text:
Talk:Portsmouth Direct line

Where does the information for an article such as this come from?
I sometimes wonder where the information for an article such as this comes from! I take issue with almost every fact in the opening remarks.

First and foremost, the word "Line", when used by the British railways, nearly always refers to the services which run on particular sections of a railway; and are often used to describe such services. This means that it is to the timetable for that route that we should turn for the stations served by it. If one does that, the the first three stops for this service are Clapham Junction, Woking and Guildford: trains do not stop at the others listed. There are other stations which the train passes, but these are served by suburban services over the same set of tracks.

In much the same vein, the note that Woking is the station "for the South Western Main Line" (SWML) makes it sound as if it is an interchange point, but since the Portsmouth trains do not stop there *, that would not be possible. Again the SWML travels over the same tracks. The article stated that ... The Portsmouth Direct Line ... was built between 1853 and 1857 and was electrified in 1933. The dates are incorrect for the openings: I have now included a history of the route in that respect. Here is where the difference between "Line" as a title for the route, and "line" as a description of the railway, comes into the picture. As for electrification, that took place for the Portsmouth line workings (and with a three other lines) on 4 July 1937: four years later than suggested.
 * sorry - that is incorrect, they do - but the basic point remains.

The line also provides a faster way for trains to reach Guildford from London, as they could run via Woking instead of taking the Effingham Junction route. The route suggested can only be slower - it is a suburban service, unlike the fast trains on the Portsmouth Line!!!

It would be great if facts were checked first!! Peter Shearan 15:17, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

The Woking line may be slightly longer but in my experience it's always been the route for the faster trains to Portsmouth; the Effingham junction route seems to be used for suburban trains that run as far as Guildford. Or so it was in BR days. They tended to be decribed as "Guildford via Cobham" as opposed to "Guildford via Woking" at Waterloo. Britmax 19:35, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Denvilles halt
moved talk back to original article. Bastique ▼  parlervoir 16:11, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

there MUST be more information that can be added to the battle of havant section. if you do know anything, just click edit! Lenny 07:03, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Portsmouth part
Would the line between Havant\Fareham and Portsmouth count as a seperate line? Simply south 20:29, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Its not has a separate National Rail number (see Network Rail route SW 110), and AFAIK in common parlance Portsmouth direct is used to describe the service from waterloo to Portsmouth harbour. Historically I've a feeling it was a joint LBSCR and LSWR line ie with the West Coastway (of which oyu could argue pompey is a branch). Pickle 20:37, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Missing branch lines
Has someone overlooked the East Southsea branch? Mitchell and Smith, 'Southern Main Lines: Woking to Portsmouth, Middleton Press 1985 reproduces a map from the Railway Magazine that depicts East Southsea with the legend 'Fratton to Southsea: July 1, 1885, Closed November 1926'. Also the Hayling Island branch isn't shown either here or on the West Coastway page (the latter mentions but doesn't depict it). Caliston 19:36, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Just having had a look at the map, there are probably many more closed branches that should be added: Longmoor Military Railway at Liss, link lines to the docks at Portsmouth, etc
 * Feel free to update the map accordingly!
 * EdJogg 20:12, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You're both right, this is one of thoses lines that hasn't received my treatment of being vastly detailed. A job for the future when i've some time ;) Pickle 03:17, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added the East Southsea branch. Not sure if the junction is correct though. It may need to be altered to show the junction above Fratton and the line looping down - i.e. junction is in the UP direction, Mjroots (talk) 09:22, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

"Line" not "Services"
The Portsmouth Direct Line has an existence independent of South West Trains, even if that company now holds the operating franchise. The PDL is not a SWT service.--SilasW (talk) 17:50, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Page upgrade
Referring to several comments above about shortcomings in the page, I have attempted a comprehensive enhancement to it. There is more to do, cross checking with other reference books and also looking for more information about the early halts, and if possible adding more train service information. If someone else is on top of steam traction details that would be helpful -- it's not an area I have much background on. There's a nice illustration of a LSWR train and LBSCR train side by side at Portsmouth Harbour ready for the off in a book I have -- pity it's copyright.

Other branches missing from the map? Well yes; the snag with that is that if you add them all, the map gets very complex and someone coming here who doesn't really know about the line would find it difficult to get a quick and clear view. It's obviously a matter of opinion, but my vote would be to keep the overview map as it is. I will try to do some "Development" maps showing the area when the Godalming stub and Brighton to Portsmouth were open to illustrate the piecemeal construction of the line, but I will put those further down so as not to distract from the main map.

I should also mention that someone is playing games with the book citations; this person has changed them all and introduced several errors. They have done it to numerous other articles of mine, and if I revert them they simply revert them back, using an automated script. I am not interested in an edit war with them and life is too short, but please accept my apologies if the citations aren't quite right. Afterbrunel (talk) 13:42, 28 September 2014 (UTC)
 * What are these errors that were introduced into the book citations? -- Red rose64 (talk) 14:13, 28 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I wrote a "cit" instead of "cite". But beyond that, what errors?  I corrected...
 * A ref had a bad isbn. "ISBN 7153 4188 X" is only 9 digits, ISBN's are 10 or 13 digits.
 * Added a url to a magazine article: url=https://sremg.org.uk/RlyMag/DirectPortsmouthRly.pdf
 * Twice Added all authors to a book -> A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain and History of the Southern Railway
 * Fix the title of a book (missing comma)
 * Added the OCLC number to the book, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain
 * I didn't use an automated script. All were done manually, thus I can introduce errors just like Afterbrunel did in creating them.  All infomation, except for the URL, came from WorldCat.  The magazine ref still has problems.  The one ref is being used for two different articles coming from different magazine editions. I expect an apology for you going overboard.  Bgwhite (talk) 04:59, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

 * The purpose of editing Wikipedia articles is to try to improve them for readers seeking information, not for pursuing personal agendas.
 * This article has been in great need of improvement for some time, as the previous comments indicate; as I said, I have made an attempt to improve it, but there is much to do, and help is needed.
 * When I attribute written source material I try to replicate what the book or magazine itself has used. Authors' names are invariably -first name- -last name-. Bibliographies (alphabetical lists of sources) in books often use the last name first; this is usually because the attribution in the body of the book is to an author's surname. This does not apply in Wikipedia. Naturally opinions differ, but courtesy (and a Wikipedia guideline) require that the dominant style in an existing Wikipedia article should not be changed. There were no attributions (except a dead link to a website) prior to this, and the attributions I have written are all in my preferred style, but they have all been changed to someone else's preferred style, without discussion.
 * The two edits I referred to before were by Yobot and BGWhite. In the section of History where they indicated the changes they had made, they said respectively "Do general fixes and cleanup. - using AWB" and "First railway to Gosport: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB". AWB "is a semi-automated MediaWiki editor".
 * I am not going to discuss missing commas. The altered attributions to sources make it difficult to verify that the content is in fact supported in them; in particular there is a reference to a different edition of H P White's book from the one I used, and which I have here. I do not know who "Donald Gordan" is; he is not named in my copy of the book. The content I used may or may not be the same in that edition; I have no way of checking that, and I do not propose to buy another edition of a book I already have to do so. Unless the cross-check (that my text was supported in that different edition) was made, this change should not have been made without at the least consulting me.
 * The magazine article was printed in two successive editions of the magazine quoted; that is to say, it was a single article printed in two parts. I have them here, and their dates were mentioned in my attribution. I do not know why it was thought necessary to reduce the reference to an entire year.
 * Finally Wikipedia is supposedly a collaborative venture. Open minded discussion on a way forward is always welcome. Afterbrunel (talk) 09:21, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 * , lets first work on getting the references right.
 * For the "Donald Gordan" book, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain volume 2, I acquired the information from here. This is where an ISBN or OCLC number comes in real handy as it easily identifies what book and edition you used.  What does the book you have say?
 * For the magazine reference, how about separating it into two references, but each have the same URL?
 * What other differences do you see. Could you specifically say what it is. Bgwhite (talk) 20:31, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portsmouth Direct line


text:
Talk:Paulina Porizkova

Paulina’s age
Paulina is 57, not 56. But the system won’t let me change her age. I’d appreciate it if somebody knows how to do it would take care of that. Gsypolt1 (talk) 19:33, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
 * please provide a WP:Reliable Source for this claim. Toddst1 (talk) 19:11, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

RfC on nationality in lead
Should the lead sentence say "Swedish and American", "Czech-born", or some other option? Thedarkknightli (talk) 00:15, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

 * "Swedish and American" would do just fine. 〜 Festucalex  •  talk  05:12, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Keeping it ambiguous (i.e. status quo) in the first sentence seems to work fine for this case. Curbon7 (talk) 05:17, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree with Curbon7. It is very clear as it is currently written. Mgp28 (talk) 18:14, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Summoned by bot. Leave as is.--Wuerzele (talk) 12:05, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Responding to RfC - Status quo looks good to me. Lukewarmbeer (talk) 15:58, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Keep as is, this is clearly an extraordinary case.--Ortizesp (talk) 20:39, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Keep as is, agree that the status quo works the best here. CranberryMuffin (talk) 02:27, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Keep as is, omitting mention of nationality. As mentioned, this case is clearly extraordinary. Clear Looking Glass (talk) 04:35, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Paulina Porizkova


text:
Elektra (wrestling)

Donna Adamo (born November 12, 1970) is an American retired professional wrestling valet and professional wrestler, better known by her ring name, Elektra. She is best known for her appearances with the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling from October 1999 until its closure in April 2001. She is also known for her appearances in The Sopranos as a "Bada Bing Girl".

