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Battle of Medina Ridge

The Battle of Medina Ridge was a tank battle fought on the 27 February 1991, during the Gulf War, between the U.S. 1st Armored Division and the 2nd Brigade of the Iraqi Republican Guard Medina Luminous Division outside Basra, Iraq. The U.S. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, was also a major contributor, by leading the attack. Iraq's Adnan Motorized Division was also a participant. Medina Ridge is the name American troops gave to a low rise, approximately 7 mi long.

The battle, which was waged over approximately two hours, was considered by some sources the largest tank battle of the war. It took place west of phase line Kiwi, east of phase line Smash, and north of phase line Grape. Phase lines are map references occurring every few kilometers used to measure progress of an offensive operation.

History
The 1st Armored Division, commanded by Major General Ron Griffith, consisted of some 3,000 vehicles including 348 M1A1 Abrams tanks. The 1st Armored Division's Cavalry Squadron—1-1 Cavalry—made contact with the Medina Division and informed the division commander of the location of the enemy forces. 1st Armored Division's 2nd Brigade (comprising three battalions TF 4-70th Armor, TF 2-70th Armor and TF 1-35th Armor) saw major action in this battle and was commanded by Colonel Montgomery Meigs (a descendant of General Montgomery C. Meigs of Civil War fame) 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, commanded by Colonel James Riley replaced 1st Armored Division's 1st Brigade for the duration of the war and was also heavily involved in the battle. Medina Ridge was one of the few battles during Desert Storm in which American forces encountered significant Iraqi resistance and found it extremely difficult to advance. The Iraqi forces were well deployed such that they could not be seen by American forces advancing until after they had cleared the top of the ridgeline. This reverse slope position was intended to give the Iraqis protection from the powerful long-range direct fire of the M1 Abrams tanks and the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles.

During the battle the American forces destroyed 186 Iraqi tanks (mostly T-72Ms, Asad Babils and obsolete Type 69s) and 127 armored vehicles. Only four Abrams tanks were hit by direct fire. Evidence suggests that some of them were hit by Iraqi T-72 fire. Ballistics reports have further confirmed this as well as physical evidence such as obvious sabot holes. Out of the four Abrams that were struck, one was a catastrophic loss, while the other three had been disabled, but could be repaired. Thirty-eight of the Iraqi tanks were destroyed by U.S. Army AH-64 Apaches and U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt IIs. The 75th Field Artillery Brigade and Battery B, 25th Field Artillery, the division's target acquisition battery, conducted counter-artillery fire missions and destroyed two Medina Field Artillery battalions in the process. The 2nd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery Regiment also eventually participated in these counter-battery missions. On 25 February, the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division conducted a 113 km movement to contact and destroy elements of the 26th Infantry Division resulting in the capture of 299 prisoners of war. On February 26, the 3rd Brigade was ordered to attack east to gain contact with and destroy the Iraqi Republican Guard Forces Command in zone. The 3rd Brigade began an aggressive and continuous movement to contact which covered 74 km in 12 hours, while fighting multiple engagements throughout the day and night with elements of the 52nd Armored Division, 17th, Adnan, and Tawakalna Divisions. During one engagement with the Tawakalna Division, the brigade destroyed 27 Soviet export model T-72 tanks which had established a hasty defense to cover the Iraqi forces withdrawing from the Kuwaiti Theater of Operation.

As the heaviest armor brigade, consisting of the 6th Battalion, 6th Infantry; the 1st Battalion, 35th Armor; the 2nd Battalion, 70th Armor; the 4th Battalion, 70th Armor; the 2nd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery and the 47th Support Battalion (Forward), the 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division acted as the lead brigade during combat operations. On 27 February, the 2nd Brigade was fully engaged with the Medina's 2nd Brigade and, in the largest single engagement of the war, destroyed 61 Iraqi T-72 and T-55 tanks, 34 APCs and five SA-13 air defense systems in less than one hour.

On 27 February, the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division was ordered to transition to pursuit operations to establish contact with and destroy the RGFC forces in zone. As the brigade attacked and fought through the Adnan Division, securing a RGFC major logistics base, it captured 465 POWs and made contact with the Medina Armored Division, which was augmented by elements of four other Iraqi divisions. A fierce battle ensued culminating in the destruction of 82 tanks, 31 armored personnel carriers, 11 artillery pieces, 48 trucks, 3 anti-aircraft guns and captured 72 POWs for the loss of 2 Bradley Cavalry vehicles, 1 soldier killed, and 30 soldiers wounded. The American soldier killed was Specialist Clarence A.(“Johnny”) Cash, a scout assigned to 4th Battalion, 66th Armor Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. While conducting offensive operations against the Iraqi Republican Guard Forces Command. The 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division fought on the division's right flank as it led the VII Corps main attack against the RGFC. Completing the destruction of the RGFC Brigade, the 3rd Brigade rejoined the division transitioned to pursuit operations and continued its attack eastward. Executing an aggressive and continuous movement, the 3rd Brigade fought numerous engagements. The brigade made contact with a tank battalion defending the western flank of a RGFC's major logistics base. The 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division raced eastward at a rate of 15 kilometers per hour. In 24 hours of nearly continuous combat, the 3rd Brigade destroyed or captured 547 vehicles, including 102 tanks, 81 armored personnel carriers, 34 artillery pieces, 15 AAA guns and captured hundreds of tons of supplies and 528 POWs. The 3rd Brigade completed this exemplary action without the loss of a single soldier or vehicle and only three soldiers WIA.

1st Armored Division's aviation assets conducted thirty-nine straight hours of continuous combat operations, rotating companies into and out of the battle prior to and after the actions at Medina Ridge. Attack helicopters maintained a steady destructive presence in front of the division, engaging targets of opportunity and rapidly shifting their focus and combat power as the scenario required. The brigade's final battle commenced when the division raced to clear its zone of advance to the Kuwaiti border prior to the impending cease-fire.

Although the Iraqis used a correct defensive tactic by deploying their armor behind the ridge, this was not properly repeated through the rest of the war. In one incident, an Iraqi commander attempted to repeat what had been done at Medina but mistakenly deployed his armor too far from the ridgeline. This gave the US units the upper hand, as the Abrams tanks specialize in long-distance kills; their Chobham armor is extremely resistant to long-range fire. The American height advantage also reduced the effective range of the Iraqi tanks and presented the Iraqi gunners with a targeting situation for which they were under-trained. Nevertheless, the Iraqis had fought hard, shooting down an A-10 Thunderbolt II, and two AH-64 Apache helicopters. Most of the units belonging to the 1st Armored Division and the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division were awarded Valorous Unit Award Citations.

In early April 1991, Colonel Montgomery Meigs, the commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Armored Division, paid his respects to his former enemy's Medina Division reporting that, "These guys stayed and fought". The same newspaper articles notes that, "The Americans had more than 100 battle tanks on hand, about the same as the total number of tanks in the Iraqi force. But the Americans had some noteworthy advantages over the Iraqis like attack helicopters and A-10 anti-tanks planes. The Iraqis had no support aircraft."

Task Force 1-37
In a short six-month period during 1990 and 1991, the 1st Battalion, 37th Armor, was alerted for deployment to Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, deployed all of its personnel and equipment over 3000 mi from an already forward deployed location, fought a major battle against a well equipped enemy over terrain they had never trained on and then redeployed the unit to its home station.

The 1st Battalion 37th Armor (1st Armored Division) from Rose Barracks, Vilseck, Germany, commanded by LTC Edward L. Dyer, was alerted for deployment to the Persian Gulf on 8 November 1990. 1–37 Armor was the first brigade unit from Vilseck to deploy. 1–37 Armor was attached to the 3rd "Bulldog" Brigade from Warner Barracks in Bamberg, Germany, under their former commander, Colonel Daniel Zannini. A small advance party deployed on 14 December and the main body began departing on 26 December. By 30 December, the battalion had arrived in Saudi Arabia. Vehicles and equipment which had been shipped from ports in Europe began to arrive on 4 January and by 12 January all the equipment had arrived. When hostilities commenced on 15 January 1991, the battalion was in the process of closing the last elements into TAA Thompson. The next month was spent task organizing, training, rehearsing, and preparing for the ground war.

