were independently sampling music, creating beat tapes, and DJing local events. Thes One attended Loyola High, and Double K attended Hamilton High and was a part of the Log Cabin Crew, a hip hop collective that also included fellow Hamilton High students Murs, Eligh and Scarub (of Living Legends). They met while looking for sample material in a record store and were impressed by each other's work, forming a friendship.

The group decided to use the name "People Under the Stairs" because they felt it represented their music aesthetic; during a time when most other hip hop artists were forming large crews or collectives, they wanted to stay out of the spotlight and concentrate on the music, only coming out from "under the stairs" to perform before they went back again. The group's name does not originate from the 1991 Wes Craven film The People Under the Stairs, as they were not aware of it when conceiving the group.

In 1998, while Thes One was attending the University of Southern California, People Under the Stairs used Thes One's student loan funds to create, package and release their first 12-inch single, entitled The Next Step II. Nearly 500 copies were pressed, and the record sold well. They would go on to release their first album, The Next Step, in 1998. The album was recorded on an 8-track ADAT digital recorder, mostly at Thes One's home in Los Angeles, and was engineered entirely by Thes One and Double K. This album failed to make an impact in the Los Angeles hip hop scene, though the group found a larger fan base in Europe, embarking on a tour in August 1999. They signed to Om Records, a music label generally known at the time for electronic music and club music, for a four-album deal. The European leg of the tour, though it began as an Om Records tour, evolved into a solo act for People Under the Stairs.

2000–2003: Question in the Form of an Answer, O.S.T, and ...Or Stay Tuned
Their sophomore album, Question in the Form of an Answer, was released in June 2000. Like The Next Step, the album was self-recorded and used an eclectic and diverse range of beats rooted in jazz and psychedelic rock, as well as filtering techniques learned from studying analog sound equipment. The album was supported by singles "Youth Explosion", "The Cat" and "We'll Be There". People Under the Stairs embarked on a second world tour to support the record, including performances at the 2000 Glastonbury Festival and Essential Music Festival, alongside Biz Markie, Ice-T, Gerry "Jeru" Mulligan, Masta Ace and De La Soul. During this tour, the group released their first compilation album, American Men Vol. 1, sold at concert venues, while Om Records also re-released The Next Step in 2001.

The group enjoyed a degree of success in the Los Angeles hip hop scene, including Thes One's participation in a beat battle against fellow Los Angeles recording artist will.i.am on April 25, 2002. Their third album, O.S.T., was released in June 2002. The album was again produced in Thes One's home by the duo and released on Om records. O.S.T. proved to be more complex than the group's first albums; the track "Montego Slay" used over 20 minuscule sections of music from Jamaican tourist souvenir records. The group also used live instrumentation for the first time on a release, enlisting Headnodic (of the Crown City Rockers and The Mighty Underdogs) to play electric bass. People Under the Stairs supported the release of O.S.T. by playing at the Reading and Leeds Festivals, as well as the US Cali-Comm hip hop tour with Del the Funky Homosapien, KutMasta Kurt, Planet Asia, and the Lifesavas.

The group's final album released under Om Records was 2003 ...Or Stay Tuned, though it was originally marketed and labeled as an EP release, due to contractual issues. The group would later reclassify the record a full-length release.

2004–2006: Side projects and Stepfather
In 2004, the group concluded their contract with Om Records. Thes One began work on a number of side projects, including co-founding Tres Records with Chikara Kurahashi from Giant Panda, and two 12-inch singles on the label, Noonen (an ode to the 1980 comedy film Caddyshack) and Doin' It (with Raashan Ahmad of Crown City Rockers). In May 2004, he coordinated the Bloquera project, a trip to southernmost Baja California to record an EP with members of Giant Panda and shoot a video on Super 8; he also produced and mixed Fly School Reunion, the debut album of Giant Panda.

In 2005, People Under the Stairs signed a deal with a smaller, local Los Angeles label, Basement Records, for domestic release of their next album, with overseas distribution by Tres Records. Just before the release of the album, the group grew annoyed by internet music piracy and peer-to-peer file sharing. In a move that was equal parts a precautionary measure and a joke aimed at over-eager fans, People Under the Stairs decided to leak a fake version of the album onto the internet in the month preceding the album's release in 2006. When the real album was released in April, Stepfather debuted at #32 on the Billboard Heatseaker Chart and #35 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart, and the album was met with widespread positive reviews and received more coverage than the group's previous efforts. The group made an effort to expand beyond sample-based hip.hop, using a broader, less-jazzy sound palate and inviting George Clinton to perform on an album interlude.

They toured the US through spring 2006, taking along the rock-rap group Gym Class Heroes as their opening act. In the summer and fall of 2006, the group embarked on another world tour, visiting Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Europe. For the Europe leg of the tour, they were accompanied by Giant Panda.

2007–2010: Fun DMC, The Om Years, and Carried Away
Following the release of Stepfather, Thes One released his debut solo album, Lifestyle Marketing, on Tres Records. The album was well received in the hip hop community. Double K also released a solo instrumental track, "Face to Face", on a split single with Los Angeles producer Olde Soul. In 2008, the group worked with director Matt Bird to film a video for "The Wiz", a song about their experiences touring in Australia, while on location in Bondi Beach. This was the group's first music video. Om Records released a retrospective album, The Om Years, including a bonus CD of B-sides and rarities.

People Under the Stairs finished recording in fall 2008 and released their new album, FUN DMC, in September. Like the previous album, FUN DMC was released under an independent record label, Gold Dust Media, receiving positive reviews and debuting at #6 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. The name of the album is an homage to the group Run-DMC; the album itself is a concept album involving the daily life of someone living and enjoying themselves in the Los Angeles neighborhoods where they grew up. They brought recording equipment to a South Central house party and barbecue, and used the ambient noise from the party to supplement the "daytime" songs on the new album.

Following a nationwide tour of the US in support of the album, People Under the Stairs celebrated their 10-year anniversary with a sold-out show at the historic El Rey Theatre in Los Angeles. The performance was released on DVD the following year. The group would return to Om Records for their next record, Carried Away, which debuted at #5 on the iTunes hip hop charts and at #23 on the Billboard Heatseeker Charts.

2011–2012: Highlighter, 12 Step Program and The Gettin' off Stage
Unsatisfied with their past record labels, Thes One made the decision after Carried Away to take complete control of the production process for the group's albums, releasing all new material under a new business entity, Piecelock 70. Thes One constructed a new recording facility in downtown Los Angeles. Piecelock 70 released all subsequent People Under the Stairs albums, as well as material by other artists, including Headnodic, DJ Day and Doc Delay. Thes One made the decision to run Piecelock 70 under a worker cooperative business model, allowing associate artists to retain complete control over their output while sharing resources and using the label's facilities.

On June 17, 2011, People Under the Stairs joined a large and eclectic group of musicians, including Girl Talk, Big Boi, Pretty Lights, Mac Miller, and Empire of the Sun, to kick off the inaugural Governor's Ball Music Festival in NYC. While on stage at the show, they announced their subsequent album, Highlighter, released on September 30, 2011. This was the first album on the new Piecelock 70 label, Like Stepfather, the album was one of the more experimental releases for the group, employing alternate time-signatures, live instrumentation, and a string section. The album was received positively.

In 2012, People Under the Stairs were invited by fellow Los Angeles hip hop musician (and highschool friend) Murs to play at a concert series in support of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

In January 2014, Thes One announced that People Under the Stairs' ninth full-length album would be titled 12 Step Program (also promoted as 12SP). In April, the group released the music video for the lead single "1 Up Til Sun Up". The album debuted at #56 on the iTunes charts, #7 on the iTunes rap charts, #11 on the Billboard Heatseeker charts, and #33 on the Billboard R&B/Rap Album charts. In 2015, the group revealed their tenth album would be a three-part EP comprising six songs each, titled The Gettin' Off Stage, which was released in November 2015.

