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Slimer

Slimer, originally referred to as "Onionhead" and sometimes "the Mean Green Ghost" and "Ugly Little Spud", is a character from the Ghostbusters franchise. He appears in the films Ghostbusters (1984), Ghostbusters II (1989), the remake Ghostbusters (2016), and Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire (2024), in the animated television series: The Real Ghostbusters, Slimer! and Extreme Ghostbusters, and in the video games: Ghostbusters: The Video Game (2009), Beeline's Ghostbusters (2013), Ghostbusters: Spirits Unleashed (2022) and Ghostbusters: Rise of the Ghost Lord (2024). Slimer was voiced by Ivan Reitman and Adam Ray in the films and by Frank Welker in the animated series. In The Real Ghostbusters, he is the Ghostbusters' mascot and friend (unlike the films, where he is a ghost who needs to be busted).

Ghostbusters
During the pre-production of Ghostbusters, Ivan Reitman remarked Slimer was sort of like Bluto in the film Animal House, like the ghost of John Belushi.

Special effects artist Steve Johnson sculpted the gluttonous, slimy, green ghost then known only as the "Onion Head ghost" on set due to the puppet's unpleasant smell. Now commonly known as "Slimer", it was not called that until the 1986 animated television series The Real Ghostbusters. The Slimer design took six months, and approximately $300,000 to develop. It went through many variations, which Johnson blamed on executive interference through micromanagement, constant adjustments, and conflicting notes on how to modify each detail. He said: "In the beginning, they asked for a 'smile with arms' but before I knew it ... 'give him 13% more pathos, put ears on him, take his ears off, less pathos, more pathos, make his nose bigger, now his nose is too big, make his nose smaller ... Make him more cartoony, make him less cartoony."

The day before his deadline, Johnson learned Aykroyd and Ramis had wanted Slimer to be an homage to John Belushi's likeness. With that information and a series of Belushi headshots, Johnson took at least three grams of cocaine and believed that Belushi's ghost was visiting him to provide encouragement. It was during this episode that he sculpted the final Slimer design that appears in the film. Aykroyd admitted the character was inspired by Belushi, particularly his body. Ramis said the comparison was not malicious, explaining that Belushi was the person most likely to trip over a coffee table and knock a bookcase over. The model had three interchangeable faces for larger expressions, while smaller features like blinking were controlled by cables and rods by a team of puppeteers. Smaller, egg-size models were made for less animated movements like flying around the ceiling of the Sedgewick Hotel ballroom. The full-size Slimer puppet was performed by Mark Bryan Wilson, who wore the foam rubber suit reinforced with spandex while being filmed against a black background. As Wilson's movement was restricted by the puppet's cables, the camera was moved around him to simulate movement. Wilson worked with oversized props so the ghost would appear smaller after composited into live-action.

For the live-action set, in the scene where Ray spooks Slimer, a room service cart trailed after him. The cart was motorized and piloted from underneath by one of Chuck Gaspar's crew. Naturally, when the cart crashes, the driver is not present. The shot of Slimer phasing through the wall was shot at Entertainment Effects Group and incorporated optically later on.

Ghostbusters II

Slimer was not always a definite part of the Ghostbusters II script. It was a matter of considerable debate if he should appear at all. Slimer's appeal was widespread among children thanks in part to the first movie and The Real Ghostbusters. Slimer was given a subplot and written into the movie: Slimer would eat various foods in the Firehouse while Louis Tully would try to trap him, then they would become friends. Michael Gross requested that elements of the animated version of Slimer be incorporated into the movie. Tim Lawrence and Thom Enriquez worked on a new design. Meanwhile, Bobby Porter was called in to portray Slimer. Some of the technology and techniques used for Nunzio Scoleri were used for Slimer – the divided head construct, pneumatic jaws, SNARK, and a fat suit – a departure from the first movie where he was hand puppeteered. Then Slimer was removed from the script. Porter was released.

Two weeks later, Slimer was back in the script and had a bigger role. However, Porter was no longer available. Effects coordinator Ned Gorman remembered working with Robin Navlyt on Willow and she was brought in. Navlyt was the same height as Porter and fit into the suit very well. Chris Goehe and his mold shop crew made a full lifecast on her and Al Coulter worked on a new skullcap. The Slimer shoot was finished close to the first day of shooting. Michael Gross was on hand to push the crew to keep Slimer subtle and reduce any complicated approaches to moving him. Slimer's segments were deemed intrusive by preview audiences. During editing, Ivan Reitman decided to limit Slimer's role even though all scripted scenes were filmed and completed. Ultimately, Slimer's scenes were trimmed to two brief shots plus one during the end titles.

Origin of name
In the script for Ghostbusters, and in the film itself, Slimer is never actually called by any name (the term "slimers" is used to identify a kind of ghost). The creature was called "The Onionhead Ghost" by the film crew, and in the film's closing credits, Steve Johnson is credited as the sculptor for "Onionhead". Slimer was marketed as "the Green Ghost" in initial merchandise for The Real Ghostbusters. When the cartoon series was produced, and in response to the name much given to the character by audiences, the writers renamed the green ghost "Slimer", and the name stuck on all subsequent Ghostbusters properties, including Ghostbusters II and Ghostbusters: Answer the Call, despite the character never actually being referred to as Slimer within either film. Although Slimer was referred to as "The Green Ghost" early in the related toy line, in later releases of his first figure, an extra label was applied, specifying "Known as 'Slimer' in the Real Ghostbusters TV show".

The in-narrative explanation for Slimer's name was revealed in the eleventh episode of The Real Ghostbusters, "Citizen Ghost" (first broadcast on November 22, 1986). A flashback depicting how the Ghostbusters made friends with Slimer reveals the ghost was so nicknamed by Ray Stantz.

In Ghostbusters: The Video Game, according to its Tobin's Spirit Guide, Stantz named the green ghost Slimer to annoy Venkman, who still nurses a grudge against the creature.

Character
Throughout the first film, Slimer appears to lack intelligence, only caring about gaining food to eat (such as hotdogs). In the second movie, Slimer appears fatter and more intelligent and could drive a bus, and in The Real Ghostbusters, showing compassion from Ray Stantz, and kissing Janine, though always annoying and teasing Peter Venkman (who sometimes nicknames him "Spud"). The 2016 reboot features a different incarnation of Slimer, who savages a hot dog cart and, after an attack by the Ghostbusters, steals the Ecto-1 to go on a joyride with his girlfriend, Lady Slimer, and other ghosts.

His origins were told by the Marvel UK comic book The Real Ghostbusters #22, though it is non canonical to the film series and the animated television series. It is explained that he was King Remils ("Slimer" backwards), an obese king who died of heart failure, while a deleted scene from the 2016 Ghostbusters film was meant to expand on Slimer's rebooted continuity origins: when he was alive, Slimer was a gangster who killed a restaurant waiter that got his order incorrect, resulting in his imprisonment and execution. After his death, the Ghostbusters encounter him haunting the same restaurant, but due to the experimental nature of their equipment, they inadvertently disfigure him, destroying his legs and turning him green, before he escapes. In Erik Burnham's Tobin's Spirit Guide, it is believed by the Ghostbusters that Slimer was conjured by the Sedgewick Hotel's owner Godfrey M. Sedgewick (who was one of Ivo Shandor's disciples) in the early 1920s after a rite went awry.

Ghostbusters (1984)
Voiced by Ivan Reitman, Slimer (not named until The Real Ghostbusters) was a legendary ghost to all on the original staff of the Sedgewick Hotel. His usual territory was the twelfth floor, but his outings were usually non-violent and simply involved gorging himself on food from room service carts. As a result, the hotel was able to keep a lid on the supernatural problems for a while. For some reason, Gozer's approaching time of arrival provoked Slimer (and many other ghosts) into being much more active than usual. Eventually, the staff could no longer keep the ghost a secret and called the Ghostbusters. However, the team had not yet fully tested their equipment and were not completely prepared for a full capture. Ray Stantz attempted to hold Slimer by himself, but the ghost escaped through a wall, charged at Peter Venkman, and covered him in ectoplasmic residue.

Slimer fled into the hotel's Alhambra Ballroom, where the Ghostbusters successfully caught and trapped him after causing extensive property damage. Stantz loaded him into the team's storage facility as a demonstration for Winston Zeddemore after the latter was hired to work for them. He and all the other captured ghosts were released when Walter Peck ordered the facility to be shut down. Slimer took refuge in a hot dog cart soon afterward, surprising the vendor greatly upon opening it. After the defeat of Gozer, the film's closing credits begin over scenes of the Ghostbusters being celebrated by the citizens of New York City. The last shot of the film is Slimer flying towards the screen, after which the film cuts to black, and the remainder of the credits roll.

Ghostbusters II (1989)
Again voiced by Ivan Reitman, and now officially known as Slimer (due to the popularity of The Real Ghostbusters), Slimer first appears in Ghostbusters II when Louis Tully caught Slimer eating his lunch, to which the two of them fled in fear from one another. In a deleted scene set between the scene with Dana's bathtub and the scene with Dana and Venkman going out for dinner (mentioned in the novelization), Louis attempts to catch Slimer using a Proton Pack by baiting him with fried chicken.

Later in the film, on New Year's Eve, Louis decides to take up a Proton Pack and help the Ghostbusters. In an attempt to patch up their initial misunderstanding, Slimer helped an exhausted Louis by giving him a ride to the Manhattan Museum of Art (to which Louis wonders how he got a license to drive a bus).

