text:
Talk:Small intestine

Transport of nutrients
Glucose and fructose are absorbed from the gut by facilitated transport, not by diffusion. The transporters in question are SGLT1 and GLUT5. In addition, water is thought to be co-transported by SGLT1. Water uptake increases in the presence of glucose - passive diffusion cannot explain this.

124.148.249.157 (talk) 02:43, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Total length is incorrect
The length of the small intestine probably isn't as long as the article suggests. Biology by Raven and Johnson states that the length of the small intestine is 4.5m in a living person and 6m in a long at autopsy because the muscles relax upon death. - Mahela

EDIT: I changed the length from 7 to 4.5 m. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mahela007 (talk • contribs) 18:41, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Currently the article suggests a very short small intestine (3 meters?) and no source is given. The comments above mention a source, however I cannot find the source to confirm this. However, according to Gray's anatomy, the small intestine is about 7 meters long. Moreover, according to "Surgical Applied Anatomy" by Frederick Treves, of one hundred consecutive cases, the average length of the small intestine in the adult male was 22 feet 6 inches, and in the adult female 23 feet 4 inches: but that it varies very much, the extremes in the male being 31 feet 10 inches, and 15 feet 6 inches. Thus, I believe that the current length given in the article is wrong. I am going to edit the article accordingly. Puhlaa (talk) 14:32, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I found a scientific reference for the 3.5 metter length: . I'm waiting for any consideration before including it in the article as a reference, leaving both traditional length and new shorter. --faregran — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.81.190.65 (talk) 16:57, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

add histology
can someone please add the histology of the stomach / other digestive systems? hi, my name is Nadyn and i am 12. I am just wondering how long food stays in the small intestine??? when the food reaches the small intestine, i know everything but how long it stays in there for?? because i have a summary i have to do... please help! xx thanks stomach is a dilated part of alimentry canal.it is a J-shaped located beneath diaphrgm.herefood stays for 22 hours — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.154.112.141 (talk) 16:39, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

this is not a tutoring/homework-assist site. please refrain from spamming wikipedia with your homework requests in the future. Lesotho 17:29, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

The small intestine is 20ft long, not about 9ft. I don't know what the sources are, but Snell's Clinical Anatomy(and numerous web SOurcees) state that it is abotu 20ft long.

 * You're right...the lengths stated for the overall small intestine and the three structural parts that comprise it were way off. I've corrected the lengths. 69.110.155.206 09:31, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

I would also like to know how long food stays in the small intestine. I am not doing homework just courious : )) Cathie

Intestine
Ok, I'm really sorry. I didn't realise this article existed so i went full steam ahead and did the intestine article. However i think all my info on the general layout of the gut with mucosa, muscularis externa etc can be salvaged for use in this article or another. Plus i did a good bit on facilitated diffusion of glucose in the ileum. Sorry again I'm a complete newbie. Please just consider what i said. Crabulon 23:57 GMT

well, your article is certainly informative and i think that both the 'intestine' and 'small intestine' articles complement one another. the bad news is, however, that they now need to be merged. the combined article should be a big improvement over any of the individual articles, i believe. Lesotho 00:16, 9 June 2006 (UTC).

 * That's OK but yourself too busy at all so no rush 58 2A00:23C7:8F0C:5101:BC0F:7BAB:F9B6:626D (talk) 13:56, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

vandalism
the main article has been vandalized...can some admin please lock it temporarily and reverse the spam? Lesotho 19:52, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Jobs
Why is the small intestine good at doing its job? I was just trying to find out as much as possible about it.

Change length of sections to ratios?
Since the length isn't always the same, shouldn't the length of each section be a percentage or fraction? Crazydog115 05:21, 22 February 2007 (UTC)this page is so cool i needed this page so much. well, Iam only trying to find the latin (or is it greek?) name of the SMALL INTESTINE, I mean, "colon" shows up all the time, but not small intestine.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.153.16.10 (talk) 01:35, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Can someone put more usable info?
$$Insert formula here$$

Organization
I think that I've made some fair improvements to this article (from this to this), but I've just about taken it as far as I can, given my limited knowledge of the subject. I leave it to others; it does appear to me to need some improvements to the content still. Un sch  ool  05:55, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Major reorganization and consolidation
After finding a number of recent edits that consisted of vandalism or uninformative observations, I initially planned to simply remove these. But close reading for those kinds of problems revealed that the page contained a lot of repeated information (e.g., villi described at least three times) and was not well organized. I changed the organization to more of a "classic" anatomy and physiology arrangement and eliminated redundancies as I went. I also made a few additions and corrections when needed.

Some additional details would be useful in some areas, as would a diagram of the intestinal mucosa. I will try to work on this more in the future.

As Lesotho noted in October 2006, this page does seem to suffer a lot of vandalism and useless entries!

--AJC (talk) 06:45, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

New Transverse Image
Re: edit 21:09 7 December 2011

I'd like to call into question the educational value of the image added in this edit. 1) Judging by the presence of the umbilical vein and the lack of ossification of the vertebral body, this is a section from a fetus. The fact that it's not labeled as such could be misleading to some readers because of the presence of the umbilical vein and the irregular appearance of the transverse colon (In adult humans, an anatomically normal transverse colon would not pass in and out of a transverse plane five times - see this). 2) The level of the section (which plane of the abdomen it represents) is not indicated. 3) (Maybe this belongs on the image talk page?) The arrow for the "Small Intestine" label is actually pointing to the mesentery. To anyone who will the defend the picture: why should this picture be included in the article? NeuroE (talk) 04:52, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

pH of the small intestine
How about including that the intestine is roughly basic, as it best suits digestive enzymes. it is in contrast with the stomach which is acidic. Important science 129.180.166.53 (talk) 06:30, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

length of intestine
In many books the length of small intestine is given 6 m is it incorrect Prajwal Malame (talk) 07:47, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Seems to be taken as a good 'average'. --Iztwoz (talk) 08:29, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

Article shouldn't focus on humans
Because it is not an organ of mainly humans. One section should be for humans, maybe others for specific animals if they are significantly different, and the article overall should be about small intestines as an organ of the animals who have it. Thinker78 (talk) 06:52, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

Science
3conversions that takes place in small intestine 39.42.176.44 (talk) 15:46, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Small intestine


text:
Central serous chorioretinopathy

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC or CSCR), also known as central serous retinopathy (CSR), is an eye disease that causes visual impairment, often temporary, usually in one eye. When the disorder is active it is characterized by leakage of fluid under the retina that has a propensity to accumulate under the central macula. This results in blurred or distorted vision (metamorphopsia). A blurred or gray spot in the central visual field is common when the retina is detached. Reduced visual acuity may persist after the fluid has disappeared.

The disease is considered of unknown cause. It mostly affects white males in the age group 20 to 50 (male:female ratio 6:1) and occasionally other groups. The condition is believed to be exacerbated by stress or corticosteroid use.

Pathophysiology
Recently, central serous chorioretinopathy has been understood to be part of the pachychoroid spectrum. In pachychoroid spectrum disorders, of which CSR represents stage II, the choroid, the highly vascularized layer below the retina, is thickened and congested with increased blood vessel diameter, especially in the deep choroid (the so-called Haller's layer). This results in increased pressure from the deep choroid against the superficial choroid close to the retina, damaging the fine blood vessels (capillaries) needed to supply oxygen and nutrients to the retinal pigment epithelium and retina. Additionally, fluid can leak from these damaged vessels and accumulate under the retina.

Different stages of the pachychoroid are defined depending on the amount of cumulative damage. If there are defects in the retinal pigment epithelium without accumulation of fluid below the retina, a pachychoroid pigmentepitheliopathy (PPE) is present. Accumulation of fluid results in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR). The development of secondary blood vessels, so-called choroidal neovascularization (CNV) leads to pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV). If parts of these new vessels bulge outward, so-called aneurysms develop within this CNV, defining pachychoroid aneurysmal type 1 CNV (or, still widely used, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV)).

Since the individual stages develop one after the other from the respective preliminary stage, pachychoroidal diseases of the macula are divided into 4 stages according to Siedlecki, Schworm and Priglinger:

Risk factors
CSR is sometimes called idiopathic CSR which means that its cause is unknown. Nevertheless, stress appears to play an important role. An oft-cited but potentially inaccurate conclusion is that persons in stressful occupations, such as airplane pilots, have a higher incidence of CSR.