On 24 February, Task Force 1–37 crossed the line of departure as part of VII Corps' attack against Iraqi forces. On 25 February, the battalion attacked and seized the division headquarters of the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division destroying four armored fighting vehicles, eight air defense weapons and captured over forty enemy prisoners of war (EPW). After attacking all day on 26 February, TF 1–37, part of 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division, made contact with a brigade of the Tawakalna Armored Division of the Republican Guard Forces Command (RGFC) which had established a defensive position to protect the flank of the RGFC and facilitate their escape from Kuwait. After a thirty-minute fire fight, TF 1–37 was ordered to assault the enemy position. The assault, conducted at night, in driving rain, resulted in the destruction of twenty-six T-72 tanks, 47 armored personnel carriers and Infantry fighting vehicles (mostly BMP's) and a handful of other vehicles, as well as the capture of over one hundred EPWs. TF 1–37 suffered the loss of four M1A1 tanks destroyed and six personnel wounded in action. After consolidation and reorganization, the task force continued the attack throughout the night of 26–27 February, reestablishing contact with the RGFC at approximately 0530, 27 February. The task force continued to attack, fighting numerous engagements with elements of multiple Iraqi divisions throughout the 27th and into the morning of the 28 February. At 0800 local time, 28 February, the task force established a hasty defensive position astride the Iraq-Kuwait border. During the last 28 hours of the attack, TF 1–37 destroyed an additional thirty-one tanks, thirty-one BMPs, numerous other APCs, air defense weapons and trucks, and captured over 200 EPWs. Four days after the cease fire, TF 1–37 moved 9 mi further into Kuwait. Two missions were conducted to destroy additional enemy weapons, ammunition and equipment, bury enemy remains, and to recover the four M1A1's which had been destroyed on 26 February.

On 24 March, TF 1–37 moved back into Iraq and established a defensive position in the vicinity of the Rumayilah oil fields. For the next three weeks, task force missions centered on refugee assistance and security operations. On 10 April, TF 1–37 began movement to the Rear Assembly Area (RAA) in the vicinity of King Khalid Military City (KKMC), Saudi Arabia. By 13 April, the task force had closed into the RAA and preparations began for the redeployment of the unit to Germany.

On 16 August 1991 the 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division was re-designated as the 3d Brigade, 3d Infantry Division.

2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division Valorous Unit Award Citation
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division distinguished itself by gallantry in action from 26 to 28 February 1991, while conducting offensive operations against the Iraqi Republican Guard Forces Command during operation DESERT STORM. As the heaviest Armor Brigade, consisting of the 6th Battalion, 6th Infantry; the 1st Battalion, 35th Armor; the 2nd Battalion, 70th Armor; the 4th Battalion, 70th Armor; the 2nd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery and the 47th Support Battalion (Forward), the 2nd Brigade led the first Division in the largest tank battle against the Republican Guard Forces Command. Throughout the entire operation, the 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division, demonstrated tenacity, esprit de corps, and courageous professionalism. The actions of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division were in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon themselves and the United States Army.

2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division Units Cited

 * HHC, 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division
 * 6th Battalion, 6th Infantry
 * 1st Battalion, 35th Armor
 * 2nd Battalion, 70th Armor
 * 2nd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery
 * 47th Support Battalion
 * 4th Battalion, 70th Armor

3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division Valorous Unit Award Citation
Headquarters and Headquarters 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored division distinguished itself by gallantry in action from 24 to 28 February 1991, while conducting offensive operations against the Iraqi republican Guard Forces Command (RGFC) during Operation DESERT STORM. The brigade fought on the division's right flank as it led the VII Corps main attack against the RGFC. Completing the destruction of the RGFC Brigade, the 3rd Brigade rejoined the division transitioned to pursuit operations and continued its attack eastward. Executing an aggressive and continuous movement, the 3rd Brigade fought numerous engagements. The brigade made contact with a tank battalion defending the western flank of a RGFC's major logistics base. Attacking with all three Battalions on line, the enemy vaporized in front of the brigade, ten armored vehicles destroyed in the first minute of the battle. The brigade's relentless attack continued throughout the day and into the night as it raced eastward at a rate of 15 kilometers per hour. In 24 hours of nearly continuous combat, the brigade destroyed or captured 547 vehicles, including 102 tanks, 81 armored personnel carriers, 34 artillery pieces, 15 AAA guns and captured hundreds of tons of supplies and 528 EPWs. The brigade completed this exemplary action without the loss of a single soldier or vehicle and only three WIAs. Through their demonstrated courage, tenacity, esprit de corps and professionalism, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division actions reflect great credit upon themselves and the United States Army.

3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division Units Cited

 * HHC, 3d Brigade, 1st Armored Division
 * 1st Battalion, 37th Armor
 * 3d Battalion, 35th Armor
 * 7th Battalion, 6th Infantry
 * 3d Battalion, 1st Field Artillery
 * 125th Support Battalion

3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division Valorous Unit Award Citation
For exceptionally meritorious service as the Advanced Guard Brigade of the 1st Armored Division during offensive operations against the Iraqi Republican Guard Forces Command (RGFC) during Operation Desert Storm from 24 to 28 February 1991. As an attached Brigade consisting of 1/7th Infantry, 4/7th Infantry, 4/66th Armor, 1/1st Cavalry, 2/41st Field Artillery, 16th Engineer Battalion, and 26th Forward Support Battalion, the 3rd Brigade led the 1st Armored Division and VII Corps main attack against the RGFC. On 25 February, the brigade conducted a 113 km movement to contact to destroy elements of the 26th Infantry Division resulting in the capture of 299 enemy prisoners of war (EPWs). On February 26, the brigade was ordered to attack east to gain contact with and destroy the RGFC in zone. The 3rd Brigade began an aggressive and continuous movement to contact which covered 74 km in 12 hours, while fighting multiple engagements throughout the day and night with elements of the 52nd, 17th, Adnan, and Tawakalna Divisions. During one engagement with the Tawakalna Division the brigade destroyed 27 Soviet T-72s which had established a hasty defense to cover the Iraqi forces withdrawing from the Kuwaiti Theater of Operation. On 27 February, the 3rd Brigade was ordered to transition to pursuit operations to establish contact with and destroy the RGFC forces in zone. As the brigade attacked and fought through the Adnan Division, securing a RGFC major logistics base, it captured 465 EPWs and made contact with the Medina Armored Division, which was augmented by elements of four other Iraqi divisions. A fierce battle ensued culminating in the destruction of 82 tanks, 31 armored personnel carriers, 11 artillery pieces, 48 trucks, 3 AAA guns and captured 72 EPWs with the loss of only 2 Bradley Cavalry vehicles, 30 WIAs and 1 KIA. Through their demonstrated tenacity, Esprit de Corps, and courageous professionalism, the units of the 3rd Phantom Brigade have brought great credit upon themselves, the 3rd Infantry Division and the United States Army.