Early life
Adamo grew up in New York City, where she worked as a child and adult model for Ford Models. Before deciding to become a professional wrestler, Adamo held a series of other jobs, including tending bar, working as a donut stuffer for Country Donuts, working as a booker for a modeling agency, working as a fitting model, performing as an oil wrestler at the strip clubs Billy Dean's and Goldfingers, and working as a booker for go go bars.

Early career (1999)
In the late 1990s, Adamo decided to become a professional wrestler. She was trained as a professional wrestler by The Fabulous Moolah in South Carolina and by Johnny Rodz in New York City. She debuted in 1999 under the ring name "Elektra".

Elektra appeared on the April 5, 1999 edition of WWF Raw is War, playing one of The Godfather's "hos" during his match with WWF Intercontinental Champion Goldust.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999–2001)
Elektra debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in October 1999 at Re-enter the Sandman, with Cyrus the Virus presenting her to Danny Doring as a replacement for Miss Congeniality. She went on to act as a valet for Doring and his tag team partner, Roadkill, interfering in their matches and fighting with opposing valets such as Francine. Elektra became known for her ability to flex her pectoralis major muscles, which she would often do while delivering promos.

At Living Dangerously on March 12, 2000, Elektra turned on Doring and Roadkill, costing them a match against Lou E. Dangerously's New Dangerous Alliance (C. W. Anderson and Bill Wiles) by unbalancing Roadkill while he stood on the top rope. Later that night, Elektra delivered a promo in which she revealed that she had joined the New Dangerous Alliance. Elektra was subsequently nicknamed the "Director of Covert Operations" of the New Dangerous Alliance. At Hardcore Heaven 2000 on May 14, the New Dangerous Alliance came to the ring with Elektra wearing a Mike Awesome T-shirt (Awesome had abruptly left ECW for World Championship Wrestling the prior month and was an unpopular figure with ECW fans as a result). After Lou E. Dangerously described Elektra as "the toughest woman in wrestling today", Jazz attacked the New Dangerous Alliance and tore off Elektra's T-shirt, leaving her in a swimsuit.

After the New Dangerous Alliance disbanded, Elektra aligned herself with E. Z. Money, Julio Dinero and Chris Hamrick (collectively known as Hot Commodity). At Anarchy Rulz 2000 on October 1, Elektra accompanied E. Z. Money to the ring for his match with Kid Kash. Following the match, The Sandman caned the members of Hot Commodity before spitting beer over Elektra. At Massacre on 34th Street on December 3, Elektra received a Kryptonite Krunch from Nova prior to his bout with Julio Dinero.

At the final ECW pay-per-view, Guilty as Charged 2001 on January 7, 2001, Elektra accompanied E. Z. Money and Julio Dinero as they unsuccessfully challenged Doring and Roadkill for the ECW World Tag Team Championship. ECW staged its final show six days later and filed for bankruptcy on April 4, 2001.

Four years after the closure of ECW, Elektra (alongside C. W. Anderson and Chris Chetti) appeared in the front row of the audience of the World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view ECW One Night Stand on June 12, 2005, with The Sandman and Tommy Dreamer pouring beer on her chest and licking it off during their entrance.

Elektra appeared as a playable character in the videogame ECW Anarchy Rulz, released for the PlayStation and the Dreamcast in August 2000.

NWA Total Nonstop Action (2002)
Elektra appeared on the inaugural NWA Total Nonstop Action pay-per-view on 19 June 2002, with Ed Ferrera and Don West announcing that she would take part in a "lingerie battle royal" to crown the first "Miss TNA" the following week. On the second weekly TNA pay-per-view, which aired on June 26, 2002, Elektra faced Alexis Laree, Erin Bray, Francine, Miss Joni, Miss Sasha, Shannon and Taylor Vaughn in the lingerie battle royal. The final two women left in the match were Elektra and Vaughn, with Vaughn eliminating Elektra to be crowned "Miss TNA". This was Elektra's final appearance in TNA.

Satin Dolls and The Sopranos
Since retiring from professional wrestling in 2002, Elektra has worked as a booker for the Satin Dolls strip club in Lodi, New Jersey.

During the 2000s, Elektra made uncredited appearances as an extra in multiple episodes of the television series The Sopranos as a stripper in the "Bada Bing" strip club, scenes for which were filmed in Satin Dolls. Elektra and fellow "Bada Bing" strippers Justine Noelle, Kelly Madison Kole, Luiza Liccini, Marie Athanasiou, Nadine Marcelletti, Rosie Ciavolino and Sonia Ortega appeared in a photo spread in the August 2001 issue of Playboy magazine. Elektra intentionally lost muscle mass for the photoshoot. In June 2013, Elektra was interviewed by RTL Nieuws, expressing sadness at the sudden death of James Gandolfini, the actor who starred in The Sopranos.

Personal life
Adamo was married to fellow wrestler Alex Rizzo, who she met while training under Johnny Rodz. The couple divorced prior to Rizzo's death in May 2002. They also have a daughter together.

Adamo is Italian American.

Adamo studied gemology at the Gemological Institute of America.

title: Elektra (wrestling)


text:
Talk:London Library

Comments
The wiki text is very similar to that on the London Library website (as linked, history section) - it looks like there may be a copyright issue here. Do we have permission to use the text?

 * I'll let you into a little secret: the IP address used to make that edit (217.169.47.206) is that for the PCs in the Reading Room of the London Library. David | Talk 17:22, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Text is irregular- should sites be merged..DownUndr 18:00, 9 November 2007 (UTC)DownUndr

 * Facts and figures updated and details of the Royal Charter amended Vtr1781249 (talk) 08:18, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

Leading literary institution
I'm not happy with the description of the Library in the lead para as "the UK's leading literary institution". What does that mean? What's it being compared with (national libraries, universities, PEN International)? Is there any objective standard being used? Or is it somebody's subjective opinion? - in which case a source should be cited. GrindtXX (talk) 18:03, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:London Library


text:
William Lowndes Calhoun

William Lowndes Calhoun (November 23, 1837 – November 16, 1908) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Georgia who served as the 26th Mayor of Atlanta. A member of the Democratic Party, Calhoun is the first in a string of Democrat mayors that lasts to the present day.

Biography
Calhoun was born in Decatur, Georgia, son of fellow Atlanta mayor James Calhoun. The family moved to Atlanta in 1852 and, at the age of sixteen, William began reading law at his father's firm. He passed the bar in 1857.

In March 1862, Calhoun enlisted in the Confederate States Army and was commissioned as captain of Company K of the 42nd Georgia Infantry. He served in Knoxville, Tennessee, and then in the Vicksburg Campaign, where he and his regiment were surrendered by John C. Pemberton on July 4, 1863. After being exchanged, Calhoun served in the Atlanta Campaign and was wounded at the Battle of Resaca. After his recovery, he served in the Army of Tennessee under General Hood in Tennessee.

Returning to Atlanta after the war, he served in the state legislature from 1872 to 1876 and, following in his late father's footsteps, was elected Mayor of Atlanta in 1879. During his term of service, he inaugurated the city's street paving system.

He left his law practice to serve as judge of the Court of Ordinary of Fulton County from 1881 to 1897.

title: William Lowndes Calhoun


text:
James W. English

James Warren English (October 28, 1837 – February 15, 1925) was an American politician, bank president, and a staff officer during the American Civil War. He was a reconstruction Era mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, from 1881 until 1883.

Life
English was born in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. His father died when he was 12 and his mother two years later. At the age of 15, he became an apprentice carriage-maker and worked at it industriously for four years while attending night school, when he moved to Griffin, Georgia. He married Emily Alexander and raised a family.

He enlisted in the Confederate States Army on April 20, 1861, and served in Virginia, rising to the rank of captain. On the night of April 7, 1865, in the company of Colonel Heman H. Perry, assistant adjutant general of Moxley Sorrel's brigade, English received the first written communication from Grant to Lee about a surrender, which happened soon after at Appomattox Court House.

Following his parole, English arrived in Atlanta on May 14, 1865, where he later became a banker. On December 1, 1880, he defeated developer H. I. Kimball to become mayor, taking office in January. He served as president of the American Trust and Banking Company (later rechartered as the Fourth National Bank) for thirty years. He also served twenty-four years on the board of directors of the Central of Georgia Railway Company. He was one of the incorporators of the 1883 Fulton County Street Railroad, which would later become famous for its Nine-Mile Circle route to what is now Virginia-Highland.

From 1871 until his death, he resided on Cone Street between Walton and Poplar in the Fairlie-Poplar district. The home was torn down soon after he died; it was one of the last single-family homes in downtown Atlanta. Atlanta's English Avenue was named for J.W. English, Junior. James W. English, Sr., was one of the directors of the 1887 Piedmont Exposition.