CSR has also been associated with cortisol and corticosteroids. Persons with CSR have higher levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which allows the body to deal with stress, which may explain the CSR-stress association. There is extensive evidence to the effect that corticosteroids (e.g. cortisone), commonly used to treat inflammations, allergies, skin conditions and even certain eye conditions, can trigger CSR, aggravate it and cause relapses. In a case report, a young male was using Prednisolone and began to display subretinal fluid indicative of CSR. With the discontinuation of the steroid drop the subretinal fluid resolved and did not show any sign of recurrence. Thus indicating the steroid was the probable cause of the CSR. A study of 60 persons with Cushing's syndrome found CSR in 3 (5%). Cushing's syndrome is characterized by very high cortisol levels. Certain sympathomimetic drugs have also been associated with causing the disease.

Evidence has also implicated helicobacter pylori (see gastritis) as playing a role. It would appear that the presence of the bacteria is well correlated with visual acuity and other retinal findings following an attack.

Evidence also shows that people with MPGN type II kidney disease can develop retinal abnormalities including CSR caused by deposits of the same material that originally damaged the glomerular basement membrane in the kidneys.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis usually starts with a dilated examination of the retina, followed with confirmation by optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. The angiography test will usually show one or more fluorescent spots with fluid leakage. In 10%-15% of the cases these will appear in a "classic" smokestack shape. Differential diagnosis should be immediately performed to rule out retinal detachment, which is a medical emergency. A clinical record should be taken to keep a timeline of the detachment. The affected eye will sometimes exhibit a refractive spectacle prescription that is more far-sighted than the fellow eye due to the decreased focal length caused by the raising of the retina.

Indocyanine green angiography or laser Doppler imaging can be used to reveal the underlying swollen choroidal vessels under the retinal pigment epithelium and assess the health of the retina in the affected area which can be useful in making a treatment decision.

Treatment
Any ongoing corticosteroid treatment should be tapered and stopped, where possible. It is important to check current medication, including nasal sprays and creams, for ingredients of corticosteroids, if found seek advice from a medical practitioner for an alternative.

Most eyes with CSR undergo spontaneous resorption of subretinal fluid within 3–4 months. Recovery of visual acuity usually follows. Treatment should be considered if resorption does not occur within 3–4 months, spontaneously or as the result of counselling. The available evidence suggests that half-dose (or half-fluence) photodynamic therapy is the treatment of choice for CSR with subretinalfluid for longer than 3–4 months.

Due to the natural disease course of CSR - in which spontaneous resolution of subretinal fluid may occur - retrospective studies may erroneously report positive treatment outcomes and should, therefore, be evaluated with caution.

Laser treatments
Full-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin was first described in CSR in 2003. Later, reduced-settings PDT (half-dose, half-fluence, and half-time) was found to have the same efficacy and a lower chance of complications. Follow-up studies have confirmed the treatment's long-term effectiveness including its effectiveness for the chronic variant of the disease. In the PLACE trial, half-dose photodynamic therapy was found to be superior compared to high-density subthreshold micropulse laser, both with regard to anatomical and functional outcomes. Indocyanine green angiography can be used to predict how the patient will respond to PDT.

Laser photocoagulation, which effectively burns the leak area shut, may be considered in cases where there is little improvement in a 3- to 4-month duration, and the leakage is confined to a single or a few sources of leakage at a safe distance from the fovea. Laser photocoagulation is not indicated for cases where the leak is very near the central macula or for cases where the leakage is widespread and its source is difficult to identify. Laser photocoagulation can permanently damage vision where applied. Carefully tuned lasers can limit this damage. Even so, laser photocoagulation is not a preferred treatment for leaks in the central vision and is considered an outdated treatment by some doctors. Foveal attenuation has been associated with more than 4 months' duration of symptoms, however a better long-term outcome has not been demonstrated with laser photocoagulation than without photocoagulation.

In chronic cases, transpupillary thermotherapy has been suggested as an alternative to laser photocoagulation where the leak is in the central macula.

Yellow micropulse laser has shown promise in very limited retrospective trials.

A Cochrane review seeking to compare the effectiveness of various treatment for CSR found low quality evidence that half-dose PDT treatment resulted in improved visual acuity and less recurrence of CSR in patients with acute CSR, compared to patients in the control group. The review also found benefits in micropulse laser treatments, where patients with acute and chronic CSR had improved visual acuity compared to control patients.

Oral medications
Spironolactone is a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that may help reduce the fluid associated with CSR. In a retrospective study noted by Acta Ophthalmologica, spironolactone improved visual acuity in CSR patients over the course of 8 weeks.

Eplerenone is another mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has been thought to reduce the subretinal fluid that is present with CSR. In a study noted in International Journal of Ophthalmology, results showed Epleronone decreased the subretinal fluid both horizontally and vertically over time. However, the most recent and largest randomized controlled trial showed that eplerenone has no significant effect on chronic CSR.

Low dosage ibuprofen has been shown to quicken recovery in some cases.

Topical treatment
Though no topical treatment has been proven to be effective in the treatment of CSR. Some doctors have attempted to use nonsteroidal topical medications to reduce the subretinal fluid associated with CSR. The nonsteroidal topical medications that are sometimes used to treat CSR are, Ketorolac, Diclofenac, or Bromfenac.

Lifestyle changes
People who have irregular sleep patterns, type A personalities, sleep apnea, or systemic hypertension are more susceptible to CSR, as stated in Medscape. "The pathogenesis here is thought to be elevated circulating cortisol and epinephrine, which affect the autoregulation of the choroidal circulation." With management of these lifestyle patterns and associated cortisol and epinephrine levels, it has been shown that the fluid associated with CSR can spontaneously resolve. Melatonin has been shown to help regulate sleep in people who have irregular sleep patterns (such as 3rd shift workers, or overnight employees), in turn, better regulating cortisol and epinephrine levels to manage CSR.

Prognosis
The prognosis for CSR is generally excellent. While immediate vision loss may be as poor as 20/200 in the affected eye, clinically, over 90% of patients regain 20/25 vision or better within 45 days. Once the fluid has resolved, either spontaneously or through treatment, distortion is reduced and visual acuity improves as the eye heals. However, some visual abnormalities can remain even where visual acuity is measured at 20/20. This includes localized reductions in light sensitivity as assessed by visual field testing (microperimetry). Lasting problems include decreased night vision, reduced color discrimination, and localized distortion caused by scarring of the sub-retinal layers.

Complications include subretinal neovascularization and pigment epithelial detachment.

The disease can re-occur causing progressive vision loss. There is also a chronic form, titled as type II central serous retinopathy, which occurs in approximately 5% of cases. This exhibits diffuse rather than localized abnormality of the pigment epithelium, producing a persistent subretinal fluid. The serous fluid in these cases tends to be shallow rather than dome shaped. The prognosis for this condition is less favorable and continued clinical consultation is advised.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Central serous chorioretinopathy


text:
Vilhelm Kyhn

Peter Vilhelm Carl Kyhn (March 30, 1819 – May 11, 1903) was a Danish landscape painter who belonged to the generation of national romantic painters immediately after the Danish Golden Age and before the Modern Breakthrough. Even though he outlived many of his artistic peers by several decades, he remained a traditionalist and expressed strong criticism of many of the new trends in the painting of his day.

Kyhn also played a role as an educator, establishing several alternative art schools, including a painting school for women which was attended by Anna Ancher, among others.

Early life and education
Kyhn was born in Copenhagen to Carl Gottlieb Kyhn and his wife Sara Marie. His father was against his becoming an artist, and he was first put to train in a business office; then as a compromise he was allowed to train with copperplate engraver, Georg Hoffmann. Here he learned to make vignettes, a skill which became useful to him later when he learned to make etchings.

He also got the opportunity to begin his training at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1836. He entered the School of Plaster Model Painting in 1840, and into the School of Model Painting in 1841, where he was influenced by the classicism of teacher Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, father of the Golden Age of Danish Painting, and J. L. Lund. He was also influenced by Niels Lauritz Høyen, another teacher at the Academy as well as an important art critic and art historian, who encouraged a unique Danish school of art. N. F. S. Grundtvig was also a source of inspiration in his turn towards national romanticism.

He won the small silver medallion in 1843 for a figure drawing, but he was set on becoming a landscape painter. At about this time Danish landscapes started to become a serious domain for Danish artists. Kyhn became part of the movement and was able to exhibit his first landscape, Et bornholmsk Strandparti (A View of the Beach on Bornholm), an area he had visited over a period of several years. This painting was purchased by the Danish Royal Painting Collection, now the Danish National Gallery, and later loaned to Aarhus Art Museum.