3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division Units Cited

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division
 * 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry
 * 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry
 * 2nd Battalion, 41st Field Artillery
 * 2nd Platoon, 218th Military Police Company
 * 2nd Platoon, 501 Military Police Company
 * 3rd Platoon, Battery C, 6th Battalion, 3rd Air Defense Artillery
 * 4th Battalion, 7th Infantry (Minus Company D)
 * 4th Battalion, 66th Armor
 * 26th Forward Support Battalion
 * Battery A, 6th Battalion, 3rd Air Defense Artillery
 * Company A, 1st Battalion, 35th Armor
 * Company B, 16th Engineer Battalion
 * Company B, 141st Signal Battalion
 * Company B, 54th Engineer Battalion
 * Company D, 16th Engineer Battalion
 * Civil Affairs Team, 401st Civil Affairs Detachment
 * Counter Intelligence, Prisoner of War Team, 501st Military Intelligence Battalion
 * Ground Surveillance Reconnaissance, 501st Military Intelligence Battalion
 * Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Decontamination Platoon, 69th Chemical Battalion
 * Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Reconnaissance Platoon, 69th Chemical Battalion
 * HHC, 16th Engineer Battalion
 * Long Range Surveillance Detachment, 501st Military Intelligence Battalion

Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division Valorous Unit Award Citation
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division distinguished itself by gallantry in action against an armed enemy during Operation DESERT STORM from 23 to 28 February 1991. The brigade conducted combat operations to ascertain enemy dispositions along the division's zone of advance. The brigade's aircraft conducted continuous flight operations as the division's movement to contact accelerated into Iraq. Time and again the attack helicopters were employed against Iraqi armored elements forward of the division's ground forces. The brigade conducted thirty-nine straight hours of continuous combat operations, rotating companies into and out of the battle. Because of their integration into the division's close fight, the destruction of the Medina and Adnan Divisions was assured. Attack helicopters maintained a steady destructive presence in front of the division, engaging targets of opportunity and rapidly shifting their focus and combat power as the scenario required. The brigade's final battle commenced when the division raced to clear its zone of advance to the Kuwaiti border prior to the impending cease-fire. The brigade completed its combat operations without suffering the loss of any aircraft, vehicles or personnel. Through their expertise, tenacity, and courage, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division actions reflect great credit upon themselves and the United States Army.

Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division Units Cited

 * HHC, Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division
 * 2nd Battalion, 1st Aviation
 * 3nd Battalion, 1st Aviation
 * Company I, 1st Aviation

Historical significance
The Battle of Medina Ridge is recognized as the largest tank battle of the Gulf War by some sources. Other sources put it second behind the Battle of Norfolk.

title: Battle of Medina Ridge


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Talk:Sindhanur

For a May 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Sindhanur

title: Talk:Sindhanur


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Deborah Moggach

Deborah Moggach (née Hough; born 28 June 1948) is an English novelist and screenwriter. She has written nineteen novels, including The Ex-Wives, Tulip Fever (made into the film of the same name), These Foolish Things (made into the film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel) and Heartbreak Hotel.

Early life and career
Moggach is one of four daughters of writers Charlotte Hough (née Woodyadd) and Richard Hough. Moggach was brought up in Bushey, Hertfordshire and St John's Wood in London, and was educated at Camden School for Girls and Queen's College, London.

She graduated from the University of Bristol in 1971 with a degree in English and trained as a teacher before going to work at Oxford University Press. She lived in Pakistan for two years in the mid-1970s and in the United States.

Novels and other writings
Most of her novels are contemporary, tackling family life, divorce, children and the confusions and disappointments of relationships. She has an ear for comedy but has also written a dark thriller set in America, The Stand-In; a bleak story of incest set near London Heathrow Airport, Porky; and a novel pitting Muslim versus English family values, Stolen.

Her two historical novels are Tulip Fever, set in Vermeer’s Amsterdam, and In The Dark, set in a boarding house during the First World War. Her novel, Something To Hide (2015), is set in Texas, London, Beijing, and West Africa. The Indian subcontinent has featured frequently in her work. Her other work includes a stage play and two collections of short stories.

She has adapted many of her novels as TV dramas and has also written acclaimed adaptations of other people's work, among them Nancy Mitford's Love in a Cold Climate, for instance, and The Diary of Anne Frank. Her script of the film Pride and Prejudice, starring Keira Knightley, was nominated for a BAFTA award, and Goggle-Eyes, from Anne Fine's novel, won a Writers Guild Award. These Foolish Things, her comic novel about elderly people moving to India to obtain affordable care, was made into the successful film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel. Tulip Fever has also been made into a film.

Honours
In 2005 she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Bristol; she is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, a former Chair of the Society of Authors and was on the executive committee of PEN. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to literature.

Personal life
At Oxford University Press she met the man who became her first husband, Tony Moggach; the couple later divorced. He died in November 2015.

For ten years, her partner was the cartoonist Mel Calman.

After his death in 1994, she lived for seven years with Hungarian painter Csaba Pásztor.

She lived in the Welsh border town of Presteigne with her husband since 2014, Mark Williams, a journalist, editor and magazine publisher. They also had a maisonette in Kentish Town, north London. She has been single for three years as of 2024.

She has two adult children: Tom, a teacher, and Lottie, a journalist and novelist. In 1985, her mother was sent to prison for helping a terminally ill friend kill herself. Moggach is a patron of Dignity in Dying and campaigns for a change in the law on assisted suicide.

Novels

 * You Must Be Sisters (1978)
 * Close to Home (1979)
 * A Quiet Drink (1980)
 * Hot Water Man (1982)
 * Porky (1983)
 * To Have and to Hold (1986)
 * Driving in the Dark (1988)
 * Stolen (1990)
 * The Stand-In (1991)
 * The Ex-Wives (1993)
 * Seesaw (1996)
 * Close Relations (1997)
 * Tulip Fever (1999)
 * Final Demand (2001)
 * These Foolish Things (2004) (was adapted into the movie The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel)
 * Also available as a "movie tie-in" book, with the same title as the movie.
 * In the Dark (2007)
 * Heartbreak Hotel (2013)
 * Something to Hide (2015)
 * The Carer (2019)
 * The Black Dress (2021)

Short story collections

 * Smile and Other Stories (1987)
 * Changing Babies and Other Stories (1995)

Screenplays

 * Pride & Prejudice (2005)
 * Tulip Fever (2017)

Teleplays

 * To Have and to Hold (mini-series) (1986)
 * Goggle Eyes (adaptation of an Anne Fine novel) (1993) (Won a Writers' Guild Award for Best Adapted TV Serial)
 * Seesaw (adaptation of her own novel) (1998)
 * Close Relations (adaptation of her own novel) (1999)
 * Love in a Cold Climate (adaptation of two Nancy Mitford novels) (2001)
 * Final Demand (adaptation of her own novel) (2003)
 * The Diary of Anne Frank (2009)
 * Stolen (adapted from her own novel) (1991)

Stage play

 * Double-Take
 * The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel based on her novel These Foolish Things

title: Deborah Moggach


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Talk:Minor Imperial characters in Star Wars

For a May 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Minor Imperial characters in Star Wars


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Red Cedar River

Red Cedar River may refer to the following streams in the United States:

 * Red Cedar River (Michigan), a tributary of the Grand River
 * Red Cedar River (Wisconsin), a tributary of the Chippewa River
 * Cedar River (Iowa River tributary), also known as Red Cedar River, in Minnesota and Iowa

title: Red Cedar River


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Tale of the Troika

Tale of the Troika (Сказка о Тройке) is a 1968 satirical science fiction novel by Russian writers Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, with illustrations by Yevgeniy Migunov. It criticises both Soviet bureaucracy and somewhat the Soviet scientific environment. Although the novel itself is not directed against state per se and a number of points underlined are true of modern-day bureaucracy and science, it met with a cold reaction during Soviet times and was quite difficult to obtain, therefore achieving a "forbidden fruit" status.

The novel exists in two slightly different variants - Smena and Angara, by the names of the magazines in which they were published. They differ by characters and some plot lines and was caused by Angara editorial request to fit the novel for the magazine volume.

There are two versions which are superficial sequels of Monday Begins on Saturday. One version can be viewed as a continuation of Monday Begins on Saturday, at the end of which the main character is told he will be sent to Kitezhgrad for a business trip, and that is where this version of Tale of the Troika takes place. The other version takes place in Tmuskorpion' (literally: "darkness-scorpion", a pun with "Tmutarakan", which is a cliché for a remote, obscure place; tarakan means cockroach, hence the pun), on a previously unexplored and unreachable floor of the Scientific Research Institute of Sorcery and Wizardry described in Monday Begins on Saturday.

title: Tale of the Troika


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Nicolas Desmarets

Nicolas Desmaretz, marquis de Maillebois (10 September 1648, Paris – 4 May 1721, Paris) was a Controller-General of Finances during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Desmaretz was a nephew of Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Taken out of school at age 15 to work in his uncle's offices as Controller-General of Finances, he rose to become an intendant of finances in 1678 and his uncle's principal assistant in 1683. He was exiled in December 1683 shortly after Colbert's death, however, after being accused of taking bribes and kickbacks in a government contract to mint money. After returning to Paris in 1686, Desmaretz wrote a series of memoranda for his family members who were still in the government recommending new tax policies in the face of the deplorable economic situation of France.