2019–2021: Sincerely, The P, disbandment, and death of Double K
In February 2019, People Under the Stairs released their final album Sincerely, The P. Thes One revealed on social media this would be their final album, marking 21 years in the music industry.

On January 30, 2021, Double K died, with the cause of death being alcohol poisoning. Artists such as Chuck D, Questlove, RJD2, Open Mike Eagle, and Immortal Technique paid tribute to Double K through social media.

Musical style and influences
Before the inception of People Under the Stairs, the group's members attended many West Coast hip hop shows in Lost Angeles. In numerous interviews, the group has cited many of these groups as influences, including Freestyle Fellowship, The Pharcyde, Jurassic 5, and The Beatnuts. The group paid direct homage to A Tribe Called Quest on the song "Check the Vibe" on 2009's Carried Away. Other cited influences include DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Public Enemy, and West Coast gangsta rap such as DJ Quik and Eazy-E.

For the most part, the group avoided sociopolitical or activist themes, gangster rap, battle rap, and material wealth. Instead, they focused on personal experiences and enjoyment, including life in (and pride for) Los Angeles, video gaming, barbecues and food, recreational drug use, and relaxing. A small portion of songs have dealt with more serious themes. People Under the Stairs drew on a wide array of record samples to create their work, including jazz, funk, rock, and spoken word. Thes One made an extensive study of the history of electronic instrumentation, eventually giving college lectures on the subject.

Legacy
Despite being considered underground and never having achieved breakout mainstream success, they have been lauded by many other acclaimed artists, including Chuck D of Public Enemy, Biz Markie, and Trey Anastasio of the rock band Phish. The group was chosen, alongside other artists, to appear in and remix the main theme for The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!. The group also had music featured in Run's House, Entourage, and the feature film Street Dreams.

Discography

 * The Next Step (1998)
 * Question in the Form of an Answer (2000)
 * American Men Vol. 1 (compilation) (2000)
 * O.S.T. (2002)
 * ...Or Stay Tuned (2003)
 * Stepfather (2006)
 * The Om Years (compilation) (2008)
 * Fun DMC (2008)
 * Carried Away (2009)
 * Highlighter (2011)
 * 12 Step Program (2014)
 * American Men Vol. 2 (compilation) (2015)
 * The Gettin' Off Stage, Step 1 (2015)
 * The Gettin' Off Stage, Step 2 (2016)
 * Sincerely, The P (2019)

title: People Under the Stairs


text:
Talk:KERA (FM)

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title: Talk:KERA (FM)


text:
Paul Davidson (author)

Paul Davidson (born in Smithtown, New York in 1971) is an Entertainment executive who previously worked for Microsoft Xbox, The Orchard and IDW Entertainment. He is also an American author who is best known for his Words for My Enjoyment blog and his fiction novels Company of Foos, The Small Stuff and non-fiction humor books Consumer Joe: Harassing Corporate America, One Letter at a Time and The Lost Blogs: From Jesus to Jim Morrison. He hosts the podcast series The Side Track and has previously contributed to National Public Radio's All Things Considered, Wired Magazine, Mental Floss Magazine and The Los Angeles Times.

Consumer Joe
On September 9, 2003 he released his book Consumer Joe: Harassing Corporate America, One Letter at a Time. As of August 2005 the book was already entering its fourth printing and in 2007 remained on Amazon's top 200,000 book seller list.

The Lost Blogs
In July 2005, Davidson sold his second humor book, The Lost Blogs to Time Warner. The fictional humor book, which features weblogs "as written" by history's most famous figures, was published in 2006.

The Small Stuff
On April 12, 2022, Davidson released The Small Stuff, published by Hadleigh House Publishing. ISBN 978-1735773872

Company of Foos
On October 17, 2023, Davidson will release his book Company of Foos, inspired by true events.

Film and television
Paul Davidson has worked as an Executive and Executive Producer in the entertainment industry. While running The Orchard indie film company he acquired and released films such as Taika Waititi's What We Do in the Shadows, Hunt for the Wilderpeople as well as Oscar-nominated documentaries Cartel Land and Life, Animated. While running the entertainment division for publisher IDW he was credited as an Executive Producer on Apple TV+'s Surfside Girls and CBC's Essex County. Previously he was also credited as a supervising line producer on The Princes of Malibu. He has also been on film crews in various capacities. He previously worked on the sci-fi comedy Grounded for Walt Disney Pictures.

Outing Mr. Six
In February 2006, Davidson revealed the true identity of the Six Flags Dancing Guy Mr. Six on his blog as Queer Eye for the Straight Girl's Danny Teeson. The reveal was also confirmed in The New York Post and In Style Magazine.

title: Paul Davidson (author)


text:
Cogenitor

"Cogenitor" is the 48th episode of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise, the 22nd episode of the second season. Set in the 2100s of the Star Trek science fiction universe, the NX-01 Enterprise led by Captain Archer (played by Scott Bakula) encounters an alien race with a third gender.

Plot
While exploring a hypergiant star, Enterprise makes first contact with an advanced and very friendly alien race known as the Vissians. The two starships' crews are happy to intermingle. Commander Tucker becomes intrigued when he meets a Vissian couple in the mess hall accompanied by a third member of their race, and learns that the being, which has no name, is a "cogenitor" - a third gender in Vissian biology. Cogenitors are needed to complete reproduction: they do not genetically contribute to offspring, but supply an enzyme required for fertilization. Since cogenitors only constitute 3% of the population, Vissians must apply to have a cogenitor assigned to them when they intend to conceive a child. Cogenitors are considered mentally deficient, and are not citizens on equal terms with men and women.

Elsewhere on the ship, Lieutenant Reed finds himself the romantic focus of a female Vissian crewmember - their tactical officer. Captain Archer bonds with the alien captain while on a three-day reconnaissance of the star in a small probe. Tucker becomes increasingly intent on the rights of the cogenitor and learns, with the help of Doctor Phlox, that they are actually equally intelligent. On the alien vessel, without the couple's knowledge, Tucker secretly encourages the cogenitor to learn to read, while building a friendship with them. Despite having a near-total lack of education available, the cogenitor is an insatiable learner. Soon learning the importance of names, the cogenitor asks to be called Charles (Commander Tucker's own first name). Tucker entertains the cogenitor on the Enterprise, showing the cogenitor the 1951 movie The Day the Earth Stood Still.

'Charles' soon realizes that future life in Vissian society would be unfulfilling. The cogenitor requests political asylum. Archer now returns to find himself in the middle of a first contact diplomatic crisis, with the Vissians confused and defensive at Tucker's interference in their traditions. Tucker appeals to Archer's sense of justice, but he sides with the Vissians. With the cogenitor returned, the Vissians hope good relations with the humans can continue. Later communications reveal that 'Charles' has committed suicide, thereby delaying the birth of the child and straining the relations between the two species. Archer summons Tucker and severely reprimands him for his lack of professionalism and judgment.

Production
The guest cast in "Cogenitor" included the return of Andreas Katsulas in the role of the Vissian captain. Katsulas had previously appeared in several episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, playing the part of Romulan Commander Tomalak, and is also known for his role as Ambassador G'Kar in Babylon 5. Katsulas also appeared as the "one-armed man" in Harrison Ford's 1993 film The Fugitive. Shortly after filming "Cogenitor", Katsulas was diagnosed with incurable lung cancer.

