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Inheritance tax in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, inheritance tax is a transfer tax. It was introduced with effect from 18 March 1986, replacing capital transfer tax. The UK has the fourth highest inheritance tax rate in the world, according to conservative think tank, the Tax Foundation, though only a very small proportion of the population pays it. 3.7% of deaths recorded in the UK in the 2020-21 tax year resulted in inheritance tax liabilities. Other countries such as China, Russia and India have no inheritance tax, whilst Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Norway and Israel have all chosen to abolish succession taxes.

History
Prior to the introduction of estate duty by the Finance Act 1894, there was a complex system of different taxes relating to the inheritance of property, that applied to either realty (land) or personalty (other personal property):

 * 1) From 1694, probate duty, introduced as a stamp duty on wills entered in probate in 1694, applying to personalty.
 * 2) From 1780, legacy duty, an inheritance duty paid by the receiver of personalty, graduated according to consanguinity
 * 3) From 1853, succession duty, a duty introduced by the Succession Duty Act 1853 (16 & 17 Vict. c. 51) applying to realty settlements, taking effect on the death of the settlor
 * 4) From 1881, account duty applied as an anti-avoidance duty on lifetime gifts made to avoid paying Legacy Duty
 * 5) From 1885, corporation duty applied to the annual value of certain property vested in corporate and unincorporated bodies that would otherwise have avoided any of the above duties
 * 6) From 1889 (scheduled for expiry in 1896), estate duty, being an additional stamp duty on estates and successions greater than £10,000 in value

In 1894, estate duty replaced probate duty, account duty, certain additional succession duties, and temporary estate duty.

Legacy duty and succession duty were later abolished by the Finance Act 1949, followed by the abolition of corporation duty by the Finance Act 1959. The three-year period for gifts made prior to death was extended to five years by the Finance Act 1946, and then to seven years by the Finance Act 1969.

Estate duty became more progressive in scale, eventually peaking in 1969 with the highest marginal rate fixed at 85% of amounts in excess of £750,000, provided that total duty did not exceed 80% of the value of the total estate.

Estate duty was abolished with the passage of the Finance Act 1975, which created the capital transfer tax, with the following characteristics:

 * It captured all transfers of value, not made at an arm's length basis, by which the transferor's estate was less in value after the disposition than it was before.
 * Value was generally defined as "the price which the property might reasonably be expected to fetch in the open market at that time; but that price shall not be assumed to be reduced on the ground that the whole property is to be placed on the market at one and the same time."
 * Transfers (in excess of specified limits, or not otherwise excluded) made during a person's lifetime were accumulated with tax assessed on a sliding scale on the total amount.
 * All transfers made at death or within three years before were taxable at a separate, higher sliding scale.
 * Where the transferor was domiciled in the United Kingdom, tax was chargeable on all subject property; otherwise, it was chargeable only on property situated in the UK.

CTT was reduced in scope during the Thatcher years, with most lifetime gifts removed by the Finance Act 1986. The tax was renamed as inheritance tax.

Estate on death
For IHT purposes, a person's estate includes:

 * 1) The aggregate of all the property, other than excluded property and specified interests in possession, to which he is beneficially entitled;
 * 2) Beneficial entitlement includes the general power to dispose or charge money on any property;
 * 3) Except where otherwise provided, the person's liabilities must be taken into account, but it does not include liability with respect to any other tax that may arise on the transfer, and a liability incurred by a transferor shall be taken into account only to the extent that it was incurred for a consideration in money or money's worth.

Excluded property comprises:

 * 1) Property situated outside the United Kingdom, where the person beneficially entitled to it is an individual domiciled outside the United Kingdom;
 * 2) Decorations and awards granted for valour or gallant conduct, and which have never been the subject of a disposition for a consideration in money or money's worth; and
 * 3) Certain specified securities.

Relief is also granted, where the value of the estate is reduced with respect to specified business property, agricultural property, woodlands, certain transfers made within three years of death made at a diminished value, and certain other cases.

Chargeable transfers prior to death
Deductions will be made from an estate's nil rate band with respect to transfers of value made in excess of specified limits, other than "potentially exempt transfers" made more than seven years before the transferor's death. Transfers of value made within specified limits are known as "exempt transfers".

Transfers of value will also include gifts arising from the amount by which an asset is sold for less than it could have been sold on the open market, as for a sale from a parent to a child. Gifts can also arise where:

 * a lease is granted at less than full market rent, shares in a private company are rearranged, rights in such shares are altered, or there has been agreement to act as a guarantor for someone else's debts
 * transfers of value, at a loss to the donor, have been made to certain trusts
 * premiums have been paid on a life insurance policy for the benefit of someone else
 * the deceased ceased to have a right to a benefit from a trust or settlement

Where the value of such transfers exhausts the amount available to the nil rate band, IHT is assessed on the excess amount, to which the recipients of such transfers bear the liability to pay.

Types of estates exempt from IHT
For deaths occurring on or after 1 September 2006, the following estates are effectively excepted from liability for IHT:

Rate of tax
Tax is assessed at 40% of the net value of the estate, after application of the nil rate band. The applicable nil rate band will depend on the date of death: if the date falls at any time from 6 August to 5 April in a given tax year, the current year's band will apply; but, where the date is after 5 April but before 6 August, and application for a grant is filed before 6 August, the prior year's band will apply.

For deaths occurring after 5 April 2012, the tax is assessed at 36%, where at least 10% of a specified baseline amount of the estate has been bequeathed as charitable gifts. For purposes of calculation, the property of the estate is separated into three components, each of which is tested to see if the charitable gifts are sufficient to qualify for the lesser rate:

 * the survivorship component, comprising joint or common property that passes on death by survivorship or special destination;
 * the settled property component, made up of all settled property in which the deceased had an interest in possession to which he was beneficially entitled immediately before death; and
 * the general component, consisting of all other property in the estate, with the exception of that arising from gifts with reservation.

If applicable gifts meet the 10% threshold for a given component, in certain circumstances, upon election, the 36% rate applies to the whole estate. There are several options available for estates to be able to achieve that threshold, such as having the will specifying relevant gifts in terms of percentages of assets, or successors executing a deed of variation to attain the desired result.

Nil-rate band
The Chancellor of the Exchequer's Autumn Statement on 9 October 2007 announced that with immediate effect inheritance tax allowances (often referred to as the nil-rate band) were to be transferable between married couples and between civil partners. Thus, for the 2007/8 tax year, a married couple will in effect have an allowance of £600,000 against inheritance tax, whilst a single person's allowance remains at £300,000. The mechanism for this enhanced allowance is that on the death of the second spouse to die, the nil rate band for the second spouse is increased by the percentage of the nil-rate band which was not used on the death of the first spouse to die.

For example, if in 2007/08 the first married spouse (or civil partner) to die were to leave £120,000 to their children and the rest of their estate to their spouse, there would be no inheritance tax due at that time and £180,000 or 60% of the nil-rate band would be unused. Later, upon the second death the nil-rate band would be 160% of the allowance for a single person, so that if the surviving spouse also died in 2007/08 the first £480,000 (160% of £300,000) of the surviving spouse's estate would be exempt from inheritance tax. If the surviving spouse died in a later year when the nil-rate band had reached £350,000, the first £560,000 (160% of £350,000) of the estate would be tax exempt.

This measure was also extended to existing widows, widowers and bereaved civil partners on 9 October 2007. If their late spouse or partner had not used all of their inheritance tax allowance at the time of the spouse's death, then the unused percentage of that allowance can now be added to the single person's allowance when the surviving spouse or partner dies. This applies irrespective of the date on which the first spouse died, but special rules apply if the surviving spouse remarries.

In a judgement following an unsuccessful appeal to a 2006 decision by the European Court of Human Rights, it was held that the above does not apply to siblings living together. The crucial factor in such cases was determined to be the existence of a public undertaking, carrying with it a body of rights and obligations of a contractual nature, rather than the length or supportive nature of the relationship.

Prior to this legislative change, the most common means of ensuring that both nil-rate bands were used was called a nil band discretionary trust (now more properly known as NRB Relevant Property Trust*). This is an arrangement in both wills which says that whoever is the first to die leaves their nil band to a discretionary trust for the family, and not to the survivor. The survivor can still benefit from those assets if needed, but they are not part of that survivor's estate.

It is worth noting that as the Government seeks not to profit from the death of those who (a) gave their lives in military service, or (b) died from the results of a wound, injury, or disease associated with that military service, that the estates of such servicemen and women are exempt, totally, from any Inheritance Tax regardless of the value of the estate even if it amounts to millions of pounds as long as (a) or (b) apply....and that that exemption is then transferable to the serviceman's or servicewoman's widow or widower. That they do qualify as at (a) or (b) may be certified by application to the British MOD "Joint Casualty and Compassionate Centre" (JCCC). The JCCC then inform the HMRC of that decision. The exemption does not apply to ex-servicemen or servicewomen who die from other causes unrelated to their military service.

Additional nil rate band on main residence
In the summer budget of 2015 a new measure was outlined to reduce the burden of IHT for some estates by providing additional tax-free allowances in cases where the family home passed to direct descendants. This measure, called the Residence Nil-Rate Band (RNRB) came into effect upon the passage of the Finance (No. 2) Act 2015, and provided for the following scheduled amounts:

 * £100,000 for the 2017-18 tax year
 * £125,000 for the 2018-19 tax year
 * £150,000 for the 2019-20 tax year
 * £175,000 for the 2020-21 tax year and until 5 April 2028.