Desmaretz was made director of finances in 1703 and replaced Michel Chamillart as controller general in 1708. Desmaretz undertook several policies aimed at restoring France's financial status while in office, including postponing repayment of loans, securing lower interest rates on certain loans, creating a royal lottery, devaluing metal currency, and instituting a ten percent tax on the income produced by property ownership in 1710. Desmaretz was working on a method for repaying France's debts when Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715. He was dismissed from office after Louis XIV's death that year.

His son Jean-Baptiste Francois Desmaretz, Marquis de Maillebois became a Marshal of France in 1741.

title: Nicolas Desmarets


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User talk:Exor

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Image:Ivo robotnik01.png
On the page Dr. Robotnik (comic character) you keep replacing this image with your one. I have reverted your changes because I am trying to keep the articles regarding the characters in the Archie comic's continuity similar by using the data file images of them provided in the comics (Such as the Sonic, Tails, Knuckles and Julie-Su pages). Furthermore, the image you have put up looks more like fan art than a picture of Robotnik from the comic. I ask that you leave the data file one up. Thank you. - Matticus333 21:20, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

I can appreciate that, but the image of Robotnik in the data files is inaccurate. Robotnik is discolored, therefore it does not provide people with an accurate depiction of him. And it's not "fan art", it's an official promotional image from Mecha Madness. Or has Archie already brainwashed you with their poor colorists already? --Exor 21:33, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Exor


text:
Template talk:User ang

You know, I really don't think there are any native speakers of Old English in 2005. :) Samboy 03:32, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you know that by saying something that is sensibly and indisputably true like the above, you will curse someone into existance only to prove you wrong? Oswax 22:40, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * They exist in 2010. Usable template. --Snapelex (talk) 10:23, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * In that case, Wyandot is my native language... Ĉ i u ĵaŭde Discuss 00:37, 18 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Template talk:User ang


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 29

July 29

 * 2009 – An Airbus A330-203 operated Air France is substantially damaged at Maya-Maya Airport, Brazil when a wing strikes a building during ground manoeuvres.

 * 2005 – The U. S. Army awards a contract for the purchase of 368 Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters (ARH) to Bell Helicopter Textron.

 * 2003 – The International Space Station’s 1,000th consecutive day of astronauts living on board.

 * 2002 – Vanguard Airlines ceases operations. The next day it files for reorganization under Chapter 11 of US bankruptcy law.

 * 1996 – First flight of the Mitsubishi MH2000

 * 1988 – Launch: Space Shuttle Discovery STS-51-F at 21:00:00 UTC. Mission highlights: Spacelab mission, Abort to Orbit.

 * 1985 – The eighth flight of Space Shuttle Challenger, and 19th shuttle flight overall, lifts off from Cape Canaveral for mission STS-51-F. Five minutes and 45 seconds into its ascent, main engine number one shuts down due to a malfunctioning high temperature sensor, forcing the crew to abort its originally planned orbit and coast to a lower orbit. Receiving more attention than the Spacelab 2 module on board was the “Carbonated Beverage Dispenser Evaluation, ” a test financed by Coca-Cola and Pepsi to determine if carbonated soft drinks could be enjoyed in space using specially designed cans. The verdict: No.

 * 1985 – First flight of the Kawasaki T-4

 * 1971 – American and United airlines take delivery of the first two production Douglas DC-10 jetliners, and American puts its new DC-10 in regular service just eight days later.

 * 1970 – Lt. (j.g.) William Belden, 23, of Racine, Wisconsin, ejects from an McDonnell Douglas A-4E Skyhawk on the deck of the USS Shangri-La in the western Pacific. Pilot recovered shaken but unhurt by helicopter; Skyhawk later recovered from carrier catwalk.

 * 1967 – On Yankee Station in the Gulf of Tonkin off North Vietnam, a flight deck fire aboard the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal (CVA-59) kills 134 men, injures 161,

 * 1967 – A deckfire on the USS Forrestal caused by an unintentional firing of a Zuni rocket by an electrical short-circuit from the underwing rack of an McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II at 1051 hrs. holes the fuel tank of an McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk. Spilled fuel ignites and ordnance on the ready jets is set off by the blaze. Twenty-six aircraft are destroyed or jettisoned, 31 others are damaged, 132 crewmen die, 62 are injured and two are missing. The last major fire is extinguished at 4 a.m. on 30 July. See: 1967 USS Forrestal fire. Among lost airframes are Douglas A-4E Skyhawk, BuNos 149996, 150064, 150068, 150084, 150115, 150118, 150129, 152018, 152024, 152036, 152040; McDonnell Douglas F-4B Phantom II, 153046, 153054, 153060, 153061, 153066, 150069, 150912; and North American RA-5C Vigilantes of RVAH-11, 148932, 149284, and 149305.

 * 1963 – First flight of the Tupolev Tu-134

 * 1959 – QANTAS introduces the Boeing 707 on its Sydney-San Francisco route, the first transpacific service flown by jet.

 * 1959 – The first jetway in the U. S. is installed at the International Airport in San Francisco, California. Designed to protect passengers from the weather when they board or leave the jet plane, it is a powered telescopic or collapsible corridor that extends to the aircraft and connects the plane to the terminal. They are commonplace in all airports today.

 * 1959 – Royal Navy Fairey Gannet AS.4, XA465, 'C 234', cannot lower undercarriage, makes power-on deck belly landing into crash barrier on HMS Centaur. Crew okay but airframe written off, salvaged in Singapore, ending up on fire dump at Sembawang.

 * 1958 – President Eisenhower signs the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating a new federal agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA’s stated goal is to enable the U. S. to lead the exploration of space for peaceful purposes to benefit humanity.

 * 1954 – First flight of the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris

 * 1952 – A USAF RB-45 Tornado makes the first non-stop crossing of the Pacific by jet

 * 1952 – A Royal Air Force Boeing Washington B.1, WW349, hit while parked at Wisley, Surrey by Vickers Valiant, WJ954, in taxi accident. No injuries. Airframe had been intended for transfer to RAAF as third of three.

 * 1950 – A British European Airways Vickers Viscount makes the first turboprop-powered passenger flight.

 * 1949 – Airlift in West-Germany to West-Berlin ends.

 * 1947 – Nine crew are killed and two injured in a failed take-off attempt by a Boeing B-29 Superfortress from Eglin Field, Florida at 0813 hrs., the bomber coming down ~300 yards N of the main base near Valparaiso, Florida and burning. Killed were instructor pilot Capt. Gordon W. Barrett, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, a West Point graduate who was awarded the DFC while flying Boeing B-29 Superfortresses in World War II; pilot 1st Lt. Huddie C. Bagley of Braufield, Texas; co-pilot Capt. Robert M. Seldomridge of Lancaster, Pennsylvania; navigator 1st Lt. Joseph A. Anderson, Shalimar, Florida; navigator 1st Lt. Milton Rose, Fort Walton, Florida; engineer Master Sgt. Michele Aulicino, Mary Esther, Florida; scanner Staff Sgt. Hugh T. Mulholland of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; scanner Cpl. Ashley W. Odom, McBee, South Carolina; and scanner Pfc. Donald D. Crawford from Fort Worth, Texas. Injured were scanner S/Sgt. Jeremiah W. Conlon of Worthington, Kentucky, admitted to the Eglin hospital with abrasions of the face and head, and ankle injuries; and radio operator S/Sgt. Lloyd D. Farris of Pensacola, Florida, with minor injuries but admitted for observation. The Superfortress apparently failed to gain much altitude before coming down, said Capt. Robert Gaughan, base public relations officer.