In 1845, Kyhn won a prize in the Neuhausen Competition (Neuhausenske Konkurs) for Landskab, hvori Foraaret karakteriseres (Spring Landscape).

Student travel abroad
After a few years of diligent work painting landscapes in Jutland and the north of Zealand, he began to seek out a travel stipend; he was awarded one in 1848. However, he delayed his travels until the spring of 1850 on account of the turbulent times around the European revolutions of 1848 which led to Denmark’s becoming a constitutional monarchy on June 5, 1849.

He traveled over the Netherlands and Belgium to Paris in the spring of 1850, and reached Italy in September of the same year. The following year he received an extension to his stipend. He painted few landscapes of the countries he visited, and only during his travels abroad.

National romantic landscape painting
Back in Denmark in June 1851, he returned to painting direct studies from nature. The paintings which Niels Lauritz Høyen bought from Kyhn show good development in his style. His landscape painting ability continued to improve over the years, as exemplified by the winter scene, Kystparti ved Taarbæk (View of the Coast near Taarbæk) and Udsigt over det flade Land ved Bjærgelide (View across the Flat Land near Bjærgelide) painted in 1858, which featured the typical Danish countryside near Horsens. The flat prairies of Jutland in this picture were not a popular subject at the time. He helped open the way for other artists to interpret this quintessential Danish landscape.

After 1863, he painted many scenes in the special light of Denmark’s late summer evenings. These include the atmospheric Efter solnedgang i udkanten af en landsby (After Sunset on the Outskirts of a Village) painted in 1863 and Sildig Sommeraften ved Himmelbjærget (Late Summer Evening near Himmelbjerget) painted in 1874. Both of these paintings are in the collection of the National Museum of Art.

He painted many landscapes in the area near Silkeborg, and spent his summers starting in 1873 at Himmelbjerg, one of Denmark’s highest points. It was likely in this area that Kyhn began to experiment with painting in the open air, instead of painting in the studio as he had done previously and was customary.

Graphic work
He was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of The Danish Etchers Union (Den danske Radeerforening) in 1853. He married Pauline Petrine Leisner on September 11 of that same year.

Opposition to internationalism and conflicts at the Academy
He taught at both the School of Drawing and the School of Painting from the 1850s. He became a member of the Art Academy in 1870. He was a member of the Exhibition Committee at Charlottenborg 1873-1888, and of the Exhibition Committee for the World Exhibition in Paris 1877-1878. He traveled to Sweden in 1866 and 1874, to Norway in 1873 and 1874, to Skagen in 1877.

As a nationalist artist, the "blond artists" as they were called, he was excluded from membership in the Academy, and could not sell his paintings to the influential Kunstforeningen at Gammel Strand.

In reaction and opposition to the growing internationalism affecting young Danish artists who were choosing to travel to France as part of their education, and to the effect of this French training on Danish art, Kyhn sent a work to Paris in 1876. The work was a defense of Danish national art and the Eckersberg school of painting. He traveled to Paris in 1878 where his work was exhibited at the World Exhibition. He resigned from the Academy in 1882 in protest against works by Peder Severin Krøyer and Theodor Philipsen.

His work was exhibited at the first international art exhibition in Vienna, Austria in 1882. Kyhn was selected as member of the Academy’s plenary assembly in 1887.

Alternative painting schools
During the period 1871-1879, Kyhn’s studio became a gathering place for a group of young, dissatisfied artists and Academy students called the Huleakademiet (The Den Academy), which eventually led to the formation in 1882 of The Artists' Independent Studio Schools (Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler).

During this period, between 1865 and 1895, he also operated the Painting School for Women (Tegneskolen for Kvinder), at a time when women did not have access to the academy. More than 75 women trained under him, including Anna Ancher, Ville Bang, Johanne Krebs, Emilie Mundt, Marie Luplau, Emmy Thornam, Elise Konstantin-Hansen, Nicoline Tuxen, and Margrethe Backer Welhaven.

Private life
His son Svend Carl, born in 1862, was a promising landscape and interiors painter but died in 1890. His wife died in 1894. He received the bronze medallion at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. He died in Frederiksberg on May 11, 1903, at the age of 84.

The fruits of a long life
Kyhn maintained a freshness of perspective. He portrayed a more naturalistic landscape than previously, one that was anchored in careful study and with an immediacy made possible through open-air painting. He chose to feature and glorify the landscapes of his native land, exploring especially the countryside near his home in Jutland. He was influenced by the times, and could show that influence in his paintings, while the national romanticism of his middle years was still an anchor in his large production of landscapes. He influenced many younger artists.

He is featured in a portrait by Peder Severin Krøyer (1898).

Other Danish landscape painters of his generation were Johan Thomas Lundbye and P.C. Skovgaard.

title: Vilhelm Kyhn


text:
Category talk:User eo-N

Pfft! Best. Category. Ever. the wub (talk) 12:18, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There are several hundred of them, and probably more native speakers of Esperanto than there are total speakers of some minor natural languages. At least one of them is a prominent Wikipedian (Arno Lagrange). — Trilobite (Talk) 09:18, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:User eo-N


text: Category:Catholic teaching orders

title: Category:Catholic teaching orders


text:
William Gosset (British Army officer, born 1782)

Major-General Sir William Gosset (18 January 1782 – 27 March 1848) was a British Army officer and public servant.

Biography
Commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1798, Gosset was secretary to William à Court's mission to the Barbary States in 1813, Member of Parliament for Truro from 1820 to 1826, secretary to Lord Anglesey as Master-General of the Ordnance from 1827 to 1828, private secretary to Anglesey as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1828 to 1829, Under-Secretary for Ireland from 1831 to 1835 and Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons from 1835 until his death.


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Flattening

Flattening is a measure of the compression of a circle or sphere along a diameter to form an ellipse or an ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) respectively. Other terms used are ellipticity, or oblateness. The usual notation for flattening is $$f$$ and its definition in terms of the semi-axes $$a$$ and $$b$$ of the resulting ellipse or ellipsoid is
 * $$ f =\frac {a - b}{a}.$$

The compression factor is $$b/a$$ in each case; for the ellipse, this is also its aspect ratio.

Definitions
There are three variants: the flattening $$f,$$ sometimes called the first flattening, as well as two other "flattenings" $$f'$$ and $$n,$$ each sometimes called the second flattening, sometimes only given a symbol, or sometimes called the second flattening and third flattening, respectively.

In the following, $$a$$ is the larger dimension (e.g. semimajor axis), whereas $$b$$ is the smaller (semiminor axis). All flattenings are zero for a circle ($a = b$).
 * {| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding="5"

! style="padding-left: 0.5em" scope="row" | (First) flattening ! style="padding-left: 0.5em" scope="row" | Second flattening ! style="padding-left: 0.5em" scope="row" | Third flattening
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em" | $$f$$
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em" | $$\frac{a-b}{a}$$
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em " | Fundamental. Geodetic reference ellipsoids are specified by giving $$\frac{1}{f}\,\!$$
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em" | $$f'$$
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em" | $$\frac{a-b}{b}$$
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em" | Rarely used.
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em" | $$n$$
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em" | $$\frac{a-b}{a+b}$$
 * style="padding-left: 0.5em" | Used in geodetic calculations as a small expansion parameter.
 * }

Identities
The flattenings can be related to each-other:

 * $$\begin{align}

f = \frac{2n}{1 + n}, \\[5mu] n = \frac{f}{2 - f}. \end{align}$$

The flattenings are related to other parameters of the ellipse. For example,
 * $$\begin{align}

\frac ba &= 1-f = \frac{1-n}{1+n}, \\[5mu] e^2 &= 2f-f^2 = \frac{4n}{(1+n)^2}, \\[5mu] f &= 1-\sqrt{1-e^2}, \end{align}$$

where $$e$$ is the eccentricity.

title: Flattening


text:
Glazer ownership of Manchester United

Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester. The club was formed as Newton Heath LYR Football Club, the works team of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot in Newton Heath, in 1878. The club split from the railway company in 1892 and remained under private ownership for almost 100 years, changing its name to Manchester United after being saved from bankruptcy in 1902. The club was the subject of takeover bids from media tycoon Robert Maxwell in 1984 and property trader Michael Knighton in 1989, before going public in 1991; they received another takeover bid from Rupert Murdoch's BSkyB corporation in 1998 before Malcolm Glazer's stake was announced in September 2003.

