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User talk:Voltairecim

Voltaire is a totally awesome.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Voltairecim


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User talk:Garyingram

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 21:16, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Garyingram


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Kyrenia ship

The Kyrenia Ship is the wreck of a 4th-century BC ancient Greek merchant ship. It was discovered by Greek-Cypriot diving instructor Andreas Cariolou in November 1965 during a storm. Having lost the exact position, Cariolou carried out more than 200 dives until he re-discovered the wreck in 1967 close to Kyrenia (Keryneia) in Cyprus. Michael Katzev, a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, directed a scientific excavation from 1967 to 1969. Katzev later became a co-founder of the American Institute of Nautical Archaeology. The find was extensively covered in a documentary by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation titled "With Captain, Sailors Three: The Ancient Ship of Kyrenia". The ship itself was very well preserved with more than half its hull timbers in good condition. After it was raised from the seabed, it found a new home at the Ancient Shipwreck Museum in Kyrenia Castle, where it remains on exhibit.

Career
The ship sailed in the Mediterranean during the lifetime of Alexander the Great and his successors. It sank in open water off the ancient harbour of Kyrenia   some time after 294 BC, when it was rather old.

The ship was in use by merchants for more than 20 years. Archaeologists studied the ship's remains in detail and found much new information about ancient construction techniques, the re-use of materials in antiquity, and evidence of extensive repairs and modifications during the Kyrenia Ship's working life. Planking was replaced and repaired in the bow. A break in the ship's keel had been mended, and the outside of the ship was protected with wooden and lead sheathing to keep the aging timbers water-tight and extend the ship's working life. Closer analysis of the rabbets in the hull's frame suggest that the mast step had been moved up to three, and possibly four times. This movement happens to be in close proximity with a space to collect bilge water. Because of this, archaeologists surmise that the movement of the mast step was to make way for a larger bilge sump, capable of lifting water out and overboard These extreme measures to deal with water infiltration corroborate the frailty of the ship and may have contributed to its sinking. The hull's excellent preservation, along with its extensive repairs, demonstrate its long sailing life and adds greatly to our knowledge of shipbuilding in antiquity.

Discovery

The shipwreck of Kyrenia was discovered in November 1965 by the Kyrenian Greek Cypriot diving instructor and Municipal Councillor Andreas Cariolou while collecting sponges at a sea depth of 33 metres, approximately a nautical mile Northeast of the harbour of Kyrenia on the North coast of the Republic of Cyprus, during a stormy day. With the storm at the surface, the anchor of his vessel started to drag on the muddy seabed. Cariolou noticed the cloud of the drag and followed the anchor's slow travel when he suddenly noticed the shipwreck. Happily bewildered he had to quickly recover and follow the drag of his anchor as his vessel was dangerously approaching the rocky coast. Understanding the importance of his find and the risk of illegal excavations, he remained discreet about it informing only the director of the Department of Antiquities Dr Vassos Karageorghis and the President of the Republic of Cyprus. In late 1967, the Department of Antiquities of the Republic of Cyprus, invited a number of Underwater Archaeologists to study the possibilities of excavating at such a particularly difficult and costly sea depth. Amongst them was nautical archaeologist Michael Katzev of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology who had been surveying for shipwrecks off the coast of Cyprus. In that year, Andreas Cariolou took the team headed by Michael Katzev to the site.

Michael Katzev directed the archaeological expeditions from 1967 to 1969. In 1967, a general inspection was undertaken which included a team of scientists from Oxford University (Dr Edward Hall, Dr Jeremy Green), using a "proton" magnetometer metal detector and probes. Green spent a month on the site to find metal parts and the approximate position of the entire ship and its cargo over an area measuring approximately 20 by. During the summers of 1968 and 1969, the shipwreck was excavated and a team of more than 50 underwater archaeologists, students and technicians employing stereophotography and other developed other techniques to record the position of each object before they were brought to the surface. Then the ship's wooden hull which was well preserved on the seabed was recorded, photographed, labelled, dismantled and carefully lifted to the surface.

Archaeological evidence
The objects in Kyrenia Castle are the original ones that it carried during its last voyage about 2,300 years ago. From them, we learned about the life of the captain and three sailors who manned the ship. The ship carried 381 amphoras or transport jars containing a cargo of wine, olive oil, and almonds--most amphoras aboard the Kyrenia Ship came from Rhodes (x340), with some  from Knidos (x4), Samos (x1), Kos (x2), Palestine (x1), Egypt (Phoenician style, x1), Cyprus (x1) and possibly Kourion (x1). Some of the amphora stamps suggest that the ship sank between 294 and 291 BC, which is also supported by the seven bronze coins found on the shipwreck site. Five of these coins were minted in the name of Alexander the Great and date between ca. 334 BC and 301 BC. One coin is of unknown mint, and the other is a well-known type of Ptolemy I, produced only on Cyprus. This coin dates to post 294 BC. The ship's trade route included Rhodes, Cyprus, and the Levant, with Egypt as its possible final destination.

In addition a cargo of wine, oil, and almonds (over 9,000 in number), the Kyrenia Ship carried millstones and iron billets. Twenty-nine millstones, laden in three rows over the keel as cargo also served as ballast. At the stone quarry, probably on the island of Kos, masons carved letters of identification on their sides.

The sailors fished during the voyage and this is revealed by more than 300 lead net weights found in the bow. Meals were probably prepared ashore, using large casserole pots and a bronze cauldron. Aboard the ship were also four drinking cups (kantharoi), four oil containers (gutti), four wine measures (olpai), as well as bowls and saucers, and wooden spoons. This cabin pottery from the Kyrenia shipwreck suggests that the ship was sailed by a crew of four. The cabin pottery is also indicates that the vessel's homeport was Rhodes, a conclusion further supported by the scientific analyses undertaken on these ceramics. Archaeologists also found javelins on the shipwreck site, which were most likely used for the protection of the crew during the ship's last voyage.

The Kyrenia Ship interestingly may have had an earlier life with a Levantine crew, however. In the ship's bilges eight small pieces of pottery were found which include a fragment of a common type of Levantine jar, as well as seven fragments came from four to five drinking cups, known as Achaemenid cups, typical of the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Examples of these type of jars and drinking cups have been found along the modern-day Israeli coast.

The ship carried a single square sail and more than 100 lead rigging rings from its so-called brail sail were found on the shipwreck site. The wooden hull, built mostly of pine (Pinus brutia), was preserved for a length of almost 14.7 by across. The ship was built using the "shell first" ancient method, the opposite of today's method. Contrary to the contemporary wood boat building method where a complete skeleton of frames of the entire vessel must first be constructed, in this case, the planking from the keel and up was joined first, using a mortice-and-tenon construction, and then the frames were laid in, secured with an ingenious assembly of wood pegs pierced by copper nails passing through both frames and planks. The ship was intended for long service and underwent four major repairs in her life. In the last repair, a skin of lead sheathing of 1.5 to 2 mm thickness was applied to her body to hopefully keep the old ship comparatively safe from woodworm and probably help water tightness.

Preservation and conservation of the ship's artefacts and wooden hull was undertaken in 1970 and 1971, and from 1971 to 1973 the original timbers were reassembled on permanent scaffolding, still on exhibit today, along with its cargoes and goods of crew in Kyrenia Castle.

At the time of its sinking, the Kyrenia Ship carried only one anchor. The anchor remains found on the Kyrenia shipwreck show the remains come from single one-armed wooden hook anchor with a lead-filled wooden stock. The original anchor had a central wooden shaft called the shank, made from a crooked grown oak timber, which terminated in a hook or arm This arm was set perpendicular to lead-filled stock—this configuration ensured that it would fall down and dig itself into the seabed. Only the heavy lead inserts of the stock, which provided the necessary weight to sink the anchor, the iron concretion of the anchor's fluke tip, and small wood fragments were found on the Kyrenia shipwreck.

This anchor type relied solely on its ability to grip the seabed. The earliest mention of a hook anchor is from a Greek poem dating to the mid-seventeenth century BC. The Greeks attributed the invention of the hook anchor to several semi-legendary figures, including King Midas of Phrygia, but the real inventor is unknown.

Kyrenia II
In 1985, the President and founder of the Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition (HIPNT) Harry Tzalas in close cooperation with Michael Katzev and ancient ship re-constructor Richard Steffy with a number of Greek experts on traditional boat building and underwater archaeology, completed a full-size, sailing reconstruction of the ship, known as Kyrenia II. The ship was constructed following an exact procedure as the one followed by the ancient boatbuilder of the ancient ship of Kyrenia. This was achieved at the Manolis Psaros boatyard in Piraeus Greece. Kyrenia II is often used as a floating ambassador of Cypriot culture, and has visited many parts of the world. In 1986, it visited New York City; in 1988, Japan; and in 1989, West Germany.