English was one of Atlanta's most prominent citizens in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was an ardent promoter of a New South, based on industry rather than on cotton. He quickly achieved success in business and politics. He served as a city council member, school board member, the police commissioner, the mayor of Atlanta, a bank president, and owner of several industrial enterprises.

James English & convict leasing
While he was not descended from the antebellum era aristocracy and had never owned a slave before emancipation, by 1897 "his enterprises controlled 1,206 of Georgia's 2,881 convict laborers, engaged in brick making, cutting cross ties, lumbering, railroad construction, and turpentining." His "great personal wealth was inextricably linked to the enslavement of thousands of men."

English was most closely identified with the Chattahoochee Brick Company, which manufactured many of the bricks used to construct Atlanta's streets and some of its oldest neighborhoods. Although its methods were nearly identical to those used centuries before, it achieved high levels of productivity and vast profits by subjecting the convict laborers it leased from the city to brutal discipline and cruel deprivation. The Chattahoochee Brick Company was "the biggest and arguably most abusive buyer of forced laborers in Georgia." Before a legislative commission in 1908, former guards as well as workers reported that at the brickyard prisoners "were forced to work under unbearable circumstances, fed rotting and rancid food, housed in barracks rife with insects, driven with whips into the hottest and most intolerable areas of the plant, and continually required to work at a constant run in the heat of the ovens." English countered with a denial that he or any member of his family had ever directed "any act of cruelty" against any convict. In fact, he claimed, he had ordered his manager of operations to ensure that "workers were well fed, well shod, well clothed, and well cared for…." Although one former guard estimated that 200 to 300 laborers were flogged each month, English angrily protested, "If a warden in charge of those convicts ever committed an act of cruelty to them…and it had come to my knowledge, I would have had him indicted and prosecuted." Another witness testified that if English had come within a quarter mile of the plant, he would have heard the screams of men being beaten. English conceded that the work at the brickyard was so brutal that "not a class of [free] white labor in Georgia… could stand it a week."

English insisted he only used convict labor to do "work that a white man cannot and will not perform." He also employed convicts at a large sawmill, the Iron Belt Railroad and Mining Company, and the Durham Coal and Coke Company, which in 1908 owned leases on 430 convicts. Its operations included some particularly dangerous mine shafts, sections of which were filled waist-high with water. Workers were not provided with adequate timbers for bracing and cave-ins were frequent. Even when materials were provided, they often neglected to use them since they feared, if they took time to protect themselves, they would not complete their daily task and consequently be whipped by bosses who would sometimes embed their lashes with sand to increase the severity of the punishment.

English routinely violated the law by buying and selling the leases on convict laborers and thereby transferring them as if they were slaves. For example, in 1883 he purchased half of John T. Milner's Coalburg mine company and, "in an overtly illegal aspect of the transaction, a lot of one hundred black convicts." A witness before the legislative commission reported, "On Sunday afternoons, white men frequently met in the yard of the English brick factory to swap or buy black men, little changed from the slave markets of a half century earlier."

title: James W. English


text:
John B. Goodwin

John Benjamin Goodwin (September 22, 1850 – May 12, 1921) was born in Cobb County, Georgia, United States the son of and attended school in Powder Springs. He moved to Atlanta in 1870 and studied law at Gartrell & Stephens and a year later was admitted to the bar. From 1872 to 1874, he was a reporter for Alexander St. Clair-Abrams at the Daily Herald after which he returned to law.

He served on the city council off and on from then until 1883 when he was elected mayor, after which he served over ten years as city attorney, then served as mayor a second time during the Panic of 1893. He left the city in 1901 and for 16 years served as the grand secretary of the Sovereign Grand Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

He died in 1921 in Baltimore, Maryland.

title: John B. Goodwin


text:
Zawichost

Zawichost is a small town (ca. 1,800 inhabitants ) in Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland. It is located by the Vistula River in Lesser Poland, near Sandomierz. It is first mentioned in historical documents from around 1148. In 1205 the Battle of Zawichost was fought nearby. In 1241, 1259 and 1287 the town was ravaged by Mongol raids. Granted town rights before 1255, in the late Middle Ages it was one of the most important urban centers of Lesser Poland.

Location
Zawichost is located in Lesser Poland, near the picturesque Lesser Polish Gorge of the Vistula. The town lies on left (western) bank of the Vistula, 17 kilometers northwest of Sandomierz. It does not have a bridge over the river, a ferry is used instead.

History
The town was first mentioned in 1148. At that time it was the seat of a castellan, and a market center, located near the Vistula crossing. In 1205, the Battle of Zawichost was fought nearby, in which Roman the Great of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was defeated by Lesser Poland’s army of Leszek I the White, and Mazovian army of Konrad I of Masovia. It is not known when Zawichost was granted town rights, most probably it happened before 1255. In 1257, prince Bolesław V the Chaste gave the town together with 25 nearby villages to the Order of Poor Ladies. In the 14th century, Zawichost became a royal town and the seat of a starosta. King Kazimierz Wielki built a castle here, which guarded the Vistula crossing.

Like other towns in Leser Poland, Zawichost prospered in the 15th and 16th centuries. At that time, it was located along a merchant route from Kraków to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and profited from taxes on goods transported on the Vistula. In 1564 the town had a number of artisans, a town hall and 126 houses. Good times ended during the Deluge. Zawichost was ransacked and destroyed first by the Swedes (1655), and then by the Transilvanians of George II Rákóczi. The invaders burned the castle, which remained in ruins until 1813, when during a flood its walls collapsed into the Vistula. In 1666 Zawichost experienced a great fire and then a plague, in which most residents died. After all these misfortunes, the town never recovered. Furthermore, after the Partitions of Poland Zawichost was located near Russian - Austrian border, which hampered its development.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the town of Starostów (later known as Prosperów) was established near Zawichost. Most of its inhabitants were Jewish, and in 1820, Prosperów merged with Zawichost. Since then the division between the Polish town, and the Jewish town was established. In 1827, Zawichost had 281 houses (most of them wooden) and 2,320 inhabitants. In 1888 it lost its town rights and was reduced to the status of a village, to regain town privileges in 1926. During World War II, German occupiers opened a ghetto in Zawichost, with 5,000 Jews. Most of them were murdered in October 1942 at Bełżec death camp. In 1944, fierce fighting between the Wehrmacht and the Red Army took place in Zawichost, in which most of the town was destroyed.

Point of interest

 * Gothic church of John the Baptist (13th century), together with remains of a monastery, founded in 1245,
 * parish church, originally Romanesque, rebuilt in the 19th century. In its cellar there are remains of the original church,
 * Holy Trinity church (13th century), rebuilt in Baroque style,
 * remains of the 11th-century Saint Maurice chapel, discovered by archeologists. The chapel was flooded by the Vistula,

title: Zawichost


text:
George Hillyer

George Hillyer (March 17, 1835 – October 2, 1927) was an American politician, serving as the 29th Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, as well as a state representative and senator. He was also an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

Early years and education
Hillyer was born in Athens, Georgia, one of eight children of Judge Junius Hillyer, a United States Congressman and solicitor of the U.S. Treasury, and Jane Selina Watkins. He graduated from Mercer University in July 1854, "securing honors in all branches of study". He then studied law under the supervision of his father, Judge Hillyer, in Monroe, Georgia, and in 1855 was admitted to the state bar. For the first two years of his legal career he practiced with his father, then set up a partnership with the Hon. Hope Hull until the start of the Civil War.

Georgia House of Representatives
At the age of 21, Hillyer ran for a seat in the state legislature, and was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1856. He was sworn in the following January and served one two-year term. Hillyer then served as Clerk of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1859 to 1860. In 1860 he was selected as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, where he supported the nomination of Howell Cobb for President.

Military service
With the outbreak of the Civil War, Hillyer raised a Walton County company known as the "Hillyer Rifles" in the late spring of 1861. The men were mustered into the Confederate Army on June 13, with Hillyer elected as the captain of what became Company C of the 9th Georgia Volunteer Infantry. He and the regiment were sent by train to Virginia and assigned to the newly created brigade of George "Tige" Anderson in the newly organized Army of Northern Virginia. Hillyer saw extensive fighting at Fredericksburg (briefly commanding the regiment) and Gettysburg, where he fought at the famed "Wheatfield" on July 2, 1863. The 9th Georgia lost half of its 340 men in the fight, and Hillyer's company suffered considerable losses. With all the senior officers wounded or killed, Hillyer assumed command of the regiment for the rest of the Gettysburg Campaign, and wrote the official report of the 9th Georgia's service in the battle. Union General Joseph Hooker remarked that Confederate Captain Hillyer was "a most able, efficient & gallant officer".

Hillyer resigned his captain's commission in November 1863 to become an auditor for the Western & Atlantic Railroad at the request of Governor Joseph E. Brown, who preferred a military man for the role as the railroad was the main supply route for General Joseph E. Johnston's Confederate army. Early in 1864, Hillyer organized the State Road Battalion (consisting mainly of railroad men) and he was placed in command of the defenses of the railroad with the rank of major. Seeing action against cavalry raiders during the Atlanta Campaign, Hillyer performed well, but the railroad eventually fell to the Union Army. He and his remaining men surrendered to Federal officers on May 10, 1865.

