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Netley Castle

Netley Castle is a former artillery fort constructed in either 1542 or 1544 by Henry VIII in the village of Netley, Hampshire. It formed part of the King's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire, and it defended Southampton Water near the Solent. The castle included a central, stone keep with two flanking gun platforms and was garrisoned by ten men. It was decommissioned during the English Civil War and by 1743 it was overgrown and in ruins. In the 19th century the property was gradually converted into a private house, being extended in a Gothic style, complete with octagonal towers. Between 1939 and 1998 it was used as a nursing home, until the high costs of maintenance led to its closure. Following an archaeological survey, it was then converted into nine residential flats. It is protected under UK law as a Grade II* listed building.

16th–17th centuries
Netley Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England, France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII. Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely. Modest defences, based around simple blockhouses and towers, existed in the south-west and along the Sussex coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.

In 1533, Henry then broke with Pope Paul III in order to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife, Catherine of Aragon and remarry. Catherine was the aunt of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and he took the annulment as a personal insult. This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England. An invasion of England appeared certain. In response, Henry issued an order, called a "device", in 1539, giving instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" and the construction of forts along the English coastline.

Netley Castle was built next to Southampton Water between the mouths of the Hamble and Itchen rivers, 250 m south-west of the remains of Netley Abbey. Netley Abbey had been recently dissolved by Henry, and material from the site was reused to build the castle. William Paulet, later the Marquess of Winchester, was in charge of the construction, which took place in either 1542 or 1544 and Henry granted him various estates to pay for the support of the fort and its garrison. The castle took the form of a central keep, 19.5 by across with deep embrasures along the battlements, and a gun platform on either side; its design resembled that at nearby Southsea. It was initially garrisoned with two soldiers, six gunners and a porter, under the command of a captain.

It was still garrisoned in the mid-1620s and was probably still in active service at the start of the English Civil War between the supporters of King Charles I and Parliament in 1642. Captain Swaley, a Parliamentary naval commander, seized Netley at the end of that year and decommissioned it as a fortification. During the Interregnum, the castle was restored to use, due to concerns about a potential Royalist invasion, but was abandoned as obsolete after the restoration of Charles II to the throne. By the time that Alexander Pope visited in 1734, the castle was overgrown and in ruins.

18th–20th centuries
William Chamberlayne inherited the castle in 1826 and built a crenellated tower on the south-east end of the property the following year, inspired by a proposal by the antiquarian Horace Walpole that the castle be made habitable. A description of the castle around this time suggested it stood "in the midst of a thicket of trees, on a little hill close to the beach" and formed "a striking object seen from the water". It became popular with artists, and J. M. W. Turner visited and sketched the castle and its new tower, probably in 1832.

George Hunt leased the castle in 1841 and it was turned into a private house under the supervision of the architect George Guillame. Hunt remained at Netley until 1857, by when the castle had an oriel window overlooking the sea, and the battlements had been blocked in to allow the construction of a second storey to the building. George Sherriff leased the castle between 1868 and 1873, building a stone wall around the front of property.

Sir Henry Crichton bought the castle in 1881, along with the surrounding gardens, orchards, pond and a boat house. The architect John Sedding remodelled the castle between approximately 1885 and 1890, creating a Gothic styled house, adding another storey and a new wing. After Crichton's death in 1922 his wife remained in the house until her death in 1936, when the property and the surrounding grounds were sold at auction.

Middlesex County Council bought the castle in 1939 and converted it into a nursing home for elderly men; it passed into the control of the National Health Service in 1948 and continued to be used as a nursing home. It proved expensive to maintain and the surrounding land was gradually sold off, until the Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust finally decided to close it in 1998.

21st century

Fairmist Limited, a firm of property developers, purchased Netley Castle in 2000 and converted it into nine private residential flats, at a cost of £1.7 million, during which process an archaeological survey was made of the property. It is protected under UK law as a Scheduled Monument and a Grade II* listed building.

The castle is now approximately 62 by across and 13.5 m tall, surrounded by 1.54 ha of land. The castle comprises three wings, with the original 16th-century fort incorporated into the centre of the property. The north wing is three storeys tall, decorated in a restrained Gothic style and has an octagonal turret on one corner. The central range is two storeys tall, with round corner turrets and battlements. The southern wing is two storeys in height, with elaborate Gothic detailing and another, larger octagonal tower. The castle features a substantial staircase, fitted with a musical organ, and a wood-panelled billiard room. Other buildings around the main castle include the converted boat house and a former ice house.

title: Netley Castle


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Grant Hart

Grant Vernon Hart (March 18, 1961 – September 13, 2017) was an American musician, best known as the drummer and co-songwriter for the punk rock band Hüsker Dü. After the band's breakup in 1988, he released his first solo album Intolerance before forming the alternative rock trio Nova Mob, where he moved to vocals and guitar. His solo career became his main focus after the dissolution of Nova Mob in 1997.

As the co-songwriter of Hüsker Dü, Hart's songs (such as "The Girl Who Lives on Heaven Hill" and "Turn on the News") received praise from critics and contemporaries. His vocal style, in contrast to that of Hüsker Dü bandmate Bob Mould, had a more measured and melodic delivery. His choice of lyrical themes, which ranged from teenage alienation in "Standing by the Sea" and the depiction of a murder in "Diane," to playful story-telling in "Books About UFOs," helped to expand the subject matter of hardcore punk.

Hart died on September 13, 2017, of complications from liver cancer and hepatitis C.

Youth
Grant Hart was born in South St. Paul, Minnesota, the youngest child of a credit union employee and a shop teacher. Hart described his family as a "typical American dysfunctional family [...] Not very abusive, though. Nothing really to complain about." When Hart was 10, his older brother was killed by a drunk driver. Hart inherited his brother's drum set and records; he soon began playing in a number of makeshift bands as a teenager.

Hart met Bob Mould while working at a record store called Cheapo Records, in St. Paul, Minnesota. Mould, then a college freshman, would buy marijuana from Hart. At first Hart dismissed Mould as "an upstater pretending to be a Manhattanite," but the two soon became friends.

Hüsker Dü
Hart formed Hüsker Dü in 1979 with Bob Mould and his friend Greg Norton. The band's early material had them lumped in with the hardcore movement of the early 1980s. The band members received help from their parents in their early days. In Hart's case, his mother let him use the copier machine at the credit union where she worked to make show flyers, and the band added $2,000 to an existing loan at the credit union to release the band's first single, "Statues," on their own label Reflex Records in 1981. Success existed on a small scale for the band; by 1982 Hart was unemployed and relied on support from friends and family.

Hüsker Dü's music became more accomplished and melodic over time. By late 1982, Hart's drumming "rushed the music along more precisely than ever" and he and Mould, who traded vocal duties, were singing more tunefully. While Mould was the band's primary songwriter, Hart began writing more songs. Hart wrote two songs for 1983's Metal Circus EP, the "perversely sing-along" "Diane" and the "impassioned speed-pop gem" "It's Not Funny Anymore." Hüsker Dü's more melodic take on hardcore struck a chord with college students, and various tracks from Metal Circus, particularly Hart's "Diane," were put into rotation by dozens of campus radio stations across the US. Hart was tagged by observers as the "hippie" of the group due to his long hair and his propensity to drum with bare feet; biographer Michael Azerrad additionally noted that "the wide-eyed sincerity of his songs was far more San Francisco '67 than New York City '77," which contrasted with Mould's "incisively bitter" songs.

As Hart and Mould developed as musicians and songwriters, an unspoken tension and competition arose in the band between them. Tensions were heightened when Mould demanded, starting with 1984's Zen Arcade, that the band's records contain individual songwriter credits. In spite of the creative tensions, Hüsker Dü garnered critical acclaim with the release of Zen Arcade and subsequent albums. Michael Azerrad stated that by 1985's Flip Your Wig "the two songwriters were trying their level best to outdo each other, and with spectacular results" Hüsker Dü had left the hardcore genre behind, which caused some discomfort with their label at the time, SST Records. In one interview, Hart hinted that SST thought Hüsker Dü were "soft" because they stayed in motels while touring and occasionally wrote happy songs. Hart elaborated, "We don't have to convince the world that we're suffering to convince them that we're artists... There's nothing wrong with being happy." Hart designed most of Hüsker Dü's album covers, as well as the album cover for The Replacements' Hootenanny.

In 1986, Hüsker Dü became one of the first key bands from the American indie scene to sign with a major label, inking a deal with Warner Bros. Records. However, tensions within the band worsened after signing the deal. Hart became addicted to heroin following the band's tour behind their major label debut Candy Apple Grey in 1986; he was also (incorrectly) diagnosed as HIV-positive in the middle of that year. Mould and Hart were feuding openly about Hart's drug use and creative conflicts, with Hart accusing Mould of ensuring he could not have more than 45 percent of the songs on each of the band's albums.

