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Sayid Jarrah

Sayid Hassan Jarrah (سَعِيد حَسَّان جَرَّاح, Sa‘īd Ḥassān Jarrāḥ) is a fictional character from the ABC show Lost portrayed by Naveen Andrews.

Prior to the crash
Sayid originally served as a communications officer in Iraq's Special Republican Guard and was a skilled radio and mechanical engineer. Sayid served in the Gulf War and was captured by the U.S military. He was the only one in his unit who spoke English so he was told to extract information from his captured commanding officer. He also met Kelvin Inman who was working for military intelligence at the time. He explained that Sayid´s commanding officer had committed war crimes against the civilian population and gave him a tool box saying that Sayid would have to force his CO to give them the information they wanted. After he had tortured his old boss Inman told Sayid in Arabic that now he had the skills to do whatever was necessary and he gave him some money before letting him go. Later Sayid served as a coercive interrogator for the Guard for 5 years. At one point while in this capacity, he was ordered to interrogate an insurgent prisoner who turned out to be his childhood friend, Nadia. During her captivity, they fell in love, and in their talks she provided the impetus for what would become Sayid's road to redemption. Unlike his other prisoners, he did not torture her, and, when he was ordered to execute her for noncompliance, he instead facilitated her escape.

Seven years later, in England, Sayid is picked up by ASIS and the CIA. They make him a deal: if Sayid can infiltrate a terrorist cell in Sydney, whose members he is familiar with, and uncover stolen C-4, then they will tell him where Nadia is.

Sayid accepts, and is dropped off in Australia, where he meets with his former college roommate, Essam, from Cairo University. Sayid convinces Essam to become a suicide bomber in order for the intelligence to take possession of the stolen explosives. At the last moment, however, Sayid admits that he is working with the CIA, and attempts to allow his friend to escape; Essam realizes that Sayid has deceived him over a woman, and kills himself. The CIA tell Sayid the whereabouts of Nadia and he is given a plane ticket to Los Angeles. However, he demands to recover the body of Essam, which will require him to stay one more day. Instead he is given a ticket for Oceanic Flight 815.

Season 1
Sayid fixes the transceiver recovered from the cockpit, and leads a group into the jungle in order to send out a distress signal. Instead, he picks up a looping message (recorded by Danielle Rousseau). He tries to locate the message's origin, but is knocked out by Locke. When Shannon suffers from a near-fatal asthma attack, Sayid brutally interrogates Sawyer in an attempt to recover Shannon's medication. Having again broken his promise never to torture again, Sayid leaves the beach to explore the island. In the jungle, he is captured by Rousseau, who tells him she was part of a science team which crashed on the island. She identifies the Others as the carriers of a sickness that her companions caught. Sayid doesn’t believe her, and leaves.

Upon returning, he seeks Shannon's help in translating maps stolen from Danielle. The two bond and eventually form a relationship. After Boone's death, Locke asks for Shannon's forgiveness. Shannon confronts Locke in the jungle, but Sayid tackles her just as she fires a gun. That night, Sayid tells Locke to take him to the hatch. Rousseau arrives on the beach one morning with news that the Others are coming to abduct a child. Later, he learns that Claire's baby, Aaron, has been kidnapped by Rousseau. Sayid surmises that Rousseau intends to attempt an exchange of Claire's baby for her own child, Alex, with the "Others". Sayid and Charlie find Rousseau's hiding place, and Rousseau returns the baby.

Season 2
Shannon tells Sayid that she has seen Walt in the jungle, but he suggests she was dreaming. Shannon tells him she's going to find Walt. After an argument, Sayid tells Shannon that he loves her and will never leave her. Then they see Walt, and Shannon dashes after him. He then witnesses Ana Lucia shooting Shannon, who dies in his arms. Ana Lucia ties him up and interrogates him. She then frees Sayid, drops her weapon, and dares Sayid to take his revenge, but he refuses. Some time later, Danielle takes Sayid to a man she captured, who she suspects is an Other. The man identifies himself as Henry Gale, saying he crashed in a hot-air balloon on the island about four months ago. Sayid frees the man and brings him to the hatch, and tells Locke about him. Sayid tries to find out more by torturing Henry, until he is stopped by Jack.

In the jungle, Sayid, Charlie, and Ana Lucia discover Henry Gale's grave, along with the balloon. When he learns of Michael's return, and the deaths of Ana Lucia and Libby, Sayid tells Jack that he suspects Michael has been "compromised", and plans to follow him somehow. Fortunately, Desmond unexpectedly returns with his boat, and Sayid plans on using it. He asks Jin to accompany him, but Sun insists on joining them. They arrive at the Others' camp, only to learn that it is merely a decoy.

In the season it is revealed that during the Gulf War, Sayid's base was captured by the Americans. The only Iraqi in his squad who can speak English, Sayid is forced to ask his superior officer about a missing U.S. pilot by Kate Austen's father, Sam Austen, who was part of the American army stationed in Iraq. When Sayid learns of a planned attack on his home village, his head captor, Kelvin Inman forces Sayid to torture his superior officer to gain the information of the missing pilot, who he learns was executed earlier. At the end of the Gulf War, Sayid is released back into the Republican Guard. Inman tells him that he now has a valuable gift of being able to gain information.

Season 3
Sayid plans to lure the Others to the pier, in an attempt to kidnap and torture two of them for interrogation. However, their plan backfires when the Others arrive via the sea and hijack the boat. Sayid and the Kwons make their way back to their camp. Upon returning, Sayid joins a group on a trek to the Pearl station. Once there, Sayid gains brief surveillance footage from another station, where they see an eye patched man. When Kate and Sawyer return, Sayid and Locke join her and Rousseau in rescuing Jack.

The four arrive at the Flame station, where they encounter Mikhail, the man they saw in the surveillance feed of the Pearl. After a big struggle, Mikhail is defeated by Sayid and Kate, who tie him up. Sayid enters the basement of the Flame, and takes some maps of the different stations. The five move along following the maps indications, towards the Barracks, until they come across a sonar panel fencing, where Mikhail collapses. The four later arrive at the Others' barracks, where they watch as Jack bonds with the Others. That night, Sayid and Kate infiltrate the barracks, only to be captured by the Others. He is then gassed the next day, released only when Juliet discovers him. He returns to the beach with Jack, Kate and Juliet.

Sayid attempts to interrogate Juliet on the journey, but she says that if she tells him everything, then he will kill her. Sayid is soon informed of Naomi's presence, and after speaking to her begins to question her; he is soon taken aback when she gives him her satellite phone, having expected her to have no way to contact her boat. The next day, Sayid is taken into the jungle, where Jack and Juliet come clean and reveal their secretive plans to destroy the Others. When Karl warns them of their imminent arrival, Sayid remains on the beach to detonate the dynamite, along with Jin and Bernard. That night, Sayid shoots his target accurately, but ultimately winds up captured by the remaining three Others. Hurley runs over Ryan Pryce using the DHARMA Van which kills him and when the other walks in front of Sayid, Sayid trips him up and snaps his neck with his feet, killing him. He, along with Sawyer, Juliet, Hurley, Jin and Bernard wait at the beach for rescue.

The season reveals that Sayid left the Iraqi Special Republican Guard in order to find Nadia. He travelled to Paris, where he worked as a chef. Some time later, Sayid is taken prisoner and locked in the pantry. A person named Sami recognizes Sayid as the man who tortured his wife with boiling oil, and attempts to beat a confession out of him. When Sami's wife, Amira, confronts Sayid, he finally admits to torturing her, and tearfully apologizes to her. Sayid is forgiven, and Amira tells Sami that Sayid is not the man who tortured her after all; Sayid is released soon after.

Season 4
Jack and Locke have a confrontation, and Sayid elects to remain with Jack. He goes out to hunt for more of the people who crashed on the helicopter. Sayid then makes a trade with Locke for Charlotte, whom he brings back to Jack and the helicopter. Charlotte then does not want to go home, so Sayid, Desmond, and a dead Naomi get on the helicopter. During the helicopter ride, Sayid witnesses Desmond's time travel. In the boat, Sayid helps Desmond to communicate with his girlfriend in order to stop the travels.

Later, they wait, on deck, to meet with the captain of the freighter, Gault. Gault tells them his employer is Charles Widmore. Later they find Michael Dawson, who tells Sayid that he is a spy. Sayid and Desmond later witness Keamy's furious return to the boat after his failed attempt to capture Ben. Fearing Keamy's intentions, he persuades Gault to give him and Desmond a Zodiac boat to return to the island, hoping to save as many people as possible by moving them from the island to the boat.

Sayid returns to the beach on the freighter's Zodiac. Sayid and Kate go after Jack and Sawyer, who are following a homing beacon left by Lapidus. They are captured by Richard Alpert (Nestor Carbonell) and the rest of the Others. He and the Others successfully ambush Keamy and his mercenaries by sending Kate out to them, and then getting into a gunfight with them. They then go to the helicopter with Jack, Hurley, Sawyer and Lapidus, but Sawyer leaves them to reduce the weight. They are able to land on the ship, but are quickly informed that the ship is about to explode. They quickly refuel, and pick up Desmond, Sun, and Aaron, before lifting off. On the way back to the island, they see a white light envelop it, before the entire island appears to sink beneath the waves. They drift for several hours, but are eventually rescued by another boat owned by Penelope Widmore. Jack also informs all of them that they will have to lie about their entire experience on the island in order to protect the people still there from Charles Widmore.

At a press conference held by Oceanic Airlines Sayid is finally reunited with Nadia, and some time later the two get married. However, his and Nadia's happiness is abruptly cut short when she is killed, and Sayid decides to hold her funeral in their home country. In the first part of The Incident, it is revealed that Nadia was actually killed by a car, and more significantly a car that would have also killed Sayid had it not been for the intervention of Jacob, who posing as a tourist asks Sayid for directions, preventing him from crossing the road at that point. At the funeral, Sayid spots Ben spying on him, who tells Sayid about Nadia's killer, Bakir, to which Sayid carries out his revenge by shooting him repeatedly. Following this event, Sayid eventually begins working for Ben as an assassin, after being informed that Nadia's death was part of a larger plan orchestrated by Charles Widmore.

On one such mission, Sayid travels to Berlin, Germany, where he meets a woman named Elsa. The two bond quickly, but the relationship is cut short when Elsa, who works for one of Sayid's targets, learns about his true intentions, and injures him. Sayid shoots her before. Sayid is later visited by Locke who asks him to return with him to the Island, but he refuses. In Los Angeles, Sayid kills a man who was staked out in front of the Santa Rosa Mental Hospital, and breaks Hurley out of the mental institution.

Season 5
Sayid is wounded in a fight at his motel, and Hurley takes him home and has his father get Jack to treat Sayid. Upon awakening Sayid refuses to cooperate with Jack and Ben's plan to return everyone to the island; however; he appears the next day in law enforcement custody (whom he could have beaten up and killed) on board the plane.