Ghostbusters (2016)
Slimer appears in the 2016 film Ghostbusters: Answer the Call, voiced by Adam Ray and puppeteered by Ronald Binion (who fit into the character suit) and Rick Lazzarini (who operated his facial controls). After Rowan North unleashes an army of ghosts upon New York City, the Ghostbusters see a green glow coming from a hot dog stand, and find Slimer inside. Slimer promptly hijacks the Ecto-1 and rides off. The Ghostbusters are unable to stop him. Slimer is later seen driving the Ecto-1 around New York City and several of his ghostly friends. While the original Slimer was created as an androgynous blob with no gender-defining characteristics, Ghostbusters: Answer the Call introduces a female "Lady Slimer" character with red lipstick and a bow tie in her blonde hair (voiced by Ghostbusters II's Slimer suit puppeteer Robin Shelby). The Ghostbusters later cause both Slimers to crash the Ecto-1 into the portal to cause "Total Protonic Reversal" and close the portal.

Slimer's role as the first ghost the Ghostbusters busted was fulfilled by a gargoyle-like spirit, Mayhem, at the Stonebrook Theatre. It even has the same color as Slimer's.

Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire (2024)
In December 2023, it was revealed that Slimer was set to appear in the 2024 film, Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire. In the movie, Slimer is squatting in the attic of the firehouse, living in a mound of discarded candy and snack food wrappers, his slime occasionally leaking into the bedrooms below. Trevor Spengler discovers him there and tries to catch him, but fails. At the climax of the movie, after the Possessor tries and fails to kill Trevor using Lucky Domingo's proton pack, it flees and takes possession of a pizza; Slimer quickly appears and devours it, accidentally ending that threat.

In the film, Slimer is exactly as he appeared in Ghostbusters (1984) as a mean, green, gluttonous, ugly "Onionhead" spud; the costume was made from the same molds used during the filming of the first film, ignoring the looks from the films Ghostbusters II (1989), Ghostbusters (2016), and the animated television series The Real Ghostbusters (1986 - 1991).

The Real Ghostbusters

After the Ghostbusters stopped Gozer, they began rebuilding their Firehouse. During this process, the green ghost from the Sedgewick Hotel secretly observed them. Once the Firehouse was fully restored, a celebratory dinner was held. The ghost made himself known and attempted to steal the food. Janine Melnitz speculated the ghost was lonely and the Ghostbusters were the first humans to pay him any attention. The Ghostbusters dismissed her theory. Over the next few months, they occasionally saw Slimer.

Ray Stantz took a liking to the ghost and named him "Slimer" to annoy Venkman. When the Ghostbusters were attacked by their ghostly Doppelgängers, Slimer distracted the entities long enough for them to be drained of their energy. The Ghostbusters were then able to overpower and trap them. The Ghostbusters agreed to adopt Slimer from then on. For an official statement to the press given by Venkman, Slimer is allowed to freely roam for "scientific research being conducted".

Slimer! and The Real Ghostbusters
In 1988, Slimer got his own cartoon series primarily aimed at young children. Unlike the previous series, Slimer was able to talk very well. Many episodes of Slimer! had little to do with the Ghostbusters franchise, simply being about everyday events for Slimer. Like in the first film, he still haunts the Sedgewick Hotel, visiting it in many episodes as a visiting pest.

Slimer was given personal enemies in the show, such as an eccentric scientist named Professor Dweeb who wanted to capture Slimer in order to study him, an alley cat named Manx, a dog named Bruiser, and two ghosts named Goolem and Zugg.

Extreme Ghostbusters

After the dissolution of the Ghostbusters, Slimer stayed with Egon Spengler as he watched over the Containment Unit in the Ghostbusters Firehouse. In 1997, when there was a sudden surge in supernatural activity, Slimer flew to Egon's class to inform him of the bad news. After the formation of the "Extreme Ghostbusters", Slimer joined them in their cases.

Slimer's appearance was slightly different from the previous series, as he had a ghostly tail and a slightly bigger face, which was less compacted than the previous series. Unlike the version of Slimer from The Real Ghostbusters and Ghostbusters II, this version acted much like the version from the original Ghostbusters. Slimer's voice was noticeably higher in pitch than in The Real Ghostbusters, because he was voiced by Billy West, instead of Frank Welker, who reprised his role as Ray in the two-part series finale "Back in the Saddle".

Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue
Slimer, as he appeared in The Real Ghostbusters, is among the various cartoon characters who help the main character Michael turn away from drugs.

Ghostbusters: The Video Game

At one point, Slimer was recaptured and kept in a Paranormal Containment Research Tank in the Firehouse in the lobby. Egon Spengler is said to have used him for various paranormal studies and the Tobin's Spirit Guide reveals that Ray named Slimer out of mockery to Peter (nods to the take on Slimer in The Real Ghostbusters). Ray, however, occasionally referred to the green ghost Onionhead or Spud. Slimer, along with the other ghost that had also haunted the hotel, Arbison Morguncher (the Sloth Ghost), is gluttonous. The specters of Evelyn "The Spider-Witch" Lewis, fisherman and restaurateur Enzo "Pappy" Sargassi, and some bellhop and guest ghosts also reside the hotel with them. Thanksgiving weekend 1991, Slimer was playing with Peter Venkman's ESP cards inside the Paranormal Containment Research Tank.

The Psi Energy Pulse damaged the Tank and Slimer escaped. The team finds him looking at the Containment Unit. When the Rookie takes a shot, Slimer avoids it and the Proton Stream hits the Unit, releasing the Sloth Ghost. Rookie and Ray pursued Slimer into the Sub-Basement but it escaped through a wall. After the Sloth Ghost was recaptured, the Ghostbusters headed to the Sedgewick Hotel on Ray's hunch Slimer would return to his old haunt. Sure enough, Slimer was found by Ray, Peter, and Rookie eating and drinking off someone's tray in front of Room 1218. The rookie took a shot but Slimer ran for it and tried to hide. Rookie roused him out and Slimer flew off towards the elevators where he descended back to the ground floor (but not before sliming Peter for a second time). Slimer is joined by Bellhop Ghosts. With renewed paranormal activity, Egon opts to split up. Rookie and Peter are tasked with recapturing Slimer. Peter believes he's feasting in the Alhambra Ballroom but the manager John O'Keefe bars entrance. Peter regroups and leads Rookie through the kitchen to access the other entrance to the ballroom. Rookie and Peter successfully trap Slimer.

Slimer is placed back into a working Paranormal Containment Research Tank when the team returns from Times Square. When Ivo Shandor and his Gozarian cultists shut down the containment grid, Slimer is among the escapees. After the Ghostbusters destroy Shandor and return to the physical plane, Slimer slimes Ilyssa Selwyn just as she and Peter are about to kiss in Central Park. In the stylized version of the game, Slimer flies around, on the loose once again, as the Rookie fires on him during the credits.

Beeline's Ghostbusters
Slimer appears in Beeline's Ghostbusters game for iOS. The game was released on January 24, 2013. Slimer's role in the game is that Slimer escapes the Containment Unit and floats around the Ghostbusters Firehouse. The player can tap on him for a daily reward, which increases in value if the player is consistent.

Lego Dimensions
Slimer appears as a playable character in Lego Dimensions, packaged with the "Slime Shooter" vehicle, with Frank Welker reprising his voice role. He makes cameo appearances in the main campaign, causing trouble for the heroes, while a bonus level adapting the first film recreates his original encounter with the Ghostbusters in the Sedgewick Hotel. He also appears as a quest-giver in the Ghostbusters adventure world. He appears once again as part of the Ghostbusters (2016) Story Pack, recreating his role in the events of the rebooted film's story.

In other media

 * Slimer makes an appearance of RadioShack’s “the Phone Call” 2014 Super Bowl commercial, with Tom Spina Designs, Inc.'s digital artist Tyler Ham faithfully recreated the character's "Onionhead" looks from the original film through the use of CGI.
 * Slimer makes an appearance in a 2019 Walmart commercial. He was seen eating bags of groceries in the trunk of the Ecto-1.
 * Slimer appeared alongside Janine Melnitz in a series of commercials for Quickbooks.
 * Slimer lost to the Ghost Jogger in the inaugural Ghost Madness Tournament hosted by Slimer's Brother on Instagram in April 2022.
 * He appeared in commercials for Hi-C Ecto-Cooler in 1987 to promote The Real Ghostbusters.

title: Slimer


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Lesser yellow underwing

The lesser yellow underwing (Noctua comes) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

Distribution
It is found in the Palearctic realm (Europe, North Africa, Canary Islands, Middle East, South Russia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, north-west India, Novosibirsk, Central Asia, and in Denver (Colorado) ). It was introduced into British Columbia in about 1982 and has spread southward in the Pacific Northwest. It has recently been reported from Ontario (Crolla 2008). Full synonymy given in Lafontaine. It is a common species but not as abundant as its larger relative large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba).

Description
This species generally has the appearance of a smaller (wingspan 38–48 mm) version of the large yellow underwing Noctua pronuba. The forewings are equally variable in pattern and colour, from pale clay to reddish clay, light brown to almost black. The stigmata are dark and outlined with pale yellow. The crosslines are weak. The wavy line flows on to the front edge as a no more than dark brown (never black) stain, which is sometimes extended down the entire wavy line. The hindwings are orange-yellow with a broad black sub-terminal band and central discal lunule (usually absent in Noctua pronuba). It is also similar to the lunar yellow underwing Noctua orbona. In the overall impression a broad-winged species.

It flies at night from July to September and is attracted to light and flowers such as heather, marram grass, and ragwort.

The larva is also very similar to that of Noctua pronuba – green or brown with black dashes along the back. Its feeding habits, however, are very different: this is not a "cutworm" but feeds on the foliage of a range of plants, trees, and shrubs as well as herbaceous plants (see list below). This species overwinters as a larva.

Recorded food plants
See Robinson, G. S. et al.
 * Betula – birch
 * Calluna – heather
 * Cirsium – thistle
 * Crataegus – hawthorn
 * Digitalis – foxglove
 * Fragaria – strawberry
 * Plantago – plantain
 * Prunus – blackthorn
 * Rumex – docks and sorrel
 * Salix – willow

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lesser yellow underwing


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Talk:Philip Jessup

Article improvement
I added the infobox because it was quick to do and post; however, improving the article will take much more work. In my opinion, there are three reasons the article needs substantial improvements.