Kyrenia III
Following the 1988 visit to Japan, the Japanese National Television Organization N.H.K under the project management of executive producer Yasuji Hamagami constructed the second full size replica of the ship of Kyrenia. The ship was named "KYRENIA-3" and is normally exhibited at the Nautical museum of Fukuoka or Hakata.

Kyrenia Liberty
In 2002, a third reconstruction of the Kyrenia Ship was built and named Kyrenia Liberty. It was constructed with respect for the original design but with modern techniques. The ship was ready for the 2004 Olympic Games and set sail for Athens, Greece with a symbolic cargo of copper to be used in the Olympic bronze medals. This cargo was symbolic since the name Cyprus is associated with the Latin word for "copper".

Symbolic meaning of the Kyrenia ships
The Kyrenia ship features on three of the Cypriot euro coins: the 10, 20, and 50 cents.

title: Kyrenia ship


text: Talk:United States military seniority

title: Talk:United States military seniority


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skye McMahon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:41, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Skye McMahon
Hoax. One Google hit for "Skye McMahon", and it isn't for this person. Mark Jindrak's article on imdb makes no mention of a wife (and there is no imdb entry for Skye McMahon.) Jindrak's official website at http://www.mark-jindrak.net/ says he's divorced, although admittedly it was last updated in October. Though one would think that something so notable as a wedding would have caused him to update his bio. I don't know how notable it is to mention this, but his bio has this interesting Q&A:
 * "What's the craziest thing you've ever done outside of wrestling?
 * "Gotten married."

RickK 21:16, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - (fictional) vanity. McPhail 22:17, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - sounds like a hoax. -- Lochaber 13:27, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Hoax -- Paulley 20:54, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Konrad Raiser

Konrad Raiser (born 25 January 1938) is a former General Secretary of the World Council of Churches (WCC).

Biography
Born in Magdeburg, Germany on 25 January 1938, Raiser spent his childhood in Schwerin, Göttingen and Bad Godesberg. After graduating from high school in Tübingen in 1957, Raiser spent six months working in a steel mill in Dortmund, in a programme organised by his church, the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD).

His father Ludwig Raiser, a well-known professor of law, was for some years president of the national synod of the EKD. Raiser began studying theology in Tübingen in 1957, moving on to the theological school in Bethel, and later to the universities of Heidelberg and Zürich. He concluded his academic theological education in Tübingen in February 1963, was ordained in May 1964 and finished pastoral training in 1965.and started working with the World Council of Churches, first in the department for Faith and Order.

He later became the Deputy General Secretary. Leaving the WCC in 1983, Raiser began to teach theology at Bochum University in Germany until he returned again to Geneva in 1992. In August 1992, the WCC Central Committee elected Raiser as general secretary for a five-year term. He assumed his responsibilities in January 1993, and in September 1996 was re-elected for a second five-year term which ran until the end of 2002. Noting the press of business facing the Council due to probable changes to be recommended by the Special Commission, and other items, the Central Committee, meeting in Potsdam in 2001, extended his term by one year to December 2003.

Raiser holds honorary doctorates from the Budapest Theological Academy (1992) and the University of Geneva (1996). He is the author of four books. His most recent is To Be the Church - Challenges and Hopes for a New Millennium, published by the WCC in 1997. Before that he wrote Identität und Sozialität published in 1971, Ökumene im Übergang, published in 1989 (of which an English translation, Ecumenism in Transition, was published in 1991), and Wir stehen noch am Anfang - Ökumene in einer veränderten Welt, published in 1994. Since 1970, he has written numerous articles and essays on theological and ecumenical subjects, including four entries in the Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement (WCC Publications, 1991), for which he was also a member of the editorial board. As general secretary of the WCC, he was editor of The Ecumenical Review.

Family
In 1967, he married the daughter of the physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and niece of the future first president of unified Germany, Baron Richard von Weizsäcker, Dr. Elisabeth von Weizsäcker. The Raisers have four sons: Martin (b. 1967), Ulrich (b. 1970), Simon (b. 1974) and Christoph (b. 1978). Both Baron Richard von Weizsäcker (1964-1970 & 1979-1981) and his niece Dr. Elisabeth Raiser (2001–2003) were Presidents of the Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag (German Evangelical Church Congress).

title: Konrad Raiser


text:
Altered Species

Altered Species, earlier known as Rodentz, is a 2001 horror film directed by Miles Feldman and starring Allen Lee Haff, Leah Rowan, and Guy Veig. The plot is about a scientist who has found a way to regenerate damaged tissue in the body.

Premise
Schultz, a scientist searching for a way to end cancer, creates a green substance. While the experiment's results look promising as it can "hunt and destroy" cancer cells, he loses his funding and must shut the lab down.

His assistant, Walter, gets rid of the green substance by pouring it down the sink. Due to pipes in the basement having leaks, the substance falls in a spot where it is exposed to rats.

After the scientist leaves, Walter invites friends over for a party. At first, a cat and the lab janitor go missing.

However, as the party continues, the rats attack the partygoers. When the survivors think they are safe, another attack begins, which includes a giant man-sized rat.

Home video
The film was released on DVD in 2011 by Artisan Entertainment. It was released as a cropped full screen video. A special feature on the DVD is a commentary. A DVD Talk review said of the commentary, "We are treated to long periods of silence punctuated by the occasional muffled laugh. When someone makes a comment, the rest of the people say things like "yeah" or "that's cool".

Reception
A review by Staci Layne Wilson in her book Animal Movies Guide, said that "this ratty little fright-flick is cheesy at best". Rob Lineberger, writing for DVD Verdict, said, "If only the filmmakers had followed their own tagline, "Hide the cheese…" The cheese is in full view, and it stinks to boot".

Noel Gross, writing for DVD Talk, said that the film is "Yawnsville story about a gaggle of cookie-cutter college kiddos who decide to get their party started at an abandoned building where a disgraced professor is trying to cure cancer by juicing lab rats full of glowing green goo a la Re-Animator."

TV Guide also agreed the movie is "cheesy horror."

title: Altered Species


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McEntire Joint National Guard Base

McEntire Joint National Guard Base or McEntire JNGB is a military airport located in Richland County, South Carolina, United States, 10 miles (16 km) west of the town of Eastover and approximately 15 miles southeast of the city of Columbia. It is owned by the U.S. Air Force affiliated with the South Carolina Air National Guard (SCANG).

The base is named for the late Brigadier General Barnie B. McEntire, Jr., the first commander of the SCANG and its first general officer. McEntire died on 25 May 1961 when he rode his malfunctioning F-104 Starfighter into the Susquehanna River to avoid crashing in the populated area of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

The South Carolina Air National Guard was formed in December 1946. Today 1,250 members train at McEntire JNGS. About 900 of those are traditional Guard men and women. About 300 are full-time federal employees (technicians). About 50 are state employees (some are also traditional Guard members). The 169th Fighter Wing is the primary unit of the SCANG.

Units
The host wing for the installation is the 169th Fighter Wing, which, as an Air National Guard organization, is operationally gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC)

169th Fighter Wing contains:
 * 169th Operations Group
 * 169th Operations Support Flight
 * 157th Fighter Squadron "Swamp Foxes"
 * 245th Air Traffic Control Squadron
 * 169th Maintenance Group
 * 169th Maintenance Squadron
 * 169th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 169th Maintenance Operations Flight
 * 169th Medical Group
 * 169th Mission Support Group
 * 169th Force Support Squadron
 * 169th Communications Flight
 * 169th Security Forces Squadron
 * 169th Civil Engineer Squadron
 * 169th Logistics Readiness Squadron

History
The United States Army began construction on an airfield on land north of Congaree to be an outlying base to the Columbia Army Airbase. The original designation of the airfield was Congaree Army Airport, then Fort Jackson Airdrome, and finally Congaree Army Airfield. Construction was completed on January 31, 1943, with the completion of three 4,500 ft runways.

Congaree AAF was assigned to Third Air Force III Air Support Command. From January 1943 until May 1944 the airfield hosted various Army dive bombing training units. The 404th Bombardment Group (Dive) arrived at Congaree on 5 July 1943, departing on 4 September. The 406th Bombardment Group (Dive) replaced it, arriving on 18 September 1943 and remaining until being deployed to Ninth Air Force in England on 18 March 1944. On 31 March 1944, Congree was removed from the jurisdiction of Columbia AAB, and on 30 April Congaree AAF was transferred to the United States Navy.