Sayid's first appearance on the island takes place in 1977, when he vanished along with Jack, Kate, and Hurley en route from Los Angeles to Guam on Ajira Flight 316. After making his way to where the Dharma Initiative Station The Flame was located, he is captured by Jin. As a prisoner at the barracks, Sayid meets a young Benjamin Linus. Despite attempts by Sawyer to try to expedite his escape, he refuses to cooperate, leading him to be chemically interrogated by a shaman-like Dharma Initiative member. Later, Ben stages a fire to give him the cover and helps free Sayid in hopes he would take him to the Others. However; during the escape, Sayid shoots Ben, leaving him for dead before escaping into the jungle.

Sayid reappears in "Follow the Leader" as Jack, Kate, Richard, Eloise Hawking, a younger Charles Widmore, and an unnamed Other are walking through the jungle towards the hydrogen bomb "Jughead". He fires his weapon and kills one of the Others after the man threatens to shoot Kate on the way to the ruins. Shortly before "The Incident" is about to occur, Sayid and Jack pose as Dharma employees and attempt to smuggle a core piece of the hydrogen bomb to the Swan Station. However; they are discovered by Roger Linus, and Sayid is shot in the ensuing chaos. Sayid is last seen in the Dharma van with Hurley and Miles, who state that Sayid will probably die from his wounds.

Season 6
In the premiere of Season 6, "LA X", in the timeline that follows the survivors on the island, Sayid is taken to the Temple. Hurley and some of the other survivors also go to the Temple in order to heal him, which at the time is unsuccessful. Although his death is confirmed, Sayid unexpectedly gets up from the ground. Sayid is then taken by Dogen to be 'tested' and is branded. He is told he passed, but Jack is told later that Sayid is "infected."

Sayid leaves the Temple after being asked by Dogen to kill the Smoke Monster with a blade. However, the knife proves worthless but the Smoke Monster (in Locke's form) allows Sayid to live and return to the temple with a message. Sayid indeed returns and warns everyone to leave or else they will all die. He then proceeds to confront Dogen and murders him and Lennon, allowing the Smoke Monster into the Temple to kill those who didn't defect. When Ilana's group rushes in to rescue the "candidates" (Jacob's choice of people to replace him as leader of the Island), Ben attempts to coax Sayid to leaving with them, but Sayid sinisterly replies otherwise. Ben runs off. The "infection" Dogen had spoken of appears to be a type of mind control that the Man in Black has placed over Sayid.

Sayid, the Man in Black, Claire, Kate Austen, and a group of the Others leave the Temple shortly after. In "The Package", the Man in Black asks Sayid to spy on Charles Widmore and his team on the other Island. Sayid agrees, but by this time he mentions he is devoid of any emotion: pain, happiness, etc. Upon arriving at the shore of the second Island, he secretly watches a heavily sedated Desmond being dragged out of Widmore's submarine by two of Widmore's members. He waits in the sidelines for a few moments, and then he kills several of Widmore's men and has Desmond follow him. The next day, he ties him up to a tree and fetches the Man in Black. Sayid is ordered to head back to their camp. When the Man in Black returns, Sayid asks of Desmond, but the Man in Black tells him not to worry. Right after, Hurley, Jack, Frank Lapidus, and Sun arrive. Sayid of course shows no surprise at the sight of them. When Widmore's team threatens to waylay their camp with artillery shells, the Man in Black orders everyone to start leaving and asks Sayid to kill Desmond. Sayid heads to a well wherein Desmond was pushed in by the Man in Black, but instead of killing him, converses with him, and reveals that the Man in Black has promised to resurrect the woman he loves. When Desmond asks Sayid why he believes this, Sayid reveals it was the Man in Black who resurrected him after his death. Later, Sayid catches up with the Man in Black, telling him he has killed Desmond, which he later tells Jack is false. His conversation with Desmond seemed to break the Man in Black's spell over him.

The Man in Black plants a bomb in Jack's knapsack in order to kill the candidates, and Sayid later participates in the group's betrayal of the Man in Black. Upon boarding Widmore's submarine, the bomb is discovered. Sayid tells Jack where to find Desmond and then sacrifices himself to save the others, taking the bomb and running as it explodes.

Afterlife
In the flash sideways, Sayid is still a former Republican Guard torturer, but now works for an oil company. He's flying to Los Angeles to visit Nadia. Believing he didn't deserve her, he'd "pushed" her to his brother Omer, and they are now married with children.

Aboard Flight 815, Sayid kicks in a lavatory door to save a passenger, Charlie Pace, who'd locked himself inside. He runs into a fellow passenger at baggage claim then takes a cab to Nadia and Omer's house, where he meets them and their two children Eva and Sam. A call takes Omer from dinner early, and the children, looking for presents, find a picture of Nadia in Sayid's bag. That night, Omer asks for his help with a loan shark to whom he has become indebted, capitalizing on Sayid's feelings for Nadia, but Sayid tells Omer he is "not that man" anymore.

The next day, Omer is attacked, and Nadia urges Sayid not to take revenge. The men responsible come to Sayid and bring him to a restaurant to meet the loan shark – Martin Keamy. Keamy tries to get him to pay Omer's debt, but Sayid uses one of the men as a human shield then shoots Keamy and the other henchman. Leaving, he finds a prisoner in the freezer, and after some thought, he gives him a box cutter to free himself.

A camera catches him fleeing the carnage, and the tape eventually reaches the LAPD ("LA X, Parts 1 & 2") ("Sundown")  ("The Package") ("The Last Recruit") Sayid returns to Omer and Nadia's house and packs to flee and Nadia asks what he's done Then a police detective knocks on the door. Sayid runs out the back door but Detective James Ford trips him up, holds him at gunpoint and arrests him.

He meets Desmond Hume while in custody. Later, while Sayid, Desmond, and Kate Austen are being taken from holding to prison, Desmond offers to help him escape in exchange for a future favor. Sayid agrees with facetious gravity. The escorting officer frees them, and Hugo Reyes arrives, handing her a bribe. Hurley then drives Sayid to the Flightline Motel and offers him a tranquilizer gun to remind him of their previous adventures there. Sayid refuses.

Hurley abducts a victim and they drive next to a bar's parking lot. Two men emerge from a bar fighting, followed by a woman who attempts to stop them and is knocked to the ground. Sayid runs to her aid, and as they touch, Shannon and Sayid remember each other and their lives. They next go to the church and sit together as a bright light covers them. ("The Last Recruit") ("What They Died For")  ("The End")

Development
Sayid was not in the original draft of the pilot episode, but the producers knew early on that they wanted an international cast. Executive consultant Jeff Pinkner had worked with Naveen Andrews on a short-lived ABC series called The Beast, and was keen to have him on Lost. The producers were surprised that Andrews was interested in the role. When they cast him, all Andrews was told was that Sayid was from Iraq and had been in the army.

Reception
A fan favorite since the show's inception, Chris Carabott of IGN stated that in the episode "The Economist" – "Sayid Jarrah is a badass who could give Jack Bauer, James Bond, and Jason Bourne all a run for their money". Faisal Abbas, Media Editor of the London-based international Arabic daily Asharq Al-Awsat, considered that Jarrah, along with other 'heroic' Muslim characters (such as Sleeper Cell's Darwyn al-Sayeed) who emerged in American media after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, are proof that Arabs and Muslims have been undertaking more prominent roles within the media since those events. Entertainment Weekly describes "tortured Sayid" as a "captivating minor character".

When reviewing the series finale, Sady Doyle of Slant noted Sayid's declining role on Lost from "awesome" to "dispensable" in comparison to the white male characters as the series drew to a close. She also noted the "subversive" nature of an Iraqi soldier in a series regular role 18 months after the US declared war on Iraq. When referring to his death in "The Candidate", she said: "Sayid was killed, resurrected, and then forced to re-kill himself with a bomb. A “suicide bomb,” you might say. Yeah."

title: Sayid Jarrah


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Billy Bletcher

William Bletcher (September 24, 1894 – January 5, 1979) was an American actor. He was known for voice roles for various classic animated characters, most notably Pete in Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse short films and the Big Bad Wolf in Disney's Three Little Pigs.

Early life
William Bletcher was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on September 24, 1894, to Huber and Dora Bletcher.

Career
Bletcher appeared on-screen in films and later television from the 1910s to the 1970s, including appearances in several Our Gang and The Three Stooges comedies.

He was most active as a voice actor. His voice was a deep, strong and booming baritone. Bletcher provided the voices of various characters for Walt Disney Animation Studios (Black Pete, Short Ghost and the Big Bad Wolf in Three Little Pigs). He auditioned to play one of the dwarfs in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). However, Walt Disney disapproved for fear that people would recognize Bletcher from the studio's Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck short subjects.

His booming voice can also be heard as "Don Del Oro" the Yacqi Indian god in the 1939 Republic serial, Zorro's Fighting Legion. He also provided voice work for Ub Iwerks as the Pincushion man in the 1935 animated short Balloon Land, as well as Owl Jolson's disciplinarian violinist father in the 1936 Warner Bros. short subject based on the song I Love to Singa and the menacing spider in Bingo Crosbyana.

In 1939, Billy Bletcher and Pinto Colvig were hired to perform ADR work for the Munchkins in The Wizard of Oz. In MGM films, he voiced Spike the Bulldog and on some occasions even Tom Cat, in Tom and Jerry, and in Warner Bros. many characters, most notably the Papa Bear of Chuck Jones' The Three Bears. He voiced the villainous wolf in Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944).

Bletcher did voice acting for the 1944 Private Snafu World War II training film "Gas", where Bletcher voices the villainous Gas Cloud. Bletcher also portrayed The Captain in Captain and the Kids with MGM cartoons.

In 1950, he portrayed several characters on The Lone Ranger radio program as well as appearing in episode 27 of the TV series.

In 1971, he portrayed one of his final roles, Pappy Yokum in a television adaptation of Lil Abner. In 1978, he was originally hired to voice the Weed on The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show, but had to drop out due to illness.

Personal life
Bletcher married actress Arlyn H. Roberts in 1915 and had a daughter, Barbara.

Death
Bletcher died at the age of 84 on January 5, 1979, in Los Angeles, California. He was survived by his wife Arlyn and their daughter Barbara.