1.The two links used as references are no longer valid.

2.There is considerable and relevant historical information about Judge Jessup not mentioned.

3.The chronology and category headings of the information that is mentioned can be better presented.

I will have the improvements done and posted by next week for review / critique by the Wikipedia community.

Pantethine (talk)

Untitled
I am going to add more information about Jessup in the coming days. This article was blatantly POV. It assumed that the accusations of Communist sympathy leveled against Jessup during the 1950s were true and alotted undue attention to his involvement in IPR. While a neutral discussion of those accusations and his involvement in that organization is in order, it is unfair to focus on such a small part of his career.

I edited out the worst comments, while leaving what I believe to be a neutral summary of the Communist accusations against him.--JVB
 * I agree some of it may have appeared POV, though not intentionally and it does not a degree of balancing. Removing the souring from Hearings before the Senate subcommittee investigating the Institute of Pacific Relations however, is not going to work, or any citations derived therefrom.  I hope we can work together to achieve a fair balance and accurate picture. Thank you. Nobs01 17:01, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Philip Jessup


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Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh

Bilaspur is a district of Himachal Pradesh, India. Its capital is in the town of Bilaspur. The district has an area of 1,167 km2, and a population of 381,956. As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Himachal Pradesh (out of 12), after Lahul and Spiti and Kinnaur.

The district has the famous Govind Sagar Lake on the Sutlej River which acts as the reservoir for the Bhakra and Nangal Dam project.

History

The area that is now Bilaspur District was formerly known as Kahlur, a princely state of British India. The ruler acceded to the Government of India on 12 October 1948, and Bilaspur was made an Indian state under a chief commissioner. The state of Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954 and became Bilaspur District.

Bilaspur was the capital of a state founded in the 7th century, and known as Kahlur after its earlier capital, or as Bilaspur after its later capital. The ruling dynasty was Chandela Rajputs, who claimed descent from the rulers of Chanderi in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Bilaspur was founded in 1663. The state later became a princely state of British India, and was under the authority of the British province of Punjab.

On 13 May 1665, Guru Tegh Bahadur went to Bilaspur to attend the mourning for Rajput Chandel King Raja Dip Chand of Bilaspur. There Rani Champa of Bilaspur gave the Guru a piece of land in her state. The land consisted of the villages of Lodhipur, Mianpur and Sahota. Here on the mound of Makhowal, Guru Tegh Bahadur raised a new habitation. The ground was broken on 19 June 1665, by Baba Gurditta Randhawa. The new village was named after the Guru's mother, Nanaki. Chakk Nanaki later became famous as Anandpur Sahib.

In 1932 state was made part of the newly created Punjab States Agency, and in 1936 the Punjab Hill States Agency was separated from the Punjab States Agency. India became independent in 1947, and on 12 October 1948 the ruler, HH Raja Sir Anand Chandel, the last ruler of the princely estate of Bilaspur acceded to the Government of India. Bilaspur became a separate state of India under a chief commissioner, and on 1 July 1954 Bilaspur state was made a district of Himachal Pradesh state by an act of the Indian Parliament. The historic town was submerged in 1954 when the Sutlej River was dammed to create the Govind Sagar, and a new town was built upslope of the old.

Most of the Rajputs in Bilaspur are Chandels, that is they belong to different branches of the ruling family. These families are numerous, and all enjoyed jagir pensions from state amounting in aggregate to Rs. 40,000 a year in 1933. They are called 'the Mian families', and the chief names are: Ajmerchandia, Kaliyanchandia, Tarahandia and Sultanchandia.

Geography
Bilaspur district has a total area of 1,161 square kilometers, making it the smallest district in Himachal Pradesh. It covers the same territory as the princely state did in 1947, and there have been no changes in its boundaries since then.

The district lies in the outer foothills of the Himalayas, at the point where they meet the Punjab plains. There are no major mountains in the district, and the overall elevation isn't especially high, but the terrain is very hilly. Flat land is restricted to narrow areas along rivers and streams. The main river in Bilaspur district is the Satluj, which flows through the middle of the district for about 90 km and divides it into two approximately equal parts. All the other streams in the district eventually flow to the Satluj.

Since the construction of the Bhakra Dam, another major feature of the district is the Gobind Sagar lake. Its formation submerged about 30,000 acres of land belonging to 256 villages. 14 villages were completely submerged.

Topography
The district's terrain is essentially a series of hills and valleys. There are no large plains, and flat land is mostly restricted to areas along streams. Elevation varies from 290 m above sea level at the lowest point to about 1,980 m at the highest point. In general, the lower areas are in the west, near the border with Punjab's Hoshiarpur district; while the higher areas are in the east, towards the border with Solan district.

Hills
Hills surround Bilaspur district on all sides and dominate the local landscape. Combined with the Satluj river, these hills historically formed strong natural defenses. Seven main ranges of hills (known as dhars) stand out in particular, hence the region's historical nickname Sat-dhar-Kahlur — "Kahlur of the seven hills".

Naina Devi hill
The Naina Devi range extends for 30 km and reaches a maximum altitude of about 1,100 m above sea level. Near Bhakra, the Satluj cuts through these hills in a gorge. A couple of old forts were built on these hills, including Kot Kahlur and Fatehpur (also known as "Satgarh", or "seven forts"). The area around Kot Kahlur features bamboo forest cover. Another landmark is the eponymous temple of Naina Devi.

Kot hill
The Kot hill range is also about 30 km long; it runs from the village of Naghiar to the Baghpal jungle along the bank of the Satluj. Bamboo and chir pine forests grow on this range; bamboo especially in the Baghpal area. The highest point in the Kot range is the peak known as Kakrer; it reaches a height of 1,430 m. The name "Kot" is a reference to the Bachhretu fort built on these hills; another old fort is at Dagoga Malhot.

Jhanjiar hill
The Ser khad divides the Jhanjiar range into two parts known by different names: Jhanjiar technically refers the northern part, while the southern part is known as Badol. The summit, which is on the Jhanjiar side, reaches 1,100 m above sea level. Also on this side are the ruins of a fort built by a raja of Kangra, as well as the Badaghat pine forest. The Badol side has a couple of distinct forest areas: the Samoh pine forest and the Ghaneri bamboo forest. This side is also home to the Devi Badoli and Guga Gherwin temples, as well as an old limestone quarry.

Tiun hill
The Tiun range is about 10 km long and is divided into two parts: Tiun proper is the western part, and Sariun is the eastern part. Prominent landmarks on the Sariun side are the Sariun and Naurangarh forts, the Pir Bhiyanu and Haramba Devi temples, and the Malya forest (which is known as a place for sport hunting). The range's highest point is on the Sariun side; it reaches a height of 1,350 m. As for the Tiun side, it is home to the Tiun fort, the Sidh Gurunath temple, the Phasseti hill, and some bamboo forests.

Bandla hill
The Bandla range is bisected by the Ali khad and, like Jhanjiar and Tiun, is considered two parts. Strictly speaking, Bandla is the part south of the Ali khad, while the northern part is called Barmenas. This range of hills is about 17 km long and the district capital, Bilaspur town, is located on its western slope. The summit is some 1,375 m above sea level.

Bahadurpur hill
As with Bandla, the Bahadurpur hills are divided in two by the Ali khad. The northern part is called Tatoh and the southern part is called Bahadurpur. With a height of 1,980 m, Bahadurpur proper is the highest point in Bilaspur district. It also contains a small but dense patch of oak forest, the only one in the district, which grows on the ridge's northeastern side. The deodar is not native to the area, but it was introduced to the Bahadurpur area in the 1920s and it now grows alongside the oak trees. Another landmark on this hill is the Bahadurpur fort.

Ratanpur hill
The Ratanpur hill range is 11 km long and reaches 1,230 m tall. It is the site of the Ratanpur fort.

Valleys
Valleys in the district are fairly small and mostly restricted to the immediate vicinity of streams. However, they are especially important from a human perspective because they have the best farmland, and they are by far more extensively cultivated and more densely populated than the hills themselves.

The Satluj valley has never been wide in this area, but patches of flat land exist all along its course through the district. The area downstream from Bilaspur used to have the most extensive of these, but since the construction of the Bhakra Dam much of the valley is underwater. The Chaunta valley, which is now submerged under Gobind Sagar, was an especially large section of the Satluj valley. Another important valley is the Danwin valley, which is between the Bandla and Bahadurpur hills and is about 10 km long and 5 km wide. This area is an important producer of various agricultural goods, particularly maize, rice, sugarcane, ginger, and wheat.

Rivers
Rivers supply about 40% of the irrigation used in the district; the other 60% comes from springs.

Satluj river
The Satluj is the main river in Bilaspur district. It enters the district at the village of Kasol in the northeast and flows for 90 km before exiting the district at the village of Neila in the southwest and continuing into Punjab. There are several bends in its course below Bilaspur. Its main left-bank tributaries (coming from the southeast) in the district are the Ali, Ghamrola, and Ghamber streams; its main right-bank tributaries (coming from the northwest) are the Moni and Ser.

The Satluj is a deep and fast-flowing river, typically flowing at a rate of about 8 km/h. Its water is cold, and it is home to many fish. Its average width in the district is about 45 m. During the winter, between October and March, the river's water level is lower. Beginning in April, it rises again as snowmelt in the mountains supplies it with more water. The water rises even more during the rainy season.

There are no fords on the Satluj in this district, so it must be crossed by other means. Two bridges span the Satluj in Bilaspur district, one at Kandror and the other at Salapar. These bridges were built to replace ones at Bhajwani and Dehar, respectively, which were both submerged below Gobind Sagar when the Bhakra Dam was completed. There are also several ferries: Kashnu, Uttapar, Chonta, Bhakra, Ghamber, Ali khad, Jewari, Kachlur, Pangwana, Oal, and Nakrana. Another means of crossing the river is by using inflated animal skins. On Gobind Sagar, these have been replaced by boats since they only work on water moving fast enough. Ferries and inflated animal skins are especially used during the winter months, when the water level is low.

