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American Legion Memorial Bridge (Potomac River)

The American Legion Memorial Bridge, also known as the American Legion Bridge and formerly as the Cabin John Bridge, is a bridge carrying Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway) across the Potomac River between Montgomery County, Maryland and Fairfax County, Virginia in the United States. It is an American Water Landmark. Plummers Island is located immediately downstream of the bridge.

The bridge has five traffic lanes in each direction. The outermost lane in each direction is an entrance/exit-only lane for traffic to/from the Clara Barton Parkway in Maryland and the George Washington Memorial Parkway and Georgetown Pike (State Route 193) in Virginia. There are no facilities for pedestrians or cyclists, which are prohibited.

History

Opened on December 31, 1962, the bridge was originally named the "Cabin John Bridge" because of its proximity to the community of Cabin John on the Maryland side of the Potomac River. The bridge opened without a ceremony due to the cold weather. On May 30, 1969, the bridge was officially renamed the "American Legion Memorial Bridge" in a ceremony led by Lt. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, director of the U.S. Selective Service System. This action reduced confusion with the Union Arch Bridge, which carries the Washington Aqueduct and MacArthur Boulevard across Cabin John Creek and which some people also called "the Cabin John Bridge". The bridge was widened from its original 6-lane configuration to the current 10-lane version by 1992 via a third span filling the median between what was originally two separate spans.

The American Legion Memorial Bridge is an important commuter route because of its proximity to edge cities and high tech centers in Maryland and Virginia. It is the only high volume crossing between Montgomery County, Maryland and Fairfax County, Virginia, the most populous counties in their respective states. It is also the only major crossing between Maryland and Virginia between the Point of Rocks Bridge, more than 30 mi upstream and the Chain Bridge downstream between the Commonwealth of Virginia and the District of Columbia. Congestion on the American Legion Bridge and commuter travel between the western Washington suburbs in both states has fueled support for a western bridge around the Loudoun County/Fairfax County line in Virginia (Virginia Route 28/Fairfax County Parkway area), or farther out as part of the Western Transportation Corridor. Opponents claim that another bridge would increase development in those areas, increase traffic, and generate more pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. The bridge crosses the western terminus of the Potomac Heritage Trail and the George Washington Memorial Parkway on the Virginian side of the Potomac River. On the Maryland side, the bridge crosses over MacArthur Boulevard, the Clara Barton Parkway and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Lock 13 (Seven Locks 6) of the canal is underneath the bridge.

The American Legion Memorial Bridge is one of the two locations at which the Capital Beltway crosses the Potomac River; the other is the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge.

American Legion Bridge expansion
In September 2017, Maryland Governor Larry Hogan announced plans to widen interstate highways I-270 and I-495 (Capital Beltway) with toll-funded express lanes planned, built, and operated through a public–private partnership (P3). It was announced on November 12, 2019, that the existing spans will be rebuilt and replaced with a new structure expanding capacity from eight to twelve lanes.

On July 10, 2020, the Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT) released its more than 18,000-page Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) on the project, which addresses the construction project's impacts on people and the environment.

The expansion project would destroy large parts of Plummers Island, which is located immediately downstream of the bridge. It would destroy or require relocation of the channel that separates the island from the mainland, clear-cut trees, and level a significant portion of the island. The native beech forest on the mainland side would also have to be cut down; wetlands between the mainland and the island would be destroyed, which can lead to a heavy infestation with invasive plants.

In August 2022 the Federal Highway Administration approved the proposed project. In October 2022 environmental and historic preservation groups filed suit against the state, citing deficiencies in the environmental review process and the projected impacts on Plummers Island. In November 2022 MDOT announced that it would not award a contract for construction of the proposed expansion project until after Governor Hogan has left office in January 2023. Decisions on the project will be made by the administration of newly elected governor Wes Moore and the Maryland Board of Public Works.

In August 2023, MDOT applied for a federal grant to support rebuilding of the bridge and expand a portion of I-495 leading to the junction with I-270.


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Rockefeller Chapel

Rockefeller Chapel is a Gothic Revival chapel on the campus of the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. A monumental example of Collegiate Gothic architecture, it was meant by patron John D. Rockefeller to be the "central and dominant feature" of the campus; at 200.7 feet it is by covenant the tallest building on campus and seats 1700. The current dean is Maurice Charles, an Episcopal priest.

Design
Designed by architect Bertram Goodhue between 1918 and 1924, and built between 1925 and 1928 without the use of structural steel, it contains about 70 integrated figural sculptures by sculptors Lee Lawrie and Ulric Ellerhusen, and interior work by mosaicist Hildreth Meière. Today the chapel is used for ecumenical worship services, university convocations, guest speakers, musical programs, weddings, memorial services, and occasional film screenings. It occupies most of a block and can seat 1700 people.

The woodcarvings that adorn the organ and South balcony were created by Alois Lang, a Master Woodcarver at the American Seating Co., and one of the artists responsible for bringing the medieval art of ecclesiastical carving back to life. His pieces in Rockefeller Chapel are carved from White Appalachian Oak.

Carillon
The chapel contains the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Carillon and tower, a separate gift from John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1932 in honor of his mother. This 72-bell carillon is the second-largest carillon in the world by mass, after the carillon at Riverside Church on the Upper West Side of New York City, which Rockefeller Jr. also donated in honor of his mother.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rockefeller Chapel


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Phagosome

In cell biology, a phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis. Professional phagocytes include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs).

A phagosome is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around a microorganism, a senescent cell or an apoptotic cell. Phagosomes have membrane-bound proteins to recruit and fuse with lysosomes to form mature phagolysosomes. The lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) which kill and digest the pathogens. Phagosomes can also form in non-professional phagocytes, but they can only engulf a smaller range of particles, and do not contain ROS. The useful materials (e.g. amino acids) from the digested particles are moved into the cytosol, and waste is removed by exocytosis. Phagosome formation is crucial for tissue homeostasis and both innate and adaptive host defense against pathogens.

However, some bacteria can exploit phagocytosis as an invasion strategy. They either reproduce inside of the phagolysosome (e.g. Coxiella spp.) or escape into the cytoplasm before the phagosome fuses with the lysosome (e.g. Rickettsia spp.). Many Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, can manipulate the host macrophage to prevent lysosomes from fusing with phagosomes and creating mature phagolysosomes. Such incomplete maturation of the phagosome maintains an environment favorable to the pathogens inside it.

Formation
Phagosomes are large enough to degrade whole bacteria, or apoptotic and senescent cells, which are usually >0.5μm in diameter. This means a phagosome is several orders of magnitude bigger than an endosome, which is measured in nanometres.

Phagosomes are formed when pathogens or opsonins bind to a transmembrane receptor, which are randomly distributed on the phagocyte cell surface. Upon binding, "outside-in" signalling triggers actin polymerisation and pseudopodia formation, which surrounds and fuses behind the microorganism. Protein kinase C, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and phospholipase C (PLC) are all needed for signalling and controlling particle internalisation. More cell surface receptors can bind to the particle in a zipper-like mechanism as the pathogen is surrounded, increasing the binding avidity. Fc receptor (FcR), complement receptors (CR), mannose receptor and dectin-1 are phagocytic receptors, which means that they can induce phagocytosis if they are expressed in non-phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts. Other proteins such as Toll-like receptors are involved in pathogen pattern recognition and are often recruited to phagosomes but do not specifically trigger phagocytosis in non-phagocytic cells, so they are not considered phagocytic receptors.

Opsonisation
Opsonins are molecular tags such as antibodies and complements that attach to pathogens and up-regulate phagocytosis. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the major type of antibody present in the serum. It is part of the adaptive immune system, but it links to the innate response by recruiting macrophages to phagocytose pathogens. The antibody binds to microbes with the variable Fab domain, and the Fc domain binds to Fc receptors (FcR) to induce phagocytosis.

Complement-mediated internalisation has much less significant membrane protrusions, but the downstream signalling of both pathways converge to activate Rho GTPases. They control actin polymerisation which is required for the phagosome to fuse with endosomes and lysosomes.

Non-phagocytic cells
Other non-professional phagocytes have some degree of phagocytic activity, such as thyroid and bladder epithelial cells that can engulf erythrocytes and retinal epithelial cells that internalise retinal rods. However non-professional phagocytes do not express specific phagocytic receptors such as FcR and have a much lower rate of internalisation.

Some invasive bacteria can also induce phagocytosis in non-phagocytic cells to mediate host uptake. For example, Shigella can secrete toxins that alter the host cytoskeleton and enter the basolateral side of enterocytes.

Structure
As the membrane of the phagosome is formed by the fusion of the plasma membrane, the basic composition of the phospholipid bilayer is the same. Endosomes and lysosomes then fuse with the phagosome to contribute to the membrane, especially when the engulfed particle is very big, such as a parasite. They also deliver various membrane proteins to the phagosome and modify the organelle structure.

Phagosomes can engulf artificial low-density latex beads and then purified along a sucrose concentration gradient, allowing the structure and composition to be studied. By purifying phagosomes at different time points, the maturation process can also be characterised. Early phagosomes are characterised by Rab5, which transition into Rab7 as the vesicle matures into late phagosomes.

Maturation process
The nascent phagosome is not inherently bactericidal. As it matures, it becomes more acidic from pH 6.5 to pH 4, and gains characteristic protein markers and hydrolytic enzymes. The different enzymes function at various optimal pH, forming a range so they each work in narrow stages of the maturation process. Enzyme activity can be fine-tuned by modifying the pH level, allowing for greater flexibility. The phagosome moves along microtubules of the cytoskeleton, fusing with endosomes and lysosomes sequentially in a dynamic "kiss-and-run" manner. This intracellular transport depends on the size of the phagosomes. Larger organelles (with a diameter of about 3 μm) are transported very persistently from the cell periphery towards the perinuclear region whereas smaller organelles (with a diameter of about 1 μm) are transported more bidirectionally back and forth between cell center and cell periphery. Vacuolar proton pumps (v-ATPase) are delivered to the phagosome to acidify the organelle compartment, creating a more hostile environment for pathogens and facilitating protein degradation. The bacterial proteins are denatured in low pH and become more accessible to the proteases, which are unaffected by the acidic environment. The enzymes are later recycled from the phagolysosome before egestion so they are not wasted. The composition of the phospholipid membrane also changes as the phagosome matures.