Legal career and political office
After the war, Hillyer set a law practice in Atlanta with his brother, Henry. The two worked together for a number of years before George eventually joined the law firm of Hillyer, Alexander & Lambdin.

In June 1867, at the age of 32, Hillyer married Ellen Emily Cooley, and together they undertook to raise a family, eventually having 8 children (three of whom died in infancy).

Starting in 1870, he served four years as a Democrat in the Georgia Senate, representing the 35th District, which included Fulton, Clayton, and Cobb counties. He served as the Georgia delegate to the United States Centennial Commission that planned and organized the country's Centennial celebrations and the International Exhibition of 1876. He was appointed to the Fulton County Superior Court by Governor Alfred H. Colquitt, serving from 1877 to 1883.

The city of Atlanta
In 1885 Hillyer served one term as mayor of Atlanta, during which time he became an expert on municipal water services, publishing several related articles and serving on the Atlanta Water Commission for many years. Hillyer played an active role in the establishment of the Atlanta University System to provide higher education to the freed slaves. He was on the board of trustees for Spelman Baptist Seminary, as well as Vice-Chairman for the Georgia Railroad Commission.

Death and legacy
He died at the age of 92 and was buried in Atlanta's Oakland Cemetery.

Writings
My Gettysburg Battle Experiences (edited by Gregory A. Coco), 2005, Thomas Publications (Gettysburg, PA)

title: George Hillyer


text:
Bavarian Crown Jewels

The Bavarian Crown Jewels are a set of crown jewels created for the Kingdom of Bavaria, which existed from 1806 to 1918. In 1806, as part of his wholescale re-ordering of the map of Europe, Emperor Napoléon I of the French upgraded the independent German duchy of Bavaria to full kingdom status. The former Duke of Bavaria, now King of Bavaria, Maximilian I, commemorated the fact by commissioning a set of crown jewels for use by Bavarian monarchs. However, there was no coronation ceremony, and the king never wore the crown in public. Rather, it was placed on a cushion when displayed on occasions such as the king's ascension or his funeral.

Included in the regalia were:
 * The Crown of Bavaria – the King's crown, which was set with rubies, diamonds, emeralds, sapphires and pearls;
 * the Crown of the Queens of Bavaria, which was made for the then queen, Karoline of Baden, and which contains huge pearls and large diamonds;
 * The 96 centimetre long State Sword;
 * The Royal Orb – made of gold;
 * The 89 centimetre long Royal Sceptre set with brilliants, emeralds and sapphires and the top is surmounted by a small round crown.

The Palatinate Pearl is also kept with the crown jewels, however it is not officially part of the collection. As a result of the First World War, the German monarchies were abolished in 1918 and since then, Bavaria has not had a monarch. The Bavarian Crown Jewels are currently on display in the Treasury of the Residenz palace in Munich.

title: Bavarian Crown Jewels


text:
HNoMS Valkyrjen

HNoMS Valkyrjen was a torpedo boat destroyer of the Royal Norwegian Navy, built at F. Schichau shipyard in Elbing, Germany. The funds for the ship had been raised by the women of Norway and the ship was named Valkyrien in their honour. She was also nicknamed Damernes krigsskib ("The Ladies Warship"). The ship had its first sea trial on 11 May 1896 and was swiftly approved. She was completed in Horten, Norway, and delivered to the minister of defence in Christiania (Oslo), on 17 May 1896. The ship was opened to the public for two days before sailing back to Horten.

Valkyrjen had a displacement of 415 tons. Her dimensions were 59.4 × 7.4 × 2.6 metres and she had a top speed of 23.2 kn. She had a crew complement of 59. Her armament included two 76 mm and four 37 mm guns in addition to two torpedo launchers.

In August 1920 the Valkyrien carried out exercises on the west coast with the HNOMS Tordenskjold and HNOMS Harald Haarfagre, and after returning to Bergen, she was decommissioned on 27 September 1920. In 1922 Valkyrien was stripped of all reusable materials, and then sold for scrap in 1923.

title: HNoMS Valkyrjen


text:
Montes Spitzbergen

The Montes Spitzbergen (Spitzbergen Mountains) is a solitary mountain chain in the eastern Mare Imbrium of the Moon. It is located about 80 km to the north of the flooded crater Archimedes. The range trends from south to north, consisting of a number of peaks separated by lava-flooded valleys, and has a maximum width of about 25 km. It is thought to be the surviving rim or inner ring of an impact crater that has been buried under magma flows.

The range was named by Mary Blagg for its resemblance to the jagged terrestrial mountains of the Spitzbergen island group. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1961.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Montes Spitzbergen.

title: Montes Spitzbergen


text:
John Tyler Cooper

John Tyler Cooper (March 26, 1844 – November 21, 1912) was an American politician, serving from 1887 until 1889 as the 30th Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia.

Biography
Born in Marietta, Georgia, John T. Cooper was a grandson of tragedian Thomas Cooper and a great-grandson of Captain Edward Dunscomb, a noted New York soldier in the American Revolutionary War.

As a young man, Cooper served in a Georgia unit during the American Civil War in many battles, including Chickamauga. Following the war, he married Mary Crain Marks and raised a family.

During the winter of 1867–68, Cooper and other young men, including the younger brother of future mayor George Hillyer, organized the Young Men's Democratic Club of Atlanta and became active in local politics.

On July 4, 1879, Cooper was admitted to the Society of the Cincinnati. In 1884, he served as councilman of Atlanta's Sixth Ward before he was elected mayor.

title: John Tyler Cooper


text:
Talk:Brazing

Hi, I just wanted to say that the example given, with Nitinol and Niobium, is a very bad one. An excelent example for an eutectic alloy is Cusil (a Copper-Silver alloy), which is a very common brazing filler metal. If indeed Nitinol and Niobium form an eutectic it is not a simple one and i wouldn't give it as an example. I would also like to say that I find it hard to believe that Nitinol is a material regulary being brazed. At brazing temperatures (above 450C) Nitinol goes through extensive heat treatment and a radical change in properties is observed.It is possible that in certain specific applications Nitinol brazing is done, but as i said, not regulary. Also for this reason i find it a bad example for the introduction of "Brazing". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.177.128.185 (talk) 15:35, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Hi Folks, I just wanted to say something about what Brazing was good for. Why use it instead of welding? - Lobstericus.

 * Welding will often distort the original metal part, although the final (warped) item will have nearly uniform strength with the original metal part. Brazing, on the other hand, causes no distortion of the original metal part, but is still roughly 1/3 as strong as if welded.  In many cases, this is strong enough, and the avoidance of distortion in the original metal parts is the key reason for using brazing instead of welding. Yaf 22:46, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Soldering
Looking at this article and at Soldering, I can't see a specific difference between brazing and soldering. What is it, asside from being a different filler material with a hotter melting point? ― 05:50, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The International Standard difference is 450°C, the traditional (meaning obsolete)difference is 425°C (800°F). For fillers that melt above this temperature, it is considered brazing.  For fillers that melt below this temperature, it is considered soldering.  Arbitrary, yes, but it is what Manko and other reference books have always defined as the difference.  Yaf 05:58, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Aside from that magic temperature, is there a qualitative difference between the processes? I'd imageine the important qualitative difference is the degree to which diffusion occurs between the filler and the material being brazed. Does that sound plausible?
 * I imagine there is another cutoff temperature to deliniate "braze welding" from "brazing". Is that correct? Do you know what temperature that is? Since it is "welding", I assume it is done hot enough to begin to melt the base material, or if not, at least cause significant diffusion. Is that right? ―BenFrantzDale 07:22, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Definfing temp between soldering and brazing is 450C,842F. Quick references

http://www.technicalmaterials.umicore.com/en/bt/brazingCenter/lexikon_des_loetens/lexikon_des_loetens.htm http://www.linde-gas.co.uk/international/web/lg/uk/likelguk.nsf/DocByAlias/ind_mv_auto9 http://www.lucasmilhaupt.com/htmdocs/brazing_support/faqs.html http://www.materialsresources.com/mritech/mritech.htm http://www.weldingengineer.com/1soldering.htm http://www.jm-metaljoining.com/brazing/charts/terms/terms.htm as well the soldering page has the correct temperatures, and the HnadyBook that is referenced has the correct info on this page http://www.handyharmancanada.com/TheBrazingBook/Section%201/What%20brazing%20is%20all%20about/Part%201.htm#What%20is%20brazing (CanadianFirst 01:18, 30 March 2007 (UTC))

 * It appears that the defining temperature has moved up in some of the European and Canadian references. The traditional US references (Manko, et al) in their latest editions, still list the traditional 425°C (800°F) as being the defining temperature [Maybe it is time for modernize their obsolete habits.].  Perhaps the transition to higher temperature solders, needed for meeting European ROHS requirements (i.e., for lead-free solders), is what has pushed up the defining difference in the EU and Canadian references. Lead-based solders are still used in the US. The older lead-based solders have a liquidus at noticeably lower temperature, stressing components less.  Suggest we should list both sets of defining numbers, with references, as there are distinct differences in what the definitions are in different countries, to define the cut-off defining temperatures most accurately.  Yaf 02:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Have added in the traditional U.S. definitions, where the defining division between definitions of soldering and brazing was chosen as 800 deg F, from Manko and other references. Otherwise, we will mislead many readers who use that standard instead of the RoHS (reduction of hazardous substances, i.e., lead-free) definitions used in Europe and elsewhere outside the U.S. Both definitions need to be clearly stated in the article. Yaf 06:38, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

What follows is the defintion from the AWS Brazing Handbook

"BRAZING

DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Brazing joins materials by heating them in the presence of a filler metal having a liquidus above 84O0F (4500C) but below the solidus of the base metals. Heating may be provided by a variety of processes. The filler metal distributes itself between the closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary action. Brazing differs from soldering, in that soldering filler metals have a liquidus below 8400F (4500C).