The Finance Act 2016 provided further relief in cases where all or part of the additional band could be lost, where a person had downsized to a less valuable residence or had ceased to own a residence after 8 July 2015 (and before the person has died). This is conditional upon the deceased having left that smaller residence, or assets of equivalent value, to direct descendants. These are defined as lineal descendants, spouses or civil partners of such lineal descendants, or former spouses or civil partners who have not become anyone else's spouse or civil partner.

The introduction of the RNRB means that a married couple leaving a residence to direct descendants can currently leave up to £900,000 tax-free between them (2018/19 tax year), with this tax-free amount rising to £1 million by April 2020. This tax-free allowance is diminished for estates worth more than £2 million.

Pre-owned assets
Effective with the 2005-06 tax year, the Finance Act 2004 introduced a retrospective income tax regime known as pre-owned asset tax (POAT) which covers transactions not made at arm's length, where a person either:

 * disposes of a property, or
 * contributes funds to another person to acquire a property,

and then subsequently benefits from its use.

The person liable for POAT may, while he is still alive, elect on a timely basis to have such transactions treated as gifts with reservations (thus subject to IHT) with respect to such transactions made in a given tax year.

Controversy
In 2002, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother left her estate (estimated at £50 million) to her daughter Elizabeth II, including works of art, jewels, antiques and her thoroughbred racehorses. A deal made back in 1993 ensures that The Queen is spared inheritance tax of an estimated £20 million on her mother's estate.

In 2016 published letters and a prominent article in The Guardian by a leading accountant supported by Jeremy Corbyn criticised the tax-exempt arrangements of many largest landowners and the most capital-endowed. They advocated reform of tax on such wealth and for transparency of trusts, namely:
 * Publication of the annual accounts of all trusts (as currently applicable to charitable UK trusts)
 * A compulsory register of trusts.
 * An extension of the taxed lifetime chargeable trusts regime to cover such entities as overseas-based fixed and discretionary trusts and companies with UK assets.
 * Consideration of taxation of the largest valuable interests appointed or advanced (paid or part-paid) by trust or other entity away to new beneficiaries (presumably exempting usual reliefs such as spousal, bona fide business, charity or agricultural).

This critique followed the death of Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, whose significant at-death loose "interests", the benefit of which his children by trustees' discretion perhaps receive demonstrate suspected tax savings. The unpublished size of the late Duke's death estate compares with the valuation of the family-related landholdings of £9,000,000,000. Critics claim inheritance tax impacts more on the living standards of the middle class and less on plutocrats and the super rich. If the family assets were taxed as if one taxable estate the taxation would equate to the inheritance taxes paid nationally for 2014–2015.

Since c. 2006 tax of 20% must be paid on assets in excess of the Nil-Rate Band entering most UK non-death trusts combined with periodic charges of between 0% and 6% are due on the total value of the trust every 10 years. This is designed to replicate the 40 per cent death charge once a generation (assuming a normal life span to be around seven decades).

George Hodgson, interim chief executive of the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners, counter-argued for trusts to remain private on three grounds: many beneficiaries are children or vulnerable adults; the inheritance tax exemptions and counter-tax-planning structures help to protect jobs; "An awful lot of trusts are used to hold family businesses".

title: Inheritance tax in the United Kingdom


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Giant Swing

The Giant Swing, also known as Sao Chingcha, (เสาชิงช้า, , ) is a religious structure in Sao Chingcha Subdistrict, Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok, Thailand. Located in front of Wat Suthat, it was formerly used in an old Brahmin ceremony, and is one of Bangkok's tourist attractions.

History
The Giant Swing was constructed in 1784 in front of the Devasathan shrine by King Rama I. During the reign of Rama II the swing ceremony was discontinued as the swing had become structurally damaged by lightning. In 1920 it was renovated and moved to its current location in order to make space for a gas plant. The ceremony was again performed until 1935, when it was discontinued after several fatal accidents.

The last renovations were done in 1959, and after 45 years of exposure to the elements, the wooden pillars were showing signs of serious damage. A major reconstruction began in April 2005. Six teak tree trunks were used. The two used for the main structure of the swing are over 3.5 m in circumference and over 30m in height. The remaining four are used for support and have a circumference of 2.30 metres and a height of 20 metres. The swing was taken down in late October 2006 and the work finished in December of the same year. The rebuilt swing was dedicated in royal ceremonies presided over by King Bhumibol Adulyadej in September 2007. The timbers of the original swing are preserved in the Bangkok National Museum.

In 2005, the Giant Swing, together with Wat Suthat, was proposed as a future UNESCO World Heritage site.

Wat Suthat Thep Wararam
Wat Suthat Thep Wararam, commonly shortened to "Wat Suthat", is an important temple in Thailand. Inside the grand hall is a Phra Sri Sagaya Munee, its principal Buddha image, which was acquired from Wat Mahathat in Sukhothai. Wat Suthat was built by King Rama I in the center of his capital, but it was completed in the reign of Rama III. Many people often make pilgrimages to worship the Buddha, especially on holy days such as Visakha Bucha Day and Magha Bucha Day.

Sarn Choa Po Seu or Tiger God Shrine
In the quarter there is also a well known and high regarded Chinese shrine, Sarn Choa Po Seu ('tiger shrine'). Originally it was a building on Bamrungmueng Road, where the big Chinese communities were. Later, King Rama V expanded the road and had the shrine relocated to the current location on Ta Nao Road, near WatMahanaparam. The site is a place of worship for Thai and Chinese people seeking success in career, money, love, and infant fertility.

Built in 1834, during the reign of King Rama III, the Tiger God Shrine is one of the most ancient and famous shrines in Thailand. Moreover, this shrine has beautiful interior design and has some antiquities. Most people come to pay respect to "Tua Lao Aie", a Chinese God to have good fortune, especially on Chinese New Year's Day.

Lan Kon Mueng (Townspeople Plaza)
At the heart of the quarter is LanKonMueng, in front of city hall. Every morning and evening, this is the recreational area of the locals, where they can exercise such as dance aerobics, jogging, stroll around, gather or just relax, bring children or pets out for a walk, and enjoy the breeze.

Devasathan
The Devasathan Shrine is the most important religious and ancient place for Hindus in Thailand. It was built in 1784 CE, during the reign of King Rama I. According to ancient tradition, it was built for holding officiating religious ceremonies in the past. Devasathan Shrine has many important sanctuaries: the Shiva and Parvati Shrine, the Brahma and Sarasvati Shrine, the Ganesha and Siddhi Shrine, and the Vishnu and Lakshmi Shrine.

Vishnu Temple
The small temple of Lord Vishnu on Unakan Road, beside of Wat Suthat, was built in 1982, on the occasion of the 250th anniversary of Rattanakosin, by the Indian-Thai Chamber of Commerce Association as a sign of the good relations between Thailand and India. The idol of Vishnu was brought from India.

Swing ceremony
An annual swinging ceremony known as Triyampavai-Tripavai was held at Giant Swings of major cities until 1935, when it was abolished for safety reasons. The name of the ceremony was derived from the names of two Tamil language Hindu chants: Thiruvempavai (a Shaivite hymn by Manikkavacakar) and Thiruppavai (a Vaishnavite hymn by Andal). Among Thai people, the ceremony was popularly known as Lo Jin Ja ("pulling the swing"). It is known that Tamil verses from Thiruvempavai — Sivalaya Vasal Thirappu ("opening the portals of Shiva's home") — were recited at this ceremony and verses from Tirupavai, as well as the coronation ceremony of the Thai king and queen. As said by T.P. Meenakshisundaram, the name of the festival shows that Thiruppavai has been recited as well.

According to ancient Hindu mythology, after Brahma created the world he sent Shiva to look after it. When Shiva descended to the earth, Naga serpents wrapped around the mountains in order to keep the earth in place. After Shiva found the earth solid, the Nagas moved to the seas in celebration and made the earth stable completely. The Swing Ceremony was a re-enactment of this. The pillars of the Giant Swing represented the mountains, while the circular base of the swing represented the earth and the seas. In the ceremony Brahamanas would swing, trying to grab a bag of coins placed on one of the pillars.

In popular culture
The Giant Swing is featured in the video games Mario Kart Tour and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe as part of the Bangkok Rush racecourse.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Giant Swing


text:
Sylvia Hanika

Sylvia Hanika (born 30 November 1959) is a former professional tennis player from Germany. She is remembered for finishing as the runner-up at the French Open in 1981 and for winning the Year End Championships in 1982. She was ranked as high as No. 5 in the world.

Career
Hanika turned professional in 1977. In 1981, Hanika reached the women's singles final at the French Open, where she was defeated 6–2, 6–4 by Hana Mandlíková.

In 1982, Hanika posted the biggest win of her career when she defeated world No. 2 Martina Navratilova 1–6, 6–3, 6–4 in the final of the Avon Series Championships at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The Garden was also the site of Hanika's last big singles win: a 6–4, 6–4 defeat of No. 3 Chris Evert in the first round of the Virginia Slims Championships in 1987.

Hanika won her final top-level singles title in Athens, Greece in 1986. She retired from the tour in 1990, having won six professional singles titles and one doubles title.

Between serves, she was known to bounce the ball more than anyone tennis commentator and historian Bud Collins remembers: "as many as into the 30s. If she faulted on the first, it was awful, another 30 or so bounces."

Grand Slam singles performance timeline
Note: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December.

title: Sylvia Hanika


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Ron Kramer

Ronald John Kramer (June 24, 1935 – September 11, 2010) was an American professional football player who was an end in the National Football League (NFL), primarily for the Green Bay Packers. A member of two NFL champion teams with the Packers, he was named to the NFL 50th Anniversary All-Time Team and Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.