Fusion may take minutes to hours depending on the contents of the phagosome; FcR or mannose receptor-mediated fusion last less than 30 minutes, but phagosomes containing latex beads may take several hours to fuse with lysosomes. It is suggested that the composition of the phagosome membrane affects the rate of maturation. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a very hydrophobic cell wall, which is hypothesised to prevent membrane recycling and recruitment of fusion factors, so the phagosome does not fuse with lysosomes and the bacterium avoids degradation.

Smaller lumenal molecules are transferred by fusion faster than larger molecules, which suggests that a small aqueous channel forms between the phagosome and other vesicles during "kiss-and-run", through which only limited exchange is allowed.

Fusion regulation
Shortly after internalisation, F-actin depolymerises from the newly formed phagosome so it becomes accessible to endosomes for fusion and delivery of proteins. The maturation process is divided into early and late stages depending on characteristic protein markers, regulated by small Rab GTPases. Rab5 is present on early phagosomes, and controls the transition to late phagosomes marked by Rab7.

Rab5 recruits PI-3 kinase and other tethering proteins such as Vps34 to the phagosome membrane, so endosomes can deliver proteins to the phagosome. Rab5 is partially involved in the transition to Rab7, via the CORVET complex and the HOPS complex in yeast. The exact maturation pathway in mammals is not well understood, but it is suggested that HOPS can bind Rab7 and displace the guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI). Rab11 is involved in membrane recycling.

Phagolysosome
The phagosome fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome, which has various bactericidal properties. The phagolysosome contains reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and hydrolytic enzymes. The compartment is also acidic due to proton pumps (v-ATPases) that transport H+ across the membrane, used to denature the bacterial proteins.

The exact properties of phagolysosomes vary depending on the type of phagocyte. Those in dendritic cells have weaker bactericidal properties than those in macrophages and neutrophils. Also, macrophages are divided into pro-inflammatory "killer" M1 and "repair" M2. The phagolysosomes of M1 can metabolise arginine into highly reactive nitric oxide, while M2 use arginine to produce ornithine to promote cell proliferation and tissue repair.

Pathogen degradation
Macrophages and neutrophils are professional phagocytes in charge of most of the pathogen degradation, but they have different bactericidal methods. Neutrophils have granules that fuse with the phagosome. The granules contain NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase, which produce toxic oxygen and chlorine derivatives to kill pathogens in an oxidative burst. Proteases and anti-microbial peptides are also released into the phagolysosome. Macrophages lack granules, and rely more on phagolysosome acidification, glycosidases, and proteases to digest microbes. Phagosomes in dendritic cells are less acidic and have much weaker hydrolytic activity, due to a lower concentration of lysosomal proteases and even the presence of protease inhibitors.

Inflammation
Phagosome formation is tied to inflammation via common signalling molecules. PI-3 kinase and PLC are involved in both the internalisation mechanism and triggering inflammation. The two proteins, along with Rho GTPases, are important components of the innate immune response, inducing cytokine production and activating the MAP kinase signalling cascade. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-12 are all produced.

The process is tightly regulated and the inflammatory response varies depending on the particle type within the phagosome. Pathogen-infected apoptotic cells will trigger inflammation, but damaged cells that are degraded as part of the normal tissue turnover do not. The response also differs according to the opsonin-mediated phagocytosis. FcR and mannose receptor-mediated reactions produce pro-inflammatory reactive oxygen species and arachidonic acid molecules, but CR-mediated reactions do not result in those products.

Antigen presentation
Immature dendritic cells (DCs) can phagocytose, but mature DCs cannot due to changes in Rho GTPases involved in cytoskeleton remodelling. The phagosomes of DCs are less hydrolytic and acidic than those of macrophages and neutrophils, as DCs are mainly involved in antigen presentation rather than pathogen degradation. They need to retain protein fragments of a suitable size for specific bacterial recognition, so the peptides are only partially degraded. Peptides from the bacteria are trafficked to the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). The peptide antigens are presented to lymphocytes, where they bind to T-cell receptors and activates T-cells, bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. This is specific to mammals, birds, and jawed fish, as insects do not have adaptive immunity.

Nutrient
Ancient single-celled organisms such as amoeba use phagocytosis as a way to acquire nutrients, rather than an immune strategy. They engulf other smaller microbes and digest them within the phagosome of around one bacterium per minute, which is much faster than professional phagocytes. For the soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, their main food source is the bacteria Legionella pneumophila, which causes Legionnaire's disease in humans. Phagosome maturation in amoeba is very similar to that in macrophages, so they are used as a model organism to study the process.

Tissue clearance
Phagosomes degrade senescent cells and apoptotic cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. Erythrocytes have one of the highest turnover rates in the body, and they are phagocytosed by macrophages in the liver and spleen. In the embryo, the process of removing dead cells is not well-characterised, but it is not performed by macrophages or other cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells. It is only in the adult that apoptotic cells are phagocytosed by professional phagocytes. Inflammation is only triggered by certain pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs), the removal of senescent cells is non-inflammatory.

Autophagosome
Autophagosomes are different from phagosomes in that they are mainly used to selectively degrade damaged cytosolic organelles such as mitochondria (mitophagy). However, when the cell is starved or stressed, autophagosomes can also non-selectively degrade organelles to provide the cell with amino acids and other nutrients. Autophagy is not limited to professional phagocytes, it is first discovered in rat hepatocytes by cell biologist Christian de Duve. Autophagosomes have a double membrane, the inner one from the engulfed organelle, and the outer membrane is speculated to be formed from the endoplasmic reticulum or the ER-Golgi Intermediate Compartment (ERGIC). The autophagosome also fuses with lysosomes to degrade its contents. When M. tuberculosis inhibit phagosome acidification, Interferon gamma can induce autophagy and rescue the maturation process.

Bacterial evasion and manipulation
Many bacteria have evolved to evade the bactericidal properties of phagosomes or even exploit phagocytosis as an invasion strategy.

 * Mycobacterium tuberculosis target M2 macrophages at the lower parts of the respiratory pathway, which do not produce ROS. M. tuberculosis can also manipulate the signalling pathways by secreting phosphatases such as PtpA and SapM, which disrupt protein recruitment and block phagosome acidification.
 * Legionella pneumophila can re-model the phagosome membrane to imitate vesicles in other parts of the secretory pathway, so lysosomes do not recognise the phagosome and do not fuse with it. The bacterium secretes toxins that interfere with host trafficking, so the Legionella-containing vacuole recruits membrane proteins usually found on the endoplasmic reticulum or the ERGIC. This re-directs secretory vesicles to the modified phagosome and deliver nutrients to the bacterium.
 * Listeria monocytogenes secretes a pore-forming protein listeriolysin O so the bacterium can escape the phagosome into the cytosol. Listeriolysin is activated by the acidic environment of the phagosome. In addition, Listeria secrete two phospholipase C enzymes that facilitate in phagosome escape.

title: Phagosome


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Toiletpapier (Gobran111).jpg

Toiletpapier (Gobran111).jpg
Some delicious looking toilet paper. It illustrates toilet paper very well. Looks nice, very detailed piece of studio photography. Used in the toilet paper article. - TheCoffee 15:26, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC) +8/-8 — Sverdrup 03:28, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - TheCoffee 15:26, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, I know, white is neutral, but I'd prefer a darker background to bring out the paper more. Mgm|(talk) 20:11, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Visible noise, See the full resolution image --Oblivious 21:18, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose April 1 was weeks ago. Denni ☯ 03:04, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Oppose. People (I hope) see toilet paper all the time. For a pic of toilet paper to be FP worthy it would have to be amazing! -- Silversmith  Hewwo 09:04, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Rubbish, ordinary. E l e c t r i c m o o s e - Electrifying  20:51, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - just a toilet roll, even though the photographer has done a good job - Adrian Pingstone 21:30, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Composition is good, but there is not enough contrast, and the right side has a strong whiteout. -- Chris 73 Talk 11:58, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - call me crazy, but I think this is a great photograph. Kaldari 16:19, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Not every high resoltion image has the potential to be a featured picture. Plus the image is pointless really. Anish7 15:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Can't see any noise... and yeh it's of an ordinary subject matter, but i must say, it gives the toilet paper angelic glow. Enochlau 08:47, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Pray tell, how exactly do you make a photograph of a toilet paper roll 'exciting'? That said, this is definitely a well-executed effort. I like the soft effect: really embodies the essential nature of toilet paper. Jogloran 03:55, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, sounds crazy supporting a photo of toilet paper to become on of Wikipedia's Featured Pictures, but I like this photo. --Fir0002 05:01, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support There's nothing wrong with the photo, and I like the quirky nature of the nomination Tiefighter 08:08, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Very nice shot, certainly clearly illustrates the concept of "toilet paper" and at the same time provides a striking image. The white-on-white effect does not in any way detract from its illustrative purposes. Alight 20:18, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- nice image. - Longhair | Talk 01:40, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.45.81.193

title: User talk:68.45.81.193


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Talk:Spenserian stanza

Lotus eaters schemers
The article claims that Tennyson's Lotus eaters uses Spenserian stanzas, which should mean an ababbcbcc rhyme scheme. But looking at the poem, it clearly doesn't follow this scheme:

The rhyme scheme here is "ababcccdddd"

Palefire 15:26, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * No one seems to be able to justify this, so I've deleted the bit about Tennyson. Palefire 17:29, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

redundancy
Pentameter is, by definition, made up of five feet; hexameters are by definition made up of six feet. Editing redundancy accordingly.

please check: "Each verse contains nine lines in total". I think the author ment to say "Each stanza". it's not a big deal, it is perfectly understandeable, but just in case... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.184.125.244 (talk) 15:12, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spenserian stanza


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Antonios Kriezis

Antonios Kriezis (Αντώνιος Κριεζής; c. 1796–1865) was a captain of the Hellenic navy during the Greek War of Independence and a Prime Minister of Greece from 1849 to 1854.