Brazing with silver alloy filler metals is sometimes called silver soldering, a nonpreferred term. Silver brazing filler metals are not solders; they have liquidus temperatures above 8400F (4500C).

Brazing does not include the process known as braze welding. Braze welding is a method of welding with a brazing filler metal. In braze welding, the filler metal is melted and deposited in grooves and fillets exactly at the points where it is to be used. Capillary action is not a factor in distribution of the brazing filler metal. Indeed, limited base metal fusion may occur in braze welding."

My comments There are definite metallurgical reasons to use the 840 F figure. Others are used but this is the official AWS definition.

Brazing uses heat and, as with any other process involving heating metal, the possible distortion of the metal(s) involved as well as changes in the grain structure and other changes in basic material properties must be considered.

The flux does not interact with the materials being brazed but serves as a barrier and oxygen interceptor. It often has some cleaning properties including the ability to remove oxides but should not be counted on for this.

Titanium can be brazed several different ways. Titanium’s reactivity can make for very strong joints.

Ceramics can be brazed with a torch, induction, etc.

Using an abrasive to clean oil or grease physically removes some of it just as any wiping would. However to get the parts clean you need to use a saponifier that will change the oils and greases to soap. Oven cleaner woks well as do detergents.

The flux chars and adheres to the workpiece when it is used up and / or overheated. Warm flux can be extremely tenacious. Once the flux has cooled to room temperature it is much easier to remove. The goal is to use enough flux and a proper heating cycle so that the flux is not all used up.

When hot quenching remember that you are in effect, heat treating the materials. Quenching will change material properties.

Remember, also, that different materials have different coefficients of expansion and slow cooling will allow the joints to adjust slowly while fast quenching will lock in stress.

Pickling is widely used to remove oxides but pickling baths are generally not well maintained. Because it is a chemical reaction the bath gets used up and becomes less effective as does dishwater.

Tom Walz www.carbideprocessors.com   Nov 7, 2006

I pulled these comments from the actual entry: "Capilary attraction not involved" is used to distiguish braze welding from other brazing processes (ex. silver brazing) I think you will find this is in error; capillary attraction is fundamental to "whetting" in all brazing and soldering. When you go beyond the whetting action so necesarry for surface adhesion, using heat to "pull" the right kind of filler metal completely through a join, this is called capillary action (not attraction). I know the word similarity is a little confusing, but you do need to get your terms right. Michael Porter This certainly belongs here and not the main entry. Chris Otto 01:58, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

"Hard to wet"
Under Silver Brasing, there is the line "Pretinning gets around the problem that hardmetals are hard to wet." What does that mean? Literally wet, with water? Or does it mean whet, not wet? Could somebody please clarify/explain? Thanks. 24.78.106.209 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 05:23, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

The term is Whetting, which is essentially the filler metal spreads evenly across the surface to be brazed. Technically it is when the force of adhesion between the base metal and the liquid filler metal is greater than the cohesion of the melted metal. --Pocketpencil (talk) 17:14, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

I know that these comments date a little now, but "whetting" is a sharpening process while "wetting" is a physical description of the behaviour of molecules. Water can "wet" things (IIRC you need 7 molecules of water to do so) and the process of tinning is the same. JonSenior (talk) 05:45, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

Advantages
Im going to be re-working the advantages section and adding references. --Pocketpencil (talk) 17:33, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

EDIT DONE, section has been re-worked with citations --Pocketpencil (talk) 18:08, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Further rework
I will be reworking the disadvantages and the processes section next. After that i think the whole article needs more work, and additional references added. Some of the examples used are poor and do not adequately describe or characterize brazing. It also feels like very slanted towards torch brazing, with little insight into industrial brazing which occurs quite frequently. I will also try to make the article more general with regards to the theory of brazing. It seems there are many rules of thumb and anecdotal evidence given, many of which are incorrect. Will update when completed --Pocketpencil (talk) 16:58, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Everything done except techniques section, should have time to get to that in a day or so. --Pocketpencil (talk) 21:34, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * All finished...let me know if something needs editing/revising --Pocketpencil (talk) 14:25, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I have restored all of the "common technique" subsections that were deleted because those seem like legitimate brazing techniques to me, unless I'm missing something. I think the vacuum section needs to be merged into the vacuum furnace section to reduce redundancy, otherwise the rest only need references. I've also added a prose and expand-section template to the sections that need the respective clean-ups. Hope that helps. Wizard191 (talk) 20:27, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * They are not legitimate brazing techniques. They are all special types of torch brazing.  Vacuum brazing can be merged with the furnace section (though there is some incorrect info in there), but the other 3 techniques (braze welding, cast iron and silver) are all torch brazing with different substrates of fillers.  calling these brazing techniques is incorrect.  Perhaps a section could be created listing some special types or applications of torch brazing and then incorporate some of these there.  Not only that, but the sections seem to have a lot of anecdotal type statements which dont really contribute to an understanding of the brazing process. --Pocketpencil (talk) 22:24, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, the sections you added the expansion and cleanup templates to were already cleaned up by me. There is not much else to go into there unless you want this article to be really long and drug out. --Pocketpencil (talk) 22:27, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Soldering vs Brazing
The mains points coming out are the higher temperatures in brazing compared to soldering. But this has the affect, from the operators point of view of greatly changing the tools used. In my experience hand brazing uses some form of gas torch that applies the flame directly to the work pieces.

Soldering, especially for electronics, would almost always use a small (<5mm) tipped soldering iron. Usually electric, but sometimes the tip is heated by butane or similar gas. But the gas flame is NEVER (for cicuit board work anyway) applied directly to the surface. One exception might be where a steel chassis is having items soldered directly to it. Even that would be uncommon now days. The heat has to be applied very precisely, or your component or circuit board would be destroyed. --220.101.28.25 (talk) 10:21, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Heating
In an otherwise useful article, no mention is made of the use of the oxy-acetylene process commonly used with brazing. More specifically, what flame should be used, oxydising, nuetral or carburising? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.93.199.154 (talk) 07:02, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

General advice on flame
In the most general way, it is not possible to give you specific recommendation on the flame adjustment to use. This depends upon the base metal, filler metal and type of flux. In the most theoretical way and to be safe, go for neutral to slightly oxidising. Normally, oxidizing is the best. Think of it this way - you use a flux in order to clean the oxides off the base metal. If you use an oxidizing flame, you help the flux by also using the oxidizing flame. In contrast, if you clean the surface with a flux and then keep getting it dirty with a carbarizing flame, well you are defeating the purpose of the flux. But this rule of thumb is not always true. So to be on the safe side, go for neutral flame. But when the base metal and filler metal support it, oxidizing is the best way to go. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.198.133.52 (talk) 20:57, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Strength of a brazed joint is excellent !
I just want to state here that the text in the original page is completely and utterly wrong ! A brazed joint properly executed is the strongest joining method possible. To verify this, you must only look at material deformation in a constrained two dimensional plane. This principle is readily shown in every book on brazing by giving the joint strength as a function of the brazed gap. At a large gap size, yes the joint is normally very weak as most common brazing materials have low strength (though not all like Ni-based alloys). But as the size of gap decreases, the joint strength will rapidly increase. At recommended gaps sizes like 0.05-0.10 mm, the braze joint strength far exceeds that of the base material.

I can add literally hundreds of references here when I have time.

Although not based upon the same deformation mechanisms as metallic materials (where the two dimension deformation plane is influencing dislocation motion), you can explain this effect in very simple layman terms. Put a drop of water between two plates of glass, and then try to pull the glass apart. Correct, nearly impossible. Although the tensile strength of water is essentially zero, put a thin layer between glass and it behaves completely differently (though when you shear the plates apart, you find again very low strength). So in this analogy, you can easily demonstrate that a properly designed brazing joint will always be of higher strength than the base material.

Basic principle.

Disappointing that Wiki would let such a strikingly wrong article exist in the system. Nonsense is being spread.