Kramer attended the University of Michigan from 1953 to 1957, winning a total of nine varsity letters in football, basketball, and track. Playing at left end for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1954 to 1956, he was selected as a consensus first-team All-American in 1955 and a unanimous All-American in 1956. His jersey No. 87 was retired after Kramer's senior year, and he was inducted into both the College Football Hall of Fame and the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1978.

Kramer was selected by Green Bay with the fourth pick in the 1957 NFL Draft and played for the Packers for seven seasons (1957, 1959–1964). He was a key player on coach Vince Lombardi's first NFL championship teams in 1961 and 1962. Kramer was selected as a first-team All-NFL player in 1962 after catching 37 passes for 555 yards and seven touchdowns. He also played three seasons for the Detroit Lions from 1965 to 1967.

Early life
Born in Girard, Kansas, Kramer moved to East Detroit, Michigan (now Eastpointe) at age five. He attended East Detroit High School where he was an all-state player in football, basketball and track in high school. He competed in the shot put and long jump in track. In December 1952, Kramer was named as an end on the United Press All-Michigan football team.

University of Michigan
Kramer enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1953. He was a three-sport athlete (football, basketball, and track) and led both the football and basketball teams in scoring for two years. Altogether, Kramer won a total of nine varsity letters in his three sports — the maximum number possible, as freshmen did not have athletic eligibility at the time.

Football
Kramer played college football at the end position (both defensive and offensive) for the Michigan Woverines from 1954 through 1956.

As a 19-year-old sophomore, Kramer started all nine games at left end for the 1954 team that finished the season ranked #15 in the final AP Poll. He was the leading receiver for the Wolverines with 23 catches for 303 yards and two touchdowns. At the end of the 1954 season, he was selected as a first-team All-Big Ten player.

As a junior in 1955, Kramer started six games at left end and Michigan finished 12th in the final AP Poll. Kramer set a Michigan record with three touchdown passes in a game against Missouri in 1955. For the season as a whole, he caught 12 passes for 224 yards and four touchdowns, and he was selected as a consensus first-team end on the 1955 College Football All-America Team.

Kramer had his best collegiate season as a senior, starting all nine games in 1956 and the Wolverines ended at seventh in the final AP Poll. Kramer caught 18 passes for 353 yards and two touchdowns in 1956. At the end of the season, Kramer was an consensus first-team All-American.

Following Kramer's senior year, Michigan retired his jersey number 87 – one of only five numbers in school history to be retired. In three years at Michigan, Kramer caught 53 passes for 880 yards and eight touchdowns. He was also known as an outstanding tackler and blocker. Bennie Oosterbaan, Kramer's football coach at Michigan, described his blocking and tackling ability as his most valuable asset. Oosterbaan said this of his star player:"'To top off his marvelous physical gifts of size and speed and strength, plus an uncanny coordination, Kramer was one of the fiercest competitors I've ever seen. Nothing was impossible for him — the impossible was only a challenge.'"

Kramer also handled kicking and punting duties for Michigan. He handled 31 punts for a 40.6 yard average, kicked two field goals, and successfully converted 43 of 51 extra point attempts.

Basketball
Kramer also excelled in basketball. He played at the center position and was selected as the basketball team's most valuable player as a junior. As basketball team captain, he was third-team All-Big Ten in 1957 after being second-team All-Big Ten in both 1955 and 1956. During his junior year, he averaged 20.4 points per game over a 22-game season and is a member of the career 1,000-point club. He held the Michigan career scoring record of 1,119 points from 1957 until it was broken by John Tidwell in 1961. He was a fifth round pick in the 1957 NBA draft (34th overall), selected by the Detroit Pistons.

Kramer was a two-sport professional athlete. He played in the Midwest Professional Basketball League for two seasons. Kramer played for the Battle Creek Warriors in 1961–1962, alongside former Michigan teammates M.C. Burton and John Tidwell. He and Burton then played for the Toledo Tartans in 1962–1963.

Green Bay Packers
Kramer was the fourth overall selection in the 1957 NFL Draft, picked by the Green Bay Packers. Kramer also received an offer in February 1957 to play with the all-star basketball team that toured with the Harlem Globetrotters; he rejected the offer to play professional basketball. As a rookie for the Packers in 1957, Kramer appeared in 11 games and caught 28 passes for 337 yards. He missed the entire 1958 season due to service in the U.S. Air Force, and the Packers had the worst record in the league at 1–10–1.

Kramer returned to the Packers in 1959, but caught no passes that year and only four passes during the 1960 season. Teammate Paul Hornung later described Kramer's evolution after Vince Lombardi arrived in 1959:"'[O]ne real special case was Ron Kramer. He came to us, Ron did, with an I-don't-give-a-damn attitude. He had great ability and great confidence in it but he just didn't use it. For a long time, he wasn't able to do the job. Vince got on (him) something terrible. He never let up and then one day, after nearly two years of that I guess, things just went click, click, click and Ron Kramer became a magnificent football player.'"

Kramer reached his stride after moving to the tight end position during the 1961 season; that year, Kramer had 35 catches for 559 yards and four touchdowns. In 1962, Kramer caught 37 passes for 555 yards and seven touchdowns and was selected to play in the Pro Bowl and as a first-team All-Pro player. From 1961 to 1964, Kramer had at least 500 receiving yards every season, averaging 16 yards per reception. He became an integral part of Vince Lombardi's 1961 and 1962 teams that won the Packers' first NFL championships since 1944. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, a 37–0 win for the Packer over the New York Giants, Kramer was the leading receiver, catching four passes for 80 yards and two touchdowns. In addition to his talent as a receiver, Kramer's talent as a blocker was an integral part of the famed "Packers Sweep."

Detroit Lions
Kramer played out his contract option with the Packers and, as a free agent, signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Lions in August 1965. The Lions were required to compensate the Packers with a first-round draft choice in 1966. Kramer had asked to be traded to the Lions so he could be closer to his wife and children. Teammate Jerry Kramer recalled, "He asked Coach Lombardi to trade him because he was trying to save his marriage."

Kramer played three seasons for the Lions at the tight end position from 1965 to 1967. He appeared in 39 games for the Lions, 13 as a starter. In his first two seasons with the Lions, Kramer caught 55 passes for 638 yards and a touchdown. During the 1967 season, Kramer was slowed by injuries and caught only four passes for 40 yards in 11 games.

In July 1968, the Lions gave Kramer his unconditional release. Three weeks later, Kramer announced that, despite receiving offers to play for several other teams, he was resigning from football to assume a position as vice president of Paragon Steel Corp. in Detroit. Kramer later described his years with the Lions as "awful" and called head coach Harry Gilmer "the dumbest guy I ever met."

Career statistics
In 10 NFL seasons, Kramer appeared in 128 games and totaled 229 receptions for 3,272 yards and 16 touchdowns. Out of his 16 career touchdown catches, 15 came in a three-year stretch from 1961 to 1963.

Honors and later years
After retiring as a football player, Kramer went into the steel business. In 1969, he was hired as a vice president of Paragon Steel Corp. of Detroit. He spent 22 years at Paragon before establishing Ron Kramer Industries in 1981, a company which is still in business today. He had two children, Kurtis Kramer and Cassandra Koehler.

Kramer received numerous honors and awards, including the following:
 * In 1971, Kramer was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame.
 * In 1975, Kramer was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.
 * In 1978, Kramer was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
 * Also in 1978, Kramer became one of the first seven individuals inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor.
 * In 1981, Kramer was named as a recipient of the NCAA's Silver Anniversary Award in recognition of significant professional and civic contributions spanning 25 years after completion of his college eligibility.
 * In 1999, Sports Illustrated published a list of "The 50 Greatest Sports Figures From Michigan" (in all sports), and ranked Kramer seventh on the list behind such noted athletes as Joe Louis, Magic Johnson, Charlie Gehringer and Bennie Oosterbaan.

Kramer died in September 2010 at age 75.

On September 15, 2012, Kramer was recognized as a Michigan Football Legend and his jersey (#87) was unretired and given to Brandon Moore. Each player honored with the No. 87 jersey will wear a patch over the left upper chest honoring Kramer, and dress at a locker labeled with a plaque bearing his name and time of tenure at Michigan.

In 2019, despite not being in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, he was chosen as a finalist for the NFL's 100th Anniversary Team.

title: Ron Kramer


text: Category:The The albums

title: Category:The The albums


text:
Talk:Albert Ball

Wording queried at FAC
Putting more detail here about the wording that was queried at the FAC. The sentence in question (towards the end of the 'Second fighter posting' section) currently reads: "After the last of these victims nearly rammed him in a head-on firing pass, Ball anxiously flew his seriously damaged plane home.". I've dug through the editing history and located when this sentence was added and modified (apologies for the length of this, but I think it is important to be clear what happened here and how easy it is to inadvertently change meaning without intending to): This sort of gradual changing of the text to the extent that the original meaning was lost is not good. I'm pinging George, Ian and Dank (as the three who made those edits) to get their views on this (Dank, George has said more about this back at the FAC, and I think that shows that the change you made did need checking and does need reverting, would you agree?). Correcting this one is easily done, I'm more concerned about whether this is an isolated case, or should spot checks of the other citations be done to ensure they are accurate, both for page numbers and for phrasing? I think some of Dank's other copy-edits had 'please check' in the edit summary - has anyone been checking those? I think the only other one is this one, which looks fine to me, but George or Ian may be better placed to assess that change. Carcharoth (talk) 22:55, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
 * First appears here (cited to pages 137–138 of Bowyer) on 15 June 2009: "overwrought nervousness".
 * Modified on 29 April 2010 to "an advanced state of nervousness".
 * Modified again on 18 October 2013: "anxiously".
 * Page citation changed on 23 October 2013: pages 190–191 of Bowyer.