Family
Kriezis was born in Troezen in about 1796 to an Arvanite family. Their first known ancestor was a prisoner in Venetian Crete who became involved in shipbuilding in Venetian navies and settled in Hydra in 1650.

Career
In July 1821, Kriezis took part in the Greek expedition to Samos, and in 1822 participated in the naval battle of Spetses. In 1825, he and Konstantinos Kanaris failed in their attempt to destroy the Egyptian navy inside the port of Alexandria. In 1828, Ioannis Kapodistrias placed him in command of a naval squadron. The following year, he captured Vonitsa from the Ottomans.

In 1836, under King Otto, he became Minister of Naval Affairs. He served as Prime Minister of Greece from 24 December 1849, until 28 May 1854. He was succeeded by Konstantinos Kanaris.

Death
He died in Athens in 1865.

Children
His older son, Dimitrios Kriezis, became a naval officer and served as the aide-de-camp to King George I of Greece and as Minister for Naval Affairs, while his younger son, Epameinondas Kriezis, also became a naval officer and politician.

Honours
Two ships of the Hellenic Navy have been named Kriezis in his honour.

title: Antonios Kriezis


text: File:Ladies-man-movie.jpg

title: File:Ladies-man-movie.jpg


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Claude Helffer

Claude Helffer (18 June 1922 – 27 October 2004) was a French pianist.

Early life
Helffer was born in Paris, and began piano lessons at the age of five. From the age of ten, until the outbreak of World War II, he studied with Robert Casadesus. During the war, he entered École Polytechnique and fought for the French Resistance during World War II. After the war, he studied theory and composition with René Leibowitz.

Career
He made his debut in Paris in 1948 and from 1954 appeared regularly in the concerts of the Domaine musical.

Helffer gave many premières of new works and was the dedicatee of several notable works, including Erikhthon (Xenakis, 1974), Concerto (Boucourechliev, 1975), Stances (Betsy Jolas, 1978), Concerto no. 1 (Luis de Pablo, 1980), Envoi (Gilles Tremblay, 1982), and Modifications (Michael Jarrell, 1983). Conductors he collaborated with included Boulez, Bour, Gielen, Leibowitz, Maderna, Marriner, Martinon, van Otterloo, Prêtre and Scherchen. His discography includes the complete piano music of Schoenberg (Grand Prix du Disque), Debussy and Ravel and the Sonatas of Boulez, Berg and Barraqué.

Helffer taught master classes all over the world, most notably at the Salzburg Summer Academy from 1985 to 1998.

Personal life
Helffer married noted ethnomusicologist Mireille Helffer. They met at the Lycée Molière two years prior (June 1946).

Discography

 * Barraqué: Piano Sonata (recorded 1969). Astrée (LP)
 * Bartók: Out of Doors, Piano Sonata, Popular Romanian Dances, Suite op. 14, Improvisations op. 20. Harmonia Mundi (CD)
 * Bartók: Mikrokosmos. Harmonia Mundi (LP/CD)
 * Bartók: Piano sonata. Debussy: 3 Etudes. Evangelisti: Due proiezioni sonore. Serocki: A piacere. RCA Red Seal (LP)
 * Boulez: Piano Sonata No. 2. Berg: Piano Sonata. Deutsche Grammophon (LP)
 * Boulez: Piano Sonatas Nos. 1–3. Astrée (LP/CD)
 * Debussy: Complete Works for Solo Piano. Harmonia Mundi (LP/CD)
 * Milhaud: Piano Concertos Nos. 1 & 4, Le Carnaval d’Aix, 5 Etudes, Ballade. Orchestre National cond. D. Robertson. Erato (CD)
 * Ravel: Complete Works for Solo Piano. Harmonia Mundi (LP/CD, 2 vols.)
 * Roussel: Piano Concerto. Omega (LP)
 * Schoenberg: Piano Concerto op.42 (recorded c.1952). Orchestre Radio-Symphonique de Paris cond. René Leibowitz. Renaissance/Period/Counterpoint (LP)
 * Schoenberg: Complete Works for Solo Piano (recorded 1976). Harmonia Mundi (LP/CD)
 * Schoenberg: Complete Works for Solo Piano (recorded 2000). Pianovox (CD)
 * Xenakis: Mists, Herma, A r., Akea, Dikhtas, Evryali, chamber works. Irvine Arditti (violin); Arditti Quartet. Astrée Auvidis (2 CDs)

title: Claude Helffer


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John Elderfield

John Elderfield (born 25 April 1943) was Chief Curator of Painting and Sculpture at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, from 2003 to 2008. He served as the Allen R. Adler, Class of 1967, Distinguished Curator at the Princeton University Art Museum and Lecturer in the Princeton University Department of Art and Archaeology from 2012 to 2019.

Career
Elderfield studied the history of art at the University of Manchester and the University of Leeds. He received his PhD from the Courtauld Institute of Art in 1975.

In 1974, Elderfield edited and introduced the diary of the Zurich Dada artist Hugo Ball, Hugo Ball: the flight out of time. This publications was revised in 1996.

Elderfield joined the Museum of Modern Art, New York, as Curator of Painting and Sculpture in 1975. He served the Museum as Chief Curator at Large from 1993 to 2003. As Chief Curator of Painting and Sculpture at the Museum, he reinstalled that collection in 2004 in its newly rebuilt premises.

Elderfield had published studies of Henri Matisse, Kurt Schwitters, Helen Frankenthaler, Richard Diebenkorn, Howard Hodgkin, and Pierre-Paul Prud'hon. In 1986, Elderfield received the Eric Mitchell Prize for his book on Schwitters.

Elderfield contributed a catalog essay to the exhibition of Bob Dylan's paintings at the National Gallery of Denmark from September 2010 until April 2011

He served on the board of the Dedalus Foundation, the Members’ Board of the Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C, the American Advisory Committee of the Courtauld Institute of Art, the American Committee of the Praemium Imperiale, and the Advisory Committee of the Kate Weare Dance Company; was a Member of the Association of Literary Scholars, Critics, and Writers, and an Honorary Member of Proyecto Armando Reverón, Caracas.

Recognition
Elderfield received the award of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres from the French Government. In 2005, Time Magazine included Elderfield on their list of the 100 most influential people of 2005.

title: John Elderfield


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Nkwe ya Gauta

The Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard, post-nominal letters NG, is a military decoration for bravery which was instituted in 2003, to replace the Honoris Crux Gold (HCG). It is South Africa's highest military decoration for bravery.

The South African military
The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard, post-nominal letters NG, was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. The bilingual title of the decoration is in Sesotho and English. This decoration replaced the Honoris Crux Gold (HCG) as South Africa's highest military decoration for bravery. It is the senior of a set of three military decorations for bravery, along with the Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard and the Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard.

Award criteria
The Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard can be awarded to all ranks of the South African National Defence Force and of any Auxiliary Service of the SANDF, and of any Armed Forces attached to, or serving with, or rendering any service to the SANDF, who have distinguished themselves by performing acts of exceptional bravery, on a single occasion or over a period of time, during military operations.

A Bar may be awarded for every subsequent action which would make recipients eligible for the award of the same decoration. The decoration and bar may be awarded posthumously.

Guidelines consisting of appropriate phrases which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard have been published by the South African Defence Department.
 * Deliberate but daring and courageous actions, on a single occasion or over a period of time.
 * A single act of valour, or most conspicuous bravery, or daring or pre-eminent act of self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of an enemy.
 * A real threat of loss of own life.
 * Placing a high premium on the prevention of the loss of lives.
 * Actions vital to attain success.
 * Perseverance under extremely difficult situations.

Order of wear
The position of the Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard in the official military and national orders of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Star for Bravery in Gold (SBG) of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the Star of South Africa, Gold (SSA) of the Republic of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Star for Bravery in Gold (SBG) of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the Mendi Decoration for Bravery, Gold (MDG) of the Republic of South Africa.

Description
The Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard is a five-armed cross pattée struck in 9 carat gold, with a diameter of 38 millimetres. The arms of the cross are faceted per chevron, embowed throughout and the extremities also embowed, with each pair of arms of the cross separated by three short rays. In the centre of the obverse is a light blue enamel roundel, 19 millimetres in diameter, with a golden leopard's head.
 * Obverse

The reverse bears, in relief, the coat of arms of South Africa. The decoration is attached to a plain gold suspender, fixed to the upper arm of the decoration. The medal number is impressed or engraved below the coat of arms. The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and sky blue with 6 millimetres wide gold edges. The blue represents the feathers of the blue crane, which Xhosa kings used to present to brave warriors.
 * Reverse
 * Ribbon

The Bar for subsequent conferments of the Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard is 33 millimetres wide and 5 millimetres high, struck in 9 carat gold and embossed in the centre with a replica of the decoration. When only a ribbon bar is worn, a button replica of the decoration, 8 millimetres in diameter and struck in 9 carat gold, is affixed to the ribbon bar.
 * Bar

Award of the decoration for service in active military operations is indicated by distinguishing insignia which indicate the arm of the service in which the recipient was serving at the time of the action for which the decoration was conferred. These insignia are struck in 9 carat gold and are worn on the ribbon, above any bars which may have been awarded.
 * Insignia
 * Crossed swords for the South African Army.
 * An eagle for the South African Air Force.
 * An Anchor for the South African Navy.
 * The Rod of Aesculapius for the South African Military Health Service.