By the way, welded joints are normally rather weak due to the undesired effects of the HAZ or heat affected zone. But this is topic for another comment. . . —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.198.133.52 (talk) 22:21, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

 * While I don't have a ref handy, I was taught the same thing in college, so if you could supply 2 or 3 good refs we can change it. Wizard191 (talk) 12:20, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

 * You're both correct; the statement in the article is utter rubbish. I recall reading earlier this evening that a brazed joint is several times stronger than the thinner metal in the joint (for brazing tubing, anyway). It was on an engineering website, but, alas, I've my browser set up to clear my history occasionally and it has done so in the interim. I'll try to find this reference and post it at a later date as I, ironically, have to get up early tomorrow and repair dozens of weak and leaking brazed joints that were put together by pipefitters that need to stay away from installing refrigerant piping.
 * AntarcticFox (talk) 02:21, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

References on strength
wish I could easily give appropriate references. Maybe I can email offline with the author of this article and revise the main text. I am not sure how this process works. Wish I could sign it also so you could contact me, but I am not sure how to do this. There are alot of references in the text and I am 100% sure that some of them must contain required info. Any brazing book with its weight in peanuts will give the famous graph of tensile strength as a function of the brazed joint. They all have this ! It readily shows for large gaps, the strength of the joint will drop down to the tensile strength of the brazing filler metal. While these are often soft (soft solders, silver alloys, pure copper), they must not be. Think of Ni-base braze where strength is rather high and alloys are brittle. Anyhow, this is common knowledge of anyone with practice in brazing. Take really any combination of materials, and do a proper braze joint. Do a tensile test and you see easily that you break in the base metal. Always. I have been out of academic studies 20 years and no longer have access to my text books or library. But my PhD in metallurgy gives me good reason to believe that I make no mistake here. The explanation for this is also pretty easy to find. You get any sophmore level book on mechanics of dislocations. When you look at the influence of the stress state on deformation, you see that when you constrain deformation to two dimensions you get infinitely increasing strength. A narrow brazed gap has the same effect and creates this two-dimensional stress state within the braze material. So theory readily explains what is empirically observed and it all makes sense. BRAZING gives the highest strength joining technique that we know (compared to welding, gluing, rivets, etc). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.198.133.52 (talk) 21:07, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

References for brazed joint strength
I can probably provide some references for brazed joint strength: Design_and_strength_brazed_joints see fig 7 and associated paras for showing that silver-copper (the most widely used brazing alloy) can exceed both the UTS of Silver, coppper AND steel. There are other reasons for this other than just "because it is brazed not welded". Firstly it involves triaxial stresses associated with brazed joints; in a very narrow joint gap the filler metal will be prevented from necking, which if you study your fracture mechanics is an important part of the fracture mechanism.

A whole host of our literature is available here: JM_literature If anyone is interested in further reading.

Here is a slide taken from a presentation I have given: slide

NOTE: these are NOT test results, I have mocked this data up from test results (just quickly from a presentation). I just thought it was a nic graphical way to articulate the effect I am trying to describe.

I can be contacted directly at will.clark@matthey.com if more sources/source verification is required.

Regards,

Will E4xit (talk) 11:23, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

Side note re soldering vs brazing
I suppose the temperature difference may be the "accepted" dividing line, however there are fundamental differences between soldering, brazing, and welding with regards to the ways those techniques are used. In traditional soldering, a physical connection is first created between the 2 pieces to be joined (two wires twisted together to make an electrical contact, a component attached to a circuit board by its leads, copper plumbing and a tight fitting). Then the work to be joined is heated to a temperature above the solder's melting point and solder is brought into contact with the work. The solder stabilizes the existing physical bond and prevents oxide from forming and the conductor-conductor contact point remains highly conductive. (Note that modern electronics uses very low currents so the higher resistance of conduction through solder or high resistance circuit traces are less relevant. Most manufacturing uses solder paste adhesive or silver epoxy for physical contact and conduction.) Brazing is used to create a strong physical bond between two pieces to be joined and it is the braze that is heated to melting and not the pieces to be joined. (Hence your confusion in calling some brazes "high temperature solder".) Welding. Construction welding e.g. 8" steel beam to 6" thick 6' diameter steel tube uses filler metal similar to the pieces to be joined and melts both the filler metal and the surfaces of the metals to be joined. Thinner pieces can be melted/joined without filler metal. Indeed metals will weld when held against each other under pressure at well below their melting point: like spot welds or picking up a 1000°C Platinum crucible with Iron tongs. I spent some years working at an Industrial Testing Laboratory doing failure analysis for legal cases. The distinction between soldering and brazing was important for a deposition I did. The Testing Lab had subscriptions to ASME and ASTM documentation, and non-web NIST or ANSI information was free. These Standards agencies now charge several hundred dollars for information. (I note that a majority of citations here come from "Industrial brazing practice - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2004. ISBN 9780849321122. http://books.google.com/?id=LHOsJGu9WUAC&pg=PA272&dq=brazing+alloys+types&cd=1#v=onepage&q=brazing%20alloys%20types" which is NOT in the public domain and refer to pages not even displayed by Google.) Very good information about brazing et al can be obtained from Copper.org, most documents being free/gratis or a token $1 Shjacks45 (talk) 21:04, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Huge table removal
diff

 * 1) The table was completely unreadable even on a standard screen.
 * 2) Possibly excessive use of information from a few sources - ie copyright issues
 * 3) also What_Wikipedia_is_not, and What_Wikipedia_is_not - possibly suitable for a separate "list of" article, but caution as regards excessive copying remains.Sf5xeplus (talk) 18:50, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I disagree with the removal and find it quite useful. As to point 1, I can read it just fine. Point 2: I've reviewed a few of the sources (not all) and found that no copyvio occurred. Point 3: I wouldn't call it an "indiscriminate" list because it is directly applicable to this article and, going back to my first comment, I find it quite useful. As such, I restored it and feel that it should remain. Wizard191 (talk) 20:37, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * This is what it looks like for me on a screen maximised and 1280 pixels wide Brazingscreenshot.JPG - that's not acceptable.
 * I think it would be better split into a separate article - what methods were used for inclusion on the list - or has every single mixture mentioned in the two books been replicated here, as I suspect.?
 * Either as a separate article or on this page the table needs fixing - it is an unreadable mess. I won't argue against the inclusion of the data (excluding my resevations already stated above) - but as is it needs to get mended soon, or be removed to this talk page for re-inclusion when fixed. Sf5xeplus (talk) 20:58, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I think the table should remain since it is relevant and useful. However, I can see how some may have difficulty viewing it. My screen resolution is 1680x1050 and it just barely fits with the window maximized. Perhaps the width of the list could be reduced by removing the redundancy of listing the composition both in its name and in a data cell.Alister 77 (talk)
 * A column "other elements" could be used for the less common additives, however that would reduce the sortability that others may find useful. Additionally the page is about ~324kB in size and this would be an obvious split - (note scrolling vertically that table uses ~85% of the pageheight at 1280px wide). But it really needs a solution.83.100.230.154 (talk) 21:16, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I've split the table to List of brazing alloys and created links to and from, plus additional relevant categories. However it still needs some way to make it more generally accessible - I assume that combining elements is not an option due to sorting issues - are there any technical software solutions.? Sf5xeplus (talk) 21:37, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I've asked at Help_desk, a request has been made for addition headers.83.100.230.154 (talk) 22:51, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Well the name column can be forced to be a narrower width. And instead of moving it to a new article, why don't you just make it a collapsible table? Wizard191 (talk) 23:26, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I didn't want to split the formulas but if you think that's ok then do it if it helps. 2nd question - simple answer Article size, more complex answer - splitting to a separate article appeared to be a good solution to the problems of page display on the main article, article size, overwide article width, and coverage of 'expert' information. Sf5xeplus (talk) 00:00, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually WP:SIZE states: "Readers may tire of reading a page much longer than about 30 to 50 KB, which roughly corresponds to 6,000 to 10,000 words of readable prose." "'Readable prose' is the main body of the text, excluding material such as: Footnotes and reference sections ("see also", "external links", bibliography, etc.), Diagrams and images, Tables and lists, Wikilinks and external URLs, and Formatting and mark-up". Therefore, (using Dr PDA's script) this article doesn't qualify for splitting because the prose is 25 kB. Give me some time to see if I can improve the formatting of the table so that it's not so wide and then I'll move it back per the above. Wizard191 (talk) 19:49, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * There's more to the size considerations than a single metric - I really don't think you are getting that such a large list of data (even if formatted to properly fit within a page) is not best suited for inclusion in the main article Brazing. I'll seek a third opinion.83.100.230.154 (talk) 20:06, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * (dispute) : The only issue is whether List of brazing alloys should be a separate page, or re-incorporated into the page Brazing. Thanks83.100.230.154 (talk) 20:06, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

 * OK, another article it is then. Wizard191 (talk) 15:44, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

lead
Hi, I've rewritten the lead and will be back in a week or so to remove the flag. In addition added proper names and links to the various filler materials for clarity. Marc — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.219.53.103 (talk) 10:26, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

As annonunced here, removed the "Lead too short" comment, as the rewrite has not been challenged nor been discussed.

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Dubious
As far as I know, retort furnaces cannot be used "semi-continuously" due to the nature of the retort -- it must be run in a batch. I don't have any citations to back this up, but it seems obvious to me from my experience and reading of the article.65.24.142.205 (talk) 13:55, 1 December 2021 (UTC)

No History
This article has no history. I wanted to know the history of brazing, but there is nothing significant in the article. It would be good if someone who knows anything about this topic could add a history section.