Continuity
When Tucker chooses a movie to show to the cogenitor, two of the options that appear on the screen are "Dixon Hill and the Black Orchid" and "The Bride of Chaotica", which refer to holodeck adventures of characters from other Star Trek series - respectively, Jean-Luc Picard's Dixon Hill and Tom Paris's Captain Proton.

Reception
"Cogenitor" first aired April 30, 2003 on UPN. It had a Nielsen ratings share of 2.7/4. It was watched by a total average of 4.08 million viewers. American Idol on Fox dominated the Wednesday night ratings. Among science fiction or fantasy genre shows on television that week, the double episode season finale of Alias was on top, followed by Smallville. Enterprise rated lower than Charmed but ahead of Dawson's Creek.

Michelle Erica Green, writing for TrekNation, described "Cogenitor" as the best episode of Enterprise up to that time and noted similarities to The Handmaid's Tale and the Xenogenesis trilogy (Lilith's Brood). Jamahl Epsicokhan, on his website Jammer's Reviews, said that it was "the best and most probing episode of the season". In his 2022 rewatch, Keith DeCandido of Tor.com gave it 8 out of 10. He draws parallels to other Star Trek episodes "Half a Life" and "Thirty Days" saying they handle the moral conflict better. DeCandido is frustrated by the lack of consequences for Tucker, but appreciated other parts of the episode such as the eminent reasonableness of the Vissians in spite of it all.

TechRepublic included the episode on its list of the five best episodes of Enterprise. Slate Magazine ranked "Cogenitor" one of the ten best episodes in the Star Trek franchise. The A.V. Club included the episode on their list of the 10 episodes that best represent the show, and called it "Probably the best episode of Enterprise's first two years". Vox included it their list of the top 25 essential episodes of all Star Trek in 2016. The Digital Fix said this was a morality play about gender identity.

In a 2015 interview Dominic Keating, commented "I always say that the best episode we ever did was 'Cogenitor'." Trinneer was pleased with the development of his character, saying "it was important that Trip take responsibility for some of the stupid things that he does. Not to say that [helping the Cogenitor] was a stupid thing, but sometimes he would catch his foot in his mouth and then never really have to pay for it, the person commits suicide."

title: Cogenitor


text:
Winifred Holtby

Winifred Holtby (23 June 1898 – 29 September 1935) was an English novelist and journalist, now best known for her novel South Riding, which was posthumously published in 1936.

Biography
Holtby was born to a prosperous farming family in the village of Rudston, East Riding of Yorkshire. Her father was David Holtby and her mother, Alice, was afterwards the first alderwoman on the East Riding County Council. Holtby was educated at home by a governess and then at Queen Margaret's School in Scarborough. Although she passed the entrance exam for Somerville College, Oxford, in 1917, she chose to join the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in early 1918 but soon after she arrived in France, the First World War came to an end and she returned home. During this period, Holtby met Harry Pearson, the only man who stimulated romantic feelings in her, due primarily to his tales of the suffering soldiers endured during the war.

In 1919, she returned to study at the University of Oxford where she met Vera Brittain, a fellow student and later the author of Testament of Youth, with whom she maintained a lifelong friendship. Other literary contemporaries at Somerville College included Hilda Reid, Margaret Kennedy and Sylvia Thompson. After graduating from Oxford, in 1921, Winifred and Vera moved to London, hoping to establish themselves as writers (the blue plaque at No. 82 Doughty Street refers).

Holtby was, together with Brittain, an ardent feminist, socialist and pacifist. She lectured extensively for the League of Nations Union and was a member of the feminist Six Point Group. She was active in the Independent Labour Party and was a staunch campaigner for the unionisation of black workers in South Africa, during which she had considerable contact with Leonard Woolf.

In a 1926 article, Holtby wrote:"Personally, I am a feminist … because I dislike everything that feminism implies. … I want to be about the work in which my real interests lie … But while … injustice is done and opportunity denied to the great majority of women, I shall have to be a feminist."After Brittain's marriage in 1925 to George Catlin, Holtby shared her friend's homes in Nevern Place Earls Court and subsequently at 19 Glebe Place, Chelsea; Catlin resented the arrangement and his wife's close friendship with Holtby, who nevertheless became an adoptive aunt to Brittain's two children, John and Shirley (Baroness Williams of Crosby). Shirley describes her as being "tall – nearly 6ft – and slim, she was incandescent with the radiance of her short and concentrated life".

Holtby began to suffer from high blood pressure, recurrent headaches and bouts of lassitude, and in 1931 she was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease. Her doctor gave her only two years to live. Aware of her impending death, Holtby put all her remaining energy into what became her most important book, South Riding. Winifred Holtby died on 29 September 1935, aged 37. She never married, though Harry Pearson proposed to her on her deathbed, possibly at the instigation of Vera Brittain.

Writings
Holtby's early novels – Anderby Wold (1923), The Crowded Street (1924) (re-published by Persephone Books in 2008, having been broadcast the previous year as a ten-part BBC Radio 4 dramatisation by Diana Griffiths) and The Land of Green Ginger (1927) – met with moderate success.

Holtby's fame was derived mainly from her journalism: she wrote for more than 20 newspapers and magazines, including the feminist journal Time and Tide (also serving on the board of directors) and the Manchester Guardian newspaper. She also wrote a regular weekly column for the trade union magazine The Schoolmistress. Her books during this period included two novels, Poor Caroline (1931), ''Mandoa! Mandoa! (1933), a critical study of Virginia Woolf (1932) and a volume of short stories, Truth is Not Sober'' (1934).

As well as her journalism, Holtby wrote 14 books, including six novels; two volumes of short stories; the first critical study of Virginia Woolf (1932) and Women and a changing civilization (1934), a feminist survey with opinions that are still relevant. She dedicated the latter book to composer Dame Ethel Smyth and actress and writer Cicely Hamiltion, both strong suffragists who "did more than write "The March of the Women", the song composed in 1910 for the Women's Social and Political Union. She also wrote poetry, including poems about Vera Brittain's dead brother, Edward.

In Women and a changing civilisation Holtby linked the 1930s reaction against feminism to a broader "revolt against reason which has affected the intellectual life of the entire Western World". Holtby contextualized the rise of the Nazis, and the Western turn to the political Right in general, as a reaction to the broader upheavals of war and depression: "Just after the [First World] war, society was infected by a rush of idealism to the head. Democracy and reason, equality and co-operation were acclaimed as uncontested virtues.  In the new constitutions of Europe and America were incorporated splendid statements about the freedom of opinion, equality of the sexes, accessibility of education.  We were about to build a brave new world upon the ruins of catastrophe ... About 1926, after the General Strike in England and its failure, after the entry of Germany into the League of Nations and the delay by the Powers in making good their promises, the slump in idealism began to set in.  Reason, democracy, the effort of the individual human will, liberty and equality were at a discount." Holtby noted that a former politician had explained the apathy of young women with reference to their experience of "huge impersonal events - the War, the Boom, the Slump. News is reported daily of immense catastrophes over which they can have no control, the Japanese and Indian earthquakes, Chinese famine, African drought ... The individual will seems unimportant, the individual personality is dwarfed, by happenings on so large a scale ... This is the slump complex - this narrowing of ambition, this closing-in alike of ideas and opportunities.  Somewhere, a spring of vitality and hope has failed." Holtby perceived feminism as necessarily tied to Enlightenment rationality, progress, and social engineering: "The attempt to create communities where men and women alike share the full stature of humanity is an attempt to do something which has not been done before, and which can only be achieved under certain conditions. And one of these is the acceptance of reason as a guide in human conduct.  If we choose an anti-rational philosophy, in this quest, at least, we are defeated.  The enemies of reason are inevitably the opponents of 'equal rights.'" Holtby is best remembered for her novel South Riding, edited by Vera Brittain and published posthumously in March 1936, which received high praise from the critics. The book won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for 1936 and has never been out of print. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English claims that, like all Holtby's other novels, it is "staunchly feminist in its use of a strong woman as the central protagonist." In 1938, it was made into a film directed by Victor Saville; in 1974 it was adapted by Stan Barstow for Yorkshire Television and in 2011, BBC One produced a three-part dramatisation by Andrew Davies. There have also been several radio adaptations, the most recent for BBC Radio Four in 2005.