Recipients
In respect of those recipients about whom it is available, the actions they were cited for following below the table, since inclusion in the table itself is impractical.

Note 1: denotes a posthumous award.

title: Nkwe ya Gauta


text:
Hanshin Main Line

The Hanshin Main Line (阪神電気鉄道本線) is a railway line operated by the private railway company Hanshin Electric Railway in Japan. It connects the two cities of Osaka and Kobe, between Umeda and Sannomiya stations respectively.

Outline
The Main Line of Hanshin is the southernmost railway to connect Osaka and Kobe. The other two lines, from south to north, are the West Japan Railway Company‘s Tōkaidō Main Line (known as the JR Kobe Line), and the Hankyu Railway's Kobe Main Line.

For nearly a century, the line served as a primary competitor to the Hankyū Kobe Line. However, in 2006, Hanshin and Hankyū were subsidiarized under a single share holding company, Hankyu Hanshin Holdings.

History
The Main Line started operation on April 12, 1905, by the company. The company found a solution to construct a competing line to the then JNR owned Kobe Line using a loophole in the Tram Act, allowing large portions of the line to be built using street running. It became the first interurban in Japan. This inspired other railways such as Keihan Electric Railway, Minoo Arima Electric Tramway (present Hankyu Hanshin Holdings, Inc.), Osaka Electric Tramway (present Kintetsu), Keihin Electric Railway (present Keihin Electric Express Railway) to build their first lines in a similar fashion.

Then another competing railway company, Hankyū (then Hanshin Kyuko Railway), opened the Kobe Main Line in 1920. The Kobe Main Line was designed as a faster electric mainline railway, and in response Hanshin began upgrading its interurban mainline to become more railway like. Operations included realigning and grade separating street running portions, using high platforms, and introducing express trains.

In 1968 Kobe Rapid Railway opened its Tōzai Line, and Hanshin began through operations to Sumaura-Kōen of Sanyo Electric Railway via Kobe Rapid (and Sanyo trains to Ōishi of Hanshin and Rokkō of Hankyū).

Through limited express trains to Sanyo Himeji were introduced in 2001. Then, the Hanshin Namba Line was extended to Osaka Namba, a major junction in southern Osaka. The company announced through trains from Kobe-Sannomiya to Kintetsu Nara in Nara on Kintetsu Nara Line would be operated.

Former connecting lines

 * Deyashiki station - The Hanshin Amagasaki Kaigan Line operated between 1929 and 1962.

Operation
Some trains run through the Sanyō Railway Main Line to Sanyō Himeji Station in Himeji, Hyōgo beyond Motomachi terminal via Kobe Rapid Railway.

The Main Line operates eight types of trains, one of the most types among Japanese railways. This is in some part to equalize the load of each train especially in the morning for Osaka (Umeda station) with short length of EMU length and with few (only double) tracks. For the extension of the Hanshin Namba Line, from Nishikujo to Osaka Namba, on March 20, 2009, the diagrams of the Hanshin Railway were revised.

 * Abbreviations are tentative for this article.

 * Local (普通)
 * Trains stop all stations, farthest down to Shinkaichi in the rush hour, and Kosoku Kobe in the off-peak hour.

 * Express (急行)
 * Trains are operated between Osaka-Umeda and Nishinomiya or between Osaka Umeda and Amagasaki. In addition, 1 midnight train is operated to Mikage with limited express stops.

 * Regional Express (区間急行)
 * Trains are operated between Kōshien and Osaka-Umeda in weekday morning rush hours. In addition, 2 trains are operated from Ogi to Osaka-Umeda. In official route maps Hanshin shortens the name to "Express".

 * Rapid Express (快速急行)
 * Trains are through trains to and from the Hanshin Namba Line and the Kintetsu Nara Line. They also stop at Mukogawa and Imazu Stations in the off-peak hour on weekdays, all day on weekends and holidays, but pass Ashiya Station on weekends and holidays. In addition to trains returning at Kobe-Sannomiya every day, there are also 3 trains from Shinkaichi on the Kobe Kosoku Line to Kintetsu Nara on weekends and Holidays.

 * Hanshin Limited Express (阪神特急)
 * Trains are operated down to Sumaura-kōen in the day and late night on weekdays and after day hours on holidays. In official route maps Hanshin shortens the name to "Limited Express".

 * Direct Limited Express (直通特急)
 * Trains are operated between Osaka-Umeda and Sanyō Himeji. Trains marking in yellow in the destination sign stop at Nishi-Motomachi, Daikai and Nishidai Stations on the Kobe Kosoku Line. 7 eastbound trains pass Koshien in the morning on weekdays. In official route maps Hanshin shortens the name to "Limited Express".

 * Regional Limited Express (区間特急)
 * Trains are operated only from Mikage to Osaka-Umeda in weekday morning rush hours with connections from Osaka-Umeda-bound local trains at Mikage. In official route maps Hanshin shortens the name to "Limited Express".

Stations
The Main Line, having 39 stations (including the Kobe Kosoku Line), is noted for its "high density" of stations. In comparison, Kobe-Sannomiya Station is the 16th station on the Hankyū Kobe Main Line from Umeda Station and Motomachi Station is the 15th station on the JR Kobe Line from Osaka Station.

For connections and distances, see the route diagram.

 * ● : All trains stop
 * ▲ : Some trains stop, depending on time of day and the particular service
 * ◆ : Served by weekend eastbound rapid express services only
 * △ : Extra services stop
 * ｜ ↓ ↑: All trains pass (Arrows indicate directions)

title: Hanshin Main Line


text:
Hræsvelgr

Hræsvelgr (Old Norse) is a jötunn in Norse mythology. He is portrayed as the eagle-shaped originator of the wind.

Name
The Old Norse name Hræsvelgr has been translated as 'corpse-swallower', or as 'shipwreck-current'.

Hræsvelgr's name is sometimes anglicised as Hraesvelgr, Hresvelgr, Hraesveglur, or Hraesvelg. The common Danish form is Hræsvælg and the common Swedish form is Räsvelg.

Attestation
In Vafþrúðnismál (The Lay of Vafþrúðnir), Odin questions the wise jötunn Vafþrúðnir about the origin of the wind, and the jötunn answers: He is called Hræsvelg, who sits at heaven’s end, a giant, in the shape of an eagle; from his wings they say the wind comes over all people.

— 37, trans. J. Lindow, 2002. Vafþrúðnismál

This stanza is paraphrased by Snorri Sturluson in Gylfaginning (The Beguiling of Gylfi), when Hárr answers the same question, that time asked by Gangleri (Gylfi in disguise). Snorri adds that Hræsvelgr sits at the north end of heaven, and that winds originate from under his gigantic eagle’s wings when he spreads them for flight.

title: Hræsvelgr


text:
Densitometry

Densitometry is the quantitative measurement of optical density in light-sensitive materials, such as photographic paper or photographic film, due to exposure to light.

Overview
Optical density is a result of the darkness of a developed picture and can be expressed absolutely as the number of dark spots (i.e., silver grains in developed films) in a given area, but usually it is a relative value, expressed in a scale.

Since density is usually measured by the decrease in the amount of light which shines through a transparent film, it is also called absorptiometry, the measure of light absorption through the medium. The corresponding measuring device is called a densitometer (absorptiometer). The decadic (base-10) logarithm of the reciprocal of the transmittance is called the absorbance or density.

DMax and DMin refer to the maximum and minimum density that can be produced by the material. The difference between the two is the density range. The density range is related to the exposure range (dynamic range), which is the range of light intensity that is represented by the recording, via the Hurter–Driffield curve. In the context of photography, the dynamic range is often measured in "stops", which is the binary logarithm of the ratio of highest and lowest distinguishable exposures; in an engineering context, the dynamic range is usually given by its decadic logarithm expressed in decibels.

Uses
According to the principle of operation of the densitometer, one can have:
 * spot densitometry: the value of light absorption is measured at a single spot
 * line densitometry: the values of successive spots along a dimension are expressed as a graph
 * bidimensional densitometry: the values of light absorption are expressed as a 2D synthetic image, usually using false-color shading

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is used in medicine to evaluate calcium bone density, which is altered in several diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis. Special devices have been developed and are in current use for clinical diagnosis, called bone densitometers.

title: Densitometry


text:
Nkwe ya Selefera

The Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard, post-nominal letters NS, was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. It is South Africa's second highest military decoration for bravery.

The South African military
The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard, post-nominal letters NS, was instituted by the President of South Africa on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. The bilingual title of the decoration is in Sesotho and English. This decoration replaced the Honoris Crux (HC) as South Africa's second highest military decoration for bravery. It is the middle award of a set of three military decorations for bravery, along with the Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard and the Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard.

Award criteria
The Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard can be awarded to all ranks of the SANDF and of any Auxiliary Service of the SANDF, and of any Armed Forces attached to or serving with or rendering any service to the SANDF, who have distinguished themselves by performing acts of conspicuous bravery on a single occasion or over a period of time during military operations.

A Bar may be awarded for every subsequent action which would make recipients eligible for the award of the same decoration. The decoration and bar may be awarded posthumously.

Guidelines consisting of appropriate phrases, which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard, have been published by the South African Defence Department.
 * Deliberate but daring and conspicuous actions on a single occasion or over a period of time.
 * A dangerous, serious and/or critical situation.
 * A possibility of loss of own life and/or endangered own life for others.
 * Actions contributory to success.
 * Perseverance under trying circumstances.