By the end of 2003, Glazer had increased his shareholding from 3.17% to around 15%, which he almost doubled in the year up to October 2004. His acquisition of John Magnier and J. P. McManus's 28.7% stake in May 2005 pushed his own up to around 57%, well over the 30% threshold that would force him to launch a takeover bid. A few days later, he took control of 75% of the club's shares, allowing him to delist the company from the London Stock Exchange, and within a month, the Glazers took 98% ownership of the club via their Red Football parent company, forcing a squeeze-out of the remaining 2%. The final purchase price of the club totalled almost £800 million.

Most of the capital used by Glazer to purchase Manchester United came in the form of loans, the majority of which were secured against the club's assets, incurring interest payments of over £60 million per annum. The remainder came in the form of PIK loans (payment in kind loans), which were later sold to hedge funds. Manchester United was not liable for the PIKs, which were held by Red Football Joint Venture and were secured on that company's shares in Red Football (and thus the club). The interest on the PIKs rolled up at 14.25% per annum. Despite this, the Glazers did not pay down any of the PIK loans in the first five years they owned the club. In January 2010, the club carried out a successful £500 million bond issue, and by March 2010, the PIKs stood at around £207 million. The PIKs were eventually paid off in November 2010 by unspecified means. In August 2012, as part of further refinancing, the Glazers sold a number of shares in Manchester United in an initial public offering (IPO) on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

Some Manchester United fans opposed Glazer's takeover of the club, particularly once they realised the level of debt that the club would have to take on after having been debt-free for so many years. Due to this fans took to the streets to protest against the Glazers. Disgruntled fans launched the football club F.C. United of Manchester in 2005, which entered the North West Counties Football League and played in the sixth tier National League North from 2015 to 2019. Since 2005, the Manchester United Supporters' Trust has been working on a way of returning ownership of the club to supporters; in 2010, they met with a group of wealthy Manchester United fans – dubbed the "Red Knights" – to discuss a billion-pound takeover bid. However, the bid fell through when the Red Knights refused to meet the Glazers' valuation of the club.

Background
Manchester United was formed as Newton Heath LYR F.C. in 1878 by the workers in the Carriage and Wagon Works of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's Newton Heath depot. In 1901, the club was in over £2,500 of debt and facing a winding-up order; however, they were saved by local brewer John Henry Davies, who changed their name to Manchester United in 1902. After Davies' death in 1927, the club fell into financial difficulties once again, but James W. Gibson stepped in as a new financial benefactor in 1931. Gibson himself died in 1951, but while his widow, Violet, inherited the ownership of the club, its control passed to director and former player Harold Hardman.

Meanwhile, a local businessman named Louis Edwards began accruing shares in Manchester United and was eventually made chairman on Hardman's death in 1965. His son, Martin Edwards, purchased a percentage of shares from Alan Gibson – son of former owner James Gibson – and became the majority shareholder and chairman when Louis Edwards died in 1980. During Martin Edwards' time as chairman, Manchester United was the subject of several takeover bids; the first came from media tycoon Robert Maxwell, who bid £10 million in February 1984, but the sale fell through before any serious talks could take place. In 1989, property magnate Michael Knighton was on the verge of completing a £20 million takeover, but his financial backers pulled out at the last minute and he had to be content with merely a seat on the board.

Manchester United was floated on the stock market in 1991, and they received yet another takeover bid in 1998, this time from Rupert Murdoch's BSkyB. The Manchester United board accepted a £623 million offer, but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999. A few years later, a power struggle emerged between the club's manager, Sir Alex Ferguson, and his horse-racing partners, John Magnier and J. P. McManus, who had gradually become the largest shareholders via their company, Cubic Expression. In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar, Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager, and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen's influence.

Meanwhile, Avram Glazer – the son of Malcolm Glazer – was looking into investment in European football. The Glazer family already owned several businesses in the United States and had purchased the Tampa Bay Buccaneers National Football League franchise in 1995. They convinced the local government to fund a new stadium for the Buccaneers in 1998 and the franchise won its first Super Bowl in January 2003.

Acquisition of shares and gaining control
Following the Manchester United board's search for new investors, the Glazers purchased their first tranche of Manchester United shares on 2 March 2003, spending around £9 million on a 2.9% stake, which they purchased through a holding company called Red Football. On 26 September 2003, it was reported that they had increased their share to 3.17%, taking their shareholding above the 3% threshold that required them to inform the club's management. There had already been considerable speculation about the possibility of a takeover of the club, either by the Glazers or by one of several other interested parties. By 20 October, they had increased their shareholding to 8.93%, and on 29 November, it was reported that they owned around 15% of the club and had met David Gill, its chief executive, to discuss their intentions.

On 12 February 2004, the Glazers increased their stake in the club to 16.31% and the following day's Financial Times reported that they had instructed Commerzbank to explore a takeover bid. The club's share price increased by 5% that day, valuing the club at a total of £741 million. The Glazers increased their shareholding to over 19% the following June, although they were still not the largest shareholders. Their shareholding continued to increase, nearing 30% by October 2004. Upon reaching 30%, they would have to launch a formal takeover bid. In February 2005, over 400 Manchester United fans held a protest at Old Trafford against a potential Glazer takeover.

On 12 May 2005, Red Football announced that it had reached an agreement with shareholders J. P. McManus and John Magnier to purchase Cubic Expression's 28.7% stake in the club, which gave the Glazers a controlling stake with just under 57% of the club's shares. They then managed to secure the stake of the third-largest stakeholder, Scottish mining entrepreneur Harry Dobson, taking their share total to 62% of the club. By 13 May, the Glazers had bought a further 12.8% stake, taking their total ownership to 74.81%, just shy of the 75% threshold that would allow them to end the club's public limited company (PLC) status and delist it from the London Stock Exchange. On 16 May, the Glazers took their shareholding in Manchester United to 75.7%, and a month later, on 22 June, they removed the club's shares from the stock exchange for the first time in 14 years.

The Glazers' shareholding increased gradually to 76.2% by 23 May, when they made their final offer of 300 pence per share, with a deadline of 3 p.m. on 13 June. On 26 May, the Manchester United board wrote to the remaining shareholders indicating their intention to sell their own shares and advising the others to follow suit; in the same letter, chairman Sir Roy Gardner and non-executive directors Ian Much and Jim O'Neill offered their resignations. On 7 June, Avram Glazer and his brothers Joel and Bryan were appointed to the Manchester United board as non-executive directors. Despite the board's encouragement, the Glazers' share in the club had only reached 97.3% by 14 June, short of the 97.6% threshold required for a compulsory buyout of all remaining shareholders, prompting them to extend the deadline on their offer to purchase the remaining shares until 27 June. A statement released on 28 June said that Red Football's shareholding had reached 98% (259,950,194 shares), prompting a squeeze-out of the remaining shareholders. The final valuation of the club was almost £790 million (approximately $1.5 billion at the exchange rate at the time).

Aftermath
On 29 June 2005, on their first visit to Old Trafford after the takeover was completed, Joel, Bryan and Avram Glazer were met with protests by around 300 Manchester United fans who opposed the club's new ownership. Around 100 members of Greater Manchester Police were called to the stadium in an attempt to quell any violence, but there were reports of missiles being thrown at the police vans and chants of "die, Glazer, die"; two people were arrested. The vice-chairman of Shareholders United, Sean Bones, declared that "the Glazer family are the enemies of Manchester United". Club director and former player Bobby Charlton issued a public apology to the Glazers for the reception they received. In further response to the takeover, a group of Manchester United supporters created a new club called F.C. United of Manchester. This so-called "phoenix club" was accepted into the North West Counties Football League second division, six promotions away from The Football League, and secured promotion in each of its first three seasons, twice as league champions.

After the takeover, Manchester United continued to thrive, with the 2005–06 season seeing Old Trafford's capacity being expanded and a lucrative new shirt sponsorship deal signed in April 2006 with American company AIG (which had a large stake in a hedge fund company that helped to fund Glazer's takeover of the club). Increased revenue from TV rights to each competition the club participates in, as well as its various sponsorship deals, also boosted the club's profitability. This came despite fears among many supporters that the debt incurred in buying the club could lead to insolvency.

Contrary to the fears of many fans, the Glazers took action to ensure that Gill and veteran manager Sir Alex Ferguson remained at Manchester United, citing the duo's success with the club. In 2006, Malcolm Glazer's other two sons, Kevin and Edward, and his daughter, Darcie, were appointed to the Manchester United board as non-executive directors.