The first Marines arrived in May 1944 to a deserted base. During May, Marine Aircraft Group 52 (MAG-52) arrived with four F4U Corsair squadrons. The field was officially commissioned as Marine Corps Auxiliary Airfield Congaree on July 10, 1944. The base fell under the command of Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point. In October of that year MAG-52's mission was changed to that of training replacement pilots, was redesignated Marine Aircraft Group 92 and moved to Marine Corps Air Field Walnut Ridge, Arkansas. One of the fields major problems was a lack of bombing and gunnery ranges, which meant regular deployments to Marine Corps Air Station Parris Island for training.

In September 1945, after World War II, the only remaining Marine units were VMF-523 and Air Warning Squadron 14. By November 1945, all Marine aviation units had moved to MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina.

The base was eventually turned over to the South Carolina Air National Guard and renamed McEntire ANG Base in October 1961 by Governor Ernest F. Hollings. It was renamed McEntire Joint National Guard Station in 2005 to reflect the joint presence of Army and Air National Guard units.

South Carolina Air National Guard

The mission of the 169th Fighter Wing (169 FW) is to maintain wartime readiness and the ability to mobilize and deploy expeditiously to carry out tactical air missions or combat support activities in the event of a war or military emergency. The SCANG operates as part of the Total Force of the U.S. military and is fully integrated with the active duty Air Force as a gained unit of the Air Combat Command (ACC) to perform its military mission. The South Carolina Air National Guard also has a state mission, to respond to the call of the governor in the event of natural disaster or domestic disturbance.

The 169 FW flies the F-16 Fighting Falcon, a single-seat multi-purpose fighter with the capability to fly at up to twice the speed of sound. The 169 FW was the first wing in the Air National Guard to fly the F-16. The 169 FW flew the F-16A from 1983 to 1994.

In 1994, the wing transitioned to the F-16C/Block 52, the newest, most advanced F-16 in the Air Force inventory. The 169 FW also flew a single WC-130H Hercules with weather reconnaissance equipment removed. This aircraft provided airlift support to the 169 FW, the SCANG and the SCARNG. Prior to operating the F-16, the 169 FW operated the A-7 Corsair II during the 1970s and early 1980s, the F-102 Delta Dagger in the 1960s and 1970s, and F-104 Starfighter in the 1960s. In the 1950s, a succession of P-51 Mustangs, F-80 Shooting Stars and F-86 Sabre aircraft operated from the then-Congaree ANGB.

Also located at McEntire is the 245th Air Traffic Control Squadron (245 ATCS). The 245 ATCS has the ability to perform air traffic control at fixed air bases and at remote sites.

South Carolina Army National Guard
The 59th Aviation Troop Command of the South Carolina Army National Guard (SCARNG) is also located at McEntire JNGB. Assigned Army National Guard aviation units and aircraft include Company A, 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment (A/1-111 AVN GSAB (Lift)) and Det. 2, F Co/1-171 (Medevac) flying the UH-60M Blackhawk, as well as 1st Battalion, 151st Aviation Regiment (1-151 ARB) flying the AH-64A Apache.

title: McEntire Joint National Guard Base


text: Talk:Comtempt

title: Talk:Comtempt


text:
Gold Beach (disambiguation)

Gold Beach was one of the Allied landing points in France during the Battle of Normandy.

Gold Beach or Golden Beach may also refer to:

 * Gold Beach, Oregon, United States
 * Golden Beach, Florida, United States
 * Golden Beach, Greece
 * Golden Beach, Maryland, United States
 * Golden Beach, Chennai, India

title: Gold Beach (disambiguation)


text:
Spirit of Memphis Quartet

The Spirit of Memphis Quartet was one of the great gospel quartets of the 1950s.

title: Spirit of Memphis Quartet


text:
Talk:Huygens–Fresnel principle

Criticism
A bit of a crap description, in my view at least. Put simply, Huygen's Principle is that a wave front can be thought of as infinite amount of point sources that produce spherical disturbances that reinforce to produce the secondary wavefront and so on. Although the author mentions how it is related to diffraction, he/she fails to explain how in any significant depth. I feel that too many people on Wikipedia (as brilliant a resource as it is) try to sound clever by using fancy language which at most times is inappropriate.

Be more specific in your critique
Actually I found this explanation fine, and I find Wikipedia to be a good resource in addition to others.

Although I understand your complaint in general, as this does happen (see next paragraph), you yourself did not add any value at all to the definition, nor go into even a decent level of detail on expanding the problems you had with it. Simplicity is good; but you still have to be artful in getting your point across. You didn't imho.

To add your own perspective is fine, but to blurt a brief complaint that has no depth or richness itself, frankly just makes you appear as actually the very kind of person that exploits what nominal personal knowledge you have on a subject for reasons of poor self-confidence.

Try to add useful criticisms with some depth instead of coming off, shall we say, a bit unpleasant?

mmf 06:30, 8 November 2005 (UTC) mmf

 * FWIW, I think the description (as of Jul 2007) is really rather good. ErkDemon 17:23, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Query
I recently added a short section on the connection between Huygens Principle and the Greens function method. For classical and modern physics, the Huygens Principle and its connection to the Greens Function method is tremendously important. A good reference is The Mathematical Theory of Huygens' Principle (Paperback) by Bevan B. Baker, E. T. Copson. The section was removed without explanation. I do not want to add it again without discussion. Best, Rb

I didn't actually remove it, I integrated it into the previous section. I agree the connection is really important, and I'm glad you brought it up, I just think the current version reads easier. It seemed strange to have a separate section for 2 or 3 sentences. If you plan on expounding, by all means readd it.--Hyandat 19:57, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Link?
Thanks Hyandat, I just hadn't noticed. The article on Huygens himself does not mention the principle. Should a link be added there? Best, Rb

Apostrophe or Hyphen has got to go
Shouldn't it be Huygens-Fresnel principle? Huygens' Principle makes sense, but when compounded the possessive should be on either both names (awkward, probably Huygens' and Fresnel's principle), or neither (the Huygens-Fresnel principle). If this is actually a "Fresnel principle" that belongs to Huygens, then the hyphen is wrong (Huygens' Fresnel principle). I'm not correcting this because I don't know the correct expression. edgarde 20:42, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Nope its Huygens-Fresnel Principle, I spent 2 months studying it at university! Rob.derosa 12:19, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for fixing this. edgarde 06:10, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

di Groot's comment
[note by Siward de Groot: i do not agree with the claim that "the same is true of light passing the edge of an obstacle", because if light passes a narrow slit in vacuum, it causes diffraction bands, but there is no matter in the slit to act as secondary source of light. Rather, the explanation in this case is that:

if an (infinitely large) metal screen is between a source of light and a white wall, then there will be no light falling on the wall. This is because the electromagnetic force of the light acts on the wall, and it also acts on the metal shield, where it gives rise to a secondary electromagnetic force, that is the exact opposite of the original stimulus, so that on the light side of the screen reflected light is apparent, while on the wall side of the screen primary and secondary forces cancel out, so it is dark there.

The secundary force is due to the combined effect of all atoms of the screen. Now if a slit is made in this screen, all parts of this screen still experience the same primary stimulus, and therefore produce the same secondary response, except for the atoms that previously were where now the slit is. Thus the resulting lightness on the wall equals the secondary emission previously caused by these atoms, multiplied by -1, for every point in time.

It is for this reason that the amplitude of the light apparent on that wall can be computed as if it were caused by secondary sources of light in the slit.]

Moved by --Hyandat 17:52, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Fourier transforms
Enormousdude, this section you're editing has more fundamental problems. First the Psi(r) should not be a function of r, but of the field location where you want the result (call it x or something); the r gets integrated out. Second, the integral assumes the functions add up all in the same direction, omitting the cos(theta) that Joe Goodman shows, here on page 66. Perhaps that's why it's a far-field approximation? It's not because all the points in the aperture are in phase; that works for near-field just as well, I think. How it becomes a Fourier transform is not explained at all; it comes from the x ocations off axis corresponding to gradients in r that through the exponential make the varying-frequency sinusoids. So you need to say something about how the r pattern depends on the field location x to get from far-field approximation to Fourier transform. The r in the denominator has negligible variation in the far field, which is why you end up with just the FT of the aperture shape. Dicklyon 00:30, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Direction dependance
As I understand it, the circular wavefronts coming from the infinity of points have different amplitude in different directions. In particular, if they have an amplitude of 1 in the forward direction it will be 0 in the reverse direction and in general have an amplitude of $$(1 + \cos\theta)/2$$. 155.212.242.34 (talk) 20:49, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Reference
I am thinking about putting Max Born's book Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light under a new reference section because the book offers some good explanations about Huygens-Fresnel Principle. Bchen4 15:38, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a references section. But don't just add the book there; use it to add or support something in the article, and put it in a footnote.  Let us know if you need help. Dicklyon (talk) 16:14, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

I have added a reference - it is a rather elderly optics book, but this is not a problem except that it may be hard to come by. I think Born and Wolf would be an excellent source - I do not, however, have a copy to hand and would not want to add the reference without being able to see the words directly in front of me. Epzcaw (talk) 19:15, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

I have now (some years on) added a section, as promised, called 'Mathematical expression of the principle' which is based on Born & Wolf's treatment - mathematically identical (as you would expect) to all the other optics textbooks that cover the subject that I have looked at. Epzcaw (talk) 08:31, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

Merge with diffraction
I beleive that most of what is in this article is either in, or should be in the diffraction article. Epzcaw (talk) 20:35, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That may be so. But a separate article on this principle still makes sense, especially since it's so useful in general optical problems, as a way to explain rays, Snell's law, etc., not just diffraction. Dicklyon (talk) 20:58, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

I'm not sure what you mean by 'this principle'. Huygens-Fresnel principle is the the idea that each point on a wavefront is a source of secondary waves, which means that a wave is 'diffracted' rather than travelling a set of rays and does, as you say, explain many of the interesting things about how waves propagate, including a waves travelling through a slit, a circular aperture, a grating, a refracting medium and a lens, a wave interacting with a rough surface and a mirror surface, the changing profile of a laser beam, the structure of a focused laser beam, the otuput of an ultrasonic transducer, the receiving field of a radio wave antenna, etc. etc.