Ali stream
The Ali stream rises in neighboring Solan district and enters Bilaspur district near the villages of Kothi Harrar and Manothi. It traverses the district for 35 km before joining the Satluj at a point known as the Beri Ghat. This is about 3 km north of Bilaspur, between the villages of Kherian and Talwar. The Ali is a perennial stream, but since its headwaters generally don't receive snowfall, the stream's water level is usually low, especially in the summer. During the rainy season, though, it gets much larger so as to be impassable. In these conditions, people cross it by using inflated animal skins, as with the Satluj. There is also a bridge at Ghaghas, 14 km from Bilaspur.

Ghamber khad
After arising in the Shimla hills, the Ghamber passes through the Sabathu and Bhagal regions before entering Bilaspur district at the village of Neri. It then traverses the district for 13 km before joining the Satluj near the villages of Dagran and Nerli. The Ghamber has a deep bed and is only sparingly used for irrigation. The Bilaspur-Nalagarh road crosses this stream. During the rainy season, the stream floods and becomes unfordable and traffic must be halted for hours at a time. Various fish live in the Ghamber, and it is a popular site for sport fishing. In general, the fish tend to be small (less than 10 lbs) for most of its course, but much larger ones can be caught closer to the confluence with the Satluj. At this end, the Ghamber is not fordable in any weather.

Ser khad
Also known as the Sir or Seer khad, this stream is the largest right-bank tributary of the Satluj in the district. It originates in neighboring Mandi district and enters Bilaspur district at the village of Hatwar. Two other khads, the Sukar and Saryali, originate in Hamirpur district and drain part of western Bilaspur district before joining the Ser khad at Balghar. The Ser khad ultimately joins the Satluj between the villages of Seri and Matla, downstream from Bilaspur. It powers many water mills, but because of its deep bed it isn't useful for irrigation. In rainy weather, it runs so fast that it can't be forded.

Lakes and tanks
There are no natural lakes in Bilaspur district, but the artificial Gobind Sagar is one of the largest lakes in India. It stores a huge volume of water, which is used for both irrigation and electricity generation. It is formed by the Bhakra Dam, which was completed in 1963. The lake is 90 km long and its total area is 168 km2. About 90% of this area belongs to Bilaspur district; the remainder belongs to Una district. The lake's water level fluctuates. It is designated as a waterfowl refuge, and about 50 species of fish live in its waters. Gobind Sagar is a popular tourist destination, and it is also a site for various recreational activities like fishing, swimming, sailing, rowing, and water-skiing.

Many tanks also exist in the district. In the local language, a tank is called a toba. Some of the more prominent tanks in the district are Riwalsar, near the village of Panol; the Jagat Khana tank, built in 1874 and with a capacity of 9,000 cubic meters; the Swarghat tank, also built in 1874 (which was a time of famine); the tanks at Naina Devi, Jamthal, and Kasol; and Toba Sanghwana ("the lion tank"), also called Toba Kolanwala ("the lotus tank") and with a capacity of 53,000 cubic meters.

Springs
Various springs are scattered throughout the district. They provide an important source of water for drinking, irrigation, washing, and bathing. Some of them are considered sacred, or otherwise reputed to have medicinal properties. These include the Markand spring, near Bilaspur; the Luhnd spring, at the village of Dadrana near Swarghat; and the Bassi spring, at the village of Bassi. The Bassi spring, for example, draws pilgrims particularly during the summer and is the site of a fair.

Ice and snow
Because of its relatively low elevation, Bilaspur district does not have any permanent snow fields or glaciers. Snow typically falls on the Bahadurpur range during the winter, but it usually melts in a week or less. Snowfall in Bilaspur town is rare, especially in recent decades due to human effects.

Climate
The climate of Bilaspur district is generally somewhat milder than that of the Punjabi plains below. There are four seasons: summer, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter. Summers are hot and last from March until the end of June. Temperatures rise throughout the summer and typically peak in June. The rainy season lasts from early July to mid-September. With the coming of the monsoon rains, daytime temperatures drop significantly, although nighttime temperatures stay about the same until mid-September when they drop too. About 70% of the rainfall comes during the monsoon season. The post-monsoon season is the months of October and November, and winter lasts from December to February. Cold waves happen throughout the winter, and December is the coldest month. Also during the winter, there is fog along banks of the Satluj.

Forests
As of 1975, various types of subtropical forest occupy about 500 square kilometers in Bilaspur district, or about 42% of its total area. They are neither particularly rich or very large, and are mostly found on the rocky upper parts of ridges. The main forest types are scrub forests, bamboo forests, chir pine forests, and oak forests. Chir forests are mainly found in the northern and eastern parts of the district, while the south and west is occupied by scrub forest.

Chir and bamboo forests mainly grow on soil overlying the Siwalik Formation. There are some patches growing on top of the Krol, Dagshai, and Sabathu series, but these forests are generally poorer. Similarly, the scrub forests that grow on the Siwalik Formation are richer than those that grow on other formations such as the Krols.

Scrub forest
More than two-thirds of the district's total forest cover consists of scrub forest. These are mainly found in the southern and western parts of the district, as well as some in the eastern parts; they are especially on the Naina Devi, Kot, Tiun, and Sariun hills. These forests have extensive brush cover, along with a canopy formed by various broad-leafed trees. The main brushwood species are Carissa spinarum and Dodonaea viscosa; while the main overwood species are Anogeissus latifolia, Odina wodier, Acacia catechu, Stephegyne parvifolia, and Ziziphus jujuba. The overwood trees are scattered sparsely throughout the area in single-tree stands, except for A. latifolia and Bombax malabaricum which grow in groups in certain areas.

The scrub forests generally exist on relatively poor soil — the more fertile areas have been made into farmland. Extensive grazing and lopping cause damage to the forests, reducing cover of larger trees. Through this process, the scrub forests become open Garna Mehndu forests dominated by the brushwood species Carissa spinarum and Dodonaea viscosa; further deforestation turns these into Thohar areas dominated by Euphorbia royleana. In some areas, deforestation has led to increased erosion.

Bamboo forest
The bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus grows gregariously throughout the district and is often mixed with scrub forests. It especially occurs at altitudes between 370 and 915 meters. Its widespread presence throughout the district indicates that it was once native to the whole area, but its range has gradually contracted. Bamboo forests are now primarily found on the Naina Devi and Kot hills. Some relatively large patches are found at Ghaniri, Pheti Dhar, Kasal, and Dadnal; and some scattered and less robust patches exist in the Sangan, Jamali, Ghan, and Jhanjiar forests. Severe deforestation is caused by lopping to provide food for livestock.

Soil type, aspect, slope, and overwood cover all affect bamboo's growth. It does best either in the open or with, at most, light shade. In north-facing areas, sheltered depressions, and well-drained, moderately steep slopes (such as the eastern side of the Naina Devi hills), bamboo grows in large, dense groups "to the exclusion of all other species". In less favourable conditions, such as the west sides of Naina Devi and Kot, bamboo growth is sparser and less robust. In hot areas, or on poorly drained soils, it can't compete with the scrub plants and is generally replaced by them. It also fares poorly on very steep slopes, such as on the eastern crest of Naina Devi. As for soil type, it grows extensively on the loose Tertiary soils of the Siwalik formation, but more sparsely and "scrub-like" on the drier and rockier soils of the Krol series.

Chir forest
The chir pine (Pinus longifolia) is economically the most important tree in Bilaspur district, both for its resin and as a source of timber. It is the district's main source of timber, both for local use as well as for export. Chir-predominant forests are found mainly in the central part of the district, with five main areas: Jhanjiar, Samoh, Seru Siasi, Fatehpur, and Rahan. They mainly grow on north- and northeast-facing slopes, at altitudes between 460 and 1,220 meters. The western and southern slopes are mostly covered by scrub forest with few chir trees. Besides the main areas, there are also various smaller patches of chir forest scattered throughout the district. It grows best on the Tertiary sandstones of the Siwalik and Kasauli formations; it grows less well on the Krols, Sabathus, and Dagshais.

Oak forest
A single patch of oak forest (Quercus incana) exists in the district, on the northeastern side of Bahadurpur hill. The trees are dense, with the oldest (and largest) ones in the middle and younger ones toward the outside. The undergrowth is very thick. There are also some small pockets of oak growth on the western side of the hill, but these are less well developed because the slope is steep and the soil is shallow and rocky. A plantation of non-native deodar trees is also located in the middle of the main oak forest.

Fauna
Among the mammals found in Bilaspur district are leopards, wolves, wild pigs, hares, monkeys, ghurals, kakars (also called "barking deer"), sehars (porcupines), barasinghas, and chitals (aka the spotted deer). Tigers were once native to the area but now they are virtually extinct. The district's birds include black and grey partridges, the blue hill pigeon, the common peafowl, the chil pheasant, the koklas pheasant, the white-crested kalij, and the chukar partridge. In terms of fish, the mahsir (Barbus tor) is numerous, particularly in the Satluj and lower Ghamber. Other native fish species include the Indian trout (Barilius bura), the gunch (Bagarius yarrelli), the Himalayan barbel, and the gid (Labeo diplostomus). The mirror carp, an introduced species, is now found here as well. In terms of reptiles, cobras and other snakes are common, particularly in stream valleys.

Geology
Most of Bilaspur district's exposed terrain is relatively young on a geological time scale. Tertiary and Quaternary deposits predominate, and older layers are only exposed in the eastern part of the district. Tectonic uplift of the Himalayas has been accompanied by extensive folding, faulting, and thrusting that has disrupted the original order of various rock strata — in some places, older layers are next to or even on top of newer layers.