 * 1946 – First Swedish pilot to use an ejection seat to escape a crippled aircraft, Lt. Bengt Johansson (who later changes it to Järkenstedt), saves himself this date when the Saab J 21A-1, of 2 Divisionen, F9 Wing, out of Säve, collides with FFVS J 22 of another F9 Divisionen while engaged in naval gunnery attack practice. While climbing out from a gunnery pass, the J 21 is struck by the pursuing J 22, shearing off one of the J 21's twin tails. With control lost, Johansson jettisons canopy and ejects, other pilot also bails out of crippled J 22, both parachute into the sea where they are rescued by a Swedish navy destroyer. At the time the Swedish press describes the incident as a "first", the 13 January 1942 ejection by German Helmut Schenk from a Heinkel He 280 being little known at this point.

 * 1945 – U. S. Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchells and U. S. Navy aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga (CV-14) further damage the Japanese aircraft carrier Kaiyo in Beppu Bay.

 * 1945 – (29-30) Japanese kamikazes make their last attacks on ships off Okinawa, damaging two U. S. destroyers.

 * 1945 – (29-30) Carrier aircraft of Task Force 38 strike the Maizuru Naval Arsenal and the north coast of Honshu, Japan.

 * 1943 – (Overnight) Another raid on Hamburg by 777 British bombers targets undamaged areas in the northern part of the city, killing about 1,000 more people. The British lose 28 aircraft

 * 1938 – (July 29-August 11) During the Lake Khasan Incident along the border between the Soviet Union and Manchukuo, 70 fighters and 180 bombers of the Soviet Air Force conduct heavy strikes against Imperial Japanese Army positions.

 * 1938 – An Arado Ar 79 sets an international solo speed record over a 2,000 km (1,200 mi) course for an aircraft of its class, averaging 227.029 km/hr (141.07 mph).

 * 1938 – Former Soviet Air Force commander-in-chief Yakov Alksnis is executed, a victim of the Great Purge.

 * 1937 – First flight of the Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra

 * 1936 – Germany and Italy become the first countries to provide aircraft for service in the Spanish Civil War, when 10 German Junkers Ju 52 transports land in Spanish Morocco for service with the Nationalist faction and nine Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers arrive in Spain for Nationalist service; three other SM.81 s crash during the flight to Spain.

 * 1936 – (July 29-August 5) Ten, later increased to twenty, German Junkers Ju 52 s ferry 1,500 Spanish Nationalist troops from Spanish Morocco to Spain in the world’s first major military airlift.

 * 1930 – British airship R.100 makes a test flight to Montreal and back.

 * 1929 – A Ford Trimotor flown by Charles Lindbergh began the first coast-to-coast air passenger service through Transcontinental Air Transport (TWA).

 * 1925 – First flight of the Blériot 155

 * 1920 – U. S. Postal Office’s first transcontinental airmail flight takes off from New York to San Francisco.

 * 1909 – Georges Legagneux makes the first airplane flight in Sweden in his Voisin biplane in Stockholm.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 29


text:
Golden Bull of 1222

The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by Andrew II of Hungary. King Andrew II was forced by his nobles to accept the Golden Bull (Aranybulla), which was one of the first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch. The Golden Bull was issued at the year 1222 diet of Fehérvár. The law established the rights of the Hungarian nobility, including the right to disobey the King when he acted contrary to law (jus resistendi). The nobles and the church were freed from all taxes and could not be forced to go to war outside of Hungary and were not obligated to finance it. This was also a historically important document because it set down the principles of equality for all of the nation's nobility. Seven copies of the edict were created, one for each of the following institutions: to the Pope, to the Knights Templar, to the Knights Hospitaller, to the Hungarian king itself, to the chapters of Esztergom and Kalocsa and to the palatine.

The charter's creation was influenced by the emergence of a nobility middle class, unusual in the nation's feudal system. As a regular gesture of generosity, King Andrew often donated property to particularly faithful servants, who thereafter gained new economic and class power. With the nation's class system and economic state changing, King Andrew found himself coerced into decreeing the Golden Bull of 1222 to relax tensions between hereditary nobles and the budding middle class nobility.

The Golden Bull is often compared to Magna Carta; the Bull was the first constitutional document of the nation of Hungary, while Magna Carta was the first constitutional charter of the nation of England.

Grants of liberties
The Golden Bull that Andrew II of Hungary issued in the spring of 1222 is "one of a number of charters published in thirteenth-century Christendom that sought to constrain the royal power." Peter II of Aragon had already in 1205 planned to make concessions to his subjects. Simon de Montfort, supreme commander of the Albigensian Crusade, issued the Statute of Pamiers in 1212, confirming the privileges of the clergymen and limiting the authority of the future rulers of Toulouse and Carcassonne. The statute influenced the Magna Carta of John, King of England, which also secured the liberties of the Church and regulated feudal relationships in 1215. The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, strengthened the authority of the imperial prelates in 1220.

Contacts between Hungary and these countries can be demonstrated during this period. Aragonese nobles settled in Hungary in the early 13th century. Hungarian participants of the Fifth Crusade could meet Robert Fitzwalter and other leaders of the movement which had achieved the issue of the Magna Carta. Two Hungarian prelates visited Canterbury in 1220. However, no direct connection between the texts of the Golden Bull and other early 13th-century grants of liberties can be demonstrated. Historian James Clarke Holt says, there is no need to assume that the authors of these documents borrowed from each other, because all these charters embodied the "natural reaction of feudal societies to monarchical importunity".

Hungarian society
The existence of at least a dozen distinct social groups can be documented in Hungary in the 12th and 13th centuries. Freemen and serfs were the two fundamental categories, but intermediate "semi-free" groups also existed. Freemen could in theory freely choose their lords, but they were in practice required to remain loyal to their masters. On the other hand, unfree warriors could hold large estates but could face legal arbitrary actions of royal officials.

The highest-ranking royal officials were appointed from among men who regarded themselves the descendants of either the Hungarian chieftains of the period of the establishment of the kingdom or of the foreign warriors who settled in Hungary during the subsequent centuries. They were mentioned as "noblemen" from the end of the 12th century, but they did not form a hereditary elite. The most prominent families started to name themselves after their forefathers in the 1200s, but their genealogies were often fabricated. The Gesta Hungarorum, which was completed around 1200, emphasized that the ancestors of many noblemen played a preeminent role in the Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin.

Initially, each freeman was required to serve in the royal army. Those who were unable to perform this duty were obliged to pay taxes in the 12th century. The majority of the castle warriors were unfree, but freemen could also choose to serve the ispáns (or heads) of the royal castles. They were to defend the royal castles and accompany the monarchs to their military campaigns in exchange for the parcels they held in royal lands around the castles. Free castle warriors could also retain their own estates. The highest ranking castle warriors started to refer to themselves as "freemen" or "warriors of the holy kings" to emphasize their privileged status.

Thousands of foreigners—Slavs, Germans, Italians and Walloons—came to Hungary to populate the sparsely inhabited lands or to work in the centers of royal administration. These "guests" preserved their personal freedom even if they settled in the estates of the aristocrats or churchmen. Jews could legally settle only in the centers of the bishoprics, but they actually also lived in other towns. They were primarily merchants, engaged in long-distance trade. Muslims and christians who settled in Hungary were employed in the administration of royal revenues, but the presence of Muslim warriors is also documented.

Transformation

Béla III of Hungary, who ruled from 1172 to 1196, was one of the wealthiest European monarchs of his time, according to a summary of his revenues. He earned income from the periodical exchange of coins, royal salt monopoly and customs duties, but significant part of his revenues came from the royal estates, because he owned more than half of landed property in the kingdom. He decreed that each transaction proceeding in his presence was to be recorded, which gave rise to the development of the royal chancellery. Thereafter private transactions were also frequently recorded and preserved at specific monasteries or cathedral chapters, known as "places of authentication".