Selected filmography

 * A Sticky Affair (1916, Short) - Professor Perkins
 * One Too Many (1916, Short) - Unhappy Boarder
 * The Serenade (1916, Short) - Schmitte
 * The Battle Royal (1916, Short) - Grandpa Runt
 * The Brave Ones (1916, Short) - The Sheriff
 * Aunt Bill (1916, Short) - Bogus Aunt
 * Mary Jane's Pa (1917)
 * Who Goes There? (1917)
 * The Love Hunger (1919) - Jakey
 * A Roman Scandal (1919, Short)
 * A Bashful Bigamist (1920, Short) - Mr. Smith
 * Her Honor the Mayor (1920) - Buddy Martin
 * Turn To The Right (1922) - Sammy Martin
 * Billy Jim (1922) - Jimmy
 * Cornered (1924) - The Groom
 * Romance Road (1925) - Patrick's Pal
 * The Silent Guardian (1925) - Director
 * The Wild Girl (1925) - Director
 * The Bar-C Mystery (1926)
 * The Dude Cowboy (1926) - Shorty O'Day
 * One Hour of Love (1927) - 'Half Pint' Walker
 * Wolves of the Air (1927) - 'Big Boy' Durkey
 * The Patent Leather Kid (1927) - Fight Fan (uncredited)
 * Two Girls Wanted (1927) - Johnny
 * Better Days (1927)
 * Daredevil's Reward (1928) - Slim
 * The Cowboy Kid (1928) - Deputy Sheriff
 * The Terrible People (1928) - Proody
 * Loose Ankles (1930) - Mr. Berry from Logan (uncredited)
 * Show Girl in Hollywood (1930) - Sign Man Scraping Names off Doors (uncredited)
 * The Man Hunter (1930) - Buggs
 * Dancing Sweeties (1930) - Bud (uncredited)
 * Top Speed (1930) - Ipps (uncredited)
 * Soup to Nuts (1930) - Revolutionary (uncredited)
 * A Fowl Affair (1931, Short) - Sport Miller (voice, uncredited)
 * The Texas Ranger (1931) - Tubby
 * Monkey Business (1931) - Man in Deck Chair (uncredited)
 * Branded Men (1931) - Half-A-rod
 * The Secret Witness (1931) - Radio Announcer's Voice (uncredited)
 * Bridge Wives (1932, Short) - Radio announcer
 * Night World (1932) - Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Make Me a Star (1932) - Actor in 'Wide Open Spaces' (uncredited)
 * By Whose Hand? (1932) - Police Radio Dispatcher (uncredited)
 * The Boiling Point (1932) - Stubby - Kirk Hand
 * Exposure (1932) - Society Editor (uncredited)
 * Women Won't Tell (1932) - Tennis Game Radio Announcer (uncredited)
 * Flesh (1932) - Man in Cafe (uncredited)
 * The Dentist (1932, Short) - Bearded patient (uncredited)
 * She Done Him Wrong (1933) - Singing Waiter (uncredited)
 * A Lady's Profession (1933) - Keyhole McKluskey
 * Mickey's Mellerdrammer (1933, Short) - Horace Horsecollar (voice, uncredited)
 * Song of the Eagle (1933) - Home Brewer (voice, uncredited)
 * Diplomaniacs (1933) - Schmerzenschmerzen (uncredited)
 * The Three Little Pigs (1933, Short) - Big Bad Wolf (voice, uncredited)
 * The Midnight Patrol (1933, Short) - Radio Dispatcher (voice, uncredited)
 * Morning Glory (1933) - Actor (uncredited)
 * Bedtime Worries (1933, Short) - Radio Voice (voice)
 * The Way to Love (1933) - Man with Fat Wife (uncredited)
 * Music in your Hair (1934, short) - Father (with Billy Gilbert and Ty Parvis)
 * Shanghaied (1934, Short) - Pete (voice, uncredited)
 * The Big Bad Wolf (1934, Short) - Big Bad Wolf (voice, uncredited)
 * Buddy's Garage (1934, Short) (voice, uncredited)
 * The First Round-Up (1934, Short) - Billy, Wally's father
 * Buddy of the Apes (1934, Short) - Chief (voice, uncredited)
 * Burn 'Em Up Barnes (1934, Serial) - Race Commentator [Ch. 1] (uncredited)
 * Buddy's Bearcats (1934, Short) - Hot Dog man / Customer / Ballplayer (voice, uncredited)
 * Punch Drunks (1934, Short) - Fight Announcer (uncredited)
 * The Old Fashioned Way (1934) - Tomato Thrower (uncredited)
 * Service With a Smile (1934, Short) - Lonesome Driver (uncredited)
 * The Cat's-Paw (1934) - Reporter (uncredited)
 * You Belong to Me (1934) - Man with Comb (uncredited)
 * Viva Buddy (1934, Short) - Pancho (voice, uncredited)
 * Servants' Entrance (1934) - Judge Egg (voice, uncredited)
 * Buddy the Woodsman (1934, Short) (voice, uncredited)
 * Buddy the Detective (1934, Short) - Mad Musician (voice, uncredited)
 * Buddy's Adventures (1934, Short) - King Sourpan / Policeman (voice, uncredited)
 * Babes in Toyland (1934) - Chief of Police (uncredited)
 * The Dognapper (1934, Short) - Pete (voice, uncredited)
 * One Hour Late (1934) - Smith (uncredited)
 * Buddy of the Legion (1935, Short) (voice, uncredited)
 * The Lost City (1935, Serial) - Gorzo
 * Buddy's Pony Express (1935, Short) - Barfly / Villain (voice, uncredited)
 * The Golden Touch (1935, Short) - King Midas (voice, uncredited)
 * Life Begins at 40 (1935) - Hog Caller (uncredited)
 * Buddy's Lost World (1935, Short) - Bozo / Penner type (voice, uncredited)
 * Buddy's Bug Hunt (1935, Short) - Judge / Spider (voice, uncredited)
 * Man on the Flying Trapeze (1935) - Timekeeper (uncredited)
 * Buddy the Gee Man (1935, Short) - Warden / MachineGun Mike / Prisoners (voice, uncredited)
 * Hollywood Capers (1935, Short) - Studio Guard (voice, uncredited)
 * Balloon Land (1935, Short) - Pincushion Man (voice, uncredited)
 * Two-Fisted (1935) - Cop (uncredited)
 * A Cartoonist's Nightmare (1935, Short) - Villains / Old Man (voice, uncredited)
 * The Rainmakers (1935) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Billboard Frolics (1935, Short) - Dave Rub-Em-Off (voice, uncredited)
 * Gold Diggers of '49 (1935, Short) - Villain (voice, uncredited)
 * Coronado (1935) - Waiter (uncredited)
 * Plane Dippy (1936, Short) - Sergeant (voice, uncredited)
 * Divot Diggers (1936, Short) - Bill, golfer
 * Boom Boom (1936, Short) - Enemies (voice, uncredited)
 * Alpine Antics (1936, Short) - Bully (voice, uncredited)
 * Desert Gold (1936) - Bob - a Wedding Guest (uncredited)
 * Two in Revolt (1936) - Algie (uncredited)
 * Lash of the Penitentes (1936) - Narrating Missionary
 * Three Little Wolves (1936, Short) - Big Bad Wolf (voice, uncredited)
 * Bingo Crosbyana (1936, Short) - Spider (voice, uncredited)
 * Early to Bed (1936) - Office Boy (uncredited)
 * We Went to College (1936) - Alumnus Basso / Walter Catlett (singing voice, uncredited)
 * Shanghaied Shipmates (1936, Short) - Captain (voice, uncredited)
 * Rhythm on the Range (1936) - Buck's Friend (uncredited)
 * When I Yoo Hoo (1936, Short) - "Hey, Lem!!" (voice, uncredited)
 * I Love to Singa (1936, Short) - Professor Fritz Owl / Singing Blackbird (voice, uncredited)
 * Satan Met a Lady (1936) - Father of Sextuplets (uncredited)
 * A Son Comes Home (1936) - Snoring Sailor (uncredited)
 * Wives Never Know (1936) - Drunk (uncredited)
 * Milk and Money (1936, Short) - Mr. Viper (voice, uncredited)
 * The Big Broadcast of 1937 (1936) - Property Man
 * Don't Look Now (1936, Short) - Devil Cuckoo (voice, uncredited)
 * Can This Be Dixie? (1936) - John P. Smith Peachtree
 * Little Beau Porky (1936, Short) - Ali-Mode / Le Commdandant (voice, uncredited)
 * Porky in the North Woods (1936, Short) - Jean-Baptise (voice, uncredited)
 * Pigs Is Pigs (1937, Short) - Evil Scientist (voice, uncredited)
 * Porky's Road Race (1937, Short) - Borax Karoff (voice, uncredited)
 * Picador Porky (1937, Short) - Bull (voice, uncredited)
 * The Fella with the Fiddle (1937, Short) - Grandpa Mouse / Tax Collector (voice, uncredited)
 * Porky's Duck Hunt (1937, Short) - Man from Upstairs / Drunken Fish (voice, uncredited)
 * Ain't We Got Fun (1937, Short) - Mouse in Checkered Cap (voice, uncredited)
 * Sing While You're Able (1937) - Hillbillies (voice, uncredited)
 * Uncle Tom's Bungalow (1937, Short) - Simon Simon Legree (voice, uncredited)
 * Porky's Building (1937, Short) - Dirty Digg (voice, uncredited)
 * Egghead Rides Again (1937, Short) - Boarding Room Clerk / Egghead saying “Because Because Because I Am A Man” (voice, uncredited)
 * The Californian (1937) - Tax Collector
 * High, Wide, and Handsome (1937) - Shorty (uncredited)
 * Blonde Trouble (1937) - Third Musician (uncredited)
 * A Sunbonnet Blue (1937, Short) - Villain Mouse (voice, uncredited)
 * Get Rich Quick Porky (1937, Short) - Driver (voice, uncredited)
 * God's Country and the Man (1937) - Sandy Briggs
 * Speaking of the Weather (1937, Short) - Public Enemy / Judge (voice, uncredited)
 * Dog Daze (1937, Short) - St. Bernard (voice, uncredited)
 * I Wanna Be a Sailor (1937, Short) - Father Parrot (voice, uncredited)
 * Carnival Queen (1937) - Barker (uncredited)
 * The Lyin' Mouse (1937, Short) - Lion (voice, uncredited)
 * Double Wedding (1937) - Wedding Guest (uncredited)
 * The Case of the Stuttering Pig (1937, Short) - Lawyer Goodwill (voice, uncredited)
 * A Girl with Ideas (1937) - McKenzie (uncredited)
 * Lonesome Ghosts (1937, Short) - Short Ghost (voice) (uncredited)
 * The Purple Vigilantes (1938) - Leader of the Purple Vigilantes (voice, uncredited)
 * The Lone Ranger (1938, Serial) - The Lone Ranger (voice, uncredited)
 * Boy Meets Dog (1938, Short) - Father (voice, uncredited)
 * Porky's Phoney Express (1938, Short) - Porky's Boss (voice, uncredited)
 * Now That Summer is Gone (1938, Short) - Father (voice, uncredited)
 * Rascals (1938) - Patient (uncredited)
 * Injun Trouble (1938, Short) - Injun Joe (voice, uncredited)
 * Hide and Shriek (1938, Short) - Haunted House Ghouls (voice)
 * Professor Beware (1938) - Shoeshine Customer (uncredited)
 * Men with Wings (1938) - Red Cross Man (uncredited)
 * Block-Heads (1938) - Midget (voice, uncredited)
 * The Mexicali Kid (1938) - Stagecoach Driver
 * A Feud There Was (1938, Short) - Weaver from Audience / McCoy at Cellar Door (voice, uncredited)
 * Porky in Wackyland (1938, Short) - Roaring Goon (voice, uncredited)
 * You're an Education (1938, Short) - Singing Tibetan / Thief of Bagdad (voice, uncredited)
 * Orphans of the Street (1938) - Short Man (uncredited)
 * California Frontier (1938) - Bellhop
 * The Practical Pig (1939, Short) - Big Bad Wolf (voice, uncredited)
 * The Lone Stranger and Porky (1939, Short) - Narrator / The Lone Stranger / Villain (voice, uncredited)
 * Porky's Tire Trouble (1939, Short) - Porky's Boss (voice, uncredited)
 * The Lone Ranger Rides Again (1939, Serial) - The Masked The Lone Ranger (voice, uncredited)
 * Porky's Movie Mystery (1939, Short) - Invisible Man (voice, uncredited)
 * Polar Pals (1939, Short) - I. Killem (voice, uncredited)
 * Should Husbands Work? (1939) - Small Neighbor (uncredited)
 * The Wizard of Oz (1939) - Mayor / Lollipop Guild (voice, uncredited)
 * The Autograph Hound (1939, Short) - Security Guard (voice, uncredited)
 * Dancing Co-Ed (1939) - Radio Man (voice, uncredited)
 * The Kansas Terrors (1939) - The Masked Rider (voice, uncredited)
 * Officer Duck (1939, Short) - Tiny Tom (voice, uncredited)
 * The Covered Trailer (1939) - Short Man (uncredited)
 * Destry Rides Again (1939) - Pianist (uncredited)
 * Porky the Giant Killer (1939, Short) - Giant (voice, uncredited)
 * The Film Fan (1939, Short) - Narrator of Masked Marvel (voice, uncredited)
 * Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939) - Don Del Oro (voice, uncredited)
 * Grandpa Goes to Town (1940) - (uncredited)
 * Buck Benny Rides Again (1940) - Last Porter (uncredited)
 * Edison, the Man (1940) - Reporter (uncredited)
 * Sandy Is a Lady (1940) - Cop (uncredited)
 * Scatterbrain (1940) - (uncredited)
 * The Ape (1940) - Short Mustached Posse Man (uncredited)
 * Hit Parade of 1941 (1940) - Radio Actor (uncredited)
 * Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip (1940, Short) - Pete (voice, uncredited)
 * Melody Ranch (1940) - 'Scarlet Shadow' Radio Actor (uncredited)
 * Las Vegas Nights (1941) - Horse (voice)
 * Reaching for the Sun (1941) - Butch Svoboda
 * Angels with Broken Wings (1941) - Trombone Player (uncredited)
 * Tight Shoes (1941) - Little Man (uncredited)
 * Cracked Nuts (1941) - Parachute Man (uncredited)
 * Whistling in the Dark (1941) - Radio Effects Man (uncredited)
 * We, the Animals Squeak! (1941, Short) - Irish Mouse (voice, uncredited)
 * The Bug Parade (1941, Short) - Spider (voice, uncredited)
 * Rookie Revue (1941, Short) - General (voice, uncredited)
 * Dumbo (1941) - Clown (voice, uncredited)
 * Sullivan's Travels (1941) - Entertainer in Hospital (uncredited)
 * Red Riding Hood Rides Again (1941, Short) - Wolf (voice, uncredited)
 * Joe Smith, American (1942) - Police Radio Broadcaster (voice, uncredited)
 * Saps in Chaps (1942, Short) - Cactus Pete (voice, uncredited)
 * Wolf Chases Pigs (1942, Short) - Wolf (voice, uncredited)
 * The Wild and Woozy West (1942, Short) - Angel Face (voice, uncredited)
 * A Desperate Chance for Ellery Queen (1942) - Quarantine Sign Poster (uncredited)
 * Priorities on Parade (1942) - Die Caster (uncredited)
 * Enemy Agents Meet Ellery Queen (1942) - The Small Sailor
 * I Married a Witch (1942) - Photographer (uncredited)
 * The Valley of Vanishing Men (1942) - Jericho (voice, uncredited)
 * Stand by for Action (1942) - Sailor (uncredited)
 * Two Weeks to Live (1943) - Classified Ad Agency Collector (uncredited)
 * Slightly Dangerous (1943) - Customer (uncredited)
 * Chatterbox (1943) - Black Jake
 * Good Morning, Judge (1943) - Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited)
 * Who Killed Who? (1943, Short) - Detective / Ghost (voice, uncredited)
 * Best Foot Forward (1943) - Waxer (uncredited)
 * Swing Shift Maisie (1943) - Workman (uncredited)
 * Crazy House (1943) - Policeman (uncredited)
 * Is Everybody Happy? (1943) - Waiter (uncredited)
 * Boss of Rawhide (1943) - Jed Bones
 * Jive Junction (1943) - Radio Announcer (uncredited)
 * True to Life (1943) - Radio Heavy (uncredited)
 * Whistling in Brooklyn (1943) - Announcer (uncredited)
 * War Dogs (1943, Short) - Spike (voice, uncredited)
 * Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944, Short) - Wolf (voice, uncredited)
 * Tom Turk and Daffy (1944, Short) - Tom Turk (voice, uncredited)
 * Shine On, Harvest Moon (1944) - Vaudevillian (uncredited)
 * Her Primitive Man (1944) - Native (voice, uncredited)
 * Buffalo Bill (1944) - Short Man (uncredited)
 * And the Angels Sing (1944) - Club Patron (uncredited)
 * The Desert Hawk (1944, Serial) - Zeno the Magician (uncredited)
 * The Canterville Ghost (1944) - Window cleaner (uncredited)
 * The Bodyguard (1944, Short) - Spike / Tom (voice, uncredited)
 * Maisie Goes to Reno (1944) - Public Address Announcer (voice, uncredited)
 * Casanova Brown (1944) - Father in Waiting Room (uncredited)
 * Mrs. Parkington (1944) - Quartet Member (uncredited)
 * Lost in a Harem (1944) - Bobo (voice, uncredited)
 * Incendiary Blonde (1945) - Clown (uncredited)
 * Quiet Please! (1945, Short) - Spike (voice, uncredited)
 * Road to Utopia (1945) - Bear (voice, uncredited)
 * Mouse in Manhattan (1945, Short) - Jerry (voice, uncredited)
 * People Are Funny (1946) - Singer - 'Alouette' (uncredited)
 * Gay Blades (1946) - Lumberjack (uncredited)
 * Deadline at Dawn (1946) - Waiter (uncredited)
 * The Kid from Brooklyn (1946) - News Photographer (uncredited)
 * Solid Serenade (1946, Short) - Killer (Spike) (laughing) / Tom (voice, uncredited)
 * Gallant Journey (1946) - Mahoney's Valet (uncredited)
 * The Verdict (1946) - Gravedigger (uncredited)
 * Sinbad the Sailor (1947) - Crier at Auction (uncredited)
 * The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947) - Western Character (uncredited)
 * Down to Earth (1947) - Conductor (uncredited)
 * The Senator Was Indiscreet (1947) - Newsboy (uncredited)
 * The Truce Hurts (1948, Short) - Butch (Spike) (voice, uncredited)
 * Rabbit Punch (1948, Short) - The Champ (voice, uncredited)
 * Loaded Pistols (1948) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Mississippi Hare (1949, Short) - Colonel Shuffle (voice, uncredited)
 * Night Unto Night (1949) - Man in Hotel (scenes deleted)
 * Bowery Bugs (1949, Short) - Steve Brodie (voice, uncredited)
 * Heavenly Puss (1949, Short) - Devil Dog (voice, uncredited)
 * The Next Voice You Hear... (1950) - Newspaper Subscriber (uncredited)
 * Navy Bound (1951) - Schott, Fight Promoter
 * Father Takes the Air (1951) - Haggarly
 * Two-Gun Goofy (1952, Short) - Pete (voice, uncredited)
 * How to Be a Detective (1952, Short) - Al Muldoon (voice, uncredited)
 * Houdini (1953) - Italian Basso (uncredited)
 * Calamity Jane (1953) - Prospector (uncredited)
 * Canvas Back Duck (1953, Short) - Pee Wee Pete (voice, uncredited)
 * Destry (1954) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Sleeping Beauty (1959) - Goons (voice, uncredited)
 * The Nutty Professor (1963) - Plumber (uncredited)
 * The Patsy (1964) - Table Captain #3 (uncredited)
 * Harlow (1965) - Policeman (uncredited)
 * The Chase (1966) - Mr. Vincent (uncredited)
 * Hello, Dolly! (1969) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Get Smart (1970, TV Series) - Frank Ogg
 * Li'l Abner (1971, TV Movie) - Pappy Yokum (final film role)
 * Get a Horse! (2013, Short) - Peg-Leg Pete (archival footage)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Billy Bletcher