I think there is a lot of misunderstanding about diffraction - it is described by many people as 'the way light is bent when it encounters an obstacle', but diffraction, as defined by teh Huygens-Fresnel, or Fraunhoffer, or any other diffraciton integral, relates not just to this but to general wave propagation.

Perhaps the problem lies in the definition of diffraction. Epzcaw (talk) 23:47, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * No, there's no problem with diffraction. My point is that the H-F principle also explains the normal straight-line propagation of light, the reflection and refraction of rays, and stuff like that that is not generally considered under "diffraction".  Huygens even used it to explain the anomalous refraction of Iceland spar. Dicklyon (talk) 00:07, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

'Stuff that is not normally considered under 'diffraction' is exactly my point. Huygens-Fresnel IS diffraction; the Huyges-Fresnel and diffraction articles have several items in common, and rightly so, so shouldn't they be one and the same, and should include all the aspects mentioned above, or perhaps link to new pages covering specific aspects. Diffraction is nto some magical thing that happens when a wave hits an object, it is an in-built feature of wave propagation.

I will maybe have a go at drafting something on my user page, and you could comment on that. But for a week or twoEpzcaw (talk) 06:59, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

Have changed my mind about merge - have redited 'Diffraction' in such a way that this article does not overlap significantly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Epzcaw (talk • contribs) 17:10, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Wavefronts
The term "wavefront" is not at all well defined. 3piecesuits (talk) 16:11, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Classical wave theory approach
The Huygen-Fresnel principle might well now be a "method of analysis" but it is also a fundamental building block of classical wave theory, to state "Huygens principle follows formally from the fundamental postulate of quantum electrodynamics" is chronologically misleading in the extreme, the principle itself can be used to derive Snell's law and this was fundamentally important to the wide acceptance of a wave theory of light pre wave-particle duality. Whilst reformulating all physics as following from quantum theory is commedable it is hardly helpful when people wish to investigate a more historical evolution. Perhaps acknowledging its historical uses as well as its modern applications would be appropriate considering the number of people who use wikipedia as a resource for rather lower level work than fourier optics? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.173.54.122 (talk) 16:25, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

I would like to add to this comment. It is misleading to imply that historically important aspects of classical wave theory are quantum-theoretical in nature. Actually, it is convenient, within quantum theory, to treat the electromagnetic field classically, and insert the quantum-theoretical photon anhillation and creation operators later when needed [J.A. Wheeler, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, edited by A.R. Marlow (New York, Academic Press, 1978), pp. 15-16]. (Wheeler cited Heisenberg and Pauli regarding this.)

(Being somewhat illiterate of the intricacies of adding comments, I apologize if this is not the right way of inserting my comment. I hope this spurs someone to make the indicated corrections.) James R. Johnston, Ph.D. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.130.242.67 (talk) 08:50, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

I totally agree, I think that it is not only historically incorrect, but also physically incorrect. Diffraction also occurs in other classical waves, like sound, waves in water, not just light and matter. I think it is not necessary to introduce QED in order to demonstrate the Huygens-Fresnel principle. I've never actually demonstrated it, but I think it should be demonstrable just by using the wave equations, by thinking in the characteristic lines of the parabolic differential equation that "propagate" the wave in every direction, or something like that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.21.226.231 (talk) 01:45, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Expansion of article
I have expanded the article to include detail about Huygen's work, and Fresnel's development of it. I have also explained the limitations of the Huygens-Fresnel principle - it is not very satisfactory, as it involves several arbitrary assumptions and an undefined inclination factor. I have also included the theory behind the principle; this is based closely (but not exactly!)on Born & Wolf's treatment.

I have removed the sentence about its elegance, as I don't think that this can be applied to it. Obviously, it was very clever in its time, but I think the accoldate should go to Kirchoff's diffraction formula, which does not appear anywhere in Wikipedia at the moment. I hope to rectify this soon. Epzcaw (talk) 17:27, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

Reverted
I reverted a couple of recent edits that were mostly about putting LaTeX math mode into sentences. This is generally frowned on. Use ordinary html, or even better, the Template:Math version, which looks good in sentences but uses the same font as math. Also there were changes to the use of the term "amplitude"; it's used in two ways, but I don't think the fix was great. I'd keep amplitude for the U factor and use something else for the instantaneous wave value. Dicklyon (talk) 23:59, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

......

Sorry - I misundertood instructions about maths - I thought someone (you?) said they should be in LaTex within text.

Re amplitude - Born and Wolf use the term 'disturbance' for the instantaneous wave value. What do you think about following this. Amplitude would then refer solely to the magnitude of the disturbance. Epzcaw (talk) 14:21, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

The second section would then read as follows:

 * Yes, but amplitude can be complex; it's not just a magnitude. Dicklyon (talk) 16:58, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't want to get into this argument again - what's in a name?. So just refer to the absolute value of the complex amplitude as the 'magnitude'.  The disturbance can become 'amplitude' again, or it can stay as 'disturbance' to avoid confusion to those people who consider the amplitude to mean the magnitude as explained in this Wikipedia article. The latter he been implemented below. Epzcaw (talk) 19:01, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Have put 'magnitude' instead of 'amplitude' where relevant, anc 'complex amplitude' also where relevant. I hope that this is non-controversial.  Epzcaw (talk) 15:33, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Good job. Dicklyon (talk) 15:48, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Mathematical expression of the principle
Consider the case of a point source located at a point P0 vibrating at a frequency f, where the disturbance is described by a complex variable U0. It generates a spherical wave with wavelength λ, wavenumber k = 2π/λ. The primary wave disturbance at the point Q located at a distance r0 from P is given by

$$U(r_0) = \frac {U_0 e^{- ikr_0}}{r_0} $$

since the magnitude decreases in inverse proportion to the distance travelled, and the phase changes as k times the distance travelled.

Using Huygen's theory, and the principle of superposition of waves, the disturbance at a further point P is found by summing the contributions from each point on the sphere of radius r0. In order to get agreement with experimental results, Fresnel found that the individual contributions from the secondary waves on the sphere had to be multiplied by a constant, i/λ, and by an additional inclination factor, K(χ). The first assumption means that the secondary waves oscillate at a quarter of a cycle out of phase with respect to the primary wave, and that the magnitude of the secondary waves are in a ratio of 1:λ to the primary wave. He also assumed that K(χ) had a maximum value when χ=0, and was equal to zero when χ = π/2. The disturbance at P is then given by:

$$ U(P) = \frac {iU(r_0)}{\lambda} \int_{S} \frac {e^{-iks}}{s} K(\chi)\,dS $$

where S describes the surface of the sphere, and s is the distance between Q and P. Fresnel used a zone construction method to find approximate values of K for the different zones, which enabled him to make predictions which were in agreement with experimental results.