Pre-Tertiary rocks
One of the oldest layers in the area is the pre-Tertiary Krol series, which is particularly exposed on the Bandla hills just east of Bilaspur. These rocks are significantly folded, and they actually overlie younger rocks from the Dagshai and Siwalik formations. In the Bandla area, the Krol series is mostly composed of cherty limestone, calcareous quartzite, and other quartzite with a whitish colour. Further east, the Krol series is exposed as a window in the later Dagshai series. Around the Chhabia-wan-ki-dhar, the Krols' composition shifts to pinkish limestone and quartzite, along with more calcareous quartzite. There are also some dolomite beds in the Satluj valley near Dehar.

Tertiary rocks
The area's Tertiary rocks are distinguished from older ones by their relative lack of metamorphism. They consist of several formations, from youngest to oldest: the Sabathu, the Dagshai, the Kasauli, and finally the Siwalik system. These are mostly composed of sandstones, shales, and clays.

The Sabathus
The Sabathu series primarily consists of "olive-green, oily looking splintery shales, some khaki coloured quartzites, and nummulitic limestones... exposed as thin veins on the anticlinal ridges formed by the Dagshais".

The Dagshais
The Dagshais, which overlie the Sabathus, consist of alternating shale and sandstone. The shale is dark and purplish in colour and has a cindery or sandy texture. The sandstone is typically also dark and purplish, but there is also some quartzite that is more greyish or lighter purple in colour. These sandstones are generally hard and compact, and they exhibit current bedding and ripple marks.

The Dagshais cover a large area in Bilaspur district and are heavily folded. Bahadurpur hill, the highest peak in the district, is primarily composed of Dagshai and Kasauli rocks. The Dagshais are also exposed as windows in the Ali khad's valley and around the Panjgain khala.

The Kasaulis
The Kasaulis, which are above the Dagshais, mostly consist of greenish to yellow-green sandstones along with some clays and shales. The sandstones vary in hardness, are highly jointed, and contain mica deposits.

The Siwalik series
In general, rocks from the Siwalik series are heavily folded.

The lower Siwaliks conformably overlie either the Dagshais or Kasaulis, depending on location. They generally occupy "the anticlinal ridges formed by the chain of hills running... roughly north-northwest" and consist of "soft to hard massive sandstones, brownish to greenish brown in colour; and hard concretionary clays, brick red, orange, or chocolate in colour". There are purplish streaks in both the sandstones and the clays. The sandstones feature jointing and coarse current bedding.

The transition between the lower and middle Siwaliks is very smooth and almost imperceptible, and it can sometimes be hard to tell one from the other. In general, though, the middle Siwaliks' sandstone is less jointed and tends to be more brownish or greyish, and their clay is softer and less concretionary. The middle Siwaliks tend to occupy the hills' flanks.

The upper Siwaliks are distinguished from the middle Siwaliks by a shift in colour, from brownish to greyish. They consist of sandstones, which typically occupy lower horizons, and boulder beds, which occupy the upper ones. The sandstones are loosely jointed and medium- to coarse-grained. The upper Siwaliks generally "occupy the low-lying flat areas representing the synclinal basins".

Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial deposits
Older alluvial deposits, dating to the Pliocene, include boulder beds (embedded in a matrix of calcareous sandy material), loose sand beds (which contain a lot of mica), and gravel terraces (throughout th Satluj valley). Newer alluvial deposits, of geologically recent origin, consist of sand, gravel, and boulders in the valleys of streams. The boulders include a wide range of rock types, from Cambrian quartzites to Siwalik sandstones.

Soils
In general, Bilaspur district's soil is somewhat sandy, with patches of stiff clay mixed in. This is especially true when the soil is overlying the soft rocks of the Siwalik system, particularly in the areas west of Bilaspur town. In other areas at higher levels, the soil is not sandy and is instead derived from quartzites or limestones. Throughout the district, there is a relatively thin layer of soil because of high erosion during rains.

Earthquakes
Earthquakes are known to happen in Bilaspur district, but they are infrequent and usually fairly minor.

Population
According to the 2011 census Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh has a population of 381,956, roughly equal to the nation of Maldives. This gives it a ranking of 562 in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 327 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.08%. Bilaspur has a sex ratio of 981 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 85.67%. 6.58% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 25.92% and 2.80% of the population respectively.

Language
At the 2011 Census, 76.37% of the population spoke Bilaspuri, 8.56% Pahari, 5.80% Hindi, 4.00% Punjabi, 1.25% Kangri and 0.96% Mandeali as their first language.

Politics

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Bilaspur
The present town of Bilaspur was built as a planned town in the mid-20th century to replace the old one, which was going to be completely submerged once the Bhakra Dam was completed. It is located on the left (southeast) bank of the Satluj, about 93 km from Shimla, 64 km from Kiratpur, and 95 km from Ropar in Punjab. The Chandigarh-Manali highway passes through Bilaspur, as does another route connecting Shimla to Mandi by way of Bilaspur.

The old town of Bilaspur was founded in the mid-1600s to serve as the new capital of Bilaspur State. It was located on the left (southeast) bank of the Satluj and was originally called "Biaspur" after the legendary sage Vyasa because, before the town's foundation, there was a cave here called Biasgufa (or Vyas Gufa) where Vyasa supposedly stayed during the winter.

New Bilaspur was built on a hillside just above the old town. It was planned with six sectors covering a total of 8.8 km2. The major public buildings — including the town hall, hospital, college and school, and government offices — were grouped together in the Government Sector. Also in this sector was the main industrial estate. Various residential districts were also zoned. Old Bilaspur's temples were relocated to the new town and their idols were installed in a new structure near the bus stand.

Bilaspur is the site of the Nalwari, an annual cattle fair held for 4 or 5 days in March and April. Cattle are brought from surrounding areas, including Nalagarh and neighbouring parts of Punjab, to be sold in Bilaspur. The fair also features racing, wrestling, and other entertainment.

Ghumarwin
The second-most important town in the district, Ghumarwin, is located about 29 km from Bilaspur on the road to Hamirpur. Ghumarwin is the seat of a tehsil and a development block, and it has a town committee. Among the town's public buildings are a higher secondary school, a rest house, a police station, a primary health centre, and a post office.

Naina Devi
Although not very large, Naina Devi has its own town council. The town is mainly known for its temple, which is the most important religious site in Bilaspur district. The temple is above the town — it crowns Naina Devi hill's summit — and a long flight of stone steps connects the two. At the base of the steps is a small bazar. The town also has a municipal rest house, a commercial inn, a middle school, and a Sanskrit pathshala.

Deoli
Deoli, located 13 km from Bilaspur by the road to Mandi, first gained prominence in 1960, when a large mirror carp hatchery was built here on government land. The fish farm covers an area of 4.4 hectares and contains 2 large ponds and 14 smaller nursery ponds. It has an ample water supply from a stream on one side; the Ali khad flows past the farm on the other side. According to statistics from the 1970s, the Deoli fish farm was producing, on average, about 400,000 carp fingerlings annually. These carp fingerlings are used both for stocking Gobind Sagar and for sale to private fish farms. Besides mirror carp, goldfish are also bred here for sale as aquarium fish.

Sunhani
Although now just a village, Sunhani is historically significant because it was the capital of Bilaspur State from about 1600 until about the 1650s, when the town of Bilaspur was founded. Sunhani is located about 25 km from Bilaspur, on the right bank of the Seer khad.

The Chandel kings had a tradition that wherever they went & settled, they constructed a temple of Nahar Singh Ji (Nar Singh Devta) and worshiped the deity. Thus when they relocated to Sunhani, they built a thakurdwara where they made a Narsingh Devta (there Istdev) temple. On the doors of the thakurdwara, there is Gupta period architecture & drawing. There are many jharokhas on the backside of the thakurdwara featuring sculptures of various gods and goddesses. Today also, people of this area offer new harvest as Nasrawan. Buffalo milk ghee is firstly offered here newly married couple move around Ficus (pipal) tree. Nearby is a temple of Shitla Mata.

Namhol
Namhol is a small hamlet located about 25 km from Bilaspur on the road to Shimla. It has a small thakurdwara which was built by Raja Amar Chand in 1883 and which contains brass idols of Ram, Lakshman, Sita and Hanuman. There are also various shops, a high school, two dispensaries (one veterinary and one civil), a police post, a branch post office, and a rest house perched atop a ridge with a dramatic descent on either side.

Gherwin
Gherwin is a hamlet located in the Ghamarwin tehsil, about 28 km from Bilaspur. It is known for the Guga Naumi festival, held annually during the month of Bhadra and lasting for 8 days. There is a temple, a higher secondary school, a dispensary, and a branch post office.

Other villages

 * Khasari
 * Zakatkhana

Kahlur Fort
Kahlur Fort, or Kot Kahlur, is located on the Dhar Naina Devi, 3 km from Ganguwal across the border in Punjab. The fort's origins are unclear -- there are multiple traditional accounts of its foundation, and they disagree on who built it, when it was built, and where its name came from. One version attributes the fort to Raja Bir Chand, the legendary founder of the Kahlur principality who may have lived around the year 900. This account derives the name "Kahlur" from a Gujjar named Kahlu who was supposedly involved in the fort's construction. Another account attributes both the fort's construction and its name to Raja Kahal Chand, a 6th-generation descendant of Bir Chand. M.D. Mamgain considers this account "dubious" and suggests that, instead, Kahal Chand may have been involved in repairing or expanding the fort.

Today, Kahlur Fort is relatively well-preserved. Its layout is square-shaped, about 30 m long on each side. Its walls are made of stone and are about 2 m thick and 30 m tall. There are two storeys, each about 15 m tall. On the second storey, about 12 m above the floor, there were a series of window-shaped features with small openings so that the garrison could look out and, if necessary, shoot at attackers. Most of these spaces have now been closed with cement or iron mesh. The second storey originally had just a single hall, but in recent decades it has been repurposed as a police armoury and 12 rooms have been built off to the sides to house police personnel. Also on the upper storey is a small temple to Naina Devi with a stone idol.