text:
William Oswald Mills

William Oswald Mills Sr. (August 12, 1924 – May 24, 1973), was a Republican U.S. congressman who represented the 1st Congressional district of Maryland from May 25, 1971, until his death in Easton, Maryland, on May 24, 1973.

Life and career
Mills was born in Bethlehem, Maryland, on August 12, 1924. He attended Caroline County, Maryland, public schools. After graduating from Federalsburg High School in 1941, he then pursued military service. He served in the U.S. Army in 1942, during World War II, as part of general George Patton's Third Army during the crossing of the Rhine River in Germany and was awarded the Bronze Star. After the war, he worked his way up in rank as the manager of the offices of: Easton, Maryland; Preston, Maryland; and Cambridge, Maryland, of the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company from 1946 to 1962. Beginning in 1962, he served on the staff of then-congressman Rogers Morton as a Democrat until finally becoming a Republican in 1970. When Morton was appointed United States Secretary of the Interior by U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1971, Mills won the special election to succeed him in Maryland's 1st District in the 92nd Congress.

Death
On the morning of May 24, 1973, Mills was found dead at a stable near his home in Easton, Maryland, at the age of 48. There was an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound to the left side of his chest, and a 12-gauge shotgun and spent casing were found by his side.

It was reported that he had been depressed following the death of three of his Congressional aides in a 1972 car accident, and by the fact that his mentor and predecessor, Rogers Morton, was suffering from cancer. However, five days before his death, it was revealed that Mills had received an undisclosed $25,000 gift from the finance committee of President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign during the 1971 special election. Overall, it was part of $900,000 in unaccounted donations made by the committee, according to the General Accounting Office. If Mills were convicted of conducting illegal activity, he could have faced a $1,000 fine and one year in prison.

While Mills initially stated that he had done nothing wrong, he began worrying that the campaign contribution would destroy his political career. In one of his suicide notes, Mills stated that he could not prove his innocence and saw suicide as the only solution. Overall, Mills produced at least seven notes, including one to his son warning him to be honest and another to his constituents.

Despite his concern, Maryland authorities claimed soon after his death that he may not have broken the new state campaign finance law, which did not come into full effect until July 1971, two months after his special election. In fact, there were no indications that state authorities were even going to pursue an investigation.

He is buried at the Hillcrest Cemetery, in Federalsburg, Maryland.

title: William Oswald Mills


text:
Swing Bridge, River Tyne

The Swing Bridge is a swing bridge over the River Tyne, England, connecting Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, and lying between the Tyne Bridge and the High Level Bridge. It is a Grade II* listed structure.

History
The Swing Bridge stands on the site of the Old Tyne Bridges of 1270 and 1781, and probably of the original Roman Pons Aelius bridge.