The various assumptions made by Fresnel emerge automatically in Kirchhoff's diffraction formula, to which the Huygens–Fresnel principle can be considered to be an approximation. Kirchoff gives the following epxression for K(χ):

 * $$~K(\chi )= - \frac{i}{2 \lambda}(1+\cos \chi)$$

This incorporates the quarter cycle phase shift and the reduced magnitude; K has a maximum value at χ = 0 as in the Huygens–Fresnel principle; however, K is not equal to zero at χ = π/2. Epzcaw (talk) 14:44, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I fixed a couple of points on the version of this section that appears in the article:
 * I changed the sign of the prefactor which now is −i/λ. This is consistent with the article using the convention exp(iks) instead of the exp(−iks) convention used above.
 * I removed this prefactor from K(χ), since it is already in the expression of U(P).
 * The equations are now consistent with the expressions found in the articles Kirchhoff's diffraction formula and Fresnel diffraction. Edgar.bonet (talk) 15:02, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Removal of recent additions which appear to contradict reference sources - and no references provided
Removed text in italics

(which in most cases is true - as was found later - due to superposition (=addition, or interference) of all primary, secondary, tretiary, etc waves) These assumptions have obvious physical foundation

Longhurst – “It is not made clear in the theory why the secondary sources produce no effect in the reverse direction”

Fresnel (not Huygens) was indeed able to predict the many aspects of wave propagation but only with the addition of arbitrary assumptions with no physical foundation

Born and Wolf: “The additional assumptions must, however, be regarded as a purley convenient way of interpreting the mathematical expressions, and as being devoid of physical significance”

I see no basis for the assumption that all waves propagate in a uniform sphere due to the "isotropy" of space. The only type of wave source which would propagate spherically would be an explosion, and that would only be due to multiple sources propagating simultaneously from the same point in all directions. The wave creating mechanisms, compression and rarefaction occur due to linear motions in some specific single direction. This is not something that would ever produce a uniform, symmetrical, spherical disturbance in all directions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.77.199.210 (talk) 12:08, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

Huygens principle simply and elegantly explains many aspects of wave propagation, including diffraction.

Longhurst: “It (Huygens theory) was not sufficient to explain in detail the departures from exactly rectilinear propagation of light which are encountered in the cases of diffraction”

“Huygens principle follows from isotropy of space (or of media in which wave propagates): a local disturbance (which itself may be caused by a passing wave) propagates in all directions indiscriminately simply because all directions in isotropic media (or space) are equal.”

Cite a reference source to justify this statement - not mentioned in Born and Wolf, Longhurst, Heavens & Ditcuburn. The Kirchhoff's diffraction formula uses several approxomations in applying Green's theoem to the basic wave equation in whihc the arbitrary assumptions of Fresnel emerge out of the maths/physica rather then being plugged in to get the right answer.

and tertiary, etc) I find no mention of tertiary waves anywhere in the literature

Epzcaw (talk) 13:54, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

I have transferred the material about QED to a separate section, though I don't really see why it needs to be in the article at all. I have also amended some of the statement and improved the English.

It is incorrect to say that "The Huygens–Fresnel principle follows from isotropy of space" since Huygens-Fresnel has built-in anisotropy in the form of the inclination or obliquity factor. Huygen's principle does not imply isotropy either, since he builds in the incorrect assumption that there is no backward propagation, but if this is ignored, then I guess one could accept the statement that "The Huygens principle follows from isotropy of space". This needs to be backed up by a reliable source.

The statement that "Huygens–Fresnel principle is fundamental to quantum electrodynamics (QED)" has been amended to "The Huygens principle is fundamental to quantum electrodynamics (QED)". Again, this needs to be backed up by reference to a reliable source. Wikipedia is not there for the expression of individual opinions, but as an encylopedia of existing knowledge - see simplified ruleset

"Verifiability: Articles should contain only material that has been published by reliable sources. These are sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy, like newspapers, academic journals, and books. Even if something is true our standards require it be published in a reliable source before it can be included. Editors should cite reliable sources for any material that is controversial or challenged, otherwise it may be removed by any editor. The obligation to provide a reliable source is on whoever wants to include material."

I'm not quite sure why the statement about the accuracy of QED is relevant here, but I have left it in place anyway. (It is quite impressive!!). Epzcaw (talk) 17:49, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

Requests
Could the years when Huygens and Fresnel proposed their theories be added to the history section to provide a sense of how long it took for the theory to evolve? Also, it might be necessary to clarify, how Huygens's method of summing spherical waves is different from Fresnel's principle of interference. From the current text it isn't clear what Fresnel's contribution exactly was. I don't know enough about the subject to make the additions myself, but could someone else look at them at their leisure? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.233.155.47 (talk) 10:02, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I have added dates, as requested above.
 * I am thinking about how the second point can be addressed - it is a valid question. It may be that a seperate article discussing Huygen's theory of light is required, or it may be possible just to expand on what is in this one.  Epzcaw (talk) 13:06, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Huygens's principle is used to explain what the of phenomena? Tejasvi Vinod Shetter (talk) 01:18, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

Quest II
Can anybody tell if Kirchhoff's diffraction formula implicates that the light or any other wave do travel backwards being π/2 < χ < π ? If that is the case that would be remarkable (not sure if that is the correct word) on the apropiate section (Mathematical expression of the principle). It would be useful if anybody could concretely state it, cause saying that "...however, K is not equal to zero at χ = π/2 " is not enough! . Also it should be stated, if that is the case, that Kirchhoff's diffraction formula is more exact than Huygens–Fresnel principle and dont leave it at reader's assumption. Thanks FranJH — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.231.51.236 (talk) 22:33, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

Huygens’ principle (geometrical optics)
Does/should it have a wikipage? Or is it the same thing as the H-F principle? The former is mentioned in, p. 22 JMP EAX (talk) 14:26, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

I would ask: why is Huygens’ principle now being called "Huygens–Fresnel principle"? Was Huygens' principle not clearly stated by the time of Huygens' death?Wikibearwithme (talk) 08:15, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

Examples
Add some examples of how the average man might see the effects in real life. Jidanni (talk) 03:30, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Take a laser pointer and shine it on the edge of a razor blade, in a darkened room. Observe interference pattern on wall. Go to a port with a long breakwater, and observe the wave. Spend a half-hour or a few hours looking and thinking. Pick a nice day so that its pleasant. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 19:18, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

Hadamard's conjecture.
In 1900, Jacques Hadamard observed that Huygens principle was broken in even numbers of spatial dimensions. This article should at least mention this. He then developed some conjectures regarding the solution to the wave equation that are still being grappled with today. See:arxiv and google 67.198.37.16 (talk) 19:22, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I just added a short two sentence remark to that effect. This paper: Huygens principle gives an excellent introduction to Huygens principle and this WP article would be greatly improved by following its general outline and presentation! 67.198.37.16 (talk) 19:47, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * This also has a long long discussion reviewing many relevant references: Huygens principle works only in odd spatial dimensions. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 20:28, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

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Improved section on history
I splitted the section on history in 3 pieces, first part about generic history, second part about classical optics and microscopic models and third part about more quantum physics and microscopic models.

I clarified the limitations of the principle, which were mentioned in an un-complete reference "Which ?".

If the microscopic models part is too large we can eventually push it below in the article. Hope there are enough references. I also tried to split facts from research and opinions in the different relevant places, which were intermixed. Given the major objective of Wikipedia are facts.

Removed a statement based on opinions
This is what I removed: The source further states though, "However, Schwartz was expressing the classical (i.e., late 19th century) view of electromagnetism. The propagation of light in quantum field theory actually is consistent with the very interpretation of Huygens’ principle that Schwartz regarded as nonsense."

This statement is debatable, and is an opinion of the writer of the article and not even of Schwartz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research

I doubt that a nobel prize in QFT as Schwartz does not have in mind first hand the QFT issues with wave/particle propagation in vacuum
 * In case anyone want it, the reference is here. . Gah4 (talk) 02:45, 13 March 2022 (UTC)
 * In case anyone want it, the reference is here. . Gah4 (talk) 02:45, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Separated out Generalized Huygens principle
Hope this clarify the dilemma in this article between QED centric discussions and classical Optics related ones — Preceding unsigned comment added by Flyredeagle (talk • contribs) 16:23, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

First observed when?
The article says "Lisle had observed this fifty years earlier [than Arago]" but our article for Arago spot has sources that say Joseph-Nicolas Delisle and Giacomo F. Maraldi independently observed it nearly a century before, not fifty years. Jason Quinn (talk) 15:16, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huygens–Fresnel principle


text:
Bardonnex

Bardonnex is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.

History
Bardonnex is first mentioned in 1153 as Bardonacum.

Geography
Bardonnex has an area,, of 5 km2. Of this area, 3.68 km2 or 73.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.17 km2 or 3.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.18 km2 or 23.6% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 9.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 7.4%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 3.8% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.2%. Out of the forested land, 0.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 54.8% is used for growing crops and 4.6% is pastures, while 14.2% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is located in the south of the Canton, on the Swiss-French border. It consists of the village of Bardonnex and the hamlets of Charrot, Croix-de-Rozon (Border Crossing), Compesières, Landecy, La Mure and Cugny. In 1851 the community of Compesières was divided by the municipalities of Bardonnex and Plan-les-Ouates. The municipality of Bardonnex consists of the sub-sections or villages of Ravières, Compesières, Surpierre, La Croix-de-Rozon, Landecy, Charrot and Bardonnex - village.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Maltese Cross Argent. This comes from the Order of St John which had a commandery here starting in the 13th century.