Béla III's eldest son and successor, Emeric, faced a series of rebellions initiated by his younger brother, Andrew. Both the king and his brother, who seized Croatia and Dalmatia, made generous grants to their partisans to secure their loyalty. Prelates and high-ranking officials supported Andrew against the king, but Emeric defeated his brother. Andrew mounted the throne after the sudden death of Emeric's infant son, Ladislaus III, in 1205.

Andrew appointed his former supporters to the highest offices, but most of his brother's former officials could retain their offices, because he needed their assistance. For instance, four of Andrew's first seven palatines—Csépán Győr and his brother, Pat, Julius Kán and Bánk Bár-Kalán—had held offices already during Emeric's reign. The ispáns of Bács, Sopron, Zala and other important counties were mostly nominated from among Emeric's former supporters. The heads of the royal household—including the master of the horse and the master of the stewards—became the members of the royal council during Andrew's reign. He always appointed one of his old partisans to these new offices.

Andrew started to grant large areas of royal estates and significant sums of money to his former supporters. For instance, Alexander of the Hont-Pázmány clan, who had helped Andrew to flee from his brother's prison, received 300 marks in 1217. Andrew's predecessors had also donated royal estates in perpetuity, but mostly those situated in the borderlands. Breaking with this practise, Andrew gave away large domains which were located in the central regions. The new policy of donations, known as novae institutiones ("new arrangements"), significantly reduced the revenues of the ispáns of the counties, because one third of all royal revenues from their counties were due to them. The "new arrangements" also diminished royal revenues. Andrew introduced new taxes and ordered the exchange of coins twice a year to secure the funds to the maintenance of his royal court. He farmed out the collection of the taxes and the administration of the royal mint to Jews and Muslims.

According to a widespread scholarly theory, the appearance of wealthy landowners in the counties threatened the social position of both the free and unfree royal warriors. Lesser landowners started to emphasize their direct link to the monarch. According to the available sources, landowners from Hosszúhetény were the first to call themselves "freemen and royal servants" during a court case against the abbot of Pécsvárad Abbey in 1212. Andrew started to grant the same status from the 1210s. Royal servants were to serve in the royal army, but independently of the ispáns who were the commanders of the county troops.

""Everyone knows that Hungary has seventy-two counties. The kings of Hungary granted these to meritorious persons and they could be revoked without offending those who held them. Their luxury, wealth and income, power, rank and security came from these counties. However, because of the profligacy of some of ... [some of the] predecessors [of Béla IV of Hungary], their rights over the counties had been diminished to a great extent, since [the kings] had granted in perpetuity properties, villages, and estates belonging to the counties to deserving and undeserving persons alike. Therefore, because of the diminution of the counties the ispáns had no men, and when they marched out, they were taken for simple knights.""

- Master Roger's Epistle

Andrew's "new arrangements" stirred up discontent among his subjects. A group of dignitaries made attempts to dethrone him in favor of his cousins in 1209. His wife, Gertrude of Merania, who had persuaded him to make generous grants to her German relatives and courtiers, was assassinated in 1213. He was forced to have his eight-year-old son, Béla, crowned king in 1214. After he left for a crusade to the Holy Land in 1217, his deputy, John, Archbishop of Esztergom, was expelled from Hungary. Andrew returned to Hungary in 1218. Shortly thereafter, his chancellery issued a series of charters which were dated as if he had started to reign in the spring of 1204, thus ignoring the last months of his brother's reign and the entire period of his nephew's rule. According to historian Attila Zsoldos, Andrew wanted to invalidate the royal charters which were issued during the eighteen months before his actual ascension to the throne.

The royal council ordered the revision of the grants concerning the estates of the udvornici (or semi-free peasants) in 1220. Next year, a similar decision was passed about the estates of the castle folk. Andrew was forced to appoint Béla to administer the lands beyond the Drava River in 1220. The noblemen who had lost Andrew's favor assembled in his son's new court.

1222 movement
The circumstances of the promulgation of the Golden Bull are uncertain because of the lack of sources. The Golden Bull itself is the principal source of the events which forced Andrew to issue it. Royal charters and Pope Honorius III's letters to Hungarian dignitaries provide further information about the political history of the year.

On 4 July 1222, the pope urged the Hungarian prelates to apply ecclesiastical censures against those who had claimed that they did not owe loyalty to Andrew, but to Béla.

The available data suggest that discontented noblemen, many of whom had held high offices during Emeric's reign, staged a coup in the spring of 1222.

"In the kingdom of Hungary, it had been decided lately that the entire people should assemble twice a year, and our dear son in Christ, [Andreas], the illustrious king of the Hungarians is bound to appear in person among them. On such occasions the riotous crowd, liable to get confused and to lose its self-control, tends to make demands on the king that are not only unpleasant but may even be unjust, among others they may demand to divest of their offices and honours the magnates and nobles of the realm whom they hate, to expel them from the country and distribute their property among the people. These demands have confused the king, and in order to comply with the demands of the unruly crowd, he is offending against the principles of justice, and is violating peace, which will lead to the weakening of his royal power. He is afraid of refusing to comply with the unjust demands, as this might endanger his life and that of his family."

- Pope Honorius III's Bull of 15 December 1222

The Golden Bull was drafted by Cletus Bél, royal chancellor and provost of Eger.

Royal servants' rights
More than one third of the articles of the Golden Bull dealt with the grievances of the royal servants. The king promised that the collecta (an extraordinary tax) may collect tax on their estates whereas freemen's pennies (an ordinary tax) may not be collected on their estates. He also pledged that they may accommodate him and his officials. Royal servants who had no sons were granted the right of exchange of their estates in their testaments in return to receive a sum of money and benefits. The Golden Bull limited the judicial power of the ispáns, stating that in the royal servants' estates they could administer justice only in cases concerning the tithe and coinage. Royal servants were exempted of the obligation of accompanying the monarch to military expeditions to foreign lands.

title: Golden Bull of 1222


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 17

July 17

 * 2014 - A Malaysian airliner, MH 17, scheduled to fly between Amsterdam, Netherlands and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is shot over the conflict zone of the ongoing Donbass insurgency, in an area controlled by the Donbass People's Militia in Ukraine. All 298 passengers and crew are killed, in the worst airliner shootdown in history.
 * 2011 – About 100 Syrian Air Force intelligence personnel defect to the rebel side in Abu Kamal, Syria.

 * 2009 – A Fuerza Aérea Venezolana Cessna T206H (FAV-2807) flying from Puerto Ayacucho to La Esmeralda, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela crashes into the hillside of El Duida, 20 miles (32 km) from its destination at La Esmeralda airport killing the 3 crew.

 * 2009 – An MD-530F contracted to Xe (formerly Blackwater) crashes at Butler Range outside Baghdad. Two pilots died. The cause was not known.

 * 2007 – TAM Airlines Flight 3054 (TAM Linhas Aéreas), an Airbus A320-233, crashes upon landing during rain in São Paulo, killing all 187 people on board and 12 people on the ground, overcoming Gol Transportes Aeroes Flight 1907 as Brazil's worst aviation disaster.

 * 2006 – STS-121 space shuttle 'Discovery' mission to the International Space Station (ISS) is back on earth

 * 2002 – Midway Airlines (1993–2003) suspends operations.

 * 2001 – At ~0700 hrs., pilot Maj. Aaron George of the 416th Flight Test Squadron at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and Judson Brohmer of Tehachapi, California, an aerial photographer under contract to the Air Force Flight Test Center, are killed in the crash of an Edwards based Lockheed Martin F-16B Block 5 Fighting Falcon, 78-0100, while on a test sortie to chase and film the launch of the Miniature Air-Launch Decoy (MALD) from a second F-16, also from the 416th Flight Test Squadron.

 * 2000 – Alliance Air Flight 7412, a Boeing 737-200, crashes into government housing in Patna, India as it approaches the airport, killing 55 of the 58 on board and five people on the ground.

 * 1997 – STS-94, Space Shuttle Columbia mission, is back on earth.

 * 1996 – TWA Flight 800, a Boeing 747, explodes in mid-air above the ocean off East Moriches, New York, killing all 230 people on board.