Refinancing
The debt taken on by the Glazers to finance the takeover was split between the club and the family; between £265 million and £275 million was secured against Manchester United's assets, putting the club into debt for the first time since James Gibson saved them in 1931. This loan was provided by three New York hedge funds: Citadel, Och-Ziff Capital Management and Perry Capital. The total amount was £660 million, on which interest payments came to £62 million a year. The club stated, "The value of Manchester United has increased in the last year, which is why lenders want to invest in the club ... This move represents good housekeeping and it ensures that Sir Alex Ferguson will be provided with sufficient funds to compete in the transfer market." The Manchester United Supporters Trust responded, "'The amount of money needed to be repaid overall is huge ... The interest payment is one thing but what about the actual £660 million? It is difficult to see how these sums can be reached without significant increases in ticket prices, which, as we always suspected, means the fans will effectively be paying for someone to borrow money to own their club." Under the terms of the Glazers' refinancing, as they were unable to repay bondholders by 16 August 2010, the overall interest rate on the loans rose from 14.25% to 16.25%, resulting in annual payments of around £38 million.

On 11 January 2010, shortly before an announcement that Red Football's debt had increased to £716.5 million ($1.17 billion), Manchester United announced their intention to refinance the debt through a bond issue worth approximately £500 million. They managed to raise £504 million in just under two weeks, meaning that they were able to pay off almost all of the £509 million owed to international banks. The bonds were issued in two tranches, one with a coupon rate of 8.75% worth £250 million, and the other with a coupon rate of 8.375% worth $425 million. The annual interest payable on the bond came to approximately £45 million per annum, with the bond due to mature on 1 February 2017. Contained within the bond prospectus were covenants that would allow the Glazers to filter large sums of money out of the club to repay the PIKs by 2015. These include the carving out of £95 million in cash, the sale and lease-back of the Trafford Training Centre at Carrington, and the ability of the Glazers to pay themselves 50% of the Consolidated Net Income of the club every year.

In May 2010, before the final game of the season, hundreds of Manchester United fans held a protest outside Old Trafford against the Glazer ownership.

On 16 November 2010, it was revealed that the Glazers were to pay off the remaining £220 million contained within the PIK loans by 22 November 2010. The loans were by then accruing interest at a rate of 16.25%, as the club's overall debt had exceeded its earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) by more than five times. However, the club claimed that none of its own money had been put towards the repayment, raising questions as to how the Glazer family had raised the funds; suggested methods include the sale of a minority stake in the club to a third party, the sale of some or all of the family's other businesses, and – the most likely option – the refinancing of the PIKs with another loan at a lower interest rate.

Red Knights takeover plans
A fan campaign known as "Love United Hate Glazer" was formed following the family's bid to take over the club. The campaign involved the spreading of the slogan and the acronym "LUHG" around various locations via stickers and graffiti. A number of banners have also been displayed in the stands at Old Trafford.

Despite its restructuring, the announcement about the club's debt prompted vociferous protests from Manchester United fans on the weekend of 23 January 2010, both at Old Trafford and at the club's Carrington training facility. A protest was organised by the club's supporters groups, following up on the "Love United Hate Glazer" campaign that had existed since 2005, and encouraging match-going fans to wear green and gold, the colours of Manchester United's precursor club, Newton Heath. A few days later, on 30 January, reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans with a view to buying out the Glazers' controlling interest in the club. The group then met with Keith Harris, a Manchester United fan and the chairman of investment bank Seymour Pierce, to broker a takeover.

On 2 March 2010, further reports emerged that the group – dubbed the "Red Knights" – had met again to discuss the possibility of a billion-pound takeover of the club. Those present at the meeting included investment bank Goldman Sachs' chief economist and former Manchester United director Jim O'Neill and lawyer Mark Rawlinson, a partner at law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, as well as Duncan Drasdo, the chief executive of the Manchester United Supporters' Trust, and Keith Harris, Executive Chairman of Seymour Pierce. The initial goal of the group was to increase the Supporters' Trust's membership to at least 100,000, to demonstrate the fans' support for a change in ownership. To better promote themselves, the Trust enlisted the services of Blue State Digital, the Internet strategy firm that worked on Barack Obama's 2008 presidential election campaign.

Later that day, Manchester United announced that their gross debt for the final three months of 2009 totalled £507.5 million, a reduction of £30.6 million compared to the same period in 2008. They also reported pre-tax profits of £6.9 million, an increase of £9.6 million after making a loss of £2.7 million the previous year. This announcement was accompanied by a statement from the Glazers' spokesperson that the club was not for sale, as well as public support from David Gill, who claimed that the Glazers were "running the club the right way".

Meanwhile, membership of the Manchester United Supporters' Trust passed the 100,000 mark on 3 March, before exceeding 125,000 a week later. The green-and-gold scarf campaign also grew, with large portions of the Old Trafford crowd showing the colours. Following Manchester United's 4–0 victory over Milan in their Champions League first knockout round tie, former Manchester United player David Beckham was seen wearing a scarf that had been thrown onto the pitch; however, he later said that he was merely showing his support for Manchester United, and that the running of the club is "not [his] business". It was also claimed that United manager Alex Ferguson would be prepared to invest his own money in the Red Knights' bid, but he dismissed these reports as "absolute rubbish".

Given the amount of debt on Manchester United's books at the time, some analysts estimated in 2010 that any takeover bid would have had to total more than £2 billion, of which around £1.6 billion would be needed to match the Glazers' valuation of the club – double what they paid for the club in 2005. However, the Red Knights publicly stated that they would only pay "a fair price" when their takeover bid finally came. On 11 March 2010, the Red Knights appointed Nomura Securities as their advisers for their takeover bid. Nomura previously advised the Manchester United board before the Glazers' bid to buy the club. The Red Knights later admitted that they would not make a bid for the club before the end of the 2009–10 season, but it was believed that their preferred bid option would have involved retaining the £500 million bond issued by the Glazers. Two-thirds of a further £700 million would be provided by 30–40 wealthy Manchester United fans, with the remainder provided by fund-raising from ordinary fans. Once the club was secured, shares would then be offered to fans, allowing them to take ownership of the club. Despite these plans, the Red Knights put their takeover bid "on hold" in June 2010, citing "inflated valuation aspirations" in the media as the reason. Having already stated that they would only pay a "sensible" amount for the club, the group was thought to have baulked at the suggestion that the Glazers' valuation of the club was significantly higher than the amount they were willing to pay.

NYSE listing and shareholders
In 2011, rumours surfaced that the Glazers intended to list a number of shares in Manchester United on an Asian market such as Hong Kong or Singapore, in an attempt to raise a potential £400–600 million. The Singapore flotation looked to be gaining traction in August 2011, when it emerged that the club had applied to list its shares on the Singapore Exchange; approval for the listing was given in September 2011.

In June 2012, after several months with no further developments on the Singapore front, several sources reported that the club was considering moving its share issue to the United States, and in July 2012, an application was made for the club to sell shares on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), with a target of raising $100 million (£64 million). More details of the sale were released at the end of July, with the club announcing that they intended to sell 16.7 million shares (approximately 10% of the club) at between $16 and $20 each, raising up to $330 million (£210 million). Shares in the club would be divided into two groups, with Class A shares sold to the public and Class B shares retained by the Glazer family.

Ahead of the opening of the IPO, concerns were raised among both investors and Manchester United supporters regarding the details of the share offering. Although the share prospectus specified that the proceeds from the sale would go towards paying down the club's debts, it was revealed that much of the money would go directly to the Glazers. Furthermore, holders of class A shares would not be entitled to a regular dividend, and the structure of the share issue meant that the Glazers' class B shares had 10 times the voting power of class A shares, essentially denying a controlling interest in the club to anyone but the Glazers. These issues drove down interest and forced a drop in the share price from the planned $16–20 each to $14 each, representing a potential total sale value of $233 million (£150 million).

The shares debuted on the NYSE on 10 August 2012, and initially showed a slight rise to $14.05 per share, but closed the day back at the offer price of $14 each, valuing the club as a whole at $2.3 billion, and making it one of the most valuable sports teams in the world. One of the biggest investors in the IPO was American billionaire George Soros, whose investment company purchased about 3.1 million class A shares (1.9% of the club), valued at $40.7 million (£25.8 million) at the time. Club records announced in November 2012 revealed that gross debt had fallen to £359.7 million after the share sale paid off £62.6 million of bonds. The club's debts were further remedied in May 2013, after a new loan deal was agreed that would save the club £10 million a year in interest payments on debts now totalling around £307 million.