Demographics
Bardonnex has a population of. , 21.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 5.8%. It has changed at a rate of -1.1% due to migration and at a rate of 6.1% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,788 or 85.4%), with Portuguese being second most common (76 or 3.6%) and English being third (63 or 3.0%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.7% male and 50.3% female. The population was made up of 816 Swiss men (37.0% of the population) and 281 (12.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 857 Swiss women (38.8%) and 252 (11.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 477 or about 22.8% were born in Bardonnex and lived there in 2000. There were 650 or 31.0% who were born in the same canton, while 281 or 13.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 611 or 29.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 24 live births to Swiss citizens and 4 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 12 deaths of Swiss citizens and 3 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 12 while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 5 Swiss men and 10 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 19 non-Swiss men and 6 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 17 and the non-Swiss population increased by 18 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.6%. The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 9.2%.

, there were 887 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,024 married individuals, 61 widows or widowers and 122 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 803 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 210 households that consist of only one person and 48 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 835 households that answered this question, 25.1% were households made up of just one person and there were 4 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 203 married couples without children, 305 married couples with children There were 69 single parents with a child or children. There were 12 households that were made up of unrelated people and 32 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 202 single family homes (or 55.8% of the total) out of a total of 362 inhabited buildings. There were 72 multi-family buildings (19.9%), along with 70 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (19.3%) and 18 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.0%). Of the single family homes 80 were built before 1919, while 25 were built between 1990 and 2000.

there were 846 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 262. There were 38 single room apartments and 255 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 749 apartments (88.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 72 apartments (8.5%) were seasonally occupied and 25 apartments (3.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.56%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Compesières Commandry and the museum of the Order of Malta and the Domaine Micheli in Landecy are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The village of Landecy and the Compesières site are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 23.48% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (18.26%), the Green Party (16.03%) and the SP (11.17%). In the federal election, a total of 740 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.8%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 1,320 registered voters of which 689 (52.2%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the PDC with 18.8% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the fifth highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the MCG (with 18.6%), they were third in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Verts (with 13.5%), they were second in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'État election, there were a total of 1,318 registered voters of which 772 (58.6%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Bardonnex there were 17 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 1,548 registered voters of which 865 (55.9%) voted. Out of the 865 votes, there were 11 blank votes, 1 null or unreadable votes and 91 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
, Bardonnex had an unemployment rate of 4.7%. , there were 88 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 18 businesses involved in this sector. 139 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 20 businesses in this sector. 204 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 50 businesses in this sector. There were 1,122 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.0% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 384. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 75, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 133 of which 88 or (66.2%) were in manufacturing and 45 (33.8%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 176. In the tertiary sector; 19 or 10.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 26 or 14.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 23 or 13.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.1% were in the information industry, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 22 or 12.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 11 or 6.3% were in education and 2 or 1.1% were in health care.

, there were 292 workers who commuted into the municipality and 929 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 15.1% of the workforce coming into Bardonnex are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.2% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 16.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 63.6% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 937 or 44.7% were Roman Catholic, while 335 or 16.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 10 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.48% of the population), and there were 46 individuals (or about 2.20% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 5 individuals (or about 0.24% of the population) who were Jewish, and 26 (or about 1.24% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 561 (or about 26.79% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 168 individuals (or about 8.02% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Bardonnex about 643 or (30.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 435 or (20.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 435 who completed tertiary schooling, 41.4% were Swiss men, 38.2% were Swiss women, 13.1% were non-Swiss men and 7.4% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009–2010 school year there were a total of 443 students in the Bardonnex school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 34 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Bardonnex there were 66 students in kindergarten or primary school and 4 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 66 lower secondary students who attended school in Bardonnex. There were 119 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 11 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 58 students attended a private school.

, there were 13 students in Bardonnex who came from another municipality, while 206 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Bardonnex


text:
Neyo (disambiguation)

Ne-Yo (born 1979) is an American R&B singer-songwriter.

Neyo may also refer to:

Characters

 * Commander Neyo, a fictional clone trooper character from Star Wars

Places

 * Neyo (Raa Atoll), an uninhabited island in the Raa Atoll, Republic of Maldives
 * Neyo (Shaviyani Atoll), an uninhabited island in the Shaviyani Atoll, Republic of Maldives

Other uses

 * Neyo language, a Kru language of Ivory Coast, near the mouth of the Sassandra River

title: Neyo (disambiguation)


text: Talk:Extrospection

title: Talk:Extrospection


text:
Talk:Hypervelocity

Why did I add the single word "laboratory"? Because I could. No, actually because I saw the picture first on a very old monitor that left me confused as to what I was seeing and I misinterpreted it as a computer graphic rendition of events changing over time - hard to describe what I thought I was seeing, but as soon as I realized it was a photograph of a real physical space it snapped into making sense. That one word would have made it clear to me from the beginning. --Fitzhugh 06:37, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Light
Is light classified as hypervelocity? It travels at a speed above 3,000 m/s but it is not matter. --GoOdCoNtEnT 17:10, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

I also saw how it says 3000m/s but then says 10000f/s, however 3000m/s is 9900f/s.

definition
Interesting article, but this article seems to define hypervelocity as over 3000 m/s and then over 2500 m/s. I'm confused by this? If no one is sure which to choose, I suggest choosing 2500 m/s since 3000 m/s is over 2500 m/s.

24.206.125.213 21:19, 3 July 2006 (UTC)bmikesci

I think there are multiple valid definitions in the field... that's why the discrepancy. Lucifred (talk) 05:31, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Inertial stresses where?
The article says: In particular, it refers to velocities sufficiently high that the strength of materials is very small compared to inertial stresses. I remember from Einstein's relativity ideas that no object can perform a test to discover its velocity; so therefore, what is the source of the inertial stress? - grubber 07:10, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that refers to what happens on impact between two objects that are at hyperspeed compared to each other? -- Milo  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.171.2.42 (talk) 16:18, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Comment that "Objects Smaller than a Softball Cannot be Detected by Radar
This comment is false, and only particular radar systems cannot detect particular objects smaller than a softball. The ability of a radar to detect an object also depends on its shape and material properties, and not just the absolute size of the object. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.97.32.14 (talk) 18:12, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Hypervelocity


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Shitao

Shitao or Shi Tao (other department Yuan Ji, 1642 – 1707), born into the Ming dynasty imperial clan as Zhu Ruoji (朱若極), was a Chinese Buddhist monk, calligrapher, and landscape painter during the early Qing dynasty.

Born in the Quanzhou County in Guangxi province, Shitao was a member of the royal house descended from the elder brother of Zhu Yuanzhang. He narrowly avoided catastrophe in 1644 when the Ming dynasty fell to invading Manchus and civil rebellion. Having escaped by chance from the fate to which his lineage would have assigned him, he assumed the name Yuanji Shitao no later than 1651 when he became a Buddhist monk.

He moved from Wuchang, where he began his religious instruction, to Anhui in the 1660s. Throughout the 1680s he lived in Nanjing and Yangzhou, and in 1690 he moved to Beijing to find patronage for his promotion within the monastic system. Frustrated by his failure to find a patron, Shitao converted to Daoism in 1693 and returned to Yangzhou where he remained until his death in 1707. In his late years, he is said to have greeted the Kangxi Emperor while the latter was visiting Yangzhou.

Names
Shitao used over two dozen courtesy names during his life. Both like and unlike Bada Shanren, his feelings for his family history can be deeply felt from these.

Among the most commonly used names were Shitao (Stone Wave – 石涛), Daoji (道濟; Tao-chi), Kugua Heshang (Bitter Gourd Monk – 苦瓜和尚), Yuan Ji (Origin of Salvation – 原濟), Xia Zunzhe (Honorable Blind One – 瞎尊者, blind to worldly desires), Da Dizi (The Cleansed One – 大滌子).

As a Buddhist convert, he was also known with the monastic name Yuan Ji (原濟).

Da Dizi was taken when Shitao renounced his Buddhist faith and turned to Daoism. It was also the name he used for his home in Yangzhou (Da Di Hall – 大滌堂).

Art
Shitao is one of the most famous individualist painters of the early Qing years. The art he created was revolutionary in its transgressions of the rigidly codified techniques and styles that dictated aesthetics at the time. Imitation was valued over innovation, and although Shitao was clearly influenced by his predecessors (namely Ni Zan and Li Yong), his art breaks with theirs in several new and fascinating ways.