Order of wear
The position of the Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard in the official military and national orders of precedence is as follows:
 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Star for Bravery in Silver (SBS) of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the Pro Virtute Decoration (PVD) of the Republic of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Star for Bravery in Silver (SBS) of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the Mendi Decoration for Bravery, Silver (MDS) of the Republic of South Africa.

Description
The Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard is a five-armed cross pattée, struck in silver, with a diameter of 38 millimetres. The arms of the cross are bordered and the extremities embowed, with each pair of arms of the cross separated by three short rays. In the centre of the obverse is a light blue enamel roundel, 19 millimetres in diameter, with a silver leopard's head.
 * Obverse

The reverse bears, in relief, the coat of arms of South Africa. The decoration is attached to a plain silver suspender, affixed to the upper arm of the decoration. The decoration number is stamped or engraved below the coat of arms.
 * Reverse

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and sky blue, with 6 millimetres wide white edges. The blue represents the feathers of the blue crane, which Xhosa kings used to present to brave warriors.
 * Ribbon

The Bar for subsequent conferments of the Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard is 33 millimetres in length and 5 millimetres wide, struck in silver and embossed in the centre with a replica of the decoration. When only a ribbon bar is worn, a button replica of the decoration, 8 millimetres in diameter and struck in silver, is affixed to the ribbon bar.
 * Bar

Award of the decoration for service in active military operations is indicated by distinguishing insignia, which indicate the arm of the service in which the recipient was serving at the time of the action for which the decoration was conferred. The insignia are struck in silver and is worn on the ribbon, above any bars which may have been awarded.
 * Insignia
 * Crossed swords for the South African Army.
 * An eagle for the South African Air Force.
 * An Anchor for the South African Navy.
 * The Rod of Aesculapius for the South African Military Health Service.

Recipients
In respect of those recipients about whom it is available, the actions they were cited for follow below the table, since inclusion in the table itself is impractical.

Note 1: denotes a posthumous award.

title: Nkwe ya Selefera


text:
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title: User:Kate/test


text:
Nkwe ya Boronse

The Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard, post-nominal letters NB, is a military decoration for bravery which was instituted in 2003. It is South Africa's third highest military decoration for bravery.

Institution
The Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard, post-nominal letters NB, was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. The bilingual title of the decoration is in Sepedi and English. It is the junior of a set of three military decorations for bravery, along with the Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard and the Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard.

Award criteria
The Nkwe ya Boronse can be awarded to all ranks of the South African National Defence Force and of any Auxiliary Service of the SANDF, and of any Armed Forces attached to or serving with or rendering any service to the SANDF, who have distinguished themselves by performing acts of bravery on a single occasion or over a period of time during military operations, or for exceptional combat leadership.

A Bar may be awarded for every subsequent action which would make recipients eligible for the award of the same decoration. The decoration and Bar may be awarded posthumously.

Guidelines, consisting of appropriate phrases which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard, have been published by the South African Defence Department. The exceptional combat leadership criteria were apparently added after the Battle of Bangui in the Central African Republic from 22 to 24 March 2013.
 * For acts of bravery
 * Distinguished conduct.
 * Distinguished above others.
 * Incident or different incidents.
 * Sustained high performance.
 * More than normal.
 * Positive conduct sheet.
 * Creative.
 * Initiative.

 * For exceptional combat leadership
 * Incidents or deeds depicting outstanding leadership qualities.
 * Result of operation in favour of the SANDF.
 * Create trust amongst fellow soldiers.
 * Places a high premium on the prevention of the loss of lives.
 * Careful execution of the operational plan.

Order of wear
The position of the Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard in the official military and national orders of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Distinguished Gallantry Medal of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
 * Succeeded by the Ad Astra Decoration (AAD) of the Republic of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Medal for Valour in the Prisons Service of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
 * Succeeded by the Mendi Decoration for Bravery, Bronze (MDB) of the Republic of South Africa.

Description
The Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard is a five-armed cross pattée, struck in bronze, with a diameter of 38 millimetres. The extremities of the arms of the cross are embowed, with their flat surfaces urdy and their corners concave, with each pair of arms of the cross separated by three short rays. In the centre of the obverse is a light blue enamel roundel, 19 millimetres in diameter, with a bronze leopard's head.
 * Obverse

The reverse bears, in relief, the coat of arms of South Africa. The decoration is attached to a plain bronze suspender, fixed to the upper arm of the decoration. The medal number is stamped or engraved below the coat of arms.
 * Reverse

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and sky blue, with 6 millimetres wide light brown edges. The blue represents the feathers of the blue crane, which Xhosa kings used to present to brave warriors.
 * Ribbon

The Bar for subsequent conferments of the Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard is 33 millimetres in length and 5 millimetres high, struck in bronze and embossed in the centre with a replica of the decoration. When only a ribbon bar is worn, a button replica of the decoration, 8 millimetres in diameter and struck in bronze, is affixed to the ribbon bar.
 * Bar

Award of the decoration for service in active military operations, is indicated by distinguishing insignia which indicate the arm of the service in which the recipient was serving at the time of the action for which the decoration was conferred. The insignia are struck in bronze and worn on the ribbon, above any bars which may have been awarded.
 * Insignia
 * Crossed swords for the South African Army.
 * An eagle for the South African Air Force.
 * An Anchor for the South African Navy.
 * The Rod of Aesculapius for the South African Military Health Service.

Recipients
In respect of those recipients about whom it is available, the actions they were cited for follow below the table, since inclusion in the table itself is impractical.

Note 1: denotes a posthumous award.

title: Nkwe ya Boronse


text:
Pontevedra apparitions

The Pontevedra apparitions are the Marian apparition of Mary, mother of Jesus and her child, Jesus, that Sister Lúcia, the Portuguese seer of Our Lady of Fátima, reported receiving in December 1925, while living in a Dorothean convent in Pontevedra, Spain, and a visitation of the child Jesus by himself in February 1926, near the convent's garden.

First apparition
Eight years after the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Fátima, Portugal, the last surviving seer, known with the religious name of Sister Lúcia, was living in a Dorothean nuns convent in Pontevedra, Spain.

According to Sister Lúcia, on December 10, 1925, she experienced a vision of the Holy Virgin and the Christ child. The Virgin Mary showed her a heart encircled by thorns, which she was holding in her hand. During this apparition, the child Jesus asked Sister Lúcia "... have compassion on the heart of your most holy Mother, covered with thorns, with which ungrateful men pierce at every moment, and there is no one to make an act of reparation to remove them."

At this point, the Virgin Mary is said to have set the parameters of the Five First Saturdays devotion. If one fulfilled these conditions on the First Saturday of five consecutive months, the Virgin Mary promised special graces at the hour of death.

The First Saturdays devotion had already been an established custom in the Catholic Church. On July 1, 1905, Pope Pius X approved and granted indulgences for the practice of the first Saturdays of twelve consecutive months in honor of the Immaculate Conception. This apparition at Pontevedra requesting the establishment of the devotion of the Five First Saturdays is reminiscent of the apparitions reported by Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque in the 17th century which led to the establishment of the First Fridays Devotion.

Second apparition
Later, Sister Lúcia reported that on February 15, 1926 while emptying a garbage can outside the garden, she saw a child she thought she recognized. After striking up a conversation with him, the child transformed into the Child Jesus, who then reprimanded Sister Lúcia for not doing more to promote the five First Saturdays Devotion.

title: Pontevedra apparitions


text:
IPhrothiya yeGolide

The iPhrothiya yeGolide - Golden Protea, post-nominal letters PG, was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. It can be awarded to all ranks who have distinguished themselves by exceptional leadership or exceptional meritorious service and the utmost devotion to duty. It is South Africa's highest existing military decoration for meritorious conduct.

The South African military
The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The iPhrothiya yeGolide - Golden Protea, post-nominal letters PG, was instituted by the President on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003, to replace the Southern Cross Decoration (SD) and Pro Merito Decoration (PMD). The bilingual title of the decoration is in isiZulu and English.

Award criteria
The decoration can be awarded to all ranks of the South African National Defence Force and of any Auxiliary Service of the SANDF, and of any Armed Forces attached to or serving with or rendering any service to the SANDF, who have distinguished themselves by exceptional leadership or exceptional meritorious service and the utmost devotion to duty. The decoration is the senior of a set of three military decorations for merit, along with the iPhrothiya yeSiliva – Silver Protea and the iPhrothiya yeBhronzi - Bronze Protea.

A bar may be awarded for every subsequent action which would make recipients eligible for the award of the same decoration. The decoration and bar may be awarded posthumously.

Guidelines consisting of appropriate phrases which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the iPhrothiya yeGolide – Golden Protea have been published by the South African Defence Department.

 * Exceptional Leadership
 * More than usual, exceptional, unique.
 * Aptitude, talent, ability, sharp-witted.
 * Creativity.
 * Ability to persevere.

 * Outstanding Service of Highest Order
 * Service of vital importance/permanent significance for the SANDF.
 * Outside normal routine.
 * Consistent quality of work.
 * Unselfishness.
 * Positive effect in the organisation.
 * Distinguishes him-/herself from others.
 * Visible and measurable results at a national or interdepartmental level.

 * Outstanding Service
 * Positive conduct sheet.
 * Creativity.
 * Innovation.
 * Initiative.

Order of wear
The position of the iPhrothiya yeGolide – Golden Protea in the official military and national orders of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Gold Decoration for Merit (GDM) of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 * Succeeded by the Van Riebeeck Medal (VRM) of the Republic of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Gold Decoration for Merit (GDM) of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 * Succeeded by the Star of South Africa, Officer (OSSA) of the Republic of South Africa.