Bahadurpur fort
Crowning Bahadurpur hill, the district's highest point, is the Bahadurpur fort. The fort, which the hill is named after, is located close to the village of Tepra and about 40 km from the town of Bilaspur. A mule path connects the fort to Namhol, 6 km below; this is how most traffic historically accessed the fort. The fort itself has a commanding view of the surrounding region: the mountains around Shimla, the plains around Ropar, the Naina Devi hill, the Ratanpur and Fatehpur forts, and Swarghat are all visible from this high vantage point.

The Bahadurpur fort is said to have been built by Raja Keshab Chand around the year 1620. Its ruins are still visible -- the basic layout was a circle, which is now marked by a 1 m-tall stone wall. In one 6 m-long section, a much taller portion of the wall is preserved, reaching some 15 meters. Within the walled area is a 3x3x6 m tank, which was probably used to store water for the garrison. Also in the vicinity are the ruins of several buildings constructed under Raja Bijai Chand in the late 1800s or early 1900s to serve as a summer home. These buildings were torn down in 1947 and the building material was sold off. Some piles of stone still exist on the sites where the old buildings stood.

Sariun Fort
The now-ruined Sariun fort is on the Sariun range, east of Tiun and about 58 km from Bilaspur. According to tradition, it was built by a ruler of Suket State and only later conquered by the rulers of Bilaspur. Around 1800, when the Bilaspur raja Mahan Chand was young and under a regency, Sariun fort (along with Tiun) was captured by the raja of Kangra. The fort's basic design was rectangular and built out of stone, with walls 12 metres tall and 1 metre thick. As with other forts in the district, the walls have openings for the garrison to shoot out at attackers. The main gate faces west. Part of the area inside the walls contains traces of about 15 rooms.

Tiun fort
The Tiun fort is on the Tiun range, some 55 km from Bilaspur and 110 km from Ghumarwin. The fort's age is unknown, and no traditional account exists to attribute it to a ruler. A possible, but highly speculative, date for its construction may be 1142 Vikrami, or about 1085 CE: a short inscription in the fort's inner wall appears to contain the numbers 1142, which M.D. Mamgain suggests may be the year when the fort was built.

In any case, the fort is old and now in ruins. It consists of a large rectangular structure about 400 m wide and 200 m deep. No roof survives. The walls range from 2 to 10 metres tall. The 2-metre walls are at the rear of the fort, where the ground is naturally higher; the builders just added a short wall on top. The walls taper from about a metre thick at the base to half a metre at the top. Like the Kahlur fort, the walls of Tiun fort have holes for the garrison to see and shoot through. The entrance gate is on the fort's west side; it measures about 3 m tall and 5½ m wide. The interior of the fort was probably divided into a series of rooms, but their walls have collapsed and no trace remains of them.

A square structure, about 2 metres on all sides and about 10 metres tall, probably served as a prison. According to legend, an uncle of Raja Kharak Chand was imprisoned in the Tiun fort, although not necessarily in this structure. There are also two large pits carved into the rock, now almost completely buried, that probably served as a granary for the garrison. Each pit has enough room to store 3000 kg of grain, giving it a total storage capacity of 6000 kg. There are also two large tanks designed to store rainwater. Finally, there are also two temples within the fort complex. One is dedicated to a goddess and is still in use. The other, dedicated to Shiva, is now in ruins.

Bachhretu fort
The now-ruined Bachhretu fort is on the Kot Dhar range, which is named after the fort. It crowns a hill near the village of Bachhretu, 3 km above Changar Talai and 34 km from the town of Ghamarwin. This spot has a sweeping view of Gobind Sagar and the surrounding hills. According to Achhar Singh, the Bachhretu fort was built under Ratan Chand, who was raja of Kahlur from 1355 to 1406. Ony scattered remains still exist. From them, the fort's basic layout appears to have been a rectangle, about 100 m by 50 m. The outer walls, which still exist in some places, were made of hammer-dressed stone. They were perhaps 20 m tall and about 1 m thick, tapering towards the top. The space inside was divided into various rooms, of which about 15 can still be traced. One room has especially high walls, reaching 10 to 12 metres. Doorways are marked by long stone slabs. There are also two underground chambers, now almost completely buried under the rubble, which were probably used to store grain for the garrison. A water tank is also said to have existed. There is also a small temple with two busts of the goddess Ashta Bhuja ("eight-armed") as well as some images of other deities. A pipal tree (Ficus religiosa) has now also grown within the fort.

Baseh fort
The Baseh fort is located on the Kot Dhar, about 6 km north of the Bachhretu fort. Like Bachhretu, the Baseh fort is attributed to Raja Ratan Chand. It consists of a rectangular area, about 200x45 m in size, which is divided into three distinct enclosures by high walls that are about a metre thick. One of the enclosures has traces of walls dividing it into rooms. Like other Bilaspuri forts, the Baseh fort contains a tank, which was used to store rainwater for use by the garrison.

Fatehpur fort
The Fatehpur fort is built on a hill some 45 km from Bilaspur and 3 km from Swarghat. This is near the boundary of the old Bilaspuri principality, and the fort was built to command a strategic position on the frontier. According to local tradition, it was also historically used as a refuge castle where the local population could take shelter. When the fort was built is unknown. It is now heavily dilapidated and its ruins largely consist of scattered piles of stone. The fort's shape may have been a square, about 60 m long on each side. A small part of its walls, about 6 m long, survives; from this, it seems that the fort's walls were about 25 m tall and 2 m thick. As with other forts in the area, this wall has peepholes that defenders could see out of and shoot at attackers. There was also likely a tank, but it is now buried under debris. Local tradition holds that there were 7 fortified outposts outside the main fort; all that remains of these are piles of stones marking their location.

Ratanpur fort
The Ratanpur fort, also called Ratangarh (or "Ruttungurh"), is about 27 km from Bilaspur, near the Bilaspur-Kiratpur road. It sits atop a peak near the villages of Khui and Jamli. Historically, it was part of the Ratanpur pargana. When it was built is unknown. It saw some action during the Anglo-Nepalese War in the 1810s and was later repaired under Raja Amar Chand in the 1880s, but it is now in poor condition.

Chanjiar (aka Jhanjiar) fort
About 6 km from Barthin and 20 km from Bilaspur, is the site of a former fort. Originally called Chhatipur (i.e. the fort on the "chest" of Bilaspur), it was built in 1795 by the raja of Kangra when he invaded the Bilaspur principality. The fort no longer exists, and no trace of it is visible today.

Other places

 * Thakurdwara of Auhar, (In the middle of the district Bilaspur). It was an important town of the princely state Bilaspur. Due to its importance Rani Naggar Dei built the Thakurdwara of Auhar. She also constructed on water tank with roof known as chhatwain and an inn for the stay of the travelers. In the Thakurdwara idols of 'Shaligram' and 'Narsingha' were installed. The walls of the temple have several mural paintings. The Language and Culture department has given financial assistance for the repair of the Thakurdwara. edit
 * Bhakra Dam, (In Naina Devi Sub-Tehsil about 14 km from Nangal town). The highest straight gravity dam in the world occupies the predominant position amongst the places of tourist interest. The idea for the construction of this dam was conceived by Sir Louis Dane the then Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, who travelled from Sunni to Bilaspur and then onward to Ropar. The project could not make headway due to prohibitive cost of construction. In the year 1938-39 the districts of Rohtak and Hissar of the then Punjab State experienced severe drought resulting in great loss of human life and cattle. The scheme was again mooted out but was not executed due to second world war. It was only after independence in March, 1948 that the work was taken in hand for execution. On the historic day of 17 November 1955 later Prime Minister Shri Jawahar Lal Nehru placed the first bucket of concrete at the foundation. The construction of dam was completed in October, 1962. The height of the dam is 226 metres, length at the top is 518 metres and width 9 metres. It has a length of 99 metres at the bottom and width 402 metres. The project derives its name from two villages Bhakhra and Nangal situated on the foothills of the low Himalayan ranges.
 * Kandrour Bridge, (8 kilometres from Bilaspur on National Highway No. 88) Construction for this bridge across the Satluj river was started in April, 1959 and was completed in 1965. The total cost of construction was ₹28,12,998. The span of the bridge is about 280 meters with a breadth of about seven meters and the height above the lowest river bed is about 80 meters. It was once the tallest bridge of Asia. It has provided a link between Ghumarwin town of Bilaspur and Hamirpur district and is a marvellous engineering feat. The pillars supporting the bridge are hollowed. The bridge was opened by the then Minister of Transport, Shri Raj Bahadur in 1965.

Labour organisations
Several labour organisations have their head offices in Bilaspur town, such as the Bilaspur Mazdoor Union, the Himachal Government Transport Workers Union, and the Rosin and Turpentine Factory Workers Union. The Bilaspur Mazdoor Union, the Himachal Government Transport Workers Union, and the Nangal Bhakra Mazoor Sangh are three organisations dealing with labour related to the Bhakra Dam. It was also noted in 1975 that construction workers involved in road building in the district had unofficially formed a sort of loose, informal union.

Notable individuals

 * Gambhari Devi, folk artist
 * Suresh Chandel, politician
 * J. P. Nadda, National president of the Bharatiya Janata Party
 * Suram Singh Chandel, 1st Tahsildar of Bilaspur HP
 * Rattan Chand, bureaucrat
 * Sanjay Kumar, Param Vir Chakra
 * Bhandari Ram, Victoria Cross
 * Meena Kumari, International shooter
 * Yami Gautam, Bollywood actress
 * Nina Chandel : An International Shooter and Medalist. who won the Bronze Medal in 30th World University Games 2019 held at Napoli, Italy. She os from Salnoo.
 * Daleep Singh Chandel is a Coach of Indian Shooting Team since 1999. Mr. Chandel belongs to Village Salnoo, Tehsil Sadar.Bilaspur.

title: Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh


text:
User talk:Timli

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Timli


text: Category:Earls

title: Category:Earls


text:
User talk:Aree

Welcome!