His formal innovations in depiction include drawing attention to the act of painting itself through his use of washes and bold, impressionistic brushstrokes, as well as an interest in subjective perspective and the use of negative or white space to suggest distance. Shi Tao's stylistic innovations are difficult to place in the context of the period. In a colophon dated 1686, Shitao wrote: "In painting, there are the Southern and the Northern schools, and in calligraphy, the methods of the Two Wangs (Wang Xizhi and his son Wang Xianzhi). Zhang Rong (443–497) once remarked, 'I regret not that I do not share the Two Wangs' methods, but that the Two Wangs did not share my methods.' If someone asks whether I [Shitao] follow the Southern or the Northern School, or whether either school follows me, I hold my belly laughing and reply, 'I always use my own method!'"

Shitao wrote several theoretical works, including Sayings on Painting from Monk Bitter Gourd (Kugua Heshang). He repeatedly stressed the use of the "single brushstroke" or the "primordial line" as the root of all his painting. He uses this idea in the thin sinuous lines of his painting. The large blank areas in his work also serve to distinguish his unique style. Other important writings include the essay Huayu Lu (Round of Discussions on Painting) where he repeats and clarifies these ideas, and also compared poetry to painting. He aimed to use paint to transmit the message of Chan Buddhism without the use of words.

The poetry and calligraphy that accompany his landscapes are just as beautiful, irreverent, and vivid as the paintings they complement. His paintings exemplify the internal contradictions and tensions of the literati or scholar-amateur artist, and they have been interpreted as an invective against art-historical canonization.

10,000 Ugly Inkblots
The 10,000 Ugly Inkblots is a perfect example of Shitao's subversive and ironic aesthetic principles. This uniquely apperceptive work challenges accepted standards of beauty. As the carefully painted landscape degenerates into Jackson Pollock-esque splatters, the viewer is forced to recognize that the painting is not transparent (immediate, in the most literal sense meaning without media) in the way it initially purports to be. Solely because they are labeled "ugly," the ink dots begin to take on a sort of abstract beauty.

Reminiscences of Qinhuai
The Reminiscences of Qinhuai is another of Shitao's unique paintings. Like many of the paintings from the late Ming dynasty and early Manchurian sovereignty it deals with man's place in nature. Upon a first viewing, however, the craggy peak in this painting seems somewhat distorted. What makes this painting so unique is that it appears to depict the mountain bowing. A monk stands placidly on a boat that floats along the Qin-Huai river, staring up in admiration at the genuflecting stone giant. The economy of respect that circulates between man and nature is explored here in a sophisticated style reminiscent of surrealism or magical realism, and bordering on the absurd. Shitao himself had visited the river and the surrounding region in the 1680s, but it is unknown whether the album that contains this painting depicts specific places. Re-presentation itself is the only way the feeling of mutual respect that Shitao depicts in this painting could be communicated; the subject of a personified mountain simply defies anything simpler. Shitao also painted other "reminiscences" in this style, including "Reminiscences of Nanjing" that reinforced his legacy.

title: Shitao


text:
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Concern regarding Draft:Umeå Hardcore
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title: User talk:213.89.77.16


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Catherine of Taranto, Countess of Copertino

Catherine of Taranto (d. 1429; sometimes Caterina d'Enghien Orsini del Balzo) was the daughter of Mary of Enghien and Raimondo Orsini del Balzo di Nola and sister of Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo.

Her early life was tumultuous; her father Raimondo died in 1406 (by some accounts executed). Raimondo, encouraged by Pope Innocent VII, had attempted to rebel against the king of Naples, King Ladislaus, and soon thereafter died. Caterina's mother continued to fight, and for months held Taranto against Ladislaus. However, Ladislaus prevailed, and forced Mary to marry him, by imprisoning her and her children (including Caterina) until she submitted to the marriage.

In 1415, she married the knight Tristan de Clermont (1380 – c. 1432), a member of the French family of Clermont-Lodève, who became Count of Copertino as part of her dowry.

She and Tristan had two daughters:
 * Isabella of Clermont (c. 1424 – 30 March 1465), who became Queen of Naples and Jerusalem by marriage to Ferdinand I of Naples, illegitimate son of King Alfonso V of Aragon.
 * Sancia di Chiaromonte (died 30 March 1468), Countess of Copertino and Lady of Nardò. In 1436 she married Francesco II del Balzo (1410–1482), 3rd Duke of Andria, who became Count of Copertino as part of her dowry.


text:
Tekken: The Motion Picture

Tekken: The Motion Picture (鉄拳 -TEKKEN-) is an anime adaptation of the Tekken fighting video game series by Namco. Produced by ASCII Corporation and Sony Music Entertainment Japan and animated by Studio Deen, it was originally released in Japan as a two-episode OVA in 1998, and as a full-length feature for Western releases. It was one of the first OVAs to use digital ink and paint.

The film's story is loosely based on the first game, where Kazuya is the main character and Heihachi is the Head of the Mishima Zaibatsu, and Tekken 2, which features Jun and Lei's investigation of the Zaibatsu's illegal activities, although it also incorporates some elements from Tekken 3.

Plot
As a child, Jun Kazama watches as Kazuya Mishima is thrown off a cliff by his ruthless father, Heihachi, who deems him as weak and kind-hearted due to the kindness he was shown by his late mother. She attempts to locate him, but fails and Kazuya is presumed dead. Kazuya, however, only barely survives and swears revenge, selling his soul to the Devil in exchange for his own survival.

Sixteen years later, Jun works as an Interpol agent and is assigned a partner, Lei Wulong, to investigate Mishima Zaibatsu for alleged inhumane experiments on animals by infiltrating the upcoming King of Iron Fist Tournament, and recognizes the head of the Zaibatsu as Heihachi from a photo. Kazuya, now an undefeated fighting champion, also plans to enter, hoping for a chance at revenge. Heihachi's adopted son, Lee Chaolan, however, attempts numerous times to have Kazuya killed in advance by Nina and Anna Williams, as Heihachi plans to bequeath the Mishima Zaibatsu to Kazuya should Kazuya defeat him at the tournament, but neither are able to succeed. Jun and Lei board a boat heading for Mishima Island, where the tournament will take place, in the process witnessing a huge man named Jack easily fight his way aboard past Lee's bodyguard, former kickboxing champion Bruce Irvin along with his young companion, Jane. Jun sees Kazuya jump aboard the ship from a bridge and later confronts him in the gym about his past, and attempts to persuade him to stand down, but Kazuya refuses. Nina and Anna attack again but both Kazuya and Jun escape, only strengthening Kazuya's determination to kill both Heihachi and Lee, and threatens to kill Jun as well if she interferes again.

On the day of the tournament, Lei infiltrates the island's underground facility. He is ambushed by guards but saved by Jack, who seeks out the Zaibatsu's captive scientist Dr. Bosconovitch in order to cure Jane, who is terminally ill. As they fight their way through numerous prototype androids resembling Jack dubbed Prototype Jack, Jack's arm is gashed and Lei discovers he is also an android. They finally locate Bosconovitch, who treats Jane and confesses the Mishima Zaibatsu's illegal activities to Lei by showing them Roger, an Australian kangaroo who has been enhanced with boxing abilities but maintained his friendly attitude. Meanwhile, Kazuya fights his way through the tournament and beats both Baek Doo San and Michelle Chang. Michelle refuses to surrender and begs Kazuya to let her face Heihachi since he burned her village down and killed her parents. Though sympathetic, Kazuya refuses and almost kills Michelle before Jun catches up and stops him. Before the two can fight, Lee unleashes a pack of genetically-enhanced dinosaurs into the field to kill Kazuya and the other competitors so that no one will win the tournament. One devours Anna while Nina escapes. Kazuya taps into his inner power and kills all but one of them before reaching the tower where Heihachi awaits him. After fighting his way past Lee, Kazuya confronts Heihachi and the two fight. In response, Lee activates the island's self-destruction sequence, intending to kill himself and take his family with him.

Heihachi takes the upper hand and severely beats Kazuya. Jun intervenes and demands to know why Heihachi threw him into the canyon, and Heihachi reveals that after viewing the corruption of civilization, he sought to instill the power of the Devil within Kazuya via tragedy so that he would become his successor and lead the Zaibatsu to conquer the world and bring it under Mishima rule. At Heihachi's goading, Kazuya succumbs to the Devil and overpowers Heihachi, viciously pummelling him as the island begins to fall apart. Before Kazuya can finish Heihachi by throwing him into a river of lava, Jun manages to reach into Kazuya's heart by returning him his mother's locket, reminding him of the kindness she showed him and enabling him to expel the Devil for good, reverting him to his original kind-hearted self. Enraged, Heihachi tries to kill both Kazuya and Jun, and the three of them fall from the cliff. As the island begins to crumble, Lei, Jack, Jane, and Bosconovitch flee the facility, but Jack sacrifices himself to hold the door open long enough for his friends to escape, asking Lei and Bosconovitch to take care of Jane for him. The remaining competitors escape from the burning forest as Kazuya emerges with the unconscious Jun. They escape the island while Heihachi flees in a jet as the island finally explodes.