Vera Brittain wrote about her friendship with Holtby in her book Testament of Friendship (1940) and in 1960 published a censored edition of their correspondence. Their letters, along with many of Holtby's other papers, were donated in 1960 to Hull Central Library in Yorkshire and are now held at the Hull History Centre. Other papers are in Bridlington library in Yorkshire, in McMaster University Library in Canada and in the University of Cape Town library in South Africa. A biography of Holtby by Marion Shaw, The Clear Stream, was published in 1999 and draws on a broad range of sources.

Holtby was buried in All Saints' churchyard in Rudston, East Yorkshire, just yards from the house in which she was born. Her epitaph is "God give me work till my life shall end and life till my work is done".

All her novels, together with a collection of short stories and a collection of her journalism, were reprinted by Virago in the Virago Modern Classics series in the 1980s.

Legacy
In 1967, the Royal Society of Literature instituted the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize for the best regional novel of the year. In 2003 the award was incorporated into the Ondaatje Prize.

On her death, Holtby left a small legacy and her own collection of books to a library in the South African township of Soweto, which was opened in December 1940. It was named the Winifred Holtby Memorial Library. It was the first library to be built in Africa specifically for non-Europeans.

Novels

 * Anderby Wold (1923)
 * The Crowded Street (1924)
 * The Land of Green Ginger (1927)
 * Poor Caroline (1931)
 * Mandoa! Mandoa! (1933)
 * The Astonishing Island (1933)
 * South Riding (1936; published posthumously)

Poetry

 * My Garden (1911)
 * The Frozen Earth (1935)

Other fiction

 * Truth is Not Sober and Other Stories (1934), collection of short stories
 * Take Back Your Freedom (1939; published posthumously), play
 * Remember Remember (1999; published posthumously), collection of short stories

Non-fiction

 * A New Voter's Guide to Party Programmes (1929)
 * Virginia Woolf: a Critical Memoir (1932)
 * Women and a changing civilisation (1934)
 * Letters to a Friend (1937; published posthumously)

title: Winifred Holtby


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Captain seatac

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  18:48, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Captain seatac
No imdb entry. Hoax? --W(t) 21:50, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * Apparently real but not necessarily encyclopedic.  No vote at this time. --Metropolitan90 00:56, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 02:41, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - The show probably could have an article, though I would say that the character should be addressed on the show's page rather than a separate article. -- Jonel 03:50, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable show of regional interest, now defunct. No more encyclopedic than articles about individual radio disk jockeys' shows.  RickK 21:56, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
James College, York

James College is a college at the University of York in the United Kingdom. It is known as the "Sports College" largely due to its prowess on the Sports field but also has a diversity of events that cater to all tastes. The college crest incorporates a swan with a White Rose of York.

History
James College is named after Lord James of Rusholme, the University of York's first vice-chancellor, and was built in several stages during the 1990s. Initially James was intended to be a postgraduate-only college, however the university began to rapidly expand in size, almost doubling in size from 4,300 to 8,500 students, in 1993, therefore it was decided that the college should become open to undergraduates.

Buildings and services
As of 2023, it consists of twelve accommodation blocks lettered from "A" to "M” (missing out "I") located across a cable-stayed bridge from Wentworth College and close to the old Goodricke College buildings and the university's sports centre.

There are three types of accommodation; standard houses, ensuite houses and ensuite flats. Blocks A, B, and C are arranged into houses with a small kitchen on the ground floor. There are 3 houses per block, with 15 people living in each house. Blocks D, E, and F are the older-style ensuite blocks which are also arranged into houses with a kitchen on the ground floor, and have 16 people per house.

Blocks G, H, J, K, L, and M are the newest blocks and all have ensuite rooms, consisting of a 'pod' or wet room containing a shower, toilet and sink. Each block is (generally) divided into 6 flats which have a kitchen per flat. The kitchens are shared between 6 and 9 people. In 2009, James College acquired a block from the former site of Goodricke College which became N block. In 2022, the university decided to withdraw N block from available accommodation. All blocks are catered for breakfast and dinner between Monday-Friday.

James has a number of common rooms including the Lakeside and the Lodge, hosts the YUSU bar 'The Lounge' and is the closest college to the University Sports centre, playing fields and Health Centre.

Student life
The quads have lent themselves to the most famous James College tradition, "Quad Dash", held in Week 7 of Summer term. Quad Dash models itself on the film Chariots of Fire. It was the brainchild of the then James College Chair, Fergus Drake. College residents turn out in their hundreds to enjoy a day of sunshine, free beer, quad races, ice cream, bouncy castles and fun.

The college also runs an annual photography competition in conjunction with PhotoSoc, with prizes in a number of categories and dedicated James prizes. The JCR put on annual formal events, normally at Christmas and in the Summer term.

The James College Annual Lecture is delivered by a distinguished speaker on a topic of interest to the college. In recent years these have included:

2010 – Duncan Petrie – 'The Swinging Sixties'

2011 – Steve Bell, award-winning Guardian Cartoonist

2012 – Fergus Drake, Save the Children,- 'The reality of humanitarian aid in a fragile world'

Within the college, a number of 'Taste' events take place each term, where students and members of the college are invited to introduce others to a taster of their own culture through a presentation, demonstration or media. This is normally accompanied, by traditional cuisine and drinks. Alongside these cultural exchange events, the college runs a unique exchange with Morningside College at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, with students from each institution spending a number of terms or a year at the other. James College and Durham University's Collingwood College enjoy an annual sporting contest and social weekend, with York and Durham taking turns to host the event. James College currently holds the JC Cup, winning a closely fought encounter in Autumn 2012.

James College has two Common Rooms. The Lakeside Common Room is in the A/B/C quad, while James Lodge is in College House, near to the Roger Kirk Centre. The first floor is occupied by college staff.

Sports
James is known as the "Sports College" on campus, largely due to its supreme prowess in the Sports field. For the 2019 Durham Varsity, James sent eight teams to the competition, more than any other College at the university.

11 November – 13 November saw the 'Battle of the Birds' held between James College and Derwent College.

Junior Common Room Committee
The JCRC is the student-run body that manages Freshers Week, weekly events, and formals. In 2018, Freshers' Week saw a large focus on Non-Clubbing events as well as the traditional clubbing portfolio.