Description
The iPhrothiya yeGolide - Golden Protea is a six-pointed star, struck in silver-gilt and displaying a stylised protea, South Africa's national flower, on a blue hexagon in the centre.
 * Obverse

The reverse bears, in relief, the coat of arms of South Africa. The decoration is attached to a plain silver-gilt suspender, affixed to the upper point of the star. The medal number is stamped or engraved below the coat of arms.
 * Reverse

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and national flag blue with, in the centre, a 2 millimetres wide gold band, a 2 millimetres wide black band and a 2 millimetres wide gold band.
 * Ribbon

The bar for subsequent conferments of the iPhrothiya yeGolide – Golden Protea is 33 millimetres in length and 5 millimetres wide, struck in silver-gilt and embossed in the centre with a silhouette replica of the decoration. When only a ribbon bar is worn, a button silhouette replica of the decoration, 8 millimetres in diameter and struck in silver-gilt, is affixed to the ribbon bar.
 * Bar

Award of the decoration for service in active military operations is indicated by distinguishing insignia, which indicate the arm of the service in which the recipient was serving at the time of the action for which the decoration was conferred. The insignia are struck in silver-gilt and is worn on the ribbon, above any bars which may have been awarded.
 * Insignia
 * Crossed swords for the South African Army.
 * An eagle for the South African Air Force.
 * An Anchor for the South African Navy.
 * The Rod of Aesculapius for the South African Military Health Service.

Recipients
In respect of those recipients about whom it is available, the actions they were cited for follow below the table, since inclusion in the table itself is impractical.

Note 1: denotes a posthumous award.

title: IPhrothiya yeGolide


text:
Keihan Katano Line

The Keihan Katano Line (京阪交野線) is a 6.9 km railway line in northern Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway. It connects Hirakatashi Station on the Keihan Main Line with Kisaichi Station.

Operation
All trains stop at all stations, except as noted below. There is no through service to Keihan Main Line.

Until 15 March 2013, several trains through to Keihan Main Line were operated on weekdays, as rapid trains. They were named "Hikoboshi" and "Orihime", unlike other Keihan line rapid trains which were not named.
 * Rapid Express (快速急行)
 * Operated weekday nights, from Nakanoshima for Kisaichi, stopped at Watanabebashi, Ōebashi and Naniwabashi on the Nakanoshima Line, then Temmabashi, Kyōbashi, Moriguchishi, Neyagawashi, Kōrien and Hirakatashi on the Keihan Main Line, and all stations on the Katano Line

 * Commuter Rapid Express (通勤快急)
 * Operated weekday mornings, from Kisaichi for Nakanoshima, stopped at all stations on the Katano Line to Hirakatashi, then Kōrien, Neyagawashi, Kyōbashi and Temmabashi on the Keihan Main Line, then Naniwabashi, Ōebashi and Watanabebashi on the Nakanoshima Line

Stations
All stations are in Osaka Prefecture.

Rolling stock
Trains on the line are formed as 4- or 5-car electric multiple unit (EMU) sets.
 * 10000 series 4-car EMUs
 * 13000 series 4-car EMUs (since 9 June 2012)

Former
 * 1900 series 5-car EMUs
 * 2600 series 4-car EMUs

History
The line was built and opened by an independent railway company, Shigi-Ikoma Electric Railway (信貴生駒電鉄) in 1929. The company aimed to build a line to connect its main line, the present-day Ikoma Line, but cancelled the plan for financial reasons, and transferred the operation to Keihan. The operator was renamed Katano Electric Railway (交野電気鉄道) in 1939, Keihanshin Express Electric Railway (京阪神急行電鉄) in May 1945, and Keihan Electric Railway on 1 December 1949.

From 9 June 2012, new 13000 series 4-car EMUs were introduced on the line.

title: Keihan Katano Line


text:
IPhrothiya yeSiliva

The iPhrothiya yeSiliva - Silver Protea, post-nominal letters PS, was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. It can be awarded to all ranks who have distinguished themselves by outstanding leadership or outstanding meritorious service and particular devotion to duty. It is South Africa's second highest existing military decoration for meritorious conduct.

The South African military
The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The iPhrothiya yeSiliva - Silver Protea, post-nominal letters PS, was instituted by the President on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003, to replace the Southern Cross Medal (SM) and Pro Merito Medal (PMM). The bilingual title of the decoration is in siSwati and English.

Award criteria
The decoration can be awarded to all ranks of the South African National Defence Force and of any Auxiliary Service of the SANDF, and of any Armed Forces attached to or serving with or rendering any service to the SANDF, who have distinguished themselves by outstanding leadership or outstanding meritorious service and particular devotion to duty. The decoration is the second most senior of a set of three military decorations for merit, along with the iPhrothiya yeGolide - Golden Protea and the iPhrothiya yeBhronzi - Bronze Protea.

A bar may be awarded for every subsequent action which would make recipients eligible for the award of the same decoration. The decoration and bar may be awarded posthumously.

Guidelines consisting of appropriate phrases which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the iPhrothiya yeSiliva - Silver Protea have been published by the South African Defence Department.

 * Outstanding Leadership
 * More than usual.
 * Aptitude, talent, ability.
 * Creativity.
 * Ability to persevere.

 * Outstanding Meritorious Service
 * Positive and visible permanent results for the SANDF, at least on the level of significant benefit to the Service.
 * Unusual achievement/performance.
 * Particular contribution.
 * Example or role model.
 * Positive conduct sheet.
 * Initiative.

 * Particular devotion to duty
 * Single occasion or over a period of time.
 * Special.
 * Outstanding.
 * Remarkable.

Order of wear
The position of the iPhrothiya yeSiliva - Silver Protea in the official military and national orders of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 * Succeeded by the of the Republic of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 * Succeeded by the of the Republic of South Africa.

Description
The iPhrothiya yeSiliva - Silver Protea is a six-pointed star, struck in silver and displaying a stylised protea, South Africa's national flower, on a blue hexagon in the centre.
 * Obverse

The reverse bears, in relief, the coat of arms of South Africa. The decoration is attached to a plain silver suspender fixed to the upper point of the star. The medal number is stamped or engraved below the coat of arms.
 * Reverse

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and national flag blue, with a 2 millimetres wide white band, a 2 millimetres wide black band, a 2 millimetres wide gold band, a 2 millimetres wide black band and a 2 millimetres wide white band in the centre.
 * Ribbon

The bar for subsequent conferments of the iPhrothiya yeSiliva - Silver Protea is 33 millimetres wide and 5 millimetres high, struck in silver and embossed in the centre with a silhouette replica of the decoration. When only a ribbon bar is worn, a button silhouette replica of the decoration, 8 millimetres in diameter and struck in silver, is affixed to the ribbon bar.
 * Bar

Award of the decoration for service in active military operations is indicated by distinguishing insignia, which indicate the arm of the service in which the recipient was serving at the time of the action for which the decoration was conferred. The insignia are struck in silver and is worn on the ribbon, above any bars which may have been awarded.
 * Insignia
 * Crossed swords for the South African Army.
 * An eagle for the South African Air Force.
 * An Anchor for the South African Navy.
 * The Rod of Aesculapius for the South African Military Health Service.

Recipients
In respect of those recipients about whom it is available, the actions they were cited for follow below the table since inclusion in the table itself is impractical.

Note 1: denotes a posthumous award.

title: IPhrothiya yeSiliva


text:
File:Invasion U.S.A. promo art.jpg

summary
Invasion U.S.A. (1952 movie) promo art. Taken and cropped by me, 4 June 2005.

Fair use in Invasion U.S.A. (1952 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Invasion U.S.A. promo art.jpg


text:
Talk:Yitzhak Arad

Quoted passage from "Operation Reinhart camps"
http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/camps/aktion-reinhard/epilog-arad.html

Plunder of Jewish Property in the Nazi-Occupied Areas of the Soviet Union
Plunder of Jewish Property in the Nazi-Occupied Areas of the Soviet Union

As in other occupied areas, Jewish property in the USSR was plundered. The plunder’s special character derived from the unusual economic conditions in the country, the nature of the personal property there, and the variety of interested German functionaries. Specially appointed bodies were designated to deal with expropriating Jewish property, but this was complicated by the conflicting interests of the various German – civilian and military – and local authorities, with each desiring the property and seeking to profit from it. The plunder was undertaken through a variety of means, such as expropriating homes, financial levies (“contributions”), collecting furniture, household wares, work tools and clothing, etc. The plundered money and/or property was meant generally for immediate local use and was sometimes sent to other authorities. At times, the local authorities got part of the property (usually apartments), and in other cases the German authorities rewarded collaborators with this property. Alongside the official plunder, for which there are estimates, there was also private plunder for personal use, plunder whose volume reached several hundred million Reichsmarks, if not billions.

 * How is the above passage related to this article? I'd suggest it be inserted in an article on the topic noted, citing Yitzhak Arad (if he's the author). Deborahjay 01:10, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Yitzhak Arad as IDF Chief Education Officer (pre-1972)?
I've heard that Brigadier General Yitzhak Arad held the post of IDF Chief Education Officer, but I've yet to corroborate this with some authoritative source. I can do the library research next week, but would appreciate if anyone can fill this in, particularly the dates, and any other pertinent details about his military career in Israel.