 * 1991 – Death of Arthur Raymond "Ray" Brooks, American WWI flying ace, pioneer in the development of radio navigational aids (NAVAIDs) and one of the earliest commercial pilots involved with carrying mail (air mail) for the US Post Office Department.

 * 1991 – Launch of ERS-1, European remote sensing satellite (ERS), European Space Agency's first Earth-observing satellite.

 * 1989 – First flight of the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

 * 1984 – Two airships are seen over London for the first time since the WWI when British Airship Industries fly their Skyship 600 and Skyship 500 models on a round trip between Cardington in Bedfordshire and Tower Bridge.

 * 1984 – Launch of Soyuz T-12 (also known as Salyut 7 EP-4), 7 th manned spaceflight to the Soviet space station Salyut 7.

 * 1981 – The Israeli Air Force attacks Beirut in retribution for Palestinian terror attacks.

 * 1980 – A Vickers Viscount plane of charter airline Alidair lands safely in Devon after suffering damage to all four engines.

 * 1980 – Cathay Pacific begins a Hong Kong-London service.

 * 1978 – First flight of the Soko G-4 Super Galeb, Yugoslav single engine, advanced jet trainer/light strike aircraft.

 * 1975 – American Apollo capsule links up to a Russian Soyuz capsule in orbit, marking the first space collaboration between the two nations. It would also be the last Apollo mission, as well as the last manned mission for six years until the launch of the first Space Shuttle in 1981.

 * 1970 – Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport commences passenger screening to help prevent hijackings; the first airport to do so.

 * 1970 – Retired: Northrop HL-10

 * 1962 – Maj Robert M. White (USAF), pilots the North American X-15 to a record altitude of 314 750 feet (59 miles, 96 km).

 * 1959 – Birth of Janet Lynn Kavandi, American scientist and NASA astronaut.

 * 1953 – Lieutenant Guy P. Bordelon scores his fifth aerial victory, becoming the United States Navy’s only ace of the Korean War. He had scored all five victories since June 29, using an F4U-5 N Corsair night fighter to shoot down North Korean light aircraft making night harassment raids.

 * 1953 – US Marine Corps Fairchild R4Q-2 Packet, BuNo 131663, c/n 10830, crashes in a wooded area N of Milton, Florida, shortly after take off from NAS Whiting Field, Florida, where it had made a refueling stop. Five of six crew, and 39 of 40 passengers are killed. The transport was one of 20 being used to take Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps midshipmen, college students, in their sophomore and junior years and from many states, from NAS Corpus Christi, Texas, to Chambers Field, NAS Norfolk, Virginia. All 46 passengers were ROTC members. "As part of their reserve work they are required to take six weeks summer training at naval installations in Corpus Christi and Norfolk. Altogether, 1,600 ROTC men are taking part in this summer's program, half of them at Corpus Christi and half at Norfolk. At the end of three weeks, the 800 at Norfolk and 800 at Corpus Christi swap bases for the final three weeks. The group which had stopped at Whiting was half of the 800 being flown to Norfolk. Rear Adm. J. P. Whitney, chief of Naval Air Basic Training, appointed a special board to investigate the crash." Most of the dead were students at the University of Oklahoma and Rice University, with one victim from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

 * 1952 – 58 Republic F84 Thunderjets complete a trans-ocean flight of 10,895 miles, with seven stops, from Georgia in the USA to Yokota in Japan.

 * 1949 – First flight of the Vickers Varsity, a British twin-engine crew trainer.

 * 1948 – Miss Macao, a Catalina seaplane operated by a Cathay Pacific subsidiary, over the Pearl River delta from Macau to Hong Kong, is hijacked with 23 passengers and three crew on board by a group attempting to rob the passengers; following a struggle in the cockpit, a crash kills all on board except one passenger, later identified as the lead hijacker; this is the earliest known airliner hijacking.

 * 1947 – First flight of the Sud-Ouest Corse II, French mail and passenger transport aircraft

 * 1946 – Birth of Toktar Ongarbayuly Aubakirov, Kazakh Air Force test pilot and cosmonaut.

 * 1944 – In Operation Mascot, the British aircraft carriers HMS Formidable, HMS Furious, and HMS Indefatigable launch a raid by 44 Fairey Barracuda bombers escorted by 48 fighters against the German battleship Tirpitz at her anchorage in Norway, but a highly effective German smoke screen allows them to achieve only one near-miss.

 * 1943 – 223 U. S. Air Solomons (AirSols) aircraft strike Bougainville Island, bombing Kahili Airfield and Tonolei harbor. They sink one Japanese destroyer.

 * 1943 – Death of Jean Tulasne, French WWII flying ace, shot down in his Yak-1 M by a FW-190 near Orel in Russia.

 * 1943 – Axis air attacks damage Allied shipping off Sicily.

 * 1941 – Death of Armand Dufaux, Swiss Aviation pioneer and aircraft designer.

 * 1939 – First flight of the Bristol Beaufighter prototype R2052

 * 1938 – (17-18) After filing a flight plan to fly nonstop from Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, west to California, Douglas Corrigan instead heads east after takeoff and makes a 28-hour 13-minute solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean to Ireland, claiming to have made a gross navigational error. He goes down in history as “Wrong Way” Corrigan.

 * 1936 – The Spanish Civil War breaks out, and the Republican (loyalist) and Nationalist (rebel) factions seize portions of the Spanish Air Force and of the aviation force of the Spanish Navy. The Republicans end up with about 200 serviceable aircraft – Including all the fighters – And 150 pilots, which form the basis of their Spanish Republican Air Force, while the Nationalists control less than 100 serviceable aircraft and 90 pilots, which form the basis for their National Aviation.

 * 1936 – French Bloch MB.150.01 fighter prototype suffers damage to tailwheel as it taxies from the hangar at Villacoublay to inaugurate its flight test program. Returned to the factory at Courbevoie for repairs which, inexplicably, take ten months to accomplish. Poor ground handling of design, as well as unsuitability for mass-production, forces total reworking of the type, the new version being designated the Bloch MB.151, and developmentally, the Bloch MB.152.

 * 1933 – Lituanica was an Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker airplane flown from the United States across the Atlantic Ocean by Lithuanian-American pilots Steponas Darius and Stasys Girėnas in 1933. After successfully flying 6,411 km, it crashed, due to undetermined circumstances, 650 km from its destination, Kaunas, Lithuania.

 * 1929 – Robert Hutchings Goddard successfully launches a camera equipped rocket.

 * 1928 – Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.

 * 1927 – USMC de Havilland DH.4s are used to attack bandits in Nicaragua threatening the garrison at Ocotal.

 * 1927 – Hudson Strait Expedition sailed from Halifax to conduct navigation studies in conjunction with plans to open a deep-sea harbour at Churchill, Manitoba. The equipment included seven RCAF aircraft.

 * 1926 – Death of Augustus Moore Herring, American aviation pioneer, who flew a compressed-air powered aircraft in 1898, five years before the Wright Brothers made their own powered flight. It has been claimed that he was the first aviator of a motorized heavier-than-air aircraft

 * 1924 – Pelletier d'Oisy completes a flight from Paris to Tokyo. The journey takes 120 hours in the air.

 * 1918 – Death of Edward Harper Sayers, British WWI flying ace, Killed in a crash.

 * 1918 – Death of Auguste Baux, French WWI flying ace, Killed in action in his SPAD XIII.

 * 1918 – Death of Claud Robert James Thompson, Australian WWI flying ace, Killed in a crash.

 * 1917 – The United States Navy establishes the Naval Aircraft Factory at League Island Navy Yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

 * 1917 – Death of Luigi Olivi, Italian WWI flying ace, killed in action in his SPAD VII.

 * 1917 – Ground is broken for the first building of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Langley Field laboratory.