In March 2014, American investment group Baron Capital purchased 24% of all of the shares available on the NYSE (equivalent to 5.8% of the entire club, but widely misreported as 2.4% ). At the closing price on the day of purchase of $15.84 per share, Baron Capital's total investment was valued at $151 million (£90 million). In September 2014, Baron Capital raised its stake in the club to 9.2% of the entire club (equivalent to 37.8% of all shares available on the NYSE.)

Malcolm Glazer died on 28 May 2014 at the age of 85. His death was seen as unlikely to result in any significant changes to the operation of the club.

From 2016, the Glazers paid themselves annual dividends from the club, at over £20 million every year from 2016 to 2020. In that same period, the club's debt repayments "all but ceased", described The Daily Telegraph, while interest payments continued. While paying dividends was common in business, Manchester United were the sole Premier League club to "pay regular dividends of any kind", reported The Daily Telegraph in May 2021.

European Super League
In April 2021, Joel Glazer played a major role in controversial plans to have Manchester United compete in a European Super League. Plans were announced on 18 April and were unpopular with fans. Following the withdrawal of Manchester United from the competition three days later due to heavy backlash from fans, government, and many football players, managers and pundits, protests from fans continued. On 22 April, a group of around 20 protesters invaded the club's training ground to stage a protest against the Glazers' ownership. Two days later, more than 2,000 attended a second protest outside Old Trafford to advocate for the 50+1 rule seen in German football. Joel Glazer later apologised to the team's fans, saying "[he] got it wrong", but fans told a team executive they were "disgusted, embarrassed and angry" with his actions.

Ahead of a league game against Liverpool on 2 May, a second protest outside Old Trafford took place, as well as a smaller protest outside the Lowry Hotel. The Old Trafford protest this time saw over 10,000 people in attendance; around a hundred protesters gained access to the pitch. As a result of the protests, a delayed kickoff was required for the game as players and match officials were unable to get to the stadium by the original 16:30 kickoff time. After a review, the game was postponed. It was the first time a Premier League match had been postponed because of supporter protests in the competition's history. The protest gained significant news coverage. Former Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher, and former Manchester United captains Gary Neville and Roy Keane, who were all providing punditry for Sky Sports ahead of the game, expressed support for the cause of the protesters.

2023-24 partial sale
On 22 November 2022, the Glazer family announced they were open to a potential sale of the club, either in full or in part. At the time of this announcement, the club's valuation was £3.75 billion. The announcement caused a 17% rise in the club's stock market valuation. By the deadline for the second round of bidding on 23 March 2023, offers had come from British billionaire Jim Ratcliffe and Qatari Sheikh Jassim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani for a complete take over, and American firm Elliott Investment Management for a minority stake. It was reported that the maximum bids were £4.5 billion, and did not match the Glazers' £6 billion valuation of the club. The Financial Times reported Sheikh Jassim had made an improved £5 billion offer in the third round of bidding, as well as an unknown bid by Ratcliffe. At this time, the club was valued at £2.5 billion with £640 million of debt.

On 24 August, it was reported that Jassim's fifth bid of £5 billion was still on the table, but there were growing concerns that no sale would occur. On 6 September, following reports of the sale being off following neither bidder meeting the Glazers' £10 billion valuation, the club suffered a one-day reduction of 18% of its share price, the biggest drop in its history, putting the club's value at £2.5 billion. On 14 October, Sheikh Jassim withdrew from the bidding process with it being reported that he was growing frustrated with the lack of progress on The Glazers end. It was also reported that Ratcliffe's bid for 25% of the club was nearing completion and this would be the first step in a gradual full take over.

On 24 December 2023, Ratcliffe's partial acquisition of 25% of Manchester United, including full sporting control, was announced.

On 20 February 2024, Ratcliffe's partial acquisition of the club was confirmed. The sale was completed through Trawlers Ltd., a wholly owned entity of Ratcliffe. The deal saw Ratcliffe pay approximately £1.3 billion for an initial 26.2% stake in the club. Further shares were then issued in return for a £158.5 million capital investment made by Ratcliffe upon completion of the deal, which increased his ownership to 27.7%. Ratcliffe will invest a further £79.2 million by 31 December, 2024, and his ownership will then increase to 28.9 per cent.

title: Glazer ownership of Manchester United


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USS Guadalupe (AO-32)

USS Guadalupe (AO-32), a Cimarron-class oiler fleet replenishment oiler that served in the United States Navy, it was named for the Guadalupe River in Texas.

Construction, acquisition, and commissioning
Guadalupe was launched as SS Esso Raleigh 26 January 1940 by the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company at Newport News, Virginia; sponsored by Mrs. W. L. Inslee, wife of the late manager of the Traffic Division, Marine Department, Standard Oil of New Jersey; taken over by the Maritime Commission as MC Hull #12; acquired by the Navy 1 June 1941; and commissioned 19 June 1941.

Pre-World War II
Six weeks of coastwise voyages carrying oil from Texas to New Jersey ended 16 August as Guadalupe docked at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Receiving as deck cargo six PT boats later to form the famous squadron commanded by Lieutenant Commander John D. Bulkeley, Guadalupe sailed for the Western Pacific on 19 August. After discharging cargo and oil at Pearl Harbor, Manila, and Cavite, the tanker returned to Norfolk, Virginia 13 November via San Diego. After America's sudden plunge into war, she put into Baltimore to be fitted with guns.

World War II
In January 1942 Guadalupe sailed to the Pacific, where she was to participate in virtually every major campaign of the long and bloody war. After months of developing and refining techniques for refueling at sea, a science then in its infancy, Guadalupe sailed from Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, on 2 June 1942 to refuel American ships participating in the Battle of Midway, on 5 June 1942 550 mi east of Midway Atoll. About 04:00 the JSUB I-156 sighted Guadalupe being escorted by two destroyers but failed to reach a favorable firing position. Except for I-168, I-156 was the only submarine that made contact with the Americans during the battle. From Midway Atoll Guadalupe sailed north to spend the rest of the summer supporting American forces in the Attu campaign.

As the United States launched its first offensive effort in the Pacific, Guadalupe sailed south to spend the final four months of 1942 fueling warships operating in and around Guadalcanal. The first half of 1943 saw her in overhaul in the United States and operating in the Aleutians, with two shuttle trips to Pearl Harbor with fuel and planes. Departing Pearl 22 August Guadalupe sailed to the central Pacific to support the Gilbert Islands campaign.

After a late winter overhaul, she returned to the Pacific theater in February 1944 operating in support of Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher's carrier force during the Truk campaign. A short break at Pearl Harbor ended as Guadalupe sailed on 11 May to operate in support of the US 5th Fleet during the Marianas campaign. From there she sailed in late August to support Admiral William F. Halsey's US 3rd Fleet in action against the Japanese in the Palau Islands and Philippines operating areas. One of her major tasks was refueling ships during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

On 29 December 1944 Guadalupe sailed from Ulithi with units of Task Force 38, then preparing for the invasion of Lingayen Gulf. Joining a fast carrier strike force under Vice Admiral John S. McCain, Sr., Guadalupe steamed through Luzon Strait into the South China Sea on the night of 9–10 January 1945, concurrent with the first invasion waves on Lingayen Gulf. During the transit of the strait, another tanker, USS Nantahala (AO-60), collided with Guadalupe, putting a large hole in the bow. Jury-rigged repairs enabled Guadalupe to continue with the fast carrier group as they conducted strikes against Japanese positions on Formosa and along the China coast.

A month's availability at Ulithi to repair her damaged bow ended in late February and Guadalupe again steamed for battle, this time operating in support of the Iwo Jima invasion. After two weeks off Iwo Jima, 24 February to 7 March, Guadalupe returned empty to Ulithi to prepare for her role in the Okinawa campaign. Departing Ulithi on 25 March 1945, Guadalupe spent three weeks off Okinawa, returned to Ulithi for more fuel, and then spent another three weeks off Okinawa. As the struggle raged on the island, the Americans' last campaign in the Pacific before the Japanese home islands, Guadalupe operated through heavy weather and high seas to provide other services, as well as her normal duties of refueling the giant invasion fleet, largest ever assembled in the Pacific.