The previous bridge on the site was demolished in 1868 to enable larger ships to move upstream to William Armstrong's works. The hydraulic Swing Bridge was designed and paid for by Armstrong, with work beginning in 1873. It was first used for road traffic on 15 June 1876 and opened for river traffic on 17 July 1876. At the time of construction it was the largest swing bridge ever built. The construction cost was £240,000.

The hydraulic power still used to move the bridge is today derived from electrically driven pumps. These feed a hydraulic accumulator sunk into a 60 ft shaft below the bridge; the water is then released under pressure which runs the machinery to turn the bridge. The mechanism used for this is still the same machinery originally installed by Armstrong. It has an 281 ft cantilevered span with a central axis of rotation able to move through 360° to allow vessels to pass on either side of it.

The busiest year of operation was 1924 when the bridge was rotated 6,000 times unlike current use where it is only required to turn occasionally to allow yachts and pleasure craft to pass by and on the first Wednesday of each month as a maintenance exercise. The bridge featured in the final episode and climax of the educational series Geordie Racer from Look and Read, when the villains became stranded on the bridge after a robbery. In May 2016, a fire broke out on the pontoon under the bridge. Around 215 sqft was affected by the blaze which was tackled by two fire crews and a fire boat. The bridge was renovated in 2018 at a cost of £200,000. The restoration involved 25,000 hours of work and 10,000 screws were used in repairs. Its reopening in August 2021 was marred by technical issues which saw the bridge unable to swing.

title: Swing Bridge, River Tyne


text:
Zernike polynomials

In mathematics, the Zernike polynomials are a sequence of polynomials that are orthogonal on the unit disk. Named after optical physicist Frits Zernike, laureate of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics and the inventor of phase-contrast microscopy, they play important roles in various optics branches such as beam optics and imaging.

Definitions
There are even and odd Zernike polynomials. The even Zernike polynomials are defined as

 * $$Z^{m}_n(\rho,\varphi) = R^m_n(\rho)\,\cos(m\,\varphi) \!$$

(even function over the azimuthal angle $$\varphi$$), and the odd Zernike polynomials are defined as

 * $$Z^{-m}_n(\rho,\varphi) = R^m_n(\rho)\,\sin(m\,\varphi), \!$$

(odd function over the azimuthal angle $$\varphi$$) where m and n are nonnegative integers with n ≥ m ≥ 0 (m = 0 for spherical Zernike polynomials), $$\varphi$$ is the azimuthal angle, ρ is the radial distance $$0\le\rho\le 1$$, and $$R^m_n$$ are the radial polynomials defined below. Zernike polynomials have the property of being limited to a range of −1 to +1, i.e. $$|Z^{m}_n(\rho,\varphi)| \le 1$$. The radial polynomials $$R^m_n$$ are defined as

 * $$R^m_n(\rho) = \sum_{k=0}^{\tfrac{n-m}{2}} \frac{(-1)^k\,(n-k)!}{k!\left (\tfrac{n+m}{2}-k \right )! \left (\tfrac{n-m}{2}-k \right)!} \;\rho^{n-2k}$$

for an even number of n − m, while it is 0 for an odd number of n − m. A special value is

 * $$R_n^m(1)=1. $$

Other representations
Rewriting the ratios of factorials in the radial part as products of binomials shows that the coefficients are integer numbers:

 * $$R_n^m(\rho)=\sum_{k=0}^{\tfrac{n-m}{2}}(-1)^k \binom{n-k}{k} \binom{n-2k}{\tfrac{n-m}{2}-k} \rho^{n-2k}$$.

A notation as terminating Gaussian hypergeometric functions is useful to reveal recurrences, to demonstrate that they are special cases of Jacobi polynomials, to write down the differential equations, etc.:

 * $$\begin{align}

R_n^m(\rho) &= (-1)^{(n-m)/2} \rho^mP_{(n-m)/2}^{(m,0)}(1-2\rho^2) \\ &= \binom{n}{\tfrac{n+m}{2}}\rho^n \ {}_2F_{1}\left(-\tfrac{n+m}{2},-\tfrac{n-m}{2};-n;\rho^{-2}\right) \\ &= (-1)^{\tfrac{n-m}{2}}\binom{\tfrac{n+m}{2}}{m}\rho^m \ {}_2F_{1}\left(1+\tfrac{n+m}{2},-\tfrac{n-m}{2};1+m;\rho^2\right) \end{align}$$

for n − m even.

The inverse relation expands $$\rho ^j$$ for fixed $$m\le j$$ into $$R_n^m(\rho)$$

\rho^j = \sum_{n\equiv m \pmod 2}^j h_{j,n,m}R_n^m(\rho) $$ with rational coefficients $$h_{j,n,m}$$

h_{j,n,m}= \frac{n+1}{1+\frac{j+n}{2}} \frac{\binom{(j-m)/2}{(n-m)/2}}{\binom{(j+n)/2}{(n-m)/2}} $$ for even $$j-m=0,2,4,\ldots$$.

The factor $$\rho^{n-2k}$$ in the radial polynomial $$R_n^m(\rho)$$ may be expanded in a Bernstein basis of $$b_{s,n/2}(\rho^2)$$ for even $$n$$ or $$\rho$$ times a function of $$b_{s,(n-1)/2}(\rho^2)$$ for odd $$n$$ in the range $$\lfloor n/2\rfloor-k \le s \le \lfloor n/2\rfloor$$. The radial polynomial may therefore be expressed by a finite number of Bernstein Polynomials with rational coefficients:
 * $$R_n^m(\rho) = \frac{1}{\binom{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}{\lfloor m/2\rfloor}} \rho^{n\mod 2} \sum_{s=\lfloor m/2\rfloor}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor} (-1)^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor -s} \binom{s}{\lfloor m/2\rfloor}\binom{(n+m)/2}{s+\lceil m/2\rceil} b_{s,\lfloor n/2\rfloor}(\rho^2).$$

Noll's sequential indices
Applications often involve linear algebra, where an integral over a product of Zernike polynomials and some other factor builds a matrix elements. To enumerate the rows and columns of these matrices by a single index, a conventional mapping of the two indices n and l to a single index j has been introduced by Noll. The table of this association $$Z_n^l \rightarrow Z_j$$ starts as follows. $$ j = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}+|l|+\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0, & l>0 \land n \equiv \{0,1\} \pmod 4;\\ 0, & l<0 \land n \equiv \{2,3\} \pmod 4;\\ 1, & l \ge 0 \land n \equiv \{2,3\} \pmod 4;\\ 1, & l \le 0 \land n \equiv \{0,1\} \pmod 4. \end{array}\right. $$ The rule is the following.

 * The even Zernike polynomials Z (with even azimuthal parts $$\cos(m\varphi)$$, where $$m=l$$ as $$l$$ is a positive number) obtain even indices j.
 * The odd Z obtains (with odd azimuthal parts $$\sin(m\varphi)$$, where $$m=\left\vert l \right\vert$$ as $$l$$ is a negative number) odd indices j.
 * Within a given n, a lower $$\left\vert l \right\vert$$ results in a lower j.

OSA/ANSI standard indices
OSA and ANSI single-index Zernike polynomials using:

 * $$j =\frac{n(n+2)+l}{2}$$

Fringe/University of Arizona indices
The Fringe indexing scheme is used in commercial optical design software and optical testing in, e.g., photolithography.

$$ j = \left(1+\frac{n+|l|}{2}\right)^2-2|l|+ \frac{1-\sgn l}{2} $$

where $$ \sgn l $$ is the sign or signum function. The first 20 fringe numbers are listed below.

Wyant indices
James C. Wyant uses the "Fringe" indexing scheme except it starts at 0 instead of 1 (subtract 1). This method is commonly used including interferogram analysis software in Zygo interferometers and the open source software DFTFringe.

Rodrigues Formula
They satisfy the Rodrigues' formula
 * $$Z_{n}^{m}(x)=\frac{x^{-m}}{\left( \frac{n-m}{2} \right) !}\left( \frac{d}{d\left( x^2 \right)} \right) ^{\frac{n-m}{2}}\left[ x^{n+m}\left( x^2-1 \right) ^{\frac{n-m}{2}} \right]$$

and can be related to the Jacobi polynomials as
 * $$Z_{n}^{m}(x)=x^m\frac{P_{\frac{n-m}{2}}^{(0,m)}\left( 2x^2-1 \right)}{P_{\frac{n-m}{2}}^{(0,m)}(1)}$$.

Orthogonality
The orthogonality in the radial part reads
 * $$\int_0^1\sqrt{2n+2}R_n^m(\rho)\,\sqrt{2n'+2}R_{n'}^{m}(\rho)\,\rho d\rho = \delta_{n,n'}$$

or

$$ \underset{0}{\overset{1}{\mathop \int }}\,R_{n}^{m}(\rho )R_^{m}(\rho )\rho d\rho =\frac{2n+2}. $$

Orthogonality in the angular part is represented by the elementary

 * $$\int_0^{2\pi} \cos(m\varphi)\cos(m'\varphi)\,d\varphi=\epsilon_m\pi\delta_{m,m'},$$
 * $$\int_0^{2\pi} \sin(m\varphi)\sin(m'\varphi)\,d\varphi=\pi\delta_{m,m'};\quad m\neq 0,$$
 * $$\int_0^{2\pi} \cos(m\varphi)\sin(m'\varphi)\,d\varphi=0,$$

where $$\epsilon_m$$ (sometimes called the Neumann factor because it frequently appears in conjunction with Bessel functions) is defined as 2 if $$m=0$$ and 1 if $$m\neq 0$$. The product of the angular and radial parts establishes the orthogonality of the Zernike functions with respect to both indices if integrated over the unit disk,

 * $$\int Z_n^l(\rho,\varphi)Z_{n'}^{l'}(\rho,\varphi) \, d^2r =\frac{\epsilon_l\pi}{2n+2}\delta_{n,n'}\delta_{l,l'},$$

where $$d^2r=\rho\,d\rho\,d\varphi$$ is the Jacobian of the circular coordinate system, and where $$n-l$$ and $$n'-l'$$ are both even.

Zernike transform
Any sufficiently smooth real-valued phase field over the unit disk $$G(\rho,\varphi)$$ can be represented in terms of its Zernike coefficients (odd and even), just as periodic functions find an orthogonal representation with the Fourier series. We have
 * $$G(\rho,\varphi) = \sum_{m,n}\left[ a_{m,n} Z^{m}_n(\rho,\varphi) + b_{m,n} Z^{-m}_n(\rho,\varphi) \right],$$

where the coefficients can be calculated using inner products. On the space of $$L^2$$ functions on the unit disk, there is an inner product defined by
 * $$\langle F, G \rangle := \int F(\rho,\varphi)G(\rho,\varphi)\rho d\rho d\varphi.$$

The Zernike coefficients can then be expressed as follows:

 * $$\begin{align}

a_{m,n} &= \frac{2n+2}{\epsilon_m\pi} \left \langle G(\rho,\varphi),Z^{m}_n(\rho,\varphi) \right \rangle, \\ b_{m,n} &= \frac{2n+2}{\epsilon_m\pi} \left \langle G(\rho,\varphi),Z^{-m}_n(\rho,\varphi) \right \rangle. \end{align}$$

Alternatively, one can use the known values of phase function G on the circular grid to form a system of equations. The phase function is retrieved by the unknown-coefficient weighted product with (known values) of Zernike polynomial across the unit grid. Hence, coefficients can also be found by solving a linear system, for instance by matrix inversion. Fast algorithms to calculate the forward and inverse Zernike transform use symmetry properties of trigonometric functions, separability of radial and azimuthal parts of Zernike polynomials, and their rotational symmetries.