 * 1914 – First flight of the Vickers F.B.5 (Fighting Biplane 5) (known as the "Gunbus"), British two-seat pusher WWI military biplane, first aircraft purpose-built for air-to-air combat to see service, making it the world's first operational fighter aircraft

 * 1913 – The Royal Navy introduces the term “seaplane; ” previously, seaplanes had been known as “hydro-aeroplanes. ”

 * 1912 – The first flight by a seaplane in Canada was at Port Stanley Ontario this date. It was also the occasion of the first passenger ride in a seaplane in Canada.

 * 1910 – Mile-High altitude record. Walter Brookins climbed 6,234′ (>6,175′) into the sky over Atlantic City, NJ in his new Wright Model A, for which he was awarded a $5,000 prize.

 * 1908 – The first aviation legislation of the United States is passed: a municipal ordinance requiring an annual license and regulating aircraft within the city limits of Kissimmee, Florida.

 * 1896 – Birth of Reed Gresham Landis, American WWI flying ace and USAAC officer during WWII.

 * 1896 – Birth of Rupert Norman Gould Atkinson, British WWI flying ace

 * 1894 – Birth of Lloyd Samuel Breadner, Canadian WWI flying ace and senior RCAF commander during WWII

 * 1894 – Birth of George Cox, Australian WWI flying ace

 * 1892 – Birth of Edwin Harris Dunning, British Royal Naval Air Service, first pilot to land an aircraft on a moving ship.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 17


text:
User talk:DonaldDuck

Victor Arnautoff
Thank you for helping with the Victor Arnautoff article! Would love to have more information about his work after his return to Russia, which the Russian/Ukrainian articles seem to have some details on.LuisVilla (talk) 16:34, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for March 23
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Jews and Communism re-nominated for deletion
Since you contributed to or were otherwise involved in the original afD nomination, you may or may not wish to comment on the new afD nomination, found here: Articles for deletion/Jews and Communism (2nd nomination) I intend on leaving this note to everyone who edited the first AFD and has not yet contributed to the new discussion or been otherwise notified. Thanks! :) ''' Flipandflopped  (Discuss,   Contribs)  16:33, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna has been nominated for deletion
Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna has been nominated for deletion. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. (t · c)  buidhe  02:05, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:DonaldDuck


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/These are not the droids you are looking for

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge. Eugene van der Pijll 19:43, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

These are not the droids you are looking for
Already has a section in Notable lines in the Star Wars series. No need for its own article. KramarDanIkabu 03:36, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. The seperate article has a lot more information than the subsection that Kramar is pointing to; while the phrase likely doesn't warrant its own entry, what is there goes well beyond a dicdef or simple explanation and could be used to bolster the subsection.--Mitsukai 03:45, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merrrrrrge. No articles on lines from movies, please (unless the line is more famous than the film). -- BD2412 talk 04:35, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand -- needs fleshing out with the plethora of spin-off lines which now populate C20 culture. This was All Our Basses before AOB got started. --Simon Cursitor 07:36, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) (Mis-spelling of Bases intentional, to keep people awake (and as a fish-joke -- see ISIRTA)
 * Comment. Although it's a well-remembered movie line, I see no evidence to support that it has achieved the same level of use as, say, "Here's lookin' at you, kid" or "You talkin' to me?". 23skidoo 13:31, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge, no need for articles on specific lines from films as noted above. Mgm|(talk) 08:18, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge - for all the reasons stated above. Blackcats 09:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Notable lines in the Star Wars series. No way should there be separate articles for individual lines in movies.   — J I P | Talk 09:58, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Marge Besides, we shouldn't have articles, the titles of which end with a dangling preposition. Gzuckier 13:17, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A preposition is a bad thing to end a sentence with. qitaana 23:40, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. 23skidoo 13:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge ditto -- Francs2000 | Talk 13:34, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Nothing against Star Wars, but . . . --Scimitar 14:26, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You should move along to Notable lines in the Star Wars series. jglc | t | c 15:11, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. There are plenty of Jedi mind tricks, not all worth their own article: You don't want to sell me death sticks. You want to go home and re-think your life. –DeweyQ 15:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh... Oh my. My whole life has been wrong. Crack is bad! :)jglc | t | c 20:56, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Notable lines in the Star Wars series. -- Lochaber 09:24, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Hooray, someone's noticed my new article, Notable lines in the Star Wars series! — Phil Welch 15:24, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Further comment: I've merged it to my new article, Notable lines in the Star Wars series. Vote to redirect. — Phil Welch 15:28, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark Jen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS; defaulting to keep. -- Jonel | Speak 07:33, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mark Jen
Delete Famous for writing a blog and being fired for it... please.... Bloghate 03:38, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with Blog or Google. Mark Jen is not the only person who has a lost a job as a result of what s/he put on his/her blog, so you might want to have a section of the Blog article relating to "perils of blogging in a work situation where the rules are not clearly stated" or something like that. In the meantime, keep the stub as is.
 * User:Bloghate's crusade notwithstanding, this guy's really only notable for being a moron. Delete, although I wouldn't oppose a merge somewhere; say, into Blog, where this could be used as an example of the perils of blogging about your employer. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  03:59, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this one. Merge would be harmless. -- BD2412 talk 04:52, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * Keep or find somewhere to merge.  While Mark Jen may or may not be notable, the event certainly was.  Blog doesn't really deal with the legal issues that have been being raised in the blogosphere, such as Apple Computer suing a Harvard undergraduate who runs a popular Mac information website for disclosing details about unreleased Apple products.  Those issues need to be covered here some place. DS1953 05:43, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 06:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. I don't mind a mention about the legal issues of blogging in Blog, but this guy isn't really notable for his own article. - Mgm|(talk) 08:20, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This guy is notable. I learned about him recently when he was interviewed in a NPR program. I can't remember the exact program (need to check it out), but believe it was a country-wide (i.e. USA) program (could be Talk of the Nation, but not 100% sure). From what I heard, he is a very sensible guy and sound nice. He wrote his blog in his private time to keep in touch with family and friends, and Google was too harsh to fire him for that. Google didn't accuse him of acting in bad-faith or making false statement, the corporation just don't like an employee "talking". This raise a number of issues regarding employee's rights, blogging and whistle blowers (They are not "morons" and I strongly object the use of this word by AиDя01DTALKEMAIL). I'm not a contributor of the article nor related to Mark Jen in any way; just someone concerned about civil rights. I apologize for not providing specific details, but please research and reconsider, thanks. -- Vsion 09:47, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If he said he "wrote his blog in his private time to keep in touch with family and friends" on that show, then he misrepresented himself to quite a large degree. He revealed information about unreleased products and financial issues at Google. Perhaps calling him a moron was a bit harsh, but publishing this sort of information on the Web within weeks of being hired without thinking about the potential consequences is a bit naïve, to say the least. His case has almost nothing to do with civil rights or whistleblowing. I have researched and considered this – I read all about it when it hit Slashdot – and took a look at his blog again before casting my vote above. The guy is not notable outside of the context of this flap with Google. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  12:55, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per the above. Legal issues are interesting, this person is not. Radiant_ >|< 12:15, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as forgettable. --Scimitar 14:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Blog. When I first read about Mark Jen, his was just one of five examples of people fired for similar blogging missteps. He is not an archetype for this kind of idiocy and therefore does not merit his own article. –DeweyQ 16:02, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. If no appropriate place can be found to merge then delete. People get fired every day for all sorts of things. This is only slightly out of the ordinary. -R. fiend 17:28, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (or very, very weak merge) unless we're going to start having articles for everyone who's ever been fired for doing something dumb. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 22:06, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Blog or Google. The event was notable. --ElfWord 11:32, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is clearly an attempt to raise the popularity of his blog and hence earn more revenue through Google's Adsense program! Strong Candidate for Delete! Ram 11:45, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Contributions by nominator are suspicious given the (potentially offensive) user name.  Considering an WP:RFC if these disruptive actions continue. Hall Monitor 17:12, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge either into Google or Blog. Should there be a section on bloggers who have been fired in Wikipedia? (I'm thinking of Dooce, Washingtonienne or Queen of the Sky ) --TNLNYC 22:41, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep' this please he seems notable Yuckfoo 22:44, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .