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Lansing Man

Lansing Man is the name commonly given to a collection of human remains dug up in the loess banks of the Missouri River near Lansing, Kansas in February 1902. The remains were found in the process of digging a cellar tunnel for fruit storage on the farm of Martin Concannon. The human remains found consisted of a skull and several large bones from an adult male, as well as a child's mandible.

Further excavation was conducted by the Bureau of American Ethnology, and many archaeologists and geologists interested in the history and antiquity of man in America visited the site after its discovery. Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin was a notable geologist who put many efforts into examination of the Lansing Man site.

The remains were found beneath twenty feet of undisturbed deposits, and the geological strata in which the remains lay was dated to anywhere between 10,000 and 35,000 years old, predating the last ice age. The skull was well preserved, and its structure was nearly identical to that of Native Americans that previously inhabited the region.

Controversy
The details pertaining to the discovery of Lansing Man created controversy over the antiquity of the remains. Depending on whether morphological or geological evidence was taken into account, different conclusions could be made about dating of the Lansing Man skeletal remains.

The geological strata in which the remains lay was dated to anywhere between 10,000 and 35,000 years old, predating the last ice age. From a geological dating standpoint, this evidence suggested that the skeletal remains dated back to the glacial period. This information would make the remains a significant finding on the grounds that the glacial period was a time when, previously, no humans were known to inhabit North America.

Observing the structure of the skull, its characteristics were nearly identical to that of the indigenous people of the region. From a morphological standpoint, scientists argued that it was highly unlikely that a species could last through an entire geological period (several thousands of years) without any evolutionary modifications or changes.

Based on this perspective, the significance of the remains was dismissed by most archaeologists as the skeletons were assumed by most not to be as old as the strata in which they were buried.

Currently, the Lansing Man remains belong to a curator of the Kansas City Museum, Mr. M. C. Long, whom had the remains carefully prepared and placed in the United States National Museum.

Later findings
In 1973, further analysis was performed on the skeletal remains. William Bass, a staff member of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Tennessee, had Carbon-14 testing conducted on bones of the lower limbs at multiple laboratories. An average of the results from the testing dated the bones to 3579 B.C. These findings suggest that the remains are from the Early Middle Archaic, rather than the Paleoindian. Although the "Lansing Man" skeletal remains are not as old as some initially believed, they still remain the oldest human skeletons from Kansas.

title: Lansing Man


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Franz Josef Gerstner

Franz Josef Gerstner (from 1810 Franz Josef Ritter von Gerstner, František Josef Gerstner; 23 February 1756 – 25 July 1832) was a German-Bohemian physicist, astronomer and engineer.

Life
Gerstner was born in Komotau in Bohemia then part of the Habsburg monarchy. (Today it's Chomutov in the Czech Republic). He was the son of Florian Gerstner (1730–1783) and Maria Elisabeth, born Englert. He studied at the Jesuits gymnasium in Komotau. After that he studied mathematics and astronomy at the Faculty of Philosophy at the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague between 1772 and 1777. In 1781 he started to study medicine at the University of Vienna, but later decided to quit his studies. Instead, he worked as an assistant at the astronomical observatory in Vienna under supervision of Maximilian Hell. In 1784 he returned to Prague, where he got a position at the Klementinum astronomical observatory in Prague. In 1789 he became professor of higher mathematics, mechanics and hydraulics at the University in Prague.

In 1792 Gerstner married Gabriele von Mayersbach († 1808). They had nine children including Franz Anton von Gerstner (1796-1840).

In 1795 Gerstner became a member of the government commission which tried to improve higher technical education in the Austrian empire. Following his suggestion, the old engineering school in Prague (Česká stavovská inženýrská škola) was converted by the decree of Emperor Joseph I to a polytechnic school in 1803. The new Polytechnic Institute in Prague was officially opened on Nov. 10th 1806, and Gerstner became its first director. In 1811 he was appointed by the Emperor to the position of the Director of hydraulic engineering in Bohemia. In 1823, due to an illness, he was forced to stop his classes at the University. Gerstner died and was buried in Mladějov, Bohemia, in 1832.

Work
From his works the most influential was Handbook of mechanics (Handbuch der Mechanik). This fundamental text-book was published in three volumes (1831, 1832 and 1834), with more than 1400 subscribers.

In 1804 Gerstner published a pioneering work Theory of water waves. The so-called Gerstner wave is the trochoidal wave solution for periodic water waves – the first correct and nonlinear theory of water waves in deep water, appearing even before the first correct linearised theory.

His work focused on applied mechanics, hydrodynamics and river transportation. He helped to build the first iron works and first steam engine in Bohemia.

In 1807, he proposed the construction of a horse-drawn railway between the Austrian Empire towns of České Budějovice (Budweis) and Linz, one of the first railways on the European continent. The construction of this railway was started in summer 1825 by his son Franz Anton (Ritter) von Gerstner (1796, Prague - 1840, Philadelphia). The regular transport between České Budějovice and Linz started on August 1, 1832.

Honors
Between 1802 and 1803, Gerstner served as a chairman of the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences.

In 1808, he received the Imperial Order of Leopold.

In 1810, Gerstner was elevated to the nobility as Ritter von Gerstner.

Legacy
The polytechnic school founded by Gerstner exists till today as the Czech Technical University in Prague (ČVUT).

The institute for artificial intelligence and cybernetics research at ČVUT bears the name Gerstner Laboratory.

Writings

 * Über die Bestimmung der geographischen Längen, Berichtigung der Längen von Marseille, Padua, Kremsmünster, Dresden, Berlin und Danzig. Prague 1785
 * Vorübergang des Merkur vor der Sonne. Beobachtet am 4. Mai 1786. Prague and Dresden 1786
 * Beobachtung der Sonnenfinsternis am 4. Juni 1788 auf der k. Sternwarte zu Prag. Prague and Dresden 1788
 * Eine leichte und genaue Methode für die Berechnung der geographischen Länge aus Sonnenfinsternissen. Berlin Astronomisches Jahrbuch 1788, s. 243-247
 * Einleitung in die statische Baukunst. Prague 1789
 * Merkur vor der Sonne zu Prag den 5. Nov. 1789. Prague 1790
 * Vergleichung der Kraft und Last beim Räderwerke mit Rücksicht auf Reibung. Prague 1790
 * As coauthor: J. Jelinek, Abbe Gruber, Th. Haenke and F.J. Gerstner. Beobachtungen auf Reisen nach dem Riesengebirge. Dresden 1791
 * Über die, der wechselseitigen Anziehung des Saturns und Jupiters wegen erforderlichen Verbesserungen der Beobachtungen des Uranus, zur richtigen Erfindung der Elemente seiner wahren elyptischen Bahn. Berlin. Jahrbuch 1792
 * Theorie des Wasserstosses in Schussgerinnen mit Rücksicht auf Erfahrung und Anwendung. Prague 1795
 * Versuche über die Flüssigkeit des Wassers bei verschiedenen Temperaturen. Prague 1798
 * Theorie der Wellen: samt einer daraus abgeleiteten theorie der deichprofile. Prague 1804
 * Mechanische Theorie der oberschlächtigen Räder. Prague 1809
 * Zwei Abhandlungen über Frachtwägen und Strassen. Prague 1813
 * Abhandlung über die Spirallinie der Treibmaschinen. Prague 1816
 * Bemerkungen über das hydrometrische Pendel. Prague 1819
 * Vorschlag zur Erweiterung der von den böhmischen HH. Ständen im J. 1806 zu Prag errichteten polytechnischen Lehrinstituts. Prague 1820
 * Bemerkungen über die Festigkeit, Elasticität und Anwendung des Eisens bei dem Bau der Kettenbrücken. Prague 1825
 * Handbuch der Mechanik in three parts
 * 1. Mechanik fester Körper. Spurny, Prague 1831
 * 2. Mechanik flüssiger Körper. Spurny, Prague 1831
 * 3. Beschreibung und Berechnung grösserer Maschinenanlagen. Sollinger, Vienna 1834

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Franz Josef Gerstner


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Bullocks Flat

Bullocks Flat (or Bullock's Flat) is a flat portion of the Thredbo Valley adjacent to the Thredbo River, in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.

Skitube
The flat is the site of the lower terminus of the Skitube Alpine Railway a traction rack railway that takes skiers from beside the Alpine Way road (leading to the adjacent state of Victoria) below Thredbo, through a steeply inclined railway tunnel, into the Kosciuszko National Park at Perisher Valley and the associated ski resort of Blue Cow Mountain. The resort complex is known commercially as Perisher Ski Resort.

Indigenous history
The Indigenous Australian Ngarigo people first inhabited this area.

European history
In the 1830s, Europeans began summer alpine grazing of sheep and cattle. In the 1850s, gold was discovered on the Thredbo River, although finds were not extensive. Early in the 1900s, Eucalyptus delegatensis (alpine ash) trees were logged in this area, the logs brought to a steam-powered mill on the western side of the river by bullock teams.