(NB: Missed my chance to ask him over lunch today, after hearing him speak on Operation Barbarossa. At least it motivated me to do a rewrite/expansion of this article :-) Deborahjay 01:26, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Functionalist or intentionalist?
Is Arad a functionalist or an intentionalist01:39, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 21:17, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

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Cause for concern
I am extremely disturbed to see that an editor has inserted Lithuanian nationalist revisionist claims that this survivor of a genocide in a large part perpetrated by lithuanian collaborators has himself committed "genocide" against Lithuanians in his fight against the "resistance" (Lithuanian fascists). The Lithuanian government investigation of Arad as a war criminal (while it celebrates Nazi collaborators as national heroes) is a travesty of justice. Duly deleted.--Monochrome _ Monitor  21:22, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

Cleanup of POV
The article has unfortunately been the target of some POV pushing recently, with the introduction of various unsourced personal opinions, extremist views (e.g. branding of all of mainstream modern Lithuania, Lithuanian government agencies, the media etc as "pro-Nazi", evil or whatever, with a strong pro-Soviet undercurrent, quite in the tradition of Putin's propaganda machinery) and soapboxing in the section on the war crimes investigation in Lithuania (e.g. material that is completely unrelated to the investigation that the section ostensibly discusses, or even to Arad himself, in addition to just being a form of POV about Lithuania as a country). These disruptive edits also made the section on the investigation ridiculously long and without a clear focus. They have now been cleaned up, and the section has been returned to a sensible and proportional length and limited to the discussion of the actual topic of the section (as described in the heading, i.e. the investigation). This is not the place to write about "all that is wrong with Lithuania in my opinion"; for that a blog would be a better option. --Tataral (talk) 03:34, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

Also, for the record, (some of the worst) examples of POV include --Tataral (talk) 03:58, 25 April 2017 (UTC)
 * "In the Soviet era Arad was honored in Lithuania as a war hero"
 * He wasn't honoured by Lithuania, but by Stalin and those guys during the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states. In any event, his Soviet Medal belongs in the section above, not in the section about the investigation in the 2000s.
 * "However in post-Communist Lithuania anti-Nazi partisans, particularly Jewish ones, are portrayed as traitors"
 * A blatantly POV statement about Lithuania as a country that is also unsourced and unrelated to the topic of the section, and even to the article
 * "An openly anti-semitic newspaper"
 * A blatantly POV and unsourced statement. It would be better to just write the name of the newspaper.
 * "The state-sponsored Genocide Center takes a revisionist view of the Holocaust" etc etc etc etc
 * A blatantly POV statement about a Lithuanian government agency. Also completely unrelated to the topic of the section.
 * "According to Nazi hunter Ephraim Zuroff, "Not a single Lithuanian war criminal has sat one day—not one minute!—in a Lithuanian prison since independence"
 * Of absolutely no relevance to the topic of the section, which is (the investigation of) Arad's service in the NKVD (which he doesn't appear to dispute), not whether other people have been sent to prison for other crimes (Arad hasn't been sent to prison either). The NKVD was undeniably a criminal organisation responsible for horrendous crimes, including mass executions, deportations of entire nationalities, running the Gulag concentration camps, general Stalinist political repression and more, as the article on the organisation notes, and a discussion of an investigation of possible war crimes in relation to service in the NKVD should stay focused on that.

 * This still remains a serious issue here, the article should discuss Arad's role in these events and during the war based on proven facts instead of attacking his critics with political arguments. -213.243.171.191 (talk) 19:22, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

The Arad Affair
Here's an interesting source on the Lithuanian investigation: Amending the Past: Europe's Holocaust Commissions and the Right to History. I thus feel that mentioning the investigation in the lead is WP:UNDUE without proper context. K.e.coffman (talk) 05:22, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I've attempted to make the section on the investigation more neutral: diff. It needs expansion; the source linked above discusses how the investigation has damaged Lithuania's reputation and adds interesting details on the perceptions of the "Affair". K.e.coffman (talk) 05:33, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The chapter notes that: "During what Arad described as a 'punitive action', he and other Soviet-backed forest fighters burned Lithuanian civilians out of their homes". It should come as no surprise that Lithuanian prosecutors chose to initiate an investigation based on such an admission, because "burning civilians out of their homes" is in fact objectively a clear-cut case of a war crime. The revelations about his service in the NKVD and his participation in "punitive action" against civilians in this capacity have indeed been damaging, but not to Lithuania, but rather to Arad himself (as frequently noted by his supporters). --Tataral (talk) 06:47, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources say the opposite:
 * "In this case, Valentukevicius’s tactics proved to be extremely damaging to Lithuania’s global image. Lithuania’s foreign affairs secretary, Oskaras Jusys, conceded as much in 2009, when he stated that the prosecutor’s office had let itself be pushed around by “outside” elements and that there had been no basis for an investigation of Arad. “Their mistake was to go ahead without clear evidence,” Jusys lamented. 31 He added that the case “created so much damage” for Lithuania, a reference to the statements of condemnation that poured in from the United States, the European Union, Israel, and the international Jewish community."

 * Karn, Alexander. Amending the Past : Europe's Holocaust Commissions and the Right to History, University of Wisconsin Press, 2015. (t · c)  buidhe  22:40, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Karn, Alexander. Amending the Past : Europe's Holocaust Commissions and the Right to History, University of Wisconsin Press, 2015. (t · c)  buidhe  22:40, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

K.e. wrote: "See talk". Please notice that I self-reverted after seeing Tataral's explanations, so I dont' quite understand your revert to actually an old version Tataral was objecting. Staszek Lem (talk) 17:32, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
 * (cur | prev) 22:20, 25 April 2017 K.e.coffman (talk | contribs) . . (12,510 bytes) (+722) . . (Reverted to revision 777256520 by Staszek Lem (talk): Undue in the lead; pls See Talk. (TW)) (undo | thank)
 * (cur | prev) 20:29, 25 April 2017 Staszek Lem (talk | contribs) . . (11,788 bytes) (-722) . . (Undid revision 777256520 by Staszek Lem (talk)) (undo)
 * (cur | prev) 20:28, 25 April 2017 Staszek Lem (talk | contribs) . . (12,510 bytes) (+722) . . (Reverted to revision 777054704 by

re: "burning civilians out of their homes" is in fact objectively a clear-cut case of a war crime - Obviously not that "clear-cut". When "forest brothers" were coming out at night and burning communists and kolkhoz chairmen out of their homes with their families and little babies, then it was OK, right? Because they were fighting with Communism, right? It is very easy to slap "crime" label today. There was lots of bad blood on both sides at these times. Please keep personal wikipedian's opinions out of articles. Stick to the facts and official statements. Staszek Lem (talk) 17:32, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I objected to the content about the Lithuanian investigation being in the lead. I then edited the article to remove POV language that the editor was objecting to. I think all is well now. BTW, thanks to whomever added the photo. K.e.coffman (talk) 04:20, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

The investigation section is too long (WP:UNDUE), through the solution is not too shorten it but to expand the rest of the article. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:34, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

The Soviet medal
Note that I didn't introduce the information about the Partisan Medal, First Degree, but merely moved it to the section about his early life. It was added by a clearly pro-Arad editor. I don't really feel very strongly about whether to include it or not, but I believe Wikipedia biographies in general tend to include decorations even if the decoration is relatively common. Arad also appears to appreciate this decoration and consider it important (from his own perspective). He mentions the medal and the importance it had for him in his autobiography, and it is mentioned in other sources, easily found on the Internet. --Tataral (talk) 00:27, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

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Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 9 May 2021
Please add to list of books published by Yithak Arad: It Happened On our Planet - Morality and Dilemmas of Survival among Jews during the Holcaust. 2020. ISBN-978-965-201-135-0 Moovit1 (talk) 09:14, 9 May 2021 (UTC)
 * This book was really published but in Hebrew: (t · c)  buidhe  12:44, 9 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Run n Fly (talk) 15:37, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 30 April 2022
Please add this new york times obituary as a reference https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/obituaries/yitzhak-arad-dead.html Eitanb7 (talk) 10:28, 30 April 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ ji11720 (talk) 16:40, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yitzhak Arad


title: User:Astronouth7303/Namespaces


text:
Siphnian Treasury

The Siphnian Treasury was a building at the Ancient Greek cult centre of Delphi, erected to host the offerings of the polis, or city-state, of Siphnos. It was one of a number of treasuries lining the "Sacred Way", the processional route through the Sanctuary of Apollo, erected to win the favor of the gods and increase the prestige of the donor polis. It was one of the earlier surviving buildings of this type, and its date remains a matter for debate, with the most plausible date being around 525 BC. Until recently it was often confused or conflated with the neighbouring Cnidian Treasury, a similar but less elaborate building, as the remains of the two had become mixed together and earlier theoretical reconstructions used parts of both.

The people of Siphnos had gained enormous wealth from their silver and gold mines in the Archaic period (Herodotus III.57) and used the tithe of their income to erect the treasury, the first religious structure made entirely out of marble. The building was used to house many lavish votive offerings given to the priests to be offered to Apollo.

The Treasury fell to ruins over the centuries, although it stood for much longer than many other monuments, probably due to its decoration which was venerated by the following generations. Currently, the sculpture and a reconstruction of the Treasury are to be seen in the Delphi Archaeological Museum.

Dating of founding
The only classical source to provide information on this building is Herodotus (3:57-8). If Herodotus is to be deemed a reliable source, this would be sufficient for verifying the date. In his account, Herodotus states that the Siphnians had recently founded a temple at Delphi when a group of Samians arrived asking for support against the tyrannical Polycrates. In respect to this, both Herodotus and Thucydides state that Polykrates ruled during the reign of the Persian king Kambyses (c. 529–522 BC). This would thus date the monument at about 525 BC. one source considers the date of construction as more likely some time absolutely limited to after 480 BC (Whitley).

Description
The plan of the treasury has two parts; a pronaos, or porch, and a cella, or enclosure. The pronaos is distyle in antis, i.e., the side walls (Latin antae) extend to the front of the porch, and the pediment is supported by two caryatids instead of plain columns. Below the pediment runs a continuous frieze. The building is 8.27 metres long and 6.09 wide.