The band dissolved after a show in Columbia, Missouri, in 1987. Hart was trying to quit heroin by using a supply of methadone, but the bottle had leaked. Hart played the show, but Mould and Norton were concerned that Hart would soon be suffering from withdrawal and thus would be unable to play the next few shows. While Hart insisted he could perform, Mould had already canceled the dates. Hart quit the band four days later. Hart has said his drug use was not the reason for the band's demise; rather, it was the tensions between the band members. Hart said, "It just became that it was easier to be around Bob if you were playing a part of Bob's game," and also said he felt Mould's songs had become increasingly "square."

Though it was often rumored during his Hüsker Dü days that he and bandmate Mould were in a relationship (Hart was openly bisexual, Mould is openly gay, and both acknowledge taking partners on tour), both have flatly denied ever having been romantically involved.

Solo career and Nova Mob
Six months after Hüsker Dü's breakup, Hart discovered that his diagnosis as being HIV-positive was incorrect. In 1988 he released the solo EP, 2541, on Hüsker Dü's former label SST. The title is taken from the address of his former band's office and rehearsal house, where the members had at one time lived. Marshall Crenshaw would later cover the title song, as would the Go-Betweens' Robert Forster. After the release of the EP, Hart went further into sobriety, recording and releasing the album Intolerance and the associated EP All of My Senses in 1989 and 1990, respectively.

In late 1989, he formed a new band, Nova Mob, with Michael Crego on drums, Tom Merkl on bass, and Hart himself taking guitar duties. The band took their name from the novel Nova Express by William Burroughs; it had previously been used by an unrecorded group featuring the young Julian Cope and Pete Wylie. The band released their first EP Admiral of the Sea and album The Last Days of Pompeii in 1991. The lineup later changed with Marc Retish and then Steve Sutherland on drums, and Chris Hesler on lead guitar. The band routinely toured Europe to warm reception. Nova Mob released their second album Nova Mob in 1994, and disbanded after a supporting tour.

Later years
Hart returned to recording as a solo artist with the release of the live album Ecce Homo in 1995, and later released Good News for Modern Man in late 1999. On 21 October 2004, he and Mould reunited at the benefit concert for Karl Mueller (bassist for fellow Minneapolis stalwarts Soul Asylum), who was then fighting what would turn out to be a losing battle with cancer.

Hart recorded his next solo album (and first in a decade), Hot Wax, in Montreal and Minneapolis. Hart told Britain's Q in September 2006, "I'm working on some stuff with the Godspeed You! Black Emperor people. They've given more of themselves in a few weeks than Bob did in nine years with Hüsker Dü." In 2008, Hart was one of the guest singers on Lotuk, the third album of Arsenal, a Belgian band combining roots and dance music. In the summer of 2008, Hart debuted a new track, "Schoolbuses Are For Children," on his Myspace site. He released Hot Wax on October 6, 2009. Intolerance was reissued on February 9, 2010, on 180-gram vinyl, and The Last Days of Pompeii was reissued with extra tracks and new mastering on December 7, 2010.

In January 2011, Hart suffered a house fire in which it "caught fire and burned to the ground." And to exacerbate his troubles even further, his mother died a month later, which Hart claimed "for reasons that a rich man would sue for malpractice."

In December 2012, Hart embarked on a short tour of Ireland with a new lineup, Colm O' Herlihy on guitar, Dan Walsh on drums and Simon Dargan on bass In a Facebook Q&A, Hart commented: "I love playing with these guys. They let me make music rather than getting bogged down administrating a band's business. They make it a joy with their self-starting ways". He confirmed this lineup for the following European and USA dates.

Hart released the double album The Argument (based on John Milton's Paradise Lost) in the summer of 2013. In October 2013, documentary filmmaker Gorman Bechard released Every Everything: The Music, Life & Times of Grant Hart, a film about Hart which chronicles the musician's life from birth to the recording of The Argument. Told in the style of the Errol Morris film The Fog of War, Hart is the only interview subject in the film.

Hart has been honored with two stars on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, one for his solo work and one for Hüsker Dü. The stars recognize performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh.

In tribute to Grant Hart and his work with Hüsker Dü, The Posies recorded a song entitled "Grant Hart" which was released on their 1996 album Amazing Disgrace.

Marriage
Grant Hart married Brigid McGough Hart on July 5, 2017, at Church of the Assumption in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Death
Hart died on September 13, 2017, at 9:02 pm, at Fairview University of Minnesota Hospital, of complications from liver cancer and hepatitis C. He was 56 years old. He is survived by his wife Brigid McGough Hart and son Karl Turbenson.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Intolerance (1989, SST)
 * Good News for Modern Man (1999, Pachyderm)
 * Hot Wax (2009, Con d'Or )
 * The Argument (2013, Domino)
 * Live albums
 * Ecce Homo (1995, World Service)
 * Compilation albums
 * Oeuvrevue (2010, Hazelwood)
 * EPs
 * 2541 (1988, SST)
 * All of My Senses (1990, SST)
 * Singles
 * "Nobody Rides For Free" (2000, Pachyderm)
 * "You're The Reflection" (2010, Amphetamine Reptile)
 * "So Far From Heaven" (2011, Con D'Or)
 * "Is The Sky The Limit?" (2013, Domino)

Nova Mob

 * Nova Mob albums
 * The Last Days of Pompeii (1991, Rough Trade)
 * Nova Mob (1994, Restless, World Service)

 * Nova Mob EPs
 * Admiral of the Sea (1991, Rough Trade)
 * Shoot (1992, Big Store)

 * Nova Mob singles
 * "Evergreen Memorial Drive" (1992, Blackbox Records)
 * "Shoot Your Way to Freedom" (1992, Big Store, Tontine Records)
 * "Old Empire" (1994, World Service)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Grant Hart


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User talk:WestinPeachtree

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Images again
Do you happen to have higher resolution versions of and ? -- uberpenguin 12:50, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Nanning.jpg
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 * Image:Nanjingz.jpg too, please. --Michael 04:50, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:WestinPeachtree


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Northern Alliance(White supremacist organization)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Consensus is to keep the article. AndyL 23:12, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Northern Alliance(White supremacist organization)
Non-notable supremacist group. Not even worth moving to a correct tile, just delete. --Sn0wflake 23:47, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree with Snowflake -CunningLinguist 01:02, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * So many racist groups that can be deleted for being non-notable, so little time... --Idont Havaname 03:21, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Revolución 03:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think that this lot has been around for a while. the article should be extended, but that can't happen if it is deleted. Notability is not an agreed-to grounds for deletion. Ground Zero 16:44, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If that was true, then most (if not all) articles on VfD would receive keep votes. The question to be asked is wether this article is expressive enough to be part of the Wikipedia, no matter how much somebody writes about the subject. "Northern Alliance" supremacist generates less than 650 hits. That's not notable. Far from it. Thus my vote remains the same. Delete. --Sn0wflake 19:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no consensus that "notability" should be a criterion for inclusion. See Jimbo Wales' view on notability, as expressed in the poll where notability failed to become an accepted reason for deletion. It is an interesting discussion, but it was not resolved. I hope that you review the article which has been completely re-written by User:CJCurrie. This organization is known in Canada. Ground Zero 20:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Not only has this organization been around for a while, but their activities have recently been a subject of controversy on the Freedom Party of Ontario page. This page needs expansion, not deletion.  CJCurrie 18:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And, I've now expanded the page. CJCurrie 19:28, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep The organization and its members have been in the news, particularly in the London, Ontario media, and are the target of a number of lawsuits and legal actions so they are notable enough for a wikipedia entry. The article, as it now stands, is well researched and interesting. AndyL 21:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Current version of the article is encyclopedic and NPOV. Notability is established. Dystopos 00:15, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 22:22, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. ··gracefool |☺ 06:54, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment It might help the consensus-building process if everyone explained their reasoning a little bit. Dystopos 13:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep after re-write. Jayjg (talk) 22:14, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not really sure how important these people are...occasionally they go around putting racist stickers on mailboxes, and the local media has something to talk about for a few days. But if they known outside of London, then keepI guess (it's an informative article, anyway). Adam Bishop 17:21, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Ehmetjan Qasim

Ehmetjan Qasim (ئەخمەتجان قاسىمى; April 15, 1914 – August 27, 1949) was a Uyghur revolutionary and statesman who held several important positions in the governments of the Second East Turkestan Republic and the Republic of China's Xinjiang Province. He notably served as the vice chairman of the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province.