Trout were introduced into the streams in the early 1900s for sport fishing and this remains a popular pastime and tourist activity for the area.

Dr Howard Bullock
In the 1930s, Howard Bullock, a medical doctor from Sydney, bought a small parcel of flat land in the Thredbo Valley at the confluence of the Thredbo River and the Little Thredbo River. At that time, Bullock and his family took two days to travel by car to this summer getaway where they enjoyed camping, fishing, bushwalking, and horse riding.

In 1934, Charles Conway was contracted to build the one-room cottage. It features built-in bunk beds on either side of the main room that has a central fireplace opposite the one door and two small shuttered windows. A separate kitchen building was added in 1938, and the garage and stables in 1947. The cottage area is maintained by the National Parks & Wildlife Service.

Lake Crackenback Resort
An artificial lake was formed adjacent to the Skitube station around which has been built a holiday resort with chalets for accommodation in both winter and summer. The resort adjoins the Little Thredbo River but the lake is not fed by it. Located on the border of the Kosciuszko National Park, Lake Crackenback Resort is a natural playground nestled in the Thredbo Valley surrounded by the spectacular Snowy Mountains. Lake Crackenback is a perfect base to explore the region from sightseeing, local attractions, snowsports in winter and the many summer activities including walking trails, mountain bikes, canoeing or fishing.

title: Bullocks Flat


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User talk:Muugokszhiion

Hey
Hey, i noticed you listen to jam music, smoke dope, and do psychodelic drugs. You know anything about Tea Leaf Green? Yea the band. I know, i hate the name too, but there ok musicwise. I guess someone has to take the phish spot, am i right? am i right? LOLzoreos, anyways, if you do know about them or listenzoreos to there music, perhaps you would re-write the article? Thankszoreos, and get back to mezoreos.--Gephart 07:59, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

DXM
good work on that rewrite, that article has been a constantly changing mess for at least the year that i've been here. you might be interested in checking out the WikiProject on Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants, we can always use some med students! --He:ah? 22:59, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I'll add myself to the project; I've been doing a lot of work on various drug pages anyway, so why not? It sounds like a good one. --Muugokszhiion 00:08, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You finished what I started almost a year ago. Good job! Although the page could be improved, I feel that the non-medical DXM article has never looked better. --Arm 22:29, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

DXMs pharmacology
I came across this site which contains more detailed descriptions of dextreomethorphans pharmacology. Just scroll down to dextromethorphan. I have a hard time understanding the technical detail of neurotransmitters. I was thinking since you are a med student, you could understand the information better and be more suited to add this to the dextromethorphan article. Or for the other drugs listed on that page. Don't forget to cite your sources! --Arm 23:08, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

The Wikipedia Library now offering accounts from Cochrane Collaboration (sign up!)
Cochrane Collaboration is an independent medical nonprofit organization consisting of over 28,000 volunteers in more than 100 countries. The collaboration was formed to organize medical scholarship in a systematic way in the interests of evidence-based research: the group conducts systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of health-care interventions, which it then publishes in the Cochrane Library.

Cochrane has generously agreed to give free, full-access accounts to 100 medical editors. Individual access would otherwise cost between $300 and $800 per account. Thank you Cochrane!

If you are stil active as a medical editor, come and sign up :)

Cheers, Ocaasit | c 19:51, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, an open access peer reviewed journal with no charges, invites you to participate
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title: User talk:Muugokszhiion


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Kolomyia

Kolomyia, formerly known as Kolomea (Коломия, ; Kołomyja; Kolomea; Colomeea; ), is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), in western Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Kolomyia Raion (district). The city rests approximately halfway between Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi, in the centre of the historical region of Pokuttya, with which it shares much of its history. Kolomyia hosts the administration of Kolomyia urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The population is

The city is a notable railroad hub, as well as an industrial centre (textiles, shoes, metallurgical plant, machine works, wood and paper industry). It is a centre of Hutsul culture. Until 1925 the town was the most populous town in the region. Before the Holocaust about half the town’s population was Jewish.

History
The settlement of Kolomyia was first mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in 1240 and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle in 1241 a time of the Mongol invasion of Rus'. Initially part of Kievan Rus', it later belonged to one of its successor states, the principality of Halych-Volhynia. On the order of Boroldai, the town fortress was burnt down in 1259. Since the mid-13th century it was known for its salt mining industry.

Under Poland (1340–1498)
In 1340 it was annexed to Poland by King Casimir III following the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, along with the rest of the Kingdom of Rus'. Sometime in the 1340s, another fortress was erected there. In a short time the settlement became one of the most notable centres of commerce in the area. Because of that, the population rose rapidly.

Prior to 1353 there were two parishes in the settlement, one for Catholics and the other for Orthodox. In 1388 the king Władysław Jagiełło was forced by the war with the Teutonic Order to pawn the area of Pokuttia to the hospodar of Moldavia, Petru II. Although the town remained under Polish sovereignty, the income of the customs offices in the area was given to the Moldavians, after which time the debt was repaid. In 1412 the king erected a Dominican order monastery and a stone-built church there.

Development

In 1405 the town's town rights were confirmed and it was granted with the Magdeburg Law, which allowed the burghers limited self-governance. This move made the development of the area faster and Kołomyja, as it was called then, attracted many settlers from many parts of Europe. Apart from the local Ukrainians and Poles, many Armenians, Jews, and Hungarians settled there. In 1411 the fortress-town was given away for 25 years to the Vlach Hospodar Olexander as a gift for his support in the war against Hungary. In 1443, a year before his death, King Wladislaus II of Poland granted the town yet another privilege which allowed the burghers to trade salt, one of the most precious minerals of the Middle Ages.

Since the castle gradually fell into disarray, in 1448 King Casimir IV of Poland gave the castle on the hill above the town to Maria, widow of Prince Iliaș of Moldavia as a dowry. In exchange, she refurbished the castle and reinforced it. In 1456 the town was granted yet another privilege. This time the king allowed the town authorities to stop all merchants passing by the town, and force them to sell their goods at the local market. This gave the town an additional boost, especially as the region was one of three salt-producing areas in Poland (the other two being Wieliczka and Bochnia), both not far from Kraków.

The area was relatively peaceful for the next century. However, the vacuum after the decline of the Golden Horde started to be filled by yet another power in the area: the Ottoman Empire. In 1485 Sultan Beyazid II captured Belgorod and Kilia, two ports on the northern shores of the Black Sea. This became a direct threat to Moldavia. In search of allies, its ruler Stephen the Great came to Kolomyia and paid homage to the Polish king, thus becoming a vassal of the Polish Crown. For the ceremony, both monarchs came with roughly 20,000 knights, which was probably the biggest festivity ever held in the town. After the festivity most knights returned home, apart from 3,000 under Jan Karnkowski, who were given to the Moldavian prince as support in his battles, which he won in the end.

In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by modern Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha, joined by other Ukrainians, such as Cossacks and Hutsuls, in addition to Moldavians (Romanians). Known as Mukha's Rebellion, this series of battles was supported by the Moldavian prince Stephen the Great, and it is one of the earliest known uprisings of Ukrainians against Polish oppression. Besides Kolomyia, these rebellions saw the capture of other cities of Pokuttya, and reached as far west as Lviv, but without capturing the latter.

Decline
With the death of Stephen the Great of Moldavia, the neighbouring state started to experience both internal and external pressure from the Turks. As a consequence of border skirmishes, as well as natural disasters, the town was struck by fires in 1502, 1505, 1513, and 1520.

Under Moldavia (1498–1531)
Władysław II Jagiełło, needing financial support in his battles against the Teutonic Knights, used the region as a guarantee in a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia, who thus gained control of Pokuttya in 1388. Therefore, it became the feudal property of the princes of Moldavia, but remained within the Kingdom of Poland.''

After the Battle of the Cosmin Forest, in 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by Moldavia until the Battle of Obertyn in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's hetman Jan Tarnowski, who defeated Stephen's son Petru Rareș. Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for the next 15 years, until Petru Rareș's death.

Polish – Ottoman wars
The following year, hetman Jan Tarnowski recaptured the town and defeated the Moldavians in the Battle of Obertyn. This victory secured the city's existence for the following years, but the Ottoman power grew and Poland's southern border remained insecure.

In 1589, the Turks crossed the border and seized Kolomyia almost immediately. All the burghers who had taken part in the defence were slaughtered, while the rest were forced to pay high indemnities.

The town was returned to Poland soon afterwards, but the city's growth lost its momentum.

In 1620, another Polono-Turkish war broke out. After the Polish defeat at Țuțora, Kolomyia was yet again seized by the Turks. In 1626 the town was burned to the ground, while all of residents were enslaved in a jasyr.

After the war the area yet again returned to Poland. With the town in ruins, the starosta of Kamieniec Podolski fortress financed its reconstruction – slightly further away from the Prut River. The town was rebuilt, but never regained its power and remained one of many similar-scaled centres in the area.