The 2024 JCRC Executive Committee is:

 * Chairs - Lily Quick and Catriona Forbes
 * Secretary - Issy
 * Treasurer - Harry
 * Head of Sports - Lauren Lunberg
 * Head of Events - Lissy Batt
 * Head of Community - Emily Northover

List of chairs of the James College JCRC:

 * 1993 Fergus Drake
 * 1994 Fergus Drake
 * 1995 Tim Ayling
 * 1996 Robin Etherington
 * 1997 Stewart Buchanan
 * 1998 Julie Cartwright
 * 1999 Rebekah Lane
 * 2000 Jamie Smith
 * 2001 Alison Rennie
 * 2002 Andy Henton
 * 2003 Naomi Brown
 * 2004 Alice Gamm
 * 2005 Anouska Widdess
 * 2006 Anne-Marie Canning
 * 2007 Alex Clark
 * 2008 Amber Brittain
 * 2009 Amber Brittain
 * 2010 Tim Green
 * 2011 Emma Bartlett
 * 2012 Laura Watson
 * 2013 Dexter Clark
 * 2013 Dan Ashcroft
 * 2014 Gareth Dybiec
 * 2015 Gareth Dybiec
 * 2016 Max Flynn
 * 2017 James Durcan
 * 2018 Alexander Smart
 * 2019 Jack Edwards
 * 2020 Sophie Schulze
 * 2021 Max Stafford
 * 2022 David Ward
 * 2023 James Brunt and Ellie Cheshire

Wildlife
As with the rest of the University's West Campus James College is home to several hundred ducks, geese, other assorted wildfowl, and rabbits.

College staff
Ken Todd was the head of James College from its opening until his retirement in September 2007. Initially the position was titled Provost, but from 2013 this was changed to principal, this has subsequently been changed to head of college. The head of college is a part-time post held by an academic at the university; it is currently held by Paul Summers.

List of provosts:

List of heads/Principals of James College:
 * Mr Ken Todd (1990–2007)
 * Dr Neil Lunt (2007–2013)

 * The Revd David Efird (2013–2017)
 * Paul Summers (2017–2019)
 * Andrew Kerrigan (2019–2020)

List of deans of James College:

 * Mary Macfarlane (2002–2004)
 * Christine Hamieh (2004–2006)
 * Bernadette Martinez-Hernandez (2006–2008)
 * Margaret Hearnden (2008–2011)
 * Dan Horsfall (2011–2013)

Assistant heads/College Managers of college are full-time staff that form that primary support worker in the college.

List of assistant heads/College Manager of James College:

The college administrator deals with admin issues around the college.
 * Michael Britland (2013–2021)
 * Lenore Klassen (2022–present)

List of college administrators:

 * Sarah Doughty (2000–2020)
 * Lenore Klassen (2020–2022)
 * Bryony Cox (2022–present)

title: James College, York


text:
1983–84 Bundesliga

The 1983–84 Bundesliga was the 21st season of the Bundesliga, the premier football league in West Germany. It began on 12 August 1983 and ended on 26 May 1984. Stuttgart won the championship. Defending champions, Hamburg finished second. The 1983–84 Bundesliga season holds the record for most goals scored in a Bundesliga season.

Competition modus
Every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference and, if still tied, by goals scored. The team with the most points were crowned champions while the two teams with the fewest points were relegated to 2. Bundesliga. The third-to-last team had to compete in a two-legged relegation/promotion play-off against the third-placed team from 2. Bundesliga.

Team changes to 1982–83
Karlsruher SC and Hertha BSC were directly relegated to the 2. Bundesliga after finishing in the last two places. They were replaced by SV Waldhof Mannheim and Kickers Offenbach. Karlsruhe and Hertha BSC were eventually joined in demotion by relegation/promotion play-off participant FC Schalke 04, who lost on aggregate against Bayer 05 Uerdingen.

Season overview
On the 32nd game day of the season 53 goals were scored in 9 games, marking the highest number of goals ever scored in a single game day of the Bundesliga. The 1983–84 season is also the season in which the most goals of the course of the whole season were scored, 1084 in total.

Team overview

 * Waldhof Mannheim played their matches in nearby Ludwigshafen because their own ground did not fulfil Bundesliga requirements.

Relegation play-offs
Eintracht Frankfurt and third-placed 2. Bundesliga team MSV Duisburg had to compete in a two-legged relegation/promotion play-off. Frankfurt won 6–1 on aggregate and remained in the Bundesliga.

Top goalscorers

 * 26 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (FC Bayern Munich)

 * 20 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Klaus Allofs (1. FC Köln)

 * 19 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Frank Mill (Borussia Mönchengladbach)

 * 18 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Christian Schreier (VfL Bochum)
 * 🇩🇪 Rudi Völler (SV Werder Bremen)

 * 17 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Pierre Littbarski (1. FC Köln)

 * 16 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Fritz Walter (SV Waldhof Mannheim)

 * 15 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Thomas Allofs (1. FC Kaiserslautern)
 * 🇩🇪 Friedhelm Funkel (Bayer 05 Uerdingen)
 * 🇩🇪 Dieter Schatzschneider (Hamburger SV)
 * 🇩🇪 Herbert Waas (Bayer 04 Leverkusen)

title: 1983–84 Bundesliga


text:
Talk:Transport in Saudi Arabia

ironic - the paragraph says only that the highways are considered to be in a very bad condition, and yet the photograph shows a modern freeway that is indistinguishable from freeways in North America, other than the colour of the signs and the use of Arabic script!

Surely, then, there must be some variation in highway, with many roads of two-lane or narrower, often gravel, with washouts and potholes, with some modern roads near major cities.

gcapp@northwestel.net

 * Well, of course not ALL roads are in bad condition. Generally speaking, roads in Riyadh and some of the Eastern Province are truely modern. However, the major highways connecting between cities and those inside (not in downtowns) are in a pathetic condition. There are holes as deep as 2 meters. For instance, when it rained in Riyadh (rain in Riyadh is lighter than a shower in America), a major highway was filled with water (good planning!) that a bus couldn't stop before getting into water in a lower area. Results: a few students died, nothing else happened. That was just a simple example off the top of my head. -- Eagleamn 06:08, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Today, I found some interesting photos (taken in Khobar), have a look:

........ Eagleamn 10:14, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

I've been driving around in Saudi as well as in neighboring countries such as in Qatar and Bahrain, I wouldn't say that there is any huge difference between those and Saudi. Of course the roads in rural areas aren't kept in as good shape as the major highways, but the same is pretty much true to other neighboring countries as well. There are washouts on roads sometimes after heavy rains and sand dunes moving on top of the road, but if the roads are in active use those are usually fixed relatively quickly.

Does anybody have any facts about the claim that the roads are in worse condition than in neighboring countries (besides those photos, but occassional washouts happen elsewhere as well if there's very heavy storm and the bottom of the road is just sand)?

Regards, tliuska

External links modified
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title: Talk:Transport in Saudi Arabia


text:
McArthur Township, Logan County, Ohio

McArthur Township is one of the seventeen townships of Logan County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,920.

Geography
Located in the northern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Richland Township - north
 * Rushcreek Township - east
 * Lake Township - southeast
 * Harrison Township - southwest
 * Washington Township - west

The village of Huntsville is located in central McArthur Township, and the unincorporated community of Northwood is located in the township's northeast, along the border with Richland Township.

Name and history
McArthur Township was organized in 1823, and was named for Ohio politician Duncan McArthur. It is the only McArthur Township statewide.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Transportation
Important highways in McArthur Township include U.S. Routes 33 and 68, and State Routes 117, 274, and 638, along with a small part of State Route 366.

title: McArthur Township, Logan County, Ohio


text:
The Breach (Star Trek: Enterprise)

"The Breach" is the twenty-first episode of the second season and forty-seventh episode of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise. It originally aired on April 23, 2003, on UPN. This episode was written by Chris Black and John Shiban from a story by Daniel McCarthy; Robert Duncan McNeill directs. Guest stars include Henry Stram, Mark Chaet, Laura Putney, D.C. Douglas and Jamison Yang alongside the main cast of the show.