Hello,

I searched the FAR feedback for unanswered questions about cites, and found only the above example. Neverthess, I have begun to check all the cites I can, beginning with Pengelly.

I also regard the near-ramming two days before Ball's death as consequential. Because of that, I am copying over my observations about the incident. From the FAR page for Ball:

(iii) Okay, I have corrected the page numbers within the Bowyer cite.

(iii) Either term above would be British understatement to a fault. Ball was temporarily blinded by oil spraying from a holed tank, and left flying helplessly with an engine about to seize.

(iii) After landing, Ball could not at first dictate his combat report because he "...was in so overwrought a state...." After thanking God, Ball admitted he thought a dying German pilot might ram him.

(iii) The squadron's Recording Officer, Lieutenant T. B. Marson, remarked, "In that event, his nerve failed him in the last."

I do believe the incident deserves more ink than it has received, but the mere recitation of events makes it sound a lot like "peacocking".

Georgejdorner (talk) 16:35, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

Albert Ball's grave
Copying out here the text of the source: That is the justification for the 'His father [...] to remain' text added here. What is there in the 'Bowyer. Albert Ball VC. pp. 227–228' source that justifies the removal of "His father wanted the remains brought back to England for reburial, but the policy put in place by the Imperial War Graves Commission meant that this was not possible"? Carcharoth (talk) 01:52, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Gibson; Kingsley Ward. 'Victoria Cross and George Cross recipients who died in the war periods'. Courage Remembered. p. 173: "'His father [...] wanted his son's remains to be repatriated but, by then, repatriation had been forbidden. Hearing this, Sir Albert insisted that his son's grave be undisturbed and, when the remains of the other 23 Britons were moved to Cabaret Rouge British Cemetery, Souchez, his wishes were respected.'"
 * Mate, this article has had a huge number of edits since you got involved in it and I can't check every one. I actually had no recollection of who added that info or when and, as I couldn't access the source to check and it seemed to contradict the claim that Ball Sr wanted the grave left undisturbed and Bowyer didn't mention it, I felt we could afford to lose it. Now that you've vouched for it and provided the actual info, which offers some clarification of why Ball first wanted repatriation and then wanted the grave left undisturbed, I don't have an issue with it being returned (although I still find it curious Bowyer doesn't highlight it). Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 04:10, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Hyperlink references
What about using the Sfn template (hyperlinked last names & year numbers) instead of last names & titles? Thus the references will be linked to the respective bibliography entries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.61.0.159 (talk) 00:54, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I would like to start adding reference anchors in the Bibliography titles (ref = harv), and then converting current references to Sfn (last names and year numbers). Should I take the current silence as agreement?
 * ― Lgfcd 22:08, 7 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Remembering that most people don't stay up 24 hours straight, and interested parties may be on the opposite side of the world to you, I wouldn't take less than a day's silence as tacit agreement to do anything on WP... :-) The earlier ref=harv additions to the references caused Harv errors to appear, I assume because the job was not done properly. Now I don't use the Sfn/harv citation method myself as I think it's too easy to do badly, or to break when it's been done properly, but I'm just one of the main editors on this article and certainly don't own it, so if you'd like to the job thoroughly, from top to bottom, it doesn't worry me particularly, though some of the other main editors may have an opinion. Per your question on my talk page as to how I knew there were formatting errors, many editors including myself have installed this script to highlight such problems in red, and it highlighted all the references as in error after the earlier change. So if you get agreement to pursue this ref change, I'd definitely install the script yourself so you can see how you're going... Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 23:05, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I see, the article reports unused anchors as errors. That is, in itself, an error.  The anchors are not errors; they are just infrastructure.  Please do not act on such reports unless you understand why they were raised.
 * — [Lgfcd 00:51, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
 * This was a Featured Article on the main page of Wikipedia, and anyone using that script would see the errors. Pls do not use the anchors unless you do the entire job, and have consensus to change the citation style in the first place. Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 02:10, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The decision to use a script that flags unused anchors as errors in entirely arbitrary. The error is in the script.
 * ― Lgfcd 13:53, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that the many people whose find the script helpful may not agree with you, but you could always start a discussion on its talk page. Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 14:23, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Indeed, it is the right thing to do.
 * ― Lgfcd 19:28, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, now the silence is conspicuous. How should silence be interpreted?
 * ― Lgfcd 12:11, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Well it certainly shouldn't be interpreted as consensus to change the citation style for this article -- all of the main editors and the reviewers who saw it through GAN, MilHist ACR and FAC appear to have been happy enough with the current method. Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 13:51, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Sad.
 * — 191.176.96.102 (talk) 00:34, 16 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Albert Ball


text:
Category:Bangkok

. You can help wikipedia by expanding the Bangkok stubs.

title: Category:Bangkok


text:
Luigi Illica

Luigi Illica (9 May 1857 – 16 December 1919) was an Italian librettist who wrote for Giacomo Puccini (usually with Giuseppe Giacosa), Pietro Mascagni, Alfredo Catalani, Umberto Giordano, Baron Alberto Franchetti and other important Italian composers. His most famous opera libretti are those for La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly and Andrea Chénier.

Illica was born at Castell'Arquato. His personal life sometimes imitated his libretti. The reason he is always photographed with his head slightly turned is because he lost his right ear in a duel over a woman. When silent films based on Illica's operas were made, his name appeared in large letters on advertisements because distributors could only guarantee that his stories would be used, and not that they would be accompanied by the music of the appropriate composer.

As a playwright of considerable quality, he is today remembered through one of Italy's oldest awards, the Luigi Illica International Prize founded in 1961, which goes to world famous opera singers, opera conductors, directors and authors. The prize is now awarded every two years and alternates with the Illica Opera Stage International Competition, which offers prizes and debut opportunities to young singers.

Libretti
The dates given are those of publication.

Filmography

 * La Wally, directed by Guido Brignone (Italy, 1932)
 * Tosca, directed by Carl Koch and Jean Renoir (Italy, 1941)
 * Madame Butterfly, directed by Carmine Gallone (Italy, 1954)
 * Andrea Chénier, directed by Clemente Fracassi (Italy, 1955)
 * Tosca, directed by Carmine Gallone (Italy, 1956)
 * La Bohème, directed by Franco Zeffirelli (West Germany, 1965)
 * La Bohème, directed by Luigi Comencini (Italy, 1988)
 * Madame Butterfly, directed by Frédéric Mitterrand (France, 1995)
 * Tosca, directed by Benoît Jacquot (France, 2001)
 * La Bohème, directed by Robert Dornhelm (Austria, 2008)

title: Luigi Illica


text:
Talk:Alignment

Alignment in IT
Brona:

Which articles are you talking about? Perhaps you would like to read this one: "The Alignment Enigma" by David P. Norton; Cofounder, president and CEO of Balanced Score Card Collaborative Inc. and Coauthor with Robert Kaplan of "Strategy-Focused Organizations". There are many articles on the subject, though not everything is "in the articles".

Anyway, it is very sad to have discovered, after your reversion of my contribution, that IT have spent some twenty years working on nothing, since my field (IT alignment) is not in the articles! What a shame. I am telling the big companies, I have worked for, that they are awfully wrong about this.

DrWorld

Dear DrWorld,

I was referring to articles in Wikipedia. This is a disambiguation page pointing to different wikipedia articles related to alignment in different fields. Once there is an article on IT alignment in Wikipedia, it should be added to this page. Or if at least the article about IT discusses IT alignment, we can add it. But if you just say that word alignment is used in IT in different vague meanings, it should not be here. I did not claim that IT alignment is not important, I just claim that at present it is not described in Wikipedia. Brona 15:54, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Brona,

Sorry for the misunderstanding.

title: Talk:Alignment


text:
Jan Dymitr Solikowski

Jan Dymitr Solikowski (1539, in Sieradz – 27 June 1603, in Lwów, Poland) was a Polish writer, diplomat, Archbishop of Lwów.

He was since 1564 secretary of King Zygmunt II August. He participated in the rebuild of structures of the church in Polish Livonia, after the wars of King Stefan Batory. In 1583 he became Archbishop of Lwów. He was co-author of the Union of Brest. He was author of several political and historical works.

Works

 * Ziemianin (1565)
 * Apocalipsis (1580)

title: Jan Dymitr Solikowski


text:
Plan (archaeology)

In archaeological excavation, a plan is a drawn record of features and artifacts in the horizontal plane.

Overview
Archaeological plan can either take the form of
 * a "multi context" plan, which is drawn with many contexts on it to show relationships between these features as part of some phase, or
 * alternatively a single context plan with a single feature is drawn.

Excavated features are drawn in three dimensions with the help of drawing conventions such as hachures. Single context planning developed by the Museum of London has become the professional norm. The basic advantage of single context planning is context plans draw on "transparent perma-trace paper" can be overlaid for re-interpretation at a later date.

Multi-context Plans as opposed to single context plans can be made of complete sites, trenches or individual features. In the United Kingdom, the scale of the plans is usually 1:20. They are linked to the site recording system by the inclusion of known grid points and height readings, taken with a dumpy level or a total station (see surveying). Excavation of a site by the removal of human made deposits in the reverse order they were created is the preferred method of excavation and is referred to as stratigraphic area excavation "in plan" as opposed to excavation "in section". Plan and section drawings have an interpretive function as well as being part of the recording system, because the draughts-person makes conscious decisions about what should be included or emphasised.