Lkingscott (talk) 12:42, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brazing


text:
Hysterotomy abortion

Hysterotomy abortion is a surgical procedure that removes an intact fetus from the uterus in a process similar to a cesarean section. The procedure is generally indicated after another method of termination has failed, or when such a procedure would be medically inadvisable, such as in the case of placenta accreta.

In 2016, this method made up less than 0.01% of all abortions in the United States, with the CDC reporting only 51 having occurred due to the invasive and complex nature of the procedure, and the availability of much simpler and safer methods. In 2022, scholars reported that in the aftermath of the overturning of Roe v. Wade by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Texas and other states where so called trigger laws immediately outlawed or heavily restricted reproductive healthcare, providers began performing hysterotomy abortions again. These providers have done so under the justification that such a procedure may not technically be considered an abortion under existing law.

Indications
As with other abortion procedures, the purpose of a hysterotomy abortion is to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta. This method is the most dangerous of any conventional abortion procedure, and has the highest complication rate. The procedure is specifically indicated in the management of certain medical conditions including Cesarean Scar Pregnancy.

Procedure
Hysterotomy is major abdominal surgery; it is generally only performed in hospitals and other advanced practice settings. The procedure is nearly identical to a cesarean section, with two main exceptions: the conduction of foeticide guaranteeing compliance with various laws on the subject, and preventing an unintended live birth; and the size of the incision, which is generally smaller than that of a cesarean section, as the fetus is generally not full term.

History
Scholarly sources place the use of this method since at least 1913. Health officials in the United States warned practitioners against performing hysterotomy abortion in an outpatient setting after it led to the deaths of two women in New York during 1971. The rate of mortality of abortion by hysterotomy and hysterectomy reported in the United States between 1972 and 1981 was 60 per 100,000, or 0.06%.

title: Hysterotomy abortion


text:
Social relation

A social relation is the fundamental unit of analysis within the social sciences, and describes any voluntary or involuntary interpersonal relationship between two or more individuals within and/or between groups. The group can be a language or kinship group, a social institution or organization, an economic class, a nation, or gender. Social relations are derived from human behavioral ecology, and, as an aggregate, form a coherent social structure whose constituent parts are best understood relative to each other and to the social ecosystem as a whole.

History
Early inquiries into the nature of social relations featured in the work of sociologists such as Max Weber in his theory of social action, where social relationships composed of both positive (affiliative) and negative (agonistic) interactions represented opposing effects. Categorizing social interactions enables observational and other social research, such as Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (lit. 'community and society'), collective consciousness, etc.

Ancient works which include manuals of good practice in social relations include the text of Pseudo-Phocylides, 175–227, Josephus' polemical work Against Apion, 198–210, and the deutero-canonical Jewish Book of Sirach or Ecclesiasticus,.

More recent research on social behaviour has demonstrated that newborn infants tend to instinctually gravitate towards prosocial behaviour. As obligate social apes, humans are born highly altricial, and require an extended period of post-natal development for cultural transmission of social organization, language, and moral frameworks. In linguistic and anthropological frameworks, this is reflected in a culture's kinship terminology, with the default mother-child relation emerging as part of the embryological process.

Forms of relation and interaction
According to Piotr Sztompka, forms of relation and interaction in sociology and anthropology may be described as follows: first and most basic are animal-like behaviors, i.e. various physical movements of the body. Then there are actions—movements with a meaning and purpose. Then there are social behaviors, or social actions, which address (directly or indirectly) other people, which solicit a response from another agent.

Next are social contacts, a pair of social actions, which form the beginning of social interactions. Symbols define social relationships. Without symbols, our social life would be no more sophisticated than that of animals. For example, without symbols people would have no aunts or uncles, employers or teachers-or even brothers and sisters. In sum, symbolic integrations analyze how social life depends on the ways people define themselves and others. They study face-to-face interaction, examining how people make sense out of life, how they determine their relationships.

Related disciplines

 * Behavioral ecology
 * Behavioral sciences
 * Engaged theory
 * Social ecology
 * Social philosophy
 * Social psychology

title: Social relation


text:
Dalmanutha

Dalmanutha or Dalmanoutha is the unknown destination of Jesus on the shores of the Sea of Gallilee after he fed the four thousand, as recorded in Mark's gospel. It is sometimes believed to be in the vicinity of Magdala, the alleged hometown of Mary Magdalene, since the parallel passage in Matthew's gospel,, refers instead to "Magadan", which has been taken to be a variant form of "Magdala".

In 2013, Ken Dark reported finding a possible location of Dalmanutha in the Ginosar Plain, placing the finding place of the famous 2000-years-old fishing boat right on the stretch of lakeshore belonging to this now ruined ancient town.

That there was ever a town called Dalmanutha is disputed by biblical scholar Joel L. Watts. He maintains that "Dalmanutha" is a cue to Mark's readers regarding the battle around Magdala during the Jewish Revolt.

title: Dalmanutha


text:
Satin glass

Satin glass is glass that has been chemically treated to give it a misty-looking finish. The term "satin glass" is frequently used to refer to a collectible type of pressed glass.

Satin glass can be used for decorative items. However, satin glass is also used to provide privacy where the full transparency of glass is undesirable.

The satin finish is produced by treating the glass with hydrofluoric acid or hydrofluoric acid fumes.

Satin glass was first made as decorative pressed glass in England and the United States during the 1880s. Many companies have produced this type of satin glass.

It is similar to milk glass in that it is opaque, and has decorative surface patterns molded into it, however, satin glass has a satin, rather than glossy surface. Satin glass is typically tinted with a pastel color, blue is the most common.

It was produced by the Fenton Art Glass Company between 1972 and 1984 in large quantities.

Satin glass, like milk glass and carnival glass, is considered a collectible. Due to recent high production volume, prices commanded by satin glass are relatively low. However, certain large pieces produced in low volume can command high prices, especially if in perfect condition.

Burnishing a piece of satin glass will polish the satin finish away, leaving a glossy spot and greatly reducing the value as a collectable. Even friction from repeated ordinary handling, such as dusting with a cloth, will eventually add glossy spots to the finish, so the most desirable pieces become more rare even without breakage and chipping.

title: Satin glass


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NACki

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

NACki
Does not appear to be notable. Google searches for NACki "demo party" and "NACKi ORGANiZiNG" yield nothing. The article contains nonsensical sentences such as "The number of compos swindles." I suggest deletion.M412k 15:30, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vegaswikian 05:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. At best not notable. Sjakkalle 06:37, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 09:47, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 17:14, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NACki


text:
Talk:Jim Nussle

POV
Continual insertion of personal beliefs into this entry prompted the POV tag. - Jaysus Chris 07:33, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Dear Jesus. Really, has Vander Plaats really become the Lt Gov man? We gotta deal with "why Republicans like Jaysuschris hate the Ten Commandments (and love right wing sluts like Karen Nussle)" Republicans. I think Jaysuschris is female, and probably, a Lesbian. (unsigned comment by FourthAve)

 * FourthAve, show us where the Abramoff info comes from, because you're wrong. Some of the people who did business with him donated money to Nussle.  Nussle returned it when he learned about the connection, the same way Harkin did.  (And Nussle actually got less money than Harkin incase you wanted to make a partisan issue out of this.). - Jaysus Chris 17:32, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Ethics Committee
I removed the following because I don't think it's true. These were voice votes, as I understand the situation, and Nussle was commended by the QC-Times for voting against removing standards to allow DeLay stay in leadership while under indictment. Do you have a citation?

"Last year, he voted to weaken the ethics rules to allow indicted individuals to still hold leadership roles. He also voted twice to make sure bills to strengthen the ethics rules did not come to a full House vote." - Jaysus Chris 17:58, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I could not find a QCT cite for it, but Dubuque Telegraph-Herald has it int the November 21, 2004 issue, age Pg. a16 - Jaysus Chris 18:50, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Unprotecting
I see nothing worthy of the name "discussion" here, so I'm unprotecting the article. --Tony Sidaway 02:26, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This RFC, and edits simlar to the commentary you removed (as well as personal attacks elsewhere) are what prompted the protection request. As you can see by the reaction at the RFC, discussion doesn't seem to be an option. - Jaysus Chris 03:55, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Bono editing this article
I thought it was cool... until I realised that he was violating our NPOV policy. See this article. A polite message to Bono might not go astray? - Ta bu shi da yu 00:07, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like the edit came from an XO Communications customer in Reston, VA. Lobbyist?  Probably the best 3 minutes they've spent as far as news coverage is concerned. - Jaysus Chris 01:32, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

I added a bit to the main article about Bono's group having edited this article, and a link to the story in the Des Moines, Iowa Register concerning these edits. And if there's a case for not making POV edits to an article, here it is, because users never know who actually is reading these articles. JesseG 22:21, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Is this notable? Everytime someone makes a POV edit to an article, are we going to document it in the article?  Doesn't this accomplish the goal of astroturfing, only in a backdoor manner? Even if this deserves a mention, it surely does not warrant its own section. I don't think it belongs at all, but maybe this compromise will do?  I also removed some language suspiciously similar to that used by user:FourthAve- Jaysus Chris 05:12, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, I put a few sentences back in about this to the background section. Normally I wouldn't bother documenting anything when it comes to a POV edit in the main article.  But as this made it into the Register, I thought it did deserve some sort of mention in the article.  I think that it belongs just as a way to make people aware that there are operatives on both sides of the political aisle who would attempt to exploit Wikipedia for their benefit or their own side's benefit.
 * JesseG 23:25, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Recent Activity
I had asked for the Nussle article to be placed in semi-protect status because of vandalism to the article that has taken place over the past day. People that know me know that I am no Republican, but Wikipedia is not the place, and my interest in fixing this is to ensure that the article holds to a higher standard and remains as netural as possible.