The pediment of the treasury shows the story of Heracles stealing Apollo's tripod, which was strongly associated with his oracular inspiration. The treasury was also one of the first Greek buildings to utilize falling and reclining figures to fill the corners of the pediment. The sculptural friezes that run around the building depict various scenes from Greek mythology. The names of the acting persons were inscribed on the background, most of them are still visible in raking light.

The Eastern side depicts an assembly of the Twelve Olympians seated. In the lost centre of the assembly, Hermes holding the scales filled with the souls of Achilles and Memnon was depicted weighing the souls (psychostasia). To the left are seated the gods protecting Memnon and the Trojans: Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, and Artemis. In the middle sits Zeus on his throne. On the other half of this frieze one discerns Achilles and Memnon fighting over the body of dead Antilochus. The West side may show the story of the Judgment of Paris, death of Orion or rather Athena translating Heracles to the ME. The north side displays the Gigantomachy. The southern frieze is the most worn out; one discerns clearly the traces of beautifully carved horses; it has been suggested that the scene depicts the abduction of Hippodameia by Pelops or of the Leucippides by the Dioscuri or the abduction of Persephone by Hades. The reliefs were painted over with vivid shades of green, blue, red and gold, thus creating a unique sense of polychromy.

The façade
On the façade of the Ionic Treasury of the Siphnians there are two korai (maidens) between the pilasters, instead of columns, to support the architrave. This type of opulent decoration featuring female figures full of motion and plasticity foreshadows the Caryatids erected subsequently at the Erechtheion on the Acropolis of Athens.

The east pediment
The east pediment is the only surviving pediment of the Siphnian Treasury and depicts a famous Delphic theme. In the center of the pediment there is Zeus (other sources claim it is Athena or Hermes), on the left Apollo and on the right Heracles. The two young gods are competing for the Delphic tripod, and Zeus in the middle is trying to separate them. The sculpture shows the anger of Heracles because Pythia refused to give him an oracle, since he had not been cleansed from the murder of Iphitus. An outraged Heracles has already managed to seize the sacred tripod, and Apollo is trying to pull it away from him.

The east frieze
The east frieze depicts a scene from the Assembly of the Gods during the Trojan War, where the gods are discussing the issue with lively gestures like they are arguing. To the right, we see Athena as the head of the gods who side with the Greeks. On the left, we see the gods who protect and defend the Trojans: Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite and Artemis. In the middle, we see Zeus in a lavish throne.

At another part of the frieze, we see a scene from the Trojan war: the scene is a duel over the dead body of a warrior, where the two adversaries are flanked by the heroes of the Achaeans on the right and those of the Trojans respectively on the left. The figure of old Nestor is encouraging the Greeks.

The north frieze
The theme on the north frieze is the Battle of the Giants (Gigantomachy), namely the battle of the sons of the Earth, the Giants, with the Olympian gods for power. It is a widespread myth about the conflict between the old and the new world order, depicted very frequently in ancient Greek art. It symbolizes the triumph of order and civilization over savagery, barbarism and anarchy. On one side are the Giants. Heavily armed with helmets, shields, breastplates and greaves, they are attacking the gods from the right with spears, swords and stones. On the opposite side are the gods. First, Hephaestus stands out with his short chiton, standing in front of his bellows. He is followed by two females fighting two Giants, then Dionysus (or possibly Heracles), and Themis on her chariot drawn by lions. A pair of gods who are shooting their arrows against the Giants must be Artemis and Apollo. They are followed by the other gods, but these sculptures do not survive in good condition.

This side of the frieze could be seen from the Sacred Way, as the pilgrims ascended towards the Oracle. This way, they had the opportunity to admire the scene of Gigantomachy, which transforms through the artistic relief into a narrative, unfolding in multiple levels, which nevertheless maintains its visibility, consistency and figurative nature despite the interwoven figures and the various action scenes.

The west frieze
Unfortunately, only a few relief figures have survived on the west frieze. The theme portrayed here is traditionally thought to be the Judgment of Paris, where the most beautiful goddess would be selected from among Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena. The first goddess coming to be judged is Athena, standing proud on the winged chariot with Hermes as her charioteer. Elsewhere, we see Aphrodite descending from her chariot, with a particular grace, holding the strings of what some interpret to be a necklace. In the section of the frieze that has been lost, one could imagine Hera mounting her chariot angrily to depart after her rejection.

This interpretation has come under scrutiny, however. Neer writes that the Judgement narrative has been somewhat forced upon this frieze, spending too much time on glaring blanks and not enough analyzing what little evidence is present. A major issue lies in the identity of the goddess traditionally thought to be Aphrodite. Although some Hellenistic bronzes do depict Aphrodite with a necklace, there are no examples of this in Archaic art, suggesting that it is something else being held. Neer proposes that these lines are not a necklace, but instead the drawn string of a bow. This interpretation suggests that the figure in question is actually Artemis, changing the narrative of the frieze entirely. This identification is solidified by the fact that Siphnians worshiped Artemis "Of the Disembarkation." Going along with this assertion, one can assume that the missing figure is not Hera, but instead a victim of Artemis' wrath. Though little can confirm this figure's identity, there is a significant hint: palm trees are visible behind Artemis' horses, which is a common Attic painting device to indicate a desolate place. Palm trees are especially connected to the island of Delos, as it was beneath a palm tree on this island that Artemis and Apollo were born. According to Homeric myth, Artemis killed only one person on Delos: Orion. Though this identification cannot be proven outright, it at least accounts for the palm trees, the unusual necklace, and the way that the goddesses appear to be leaving, an extremely uncommon posture in depictions of the Judgement of Paris.

The south frieze
Significant portions of the south frieze are missing, so we can only imagine the theme it portrayed. It is probably the also popular theme of abducting women. However, the surviving fragments are the relief, well-sculpted horses portrayed full of energy, which prove the mastery of the artist. As for the craftsmen who worked on the frieze, the opinions of researchers and scholars who studied it are conflicting. Initially, it was believed that it was the work of two different artistic workshops. Gradually, however, this view has been abandoned. It is most likely that there were two main sculptors, around whom two groups of craftsmen worked together. The artist of the north and east sides of the frieze seems more progressive, with his depictions being more active, imaginative and vibrant. In contrast, the artist of south and west side of the frieze insisted on more conservative options, without the bold inspiration and craftsmanship of the first, but with a strong painter-like character and an ionic 'color'.

title: Siphnian Treasury


text:
IPhrothiya yeBhronzi

The iPhrothiya yeBhronzi - Bronze Protea, post-nominal letters PB, was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. It can be awarded to all ranks who have distinguished themselves by leadership or meritorious service and devotion to duty.

The South African military
The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994 it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The iPhrothiya yeBhronzi - Bronze Protea, post-nominal letters PB, was instituted by the President on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003, to replace the Military Merit Medal (MMM). The bilingual title of the decoration is in isiNdebele and English.

Award criteria
The decoration can be awarded to all ranks of the South African National Defence Force and of any Auxiliary Service of the SANDF, and of any Armed Forces attached to or serving with or rendering any service to the SANDF, who have distinguished themselves by leadership or meritorious service and devotion to duty. The decoration is the junior of a set of three military decorations for merit, along with the iPhrothiya yeGolide - Golden Protea and the iPhrothiya yeSiliva - Silver Protea.

A bar may be awarded for every subsequent action which would make recipients eligible for the award of the same decoration. The decoration and bar may be awarded posthumously.

Guidelines consisting of appropriate phrases which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the iPhrothiya yeBhronzi - Bronze Protea have been published by the South African Defence Department.
 * Leadership
 * Quality of work.
 * Unselfishness.
 * Ability to organise.
 * Ability to persevere.

 * Meritorious Service
 * High quality.
 * Positive attitude.
 * More than normal duties.
 * Results in favour of the SANDF.
 * Positive conduct sheet.
 * Creativity.
 * Initiative.

 * Devotion to duty
 * Loyalty.
 * Conscientious/responsible.
 * Punctual.

Order of wear
The position of the iPhrothiya yeBhronzi - Bronze Protea in the official military and national orders of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Merit Medal in Bronze (MMB) of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the Chief C.D.F. Commendation Medal of the Republic of Ciskei.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Merit Medal in Bronze (MMB) of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the Chief C.D.F. Commendation Medal of the Republic of Ciskei.

Description
The iPhrothiya yeBhronzi - Bronze Protea is a six-pointed star, struck in bronze and displaying a stylised protea, South Africa's national flower, on a blue hexagon in the centre.
 * Obverse

The reverse bears, in relief, the coat of arms of South Africa. The decoration is attached to a plain bronze suspender fixed to the upper point of the star. The decoration number is stamped or engraved below the coat of arms.
 * Reverse

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and national flag blue, with four 2 millimetres wide white bands, separated by three 2 millimetres wide black bands, in the centre.
 * Ribbon

The bar for subsequent conferments of the iPhrothiya yeBhronzi - Bronze Protea is 33 millimetres wide and 5 millimetres high, struck in bronze and embossed in the centre with a silhouette replica of the decoration. When only a ribbon bar is worn, a button silhouette replica of the decoration, 8 millimetres in diameter and struck in bronze, is affixed to the ribbon bar.
 * Bar

Award of the decoration for service in active military operations is indicated by distinguishing insignia which indicate the arm of the service in which the recipient was serving at the time of the action for which the decoration was conferred. The insignia are struck in bronze and is worn on the ribbon above any bars which may have been awarded.
 * Insignia
 * Crossed swords for the South African Army.
 * An eagle for the South African Air Force.
 * An Anchor for the South African Navy.
 * The Rod of Aesculapius for the South African Military Health Service.

title: IPhrothiya yeBhronzi


text:
Talk:Archaeopterix

Redirect?
Should this be a redirect? (I'm also 68.198.20.94. Forgot to log in). FD2 15:38, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Archaeopterix