The grid
It is common and good practice on excavations to lay out a grid of 5m squares so as to facilitate planning. This grid is marked out on-site with grid pegs that form the baselines for tapes and other planning tools to aid the drawing of plans. It is also common practice that planning is done for each context on a separate piece of perma-trace that conforms to these 5m grid squares. This is part of the single context recording system (see Fig 1.) The site grid should be tied into a national geomatic database such as the Ordnance survey

Planning drawing conventions
Archaeological planners use various symbols to denote characteristics of features and contexts and while conventions vary depending on practitioner, the following are representative:

Pre-excavation and base plans
On sites with little stratigraphic depth, a pre-excavation multi-context plan is sometimes made of all visible features before any excavation is carried out. This helps in planning strategy since problems of stratigraphy on rural sites are minimal as features often cut into the natural minimizing issues of inter-cutting features. Conversely, planning a multi-context urban site is difficult to achieve on a multi-context plan as the features and deposits when planned will obscure each other on the same planning sheet.

Critics of pre-excavation planning
Pre-excavation plans have been critiqued as being of limited use on urban or deeply stratified sites and have also been attacked in professional archaeology where they have been described as a misused tool of the unscrupulous operators to give the impression the archaeological record for a given site has been dealt with adequately.

This critical point of view contends, that  comparisons  between pre and post-excavation plans can demonstrate that a site has not been comprehensively excavated on the basis of a pre-ex plan alone. In many cases there is a pronounced difference between the two phases of planning. Although many features may be visible at ground level following machining, it is often the case that the true limits of features are not so initially discernible until the area of the feature is fully cleaned and subsequently excavated revealing further features and relationships lower in the sequence.

title: Plan (archaeology)


text:
Old Colony Lines (disambiguation)

Old Colony Lines may refer to:
 * Old Colony Lines (MBTA), commuter rail lines
 * Old Colony Railroad, New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad subsidiary

title: Old Colony Lines (disambiguation)


text:
Old Colony

Old Colony has the following meanings:

 * Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts
 * Old Colony Historical Society in Taunton, Massachusetts
 * Old Colony Housing Project in Boston, Massachusetts
 * Old Colony League, a high school athletic conference in Massachusetts
 * Old Colony Memorial, a weekly newspaper based in Plymouth, Massachusetts
 * Old Colony Railroad in southeastern Massachusetts
 * Old Colony Lines (MBTA), branches of the MBTA commuter rail system in Massachusetts
 * Old Colony Regional Vocational Technical High School, a full-time, Regional Vocational Technical High School in Rochester, Massachusetts
 * Old Colony (bakery), a cookie company in Lake Bluff, Illinois
 * Old Colony (soft drink), a soft drink in Puerto Rico
 * Old Colony Mennonites, a Mennonite group, many of which live across North America
 * Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, a United States Supreme Court income tax decision

title: Old Colony


text:
Blosxom

Blosxom is a free-software weblog program (and simple content management system) written in Perl by Rael Dornfest. It uses the pre-existing file system instead of a database management system, unlike most blog software.

The design of Blosxom is minimalist. It is distributed as a single Perl script, and all configuration is done by editing this script. All of the weblog entries are stored as plain text files consisting of a headline, optional headers or meta-information (if using certain plugins), and a blank line followed by the post body. New display styles can be added by creating template files called flavours. Blosxom can operate as a CGI script or produce static HTML files. By default, Blosxom supports showing recent posts, doing content categorization, content retrieval by date (and permalinking based on that), and RSS feeds. It can be extended with dozens of available plugins.

Blosxom has inspired derivatives in various languages, including PyBlosxom (in Python), Blojsom (in Java), Clojsom (in Clojure), Blosxonomy (in Ruby), Blosxom.PHP (in PHP), and Hobix (in Ruby).

Blosxom and its derivatives tend to be used by people who prefer to write weblog postings with a text editor, instead of in a web-based interface. However, there are plugins for web-based posting to a Blosxom weblog, too. There are also plugins, which support external feedback systems like Disqus, IntenseDebate and similar services.

In February 2013 "BlosHome 1.0.6 alpha" was released, which allows users to write, edit and update Blosxom-based blogs straight from the desktop (Windows only).

title: Blosxom


text:
Mount Hagen

Mount Hagen (Maun Hagen) is the third largest city in Papua New Guinea, with a population of 46,250. It is the capital of the Western Highlands Province and is located in the large fertile Wahgi Valley in central mainland Papua New Guinea, at an elevation of 1677 m.

The Highlands Highway is the main arterial route to connect Mount Hagen with the coastal cities of Lae and Madang.

The city is named after the old eroded volcano Mount Hagen, located about 24 km to the north-west. The volcano was named after the German colonial officer (1859–1897).

History
In 1933, Mick Leahy, brother Dan Leahy, and government officer Jim Taylor conducted an aerial reconnaissance of the highlands and discovered the huge and heavily populated Wahgi Valley. A short time later they walked in with a well supplied patrol and became the first westerners to come into contact with the tribes that are now in the location of Mount Hagen. The first patrol built an airstrip at Kelua, a short distance from modern Mount Hagen. From 1934, a new airstrip, the 'Mogei drome' or 'Mogai Aerodrome', was located on a site where the future town was formed. The first flight arrived here on 1 April 1934, piloted by Bob Gurney, with the first airmail leaving the next day. Later, this airstrip was to become the main street passing by China town and the airstrip (current) was moved 15 minutes out of town.

Culture
Each year, Mount Hagen hosts the Mount Hagen Cultural Show, one of the largest cultural events in Papua New Guinea. Various regional, provincial, even national tribal dance groups gather to celebrate their cultural heritage in the form of sing-sing. It is also one of the biggest tourist attractions of the country. Its near the Baiyer District which hosts the biggest collection of birds and wildlife in Papua New Guinea, the Baiyer River Sanctuary. The Baiyer River Sanctuary was a popular tourist attraction in the 1970's up until the mid 1990's as mismanagement of the once popular tourist attraction led to the closure of this zoo. There are four electorates in Western Highlands Province. 1. Mul Baiyer Lumusa 2. Dei Council 3. Hagen Central 4. Tambul Nebliyer. The total population of Western Highlands now stands at around 950,000.

Traditional culture and beliefs remain strong in Mount Hagen and its surrounds. In 2009, and again 2013, local women were reportedly burned alive after being accused of sorcery. Recent thinking links the upsurge in such accusations with poor development outcomes in Papua New Guinea and the erosion of social capital through fear and mistrust.

Transport
Mount Hagen Airport is located at Kagamuga, a satellite town 15 minutes drive from the centre of Mount Hagen. It is an international airport although flights into and out of it are not always available to the public. The airport altitude is 1635 m above sea level. Currently, Hevilift operates a charter service using ATR-42 and Twin Otter aircraft from Cairns, Queensland, for mine workers at the Porgera Gold Mine in Enga Province. Asia Pacific Airlines also fly Dash 8s regularly to Tabubil, their hub, to service the Ok Tedi Mine. Air Niugini also service Mount Hagen, with regular Fokker 100 and Dash 8 services to destinations such as Port Moresby, Moro and Cairns. PNG Air also operate regular services to and from Mt Hagen to Port Moresby, Tabubil, Kiunga and Wewak. Near the airport is Airport Hotel.

From time to time, the combination of altitude, midday temperatures and runway length restrict takeoff weights for domestic flights out of Mount Hagen.

Mount Hagen is connected via the Highlands Highway to the city of Lae and other provincial capitals such as Madang, Goroka, Wabag, Mendi and Kundiawa. The road between Mount Hagen and all these centres is theoretically sealed, although frequent landslides and general deterioration can lead to parts of the road becoming unsealed or rough.

Travel from Mt Hagen along the Highlands Highway by using the popular PMV buses which operate as taxis or hire a car from the numerous hire car companies within Mt Hagen. Because of the difficult road conditions of the Highlands Highway, it is advisable to use four-wheel drive cars.

Climate
Mount Hagen has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Twin town

 * 🇦🇺 Orange, Australia (New South Wales) since 1985

title: Mount Hagen


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/* images */ div.floatright, table.floatright { clear: right; float: right; position: relative; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; border: 0; /*	border: .5em solid white; border-width: .5em 0 .8em 1.4em; } div.floatright p { font-style: italic; } div.floatleft, table.floatleft { float: left; clear: left; position: relative; margin: 0 .5em .5em 0; border: 0; /*	margin: .3em .5em .5em 0; border: .5em solid white; border-width: .5em 1.4em .8em 0; } div.floatleft p { font-style: italic; } /* thumbnails */ div.thumb { margin-bottom: .5em; border-style: solid; border-color: white; width: auto; } div.thumbinner { border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 3px !important; background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; } html .thumbimage { border: 1px solid #ccc; } html .thumbcaption { border: none; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; } div.magnify { float: right; border: none !important; background: none !important; } div.magnify a, div.magnify img { display: block; border: none !important; background: none !important; } div.tright { clear: right; float: right; border-width: .5em 0 .8em 1.4em; } div.tleft { float: left; clear: left; margin-right: .5em; border-width: .5em 1.4em .8em 0; } img.thumbborder { border: 1px solid #dddddd; } .hiddenStructure { display: none; speak: none; } img.tex { vertical-align: middle; } span.texhtml { font-family: serif; }

/* Have a checkered background on images on the description pages and in galleries to make transparency visible

background: url(Checker-16x16.png) repeat; }
 * 1) file img, .gallerybox .thumb img {

/*
 * classes for special content elements like town boxes
 * intended to be referenced directly from the wiki src

/* /* table standards */ table.rimage { float: right; position: relative; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center; } .toccolours { border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%; } div.townBox { position: relative; float: right; background: white; margin-left: 1em; border: 1px solid gray; padding: .3em; width: 200px; overflow: hidden; clear: right; } div.townBox dl { padding: 0; margin: 0 0 .3em; font-size: 96%; } div.townBox dl dt { background: none; margin: .4em 0 0; } div.townBox dl dd { margin: .1em 0 0 1.1em; background-color: #f3f3f3; }
 * User styles

/* .special li { line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
 * edit views etc

/* Page history styling */ /* the auto-generated edit comments */ .autocomment { color: gray; }	margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: .4em; }	font-weight: bold; }	border: 1px solid white; }	background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed #aaa; }
 * 1) pagehistory span.user {
 * 1) pagehistory span.minor {
 * 1) pagehistory li {
 * 1) pagehistory li.selected {

/*	background: url(external.png) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 13px; } .link-https { background: url(lock_icon.gif) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 16px; } .link-mailto { background: url(mail_icon.gif) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; }	background: url(news_icon.png) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-ftp { background: url(file_icon.gif) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-irc { background: url(discussionitem_icon.gif) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-audio { background: url("audio.png") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 13px; } .link-video { background: url("video.png") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 13px; } .link-document { background: url("document.png") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 12px; }
 * keep the whitespace in front of the ^=, hides rule from konqueror
 * this is css3, the validator doesn't like it when validating as css2
 * 1) bodyContent a.external,
 * 2) bodyContent a[href ^="gopher://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="gopher://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="https://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="mailto:"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="news://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="ftp://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="irc://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a.external[href $=".ogg"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".OGG"],
 * 2) bodyContent a.external[href $=".mid"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".MID"],
 * 3) bodyContent a.external[href $=".midi"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".MIDI"],
 * 4) bodyContent a.external[href $=".mp3"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".MP3"],
 * 5) bodyContent a.external[href $=".wav"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".WAV"],
 * 6) bodyContent a.external[href $=".wma"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".WMA"],
 * 1) bodyContent a.external[href $=".ogm"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".OGM"],
 * 2) bodyContent a.external[href $=".avi"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".AVI"],
 * 3) bodyContent a.external[href $=".mpeg"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".MPEG"],
 * 4) bodyContent a.external[href $=".mpg"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".MPG"],
 * 1) bodyContent a.external[href $=".pdf"], #bodyContent a.external[href $=".PDF"],
 * 2) bodyContent a.external[href *=".pdf#"], #bodyContent a.external[href *=".PDF#"],
 * 3) bodyContent a.external[href *=".pdf?"], #bodyContent a.external[href *=".PDF?"],

/* disable interwiki styling */ color: #36b; background: none; padding: 0; }	color: #36b; } /* this can be used in the content area to switch off special external link styling */ background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } /*
 * 1) bodyContent a.extiw,
 * 2) bodyContent a.extiw:active {
 * 1) bodyContent a.external {
 * 1) bodyContent .plainlinks a {
 * Structural Elements

/* .portlet { border: none; margin: 0 0 .5em; padding: 0; float: none; width: 11.6em; overflow: hidden; } .portlet h4 { font-size: 95%; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .portlet h5 { background: transparent; padding: 0 1em 0 .5em; display: inline; height: 1em; text-transform: lowercase; font-size: 91%; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .portlet h6 { background: #ffae2e; border: 1px solid #2f6fab; border-style: solid solid none solid; padding: 0 1em 0 1em; text-transform: lowercase; display: block; font-size: 1em; height: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .pBody { font-size: 95%; background-color: white; color: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0 .8em .3em .5em; } .portlet h1, .portlet h2, .portlet h3, .portlet h4 { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .portlet ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url(bullet.gif); font-size: 95%; } .portlet li { padding: 0; margin: 0; }
 * general portlet styles (elements in the quickbar)

/*
 * Logo properties

/* @media screen, projection { */ #p-logo { top: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; /*needed to use z-index */ z-index: 3; height: 155px; width: 12em; overflow: visible; }	#p-logo h5 { display: none; }	#p-logo a,	#p-logo a:hover { display: block; height: 155px; width: 12.2em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 35% 50% !important; text-decoration: none; } /* } */ /*
 * the navigation portlet

/* @media screen, projection { */ #p-navigation { position: relative; z-index: 3; }	#p-navigation a { display: block; }	#p-navigation li.active a, #p-navigation li.active a:hover { display: inline; } /* } */

padding-right: 0; }
 * 1) p-navigation .pBody {

text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; }
 * 1) p-navigation li.active a, #p-navigation li.active a:hover {

/* /* @media screen, projection { */ #p-search { position: relative; z-index: 3; } /* } */ input.searchButton { margin-top: 1px; font-size: 95%; }	padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; font-weight: bold; }	width: 10.9em; margin: 0; font-size: 95%; }	padding: .5em .4em .4em .4em; text-align: center; }
 * Search portlet
 * 1) searchGoButton {
 * 1) searchInput {
 * 1) p-search .pBody {

/* /* @media screen, projection { */ #p-personal { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 0; }	#p-personal { width: 100%; white-space: nowrap; padding: 0; margin: 0; border: none; background: none; overflow: visible; line-height: 1.2em; }	#p-personal h5 { display: none; }	#p-personal .portlet, #p-personal .pBody { z-index: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; border: none; overflow: visible; background: none; } /* this is the ul contained in the portlet */ #p-personal ul { border: none; line-height: 1.4em; color: #2f6fab; padding: 0 2em 0 3em; margin: 0; text-align: right; list-style: none; z-index: 0; background: none; cursor: default; }	#p-personal li { z-index: 0; border: none; padding: 0; display: inline; color: #2f6fab; margin-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; background: none; }	#p-personal li a { text-decoration: none; color: #005896; padding-bottom: .2em; background: none; }	#p-personal li a:hover { background-color: white; padding-bottom: .2em; text-decoration: none; }	#p-personal li.active a:hover { background-color: transparent; }	/* the icon in front of the user name, single quotes in bg url to hide it from iemac */ li#pt-userpage, li#pt-anonuserpage, li#pt-login { background: url(user.gif) top left no-repeat; padding-left: 20px; text-transform: none; } /* } */	text-transform: lowercase; }	font-weight: bold; } /* /* @media screen, projection { */ #p-cactions { position: absolute; top: 1.3em; left: 3em; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; width: 76%; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: visible; background: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding-left: 1em; list-style: none; font-size: 95%; }	#p-cactions ul { list-style: none; }	#p-cactions li { display: inline; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: none; padding: 0 0 .1em 0; margin: 0 .3em 0 0; overflow: visible; background: white; }	#p-cactions li.selected { border-color: #fabd23; padding: 0 0 .2em 0; font-weight: bold; }	#p-cactions li a { background-color: #fbfbfb; color: #002bb8; border: none; padding: 0 .8em .3em; position: relative; z-index: 0; margin: 0; text-decoration: none; }	#p-cactions li.selected a { z-index: 3; padding: 0 1em .2em!important; background-color: white; }	#p-cactions .new a { color: #ba0000; }	#p-cactions li a:hover { z-index: 3; text-decoration: none; background-color: white; }	#p-cactions h5 { display: none; }	#p-cactions li.istalk { margin-right: 0; }	#p-cactions li.istalk a { padding-right: .5em; }	#p-cactions #ca-addsection a { padding-left: .4em; padding-right: .4em; }	/* offsets to distinguish the tab groups */ li#ca-talk { margin-right: 1.6em; }	li#ca-watch, li#ca-unwatch, li#ca-varlang-0, li#ca-print { margin-left: 1.6em; }	#p-cactions .pBody { font-size: 1em; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; border-collapse: inherit; border: 0; padding: 0; } /* } */	display: none; }	text-transform: lowercase; }
 * the personal toolbar
 * 1) p-personal ul {
 * 1) p-personal li.active {
 * the page-related actions- page/talk, edit etc
 * 1) p-cactions .hiddenStructure {
 * 1) p-cactions li a {

/* /* @media screen, projection { */ #p-tbx, #p-lang { position: relative; z-index: 3; } /* } */
 * the remaining portlets

/* TODO: #t-iscite is only used by the Cite extension, come up with some * system which allows extensions to add to this file on the fly */	color: #999; } /*	background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid #fabd23; border-bottom: 1px solid #fabd23; margin: .6em 0 1em 0; padding: .4em 0 1.2em 0; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; }	display: inline; margin: 0 1.3em; }	margin: 0 8px; position: relative; top: -2px; /* Bump it up just a tad */ }	float: right; height: 1%; }	float: left; height: 1%; }
 * 1) t-ispermalink, #t-iscite {
 * footer
 * 1) footer {
 * 1) footer {
 * 1) footer li {
 * 1) f-poweredbyico, #f-copyrightico {
 * 1) f-poweredbyico {
 * 1) f-copyrightico {