Qasim was born in Ghulja in 1914. He studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow in 1936 and was a member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Qasim was described as "Stalin's man" and as a "communist-minded progressive".

Life and political career
Qasim was born in Ghulja (Yining in Chinese) in 1914. He studied in the Soviet Union at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow in 1936 and was a member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Qasim was described as "Stalin's man" and as a "communist-minded progressive". Qasim Russified his surname to "Kasimov" and became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

He was a member of the governing council of the East Turkestan Republic, a Soviet-backed administration founded in three northwestern districts of Xinjiang during the Ili Rebellion in November 1944. Qasim himself was not involved with the planning of the rebellion. The ETR was initially led by Elihan Tore, who favored forming a conservative Islamic government. Tore was placed under house arrest in the Soviet Union in 1946, under the orders of Stalin. Qasim was a leader of the pro-Soviet East Turkistan Turkic People's National Liberation Committee (ETTPNLC).

In June 1946, Qasim tried to reach a political agreement with the Nationalist government leader Zhang Zhizhong to form a coalition government in Dihua (present day Ürümqi). The ETR was to be disbanded in name but as the Foreign Minister of the East Turkestan Republic, Qasim called for unity and support for his government and rejected the coalition government. He explained that the people of East Turkestan had risen in rebellion only to secure their rights under the Chinese constitution. He led a delegation to the National Assembly in Nanjing to negotiate bi-lateral relations between ETR and the Republic of China.

In the summer of 1949, as Chinese Nationalists were losing the Chinese Civil War to the Chinese Communists, the Soviet Union planned for ETR leaders to switch sides. On August 22, 1949, Vasiliy Borisov, the Soviet Vice-Consul at Yining, accompanied ETR leadership in auto trip to USSR for urgent talks with Soviet officials about future of ETR, where they were told to cooperate with Chinese Communist Party. They were invited by CCP Chairman Mao Zedong to attend the 1st Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in Beijing to prepare for the founding of the People's Republic of China. On August 24, 1949, Qasim, Abdulkerim Abbas, Ishaq Beg Munonov, Dalelkhan Sugirbayev, Luo Zhi and other top ETR representatives (11 men in all) boarded a plane in Almaty, the capital of the Kazakh SSR, for Beijing. On September 3, the Soviet Union informed Saifuddin Azizi, another leader of the ETR, who was not on the flight that the plane had crashed near Lake Baikal en route to Beijing, killing all on board. Saifuddin later secured the role of regional Chairman of Xinjiang, a job he kept from 1955 to 1978, with a brief respite during the Cultural Revolution. News of plane crash and death of Qasim was not publicly announced in Xinjiang until early December, after the People's Liberation Army had secured the region. The ETR was officially dissolved on December 20, 1949.

Family
Ehmetjan Qasim was married in January 1945 to Mahinur Qasim, a native of Korgas County in Ili. The couple had a son and a daughter. In 1952, Mahinur Qasim became the mayor of Yining and joined the Chinese Communist Party. She later served as a member of Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and a vice chair of the All-China Women's Federation. She has been a prominent advocate of women and children's rights. Her memoir of her husband, Remembering Ehmetijan, was published in China in 2011.

Legacy
In the People's Republic of China, Ehmetjan Qasim is remembered as a fighter in the struggle against the Nationalist government. Among the Uyghurs and other Turkic inhabitants of East Turkistan he is remembered as a national hero and fighter who died defending the independence of East Turkistan. His remains were returned to China in April 1950 and later reburied in a memorial cemetery in Yining. The cemetery has a stele with calligraphy by Mao Zedong, praising Qasim and the others who died with him for their contributions to the Chinese Civil War and mourning their death en route to the Inaugural Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in Beijing.

title: Ehmetjan Qasim


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User talk:ShotokanTuning

Welcome
Hello I'm , and I welcome you to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 23:51, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
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Contact!

ShotokanTuning 08:19, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Conan Citation
I notice that after mentioning that the quote in Setting is from The Phoenix on the Sword, you still added the citation needed bit. Just a source to what do you need? The pseudo historical setting of the Hyborian Age is explained in the essay of the same title, a basic text from the Howard canon, usually included in complete editions of the stories. If that's what you feel is needed, I'll add it in, but you should be precise, it helps, and the talk page is there for just that. --Svartalf 23:04, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I added the source, but didn't remove the part. My bad. ShotokanTuning 07:23, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Uptempo
I have nominated Uptempo, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Uptempo. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Ridernyc (talk) 03:05, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:ShotokanTuning


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Joseph Sunlight

Joseph Sunlight ( – 15 April 1978), was a Belarusian/ English architect whose energy amassed him a great fortune in Manchester and left at least one fine building in Sunlight House. He was also a Liberal politician in his adopted country.

Biography
Born Novogrudok, Belarus, then part of Russia, his Jewish family were named Schimschlavitch, his father a cotton merchant. In later life, Sunlight enjoyed to "dine out" on tales of his family's adventures and brushes with the Tsarist authorities but it is suspected that these were largely fanciful. The family emigrated to England in 1890 to avoid conscription and settled in Manchester, probably choosing their new name from Port Sunlight.

Sunlight was apprenticed to an architect in Manchester in 1904 and by 1907 had his own practice in St Ann's Square. Reputedly, by 1910, he had designed and built more than 1000 houses in Prestwich and claimed that by 1921 he had created more than one million pounds' worth of property.

He also designed and built factories and warehouses, but his greatest memorial is Sunlight House (1932). In 1949, he proposed a 40-storey extension, but it was rejected by the city council. His sole religious building was the technically innovative South Manchester Synagogue (1913).

Sunlight was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury in the 1923 general election and introduced a Private Member's Bill on the standardisation of bricks. Though the bill survived by a single vote, it was lost when Sunlight was defeated in the 1924 United Kingdom general election.

Sunlight, though always professing his affection for the faith of his parents, seems to have been more interested in his favourite pastime of horse racing.

Sunlight died in 1978 and was buried in the Jewish section of Southern Cemetery, Manchester.

Family
He married Edith Forshaw in 1940, and they had one son, artist Ben Sunlight. He died in April 1978 aged 89.

title: Joseph Sunlight


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User talk:Tmayes1999

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Phroziac 23:53, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Welcome
Hello Tmayes1999, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 23:53, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
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Thanks for your contributions to articles about nuclear weapons, You are certainly enthusiastic about this subject, and we appreciate this.

Please have a look at some of the Manual of style pages. There are some places where your articles do not read like encyclopedia articles. Also you should note that if there is a space at the start of a paragraph, then Wikipedia will lay it out exactly as written, without linbreaks or anything. This is rarely what is needed. Some of your article is also duplicating things we already have at nuclear weapon, nuclear weapon design and similar articles. You might like to consider merging the A-bomb article with these.

Thanks for your contributions, and keep editing. DJ Clayworth 22:10, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

One of the othr things that is unusual about Wikipedia is the hyperlink structure. This means, for example, that when you are writing about atomic weapon design, and you mention an alpha particle, you don' have to explain what an alpha particle is. Instead you make a link to alpha particle and let people who want to know find out for themselves. That makes articles shorter, and doesn't disrupt readers who either already know, or aren't interested. Happy editing. DJ Clayworth 20:42, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please Keep
I want A-bomb to be restored as a stand alone article - Tim
 * I have restored it - can you do some work on it now? cf the attention tag. :) ...en passant! 05:55, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Tim - I have no views on it myself - and was just referring to the tag that's there already. Have a fiddle and then remove the tag - if it gets re-posted asked the User what their concerns are. :) ...en passant! 06:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Tag removed for you. You just go to edit and look for some thing in double {} type brackets and delete it.

You should be unblocked now. Calm down, you shared an IP with a vandal. I can't help that. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-10-30 13:56

A-bomb
If you want to discuss the creation of an "A-bomb" article, please do so on Talk:Nuclear weapon. Thanks. --Fastfission 21:12, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Formatting
Something about either your browser or your way of editing is screwing up the formatting of articles you edit. It is inserting paragraph returns in the middle of lines and spaces before lines. Please try and fix this. It causes people to spend a lot of time cleaning up after you and is very irritating, especially since someone has previously told you about it. --Fastfission 00:48, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I would suggest that you look over Ownership of articles before you continue, it might save you a great deal of trouble DV8 2XL 04:36, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

I have never tried to change the formatting of any article on wickipedia. The computer or my browser is somehow automaticly distorting the formatting on its own if this is occurring. Tim

 * If you're using Netscape, Mozilla, or IE, the problem isn't the browser. All of those work fine with Wikipedia. Here's tip number 1: Don't hit "enter" to wrap lines. Only use it at the end of paragraphs. Tip 2 is "read all of the help screens other editors have pointed you at". Tip 3: Wikipedia has a large set of help articles that describe style conventions for both content and formatting. Use them whenever you're not sure how to do something, or when you think someone might have a problem with what you plan to do. --Christopher Thomas 17:00, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Notice of Request for Arbitration
As it does not appear that an amicable solution to the contention over A-bomb will appear, I've filed for a Request for Arbitration. Tmayes1999, Christopher Thomas, Fastfission, and DV8 2XL are named as involved parties. --Christopher Thomas 04:08, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Just so you understand what this is - you should go to Requests for arbitration and fill in the section under "Statement by Tmayes1999". Do not modify any of the other sections, or reply to other statements - that's not what this page is for. Just write your own statement describing your views on what's happened. --Christopher Thomas 04:51, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Formatting
Hi. You absolutely must stop messing your formatting up and sticking so much unsigned material on talk pages. You make comments impossible to read afterwards without someone else doing a cleanup.

Add comments on a new line, with a blank line in between, to preserve spacing. Make sure that in the wiki editing page there is a blank line between the end of what you're replying to and your first comment.

Whenever you add comments, indent using a : character at the beginning of the line. If the comment is already indented, add one more : than is already in use. That does:
 * This

...to comments.

Don't use line breaks. Hit return only if you want a new paragraph. Indent new paragraphs the same as the first one if you use them.

Always sign your contributions on talk pages with the ~ (four tilde or ~ characters in a row) special characters.

Thank you. Georgewilliamherbert 05:23, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Tim, it is disruptive for you to keep making so many edits without signing your edits. As stated above, use ~ (four tilde or ~ characters in a row) special characters to sign each of your talk page edits. It is not acceptable user behavior for you to keep making unsigned edits in the type or quantity that you have been. I did not make any unsigned edit to any article , only in a talk page are there ANY unsigned comments by me. tmayes1999Georgewilliamherbert 23:57, 13 August 2007 (UTC) I THINK THAT MANY, OR SOME EDITS THAT SOME PEOPLE HAVE ATTRIBUTED TO ME WERE NOT ACTUALLY MADE BY ME AT ALL.TMAYES1999
 * Tim, knock it off. The article edit histories are right there for anyone to click on and view, and you aren't fooling anyone.  You edited your stuff into paragraphs of mine right here, below, on this page, in the middle of a warning message.  Knock.  It.  Off.  Georgewilliamherbert 08:09, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

August 2007
Please do not add content without citing reliable sources. Before making potentially controversial edits, it is recommended that you discuss them first on the article's talk page. Georgewilliamherbert 01:12, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I never had any reason to believe that my minor edit would be controversial to begin with . I assure you I am able to prove what I said is true .tmayes1999 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tmayes1999 (talk • contribs)

Tim, vandalizing people's Wikipedia userpages is grounds for being blocked for harrassment and disruption. Don't do it to my user page or anyone else's again. That is for talk pages. I DID NOT VANDALIZE ANY BODY'S WICKIPEDIA USER PAGES. THAT IS A TOTALLY FALSE ACCUSATION* TMAYES1999.I THINK THAT IT IS JUST PEOPLE PLAYING DIRTY IN ORDER TO ABUSE ME.* TMAYES1999 Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Georgewilliamherbert 08:21, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Edit history: shows that you did, Tim.  Edit histories do not lie.  You also inserted your comment in the middle of my warning, again, after being warned not to.  Georgewilliamherbert 08:31, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, re your statement (shown in diff above, but that I have now deleted off my Userpage) that I had deleted your edits to Nuclear weapon design, please see: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_weapon_design&action=history. I have not edited that article since July 25, three weeks ago.  Your edits today were reverted by User:Patrick and User:24.147.86.187, neither of whom is me.  Georgewilliamherbert 08:35, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

I TRIED TO LEAVE A MESSAGE FOR YOU ON YOUR TALK PAGE JUST LIKE YOU ARE DOING ON MY TALK PAGE. I DID NOT TRY TO VANDALIZE ANYTHING. TMAYES1999
 * Tim, this is the edit history: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%3AGeorgewilliamherbert&diff=151124427&oldid=145356237 That's your edits, and that's not my talk page, that's my user page.  And anyone on Wikipedia can see that by looking at it.  You have no excuse for this.  Georgewilliamherbert 08:37, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

I AM VERY ANGRY WITH SOME OF THE OTHER WICKIS WHO HAVE ABUSED ME, LIED ABOUT ME, MISQUOTED ME, MADE MANY FALSE AND UNJUSTIFIED ACCUSATIONS AGAINST ME. THEY HAVE BEEN VERY UNFAIR TO ME AND THEY PLAYED DIRTY WITH ME FREQUENTLY.

IF I WAS ON YOUR USER PAGE INSTEAD OF YOUR TALK PAGE IT WAS AN HONEST MISTAKE ON MY PART, AND PLEASE ACCEPT MY APOLOGYS FOR THAT.TMAYES1999

 * As I just showed you, I have not deleted your comments from Nuclear weapon design.
 * You are not showing good judgement and the ability to check the facts regarding who's posting what here. If you are not capable of contributing to Wikipedia in a positive and stable manner, including properly engaging in discussion where appropriate and being able to tell who did what and when, you probably should stop editing Wikipedia. I HAVE POSTED MY COMMENTS ON TALK PAGES IN ORDER

TO ENGAGE IN A RATIONAL, CIVAL, OBJECTIVE ,LOGICAL, AND CONSTRUCTIVE DISCUSSIAN OF THE ISSUES I WROTE ABOUT. I WILL NO LONGER LEAVE MY COMMENTS ON THE TALK PAGES UNSIGNED HOWEVER.TMAYES1999
 * This has all been explained to you before.And you're still not signing your talk page edits, Tim. Use ~ (four ~ characters) at the end of your comments.  Georgewilliamherbert 08:52, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * ..ok. I have now just deleted your latest updates to the Nuclear weapons design article, because of two reasons.  One, it was out of context with the surrounding discussion, and two, you signed a contribution to the article.
 * Tim... Look. You sign talk pages.  You don't sign articles.  Signing articles is a user policy violation.  It's disruption.
 * You sign them with four tildes ~, not by typing out your account name.
 * You don't insert your comments in the middle of other people's comments.
 * You've been given many more chances than is normal for when disruptive users are just blocked to stop the disruption. You have to start correcting this behavior right away.  Georgewilliamherbert 09:35, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Your last comment on Talk:Nuclear weapon design was put into the middle of a discussion from 2004.
 * Tim, you have to stop this. Georgewilliamherbert 09:38, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

What did you mean by sign with 4 tildes. ? I did not know I was not supposed to sign edits to an article. How is my edit out of context with the surrounding discussian.? I was responding to a question in the discussian about current High explosive lense designs which was posted by another Wiki. Tmayes1999 09:48, 14 August 2007 (UTC)I ask you to restore my edit.? It is highly relavent to high explosive lense designs .Tmayes1999 09:50, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You now appear to understand signing with four tildes. That worked.
 * If you did not know that you're not supposed to sign article edits, only talk page edits, after using Wikipedia on and off for 2+ years, you should be blocked immediately. This is inexcusable.
 * Regarding the context... you inserted that comment into the middle of the discussion of classical spherical implosion systems. Adding the "...but you can do 2 or 1 point too" before you're done talking about spherical systems is out of context.
 * The explosive lens section already talks about 2-point nonspherical systems, if you look down to the second to last paragraph:
 * It is speculated that modern designs may use a prolate spheroidal pit and two-point detonation, i.e. just a single explosive lens at each end of the weapon. The end result is formation of a supercritical sphere, but with a vastly superior level of reliability when compared to a weapon requiring dozens of simultaneous detonations. [5]
 * What you said was redundant with that section, and was out of place where you put it in.
 * Please read more carefully when inserting material. Even if the specific thing you say is correct and/or sourced, it may be said in the wrong way or in the wrong place.
 * Also, please look at the in those articles so that you can format references properly. Referring to the Nuclear Weapons FAQ section without the proper reference will just confuse readers.  Georgewilliamherbert 09:57, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Tim, you inserted your comments into the middle of mine again.
 * Again: This is another disruptive blockable offense. Stop doing it.  Add yours afterwards, or indent properly to make them distinct.
 * I am going to reorganize in another edit so that people can read them. Georgewilliamherbert 10:11, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I was talking about one, and two lense spherical implosion systems.Tmayes1999 10:02, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This here is about Linear Implosion systems.Tmayes1999 10:02, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I was writing about one, and two lense spherical implosion systems, not about linear implosion systems.Tmayes1999 10:02, 14 August 2007 (UTC)Please restore my edit .Tmayes1999 10:02, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That section is not referring to linear implosion systems, no. It's talking about two point implosion systems.  They are not the same thing.  They also aren't "spherical", but they are true implosion (mass that's subcritcal at STP) not linear implosion (mass that's supercritical at STP mildly compressed from uncritical into supercritical).
 * Again, your edit is redundant with the information below it that I cited, and out of place. Georgewilliamherbert 10:16, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

There are one, and two lense spherical implosion systems, and that is what I was writing about. Tmayes1999 10:22, 14 August 2007 (UTC) The two point non spherical implosion system you are thinking about is called a linear implosion system. I invite you to go read about it and find out for your self that this is true .Tmayes1999 10:32, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Tim, I have been working with Carey and other researchers on this for 15-odd years. I can design these things.  I know the difference between linear implosion and two point implosion systems.  What you're trying to describe is two point implosion systems, which we already mention in the article.  Linear implosion is entirely different.  Georgewilliamherbert 10:39, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

I am also able to design these things,* and I have researched them in very great detail since the year 1979. I am talking about such advanced modern designs as a spherical implosion system in which two hemispheric shaped high explosive shaped charges merge their shock waves smoothly into a spherical implosion wave to implode a spherical core. Gary Sublett also mentions that design for example.* That is an example of a two lense design That is what my edit is about. Tmayes1999 10:46, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Tmayes1999


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High Alemannic German

High Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German spoken in the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg and in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Intelligibility of these dialects to non-Alemannic speakers tends to be limited.

Language area
The High Alemannic dialects are spoken in Liechtenstein and in most of German-speaking Switzerland (Swiss Plateau), except for the Highest Alemannic dialects in the Swiss Alps and for the Low Alemannic (Basel German) dialect in the North West.

Therefore, High Alemannic must not be confused with the term "Swiss German", which refers to all Alemannic dialects of Switzerland as opposed to Swiss variant of Standard German, the literary language of diglossic German-speaking Switzerland.

In Germany, High Alemannic dialects are spoken in Southern Baden-Württemberg, i.e. the Markgräflerland and in the adjacent area south of Freiburg im Breisgau up to the Black Forest (Schönau). It is also spoken in the southern Sundgau region beyond the Upper Rhine, which is part of Alsace, France. In Vorarlberg in Western Austria, a form of High Alemannic is spoken around the Rheintal as well.

Subdivisions
High Alemannic is traditionally subdivided in an Eastern and Western language area (Sprachraum), marked by the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line across the cantons of Aargau and Lucerne (Luzern).

Eastern High Alemannic includes Zurich German, Lucerne German, and the dialects of Eastern Switzerland.

Western High Alemannic includes Bernese German, the German dialects of Solothurn and Fribourg, as well as most dialects of Aargau and the northern parts of the canton of Lucerne.

Features
The distinctive feature of the High Alemannic dialects is the completion of the High German consonant shift, for instance chalt 'cold' vs. Low Alemannic and standard German 'kalt'.

title: High Alemannic German


text:
Talk:Cassiopeia A

3C 461
Someone has written about Cas A under the title 3C 461. I think all the info there should be moved here and that page made a redirect. (Although I REALLY doubt anyone will look up Cas A on Wiki using the Cambridge catalog number!) --Etacar11 23:53, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Have done. The old article contained a few mistakes, which I'm working on correcting (its not the youngest for example). The whole SN/SNR template is a bit unwieldy though. Am thinking what to do about it. Some catagories don't make much sense. --Sillylizard 20:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool. I'll take a look when I get a chance. --Etacar11 21:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Also something is written under Sn 1680. I've added merge template. --xJaM 17:42, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I agree, merge it here. -- Etacar11   17:44, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I did the merge. -- Etacar11   14:58, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

300 years old
It can't be. It may be 300 years since we saw the explosion but the star is 11,000 light-years from us. That means that the supernova must be at least 11,000 years old. If current observations appear to show the state of the supernova 300 years after the explosion, that implies that the explosion itself happened 11,300 years ago. We need to clarify this. -- Derek Ross | Talk 16:09, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's the convention in astronomy to say an event "happened" when we observe it from Earth. Distance can be very uncertain.  So it is indeed proper to say that the SN happened 300 years ago.  --  Etacar11   16:20, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It may well be proper but for anyone unaware of that convention (ie the overwhelming majority of our readership) it is not at all clear. Hence my request for clarification. We are not writing this for astronomers, we are writing it for a general readership, so we need to avoid using technical conventions which are clear only to specialists. -- Derek Ross | Talk 02:56, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but what we see from Earth is a 300 year old remnant. Not an 11,000+ year old one.  That should always stay clear. --  Etacar11   13:05, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Not denying that but it should be possible to make both facts clear, not just the one. -- Derek Ross | Talk 05:15, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

SNR detectably cooling
Neutron Star Provides Direct Evidence for Bizarre Type of Nuclear Matter says how Chandra detected a cooling from 2.12 million K (in 2000) to 2.04 million K (in 2009), or 4%, in ~10 years, and suggests this could be due to neutrons pairing. Rod57 (talk) 01:41, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Observability in visible light
Cassiopeia A is observable with a 9.25 inch amateur telescope with an O III optical filter according to this source. Please either add an inline citation to a reliable source or change it. Iwilsonp 22:51 (UTC) 5 Nov 2014

I easily recorded the remnant in November 2014 with a 102mm aperture refractor. Exposure was 4 hours using a UHC filter. David Ratledge

Where is Cas A?
Pretty frustrating that the article doesn't illustrate Cas A's location. I might suggest adding a simple diagram of the five stars that compose the Cassiopeia asterism plus a dot showing where Cas A is located. Because of the missing information, non-astronomers may even have trouble unraveling that "Cassiopeia A" is not one of the five stars in the asterism, but that it's floating elsewhere in the constellation-area. A picture would answer all the questions. 72.25.40.16 (talk) 07:09, 12 November 2014 (UTC) I would also add that the article states that Cas A is "3.4kp away within the Milky Way" This statement is ambiguous. Does this mean Cas A is 3.4kpc from the center of the Milky Way, or 3.5kpc from some point on the circumference of the Milky Way galaxy?

Proposed merger
There is an article 3 Cassiopeiae hidden away where most people will never find it. It is linked in a handful of articles, but none of the major astronomical navboxes or lists. The designation does not correspond to any known star, but has hypothetically been linked to two borderline-naked-eye stars and to the supernova progenitor of Cassiopeia A. The designation 3 Cassiopeiae is mentioned here and there is a section about potential observations of the supernova itself, which would be a good redirect target. Of the other two possible stars that Flamsteed may have observed, one has an article (AR Cas) that doesn't mention 3 Cas and the other (HD 220562) doesn't have an article and probably never will.

If not merged, it would be hard to expand the article much beyond its current size, but it could be linked more widely: for example, in the constellation navbox, which doesn't currently show 3 Cas; in List of stars in Cassiopeia, which also doesn't show 3 Cas; and in Table of stars with Flamsteed designations which shows 3 Cas but links it here. Lithopsian (talk) 14:32, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Support the merge of 3 Cassiopeiae to Cassiopeia A as notability is not inherited and the information ties in nicely with Cassiopeia A. InterstellarGamer12321 ( talk |  contribs ) 10:24, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Not enough information here to justify a standalone article. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 07:24, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. I don't understand the rationale for having a stand alone article about 3 Cassiopeiae. TowardsTheLight (talk) 13:39, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I have performed this merge. Feel free to take a look that I placed it correctly; I'm not an astronomy expert just doing some cleanup. SomeoneDreaming (talk) 01:04, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cassiopeia A


text:
Talk:Jill Stein

Semi-protected edit request on 29 April 2024
The sub headers of Infrastructure and payment under the political positions section are misformatted. They should be bolded. Wtinguely (talk) 18:05, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Per MOS:BOLD, bolding section headers causes excessive double-bold fonts. Liu1126 (talk) 19:56, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

Jill Stein's Policies - Specifically on Economy
Old Text. Economy In her various political campaigns, Stein supported industry nationalization and guaranteed employment. In 2015, Stein was critical of official employment numbers, saying that unemployment figures were "designed to essentially cover up unemployment," and that the real unemployment rate for that year was around 12–13%. In February 2016, she said that "real unemployment is nearly 10%, 2x as high as the official rate."

New Text. Economy

In her various political         campaigns, Stein supported          some industry nationalization and guaranteed employment. Specifically:  “we need grassroots         democratic control of the          resources of society. Nationalizing         failed banks and the automobile industry can be one step          toward filling those          needs. Our government and our economy must focus on the needs         and potentials of          people and the planet – instead of serving a wealthy few.” ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141019035142/http:/greenpapers.net/jobs-for-all-with-a-green-new-deal/ https://web.archive.org/web/20141019035142/http://greenpapers.net/jobs-for-all-with-a-green-new-deal/  )

During her 2012 and 2016         presidential runs, Stein          called for "nationalizing" and "democratiz[ing]" the          Federal Reserve, placing it under a Federal Monetary Authority          in the Treasury          Department and ending its independence. She supported the creation of         nonprofit publicly owned          banks, pledging to create such entities at the federal and          state levels. In a         2016 interview Stein said she believed          in having "the government as the employer of last resort." Stein's 2016 platform         pledged to guarantee          housing but did not offer specifics.

Green New Deal

Referring to President Franklin         D. Roosevelt's New          Deal approach to the Great Depression, Stein advocated the          Green New Deal in          her 2012 and 2016 campaigns, in which renewable energy jobs          would be created to          address climate change and environmental issues; the objective          would be to          employ "every American willing and able to work." Stein said that it would be         "through a          community decision-making process." Leonard Zane (talk) 22:07, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 June 2024
In the lead, please change "which accounted for .36% of the popular vote" to "which accounted for 0.36% of the popular vote". To anybody with less than perfect vision, it looks like 36%. 2001:BB6:47ED:FA58:F9C3:BBA3:F69D:A540 (talk) 08:52, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Hyphenation Expert (talk) 13:56, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jill Stein


text:
Lionel Monckton

Lionel John Alexander Monckton (18 December 1861 – 15 February 1924) was an English composer of musical theatre. He became Britain's most popular composer of Edwardian musical comedy in the early years of the 20th century.

Early life
Monckton was born in London, the eldest son of the Town Clerk of London, Sir John Braddick Monckton, and Lady Monckton, the former Maria Louisa Long (1837–1920), an "enthusiastic amateur actress". His sister was Mrs Augusta Moore, who wrote popular novels as Martin J. Pritchard.

He was educated at Charterhouse School and Oriel College at Oxford University, graduating in 1885. There he acted in college theatrical productions and composed music for productions of the Oxford University Dramatic Society, of which he was a founder, and the Phil-Thespian Club. He initially joined the legal profession at Lincoln's Inn and began to practise law, but gained part-time work as a songwriter and a theatre and music critic, first for the Pall Mall Gazette and later for the Daily Telegraph. His first theatre work was Mummies and Marriage, an operetta produced by amateurs in 1888. At the age of 29, in 1891, he finally managed to place the song "What will you have to Drink?", with lyrics by Basil Hood, in a professional musical burlesque called Cinder Ellen up too Late. After this, his songs were included in several other London shows.

Contributor to musicals
Monckton soon became a regular composer (and sometimes lyricist) of songs for the very successful series of frothy musical comedies performed at London's Gaiety Theatre, under the management of George Edwardes, which premiered throughout the 1890s and into the first decade of the 20th century. Among others, he wrote half of the music for Arthur Roberts's burlesque Claude Du-Val (1894) and supplemented Ivan Caryll's score for the hit musical The Shop Girl in the same year, with such successful pieces as George Grossmith, Jr.'s "Beautiful Bountiful Bertie" and "Brown of Colorado" (with Adrian Ross). He then added popular tunes to Caryll's scores for The Circus Girl in 1896 ("A Simple Little String" and "The Way to Treat a Lady") and A Runaway Girl in 1898 ("Soldiers in the Park", "Society", "The Sly Cigarette", "The Boy Guessed Right" and "Not the Sort of Girl I Care About").

The "Girl" musicals were followed by a number of "Boy" musicals, again with hit songs by Monckton, including The Messenger Boy in 1900 ("Maisie", "In the Wash", and "When the Boys Come Home Once More") and The Toreador in 1901 ("Captivating Cora", "I'm Romantic", "When I Marry Amelia", "Keep Off the Grass", and "Archie"). Monckton's songs continued to be performed long after the shows closed – some of them remaining popular into the 1960s. In 1902, he married Gertie Millar, one of the most successful actresses of the period, whom he had discovered and brought to Edwardes. She starred in many of Monckton's shows, and he wrote some of his most popular songs for her, although their marriage was not a happy one for many years. She later sought a divorce from Monckton, which he refused.

At the same time, Monckton also contributed songs for the musicals playing at Edwardes's Daly's Theatre, which tended more towards romantic comedies, than the light musicals presented at the Gaiety. For Daly's Theatre, he usually collaborated with Sidney Jones, supplying numbers for hits such as The Geisha in 1896 ("Jack's the Boy" and "The Toy Monkey"); A Greek Slave in 1898 ("I Want to Be Popular", "I Should Rather Like to Try", and "What Will Be the End of It?"); and San Toy in 1899 ("Rhoda and Her Pagoda", and "Sons of the Motherland"). Monckton's music was generally arranged and orchestrated by theatre conductor Carl Kiefert.

Peak years
Finally, in 1902, when Jones left Daly's, Edwardes gave Monckton the opportunity to compose his first complete score, A Country Girl, with a few numbers by Paul Rubens (Monckton's key songs were "Molly the Marchioness", "Try Again, Johnny", and "Under the Deodar"). He also continued to contribute successful songs to other musicals, including The Orchid in 1903 at the Gaiety ("Liza Ann", "Little Mary", "Pushful", and "Fancy Dress"). The success of A Country Girl led to another musical with Monckton as principal composer and Rubens as contributor, The Cingalee in 1904. Monckton's most successful songs in this score included "The Island of Gay Ceylon" and "Pearl of Sweet Ceylon". Although the piece was successful, French operettas then became the fashion at Daly's Theatre, and Monckton went back to composing music for others' shows.

Further collaborations with Caryll at the Gaiety included The Spring Chicken in 1905 ("I Don't Know, But I Guess", "Alice Sat By the Fire", and "Under and Over Forty"), The New Aladdin, in 1906 and The Girls of Gottenberg in 1907 ("Two Little Sausages", "Rheingold", and "Berlin on the Spree"). These songs were among the most widely played and sung numbers of the contemporary light musical theatre. A last success at the Gaiety was Monckton and Caryll's Our Miss Gibbs in 1909 ("Moonstruck", "Mary", "In Yorkshire", "Soldiers in the Park", "Maisie", "Keep off the Grass" and "Our Farm"), which became an international hit.

After that, Monckton had his greatest success, in collaboration with Howard Talbot and the lyricist Arthur Wimperis, with The Arcadians, in 1909. The Arcadians, produced by Robert Courtneidge, was possibly Monckton's best score and is considered the classic musical of the Edwardian period. Like The Geisha, A Country Girl and Our Miss Gibbs, it became popular in America and elsewhere and included songs such as "The Pipes of Pan", "The Girl with the Brogue", and "All Down Piccadilly", which "held their own with the melodies of the now fashionable Viennese operetta as the song hits of the period."

Edwardes purchased the lease of the Adelphi Theatre and began his productions there with another Monckton and Millar hit, The Quaker Girl, in 1910 ("The Quaker Girl", "Come to the Ball", and "Tony from America"). For Courtneidge, he wrote The Mousmé in 1911 ("I Know Nothing of Life", "The Little Japanese Mamma", "The Temple Bell", and "The Corner of My Eye") and for Edwardes and the Adelphi, he wrote The Dancing Mistress in 1912. The latter two pieces had merely respectable runs. Monckton's last big hit was The Boy in 1917 (produced after Edwardes's death), in collaboration with Howard Talbot. This was a musical comedy version of Arthur Wing Pinero's 1885 play, The Magistrate, and served as a vehicle for the comedian W. H. Berry, who had been the star of High Jinks. Monckton's successful songs included "I Want to Go to Bye-Bye", "The Game That Ends with a Kiss", and "Powder on Your Nose".

After World War I
Monckton was discouraged by Edwardes's death and unwilling to adapt his style of writing to the newly popular syncopated American dance rhythms, ragtime, and other "noisy numbers" that were heard in theatres. Although he contributed to some revues, including Bric à Brac (1915, including another song for Millar: "Chalk Farm to Camberwell Green"), We're All in it, and Airs and Graces, he had little enthusiasm for this, or for other new forms of musical entertainment, and he soon retired from composing. Monckton's music remained popular in Britain until after World War II, when American musicals took over the stage and even into the later half of the 20th century, in the case of his most popular shows.

Monckton died in his London home at the age of 62; he is buried in Brompton Cemetery. His estate was valued at £79,518. Later the same year his widow married William Humble Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.

Principal shows and original runs

 * A Country Girl (1902) – 729 performances
 * The Cingalee (1904) – 391 performances
 * The Spring Chicken (1905) – 401 performances
 * The Girls of Gottenberg (1907) – 303 performances
 * Our Miss Gibbs (1909) – 636 performances
 * The Arcadians (1909) – 809 performances.
 * The Quaker Girl (1910) – 536 performances
 * The Boy (1917) – 801 performances

This list includes only the shows where Monckton was the principal composer. Many of the shows to which he contributed songs also had very long runs.

Recordings
The Arcadians has been recorded in excerpt form on LP and complete on CD by Ohio Light Opera. Recordings by Gwen Catley and Marilyn Hill Smith of numbers from Our Miss Gibbs and The Quaker Girl have been issued on CD. The first CD recording dedicated to selections of Monckton's works (also including music by Howard Talbot and Paul Rubens) was released by Divine Art in 2003: The Monckton Album by Theatre Bel-Etage, conductor Mart Sander. Selections from The Arcadians, The Quaker Girl and The Cingalee are featured on this album.

In 2008, Hyperion released an audio CD recording of songs from many of Monckton's shows entitled Lionel Monckton (1861–1924): Songs from the Shows. It features performers Richard Suart and Catherine Bott accompanied by the New London Orchestra and the New London Light Opera Chorus, conducted by Ronald Corp. The CD includes numbers from The Arcadians, A Country Girl, A Runaway Girl, The Toreador, The Messenger Boy, The Orchid, The Circus Girl, The Shop Girl, The Mousmé, The Quaker Girl, The Girls of Gottenberg, and Our Miss Gibbs. Many of the selections feature lyrics penned by Monckton himself under the pseudonym Leslie Mayne.

title: Lionel Monckton


text:
User talk:Unclevortex

Hi there - I provided a response to your query in Talk:Predictive power. Hope it helps. Qwghlm 23:56, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Are you a member of the Little Room, cause there's a Little Roomer whose user name is Uncle Vortex. Hmm? Are you? - THE S-MAN

Hi! You might want to read my new online series of books, titled "Stuffed Animal Stories"! All of the stories were written by me, and I'm sure you will love them! If you like them, consider joining the fan club! You can see my whole series or join the fan club here! Thanks! --S-man 10:28, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Secretly Canadian
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Secretly Canadian, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. UnitedStatesian (talk) 15:35, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Unclevortex


text:
Pass law

In South Africa under apartheid, and South West Africa (now Namibia), pass laws served as an internal passport system designed to racially segregate the population, restrict movement of individuals, and allocate low-wage migrant labor. Also known as the natives' law, these laws severely restricted the movements of Black South African and other racial groups by confining them to designated areas. Initially applied to African men, attempts to enforce pass laws on women in the 1910s and 1950s sparked significant protests. Pass laws remained a key aspect of the country's apartheid system until their effective termination in 1986. The pass document used to enforce these laws was derogatorily referred to as the dompas (dompas).

Early history
The first internal passports in South Africa were introduced on 27 June 1797 by the Earl Macartney in an attempt to prevent Africans from entering the Cape Colony. The Cape Colony was merged with the two Afrikaners republics in Southern Africa to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. By this time, versions of pass laws existed elsewhere. A major boost for their utilization was the rise of the mining sector from the 1880s: pass laws provided a convenient means of controlling workers' mobility and enforcing contracts.

In 1896 the South African Republic brought in two pass laws which required Africans to carry a metal badge. Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand. Those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass which entitled them to remain for three days.

Summary
Pass laws date “back to 1760 in the Cape when slaves moving between urban and rural areas were required to carry passes authorizing their travel”. The pass laws, “had entitled police at any time to demand that Africans show them a properly endorsed document or face arrest”, hindering their freedom of movement. This meant that it restricted where they could live, which in turn then “tied them to their white employers, underpinning a system of cheap labor and humiliating subjection”. Their implementation over time arose from two contradictory needs. The white population in South Africa utilized these laws as “an ‘exclusionary’ need to obtain political security by controlling and policing the number of Africans in “white” areas, and an ‘inclusionary’ need to ensure a supply of cheap labor within these areas”. The legislation and practices associated with the pass laws have changed over time.

As these demands and beliefs changed, so did the rights of the black population in South Africa. When the pass laws were implemented at the turn of the century, they “encouraged the flow of labor into ‘white’ agriculture and industry and to redistribute labor into geographical areas where it was needed”. This process would last until the 1950s, when the government opted to change the paradigm. This meant, “from 1950 onward the emphasis of the pass laws has been overtly exclusionary and directed to ‘relocating’ Africans from ‘white’ areas and containing them within the Bantustans”. Therefore, there has always been a tension between the white and black community in South Africa. This stemmed from the “efforts to use the pass system to balance white needs for security and labor”, while also creating laws that would allow for the control of “African employment, housing, access to land, and citizenship”. Due to these laws, “over 17,745,000 Africans have been arrested or prosecuted” between 1916 and 1984. The policing of Africans has allowed for the whites to maintain dominance over the black population for the greater part of the 20th century.

Not only did the focus on how to control change over time, but also whom to control. Initially and “historically the use of passes in South Africa as a form of labour control applied only to men”. This happened because “whenever attempts were made to extend the system to black women, mass protests quickly resulted”. The vociferous opposition to the pass laws are of no surprise, considering the “fact that black women in South Africa have traditionally taken a more active role in mass popular protest”, in comparison to men. The biggest manifestation was a phenomenon that occurred “during the 1950s when black women throughout the nation fiercely resisted official efforts to make them carry passes for the first time”. The history of the application of pass laws towards women was intertwined with the belief that it would benefit the black female population. The “municipal authorities argued that passes for women were necessary to combat illegal brewing and prostitution”. They hypothesized that if a woman could prove that they made an honest living with legal employment then they would not be allowed to resort to illegal activities since they would be evicted. This proved to be a futile system since it was easier for the women in illegal practices to get around the laws than the home-based workers.

As the years passed by, pass laws would be used less and less to prosecute people. There was a “decline in pass law prosecutions over the period 1968-1981”, which is not surprising considering “the new forms of tight influx controls”. There had been a radical change when the Riekert Commission recommended “that ‘unlawful occupation of accommodation by persons’, together with ‘unlawful employment’, be grounds for ‘repatriation’ of persons from the white area”, which meant that they changed their enforcement to “being taken off the streets and into housing and factories”. Pass laws were repealed in 1986.

Later legislation
The Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 deemed urban areas in South Africa as "white" and required all black African men in cities and towns to carry around permits called "passes" at all times. Anyone found without a pass would be arrested immediately and sent to a rural area. It was replaced in 1945 by the Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act, which imposed "influx control" on black men and also set up guidelines for removing people deemed to be living idle lives from urban areas. This act outlined requirements for African peoples' "qualification" to reside legally in white metropolitan areas. To do so, they had to have Section 10 rights, based on whether

 * the person had been born there and resided there always since birth;
 * the person had laboured continuously for ten years in any agreed area for any employer, or lived continuously in any such area for fifteen years;

The Black (Natives) Laws Amendment Act of 1952 amended the 1945 Native Urban Areas Consolidation Act, stipulating that all black people over the age of 16 were required to carry passes and that no black person could stay in an urban area more than 72 hours unless allowed to by Section 10. The Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act of 1952, commonly known as the Pass Laws Act, repealed the many regional pass laws and instituted one nationwide pass law, which made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry the "passbook" at all times within white areas. The law stipulated where, when, and for how long a person could remain.

The document was similar to an internal passport, containing details on the bearer such as their fingerprints, photograph, the name of his/her employer, his/her address, how long the bearer had been employed, as well as other identification information. Employers often entered a behavioural evaluation, on the conduct of the pass holder.

An employer was defined under the law and could only be a white person. The pass also documented permission requested and denied or granted to be in a certain region and the reason for seeking such permission. Under the terms of the law, any government employee could strike out such entries, basically cancelling the permission to remain in the area.

A passbook without a valid entry then allowed officials to arrest and imprison the bearer of the pass. These passes often became the most despised symbols of apartheid. The resistance to the Pass Law led to many thousands of arrests and was the spark that ignited the Sharpeville Massacre on March 21, 1960, and led to the arrest of Robert Sobukwe that day.

Colloquially, passes were often called the dompas, literally meaning the "stupid pass" or domestic passport.

Apart from discrimination against black people, there was also discrimination against the so-called "coloured people." The "coloured" included all Indians, Chinese and Arabs, as well as those of "mixed" black/white ethnicity. Indian people, for example, were barred from the Orange Free State.

Organised resistance
These discriminatory regulations fueled growing discontent from the black population. The 1910s saw significant opposition to pass laws being applied to black women.

In 1919, the revolutionary syndicalist International Socialist League (South Africa), in conjunction with the syndicalist Industrial Workers of Africa and the early African National Congress, organised a major anti-pass campaign.

The 1950s saw the ANC begin the Defiance Campaign to oppose the pass laws. This conflict climaxed at the Sharpeville Massacre, where the anti-pass protestors led by the rival breakaway Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) surrounded the Sharpeville police station, prompting the police to open fire, killing 69 people and injuring over 180. Subsequent protests and strikes were met with major repression and the ANC and PAC were both banned.

Repeal in 1986
On July 24, 1986, as part of a process of removing some apartheid laws, the South African government lifted the requirement to carry passbooks, although the pass law system itself was not yet repealed. The system of pass laws was formally repealed retroactive on April 23, 1986, with the Abolition of Influx Control Act. Helen Suzman (MP) mentioned the act as the most eminent reform a government had ever introduced.

title: Pass law


text:
Matt Goias

Matt Goias (born October 12, 1977) is a New York City-based entrepreneur, music producer and writer.

Early years
Matt Goias was born in Edison, New Jersey and spent his childhood and teenage years living in New Jersey and New York. He began collecting records and djing at the age of 11, and spun in a Manhattan nightclub for the first time at age 14.

As a teenager he went on to co-found the weekly hip-hop party Indie 5000 (along with DJ Max Glazer, artist Stephen “ESPO” Powers, and Ari Forman of On The Go Magazine). With Goias at the helm, Indie 5000 hosted weekly, celebrity, guest DJs including Cipha Sounds, Peanut Butter Wolf, PF Cuttin, Lord Finesse, DJ Premier, Kid Capri, DJ Soul, Lord Sear, and Prince Paul. At 22 years old, Goias was profiled by Vogue Magazine and named the “Jack of Clubs” for his work on the cultural scene.

Marketing career
Goias is currently a partner of The Class Trip Corporation, a marketing entity based in New York City.

Musical production
In 2003, Goias help found the hit musical group FannyPack. The band's hit single Cameltoe described the female apparel phenomenon and was number one on Carson Daly's Total Request Live radio show for five consecutive weeks. Signed to Tommy Boy Records, the group released two critically praised albums. The first was 2003's So Stylistic, which was followed in 2005 by See You Next Tuesday. By 2005, the band had performed in 15 countries and received hundreds of articles in publications around the globe.

Goias reunited with DJ Fancy as well as DJ Max Glazer to form 'Business Class', a music development entity.

Other concepts
Recently, Goias and artist Steve Powers collaborated on an art show in Paris’ Colette boutique entitle L’Attraction de la Boue to commemorate World Aids Day 2009.

The Bench
Goias, along with Max Glazer, Ari Saal Forman, and Fancy, garnered media attention with the creation of "The Bench" on the corner of Houston and Orchard Streets in New York City. The conceptual piece was an exercise in "creating something out of nothing meant to raise questions about what exactly it is that makes an event or place "cool" or "relevant." The goal was to prove that with the right combination of attendees, artwork, location, and viral propaganda, the artists involved would be able to make nothing at all, four friends sitting on a bench, the "coolest" party in New York City. The “event” was covered extensively by Gawker, Time Out New York, Gothamist, AdBusters, and The New York Observer. Goias and The Bench were featured on the cover of the Arts and Culture section of The New York Observer on August 7, 2007.

Published work
As a writer, Goias has written a monthly column called "Sexytime Explosion" in Mass Appeal Magazine and one called "The Gospel According to Matthew" in Missbehave Magazine. He has also contributed to Complex Magazine and YRB.

title: Matt Goias


text:
Henry McIver

Henry Douglas McIver (c. 1841–1907) was an American mercenary who fought for 18 countries during the nineteenth-century.

Early life
McIver was born in about 1841. He spent first ten years of his life in Virginia, United States, and then he was sent to his uncle, General Donald Graham, to finish school and prepare for West Point. Instead of West Point, McIver joined the private army of the East India Company when he was only 16 years old.

Career
He was sent to India in 1858. At that time, the Sepoy Mutiny (Sepoy - native soldiers in the East Indian Company army) raged in India. In his first battle, McIver was seriously wounded.

In 1860, McIver fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy, and after that joined the pretender for the Spanish crown, Don Carlos.

When the American Civil War broke out, Henry McIver joined the Confederate side. Although he was only 20 years old at the time he was already an experienced soldier. While fighting for the Confederates, he was under the command of three famous Confederate generals: Jackson, Stewart and Smith. At the end of the war, he challenged a Union officer, Major Tomlin, to a duel, which he won, running Tomlin through the body. When the Confederacy capitulated, McIver fled to Mexico, where he joined Emperor Maximilian in fighting Juárez’s rebels.

In Mexico he was captured by Indians, and escaped three months later by swimming across the Rio Grande. He fought at Monterrey, and for his deeds received the title of count. When the Juárez rebellion was successful, Maximilian was executed, and McIver fled to Tampico, where he boarded a ship and left for South America.

In the War of 1877-1878, McIver offered his services to the Serbians, initially being commissioned a colonel of volunteers and later rising to the rank of general and overall cavalry commander of the Serbian contingents.

In 1883, McIver organized a company for British colonization of New Guinea; the project had to be abandoned in 1884 after failing to gain the approval of the Earl of Derby.

Death
McIver died in 1907.

title: Henry McIver


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Espo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:00, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Espo
Non-notable tagger. 14 Google hits. RickK 23:56, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename to Steve Powers, with Espo redirecting there. "Steve Powers" + ESPO gets over 2,000 Google hits, a lot of which have to do with him.  I guess Google just doesn't know what ESPO stands for. --Idont Havaname 03:19, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep with rename possibly being appropriate. SchmuckyTheCat 14:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. ··gracefool |☺ 06:54, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. All taggers are inherently non-notable.  Kaibabsquirrel 05:37, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per google hits. Kappa 07:51, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Espo


text:
Talk:Biological Weapons Convention

Major article revision (17 February 2021)
Dear fellow Wikipedia editors,

I am about to implement a major revision to the Biological Weapons Convention article, which I hope will substantially improve and expand the article. I would kindly ask you to comment here with any suggestions for further improvements or potential disagreements with my revisions.

In brief, I have (i) substantially expanded the article content (from 32,000 bytes to 83,000 bytes), and (ii) added almost 100 new reliable sources to provide evidence for all the claims (for most of which I have added the web archive link to prevent link rot).

In the following, I briefly outline the major changes I have undertaken:
 * 1) Rewrote the article introduction, improving the structure and clarity.
 * 2) Added a section on the "History" of the BWC.
 * 3) Substantially expanded the section on "Treaty obligations", adding details on all of the major treaty provisions.
 * 4) Expanded the "Membership" section, including by adding a graph of the BWC States Parties since 1972.
 * 5) Substantially expanded the "Verification and compliance" section with (i) a sub-section on the BWC confidence-building measures (CBM)(+ a graph of CBM submissions since 1987), (ii) a sub-section on the failed negotiation of a BWC verification protocol in the 1990s, (iii) a sub-section on historical cases of BWC non-compliance, including of the Soviet Union, Iraq, and other non-compliance allegations against BWC States Parties.
 * 6) Expanded the "Implementation Support Unit" section
 * 7) Revised and expanded the "Review Conferences" section and restructured it to fit into a table which gives an overview of (i) the conferences' key outcomes, (ii) the number of BWC States Parties at the time of the conferences, (iii) the conferences' Chairpersons, and (iv) the conferences' final documents with their official UN document symbol (+ a download link to the official UN documents).
 * 8) Substantially expanded the "Intersessional program" section by adding a table with an overview of the duration and content of the intersessional program meetings since 2003.
 * 9) Added a section on the "Challenges" faced by the BWC, including (i) the potential misuse of advances in sciences and technology, (ii) the technical difficulties associated with the verification of biological weapons, and (iii) financial difficulties due to non-payments and late payments.
 * 10) Expanded and structured the "See also" section
 * 11) Expanded and structured the "External links" section

Please note that I have archived the old "Talk" page since all of the issues raised on this old page are outdated with the publication of the revised BWC article.

Thank you very much for your support!

--Ego.Eudaimonia (talk) 14:34, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biological Weapons Convention