During all the activity, the paragraphs about the Bono connection got taken out, so I went ahead and put them back in. I did that for the same reason that I gave above, because I think it deserves some sort of mention, if for no other reason than to make people aware that there are people who'll change articles for political benefit despite the NPOV policies. JesseG 04:18, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

WPP
Was referred to as "foreign owned" - it's listed on Nasdaq and the UK stock exchange. Foreign is also a word whose meaning depends on the reader. Rich Farmbrough 22:46 10  May 2006 (UTC). 22:46, 10 May 2006 (UTC) I've changed it to "international".

Spelling error
Spelling:bacame==>became You can help! Aclayartist (talk) 16:47, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

WP:BIOGRAPHY reassessment
Content looks OK, but only a single citation means that this article is not up to B-Class standards. I have downgraded it to C-Class accordingly. PC78 (talk) 16:57, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

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2006 gubernatorial bid
I don't believe he was on the ballot in 2006 for his congressional seat, but it says that he "also lost it" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:140:8201:1476:ECEA:10F5:DB08:8712 (talk) 21:35, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

RfC on paragraph about an edit
There is currently a paragraph in the Political career section recounting a statement placed on the page in 2006 by a lobbying group to further their agenda. I don't feel like this belongs on the page, but I would appreciate others' thoughts. Quorum816 (talk) 16:53, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim Nussle


text:
Talk:George Clinton (funk musician)

Untitled
Are you really sure about Clinton's birth date? Some say he was born not 1940 but rather 1942 or 1941! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.247.89.70 (talk) 15:34, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Birth record says 1941. Questors 18:20, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

I believe he also appeared in the film the breaks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Obidikeeze (talk • contribs) 17:59, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Birth date
Well, if his birth record says what it says, why don't change the obvious wrong information given in the article then? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.180.56.60 (talk) 14:37, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Should info about his demo tape done with Lady Miss Kier be put in somewhere? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.168.56.37 (talk) 09:34, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Dear God, thank you for George Clinton, the funk musician. Not just a funk musician; he's THE funk musician. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.15.65.104 (talk) 02:45, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

years active
has he been active since 1955 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mick foley (talk • contribs) 00:32, 7 December 2006 (UTC).

Proposed merger
In regards to the proposal to merger P-Funk Mothership with this article, I strongly support the move. I feel the Mothership article lacks notability. Chuchunezumi 19:16, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

I disagree. The Mothership was a signature bit of Parliament stagecraft specifically and a big part of the P-Funk mythology generally, so if if is going to be merged it should be with one of those articles, not George Clinton's. (Full disclosure: I just added this page to the new Category:P-Funk mythology.) InnocuousPseudonym 08:07, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

I disagree too, they should remain separate.Zisimos 10:50, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Mathematics BA Urban Legend
Does he really have a maths degree? XKCD says he started this urban legend... --Yorinaga 08:11, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Hell, no. DFS (talk) 10:40, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Funktipus
All hail the Funktipus, lest ye be wantin' to have yo ass funktified. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.94.161.144 (talk) 05:44, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

GTA radio-host
Shouldn't it be mentioned that he provides the voice for a fictional radio host in the GTA San Andreas game? Funkynusayri 14:43, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Why not also discuss Parliament Funkadelic?

 * This article focuses on Clinton's solo efforts after 1981.

Why? That doesn't make any sense - the article is "George Clinton (musician)", not "Solo efforts of George Clinton (musician) after 1981". It should go into detail about Parliament Funkadelic. Tempshill (talk) 03:45, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * "This article is about Clinton's solo career after 1981. For more on his bands prior to that year, see Parliament-Funkadelic."

I am really confused by this. I would think that this article, like most articles about people, would be primarily a biography. If there is enough material (there is, but I recognize that articles take time to create and expand) then there would be a separate article encompassing his entire (solo and P-Funk) musical career, and another focusing on the history of P-Funk. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.125.2.104 (talk) 14:11, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

walk the dinosaur
so george did the walk the dinosaur song from the super mario bros movie, but he also released a single with remixes of that song for the movie should that be mentioned? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mamaluigibob (talk • contribs) 06:40, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Needs Cleanup
I tagged this as needing cleanup. The bulk of the article reads like random trivia and has very little "flow" (particularly the post-1990 section). I'd work it myself but I don't know the subject very well and I don't have the time to dedicate to it. -- Shan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.151.155.211 (talk) 06:07, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. You're right about the post-1990 section. -- D OOMSDAYER 520  (Talk|Contribs) 20:28, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
 * In the process I removed the following statement, which seems relevant but I'm not sure where it fits in historically. Clinton allows audience members to tape his live performances for private, non-commercial use only (source:GeorgeClinton.com :: Taping Policy) -- D OOMSDAYER 520  (Talk|Contribs) 20:52, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Parliament/Funkadelic samples
in the article it says rappers started sampling Parliament/Funkadelic in the 90's. This is not true. They actually started sampling Parliament/Funkadelic in the 80's along with James Brown & by the time the 90's rolled around, using samples by Parliament/Funkadelic or James Brown was considered cliche. robfromvan 22:28, 26 June 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robfromvan (talk • contribs)

The President of the United Funk of Funkadelica
Why don't we include this among his titles in the lead? I think it would provide humor.Hoops gza (talk) 19:12, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

It is an official title, after all. Kim Jong II has like 70 official titles and he doesn't even release material outside of his country.Hoops gza (talk) 19:15, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Management
I think it would be appropriate to discuss GC's management of the Parliament/Funkadelic empire. It is common knowledge (and is mentioned in both the Parliament and Funkadelic articles) that members of his bands throughout the years quit because of "financial concerns" i.e. George was notorious for not paying his bands and not giving songwriting credits/royalties to the musicians that wrote his songs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DFS (talk • contribs) 10:45, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * This seems especially lacking following the recent (May 2022) lawsuit by Bernie Worrell's widow. I am sure there are other articles with more details. Possibly other lawsuits. JoelSherrill (talk) 21:12, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

George Clinton discography page?
Should George Clinton have a separate discography page, since it is getting kind of long?--Jax 0677 (talk) 01:47, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

Dope Dogs
The page for this album says it was released in 1994 (Japan) and 1995 (U.S.). Other sources agree. 217.38.185.137 (talk) 09:07, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

Inconsistent solo career dates
" launched a solo career in 1981. " " Clinton's efforts as a solo artist began in 1982. " These can't both be true, can they?Fconaway (talk) 17:54, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

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Citations in external links
Citations for references should be in the body text of the article, not in the External links section. Citations are different from external links. Vmavanti (talk) 16:44, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 20 April 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Page moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Jerm (talk) 00:42, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

George Clinton (musician) → George Clinton (funk musician) – The current title fails to disambiguate him properly per WP:INCDAB, as there are three musicians called George Clinton. Adding the type of music he is known for will help resolve the ambiguity; also open to any other suggestions.

Note: He does get the most pageviews, but I would not support a move to the base title under WP:PTOPIC due to the existence of George Clinton (vice president). For a guy that's been dead for 200 years, it's pretty impressive that he can get around half the hits of a popular musical artist. In any case I don't see the case for arguing that the funk musician has substantially more long-term significance than a founding father. King of ♥   ♦   ♣  ♠ 22:14, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination. George Clinton (musician) is an incomplete disambiguation. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 06:32, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:25, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Requested move 1 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. wbm1058 (talk) 23:33, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

George Clinton (funk musician) → George Clinton (musician) - Between Feb 2023 and Jan 2024, 565,163 people viewed either this page, George S. Clinton, or George Clinton (clarinettist). Of these views, 515,164 (roughly 91.15%) came from this page. There is therefore no reason to specify that this guy is a funk musician. It is already established that whenever people look up George Clinton on this site, it either for him, or occasionally the Vice-President of the United States. SailorGardevoir (talk) 08:51, 1 March 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose Not so popular relative to George S. Clinton to warrant partial disambiguation, which is an extremely high threshold. See also the RM above, which this makes no new arguments relative to. * Pppery * it has begun... 14:46, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:PDAB. 162 etc. (talk) 15:48, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per * Pppery * and 162 etc. As already indicated in the previous Talk:George Clinton (funk musician) above, George Clinton (musician) represents incomplete disambiguation and should redirect, as it currently does, to the George Clinton dab page. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 04:40, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per previous RM. Incomplete disambiguation. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:49, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Clinton (funk musician)