Okinawa marked the end of Guadalupe's service in the Pacific war. She sailed for the United States and overhaul on 24 May, and was two days out of Pearl Harbor on her way back to the fleet when the Japanese surrender ended the war on 15 August 1945. From Pearl Harbor, Guadalupe went to Jinsen, Korea, where she replenished units of the US 7th Fleet occupying Yellow Sea ports. The tanker sailed for Okinawa on 22 October and remained there through 1945.

Post-War operations
In the post-war period Guadalupe remained on duty in the Pacific, supplying fuel oil to American units in Japan, China, Korea, the Philippines, and scores of islands. Some of this fuel oil she picked up at Bahrain, Arabia, as she sailed from the Far East to Norfolk via the Suez Canal and Gibraltar in 1948, returning over the same route.

Korean War
When North Korean Communist troops crossed the 38th parallel on 24 June 1950, Guadalupe was undergoing repairs at Long Beach, California, but quickly re-entered service. Sailing for the Pacific on 29 July, she spent three months shuttling fuel oil between Hawaii, Kwajalein, and Guam before joining the 7th Fleet at Sasebo, Japan, 1 December 1950. Operating with various units of the fleet, Guadalupe visited Okinawa, Hong Kong, and Formosa in addition to refueling American and United Nations ships in the Korean replenishment area. She also sailed along the Korean coast to support the siege of Wonsan harbor.

An uneasy peace settled over the war-torn peninsula in August 1953, while Guadalupe was undergoing overhaul in California, but she returned to the Pacific to support American forces on the Formosa Patrol and training operations. From that time, the tanker's year settled into a routine of six months deployment with the 7th Fleet and six months operating out of Long Beach. In her Far East operations, Guadalupe has visited every major Pacific port – Hong Kong, Manila, Tokyo, Ceylon, Formosa – while playing her unsung but vital role in keeping the peace.

Later career
Guadalupe continued her service through the Vietnam War and made a brief appearance in the 1965 film In Harm's Way with John Wayne and Kirk Douglas. She was decommissioned in 1974 and struck from the Navy List 14 May 1975. She was transferred to the Maritime Administration and sold for scrapping 16 October 1975.

Awards

 * Meritorious Unit Commendation
 * American Defense Service Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with 13 battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
 * China Service Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal with star
 * Korean Service Medal with 5 battle stars
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal with 2 stars
 * Vietnam Service Medal with 15 campaign stars
 * United Nations Korea Medal
 * Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

title: USS Guadalupe (AO-32)


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Passe-Partout

Passe-Partout (lit. '"master key" or "all-purpose"') was a Quebec French-language children's television program produced by Radio-Québec (later Télé-Québec) that was originally in production from 1977 to 1992, and was revived in 2019 with a new cast.

It aired on Radio-Québec as well as on Radio-Canada for thirty minutes, incorporating both live actors and puppets although neither group interacted with each other.

History
When Sesame Street was released in 1969, the possibility of translating it into Quebec French for broadcast in Quebec was considered. However, the conclusion was that Quebec children would not be able to identify with an American television show, and thus the Quebec Minister of Education began investigating the possibility of a children's show shot in the province. In 1973, the project was handed over to producer Laurent Lachance.

However, internal conflict between Lachance and Radio-Québec led to several delays, and ultimately, to Lachance stepping down as producer. The government then turned towards private enterprises, and on February 14, 1977, contracted JPL Production to produce the show. In its original run, episodes were produced only until 1979, which were then repeated on the network until the government announced a new contract to produce 50 more episodes in 1983.

The commentary for the first season's DVD mentions that the Quebec Minister of Education was being pressured to take over the pre-school program as part of the regular program (prématernelle). It reveals that the government, experimentally, opted to invest in a show that could have a comparable outreach for the curriculum for a fraction of the cost of establishing and maintaining an actual educational program of similar content within its school system.

Live-action segments
Live-action segments usually featured the activities and relationships of several humorous and infantile characters: Passe-Partout (French for "skeleton key" or "master key") (a woman dressed mainly in blue (purple in the reboot) played by Marie Eykel, in the reboot, Elodie Grenier), Passe-Carreau (French for a tailoring device to iron seams) (a woman dressed mainly in yellow (pink in the reboot) played by Claire Pimparé, in the reboot, Gabrielle Fontaine) and Passe-Montagne (French for "balaclava") (a man dressed in brown (red in the reboot) sporting butterfly-shaped bowties played by Jacques L'Heureux, in the reboot, Jean-François C. Pronovost). Other characters that appeared less frequently were André (a young adult male played by André Cartier), Julie (a young adult female played by Jocelyne Goyette), Fardoche (a male farmer played by Pierre Dufresne, in the reboot, Widemir Normil) and Grand-mère (a neighbouring older woman that played grandmother for the actors). The latter would sometime narrate legends (the actress playing Grand-mère, Kim Yaroshevskaya, used to be the hostess of another children show called Fanfreluche where she also acted as a storyteller). In the reboot, she was portrayed by Danielle Proulx. Later in the show's run, the show added two people of colour, a Haitian immigrant named Passe-Tourelle (played by Joujou Turenne) and a Vietnameise character named Passe-Midi (played by Daniel Dõ). In 2019, a completely new character appeared for the reboot series. (Chadi Alhelou as Tancrède).

Apart from the distinctive costumes of the main actors, the live action segments had a surrealistic feel due to the absence of any visible walls: all doors, windows and portraits were seen to hang in mid-air. Whether this was due to budget constraints or artistic choices is unclear.

Segments in this category could either be educational (counting, language skills, memory work, etc.), musical (featuring original songs composed in a traditional folk style), moralistic (personal responsibility), or storytelling.

Puppet segments
Unlike the live action segments, these were filmed in a realistic environment (although of course scaled down). The various sketches involved the twins Cannelle (girl) and Pruneau (boy). Their stories often featured Perlin and Perline (their parents), grand-papa Bi (their maternal grandfather), Madame Coucou (a single and coquettish neighbour), Rigodon (their same-age male cousin), Ti-Brin (the slightly older bully/bad influence) as well as their classmates: Doualé (a girl from the fictional country of Cantaloupe) and Mélodie (Cannelle's friend who often acted as an object of pity). Another character that never interacted directly with the children (although they often conversed, largely perhaps in the children's imagination) was Alakazou, an anthropomorphic zebra who hosted Cannelle and Pruneau's favourite TV show.

More often than not, the puppet segments dealt with social and moral issues relating to children. In one notable instance, the children's father lost his job and went on extended unemployment benefits, making their future uncertain.

Later in the series run, new puppet characters included Minella, who spoke French with an Italian accent, and Jade and Mirio, who were Vietnamese and Haitian respectively.

In the reboot series, Madame Coucou is a lesbian, Mélodie now as Asian, and A new Haitian character, Kiwi.

Interlude
Many innovative short films were shown in between segments. These could be anything from animation (a face forming out of vegetable), art (a woman carving a puppet out of an apple) or children's testimonials. Many of these shorts depicted real-life activities that viewing children could either relate to (kids playing) or learn from if they happened to be from the opposite end of the spectrum (city life v. country life). Many also aimed to teach about daily happenings, from going to the dentist, getting x-rays, starting school, playing with friends (or alone), cleaning your bike, or simply going to bed.

While most of these shorts did not involve any of the characters from the other segments, more orchestrated ones did (such as Passe-Carreau getting her car serviced, Passe-Montagne getting his shoe fixed, etc.).

Legacy
People who grew up watching the program as children are termed the "Passe-Partout generation". In 2005, Les Francs-Tireurs dedicated one of their episodes to Passe-Partout (with Marie Eykel present), while in 2006, Ici Louis-José Houde, a show tracing a comedic history of Québec television, aired an episode tracing the history of children's shows in Quebec, with much of the show dedicated to Passe-Partout, and Eykel, Pimparé and L'Heureux all present.

It was also announced early in 2006 that work was underway on putting together DVD releases of the first two seasons of the show, in reaction to the sales of pirate versions of the series on eBay (with bids reaching the hundred dollars by the time the auction was canceled). Initially Télé-Québec was not interested in re-broadcasting the series, nor in producing a DVD. Eykel and L'Heureux obtained the broadcast rights to the first 125 episodes. The DVD was produced by both actors, Télé-Québec, and Alliance Atlantis Vivafilm.

The DVD was released on November 21, 2006, nearly selling out on first day sales.

On September 29, 2009, a CD album entitled Génération Passe-Partout was released with some of the songs recorded by current artists from Quebec.