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Tennis
Hey, nice work on sectioning the links in the Tennis article. Noelle De Guzman 12:23, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Iverson
Thanks for mentioning the dewikification of the Allen Iverson article. I've restored it to its former glory. While we're at this, can you check whether the early 90's conviction was for five or fifteen years? --Kizor 08:33, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Clutch (sports)
I have nominated Clutch (sports), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Clutch (sports). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message.  Chzz  ►  07:14, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Tennis shots
Template:Tennis shots has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Whpq (talk) 11:23, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aree


text:
Category:Earls in the Peerage of England

Earls in the Peerage of England.


text:
Talk:NACHA (payment processor)

I've added content but I need more time to rewrite it so as not to get flagged for possible copyright violation. Is someone else wants to try, please do! - CobaltBlueTony 15:15, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:NACHA (payment processor)


text:
Talk:Songtsen Gampo

Change of dates
Why was his birth-year changed about 10 years earlier, actually there are no water-tight arguments around his birth, so it is probably left as a range of years, or with a circa.
 * According to the text, he was born in 605. But the data-box on the right gives his birth in 617. Now what to believe? I know that both are years of ox, but every logical being capable of calculating that if he really way 13 at dawn of his rulership in 618 (after the death of his father), it must be 605. If he was born in 617, he'd have taken the throne in 629,okay, but what in the years between 618 and 629????? There's something wrong here. - Aresius, Freelance-writer, 05.05.20,08; 19:53 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.89.32.245 (talk) 17:53, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
Could anyone move this article back to Songtsen Gampo? Srong-brtsan sgam-po is the Tibetan romanization of his Tibetan name. Anyway, look at Requested moves.

I would suggest that editors would edit in accordance to my style:.

Mr Tan 15:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I agree that the article should be renamed Songsten Gampo. --Lhamo2008 (talk) 22:25, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I have no complaints - especially as Songtsen Gampo is probably more widely used in English and does not need an accented letter to search for it. But, please remember, "Songsten" is incorrect - it should be spelled "Songtsen". John Hill (talk) 23:58, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Some time ago a number of us users decided to use the Tournadre transcription system, and because Lhasa dialect has a phonemic distinction between e and ä, it is necessarz to use the accent in his name. Tibetologist (talk) 00:46, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Srong-brtsan Sgam-po
I am finding your reverts rather irritating. The article I had first written cites the Tang Annals and the Old Tibetan Chroncile. It is well known among those of us who work on Tibetan history that Srong-brtsan Sgam-po (the second emperor of Tibet) did not marry a Nepalese Princess, and did not introduce Buddhism to Tibet. These stories are first mentioned in the Me-long and the Bka'-bum as I had mentioned in the article. (Incidentally, these are citations, just because you can't read Tibetan doesn't excuse pretending that citations of Tibetan sources are not citations). If you can find an earlier citation for these stories then I will retract my position that they are late medieval fantasies, but I doubt you will. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.2.147.103 (talk • contribs) 16:30, 12 July 2005

--Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:49, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Could you always 'sign' your comments (with four tildes: ~ )?
 * 2) Your addition, aside from anything else, used a version of the subject's name that was completely different from the title of the article. I personally think that your version should be the article title, but as it isn't, your text was confusing.
 * 3) Citations of Tibetan sources are useful, but they're not enough here; you need to give citations that allow other editors (and readers) to verify your claims (No original research).

I've tried to tidy the English and style of the new material, but there's one stumbling block; the article now contains a confusing mix of different transliteration systems. Could someone with expertise make them consistent? If it's to the Tibetan romanisation scheme, I'll move the article in accord. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

-- rudy 20:29, 16 August 2006 (UTC) I don't know much about Tibetan, but if Thonmi Sambhota has not invented it, who did? What is the reason for doubting the traditional explanation?

Objection to heavy-handed editing
Dear "Tibetologist":

I noticed you have removed a lot of material (including a photo) from this page and given as your (unsourced) reasons that you believe that it is largely legendary and of "late medieval origins" and not "historical." When I wrote those notes I thought I had added quite a number of qualifiers to show where uncertainty existed. I will now rewrite them with even more qualifiers, but I must point out that your comments seem to have little or no real evidence to back them.

It should be noted that quite a number of early Tibetan traditions which were previously dismissed as later legends (for example, the famous religious debates in the late 8th century) have been, in fact, confirmed by archaeological finds from Dunhuang and elsewhere. Should this not give you some pause for dismissing such Tibetan traditions? Sure, they should be appropriately qualified - but not, I think, dismissed out of hand, unless you have really strong evidence to show they are untrue.

Please contact me if you have any queries - perhaps together we can make this a better, more accurate article. John Hill 11:06, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It is normal practice in history to more ore less disregard hagiographic material that was compiled several centuries after the events described. It is not clear to my why this standard should be relaxed in Tibetan studies. While of course this material will contain some true material not found elsewhere it takes a lot of spade work to figure out what these nuggets of historicity are, and after all Wikipedia is not the place for orignal research. The Samye debates are a good example. No debate occured, and nothing occured at Samye. There was no winner and no loser, and Chinese style Buddhism (whatever that might be) was never surpressed in Tibet. Hoshan Mahayana was a real person, and was involved in scholarly discussion with his contemporaries. Some details e.g. the Nepali wife, are clearly made up, for starters her name Brkhuti (sp?) is the name of Avalokitesvara's second consort. Clearly someone thought along these lines -- Avalokitesvara is Songtsän Gampo, therefore Wencheng must be Tara and there must have been a second wife who was Nepalese named Brkhuti. Tibetologist 13:31, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Tibetologist's comments are incomprehensible. 103.146.218.84 (talk) 16:34, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Tanguts and Songstän Gampo
It was my impression that the Tanguts didnt really immerge as historical until around 900, so I am rather surprized to read that Songtsän Gampo fought with them. Cam this poiht be elaborated any further? Also, can we cut out some of the wierd spellings at the very begining, redirects exist in all those places anyhow? Tibetologist 05:28, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Tuyuhun
I notice someone has changed "Tüyühün" from being attributed as Chinese to being attributed as Mongolian but the reference stays the same - to p. 22 of Beckwith's wonderful book. Is it true that "Tüyühün" is the Mongolian form of their name? Beckwith only mentions, on p. 17 of his book, that the name can be T'u-yü-hun, T'ui-hu or A-ch'ai in Chinese (which would be Tuyuhun, Tuihu, or Achai in Pinyin) and Togon or 'Aźa in Tibetan. As far as I can see he doesn't give any Mongolian form - although he does mention that they were "Mongolic-speaking". Can anyone help get this right for us, please? John Hill 00:20, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Tuyuhun is definately not Mongolian. Tibetologist 09:57, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * "Tüyühün" with all the umlauts is also definitely not Chinese, although I imagine this is a misspelling of Tuyuhun, which is the pinyin equivalent of "T'u-yü-hun". That is, it is Chinese.—Nat Krause(Talk!·What have I done?) 19:58, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The proper Pinyin spelling of the word is indeed Tuyuhun (without the umlauts) as Nat Krause has said and as I indicated above. This spelling is the one now used in the article. John Hill 22:16, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Chinese characters
Why is the Chinese version of this Tibetan person's name featured so prominently in this article? I think they should be removed. Bertport (talk) 00:32, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. The characters are also in the infobox and that seems plenty.—Nat Krause(Talk!·What have I done?) 01:03, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Why are they even in the infobox? They don't belong in the article at all. Bertport (talk) 04:08, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * because he was signifigantly involved in the history of china, AND his chinese name isnt a recent cooked up name by the CCP, it came from ancient chinese records. stop sticking your nose into where you dont belong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.84.167.23 (talk) 05:52, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Songtsän Gampo vs Songtsen Gampo
I see that there was a request for move to Songtsen Gampo, according to Wikipedia guidelines WP:UE the article Songtsen should be the preferred spelling. A look into Google Books give more results for Songtsen Gampo than Songtsän Gampo (which also gave Songtsan in the search results), therefore Songtsen Gampo is the preferred one per Wikipedia guidelines as it is the more common one. Hzh (talk) 10:15, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Proposal: move the page to Songtsen Gampo. THL standard, no diacritics, NGRAM says current title, "Songtsän Gampo", is not found in the literature.
 * Move The THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription ("THL") is becoming the scholarly standard for Standard Tibetan romanisation: in fact, it's a switch in the  template ("s="). If we are going to go the way of "how do Modern Lhasa speakers sound" instead of "let's use the actual spelling", we should go with Songtsen Gampo. In case you are ever curious, the THL-romaniser machine is http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/phconverter.php here]. Ogress smash!  01:12, 17 July 2015 (UTC)
 * : Don't Move. If we are going to go the way of "how do Modern Lhasa speakers sound"then Songtsän Gampo is correct, the vowels ä and e are phonemically distinct in Lhasa dialect. The THL system is certainly not becoming a scholarly standard. In the US and France most scholarship uses Wylie transliteration. The Germans still use the Library of Congress system. THL system is not used in any serious scholarship. (btw. the man's name was Khri srong brtsan, and he would have pronounced every letter of it, so probably best to move it to that page). Tibetologist (talk) 21:24, 17 July 2015 (UTC)
 * How a name is pronounced by Lhasa speakers is irrelevant to what title should be used in Wikipedia, same for academic usage (and you have not produced any evidence that what you said is true, given that Google Books says otherwise). What is relevant is common usage in English. As already shown Songtsen Gampo is the more common term in Google books, if you search for Songtsän Gampo you get fewer hits, in fact the search result included Songtsan Gampo, making Songtsän an even less commonly-used term. A search in Google Scholars yielded even greater proportion of usage of Songtsen Gampo, 792 vs 104 for Songtsän Gampo (and it included hits for Songtsan, which might halve the hits for Songtsän). Songtsän is very much a minor usage, whether in common usage or in academic circle.Hzh (talk)

 * Move I would choose whichever spelling that is most common. Hzh (talk)
 * I vote recuse. I very respectfully disagree with User:Tibetologist; I think we should take pity on our readers and provide them with something along the lines of a modern phonetic spelling. I really wish that the old Tournadre romanisation, which gives us Songtsän, would catch on, but that does not seem to be happening. I don't think it's the case that THL system is not used in any serious scholarship—I've seen a few authors use it, which is more than one can say for any other modern pronunciation-based system (it certainly is the case THL does not predominate). THL does give "Songtsen" (it simply does not pretend to make all the distinctions that Tibetans do when speaking), which has the additional advantage of being more common than "Songtsän" in English writing. – Greg Pandatshang (talk) 22:37, 27 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Move - Most used spelling should prevail.VictoriaGraysonTalk 23:52, 27 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Move - Songtsän is not English spelling and does not help English-speaking readers pronounce the name. CorinneSD (talk) 01:46, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * No new contribution for a month, and the majority opinion is for a move, so I have moved the page. Anyone who objects to the move please discuss it first before moving again. Hzh (talk) 15:16, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

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This article is insufferable
It repeats the same information over and over for no apparent reason and is just a mess. Is incredibly confusing to try to understand what order stuff actually happened in. 118.208.224.199 (talk) 10:22, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree. I will try and repair the mess 103.146.218.84 (talk) 16:28, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Songtsen Gampo


text:
User talk:Packrat

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Packrat


text:
Drochtersen

Drochtersen is a municipality in the district of Stade, in Lower Saxony (Germany). It is located 45 km Northwest of Hamburg.

It belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1823 the Duchy was abolished and its territory became part of the Stade Region.

Notable places
The Drochtersen Shot Tower is a 42 meter high shot tower owned by the Haentler & Natermann Jagd-Schrot & Hagel-Fabrik (Hunt pellet and hail fabrication) factory for the production of shot balls at the Elbe. This tower is no longer in use.

title: Drochtersen


text:
Russian Booker Prize

The Russian Booker Prize (Русский Букер, Russian Booker) was a Russian literary award modeled after the Booker Prize. It was awarded from 1992 to 2017. It was inaugurated by English Chief Executive Sir Michael Harris Caine. It was awarded each year to the best work of fiction, written in the Russian language, as decided by a panel of judges, irrespective of the writer's citizenship. From 2003 to 2011 the chairman of the Russian Booker Prize Committee was British journalist George Walden. In 2012 David Gowan has been appointed to this position.

The prize was the first Russian non-governmental literary award since the country's 1917 Revolution.

Each year, a jury choose a short list of the six best novels up for nomination from a "long list" of nominees. Initially, the winner received £10,000, roughly 48,000 RUB or $16,000. This was increased to 600,000 rubles in 2011, roughly $20,000 (roughly £13,000), while each of the short listed finalists earned $2,000 (roughly £1,300). The criteria for inclusion included literary effort, representativeness of the contemporary literary genres and the author's reputation as a writer. Length was not a criterion, as books with between 40 and 60 pages had been nominated. From 1997 to 2001, the award was renamed the Smirnoff–Booker Literary Prize, in honour of entrepreneur and Smirnoff founder Pyotr Smirnov. From 2002 to 2005, Open Russia NGO was the general sponsor of the Booker Literary Prize in Russia, leading to its name change to the Booker–Open Russia Literary Prize during that time. Before the announcement of the 2005 winner, the Booker Foundation decided to end its partnership with Open Russia after the foundation's chairman, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, was sentenced to nine years in prison for tax evasion. In 2005, the committee signed a five-year contract with London-based BP. In 2010, the prize ran into funding problems and preparations for the 2010 prize were suspended because no new sponsor could be found. Since 2011 new sponsor is Russian Telecom Equipment Company (RTEC).

In 2011, a "novel of the decade" was chosen due to lack of sponsorship to hold the customary award. Five finalists were chosen from sixty nominees selected from the prize's past winners and finalists since 2001. Chudakov won posthumously with A Gloom Is Cast Upon the Ancient Steps, which takes place in a fictional town in Kazakhstan and describes life under Stalinist Russia. Lyudmila Ulitskaya holds the record for most nominations (five, winning once), followed by Andrei Dmitriev (four, winning once) and Alexey Slapovsky (four, no wins). No person has won the award more than once.

On 19 September 2019 Foundation Board and the Аward committee of the Russian Booker Prize officially announced the termination of the award. However, the Russian Booker Fund was not closed, "leaving the opportunity for the renewal of the award".

1990s
* Winners

2000s
* Winners

2010s
* Winners

Criticism
The Russian Booker was famous for unpredictable and paradoxical decisions that did not always attract the approval of Russian literary experts.

A number of writers expressed their fundamental rejection of the "Russian Booker". Already the first decision of the jury, as a result of which the award in 1992 was not received by the generally recognized favorite — the novel "The Time Night" by Lyudmila Petrushevskaya, met with almost unanimous disapproval. Vladimir Novikov (ru) in 2000, describing the very first Booker prize winner - the novel "Lines of fate, or the chest of Milashevich" by Mark Kharitonov as boring, stated: "From the very beginning, the Booker plot did not succeed, it was failed to nominate a leader through the award, which modern prose writers would passionately want to catch up and overtake. But it is precisely in this [...] the cultural function, the cultural strategy of any literary prize" Elena Fanaylova noted in 2006: "The Russian Booker does not correspond to its English parent either from a moral or from a meaningful point of view (it can be compared with the translated version of the Booker already available in Russia). The prize focuses on literature that is not interesting either on the domestic or foreign market, or, if it is a convertible author (Ulitskaya, Aksenov), it is awarded not for 'novel of the year', but 'for merits'." Yuri Polyakov in 2008 pointed out that "people receive awards not for the quality of a literary text, not for some artistic discovery, not for the ability to reach the reader, but for loyalty to a certain party, mainly experimental-liberal direction. [...] Almost all the books that were awarded with the prize, [...] did not have any serious reader's fate, [...] [these books] received the award and were immediately completely forgotten." Dmitry Bykov in 2010 noted the Booker jury's "amazing ability to choose the worst or, in any case, the least significant of six novels".

Literary critic Konstantin Trunin, describing the 2018 crisis of the award, noted: "For all the time of its existence, the prize did not justify itself, each year choosing the winner as a writer who created work that is far from understanding by Russian people of the reality surrounding him. There was a direct propaganda of Western values, not Russian ones. Or on the contrary, to the West was shown literature that was not destined to create a close resemblance to the works created in Russia during the 19th century. And it is not surprising that year after year, the Russian Booker lost its authority among the emerging awards. Being handed twenty-six times, he faced the rejection of sponsors, as a result of which it became necessary to reconsider the meaning of existence, having found the transformation required by the reader to a truly Russian humanistic value system».

title: Russian Booker Prize


text:
Talk:Samuel Bailey

Article Needs Completion
Commented out the last sentence of the page, which was incomplete. The author of the article should review the article and finish it. DanMS 15:19, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Jimaingram 08:36, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samuel Bailey


text:
Steve Watkin

Steven Llewellyn Watkin (born 15 September 1964) is a former Welsh cricketer who played for Glamorgan County Cricket Club and the England cricket team. A reliable seam bowler who never suffered serious injury despite several lesser niggles, he played three Test matches in 1991 and 1993, and four One Day Internationals in 1993 and 1994. He was one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1994, the only one of that year's five who was not Australian.

Life and career
Watkin made his first-class debut against Worcestershire in 1986, taking the wickets of Graeme Hick and Phil Neale, and also played two Sunday League games, but had to wait until 1988 for a second chance. That year he established himself as an important member of the Glamorgan first team, taking 8 for 59 (which was to remain his career best) against Warwickshire, and claiming 46 first-class scalps in all that season. His best year in terms of wickets was 1989, when he captured 94, and in his career he took a total of 902 wickets.

He made his England Test debut unexpectedly in 1991, when Chris Lewis pulled out on the morning of the first test against the West Indies. Watkin's bowling was ideal for Headingley's notorious seamer friendly conditions. Watkin took five wickets, including those of Carl Hooper, Viv Richards and Gus Logie in a match-turning spell in the second innings, in England's ultimate victory in the match, which was their first home victory in a Test against the West Indies for 22 years. But Watkin fared less well two weeks later at Lord's, where his only significant contribution was to hang around for nearly an hour with the bat while Robin Smith played the best innings of his career at the other end.

Watkin had a good season in 1993, the year after which he was recognised as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year, taking more first-class wickets than any other bowler (92 at 22.80), as Glamorgan finished third in the County Championship. He returned to the Test team for the Sixth Test in 1993, when he took six wickets, including the first three of Australia's second innings, in England's only victory of the series. This was also a landmark victory for England as they had not won any of their previous 18 Tests against Australia. He was selected for the subsequent tour of the West Indies, but did not play in any of the Tests: he perhaps would have held his place for the First Test, but suffered back trouble which put him out of the side, Alan Igglesden playing in his place. He did play in four of the five ODIs on that tour, bowling particularly creditably in the 2nd in Kingston, Jamaica, with four wickets on his comeback after missing the 1st Test: but a loss of form in the later ODIs and a subsequent recurrence of his back problem cut his tour short, the only time injury got the better of him in his career. He was not considered for international selection again, although some considered him unlucky in this regard.

Watkin made an important contribution in 1997 when Glamorgan won their first County Championship for 28 years, taking 61 wickets at 22.83 and forming an effective combination with the county's overseas player, Waqar Younis.

In 1998, Watkin was given a benefit by Glamorgan, which raised £133,000. Normally a poor batsman, he managed to average a startling 35.66 that year, despite a top score of just 25, thanks to 13 not outs in his sixteen innings. By contrast, his career average was 10.83. In 2000, he scored 51 against Gloucestershire, the only half-century of his career.

After retirement in 2001, Watkin became Director of the Welsh Cricket Academy.

title: Steve Watkin


text: Category:Operetta composers

title: Category:Operetta composers