Khmelnytskyi Uprising

During the Khmelnytskyi Uprising in 1648–54, the Kolomyia county became a centre of a peasant unrest (Pokuttya Uprising) led by Semen Vysochan. The rebels' centre was a town of Otynia. With the help of incoming Cossack forces, Vysochan managed to overtake the important local fortress of Pniv (today – a village of Nadvirna Raion) and eventually managed to take under its control most of cities and villages in the region providing great support for the advancing Cossack forces of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi. Soon however with advancing Polish troops, Vysochan was forced to retreat to the eastern Podillya where he continued to fight under commands of Ivan Bohun and Ivan Sirko.

In the 17th century the town`s outskirts saw another peasant rebellion led by Oleksa Dovbush. The rebels were known as opryshky.

Partition of Poland – Jewish history
As a result of the first of Partitions of Poland (Treaty of St. Petersburg dated 5 July 1772), Kolomyia was attributed to the Habsburg monarchy. More details about the history of Galicia can be read in the article Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

However, as it provided very little profit, Kolomyia was sold to the castellan of Bełz, Ewaryst Kuropatnicki, who became the town's owner. The magnate financed a new Our Lady's Church, but he lacked the financial means to accelerate the town`s growth.

Prosperity returned to the town in the mid-19th century, when it was linked to the world through the Lemberg-Czernowitz railroad. In 1848 in Kolomyia was built a public library which was one of the first in eastern Galicia. In 1861 there was opened a gymnasium where studied among others Petro Kozlaniuk, Vasyl Stefanyk, Marko Cheremshyna. By 1882 the town had almost 24,000 inhabitants, including roughly 12,000 Jews, 6,000 Ruthenians, and 4,000 Poles. Until the end of that century, commerce attracted even more inhabitants from all over Galicia. There were established publishers and print houses. Moreover, a new Jesuit Catholic church was built in Kolomyia, as it was called by German authorities, along with a Lutheran church built in 1874. By 1901 the number of inhabitants grew to 34,188, approximately half of them Jews.

20th century
In 1900 the Jewish population was 16,568, again nearly 50% of the town's population. The Jewish community had a Great Synagogue, and about 30 other synagogues. In 1910 Jews were prohibited from selling alcoholic beverages. In 1911 they were prohibited from salt and wine occupations.

After the outbreak of World War I, the town saw fierce battles between the forces of the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary. Jews were abused for supposedly supporting the Austrians, and many Jewish homes were ransacked and destroyed. The Russian advance occupied the town in September 1914. In 1915 the Austrians retook the town.

As a result of the collapse of Austria-Hungary, both the town itself and the surrounding region became disputed between renascent Poland and the West Ukrainian People's Republic.

Second Polish Republic
However, during the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1919, it was seized without a fight by the Romanian Land Forces under General Iacob Zadik, and handed over to Polish authorities. According to the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, it was taken over by the Polish bourgeoisie and land owners. During the Polish-Bolshevik 1919 war in Ukraine, a Polish division under General Zeligowski tore through Bessarabia and Bukovina and stopped in Kolomyia during its winter march to Poland. Kolomyia was then temporarily occupied by the Romanians and the border was near the town (shtetl) Otynia between Stanislav and Kolomyia.

After the Polish-Soviet War it remained in Poland as a capital of a powiat within the Stanisławów Voivodship. By 1931 the number of inhabitants grew to over 41,000. The ethnic mixture was composed of Jews, Poles, Ukrainians (including Hutsuls), Germans, Armenians, and Hungarians, as well as of descendants of Valachians and other nationalities of former Austria-Hungary. With the development of infrastructure, the town became a major railroad hub, as well as the garrison village of the 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment. In the interbellum period, every Thursday a market took place at the main square of the town. The town had a monument to Polish poet Franciszek Karpinski, a monument to Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, and an obelisk near the town, located in a spot where in 1485 hospodar Stephen III of Moldavia paid tribute to king Kazimierz IV Jagiellon. In 1920-30s workers' strikes took place in the village, possibly organized by the Communist Party of Western Ukraine that was established in Kolomyia in 1923.

In 1921 a music school was established in Kolomyia.

After the outbreak of World War II with the Invasion of Poland of 1939, the town was thought of as one of the centres of Polish defence of the so-called Romanian Bridgehead.

Ukrainian SSR and German occupation in World War II

However, the Soviet invasion from the east made these plans obsolete, and the town was occupied by the Red Army.

As a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the occupied town became a part of the Soviet Union as a region of the Ukrainian SSR. The accession of the Western Ukraine to the Soviet Union (Reunion of Western Ukraine and USSR) – the adoption of the Soviet Union in Western Ukraine with the adoption of an Extraordinary Session V of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Law "On the inclusion of the Western Ukraine in the Soviet Union to the reunification of the Ukrainian SSR" (1 November 1939) at the request of the Commission of the Plenipotentiary of the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine. The decision to file motions stipulated in the Declaration "On joining of Western Ukraine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" was adopted by the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine in Lviv, 27 October 1939.

On 14 November 1939, the Third Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Soviet of USSR decided: "Accept Western Ukraine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and thus reunite the great Ukrainian people in a unified Ukrainian state."

In 1940 part of the local population, Jews and Christians alike, were arrested by the NKVD, and sent to the Gulag system or to various Soviet prisons that contained Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, Hungarians, and many others.

In June 1941, the town was bombed by Nazi Germany airforce. This caused many Jews  and young people to flee east. Briefly, the town was occupied by Hungary, a German ally. During their occupation, the Ukrainian townspeople launched a pogrom against Jews, beating, robbing, and humiliating them. Several hundred were forced to remove Lenin's statue from the town square. Ukrainians were preparing to shoot many when a deputy mayor stopped them. The Ukrainians prepared lists of Jews they wanted to see punished.

On August 1, the town became part of the German controlled Generalgouvernement and the anti Jewish measures increased. In October, the Germans and their Ukrainian auxiliaries arrested 3000 Jews according to the lists prepared by the Ukrainians. These Jews were taken by truck to the Szeparowce Forest where they were shot. The Great Synagogue in the town was burned. The next month, 2000 more were taken to the same forest by the Germans and their Ukrainian allies and shot and in December another 1200 suffered the same fate. More Aktions followed in January though March 1942 so that the Jewish population of the town, which had been 30,000 before June was now only 17,000. At this point, the Germans established a ghetto forcing Jews to move there within 24 hours. In April 5000 Jews were rounded up and sent to Belzec, where they were immediately murdered. In September 1942, more than 1000 Jews were selected to stay in the ghetto, being fit to work. Those in hiding were shot, and others sent to Belzec to be murdered. Jews from surrounding villages were brought to the ghetto and they too, with more Kolomyia Jews, were sent to Belzec. In February 1943, the last Jews, who had been kept behind as laborers were killed by clubbing and shooting. Overall, more than 70,000 Jews from Kolomyia and the area were killed in Kolomyja and the Szeparowce Forest or sent to Belzec.

Only about 200 Jews were still alive when the Red Army liberated Kolomyia from the German invaders on 28 March 1944. Other Jews who had been deported or fled to the Soviet Union survived there. After liberation, many construction workers, teachers, doctors, engineers and other skilled professionals began to arrive to restore the ruined town. They arrived from the eastern part of Ukraine and other parts of the Soviet Union. But the Jewish community was not revived.

During the Cold War the town was the headquarters of the 44th Rocket Division of the Strategic Rocket Forces, which had previously been the 73rd Engineer Brigade RVGK at Kamyshin. The division was disbanded on 31 March 1990.

Under independent Ukraine (1991–present)
It is now a part of Ukraine, independent since 1991.

By the time of independence the vast majority of industrial enterprises of Kolomyia had closed or had been eliminated: Plant "Kolomyiasilmash", "Zahotzerno", plant "Elektroosnastka", factory "September 17", a shoe factory, a woodworking factory, plant KRP (complete switchgears),the printing house on Valova St.,a brush manufacturer, a weaving factory and many others. Also shut down were movie theatres; there had been four: Irchan movie theatre, Kirov movie theatre, movie theatre "Yunist" (Youth), and a summer theatre in the present Trylovskoho park (formerly named Kirov park). A film store of regional importance also closed down. As a result, many people found themselves unemployed, and many town residents felt forced to move abroad to find work. Those companies that have remained from the Soviet era barely function. These include a curtain factory, a paper mill, Metalozavod, Plant PRUT (programmable electronic educational terminals),a cheese factory, "Kolomyiasilmash", Kolomyia Plant management of building materials, Kolomyia Motor Company, a paper mill, a clothes factory on Valova St, a printing house on Mazepa St., and a canned fruit plant.

Most of these companies were widely known in the former Soviet Union and abroad, as they were highly advanced in terms of equipment, skilled workers, and engineering staff. These enterprises produced many products, with people working in several shifts, and providing the village with received significant tax revenues.

It is a sister village of Nysa in Poland, to which many of its former inhabitants had to move after the war.

Since late 2015, Kolomyia has been the headquarters of the Ukrainian 10th Mountain Brigade.