Passe-Partout is mentioned in the song “Les Étoiles Filantes”, written in 2004 by Repentigny-based neo-trad music band Les Cowboys Fringants. The members of the band are fans of the program and of its composer, Pierre F. Brault.

Revival
The cast of the 2019 revival includes Élodie Grenier as Passe-Partout, Gabrielle Fontaine as Passe-Carreau, Jean-François Pronovost as Passe-Montagne, Danielle Proulx as Grand-Mère and Widemir Normil as Fardoche.

The first episode of the revived series aired on February 25, 2019, with viewership reaching 707,000.

title: Passe-Partout


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Vaitarna

The Vaitarna River (IAST: Vaitarṇā, pronunciation: [ʋəit̪əɾɳaː]) is a river in Nashik and Palghar district of Maharashtra. The Tansa is its left bank tributary and the Pinjal, Dehraja, and Surya are its right bank tributaries. Upper stretches of the Vaitarna are clean but in lower stretches it is polluted due to untreated industrial and civic waste. The Vaitarna is one of the most polluted rivers in India.

Course
It originates in Sahyadri mountain ranges near Trimbakeshwar. The Vaitarna is just 2 km away from India’s second longest river, the Godavari. Vaitarna has a confluence with the Tanasa just before it enters the Arabian Sea. Jhow and Wadhiv islands lie in its estuary. Arnala Island lies off its mouth. It has three major dams which supply water to Mumbai.

Significance
The Vaitarna supplies much of Mumbai's drinking water. It is the largest river in the Northern Konkan region and drains Maharashtra's whole Palghar district.

Legacy
The SS Vaitarna, a steamship, was named after the river.

title: Vaitarna


text: User talk:61.11.57.80

title: User talk:61.11.57.80


text:
Midland Park High School

'''Midland Park Jr./Sr. High School''' is a six-year comprehensive public high school for students in seventh through twelfth grades in Midland Park, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Opened in 1957, it is a junior-senior high school operating as the lone secondary school of the Midland Park School District.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 327 students and 43.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 7.5:1. There were 13 students (4.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 5 (1.5% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

History
Students from Midland Park had attended Ridgewood High School until 1935, after which they started attending Pompton Lakes High School. Due to limitations on space, the Pompton Lakes School District mandated that the district's high school could not accommodate students from Midland Park after the end of the 1956–57 school year. Midland Park's voters approved a referendum in 1955 that led to the construction of a high school costing $1.4 million (equivalent to $ million in ) that opened in September 1957 on a site covering 22 acres.

A 1973 plan to have students from Ho-Ho-Kus attend Midland Park High School as part of a regional agreement never came to fruition, despite official approval and encouragement by the New Jersey State Board of Education. Ridgewood had been hosting students in grades 9 to 12 from Ho-Ho-Kus for 75 years at Ridgewood High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship, though the board of education of the Ridgewood Public Schools decided to end the arrangement in 1973 due to overcrowding. A proposed regionalization agreement between Ho-Ho-Kus and Ridgewood had been rejected by voters from both communities in 1969. The state had recommended the formation of a regionalization agreement between Ho-Ho-Kus and Midland Park, though the choices of funding the combined district based on either property values or on the number of students would mean that one borough would shoulder higher costs than the other, regardless of which method was selected. Students from Ho-Ho-Kus attended the school through the 1990s, when the choice was made to shift students to Northern Highlands Regional High School.

SHIP, a program within Bergen County Special Services' Communication Continuum, is located at the school and educates students who are deaf or hard of hearing from grades 7–12. The program work with the educational staff to ensure student success, providing students with access to instruction, optimal listening environments, and appropriate modifications, in addition to advocating for them and supporting them in social emotional skill development.

Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was the 78th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 68th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 116th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 44th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 66th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which included 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 76th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (an increase of 55 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (89.7%) and language arts literacy (96.2%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).

In 2022, U.S. News ranked the school #54 in New Jersey High Schools, #145 in New York, NY Metro Area High Schools, and #1,277 in National Rankings using ranking factors that include college readiness index, college curriculum breadth index, state assessment proficiency, state assessment performance, and graduation rate.

Athletics
The Midland Park High School Panthers participate in the Patriot Division of the North Jersey Interscholastic Conference, which is comprised of small-enrollment schools in Bergen, Hudson, Morris and Passaic counties, and was created following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 227 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group I for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 75 to 476 students in that grade range. Prior to the realignment that took effect in the fall of 2010, Midland Park was a member of the smaller Bergen-Passaic Scholastic League (BPSL). The school's co-op football program with Waldwick High School was classified by the NJSIAA as Group I North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 184 to 471 students.

The school participates in joint cooperative football and wrestling teams with Waldwick High School as the host school / lead agency. These co-op programs operate under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.

On November 9, 2007, the boys' soccer team defeated number 1 seed Wallington High School to claim the North I, Group I state sectional championship. The game was tied 1–1 at the end of regulation and was decided on penalty kicks by a 5-4 margin.

On November 10, 2007, the girls' volleyball team lost to Bogota High School in the title match of the 27-team Group I tournament at William Paterson University by scores of 22–25, 25-18 and 25–13.

In 2010, Junior javelin thrower Kaleb Zuidema set the New Jersey record with a throw of 224 ft. Zuidema also went on to win the 2010 Penn Relays and won the High School Javelin National Championship.

In fall 2010, the boys' soccer team lost in the finals of the North I Group I championship to Wallington High School by a score of 2–1. In the Bergen Record, the North Jersey Boys' Soccer Top 25 placed Midland Park at number 7 when the season had come to an end. That season the team also won the NJIC Patriot B Soccer Title.

Performing arts
Midland Park High School's performing arts program encompasses their concert band, jazz band, marching band, wind ensemble, chorus, madrigals, theater arts that include drama and musical, and broadcasting. Funding for these activities are provided by the Midland Park Performing Arts Parents who are dedicated to advocacy, volunteerism, and fundraising for these award-winning programs.

The Midland Park High School Concert Band is divided into two groups, the Concert Band which encompasses grades 7-8 while Wind Ensemble encompasses grades 9–12. Throughout the year, musical education is provided covering a variety of topics. Both the Concert Band and Wind Ensemble have performed together at previous sites that include New York City, Atlanta, Toronto, Williamsburg, Washington, D.C., Boston, California, Hershey, Nashville, and Baltimore. Other performance locations include the New Jersey Wind Symphony, Ridgewood Concert Band, Lincoln Center, USS Intrepid, and the United Nations.

The Midland Park Marching Band is comprised of students from grades 7-12 who attend the Midland Park High School Junior/Senior High School. The Marching Band is a member of the New York State Field Band Conference (NYSFBC) and performs in a two-month long competition season that ends with a championship held at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York.

In October 2019, the Midland Park Marching Band competed against nine other bands in the Small School 3 category and won first place.

The school also hosts a marching band competition called Music in the Park, however, from 2013 to 2016 the competition was held at nearby high schools, Ramapo and Indian Hills High School in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey and Oakland, New Jersey.

The Midland Park High School Chorus is divided into Junior High Chorus which encompasses grades 7-8 while High School Choir encompasses grades 9–12. The Midland Park High School Madrigals is a select group of singers enrolled in the High School Choir.

The theater arts that include drama and musical have received nomination with the most recent from the Paper Mill Playhouse when they announced their 2022 Rising Star Award Nominations. The school received nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Scenic Design, Outstanding Achievement in Lighting, Outstanding Achievement in Costuming, and Outstanding Achievement in Hair and Make Up for their production of The SpongeBob Musical.

Clubs and activities
The school has a combined 39 clubs and activities.

Administration
The school's principal is Nicholas Capuano. His core administration team includes the vice principal and athletic director.

Demographics
As of the 2022 Midland Park High Junior/Senior High School was 79.8% White, 14% Hispanic, 4.2% Asian, 1.1% Two or more races, 0.3% Black, 0.3% American Indian/Alaskan Native, and 0.3% Hawaiian Native/Pacific Islander.

Notable alumni
Alumni of the high school include:
 * Roy Den Hollander (1947–2020, class of 1965), lawyer who gained notoriety as a suspected murderer after acting as an attorney in several unsuccessful sex discrimination suits on behalf of men.
 * Warren Farrell (born 1967), educator, gender equality activist and author.
 * Drew Gibbs (1962–2021, class of 1980), football coach who was head coach of the Kean University Cougars during the 1989 season and was a head coach at Ramapo High School.
 * James E. Ryan (born 1966), lawyer and professor who has served as the ninth president of the University of Virginia

title: Midland Park High School