Symmetries
The reflections of trigonometric functions result that the parity with respect to reflection along the x axis is
 * $$Z_n^{l}(\rho,\varphi)=Z_n^{l}(\rho,-\varphi)$$ for l ≥ 0,
 * $$Z_n^{l}(\rho,\varphi)=-Z_n^{l}(\rho,-\varphi)$$ for l < 0.

The π shifts of trigonometric functions result that the parity with respect to point reflection at the center of coordinates is
 * $$Z_n^l(\rho,\varphi) = (-1)^l Z_n^l(\rho,\varphi+\pi),$$

where $$(-1)^l$$ could as well be written $$(-1)^n$$ because $$n-l$$ as even numbers are only cases to get non-vanishing Zernike polynomials. (If n is even then l is also even. If n is odd, then l is also odd.) This property is sometimes used to categorize Zernike polynomials into even and odd polynomials in terms of their angular dependence. (it is also possible to add another category with l = 0 since it has a special property of no angular dependence.)

 * Angularly even Zernike polynomials: Zernike polynomials with even l so that $$Z_n^l(\rho,\varphi) = Z_n^l(\rho,\varphi+\pi).$$
 * Angularly odd Zernike polynomials: Zernike polynomials with odd l so that $$Z_n^l(\rho,\varphi) = - Z_n^l(\rho,\varphi+\pi).$$

The radial polynomials are also either even or odd, depending on order n or m:

 * $$R_n^m(\rho)=(-1)^n R_n^m(-\rho)=(-1)^m R_n^m(-\rho).$$

These equalities are easily seen since $$R_n^m(\rho)$$ with an odd (even) m contains only odd (even) powers to ρ (see examples of $$R_n^m(\rho)$$ below).

The periodicity of the trigonometric functions results in invariance if rotated by multiples of $$2\pi/l$$ radian around the center:

 * $$Z_n^l \left (\rho, \varphi+ \tfrac{2\pi k}{l} \right )=Z_n^l(\rho,\varphi),\qquad k= 0, \pm 1,\pm 2,\cdots.$$

Recurrence relations
The Zernike polynomials satisfy the following recurrence relation which depends neither on the degree nor on the azimuthal order of the radial polynomials:

 * $$\begin{align}

R_n^m(\rho)+R_{n-2}^m(\rho)=\rho\left[R_{n-1}^{\left|m-1\right|}(\rho)+R_{n-1}^{m+1}(\rho)\right] \text{ .} \end{align}$$

From the definition of $$R_n^m$$ it can be seen that $$R_m^m(\rho) = \rho^m$$ and $$R_{m+2}^m(\rho) = ((m+2)\rho^{2} - (m+1))\rho^m$$. The following three-term recurrence relation then allows to calculate all other $$R_n^m(\rho)$$:

R_n^m(\rho) = \frac{2(n-1)(2n(n-2)\rho^2-m^2-n(n-2))R_{n-2}^m(\rho) - n(n+m-2)(n-m-2)R_{n-4}^m(\rho)}{(n+m)(n-m)(n-2)} \text{ .} $$

The above relation is especially useful since the derivative of $$R_n^m$$ can be calculated from two radial Zernike polynomials of adjacent degree:

\frac{\operatorname{d}}{\operatorname{d}\! \rho} R_n^m(\rho) = \frac{(2 n m (\rho^2 - 1) + (n-m)(m + n(2\rho^2 - 1))) R_n^m(\rho) - (n+m)(n-m) R_{n-2}^m(\rho)}{2 n \rho (\rho^2 - 1)} \text{ .} $$

The differential equation of the Gaussian Hypergeometric Function is equivalent to

\rho^2(\rho^2-1) \frac{d^2}{d\rho^2} R_n^m(\rho) = [n(n+2)\rho^2-m^2]R_n^m(\rho)+\rho(1-3\rho^2)\frac{d}{d\rho} R_n^m(\rho). $$

Radial polynomials
The first few radial polynomials are:

 * $$ R^0_0(\rho) = 1 \,$$

 * $$ R^1_1(\rho) = \rho \,$$

 * $$ R^0_2(\rho) = 2\rho^2 - 1 \,$$

 * $$ R^2_2(\rho) = \rho^2 \,$$

 * $$ R^1_3(\rho) = 3\rho^3 - 2\rho \, $$

 * $$ R^3_3(\rho) = \rho^3 \,$$

 * $$ R^0_4(\rho) = 6\rho^4 - 6\rho^2 + 1 \,$$

 * $$ R^2_4(\rho) = 4\rho^4 - 3\rho^2 \,$$

 * $$ R^4_4(\rho) = \rho^4 \,$$

 * $$ R^1_5(\rho) = 10\rho^5 - 12\rho^3 + 3\rho \,$$

 * $$ R^3_5(\rho) = 5\rho^5 - 4\rho^3 \,$$

 * $$ R^5_5(\rho) = \rho^5 \,$$

 * $$ R^0_6(\rho) = 20\rho^6 - 30\rho^4 + 12\rho^2 - 1 \,$$

 * $$ R^2_6(\rho) = 15\rho^6 - 20\rho^4 + 6\rho^2 \,$$

 * $$ R^4_6(\rho) = 6\rho^6 - 5\rho^4 \,$$

 * $$ R^6_6(\rho) = \rho^6. \,$$

Zernike polynomials
The first few Zernike modes, at various indices, are shown below. They are normalized such that: $$\int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^1 Z^2\cdot\rho\,d\rho\,d\phi = \pi$$, which is equivalent to $$ \operatorname{Var}(Z)_\text{unit circle} = 1 $$.

Applications

The functions are a basis defined over the circular support area, typically the pupil planes in classical optical imaging at visible and infrared wavelengths through systems of lenses and mirrors of finite diameter. Their advantages are the simple analytical properties inherited from the simplicity of the radial functions and the factorization in radial and azimuthal functions; this leads, for example, to closed-form expressions of the two-dimensional Fourier transform in terms of Bessel functions. Their disadvantage, in particular if high n are involved, is the unequal distribution of nodal lines over the unit disk, which introduces ringing effects near the perimeter $$\rho\approx 1$$, which often leads attempts to define other orthogonal functions over the circular disk.

In precision optical manufacturing, Zernike polynomials are used to characterize higher-order errors observed in interferometric analyses. In wavefront slope sensors like the Shack-Hartmann, Zernike coefficients of the wavefront can be obtained by fitting measured slopes with Zernike polynomial derivatives averaged over the sampling subapertures. In optometry and ophthalmology, Zernike polynomials are used to describe wavefront aberrations of the cornea or lens from an ideal spherical shape, which result in refraction errors. They are also commonly used in adaptive optics, where they can be used to characterize atmospheric distortion. Obvious applications for this are IR or visual astronomy and satellite imagery.

Another application of the Zernike polynomials is found in the Extended Nijboer–Zernike theory of diffraction and aberrations.

Zernike polynomials are widely used as basis functions of image moments. Since Zernike polynomials are orthogonal to each other, Zernike moments can represent properties of an image with no redundancy or overlap of information between the moments. Although Zernike moments are significantly dependent on the scaling and the translation of the object in a region of interest (ROI), their magnitudes are independent of the rotation angle of the object. Thus, they can be utilized to extract features from images that describe the shape characteristics of an object. For instance, Zernike moments are utilized as shape descriptors to classify benign and malignant breast masses or the surface of vibrating disks. Zernike Moments also have been used to quantify shape of osteosarcoma cancer cell lines in single cell level. Moreover, Zernike Moments have been used for early detection of Alzheimer's disease by extracting discriminative information from the MR images of Alzheimer's disease, Mild cognitive impairment, and Healthy groups.

Higher dimensions
The concept translates to higher dimensions D if multinomials $$x_1^ix_2^j\cdots x_D^k$$ in Cartesian coordinates are converted to hyperspherical coordinates, $$\rho^s, s\le D$$, multiplied by a product of Jacobi polynomials of the angular variables. In $$D=3$$ dimensions, the angular variables are spherical harmonics, for example. Linear combinations of the powers $$\rho^s$$ define an orthogonal basis $$R_n^{(l)}(\rho)$$ satisfying

 * $$\int_0^1 \rho^{D-1}R_n^{(l)}(\rho)R_{n'}^{(l)}(\rho)d\rho = \delta_{n,n'}$$.

(Note that a factor $$\sqrt{2n+D}$$ is absorbed in the definition of R here, whereas in $$D=2$$ the normalization is chosen slightly differently. This is largely a matter of taste, depending on whether one wishes to maintain an integer set of coefficients or prefers tighter formulas if the orthogonalization is involved.) The explicit representation is

 * $$\begin{align}

R_n^{(l)}(\rho) &= \sqrt{2n+D}\sum_{s=0}^{\tfrac{n-l}{2}} (-1)^s {\tfrac{n-l}{2} \choose s}{n-s-1+\tfrac{D}{2} \choose \tfrac{n-l}{2}}\rho^{n-2s} \\ &=(-1)^{\tfrac{n-l}{2}} \sqrt{2n+D} \sum_{s=0}^{\tfrac{n-l}{2}} (-1)^s {\tfrac{n-l}{2} \choose s} {s-1+\tfrac{n+l+D}{2} \choose \tfrac{n-l}{2}} \rho^{2s+l} \\ &=(-1)^{\tfrac{n-l}{2}} \sqrt{2n+D} {\tfrac{n+l+D}{2}-1 \choose \tfrac{n-l}{2}} \rho^l \ {}_2F_1 \left ( -\tfrac{n-l}{2},\tfrac{n+l+D}{2}; l+\tfrac{D}{2}; \rho^2 \right ) \end{align}$$

for even $$n-l\ge 0$$, else identical to zero.

title: Zernike polynomials


text:
United States Military Entrance Processing Command

The United States Military Entrance Processing Command (USMEPCOM) is a Major Command of the U.S. Department of Defense. The organization screens and processes enlisted recruits into the United States Armed Forces in the 65 Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS) it operates throughout the United States.

Mission
USMEPCOM is headquartered in North Chicago, Illinois and operates 65 Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS) located throughout the United States. Effective January 1, 1982, the Assistant Secretary of the Army changed the processing stations' names from Armed Forces Examining and Entrance Stations (AFEES) to MEPS. The command's motto is Freedom's Front Door, signifying that a service member's military career starts when they walk through the doors of the MEPS.