Until 18 July 2020, Kolomyia was incorporated as a town of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Kolomyia Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six, the town of Kolomyia was merged into Kolomyia Raion.

Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

Economy

 * Kolomyiasilmash
 * Factory of the 17 September
 * Factory of construction materials
 * Factory combine of household services

Culture

 * Museum of the History of Kolomyia
 * National Museum of Hutsulshchyna and Pokuttya Folk Art
 * Kolomyia is famous for its Pysanka Museum, that was built in 2000.
 * The museum was opened on 23 September 2000, during the 10th International Hutsul festival. Director Yaroslava Tkachuk first came up with the idea of a museum in the shape of a pysanka, local artists Vasyl Andrushko and Myroslav :Yasinskyi brought the idea to life. The museum is not only shaped like an egg (14 m in height and 10 m in diameter), but parts of the exterior and interior of the dome are painted to resemble a pysanka.

 * Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1709)
 * Academic Regional Ukrainian Drama Theater named after Iwan Osarkewytsch

Location

 * Regional orientation

Twin towns – sister cities
Kolomyia is twinned with:

 * 🇲🇩 Drochia, Moldova
 * 🇵🇱 Gniewino, Poland
 * 🇲🇰 Kratovo, North Macedonia
 * 🇵🇱 Łapsze Niżne, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Łomża, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Nysa, Poland
 * 🇷🇴 Rădăuți, Romania
 * 🇷🇴 Sighetu Marmației, Romania

Notable people

 * Artem Chapeye (born 1981), Ukrainian writer
 * Emanuel Feuermann (1902–1942), American-Jewish cellist

 * Chaim Gross (1904–1991), American-Jewish sculptor and educator
 * Roman Hryhorchuk (born 1965), Ukrainian football player and manager
 * Myroslav Irchan (1897-1937), Ukrainian playwright
 * Olena Iurkovska (born 1983), Ukrainian athlete, five-time Paralympic Champion and Hero of Ukraine
 * Mieczyslaw Jagielski (1924–1997), Polish politician and economist
 * Franciszek Karpinski (1741–1825), Polish 17th century poet
 * Hillel Lichtenstein (1814-1891), Hungarian Jewish rabbi
 * Karl Maramorosch (1915–2016), Austrian-born American virologist, entomologist, and plant pathologist
 * Dov Noy (1920-2013), Israeli folklorist, recipient of the Israel Prize in 2004
 * Jakiw Palij (1923–2019), Trawniki concentration camp guard who was the last known Nazi to have lived in the United States
 * Stanislaw Ruziewicz (1889–1941), Polish mathematician
 * Józef Sandel (1894–1962), Polish-Jewish art historian and critic, art dealer, and collector

 * Olesya Stefanko (born 1988), Ukrainian pageant, finished 1st runner-up at the 2011 Miss Universe pageant (Ukraine's highest placement to date)
 * Andrzej Zalucki (born 1941), Polish diplomat

title: Kolomyia


text:
Melissa Hill

Melissa Hill (born January 8, 1970) is an American former pornographic actress and director. She was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2014 and XRCO Hall of Fame in 2015.

Career
Hill began her career in the adult entertainment industry in 1992 by first modeling in photo spreads in magazines such as Club, Hustler, and High Society. She proceeded to start acting in adult films a year later and appeared in more than 200 movies, for a wide variety of producers, over the next ten years until her retirement from hardcore. Over the course of her career, she was nominated for several AVN Awards. Hill won the Best Actress—Film award in 1997 for Penetrator 2 (Pleasure Productions). In 1998, she was named Best Supporting Actress—Film for Paul Thomas' Bad Wives (Vivid Entertainment). In a 2015 interview, she claimed she retired in part because she did not want to age on camera and in part because she felt her career had reached a "plateau", and she found herself not getting another contract and not wanting to succumb to plastic surgery.

Mainstream appearances
Hill has also appeared in a variety of mainstream productions, most notably the porn-themed comedy Orgazmo from South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone. She has acted in non-sex roles, including Beyond Fucked: A Zombie Odyssey and the porn parodies Underworld and Measure X.

Awards

 * 1997 AVN Award – Best All-Girl Sex Scene, Film (Dreams of Desire)
 * 1997 AVN Award – Best Actress—Film (Penetrator 2: Grudge Day)
 * 1998 AVN Award – Best Supporting Actress—Film (Bad Wives)
 * 2014 AVN Hall of Fame
 * 2015 XRCO Hall of Fame

Personal life
Hill is a San Francisco native, and she spent most of her childhood studying ballet, even becoming an instructor for five years after graduating from high school.

title: Melissa Hill


text:
Chantilly Lace (song)

"Chantilly Lace" is a 1958 rock and roll song by The Big Bopper. It was produced by Jerry Kennedy, and reached No. 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Bruce Channel covered the song on his 1962 album, ''Hey! Baby''. The song was also covered by Jerry Lee Lewis in 1972.

History
Originally cut for Pappy Daily's D label, the recording was purchased by Mercury Records and reissued in the summer of 1958, just over six months after Chuck Berry released "Sweet Little Sixteen", which uses the same chord progression. The song was originally released as the flip side to "The Purple People Eater Meets The Witch Doctor", which parodied "The Purple People Eater" by Sheb Wooley and "Witch Doctor" by David Seville. This was J.P. Richardson's first release under the moniker The Big Bopper. However, DJs and the public preferred the flip side "Chantilly Lace", and it was this song that became a hit.

The song reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 22 weeks on the national Top 40. It was the third most played song of 1958. On the Cash Box chart, "Chantilly Lace" reached No. 4.

Lyrics
The song depicts a young man flirting with his girlfriend on the telephone and listing things about her that he likes, including: Chantilly lace and a pretty face And a ponytail hangin' down A wiggle in her walk and a giggle in her talk Make the world go 'round.

Jerry Lee Lewis version
In January 1972, Jerry Lee Lewis recorded a version of "Chantilly Lace" at the Mercury studio in Nashville. The recording was done with everyone (10 musicians and 6 backing singers) crowded into the studio as Lewis did not want any overdubbing on the record. The single (with B-side "Think About It Darlin'") was released 6 weeks after it was recorded. It was for three weeks a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and a top fifty pop hit in the US and a Top 40 pop hit in the UK. The song was included in the album The Killer Rocks On

In popular culture
The song inspired an answer song titled "That Makes It", recorded by actress Jayne Mansfield in 1964, and released as the B-side to "Little Things Mean A Lot". Mansfield performed the song in the 1966 film The Las Vegas Hillbillys.

title: Chantilly Lace (song)


text:
User talk:Midster

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the help desk or at my talk page.
 * Read the simplified ruleset and the five pillars of Wikipedia.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the manual of style and policies and guidelines.
 * Remember to write in a neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Again, welcome, and good luck! :D -- Elisson | Talk 00:12, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account registered at 00:10, first welcome at 00:12. Yay. Midster 00:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Delete vandalism
I wrote several arguments why the article should be restored. Unfortunately, i twas all erased without discussion. Could anyone restore the article so the arguments can be answered?????
 * Please discuss this in User_talk:Dragonlance. Also, please use ~ to insert your username to edits.

Deletion notices
When marking an article for speedy deletion, please add the template to the existing contents rather than replacing them. Admins trawling the candidates for speedy deletion need to be able to see what's there to determine whether it qualifies as a candidate for speedy deletion. Also, instead of putting your reason for deletion on the talkpage (which, if it doesn't already exist, makes more work for admins, as the talkpage must be deleted as well), it would be better if you would use the ("delete because") template, with your reason as a parameter. Finally, please note that you are marking the article for speedy deletion in your edit summary. Thanks! — Gwalla | Talk 05:45, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Understood. Midster 05:50, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

Help?
I have been bollocked from editing''' for violating Wikipedia policy against climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spiderman.

Dfrg.msc 00:28, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Midster


text:
Talk:The Seventies

Size issues:

I figure by the end of the week, we'll push the article into something like 75 or even 100k. I don't think we should refactor into daughter articles until the week is over, that way we know what we have to ship over and not leave anything behind. Any objections? Mike H 15:42, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

I agree. Lets get the work done then at the end cut and send the television and movie text into their own main articles.

lots of issues | leave me a message 18:13, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

List
I wanted to discuss the personal and cultural impact, like The Sixties did. This is just becoming a list, like 1970s. Mike H 03:05, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

We will, we will... the list is just to get us started... This just passed Navy in votes. It's likely to be the COTW tomorrow. ℬ astique ▼ talk 04:17, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Stay groovy, man... ℬ astique ▼ talk 04:19, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * See what I'm talkin' about brother?  ℬ astique ▼ talk 04:47, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've started my Seventies in Television section. Can you start another section, like Music or Cinema? Mike H 18:33, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm gonna take a crack at expanding the Literature section, since that's what I know most about. I may also try the music, since I know some (not necessarily disco or pop, but the rock components), if I get a chance. Volatile 21:22, June 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Literature section is Done! I don't know how to post pictures, so if someone could do that, it'd be awesome. Also, the section might use some link-checks. G'night! Volatile 1:05, June 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Working on Seventies in Cinema !Volatile 19:15, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Seventies in Cinema done Volatile 22:19, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Enviromentalism
Would enviromentalism be best under Economy or Culture? 1970 was the first year of Earth Day(Culture) while at the same time opposition to Nuclear energy(economy?) grew towards the middle and end of the the Seventies. Falphin 00:39, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I would say that would be best under economy, but explain why. Mike H 00:43, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think a new section for "social movements" should be started, which includes environmentalism.

Merge
I have added a template to merge this into 1970s. The two concepts are the same or similar enough that there is no reason to have both articles separate. --SPUI (talk) 02:11, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Check, Sixties, the Roaring Twenties etc. This is the COTW and so the article is only in its infant stages but it will be good by the end of the week. Falphin 02:13, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * How would you separate this from 1970s without large amounts of overlap? --SPUI (talk) 02:16, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe the best way for me to answer that is for you to read this article. Falphin 02:20, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, decade articles are generally just lists, and the Seventies was an important cultural decade as was agree upon at the COTW. Falphin 02:14, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Why does 1970s have to be a list? Why can't what's going here instead be done there, and if necessary the lists can be broken off into articles like World leaders active during the 1970s? --SPUI (talk) 02:16, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Because those articles are always lists, and they aren't meant to go in depth. Falphin 02:20, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The decade articles are lists of what happened during the decade. The Sixties (and hopefully, The Seventies) seek to explain the cultural and personal aspects of it...you know, how they happened and why they happened. Mike H 02:15, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * And thus what happened, which is a total overlap with the purpose of 1970s. --SPUI (talk) 02:16, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The decade articles don't ever go into any depth. If you merged it, it would be the first time this has ever been done, and every decade article would then have to be completely overhauled, and I don't know if that's something that should be discussed just here. Mike H 02:18, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * So isn't it a better idea to do it before all the duplicates are created? --SPUI (talk) 02:20, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Not during the first day of a COTW that 23 people voted on, it's not. People voted on The Seventies, not 1970s. Mike H 02:22, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Plus, then you have to do it with every decade. Those articles work better as lists and maintain uniformity from beginning to end.   ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:21, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I have to concur with my associates. The 1970s represents a list of what happened.  This article represents what it was about.   ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:19, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And "what happened" is part of "what it was about". --SPUI (talk) 02:20, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia separates those kinds of things. Don't ask me why. Mike H 02:21, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * SPUI... I don't think you're quite getting the concept. The 1970s is a catalogue article. As are the 1460s and the 1120s.  Nobody is really going to write about the concepts of the Eleven Twenties because nobody really knows what they were about.   ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:52, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or not, I think we should wait until this is no longer on the COTW to merge it! I kinda think it shouldn't be merged though. -- Phroziac (talk) 02:23, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever merge idea is decided upon, I agree this should wait until the week is over. "Pre-emptive" as this move might be to SPUI, large-scale editing has started and the COTW should not be disturbed. Mike H 02:28, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * 1970s is meant to be a simple list of topics more or less while The Seventies is an article. That's how things are for other decades.  gren 02:39, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That would make it the house style, which is why I voted not to merge. -- Phroziac (talk) 02:51, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I just wanted to leave a note of support for SPUI's idea here. I don't really see a huge reason to keep these separate.  More importantly, I think that many people will link to either one arbitarily, and if they're going to be left as separate articles, very clear links should be left between the articles at the top, and someone should consider going through the backlinks.  Thanks. :) kmccoy (talk) 03:05, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Its the common practice, I do agree with you that the links need to be fixed and clarified.. I will do that tommorow. Falphin 03:09, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * While I don't believe many people will actually link to The Seventies without intending it to go to this article, and vice versa, I nevertheless added a disclaimer at the top of this article. Perhaps someone can do the same for the 1970s article.   ℬ astique ▼ talk 03:46, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

International
The article is becoming frightfully Amerocentric. Is there anyone who can contribute with some reasonable idea about the international part? ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:19, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The whole idea of a collaboration is to contribute what you know. I've contributed what I know...I'm a bit disheartened that nobody else is helping. Mike H 02:20, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I wrote a little bit and helped organize it! I didn't see any notice posted on my Talk page either!  Did you do that?  ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:22, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Its still early in the COTW, I intend to contribute more but today is Fathers day. Falphin 02:22, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone needs to add the COTWvoter to the user pages. I could do that tommorow but I can't today with family over. Falphin 02:23, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Mike says he did but just didn't bother with us because we already knew... ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:29, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, just wanted to make sure. Falphin 02:34, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, and Falphin? sterilized!  You know what I mean...   ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:37, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It's the first day... most of us are going to be Anglo-centric unfortunately... gren 02:41, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I must agree, and was about to write a note to that effect when I saw that you'd already done it. As it stands, in my opinion it should probably be retitled somehow to reflect its US-centric perspective. However I'll certainly help to correct some of the grammar and spellings in any case. james gibbon  11:55, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That's just it...it's not SUPPOSED to be just an American article. By all means, the best way to rectify the Amerocentric slant is to WRITE MORE ABOUT THE REST OF THE WORLD. Please, will you? Mike H 15:39, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

Free to Be You and Me
Where should this be mentioned? TV in US? This is a rather important set of books and TV specials, and I'm leaning toward TV because it was developed by actress Marlo Thomas. Any thoughts? Mike H 04:45, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Cinema
Volatile, I know you're still editing the Cinema section, but a must-mention in that section is Hal Ashby, who directed the groundbreaking films Harold and Maude and Being There. Mike H 21:04, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Done with Seventies in Cinema! Long write, lol. Did mention Ashby's Being There towards the end of the article. Feel free to spell/grammar check, because I'm sure there's plenty I've missed; as well as add anything I've missed. Thanks! Volatile 22:34, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

70s in Music
The Seventies will be most remembered for the rise in disco music -- umm, I think that's POV? It is remembered for that... but, is that more important that punk or later Zeppelin to most people? I'm not sure about that... it'd need to be sourced from some reliable survey. gren 16:36, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ditto. I would prefer something along the lines of: Disco was a prominent form of a music, reaching its height of popularity between the years (year) and (year). Volatile 18:04, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's too POV to say when somebody thinks of the Seventies, they think of disco. I can tell you more think of disco than of punk. Mike H 18:14, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's a little POV... Maybe you can change it to To many people, the Seventies will be most remembered for the rise in disco music?  ℬ astique ▼ talk 18:17, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That's better. I'll change it. Mike H 18:19, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not that big of a deal... but, I don't think that constitutes common knowledge, nor is there a source. As I can tell from the presidential election, there are definite regional biases.  The change is better... I still disagree... and, I just want to voice that, even if it doesn't get changed. gren 02:46, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I must say I really do think many more people think of something other than disco when they think of the term "70s music". More will think of long-haired rock bands with epic guitar solos, prog rock, Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Yes and so on. james gibbon  12:00, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cinema picture
I replaced the Godfather VHS cover with another event resulting from the movie's success -- when Marlon Brando boycotted the awards and sent an Indian woman instead. Mike H 19:18, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

70's in Television - UK
I am about to write something for this topic. So far it's just a list, which needs some boiling down in the comedy area, and probably needs a bit more material in areas like documentary, history and news:

COMEDY Porridge, Rising Damp, Dad's Army, The Benny Hill Show, The Goodies, The Good Life, Last Of The Summer Wine, Monty Python's Flying Circus, Man About The House, Please, Sir, Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, Till Death Us Do Part, Up Pompeii, Man About The House, Are You Being Served?, Minder (79)

CHILDREN'S Blue Peter

SPY / ACTION The New Avengers, The Professionals, The Sweeney

SCI-FI Doctor Who, Blake's Seven

DRAMA: Play For Today, Pennies From Heaven Dennis Potter - Brimstone and Treacle 1976, banned on BBC till 87

MUSIC: Top Of The Pops, The Old Grey Whistle Test

SOAPS: Upstairs Downstairs ,Coronation Street ,Crossroads

HISTORY / CULTURE Ascent of Man

DOCUMENTARY / NEWS: Nationwide, Panorama

Most of the news and soaps of course were not restricted to the 70's but they comprised a significant proportion of TV output so need some mention.

I shall start with what I have, but any further suggestions are welcome.

Stephen Burnett 00:37, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Soaps are good. I'd mention the rise of Crossroads in 1973 following Pat Phoenix's departure from Corrie. The soap viewers were looking for a strong woman, and critics hypothesized that Noele Gordon fit the bill. 1973, coincidentally, was one of Corrie's worst-rated years ever. Mike H 03:02, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you, I will follow that one up Stephen Burnett 07:49, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * What about Variety shows?  ℬ astique ▼ talk 04:06, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I just found a reference to a show called Rod Hull and Emu. (Huh?)  ℬ astique ▼ talk 04:07, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh yes :) Rod Hull was very big in the 70's. Emu was a bird puppet carried on Rod Hull's arm, with his hand inside the bird's beak. The bird didn't talk (a bit like a ventriloquist act, only without the ventriloquism). What the bird did do was to attack people with little provocation and no warning at all, and essentially the humour came from knowing what was going to happen, but not being sure when. Stephen Burnett 07:49, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * And then there were the Game shows!  ℬ astique ▼ talk 04:08, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Many game shows in the UK were copies of US shows (which, funnily enough, aren't mentioned in the TV section I wrote). Mike H 04:42, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * for quiz / game shows I have
 * Ask The Family,Call My Bluff,The Generation Game,The Golden Shot,It's A Knockout,The Krypton Factor,Mastermind,University Challenge, Sale Of The Century,The Sky's the Limit,Three Two One,Top Of The Form,What's My Line Stephen Burnett 07:49, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, so if UK quiz shows were copies of US game shows, and US sit coms were copies of UK sit coms, then why can't they be combined into one section!!!! :) (Just kidding...don't mean to start anything)  ℬ astique ▼ talk 15:19, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've now added a bit on sitcoms and police series, they will need wikifying eventually. I need to work in a little about representation of women and racial minorities - women were primarily victims, or perhaps junior-rank police officers. The first police drama - Juliet Bravo - to present a woman as a high-ranking police officer would not come until the end of the decade. Comments welcome - I'm Looking at variety shows at the moment Stephen Burnett 07:20, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Marshall plan mention
"The Marshall Plan that was implemented at the end of World War II brought out a renewed Europe out of the ashes of the war in the very early 1970s."

I would like to remove this line because I feel it inaccurately dates the beginning of European recovery. lots of issues | leave me a message 11:19, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. If anything, the results of the Marshall Plan pretty much yielded a rebuilt Europe by the 1970s...it certainly didn't start then. Mike H 15:26, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Hirohito
I want to mention Hirohito's state visits to Europe in 1971, and the anti-Japanese sentiment. Where can I mention that? Should I start a Japan section? Mike H 15:26, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like the only way possible. I think we are going to go overboard on size.  Is there already a bicent. entry?  Could we trim our section to a view lines, merging the discarded with that article?
 * I really did want there to be a picture of the Bicentennial, since it was a rather important part of life in the Seventies...but I won't be heartbroken if the picture goes and the Bicentennial section is edited to be in the "US" section. Mike H 15:41, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Parts of the intro
"In much of the world, it is remembered as the decade of the rise of new middle class, challenging old social hierarchies and bringing new hope for successive generation. However these dreams remained unfulfilled for much of the world and hence creating a lingering nostalgia for its passion for change and its hope for a prosperous and egalitarian society."

My impression is that it was a economic slump decade - no condition for the building of a new middle class. I would think the the part about challenging old hierarchies and bringing new hope treads on stronger memory nostalgia ppl have for the 60s. Anyone think this part should be cut?

lots of issues | leave me a message 18:08, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that part you removed describes the 1960s much better than the 1970s. The "Me Decade" philosophy could very well fit all over the world, as economics took center stage. Mike H 19:07, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * "However, the rise in a global middle class brought about at the same time a challenge to long-held social hierarchy. This consequently saw the duality of democratic transition amid increasing information blockade and ever-increasing numbers of people seeking urban life over an agrarian economy." I don't want to chainsaw wreck other people's work, but I feel those lines sound unsupported.

lots of issues | leave me a message 19:22, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Even if they were supported, it would still fit into the mold of the Sixties and not the Seventies. Mike H 19:23, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

When one takes the world economy ( and I suppose when writing an article onh the seventies all human beings are included) then the rise in middle class was in the seventies. Of course the west especially America felt the pain of the Oil shock which I have mentioned in the section on world wide trends of the 70s. However I wrote the section on rising middle class to represent the aspect of much of the third world countries where much of the rise of middle class happened in the early seventies.

Besides why have sections been removed without discussion. sections have been removed on the opinions of just one or two individuals. That is POV.

User Lotsofissues wrote: "My impression is that it was a economic slump decade - no  condition for the building of a new middle class.  I would think the   the part about challenging old hierarchies and bringing new hope   treads on stronger memory nostalgia ppl have for the 60s."<<

Mike wrote: "Even if they were supported, it would still fit into the  mold of the Sixties and not the Seventies."

this makes this article american-centric. which is okay with me. However if one claims to write an article on the seventies of entire humanity, then it is fallacious to equate that with the decline of the 60s in the west the same happened in the third world. Instead the changes in the west in the 60s started making its impact in Asia and much of the third world in the early seventies, only to be prematurely halted by the Oil shock. That is if one is truly interested in a global article. which is why I kept on adding the phrase In much of the world which by the way happens to be the third world. Robin klein 23:25, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry if you felt we acted too quickly, but let us please flesh out these snipped sections. From an end of the decade Economist assessment: "Ldcs' [third world] output grew by 4.6% a year between 1973 and 1980, compared with 2.5% growth in the output of industrial countries." So yes developing countries did better.  Despite these numbers the meager improvement was not enough to bring a new middle class in large places such as China/India.  A 2004 article points to sluggish performance/problems across the developed world (a large part of the world) "From a rate of 2-3% through most of the 1960s the average inflation rate in developed economies soared to 13% in 1974, and stayed in the 7-12% range for the next eight years." during the whole decade.  This is what creates my impression that the 70s was not a decade of better wealth dispersal that created a new middle class.  It is of course very difficult to get a handle on the economy of the world over a whole decade, so I would like to read new info that doesn't support my idea.

lots of issues | leave me a message 23:58, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The Seventies definitely didn't bring a renewed middle class to China, which was still recovering from the Cultural Revolution and the deaths of Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong. Indeed, Deng Xiapoing's embracing of capitalism led to a somewhat established middle class...in the 1980s. But DEFINITELY not before then. Capitalism was still a very dirty word in 1970s China. Capitalism was un-Communist, and even being vaguely "capitalist" meant you were an enemy of the state. Mike H 03:40, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

The seventies were not entirely great even for the third world economy. The point is that it might have got better in the way that Europe recovered after the war through the marshall plan, however the growing economy of the third world which undoubtedly began in the mid -late 1960s (remember green revolution) began blooming in the very early 70s was halted in by the Oil Shock. Therefore I wrote the intro paragraph of Unfulfilled dreams of egalitarian society and nostalgia etc. Besides when you removed that intro, now it looks as if the only people alive in the 70s were people in the west. at least include better paragraph fused with the impression you have and the points I have stated. If a global article is the goal. Robin klein 00:30, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I do wish for a global article. I took the hasty path of deleting rather than modifying because I am still too unsure of my own comprehensive view of the economy of the decade to confidently write it.  However, I felt what existed expressed a misleading sense of positive economic achievement in a generally slump decade.

lots of issues | leave me a message 03:18, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Feminism
One of the biggest worldwide trends hasn't even been touched! Will someone start a paragraph on it under the worldwide trends? Mike H 19:27, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Isn't it more of a Sixties topic during the Second wave? Falphin 15:49, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's definitely a seventies topic. Women started joining the workforce en masse in the Seventies. People like Gloria Steinem became popular in the Seventies. Ms. magazine gained momentum in the Seventies. I know a big impetus for the women's movement in the US in the Seventies was the fiftieth anniversary of women's suffrage in 1970. Mike H 15:57, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Removed The Bicentennial
I've removed the Bicentennial section. If it can fit in a summary under national issues, please summarize.

The Bicentennial

1976 marked the 200th year since the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and plans were made all year to celebrate the United States Bicentennial.

On July 4, 1976, parties were thrown across the nation on an even larger scale than usual, and historic ships sailed through New York Harbor. President Ford was on hand to officiate the ceremony, which ended in a display of fireworks at Ellis Island. The Statue of Liberty was lit up for the occasion, and provided a picturesque backdrop for the fireworks display. The fireworks display was broadcast on national television. Mike H 19:29, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

70s Music
This might sound stupidly obvious but 70s music is notable for the reason that it marked the end of the 60s. It is widely recognised that toward the end of the sixties the hippy movement was collapsing; Jimi, Janis and brian jones died; the beatles split up; and the rolling stones had a shocker at altamont involving the hells angels (obviously not in that order). I think its sensible that we mention something about this in the 70s music section! --CJ 23:20, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * CJ, that sounds like the makings of a wonderful beginning to an expanded Music section! Why don't you write it!   ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:11, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I agree CJ, the story of the Beatles, and what happened to their Apple empire, seems for me to sum up the conflict between late 60's idalism and 70's acquistiveness. In 67 they were saying "all you need is love" - by the 70's they'd realised that not everyone thought that way, and actually you needed money as well.

Sorry, but i am really busy at the moment and i can't quite find the time to contribute anything here. Just thought I would throw that little comment into the ring and hope that someone would react. Apologies, --CJ 19:23, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the thought - I'll try to do something when I've finished with TV and have more time. Stephen Burnett 06:20, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Worldwide trends integrated with the intro?
I think tweaking and merging the info with the existing intro would improve flow, organization, and result in a better intro.

lots of issues | leave me a message 12:31, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

No, World wide trends is an important major section by itself. It should be left as a separate section and not merged with the intro. And compared to the fanfare that hollywood cinema has received on this page, the section on world trends is miniscule. however the entire article, as is, reflects the world as of now. Robin klein 12:44, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sports
Can someone come up with something to add to the sports section of the artical? --ZeWrestler 12:50, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Featured image
Maybe someone can find a way to work this featured image taken in the seventies into the article. - Haukurth 12:57, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't mean to sound mean, because the contribution is very nice, but it's kinda useless without knowing who the "starlet" is. Mike H 15:09, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

Headings
I've unified the headings to start them all out as "The Seventies in..." since the article is about The Seventies. Also, PLEASE PLEASE try not to mention "1970s" in the headings because the article is The Seventies and NOT 1970s. There is a difference that we're trying to claim...the worst we can do is prove our detractors correct. Mike H 15:15, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

New national issues section
We've covered the US, the UK, Japan and the Middle East at least in basic form. Now we need to write a section for what was arguably the biggest influence on world relations in the Seventies: the Soviet Union. Mike H 20:23, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed but what exactly should be covered. Sorry, I'm not very familiar with Soviet history. Falphin 20:58, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not especially well-versed in Soviet history, but I do know this was the Leonid Brezhnev era, and Soviet history can include the satellite states in Eastern Europe. You know, the ones Ford said weren't under Soviet control? ;) Mike H 21:18, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, Poland, Lativia etc. Sadly I know more about Tonga's history than I do the Soviet Union.(I'm sort of familiar with events preceding the 1900's in Russia). I'm going to see if there is anything useful in the Culture of Russia, or Culture of the Soviet Union articles. Falphin 21:29, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You are an extremely quick editor. LOL. Falphin 21:48, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, sorry about that! I think I'm done with the Soviet Union section for now so you can finish it. The History of the Soviet Union article seems a bit flawed so I think it'd be best to get the idea of the Soviet Union in the '70s from the Brezhnev article itself. Mike H 21:51, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't see a Brezhnev article. I also noticed the Soviet Union article was flawed as it seemed rather POV with no sources. Falphin 21:52, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Never mind you mean the person not the era. Falphin 21:53, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

UK sentence
About two thousand people died in political violence between the police, British army and paramilitary groups during the seventies.

This has little to no context and reads like a non-sequitur. Can someone put it in context and write more about it? Mike H 21:21, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah. In fact, there should probably be a separate section on Ireland as to cover the IRA and other groups. I don't know a whole lot about this, though, so I'm not the best person to cover the issue(s). Volatile 02:36, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Music topics
Can we get rid of the Topics list? The section looks very well-rounded now. ℬ astique ▼ talk 21:05, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Being bold--I removed:

Topics

 * The Singer-songwriter movement (Carly Simon, Cat Stevens, James Taylor, etc.)
 * Development of Alt-country (Gram Parsons, The Eagles, Emmylou Harris, etc.)
 * Heavy metal (Led Zeppelin, The Who, etc.)
 * Bubblegum pop (Osmonds, Jackson 5, etc.)
 * "Art rock" (Genesis, Pink Floyd, etc.)
 * Glam rock (David Bowie, Elton John, etc.)
 * Popularization of Country music
 * Popularization of Reggae
 * Minimalist music in European classical music
 * Classical rock especially Pink Floyd Echoes (1971 song).

 * Has that section been finished? A lot of that stuff should be covered if it isn't...especially that very first topic. Mike H (Talking is hot) 22:09, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The music section is a bit thin, and not all of the topics have been covered, let alone covered well (Singer-Songwriter, Alt-Country, Country, and Raggae in particular). I don't mind the list of topics being removed, but the section still needs some fleshing out. Volatile 01:42, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well hurry up then, because we've less than a day on COTW!!!!   ℬ astique ▼ talk 02:00, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

World Cinema
I'm not sure who started this section, but it abruptly stops at 1973. Anyone planning on finishing it through 1979? Volatile 01:41, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well, I started the section on world cinema. I will try and get more information on that topic. But I though people from other regions in the world to give in more input. nevertheless I will try to improve it. Robin klein 06:25, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Peer review
Now that the collaboration is winding down, I've called for a peer review so we can get more input as to what to tighten, refactor into daughter articles, add, etc. Mike H (Talking is hot) 03:19, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * There's plenty of information here, and this is good featured material. [[Image:PhoenixSuns 100.png|20px]]Phoenix2[[Image:Teamflag1.png|20px]] 1 July 2005 02:33 (UTC)
 * The opening paragraph needs a lot of work: unfocused, overly generalized, with repetitive wording ("change" used twice in one sentence, and so on). Lots of great content throughout the article, but not a feature-worthy opener, in my opinion.  Moncrief July 2, 2005 08:47 (UTC)
 * I'll take a stab at re-writing it today. I'd really like to see this article up to feature standard. Volatile 2 July 2005 16:39 (UTC)
 * Sentences such as "The dynamic world of the 1970s led to the experience of a zeitgeist that emerged from the transition of the global social structure from the end of World War II and the decline of colonial imperialism—to the rise of a newer middle class" need to be heavily revised or eliminated before featured status can even be considered. That sentence is unreadable and comes across like a bad parody of a bad college term paper. Moncrief July 3, 2005 17:38 (UTC)
 * I'd really like to see more headings within sections and shorter paragraphs. There's a lot of great information here, but the ability to wade through it all is diminshed due to the size of the paragraphs and the lack of headings.  Moncrief July 3, 2005 20:22 (UTC)

Hong Kong
Why is Hong Kong's section 1) not placed where the other sections should be, 2) not elaborated upon, and 3) even pertinent to the article? Can't this really be put under something like "In the Commonwealth" under "In the United Kingdom"? Especially if two or three sentences is all they're going to write on the subject? Mike H (Talking is hot) July 3, 2005 20:52 (UTC)

Social zeitgeist
I don't understand what that section is supposed to accomplish. I hardly think "social zeitgeist" was a worldwide phenomena in the 1970s, so maybe this should be reworded (preferably with another word besides "zeitgeist"). Mike H (Talking is hot) July 3, 2005 20:55 (UTC)
 * That section kind of bothered me too. I doubt the average reader even knows what "zeitgeist" means. Volatile 3 July 2005 23:04 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Seventies


text:
MFI Group

MFI Group Limited was a British furniture retailer, operating under the MFI brand. The company was one of the largest suppliers of kitchens and bedroom furniture in the United Kingdom, and operated mainly in retail parks in out of town locations. Anecdotally, it was said at one stage that one in three Sunday lunches in the United Kingdom were cooked in a kitchen from MFI, and 60% of British children were conceived in a bedroom from MFI.

After success in its early decades, it experienced recurring financial problems accompanied by several changes of ownership, and on 26 November 2008, it was announced that the business had been placed into administration. Merchant Equity Partners, headed by Henry Jackson, was the last company to own it, before it was sold to the management in September 2008 for a "small profit".

The business ceased trading by 19 December 2008, after the administrators failed to find a buyer.

It struggled to make profits during the 2000s, as chains such as B&Q and Argos introduced their own furniture lines, and rival chain IKEA (who arrived in the United Kingdom in the second half of the 1980s) expanded. Following its closure, the MFI brand was purchased by Victoria Plumb, and was relaunched as an online only retailer on 30 November 2011 only for it to cease trading again in July 2015.

Following a rebrand in 2015, Victoria Plumb became VictoriaPlum.com and announced that it was to expand into other home product categories. As part of this expansion, VictoriaPlum.com announced on 17 March 2016 that it was set to revive the MFI brand name, to represent its exclusive collection of low cost, value for money bedroom furniture.

History
The MFI Retail business was founded in 1964 as Mullard Furniture Industries by two British men, Noel Lister and Donald Searle, who previously traded in war surplus goods. It was named after Searle's wife's maiden name. The company became a public company in 1971, as MFI Warehouses (the Group). An external manager, Derek Hunt, was recruited soon afterwards.

In 1982, owners of Hygena, Norcros, were looking to dissolve the company and sell the Hygena name. This was purchased jointly in 1982 by MFI Group and Malcolm Healey's company; Humber Kitchens.

In the 1980s, the group entered into partnerships, notably in 1985 with Asda. The Asda connection was soon dissolved over concerns about the company's future, and there was a management buy-out in October 1987. Also in MFI took full control of Hygena in 1987, buying Healey out for £200 million. In November 1988, MFI acquired Schreiber Furniture.

With the advent of out of town shopping during the 1980s, MFI Retail opened a host of stores in such developments. In 1985, it was the very first tenant of the Merry Hill Shopping Centre at Brierley Hill in the West Midlands, opening a new store, which within four years, was part of the largest shopping complex in Western Europe.