/* js pref toc */ margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; clear: both; }	background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #000; } /* @media screen, projection { */ #preftoc li { margin: 1px -2px 1px 2px; float: left; padding: 2px 0 3px 0; border: 1px solid #fff; border-right-color: #716f64; border-bottom: 0; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; z-index: 3; } /* } */	font-weight: bold; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: none; cursor: default; top: 1px; padding-top: 2px; margin-right: -3px; }	top: 2px; }	display: block; color: #000; padding: 0 .7em; position: relative; text-decoration: none; }	cursor: default; text-decoration: none; }	padding-top: 2em; clear: both; }	margin: 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; clear: both; padding: 1.5em; background-color: #F9F9F9; } .prefsection { border: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; } .prefsection fieldset { border: 1px solid #aaa; float: left; margin-right: 2em; } .prefsection legend { font-weight: bold; } .prefsection table, .prefsection legend { background-color: #F9F9F9; } /* @media screen, projection { */ .mainLegend { display: none; } /* } */ div.prefsectiontip { font-size: x-small; padding: .2em 2em; color: #666; } .btnSavePrefs { font-weight: bold; padding-left: .3em; padding-right: .3em; }
 * 1) preftoc {
 * 1) preftoc li {
 * 1) preftoc li.selected {
 * 1) preftoc > li.selected {
 * 1) preftoc a,
 * 2) preftoc a:active {
 * 1) preftoc li.selected a {
 * 1) prefcontrol {
 * 1) preferences {

.preferences-login { clear: both; margin-bottom: 1.5em; }

.prefcache { font-size: 90%; margin-top: 2em; }

div#userloginForm form, div#userlogin form#userlogin2 { margin: 0 3em 1em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; clear: both; padding: 1.5em 2em; background-color: #f9f9f9; float: left; }

div#userloginForm table, div#userlogin form#userlogin2 table { background-color: #f9f9f9; }

div#userloginForm h2, div#userlogin form#userlogin2 h2 { padding-top: 0; }

div#userlogin .captcha, div#userloginForm .captcha { border: 1px solid #bbb; padding: 1.5em 2em; background-color: white; }

font-size: 85%; }
 * 1) userloginprompt, #languagelinks {

font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2; padding-top: 2em; }
 * 1) login-sectiontip {

width: 12em; }
 * 1) userlogin .loginText, #userlogin .loginPassword {

font-weight: bold; }
 * 1) userloginlink a, #wpLoginattempt, #wpCreateaccount {

/* @media screen, projection { */ /*	** IE/Mac fixes, hope to find a validating way to move this ** to a separate stylesheet. This would work but doesn't validate: ** @import("IEMacFixes.css"); */	/* tabs: border on the a, not the div */ * > html #p-cactions li { border: none; } * > html #p-cactions li a { border: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: none; }	* > html #p-cactions li.selected a { border-color: #fabd23; } /* footer icons need a fixed width */ * > html #f-poweredbyico, * > html #f-copyrightico { width: 88px; } * > html #bodyContent, * > html #bodyContent pre { overflow-x: auto; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 25px; } /* } */

/* more IE fixes */ /* float/negative margin brokenness */ display: inline; margin-bottom: 0; }
 * html #footer {margin-top: 0;}
 * html #column-content {
 * html div.editsection { font-size: smaller; }
 * 1) pagehistory li.selected { position: relative; }

/* Mac IE 5.0 fix; floated content turns invisible */ float: none; }	position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; }	margin-left: 13.2em; } .redirectText { font-size: 150%; margin: 5px; }
 * > html #column-content {
 * > html #column-one {
 * > html #footer {

.printfooter { display: none; }

.not-patrolled { background-color: #ffa; } div.patrollink { font-size: 75%; text-align: right; } span.newpage, span.minor, span.searchmatch, span.bot { font-weight: bold; } span.unpatrolled { font-weight: bold; color: red; }

span.searchmatch { color: red; } .sharedUploadNotice { font-style: italic; }

span.updatedmarker { color: black; background-color: #0f0; }

table.gallery { border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 2px; padding: 2px; background-color: white; }

table.gallery tr { vertical-align: top; }

table.gallery td { vertical-align: top; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: solid 2px white; } /* Keep this temporarily so that cached pages will display right */ table.gallery td.galleryheader { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; } table.gallery caption { font-weight: bold; }

div.gallerybox { margin: 2px; }

div.gallerybox div.thumb { text-align: center; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 2px; }

div.gallerytext { overflow: hidden; font-size: 94%; padding: 2px 4px; }

span.comment { font-style: italic; }

span.changedby { font-size: 95%; }

.previewnote { text-indent: 3em; color: #c00; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; }

.previewnote p { margin: 0; padding: 0; }

.editExternally { border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 3px; margin-top: 0.5em; float: left; font-size: small; text-align: center; } .editExternallyHelp { font-style: italic; color: gray; }

li span.deleted, span.history-deleted { text-decoration: line-through; color: #888; font-style: italic; }

.toggle { margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; }

/* Classes for EXIF data display */ table.mw_metadata { font-size: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 300px; }

table.mw_metadata caption { font-weight: bold; }

table.mw_metadata th { font-weight: normal; }

table.mw_metadata td { padding: 0.1em; }

table.mw_metadata { border: none; border-collapse: collapse; }

table.mw_metadata td, table.mw_metadata th { text-align: center; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em; }

table.mw_metadata th { background-color: #f9f9f9; }

table.mw_metadata td { background-color: #fcfcfc; }

table.collapsed tr.collapsable { display: none; }

/* filetoc */ ul#filetoc { text-align: center; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; }

display: inline; list-style-type: none; padding-right: 2em; }
 * 1) filetoc li {

input#wpSummary { width: 80%; }

/* @bug 1714 */ input#wpSave, input#wpDiff { margin-right: 0.33em; }

display: inline; }
 * 1) editform .editOptions {

font-weight: bold; }
 * 1) wpSave {

/* Classes for article validation */

table.revisionform_default { border: 1px solid #000000; }

table.revisionform_focus { border: 1px solid #000000; background-color:#00BBFF; }

tr.revision_tr_default { background-color:#EEEEEE; }

tr.revision_tr_first { background-color:#DDDDDD; }

p.revision_saved { color: green; font-weight:bold; }

border: solid 1px #bbbbff; background-color: #eeeeff; padding: 0.2em; }
 * 1) mw_trackbacks {

/* Allmessages table */

background-color: #b2b2ff; }
 * 1) allmessagestable th {

background-color: #ffe2e2; }
 * 1) allmessagestable tr.orig {

background-color: #e2ffe2; }
 * 1) allmessagestable tr.new {

background-color: #f0f0ff; }
 * 1) allmessagestable tr.def {

/* noarticletext */ div.noarticletext { border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #fff; padding: .2em 1em; color: #000; }

div#searchTargetContainer { left:      10px; top:       10px; width:     90%; background: white; }

div#searchTarget { padding:   3px; margin:    5px; background: #F0F0F0; border:    solid 1px blue; }

div#searchTarget ul li { list-style: none; }

div#searchTarget ul li:before { color: orange; content: "\00BB \0020"; }

div.multipageimagenavbox { border: solid 1px silver; padding: 4px; margin: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 6px; background: #f0f0f0; }

div.multipageimagenavbox div.thumb { border: none; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; }

div.multipageimagenavbox hr { margin: 6px; }

table.multipageimage td { text-align: center; }

/** Special:Version */

table#sv-ext, table#sv-hooks { margin: 1em; padding:0em; }

border: 1px solid #A0A0A0; padding: 0 0.15em 0 0.15em; }	background-color: #F0F0F0; color: black; padding: 0 0.15em 0 0.15em; } tr.sv-space{ height: 0.8em; border:none; } tr.sv-space td { display: none; }
 * 1) sv-ext td, #sv-hooks td,
 * 2) sv-ext th, #sv-hooks th {
 * 1) sv-ext th, #sv-hooks th {

/* Table pager (e.g. Special:Imagelist) - remove underlines from the navigation link - collapse borders - set the borders to outsets (similar to Special:Allmessages) - remove line wrapping for all td and th, set background color - restore line wrapping for the last two table cells (description and size) .TablePager_nav a { text-decoration: none; } .TablePager { border-collapse: collapse; } .TablePager, .TablePager td, .TablePager th { border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 0.15em 0 0.15em; } .TablePager th { background-color: #eeeeff } .TablePager td { background-color: #ffffff } .TablePager tr:hover td { background-color: #eeeeff }

.imagelist td, .imagelist th { white-space: nowrap } .imagelist .TablePager_col_links { background-color: #eeeeff } .imagelist .TablePager_col_img_description { white-space: normal } .imagelist th.TablePager_sort { background-color: #ccccff }

.templatesUsed { margin-top: 1.5em; }

.mw-summary-preview { margin: 0.1em 0; }

/* Convenience links on Special:Ipblocklist */ p.mw-ipb-conveniencelinks { font-size: 90%; float: right; }

/* Friendlier slave lag warnings */ div.mw-lag-warn-normal, div.mw-lag-warn-high { width: 75%; padding: 3px; text-align: center; margin: 3px auto; } div.mw-lag-warn-normal { border: 1px solid #FFCC66; background-color: #FFFFCC; } div.mw-lag-warn-high { font-weight: bold; border: 2px solid #CC3333; background-color: #CC9999; }

/* Recreating-deleted-page warning and log entries */ div#mw-recreate-deleted-warn { padding: 3px; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 2px solid #2F6FAB; } div#mw-recreate-deleted-warn ul li { font-size: 90%; } .MediaTransformError { background-color: #ccc; padding: 0.1em; } .MediaTransformError td { text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 90%; }

title: User:Tsch81/myskin.css


text:
Cherrapunji

Cherrapunji or Sohra is a sub-divisional town (Proposed District) East Khasi Hills district in the Indian state of Meghalaya. It was the traditional capital of ka hima Sohra (Khasi tribal kingdom).

Sohra has often been credited as being the wettest place on Earth, but currently, nearby Mawsynram holds that distinction. Sohra still holds the all-time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year, however. It received 9300 mm in July 1861 and 26461 mm between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861.