In the 22nd century, starship Enterprise is asked to evacuate three Denobulan geologists from a planet after its controlling government is taken over by a militant faction.

Plot
Sato enters sickbay to give Doctor Phlox a PADD with a message from the Denobulan Science Academy. Before reading it, Phlox casually has her assist him, as she usually does, but this time he has her hold a tribble to her obvious delight while he opens a pen, takes the tribble back and feeds it to the animal within, to her dismay.

The message is their request whereby Enterprise goes to extract a group of three geologists from a planet where xenophobic militants have taken charge and decreed that all off-worlders must evacuate. Being experienced with caving, Ensign Mayweather is chosen to lead Commander Tucker and Lieutenant Reed on the underground rescue mission. They have only three days to return to the surface with the scientists before the negotiated government ceasefire expires.

As the Enterprise nears the planet, it comes to the aid of an alien evacuee transport, suffering from a dangerous radiation leak. The most seriously injured of the various aliens brought aboard is Hudak, an Antaran, whose species has a centuries long history of conflict and animosity with the Denobulans. Though suffering from a fatal case of radiation poisoning, and being the first time the two species have interacted in generations, he immediately refuses help from Doctor Phlox. Archer orders Phlox to treat him, but he reluctantly declines, since Denobulan medical ethics places the patient's wishes above all other considerations.

Underground, the crew make good progress, but Mayweather injures his leg. Leaving him behind, Reed and Tucker soon locate the Denobulan geologists, who are happily engaged in recording the various rare and precious geological features of the cavern. With time running out, Tucker is insistent the group departs, while the scientists downplay the level of the threat, but finally assent. Back on the ship, using tact and diplomacy of his own, Phlox endeavors to help Hudak, but his initial attempts end in failure. Phlox, for his part, is also upset at the mutual hatred between the two species - but since Hudak refuses to be treated, Phlox must wait. Eventually, Hudak reflects on Phlox's words and agrees to the lifesaving procedure. An agreement is then reached in which the three Denobulans are granted passage home aboard the same transport as Hudak.

Production
The episode was directed by Robert Duncan McNeill, who played Tom Paris in Star Trek: Voyager, and had directed four episodes of Voyager before directing for Enterprise. This was the second of four Enterprise episodes directed by McNeill. Of the episodes he directed, he said "The Breach" was the one he was most satisfied with because it was such a challenge. They had only thirty feet of rock wall, only a few visual FX moments, and they needed to create the appearance of a much longer descent. The script included a small slip and fall, and McNeill was inspired by Romancing the Stone to make it into a longer sequence where they're sliding down the waterfall, and by dragging them across the floor "We can make it seem like they're falling half a mile down when, really, they're falling 15 feet."

John Billingsley had envisioned the character of Doctor Phlox as an unflappable optimist, and he had mixed feelings about the revelation that the Denobulans had been war criminals. He understood the need for the writers to create conflict, but the idea seemed a little too jarring and there were aspects of the script that didn't quite work for him. Billingsley said: "McNeill did a terrific job in that episode keeping all from us getting overly mawkish" and also praised guest star Henry Stram and ultimately they were able to "find some good stuff" and Billingsley was pleased how the episode turned out.

After first shooting their normal ship scenes, Trinneer, Keating and Montgomery spent two days training with Stunt coordinator Vince Deadrick Jr., in climbing and rappelling techniques. He trained them at a 30-foot indoor climbing wall and outdoors at Stoney Point, Los Angeles County. Stunt performers Shawn Crowder, Marty Murry, and Korty Manns, took the place of Trip, Reed, and Mayweather respectively where needed. The cave scenes were also digitally enhanced to make them look more hazardous.

The episode came in eight minutes short, and McNeill had to come back to shoot extra footage. It was only a few weeks before airdate, so he had no time to edit the episode himself, and had not seen the final cut of the episode before it aired. McNeill enjoyed the experience: "It was really nice. Everyone's settled in the groove" and was already looking forward to directing his next episode in August.

Reception
"The Breach" originally aired on April 23, 2003 on UPN. It aired at the same time as an episode of Dawson's Creek ("Catch–22"), also directed by Robert Duncan McNeill. It had a Nielsen ratings share of 2.3/4. It was watched by a total average of 3.19 million viewers. The ratings were small improvement over the lowpoint set by the previous episode "Horizon", but overall the audience numbers were down. Enterprise was beaten by Dawson's Creek in the weekly ratings.

Michelle Erica Green of TrekNation gave the episode a positive review and said she doesn't mind recycled stories as long as it was good material and done well, and was delighted to see the question of medical ethics revisited again. Jamahl Epsicokhan of Jammer's Reviews gave the episode 3 out of 4, and called it "A nice hour of very traditional Star Trek." Television Without Pity gave it an A grade.

In 2015, Den of Geek in a review of important show characters, noted him as "funny, quirky Phlox" and pointing out the character introduced the audience to the Denobulan species. They recommended the episodes "Dear Doctor", "Stigma", "The Breach", and "Doctor's Orders" for the Phlox character.

In his 2022 rewatch, Keith DeCandido of Tor.com gave it 7 out of 10.

title: The Breach (Star Trek: Enterprise)


text:
Blister beetle

Blister beetles are beetles of the family Meloidae, so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent, cantharidin. About 7,500 species are known worldwide. Many are conspicuous and some are aposematically colored, announcing their toxicity to would-be predators.

Description
Blister beetles are hypermetamorphic, going through several larval stages, the first of which is typically a mobile triungulin. The larvae are insectivorous, mainly attacking bees, though a few feed on grasshopper eggs. While sometimes considered parasitoids, in general, the meloid larva apparently consumes the immature host along with its provisions, and can often survive on the provisions alone; thus it is not an obligatory parasitoid, but rather a facultative parasitoid, or simply a kleptoparasite. The adults sometimes feed on flowers and leaves of plants of such diverse families as the Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.

Cantharidin, a poisonous chemical that causes blistering of the skin, is secreted as a defensive agent. It is used medically to remove warts and is collected for this purpose from species of the genera Mylabris and Lytta, especially Lytta vesicatoria, better known as "Spanish fly".

Toxicity
Cantharidin is the principal irritant in "Spanish fly", a folk medicine prepared from dried beetles in the family Meloidae.

The largest genus, Epicauta, contains many species toxic to horses. A few beetles consumed in a single feeding of alfalfa hay may be lethal. In semiarid areas of the western United States, modern harvesting techniques may contribute to cantharidin content in harvested forage. The practice of hay conditioning, crushing the stalks to promote drying, also crushes any beetles present and causes the release of cantharidin into the fodder. Blister beetles are attracted to alfalfa and weeds during bloom. Reducing weeds and timing harvests before and after bloom are sound management practices. Using equipment without hay conditioners may reduce beetle mortality and allow them to escape before baling.

Evolutionary history
The family is thought to have begun diversifying during the Early Cretaceous. The oldest fossil of the group is a larva (triangulin) found phoretic on a schizopterid bug from the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber, dated to around 99 million years ago.

Subfamily Eleticinae
Tribe Derideini Tribe Morphozonitini
 * Anthicoxenus
 * Deridea
 * Iselma
 * Iselmeletica
 * Ceriselma
 * Morphozonitis
 * Steniselma

Tribe Eleticini Tribe Spasticini
 * Eletica
 * Eospasta
 * Protomeloe
 * Spastica
 * Xenospasta

Subfamily Meloinae

Tribe Cerocomini Tribe Epicautini
 * Anisarthrocera
 * Cerocoma
 * Diaphorocera
 * Rhampholyssa
 * Rhampholyssodes
 * Denierella
 * Epicauta
 * Linsleya
 * Psalydolytta

Tribe Eupomphini
 * Cordylospasta
 * Cysteodemus
 * Eupompha
 * Megetra
 * Phodaga
 * Pleropasta
 * Tegrodera

Tribe Lyttini
 * Acrolytta
 * Afrolytta
 * Alosimus
 * Berberomeloe
 * Cabalia
 * Dictyolytta
 * Eolydus
 * Epispasta
 * Lagorina
 * Lydomorphus
 * Lydulus
 * Lydus
 * Lytta
 * Lyttolydulus
 * Lyttonyx
 * Megalytta
 * Muzimes
 * Oenas
 * Parameloe
 * Paroenas
 * Physomeloe
 * Prionotolytta
 * Prolytta
 * Pseudosybaris
 * Sybaris
 * Teratolytta
 * Tetraolytta
 * Trichomeloe

Tribe Meloini Tribe Mylabrini
 * Cyaneolytta
 * Lyttomeloe
 * Meloe
 * Spastomeloe
 * Spastonyx
 * Actenodia
 * Ceroctis
 * Croscherichia
 * Hycleus
 * Lydoceras
 * Mimesthes
 * Mylabris
 * Paractenodia
 * Pseudabris
 * Semenovilia
 * Xanthabris

Tribe Pyrotini Genera incertae sedis
 * Bokermannia
 * Brasiliota
 * Denierota
 * Glaphyrolytta
 * Lyttamorpha
 * Picnoseus
 * Pseudopyrota
 * Pyrota
 * Wagneronota
 * Australytta
 * Calydus
 * Gynapteryx
 * Oreomeloe
 * Pseudomeloe

Subfamily Nemognathinae

Tribe Horiini Tribe Nemognathini
 * Cissites
 * Horia
 * Synhoria
 * Cochliophorus
 * Euzonitis
 * Gnathium
 * Gnathonemula
 * Leptopalpus
 * Megatrachelus
 * Nemognatha
 * Palaestra
 * Palaestrida
 * Pseudozonitis
 * Rhyphonemognatha
 * Stenodera
 * Zonitis
 * Zonitodema
 * Zonitolytta
 * Zonitomorpha
 * Zonitoschema

Tribe Sitarini Genera incertae sedis
 * Allendeselazaria
 * Apalus
 * Ctenopus
 * Glasunovia
 * Nyadatus
 * Sitaris
 * Sitarobrachys
 * Stenoria
 * Hornia
 * Onyctenus
 * Sitaromorpha
 * Tricrania

Subfamily Tetraonycinae
Tribe Tetraonycini
 * Meloetyphlus
 * Opiomeloe
 * Tetraonyx

title: Blister beetle


text:
KLST

KLST (channel 8) is a television station in San Angelo, Texas, United States, affiliated with CBS. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group, which provides certain services to NBC affiliate KSAN-TV (channel 3) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with Mission Broadcasting. The two stations share studios on Armstrong Street in San Angelo; KLST's transmitter is located near Eola, Texas.

Channel 8 is the oldest station in San Angelo, signing on as KTXL-TV in 1953 and changing call signs to KCTV in 1957. It was a CBS affiliate from its first day on air. KCTV became KLST in 1983 when its call sign was purchased by a TV station in Kansas City, Missouri. Nexstar acquired KLST in 2004 and consolidated operations with Mission-owned KSAN-TV.

History
On October 21, 1952, Armistead D. Rust—the mayor of San Angelo—and B. P. Bludworth of Brownwood, trading as Westex Television Company, filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for permission to build a television station in the city on channel 8. Rust and Bludworth owned KTXL (1340 AM), the city's Mutual Broadcasting System radio affiliate. Approval was swift and came on November 26, 1952.

Channel 8 was the first television station in San Angelo, signing on the air on July 6, 1953. The station was an affiliate at launch of the CBS and DuMont networks and additionally aired national news from NBC; NBC entertainment programs were added to the schedule in August. Rust and Bludworth sold KTXL radio in 1956 and a majority stake in KTXL-TV to Roy Simmons and Angelo Broadcasting-Telecasting, the owners of radio station KGKL, in 1957; on August 4, the station changed call signs to KCTV to sever itself of any connection to KTXL radio.

In 1959, Big Spring Broadcasting, a company led by Houston Harte Jr., acquired majority control of KCTV. Houston and his brother, Edward Harte, became full owners in 1962. The station was sold once more in 1971 to T. B. Lanford, trading as the Jewell Television Corporation. Lanford owned broadcast stations in other Southern cities and in Colorado; Jewell Television was named for Lanford's wife. That same year, the station began local broadcasting in color. Lanford died in 1978, but his estate continued to own the station, with Tom Gresham as executor and later president of Jewell. Under Jewell, the station built its current transmitter site near Eola, Texas, in 1981.

In 1983, the station changed its call letters again to become KLST. The change had been induced by channel 5 in Kansas City, Missouri, which needed to change its call sign and was interested in becoming KCTV; the Missouri station paid all of channel 8's name change expenses.

The Kimbell family, related to the Lanfords, bought Jewell in 1994; the Louisiana radio stations were sold off, leaving channel 8 the company's only holding. It no longer became economically feasible to run KLST as a standalone property. KLST was purchased by Nexstar Broadcasting in 2004 from the Jewell Television Corporation. Nexstar was already operating KSAN-TV under joint sales and shared services agreements with Mission Broadcasting; it had made several offers to Jewell in the early 2000s and particularly after the Mission purchase. On June 1, 2004, Nexstar assumed control of KLST while the sale was finalized; KLST's news director assumed responsibility for KSAN-TV's newscasts, and Nexstar consolidated traffic—the scheduling and logging for commercials—for the San Angelo stations in Abilene at KTAB–KRBC, leading to layoffs at KLST. On February 17, 2009, both stations converted to exclusively digital broadcasts.

News operation
KLST presently broadcasts 19 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with $3 1/2$ hours each weekday, one hour on Saturdays and switches between a half-hour and one hour on Sundays during sports seasons).

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

title: KLST


text:
User talk:Kokomo88

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --W(t) 21:56, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * I agree InTheFullnessOfTime 21:57, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kokomo88


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Off-topic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge/redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:35, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Off-topic
Dictdef. Anyone have a suggestion where this could be redirected to, if anything? --W(t) 21:56, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * How about a rubbish bin? InTheFullnessOfTime 21:58, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems like this would belong in the wiktionary, but more likely it's related the annoying Offtopic.com article... SirGeneral 22:03, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge-redirect to on-topic or keep. Kappa 22:57, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Arthur Erich Haas

Arthur Erich Haas (April 30, 1884, in Brno – February 20, 1941, in Chicago) was an Austrian physicist, noted for a 1910 paper he submitted in support of his habilitation as Privatdocent at the University of Vienna that outlined a treatment of the hydrogen atom involving quantization of electronic orbitals, thus anticipating the Bohr model (1913) by three years.

Haas's paper, however, was initially rejected and even ridiculed. As noted in his autobiography, Haas recalls: "When I lectured to the Chemical-Physical Society of Vienna ... Lecher ... referred to the presentation during open discussion as a carnival joke" (the lecture was held during carnival time in Austria, February 1910). Soon thereafter, however, by September 1911 at a physical science convention in Karlsruhe, former detractors of Haas's work acknowledged it with greater enthusiasm as noted in a footnote: "We do not know what caused [a] change of mind in 1911 and can merely suggest the general trend of thinking at the time: 1910 saw the beginning of a universal shift of opinion of the quantum concept."

The significance of Haas's work lay in the establishment of a relationship between the Planck constant and atomic dimensions, having been first to correctly estimate the magnitude of what is today known as the Bohr radius.

From 1936 to his death he was professor at the University of Notre Dame.

Acceptance at the 1911 Solvay Conference
During the proceedings of the first Solvay Conference in 1911 at which Bohr's mentor, Rutherford was present. Max Planck's lecture ended with this remark: "... atoms or electrons subject to the molecular bond would obey the laws of quantum theory." Hendrik Lorentz in the discussion of Planck's lecture raised the question of the composition of the atom based on Thompson's model with a great portion of the discussion around the Quantum atom developed by Arthur Erich Haas. Lorentz explained that due to the dimension of the Planck constant, it defined the atom. Haas's model of the atom is mentioned seventeen times during the Proceedings of the Conference. Planck uses Haas's model in his speech, saying: "A. E. Haas, for example, takes as oscillator the uniform sphere of J. J. Thomson, within which an electron can oscillate around the center. The maximum energy for this oscillation, which is reached when the amplitude becomes equal to the radius of the sphere, must be equal to the quantum of energy e = hν."

Works

 * Einführung in die theoretische Physik (2 volumes) 1. online Leipzig: Veit, 1919; 2. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1921. English translation:.
 * . English translation:.
 * . English translation:.
 * . English translation:.
 * . Revised English translation:.
 * (popular scientific).
 * (popular scientific).
 * (popular scientific).
 * (popular scientific).

title: Arthur Erich Haas


text:
Hermannsburg Mission

The Hermannsburg Mission (Hermannsburger Mission) was founded as the Hermannsburg Mission Centre (Missionsanstalt Hermannsburg) in 1849 in Hermannsburg, near Celle, North Germany, by Louis Harms. In 1977, the independent mission society was merged into the work of the Evangelical-Lutheran Mission in Lower Saxony. As a result, it became an institution recognised by the state church.

History
On 12 October 1849, Louis Harms (1808–1865) founded the Hermannsburg Mission Seminary. This date counts as the foundation date for the Hermannsburg Mission. Harms worked at St. Peter and St. Paul's Church in Hermannsburg on the Lüneburg Heath, from 1844, initially as a curate and, later, as its Lutheran pastor. He was considered a good minister by the community and had a great talent for bringing things alive. On Sunday evenings, the villagers gathered in the hallway of the rectory to listen to him. His stories simultaneously entertained, instructed and built people up. Local history provided him with lively material. His stories were published in the anthologies Honnig (Low German: "Honey") and Goldene Äpfel in silbernen Schalen ("Golden Apples in Silver Dishes").

With his preaching Harms sparked a revival movement that reached as far as the patricians in nearby Hamburg. On 12 October 1849, the first students moved into the Hermannsburg Mission Seminary, newly founded by Harms. He appointed his brother, Theodor, as the first director. Harms campaigned tirelessly for donations. The eloquent and energetic evangelist managed to interest a large number of poor men from the heath in mission service, not unlike the effect that David Livingstone had on the poor of Scotland.

Harms had a vision to begin his missionary work with the Oromo people (then called the Galla) in East Africa. The necessary funds were raised from the Hermannsburg congregation and later a large circle of friends. He even succeeded in building his own mission ship, the Candace, which was named after the Ethiopian queen, Candace, mentioned in Acts 8.27. The attempt to get to Ethiopia, failed however. Consequently, the Hermannsburg missionaries landed at Port Natal (now Durban) in South Africa in 1854. There they began to work among the Zulu people, and from 1857, were also operating in the Transvaal. In 1859 they established a mission station in Shoshong and in 1864, August Mylius started his work with the Telugu in southern India.

Expansion of the work
After the death of Louis Harms, his brother Theodor Harms (1818–1885) became his successor. Under his leadership, the seminary and missionary activity was further expanded. In 1879, the second mission house was built and Carl Mützelfeldt (1842–1927) became its first director in the appointment of "mission inspector". Under the leadership of Theodor Harms', successors, Egmont Harms, (1885–1916) and George Haccius (1916–1926) the missionary work was strengthened. New areas were opened up: Australia (1866), North America (1866), New Zealand (1875), Iran (1880), Brazil (1898 ) and Ethiopia (1927). In the long run, however, not all areas could continue to be supported.

Emergence of the Hermannsburg free church and consequences for the mission
After the annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover by Prussia opposition was stirring, especially in Hermannsburg to the introduction by the King of Prussia of compulsory civil marriage in 1876 and the adoption of a new marriage liturgy in the state.

Theodor Harms was especially vehement in his opposition. As a result, Harms and a number of other pastors were removed from office. He left the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover and was followed by the majority of the Hermannsburg community. On 13 February 1878, they established the Lutheran Church of the Cross, independently of the state church. At the Synod in Hermannsburg on 30 April 1878, under the chairmanship of Theodore Harms, pastors and representatives of the independent churches of the country founded the Hanoverian Evangelical Lutheran Free Church. In 1886, they split again. Thirteen parishes formed the "Hermannsburg Free Church".

Separation from the state church had serious consequences for the Hermannsburg Mission. Collections from the Hanoverian national church and its character as the public body were both lost. In 1890, there was an agreement between the Hanover church and the Hermannsburg Free Church. So that members of both the state and free church were represented in the mission's management, the office of co-director (Kondirektor) was created, which existed until 1972

Mission directors
The head of the mission is known as the director (Direktor) (1890 to 1916 together with Georg Haccius)
 * 1849 to 1865 Louis Harms (baptised as Ludwig, but called Louis, born 5 May 1808, died 14 November 1865)
 * 1865 to 1885 Theodor Harms (born 19 March 1819, died 16 February 1885)
 * 1885 to 1916 Egmont Harms (born 15 April 1859, died 4 December 1916)
 * 1890 to 1926 Georg Haccius (born 22 July 1847, died 4 June 1926)
 * 1926 to 1943 Christoph Schomerus (born 23 November 1871, died 8 August 1944)
 * 1943 to 1959 August Elfers (born 18 July 1897, died 6 July 1959)
 * 1959 to 1974 Hans-Robert Wesenick (born 18 December 1904, died 15 November 1988)
 * 1975 to 1988 Reinhart Müller (born 8 April 1925, died 3 April 2006)
 * 1989 to 2003 Ernst-August Lüdemann
 * since 2003 Martina Helmer-Pham Xuan

Hermannsburg Mission today
In 1977, the formal integration of the Hermannsburg Mission into the state church took place. By maintaining the legal status of the foundation, however, it remained possible to preserve the special character of the spiritual work here. As the Evangelical-Lutheran Mission in Lower Saxony (ELM), it continues to be based in Hermannsburg. The head of the mission's work since 2003 is Rev. Martina Helmer-Pham Xuan.

The most important contributors to the work are the Evangelical-Lutheran state churches of Hanover, Brunswick and Schaumburg-Lippe. In addition, many parishes and friends of the mission support its work. The ELM is also supported by private donations from many people in the region. Currently missionaries and missionaries sent out by the ELM are working in Africa, Latin America, India and Siberia.

The mission maintains a mission seminary in Hermannsburg to this day, where young theologians are prepared for service within one of the partner churches of the ELM. The Ludwig Harms House in Hermannsburg, in whose building the mission seminary was originally based, is now a modern conference centre with a cafe, bookshop and "One World Shop". It houses an exhibition called "Candace - Mission Possible" to inform those interested about the work and worldwide network of the ELM.

title: Hermannsburg Mission


text: User talk:206.213.157.4

title: User talk:206.213.157.4