In the epilogue, set a few years later, Jun is accosted by Jin, her young son with Kazuya; Kazuya and Heihachi's whereabouts are left unrevealed. Though Jun senses something is wrong, she dismisses Jin's concern and they walk home together.

Characters

 * Main

 * Secondary

Wang Jinrei and Kunimitsu also appear in the opening sequence, the visible background Tekken Fighters competing in The King of Iron Fist Tournament are King, Armor King, Kuma, Marshall Law, Paul Phoenix and Yoshimitsu.
 * Tekken 1 cameos

Angel is also the only Tekken 2 character that did not appear in the Motion Picture, even in the intro narration where religious wars were mentioned, there is still no backstory for Angel, causing a continuity error. In addition to this: Alex, Prototype Jack and Roger all have non-dialogue roles during the final battles, their screentime only shows them attacking the other Tekken Fighters.
 * Tekken 2 cameos

As Tekken 3 had only recently been released to arcades at the time of the film's release, several King of Iron Fist Tournament 3 competitors have appeared in the opening scene but do not appear in any other scenes, such as Ling Xiaoyu, Hwoarang, Eddy Gordo, Forest Law and mainly Jin Kazama (at age 19). Gon also appears as a non-speaking easteregg, Jin appears in the movie's epilogue, but as a child, teasing a sequel.
 * Tekken 3 cameos

Release
The first OVA was released in Japan on VHS and LaserDisc on January 21, 1998, with the second part being released on February 21, courtesy of Sony Music Entertainment Japan. A Region 2 DVD release of the OVA was released by SME Visual Works on November 22, 2000.

ADV Films announced they had licensed the OVA series in May 1998 at Project A-Kon 9. ADV edited both episodes into a single film, featuring a new soundtrack with alternative rock, punk rock and sludge metal music consisting of "The Meaning of Life" by The Offspring, "Save Yourself" by Stabbing Westward, "Clean My Wounds" by Corrosion of Conformity, "Straight to Hell" by The Urge, and "Bonecrusher" by Soulhat.

Reception
Tekken: The Motion Picture was met with mixed reviews, and seen by many as an unsuccessful attempt to replicate the previous success of Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie. Entertainment Weekly called it "a punch-drunk, derivative Saturday-morning cartoon" that "saps every atom of magic from its source." Anime News Network gave the anime a C+, calling it "oddly mediocre in a genre filled with utter crap." Video game magazine Hyper gave it a score of 4/10, opining: "The action bears no resemblance to the games, and the animation is total garbage. The plot is also disturbingly similar to Enter the Dragon. This is one for all anime connoisseurs to avoid." For the English dub, Adam Dudley's performance as Kazuya was also criticized.

title: Tekken: The Motion Picture


text:
V.M. Live Presents...Avail

V.M. Live Presents...Avail is a live album by Avail. It was recorded at the Fireside Bowl in Chicago, on 29 June 1997, less than two weeks after the recording of Live at the Bottom of the Hill in San Francisco. The album was released by Liberation Records in 1999.

Track listing

 * 1) "Order"
 * 2) "Tuning"
 * 3) "Fix"
 * 4) "Armchair"
 * 5) "FCA"
 * 6) "Virus"
 * 7) "Nickel Bridge"
 * 8) "Simple Song"
 * 9) "Model"
 * 10) "Pinned Up"
 * 11) "Nameless"
 * 12) "Clone"
 * 13) "March"
 * 14) "On the Nod"
 * 15) "Connection"

title: V.M. Live Presents...Avail


text:
Bellevue, Switzerland

Bellevue is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

History
The village of Colovrex is first mentioned in 1257 as Colovray. In 1855, the municipality of Bellevue separated from the municipality of Collex-Bossy Bellevue was mostly inhabited by urban, Protestant citizens of Geneva, while the farming municipality of Collex-Bossy was mostly Catholic.

Geography
Bellevue has an area,, of 4.35 km2. Of this area, 1.76 km2 or 40.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.69 km2 or 15.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.88 km2 or 43.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.06 km2 or 1.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.1% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 18.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 16.8%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 4.4% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.3%. Out of the forested land, 12.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 23.0% is used for growing crops and 15.4% is pastures, while 2.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. It is situated along the northern shores of Lake Geneva and has grown substantially within the past two decades due to the housing shortage in Geneva proper. Mainly families have moved to Bellevue. A local state school and short distances to several international schools and the airport have made it the location of choice for a high share of expatriates.

It consists of the village of Bellevue and the hamlets of Vengeron, Les Tuileries, Valavran and Colovrex. The municipality of Bellevue consists of the sub-sections or villages of Le Gobé, Bellevue - Grands-Bois, Les Grands-Champs, Bellevue - Rives-du-Lac and L'Ermitage.

Demographics
Bellevue has a population of. , 39.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 75.9%. It has changed at a rate of 60.3% due to migration and at a rate of 16.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,210 or 67.2%), with English being second most common (263 or 14.6%) and German being third (93 or 5.2%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The population was made up of 923 Swiss men (28.8% of the population) and 651 (20.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,010 Swiss women (31.5%) and 620 (19.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 223 or about 12.4% were born in Bellevue and lived there in 2000. There were 406 or 22.5% who were born in the same canton, while 257 or 14.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 661 or 36.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 33 live births to Swiss citizens and 10 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 8 deaths of Swiss citizens and 3 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 25 while the foreign population increased by 7. There were 10 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 28 non-Swiss men and 24 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 117 and the non-Swiss population increased by 68 people. This represents a population growth rate of 6.2%. The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 28.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 63.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 7.7%.

, there were 786 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 892 married individuals, 42 widows or widowers and 81 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 561 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 129 households that consist of only one person and 61 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 597 households that answered this question, 21.6% were households made up of just one person and there were 4 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 133 married couples without children, 254 married couples with children There were 39 single parents with a child or children. There were 2 households that were made up of unrelated people and 36 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 381 single family homes (or 79.4% of the total) out of a total of 480 inhabited buildings. There were 42 multi-family buildings (8.8%), along with 31 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (6.5%) and 26 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.4%). Of the single family homes 34 were built before 1919, while 34 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (141) were built between 1981 and 1990.

there were 610 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 183. There were 53 single room apartments and 318 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 536 apartments (87.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 65 apartments (10.7%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (1.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.18%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 23.08% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the LPS Party (17.01%), the SP (16.63%) and the Green Party (14.78%). In the federal election, a total of 595 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.6%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 1,388 registered voters of which 542 (39.0%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the Libéral with 24.7% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Verts (with 13.7%), they were also second in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Socialistes (with 11.9%), they were fourth in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'État election, there were a total of 1,387 registered voters of which 636 (45.9%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Bellevue there were 19 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 1,791 registered voters of which 760 (42.4%) voted. Out of the 760 votes, there were 7 blank votes, 15 null or unreadable votes and 79 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
Bellevue is home to the recently (2006) opened headquarters of luxury brand conglomerate Richemont and Webster University Geneva (since 1983).

, Bellevue had an unemployment rate of 8.6%. , there were 8 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 128 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 18 businesses in this sector. 1,062 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 74 businesses in this sector. There were 908 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,063. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 7, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 123 of which 5 or (4.1%) were in manufacturing and 119 (96.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 933. In the tertiary sector; 92 or 9.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 1.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 304 or 32.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7 or 0.8% were in the information industry, 7 or 0.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 357 or 38.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 65 or 7.0% were in education and 19 or 2.0% were in health care.

, there were 527 workers who commuted into the municipality and 748 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 13.3% of the workforce coming into Bellevue are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 15.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 68.1% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 552 or 30.6% were Roman Catholic, while 348 or 19.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 30 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.67% of the population), and there were 40 individuals (or about 2.22% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 16 individuals (or about 0.89% of the population) who were Jewish, and 50 (or about 2.78% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist, 5 individuals who were Hindu and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 411 (or about 22.82% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 344 individuals (or about 19.10% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Bellevue about 414 or (23.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 480 or (26.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 480 who completed tertiary schooling, 32.5% were Swiss men, 25.2% were Swiss women, 23.1% were non-Swiss men and 19.2% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009-2010 school year there were a total of 711 students in the Bellevue school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 71 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Bellevue there were 105 students in kindergarten or primary school and 9 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 105 lower secondary students who attended school in Bellevue. There were 130 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 12 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 86 students attended a private school.

, there were 205 students in Bellevue who came from another municipality, while 303 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Bellevue, Switzerland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devaney Elementary

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted --cesarb 22:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Devaney Elementary
Articles are not generally accepted on primary schools. You 21:26, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Only content is "DeVaney Elementary" which make it a speedy candidate and I've tagged it, we don't need to fight over this one. Kappa 21:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy --Xcali 21:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.