History
The history of the Khasi people – native inhabitants of Sohra– may be traced from the early part of the 16th century. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, these people were ruled by their tribal  'Syiems (rajas or chiefs) of Khyriem' in the Khasi Hills. The Khasi hills came under British authority in 1833 with the submission of the last of the important Syiem, Tirot Sing Syiem.

The main pivot on which the entire superstructure of Khasi society rests is the matrilineal system.

The original name for this town was Sohra (soh-ra), which was pronounced "Cherra" by the British. This name eventually evolved into a temporary name, Cherrapunji, meaning 'land of oranges', which was first used by tourists from other parts of India. It has again been renamed to its original form, Sohra. Despite abundant rainfall, Sohra faces an acute water shortage and the inhabitants often have to trek very long distances to obtain potable water. Irrigation is hampered due to excessive rain washing away the topsoil as a result of human encroachment into the forests. Recent developments of rain-water harvesting techniques in the area have greatly helped the town and its neighbouring villages.

There is a monument to David Scott (British Administrator in NE India, 1802–31) in the town's cemetery.

Geography
It has an average elevation of 1430 m and sits on a plateau in the southern part of the Khasi Hills, facing the plains of Bangladesh. The plateau rises 660 meters above the surrounding valleys.

Soils on the plateau are poor owing to deforestation and washout caused by heavy rainfall. Owing to winter droughts, the vegetation in this location is even xerophytic in spite of the town's fame as an extremely wet place. Additional pressure on local ecosystems is created by the rapid increase of the population – from a Sohra-area population of 7,000 in 1960, it grew to over 10,000 by 2000.

The valleys around Sohra, however, are covered with lush and very diverse vegetation, containing numerous endemic species of plants, including the Meghalaya subtropical forests.

There are some interesting living root bridges in villages near Sohra like the Umshiang root bridge, Mawsaw root bridge, Ritymmen root bridge, and the Double Decker root bridge at Nongriat village.

The Shillong Plateau is an uplifted horst-like feature, bounded by the E-W Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) to the North, the N–S Jamuna fault in the west, and the NW-SE kopilli fracture zone in the east.

Climate

Cherrapunji has a mild subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), with monsoonal influences typical of India. Although Sohra has very wet, warm summers, it has dry, mild winters. The city's annual rainfall average stands at 11777 mm. This figure places it behind only nearby Mawsynram, Meghalaya, whose average is 11873 mm. Sohra receives both the southwest and northeast monsoonal winds, giving it a single monsoon season. It lies on the windward side of the Khasi Hills, so the resulting orographic lift enhances precipitation. In the winter months it receives the northeast monsoon showers that travel down the Brahmaputra valley. The driest months are November, December, January, and February.

Temperatures average 11.5 °C in January and 20.6 °C in August, and the annual mean is 17.3 °C

Sohra holds two Guinness world records for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single year: 26471 mm of rainfall between August 1860 and July 1861 and for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single month: 9300 mm in July 1861.

Causes of high rainfall
Sohra receives rains from the Bay of Bengal arm of the Indian summer monsoon. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of Bangladesh for about 400 km. Thereafter, they hit the Khasi Hills which rise abruptly from the plains to a height of about 1,370 m above mean sea level within 2 to 5 km. The geography of the hills with many deep valley channels encompassing the low-flying (150–300 m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area converges over Sohra. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up the steep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastens the cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of the rain is the result of air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extreme amount of rainfall is perhaps the best-known feature of orographic rain in northeastern India.

Occasionally, cloudbursts can occur in one part of Sohra while other areas may be totally or relatively dry, reflecting the high spatial variability of the rainfall. Atmospheric humidity is extremely high during the peak monsoon period.

The major part of the rainfall at Sohra can be attributed to the orographic features. When the clouds are blown over the hills from the south, they are funneled through the valley. The clouds strike Sohra perpendicularly and the low flying clouds are pushed up the steep slopes. It is not surprising to find that the heaviest rainfalls occur when the winds blow directly on the Khasi Hills.

A notable feature of monsoon rain at Sohra is that most of it falls in the morning. This could be partly due to two air masses coming together. During the monsoon months, the prevailing winds along the Brahmaputra valley generally blow from the east or the northeast, but the winds over Meghalaya are from the south. These two winds systems usually come together in the vicinity of the Khasi Hills. Apparently, the winds that are trapped in the valley at night begin their upward ascent only after they are warmed during the day. This partially explains the frequency of morning rainfall. Apart from orographic features, atmospheric convection plays an important role during the monsoon and the period just preceding it.

Demographics
As of the 2011 Census in India, Sohra had a population of 10,086, with males 48.75% of the total population and females 51.25%. It has an average literacy rate of 74%, equal to the national average of 74.5%, with a male literacy rate of 72.4% and a female one of 73.9%.

Most of the people in the town overwhelmingly follow Christianity, with significant followers of indigenous Niam Khasi, Hinduism and a very small Muslim population.

Culture
The native inhabitants living in and around Sohra are known as Khasi people. Their society is a matrilineal one. The children take on the surname of the mother.

Sohra is also famous for its living bridges. Over hundreds of years the people have developed techniques for growing roots of trees into large bridges. The process takes 10 to 15 years and the bridges typically last hundreds of years, with the oldest one, still in active use, being over 500 years old.

Education
Sohra Government College is the only general degree college in the town. Most students move to the state capital for college degrees. Independent schools like the Ramkrishna Mission and government-run schools like the Thomas Jones School have been set up in and around the town.

Media
Sohra has an All India Radio relay station known as Akashvani Sohra. It broadcasts on FM frequencies.

Sources and external links

 * cherrapunjee.com
 * Interactive Film Documentary by Geox - Testing A New Waterproof Shoe In The Rainiest Place On Earth
 * 'For a Rainy Day', The Indian Express, 20 April 2008, by Arjun Razdan
 * 'For a Rainy Day', The Indian Express, 20 April 2008, by Arjun Razdan

title: Cherrapunji


text:
Talk:Selegiline

Orally Disintegrating Tabet for Selegiline (Zelapar) approved by FDA
Zelapar, produced by Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, was approved by the FDA in June 2006 for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

title: Talk:Selegiline


text:
Talk:Papua New Guinea

Chapter arrangement
Isn't it weird to have Ecology and Topography in the same container with purely political issues ? The subchapters of 'Geography' deal a lot with the landscape and topographic features, except for 'Borders' which is essentially political. Borders often follow natural features for pragmatic reasons but ultimately have nothing to do with these. They are rather arbitrary. If anything, they use to separate human speech areas, but even that's not a rule.

So, intuitively, i would put this subchapter 'Borders' out of 'Geography' and into the previous chapter 'Politics'. But there is the meaning of the term 'Geography' and then borders seem to belong to it too.

I don't see a solution for this problem, just wanted to point it out .... --rosetta — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.243.33.181 (talk) 01:43, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Portal:Papua New Guinea for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:Papua New Guinea is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Papua New Guinea until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 10:43, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

Missing "Climate" Section
It appears as though there's no climate data for PNG - could someone fix this? The Verified Cactus 100% 20:09, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

I cannot fix a typo
In the Royal PNG Constabulary section, the word "even" is misspelled as "eeven." I tried fixing it but it said it's blocked from being edited. Punstress (talk) 04:39, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Fixed, thanks for pointing it out. I can't see any reason why you would be prevented from editing the article, yet can edit the talk page.- gadfium 04:54, 2 January 2021 (UTC)

Official name: Hiri Motu
The official name for the nation in Hiri Motu is incorrect, and is given as identcal to the Tok Pisin translation. While I have not found the official translation, it would be something like Papua Nui Gini Besena Sibona. Ptilinopus (talk) 01:00, 12 July 2022 (UTC)
 * According to UNGEGN, the formal name in Hiri Motu is "?". Don't think we can use that. I do note however that for both Hiri Motu and Tok Pisin, the short name is given as "Papuaniugini", one word, unlike what is currently in this article. CMD (talk) 03:18, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 September 2022
Change Queen Elizabeth II to King Charles III 84.13.56.101 (talk) 19:41, 15 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Only remaining instance of Queen Elizabeth II in the article is referring to something in the past, not in the present. ― Blaze WolfTalkBlaze Wolf#6545 19:43, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Sections 2.5 and 2.6
Should these sections remain in section 2? I feel as though they are more appropriate under section 6 Demographics. Neither section reference when these communities were established, and only 2.5 makes any kind of reference to a historical event.

WikEdits5 (talk) 20:08, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Bougainville isnt part of png on this map
How has this been noticed for over a decade? 195.11.108.100 (talk) 13:13, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Not a decade luckily, just a few months. The map was changed in this edit. That said, I've fixed the new map in this respect. Best, CMD (talk) 13:30, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Papua New Guinea


text:
Lahash

Lahash may refer to:

 * Lahash, Iran, in Mazandaran Province, Iran
 * Lahash, Gilan, in Gilan Province, Iran
 * A Christian ministry Lahash International

title: Lahash


text:
1918 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in the year 1918.

Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition.

National team
Sources:

title: 1918 in Norwegian football


text: Template:WWIIUSInfWeaponsNav

title: Template:WWIIUSInfWeaponsNav


text:
Portal:Astronomy/Picture/8 June 2005

Near the centre of the globular cluster M4 lies the pulsar PSR B1620−26. The pulsar is extremely dense and only a few miles across, and rotates about 100 times per second, directing a pulse of electromagnetic radiation towards the earth once during each rotation. Small variations in the intervals between pulses reveal the presence of both a white dwarf and a large Jupiter-sized planet orbiting the pulsar.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/8 June 2005