USMEPCOM is a joint service command under the direction of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Personnel Policy, who in turn reports to the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. MEPS process applicants for military service, putting them through a battery of tests and examinations to ensure that they meet the standards required to serve in the United States Armed Forces. These tests include vision, hearing, blood, and blood pressure tests, a pregnancy test (for women), an examination by a doctor, a height and weight check, urinalysis, a breathalyzer test, a moral/background examination, as well as the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). If applicants are deemed qualified for military service, they will also meet with a service counselor, negotiate and sign enlistment contracts, and swear or affirm an entrance oath.

USMEPCOM has been awarded the Joint Meritorious Unit Award three times. The first award was for the period of 1 July 1982 until 30 April 1985; the second award was for the period of 1 January 2005 until 31 December 2007; and the third award was for the period of 16 April 2016 until 24 May 2019.

USMEPCOM does not process commissioned officer candidates entering the U.S. armed forces through the five U.S. service academies or college and university ROTC programs.

College/university graduate candidates for the services' various officer candidate schools and USAF officer training school accession programs will initially process via a station of USMEPCOM if they have no prior active or inactive military service or if they have not been previously medically qualified while on a military contract through another commissioning program such as that prior to the final two years of college/university level ROTC.

Eastern Sector

 * Albany, New York
 * Atlanta, Georgia (Fort Gillem)
 * Baltimore, Maryland (Fort Meade)
 * Beckley, West Virginia
 * Boston, Massachusetts
 * Buffalo, New York (Niagara Falls Air Reserve Base)
 * Charlotte, North Carolina
 * Chicago, Illinois
 * Cleveland, Ohio
 * Columbus, Ohio
 * Detroit, Michigan now in Troy, Michigan
 * Fort Dix, New Jersey
 * Fort Jackson, South Carolina
 * Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia
 * Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (Ronald Reagan Federal Building and Courthouse)
 * Indianapolis, Indiana
 * Jackson, Mississippi
 * Jacksonville, Florida
 * Knoxville, Tennessee
 * Lansing, Michigan
 * Louisville, Kentucky
 * Memphis, Tennessee
 * Miami, Florida
 * Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * Montgomery, Alabama (Maxwell Air Force Base)
 * Nashville, Tennessee
 * New York City
 * Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (William S. Moorehead Federal Building)
 * Portland, Maine
 * Raleigh, North Carolina
 * San Juan, Puerto Rico
 * Springfield, Massachusetts (Westover Air Force Reserve Base)
 * Syracuse, New York (Hancock Field Air National Guard Base)
 * Tampa, Florida

Western Sector

 * Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * Amarillo, Texas
 * Anchorage, Alaska
 * Boise, Idaho
 * Butte, Montana
 * Dallas, Texas (Federal Building)
 * Denver, Colorado (New Customs House)
 * Des Moines, Iowa
 * El Paso, Texas (Fort Bliss)
 * Fargo, North Dakota
 * Honolulu, Hawaii
 * Houston, Texas
 * Kansas City, Missouri
 * Las Vegas, Nevada (Remote Processing Station)
 * Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Los Angeles, California
 * Minneapolis, Minnesota (Bishop Henry Whipple Federal Building)
 * New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (Federal Building)
 * Omaha, Nebraska
 * Phoenix, Arizona
 * Portland, Oregon
 * Riverside, California (Remote Processing Station)
 * Sacramento, California
 * Salt Lake City, Utah
 * San Antonio, Texas (Fort Sam Houston)
 * San Diego, California
 * San Jose, California
 * Seattle, Washington (Federal Center South)
 * Shreveport, Louisiana
 * Sioux Falls, South Dakota
 * Spokane, Washington
 * St. Louis, Missouri (Robert A. Young Federal Building)


text:
Ash Priors

Ash Priors is a village and parish in Somerset, England, situated 5 mi north west of Taunton. The village has a population of 155.

History
The parish of Ash Priors was part of the Hundred of Kilmersdon.

The current house known as The Priory was probably built in the 17th century. It was owned by the Priory in Taunton before the Reformation, hence the name of the village.

Governance
The Parish meeting of all residents has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Somerset West and Taunton (formed on 1 April 2019) and, before this, the district of Taunton Deane (established under the Local Government Act 1972) and part of Taunton Rural District before that. The Village is preserved by planning regulations as an "area of restraint", meaning that no major redevelopment should take place in Ash Priors itself.

It is also part of the Taunton Deane county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Geography
Ash Priors Common, south of the village is a 21 ha local nature reserve of unimproved neutral grassland, semi-natural deciduous woodland, wet heath, scrub, carr, stream, ponds and hedgerows. The plants to be found at the site include early marsh-orchid and twayblade orchid while the animals include the Eurasian harvest mouse, viviparous lizard and tree pipit. It was the first and is the largest local nature reserve run by Taunton Deane Council.

Religious sites
The Church of the Holy Trinity was built in the 15th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Notable residents
Science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke was once resident at Ballifants Farm, on the outskirts of the village.

title: Ash Priors


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/East Asian supremacy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:13, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

East Asian supremacy
The article itself accepts that this is in fact not a view held by East Asians (a group not in fact defined), but refers vaguely to one controversial author. No case has been made for this as a genuine position and encyclopædic topic. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep notable Chubby Chicken 15:47, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not clear what "notable" means here. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:18, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - User is voting keep notable on every VFD under the sun. --FCYTravis 17:58, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As the article says, it isnt really a concept ascribed to by East Asians.     16:55, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No need for yet another page on Rushton and his fringe ideas.--Ian Pitchford 17:02, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WP:NOR --Xcali 17:30, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. --FCYTravis 17:58, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Seems to be notable enough. You 19:17, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Revolución 20:00, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Rushton --Doc (?) 20:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -CunningLinguist 12:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - "East Asian" is far too broad. Last I checked the Hans and the Japanese, both East Asian, had pockets which thought the other .. shall we say less than supreme! --Irishpunktom\talk 00:11, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonnotable and misused term. mikka (t) 02:09, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. East Asians do not believe this; I don't even think Rushton believes this: amazingly enough, whites still rank "High" in his measure of culture despite their supposedly mediocre brains.--Pharos 09:29, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TheBombermanArmy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:13, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

TheBombermanArmy
Blurb about a "regroupment of players" in an online game. No internal links to it, no edits in two months since creation, parts read like a copy-and-paste from a FAQ. Looks likely to be a vanity page, self-promotion. Shimgray 15:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete clancruft --Xcali 17:27, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete While some clans might deserve a spot (barely), I know the game in question, and the clan is relatively non-notable anyway.  ral  315  04:55, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV vanity Adun 06:52, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User talk:Fubar Obfusco/Archive 2002-2004

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or drop me a line. BTW nice work on the squid article. Cheers! --maveric149

Thanks for edit of Nazism. I liked the comment about plural nouns!  It's that public school education..... Dobbs 02:36 Oct 30, 2002 (UTC)

I feel your deletion of my type checking explanation was a bit extreme. The section specifically dealt with how python does type checking, and provided a great comparison to another language. user_Talk:hfastedge

&#26627&#32933&#27841&#28151 (horse+dung+situation+confuse) - &#35918&#30505

it takes a lot more justification to delete something than add. what i've added is not garbage that you can just label as cleaning up. re python.

its time for you to respond at my talk page. the conversation should stay in one area, there. i replied minutes after you did, which was 10 days ago.

responded at python discuss now, just like you wanted. --user_Talk:hfastedge

Thanks for cleaning up phreaking. It was unnerving to see two parts of the article contradict each other. Paullusmagnus 22:24, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

-

Hi,

instead of blanking articles like clogging, please list them on Votes for deletion. This ensures that they don't linger in the database for months without being detected. Thanks.—Eloquence 07:44, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC)

Over at VfD User:Mintguy mentioned that you had grown frustrated by some controversial edits to some computing articles. In response, there's now a new WikiProject Computing and WikiProject Computing/Controversial articles to help form consensus on computing topics. Please consider watching the talk pages there and using them to let others know of issues you believe merit peer review. JamesDay 15:49, 28 Oct 2003 (UTC)

On the Interrupt page, you changed my Computer Science to Computer Engineering. As a computer engineering major (which means this hits close to home), I say ketchup, catsup (*GRIN*)

Seriously, you learn about interrupts in both. More so in architecture, but also in any operating systems class as well. Regardless, your edit is fine by me. --Raul654 04:51, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your commentary on Talk:Datatype was enlightening and insightful, and I was just about to make the same points myself, so I implemented some of your ideas in the article. Kudos to you, I say! :) Dysprosia 22:16, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I wish to remind you that personal attacks such as the one you made against User:Mr-Natural-Health, on the page Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Theresa knott vs. Mr-Natural-Health, calling him a stupid pig, using the language, "it is against my policy to attempt to teach a pig to sing. " is contrary to well-established Wikipedia policy. Fred Bauder 12:09, Mar 28, 2004 (UTC)

Wikicode
Hi! I noticed you've contributed to computer science articles. I've started a project on WikiProject Computing to propose a standard pseudocode for use throughout the Wikipedia that I call wikicode. Please join the WikiProject (no commitment required) and please participate in the discussion about wikicode. Thanks!

Deco 16:52, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Almost everywhere
I am no mathematician, but it would be useful to see in this article what distinction is being made between "almost everywhere" and "everywhere". Does the latter apply to neighborhoods rather than elements? --FOo 20:47, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The only way I see to construe the first sentence of this article as failing to answer this question is to think that "null set" means "empty set", which is how it is defined in many books, so the sentence is confusing. I've corrected it. Michael Hardy 00:44, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Almost everywhere
I am no mathematician, but it would be useful to see in this article what distinction is being made between "almost everywhere" and "everywhere". Does the latter apply to neighborhoods rather than elements? --FOo 20:47, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The only way I see to construe the first sentence of this article as failing to answer this question is to think that "null set" means "empty set", which is how it is defined in many books, so the sentence is confusing. I've corrected it. Michael Hardy 00:44, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Stop!
Kindly refrain for 48 hours from any further action concerning either Marcel Cerdan or Sendmail or their talk pages. Due temporarily inconsistent data, which can be expected to resolve within that time frame, you have no idea what you are messing with. (Your edit may be harmless, but don't tempt fate. The situation is likely to be over your head without an hour's study, but if you're really that interested i'll steer you there.)  Thanks for your concern, and TIA, --Jerzy(t) 20:01, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC)

 * That was not very coherent. Since Talk:Sendmail is no longer an incorrect redirect, I'm not going to do anything now anyhow. --FOo 22:18, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

[The following was written while you were entering your response; please ask a question if it doesn't help.] Thank you for your patient restraint. The server's background activity following up on the deletion, move, and undeletion has completed, and those operations are now fully effective, so i finished the job, including cleaning up Talk:Sendmail. Some of what you'll see on those pages will make more sense in light of How to fix cut and paste moves (even tho that title does not describe this situation). I'll offer three tips (not so much for the future avoidance of similar situations -- since the conditions that led you into it are so rare -- as for their value in a large number of more frequent situations). In any case, all my concerns about the possibility of irreverisible damage are over, and please feel at home with those pages if your interest continues. --Jerzy(t) 23:01, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC)
 * 1) The move tool precisely formats the summary entry for the "edit" of a page into a move-tool-generated redirect, and that format should make you ask yourself, of a "nonsense" redir, "what kind of move would have led to this redir? (Or "why would someone forge such a link and summary?"; if you came up with a theory that you think that applied to, i doubt your response was approriate to that situation.)
 * 2) Blanking a page is almost never an appropriate edit, to the extent that i had never seen a blank page in nearly 7500 edits, and had to stop and think about whether i was seeing that or some kind of malfunction. Believing that being blank would a better state for a page is probably  a good rule of thumb for when it should be added to VfD. A more sensible response to a nonsense link would be a counter-move (which, if it succeeds, proves that you've put things back to where they were before the "nonsense" started.
 * 3) Editing a page consisting of a (non-forged) move-tool-generated redir is always destructive, and thus should be done only when you are sure what's going on.  (Probably by asking.) Once you do so, the move can never be truly reversed (except at the cost of abusing a developer), so in practice repair would have to be by essentially the repair procedure for a cut-and-paste move.

Variable
Re: your question on my talk page. My only edit to this page was a disambiguation for the link to 'square'. I'm afraid I'm not interested in a debate on the actual content of the article. Best, mat_x 08:08, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Creationism/What_is_wrong_with_the_lead_section
You may want to state your case here--FeloniousMonk 17:51, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Wikicode: Thanks
I just wanted to thank you for updating the overly bold Wikicode page. While I hope it will gain acceptance in time, I certainly don't want to trick people into thinking it's an established standard, especially when there are still so many objections. Thanks for this edit. Deco 05:03, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You removed the "minimal lisp" section from the lisp page but you did not remove the references to the minimal lisp section on that page. Now they dangle.

(see minimal lisp below)

Kstailey 02:56, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Plural of virus
Hi. I see you removed a paragraph from the computer virus article about the plural of viruses. From you edit summary, I understand that you think that the viri and virii forms do not need to be mentioned, since they are not given as correct plurals in English dictionaries.

In my opinion, these forms deserve mentioning just because they are used widely (a google search of 'virii' gives a few hundred thousand hits) and because some people think that they are correct. There already is a discussion about this issue on plural of virus, so I was thinking about just providing a pointer to that article. Something like this:

 * The plural of virus has three forms in use in English language: viruses, viri, and virii. Some people think that viri and virii are not correct plurals (see plural of virus for a discussion).

I'd like to hear if you think that that's an acceptable version as a NPOV middle way. Sietse 20:06, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not for the publication of "original research" or the idiosyncratic opinions of its editors. In English, including in computer jargon as used by subject-matter experts (e.g. security researchers and antivirus companies) the plural of "virus" is "viruses".

 * I'm sorry - that statement is not true. - in 1979 the form viri was already in use in academic environments. For example at Gene Spafford's alma mater State University of New York at Brockport, I was there.  Please start reading the discussion pages on an article before arbitrarily making them conform to your view of the universe.  For example, if there is a controversy about a particular subject, the encyclopedic way to treat it is to mention the controversy and publish an article about that subject as well.  As was done with Plural of virus Jjk

 * There is no "NPOV" matter at issue; Wikipedia does not have to "balance" between the facts and whimsy.User:Fubar Obfusco

 * I'm glad you are interested in the facts rather than whimsy. On english pages searched by Google, the term "computer viruses" shows up 1,240,000 times, computer virii shows up 111,000 times and computer viri shows up 30,000 times.So the ratio is about 10 to 1 for viruses vs the alternate forms. Clearly viri(i) has entered the lexicon.  The numbers don't lie.  Please read on below, (next section), and read the discussion pages at plural of virus and the article Plural of Virus. Jjk

 * A few people's whimsical usage simply doesn't enter into it, any more than if I decided that "some people" call Communists "Shits of Stalin" and decided to add this "fact" to the page on communism. --FOo 21:40, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

More Plural of Virus, and prescriptivism
Please keep in mind that the rules for making plurals and conjugating verbs were made up out of whole cloth to explain how already existing lanuages work. They do not exist to to "rule" languages. Languages are dynamic. In order for Wikipedia to become a leader and authority as a reference it has to lead, not follow.

Example, The OED just added 'bootyliscous' to its online dictionary. Prescriptivists would insist that it is not a word, but words are... 'whatever people are using, whether they follow the static rules or not'. When the words people are using don't follow the rules then it is the rules which are incorrect and out of date, not the word. (Note - yes it is understood that not all made up words enter a given language. There has to be some minimum amount of large scale adoption, but how much adoption it takes is a grey area.)

The reference to viri has been in this page for quite some time, albiet in a non-NPOV form. Please don't remove it without some discussion first so we can reach a consensus. The place for that discussion is on the discussion page for that article so that all who are interested in the page can follow the history and reasons for the changes on the page. Also please see Plural of virus for discussion on the form. Jjk 22:47, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Please use logic rather than insults to promote your arguments. Saying "This is the English Wikipedia, not the Script-Kiddie k3wl d00d Slang Wikipedi" is clearly meant to be insulting and has no place in the Wikipedia

Also trying to delimit any other opinion except your own as 'Whimsy' simply highlights how vested you are in your own POV. Cut it out. It has no place in the Wikipedia.

 * The proper place for this discussion is the talk page. I've responded there. --FOo 23:41, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

please respond
Please respond to my comment on the talk page for Real Person Fiction - I would like to know more about what you had in mind when you added it to pages needing attention, and I wouldn't mind having a civil discussion about it with you. Unless you'd rather have it here, I'm perfectly content with that. --AmethystAngel 01:57, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Talk:Spam (e-mail)
What the devil are you doing removing comments from article Talk: pages? This is something you should never, ever do (unless it's vandalism of some kind). I will fix this one - have you done this anywhere else? If so, please restore them immediately. Noel (talk) 12:53, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Excuse me? Please show me in Wikipedia policy where I'm not supposed to remove my own comments when they become irrelevant. Thanks. --FOo 13:23, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

They weren't "irrelevant" - they provided the whole justification for the rename. Proof of which was that I didn't understand why "Email spam" was a consistent name until I read the deleted comment. As to policy, it's at Talk_page under "Archive rather than delete". Only in this case there was no need to archive anything, the page was not long enough to warrant it. Noel (talk) 13:49, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry I got a little cranky there. I was completely lost trying to figure out what was going on, without the deleted stuff from the Talk: page. Noel (talk) 20:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading the image I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the image and I'll tag it for you. Thanks, Kbh3rd 01:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Image:Karnaugh map.png


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HMS Culloden (1776)

HMS Culloden was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built at Deptford Dockyard, England, and launched on 18 May 1776. She was the fourth warship to be named after the Battle of Culloden, which took place in Scotland in 1746 and saw the defeat of the Jacobite rising.

She served with the Channel Fleet during the American War of Independence. May, 1778 under command of Capt. George Balfour. She saw action at the Battle of Cape St Vincent, before being sent out to the West Indies. Her stay there was brief, sailing for New York City with Admiral Rodney in August 1780 to join the North American station. The ship's specific duties were to blockade the French at Newport, Rhode Island where a French army of 6,000 had disembarked in July 1780.

On 23 January 1781, while trying to intercept French ships attempting to run the blockade at Newport, Rhode Island, Culloden encountered severe weather and ran aground at North Neck Point (Will's Point) in Montauk. All attempts to refloat the vessel were unsuccessful, but all the crew were saved, and Culloden's masts were taken aboard HMS Bedford (1775). The area is today known as Culloden Point.

Salvage operations
The British conducted salvage operations on the ship throughout March, retrieving all 28 eighteen-pounder guns from the upper deck, and all 18 nine-pounders from the quarterdeck. The larger cannons were pushed into the sea and the ship was then burned to the waterline and abandoned.

On 24 July 1781, Joseph Woodbridge of Groton, Connecticut sent a letter to George Washington offering to sell him sixteen 32-pounders from the wreck, and on 14 July 1815, Samuel Jeffers arrived in Newport, Rhode Island with 12 tons of pig iron and a 32-pounder from the wreck.

In 1971 Henry W. Moeller, an undersea archaeologist associated with Dowling College, discovered the keel and large wooden beams resting in between 10 ft and 15 ft of water 150 ft off Culloden Point. A gudgeon imprinted with the name Culloden was recovered. Subsequent recovery efforts brought up another 32-pounder cannon as well as copper sheathing. A sketch of the outline of the ruins showed the ship resting on a large boulder.

National Register of Historic Places
Since 1979 the wreck site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which prohibits SCUBA divers from taking artifacts from, or otherwise disturbing the wreck. The designated area is a 'circle with a radius of approximately 200 ft and a centre at the point formed by UTM coordinates 251370 4550810 19T.

The application notes that in addition to Revolutionary War connections, the shipwreck is important for showing the British state-of-the-art copper sheathing of the ship as well as the possibility that it may reveal problems about corruption in the British shipyards at the time. The application notes:

"Finally, the Culloden shipwreck site may provide material insight into the political conditions existent in the British Admiralty during this period. James [1926:7-18] has written describing the strength and organization of the Royal Navy at the end of the Seven Years' War (1755–1762) and its subsequent dissipation between 1771 and 1778 through mismanagement and corruption under Lord Sandwich's control of the Admiralty. Construction of the Culloden occurred during the period that Admiralty corruption was at its height. Therefore, the Culloden may reflect in material terms corrupt practices plaguing England's shipyards at the time. Construction shortcuts and the manufacturing of parts that do not meet specifications have long characterized the defense industry of all nations. The Culloden shipwreck site may provide data illustrating this activity."

title: HMS Culloden (1776)


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Ashbrittle

Ashbrittle is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated nine miles west of Taunton and close to the River Tone and the route of the Grand Western Canal. The village has a population of 225.

History
The parish of Ashbrittle was part of the Milverton Hundred.

The Ashbrittle Yew is a 3000– 4,000 year old Yew tree (Taxus baccata) in the village was among the Great British Trees list that included 50 trees selected by the Tree Council in 2002 to spotlight trees in Great Britain in honour of the Queen's Golden Jubilee. The tree is growing on the top of a Bronze Age Bowl barrow. It is no longer one solid tree having divided into seven separate trunks in a circle with a diameter of 42 ft.

Court Place Farmhouse was built in the late 15th century and has undergone several renovations and extensions since. It is a Grade II listed building.

The film Luna de Miel received its first UK showing in its restored form, in the village, after restoration by Charles Doble, on 21 June 2003.

The novels Two Cows And A Vanful Of Smoke and Isabel's Skin by Peter Benson, who lived in Ashbrittle during the 1970s, are set in the village and its surrounding area.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Somerset West and Taunton (formed on 1 April 2019) and, before this, the district of Taunton Deane (established under the Local Government Act 1972). From 1894-1974, for local government purposes, Ashbrittle was part of Wellington Rural District.

The village is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the Taunton Deane county constituency. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Ashbrittle was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020 (which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation).

Religious sites
The Church of St John the Baptist dates from the 15th century and has been designated as a grade II* listed building.

title: Ashbrittle