MFI Retail gained a new rival in October 1987, when Swedish furniture retailer IKEA began trading in Britain, and expanded over the coming years. Soon afterwards, DIY retail giant B&Q expanded into the furniture market, and emerged as a surprise new rival for the business. Despite this, the MFI Group was still expanding in November 2002, when it took over Sofa Workshop.

During 2004 to 2005, serious and highly publicised IT problems affecting customers damaged MFI Retail's credibility, and the finance director and chief operating officer left the Group.

By 2005, it was clear that MFI Retail's fortunes were declining. Despite the British economy still being strong and recession not even on the horizon, it was reported that sales for 2005 had fallen to £742 million compared to £854 million in 2003. In September 2006, the MFI Retail business was acquired by Merchant Equity Partners for £1 after which the parent company changed its name to Galiform.

In December 2006, Argos overtook MFI as the United Kingdom's largest furniture retailer. MFI Retail was the subject of a second management buyout in September 2008, but by this stage the British economy was sliding into recession, unemployment was rising and retail sales were falling. MFI's future was looking bleak.

Early on 25 November 2008, the BBC first reported the possibility of MFI Retail going into administration, with MFI desiring a three-month rent free period from landlords. Later the following day, it was announced that no agreement could be reached and PropertyWeek reported that Menzies Corporate Restructuring had been appointed as administrators.

On 26 November 2008, after a board meeting MFI went into administration. The company was unable to confirm what would happen to consumers with pending orders. On 19 December 2008, all 111 MFI stores were closed with the loss of 1,200 jobs.

Operations
MFI Retail operated over two hundred stores across the United Kingdom, all of between 15000 - 30000 sqft in floor space. Home deliveries amounted for over fifty million items a year, going to 2.5 million households in Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The business had sought to upgrade many aspects of its operations, including greater focus on customer service; updating and improving the product range; improving utilisation of floor space; establishing closer supplier relationships; investing in logistics, IT, supply systems and product development and enhancing internal communications.

It offered a full range of furniture for bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchens, lounges, dining rooms and home offices. It was particularly associated with self assembly furniture. Its products were mainly targeted to value oriented customers with the "Hygena" brand, and those on a higher income with the "Schreiber" brand. MFI was also one of the largest suppliers of installed appliances in the United Kingdom with its own brand "Diplomat". In the early 1990s it also introduced the "Pronto" brand for its budget self assembly furniture which was aimed directly at IKEA.

New and exclusive to MFI was its "Space Genie" range which were ingenious storage solutions for the kitchen and bedroom. MFI sold beds directly from Silentnight, Rest Assured and Layezee, and also sold dining furniture from The Chair Company. Other MFI brands included "Viva Sofa" and "The Bath Co."

Criticisms
MFI Retail had been criticised for the excessive frequency and length of its sales. In a six-month survey by consumer magazine Which?, it emerged that four out of five kitchens in the "sale" had never actually been sold at the higher price against which the discount claims were being made.

Which? stated that "MFI's pricing policy deceived its customers into thinking they are getting a better deal than they are. In some cases, its pricing is downright misleading". MFI's advertising of such sales also came in for criticism for using phrases such as "Hurry! Only four days left" or "Prices too good to last" even though a new sale would almost always be launched immediately afterwards.

MFI Retail was also known for being one of the first ever companies to be investigated by the BBC programme Watchdog. The programme attempted to buy a £600 kitchen advertised by MFI, though the price only actually included kitchen units and not the appliances shown. When the Watchdog crew arrived at a branch of the company, they were immediately confronted by a manager who evicted them from the store.

Controversies
In September 2007, MFI Retail was forced to withdraw a television advert featuring a woman slapping her husband in the face twice and shouting at him for leaving the toilet seat up. Those complaining felt that the advert trivialised the issue of domestic violence against men. The ASA concluded that it "was likely to cause serious or widespread offence to viewers and could be seen to condone intimidation, domestic violence and aggression as an acceptable way to resolve issues".

The ASA went as far as to state that "it could also cause social, moral or psychological harm to children" and they were "concerned that it had been broadcast at all". As a result, the advertisement was banned.

title: MFI Group


text:
Back-and-forth method

In mathematical logic, especially set theory and model theory, the back-and-forth method is a method for showing isomorphism between countably infinite structures satisfying specified conditions. In particular it can be used to prove that

 * any two countably infinite densely ordered sets (i.e., linearly ordered in such a way that between any two members there is another) without endpoints are isomorphic. An isomorphism between linear orders is simply a strictly increasing bijection. This result implies, for example, that there exists a strictly increasing bijection between the set of all rational numbers and the set of all real algebraic numbers.
 * any two countably infinite atomless Boolean algebras are isomorphic to each other.
 * any two equivalent countable atomic models of a theory are isomorphic.
 * the Erdős–Rényi model of random graphs, when applied to countably infinite graphs, almost surely produces a unique graph, the Rado graph.
 * any two many-complete recursively enumerable sets are recursively isomorphic.

Application to densely ordered sets
As an example, the back-and-forth method can be used to prove Cantor's isomorphism theorem, although this was not Georg Cantor's original proof. This theorem states that two unbounded countable dense linear orders are isomorphic.

Suppose that

 * (A, ≤A) and (B, ≤B) are linearly ordered sets;
 * They are both unbounded, in other words neither A nor B has either a maximum or a minimum;
 * They are densely ordered, i.e. between any two members there is another;
 * They are countably infinite.

Fix enumerations (without repetition) of the underlying sets:

 * A = { a1, a2, a3, ... },
 * B = { b1, b2, b3, ... }.

Now we construct a one-to-one correspondence between A and B that is strictly increasing. Initially no member of A is paired with any member of B.

 * (1) Let i be the smallest index such that ai is not yet paired with any member of B. Let j be some index such that bj is not yet paired with any member of A and ai can be paired with bj consistently with the requirement that the pairing be strictly increasing. Pair ai with bj.

 * (2) Let j be the smallest index such that bj is not yet paired with any member of A. Let i be some index such that ai is not yet paired with any member of B and bj can be paired with ai consistently with the requirement that the pairing be strictly increasing. Pair bj with ai.

 * (3) Go back to step (1).

It still has to be checked that the choice required in step (1) and (2) can actually be made in accordance to the requirements. Using step (1) as an example:

If there are already ap and aq in A corresponding to bp and bq in B respectively such that ap < ai < aq and bp < bq, we choose bj in between bp and bq using density. Otherwise, we choose a suitable large or small element of B using the fact that B has neither a maximum nor a minimum. Choices made in step (2) are dually possible. Finally, the construction ends after countably many steps because A and B are countably infinite. Note that we had to use all the prerequisites.

History
According to Hodges (1993):
 * Back-and-forth methods are often ascribed to Cantor, Bertrand Russell and C. H. Langford [...], but there is no evidence to support any of these attributions.

While the theorem on countable densely ordered sets is due to Cantor (1895), the back-and-forth method with which it is now proved was developed by Edward Vermilye Huntington (1904) and Felix Hausdorff (1914). Later it was applied in other situations, most notably by Roland Fraïssé in model theory.

title: Back-and-forth method


text: User talk:69.47.196.69

title: User talk:69.47.196.69


text:
User:IanManka

 Ian Manka (talk • contribs • [ blocks ] • [ protects ] • [ deletions ] • [ moves ])  lives in Los Angeles, California. He graduated cum laude from the USC Marshall School of Business, majoring in Business Administration, with a minor in Cinematic Arts at the School of Cinematic Arts. He spent the summer of 2010 in Johannesburg, South Africa as a volunteer for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He appeared on the nationally-televised quiz show Jeopardy! when he was twelve years old.

Ian joined Wikipedia on 7 June 2005, and is a Veteran Editor II. He became an administrator on 16 June 2006 by a count of 54 support, 6 oppose, and 1 neutral "votes." Ian is one of the users (% of users of the English Wikipedia) that are administrators. His editor review can be found here. He was featured in the Akron, Ohio Akron Beacon Journal on 27 July 2006 in an article about Wikipedia. Ian has accounts on Wikipedia Commons, MediaWiki, Meta-Wiki, Simple English Wikikpedia, all with the user name IanManka.

Ian is (as of 15 December 2017) ranked 6137th in the list of Wikipedians by edit count (excluding bots and scripts).

He also contributed to the basketball blog Paints in the Point until it shut down in 2011 and maintains a personal blog as well.

Awards

Accomplishments
This section is out of date.

I'm proud of...

 * ...FIFA World Cup, an article I helped reorganize and split off articles from. It later earned me a Barnstar (see above)! FIFA World Cup also is a featured article, and was featured on the main page on June 8, 2006!
 * ...FIFA World Cup hosts. I built this article from the ground up.
 * ...2007 NFL Draft, an article I helped improve to featured list status!
 * ...my writing for the Wikipedia Signpost.
 * I entirely wrote the 1000 Administrators article (September 5 2006), with the assistance of the uncredited NoSeptember.
 * I contribute to the "Features and admins" section. I solely wrote the September 5, 2006, September 11, 2006, September 25, 2006, October 2, 2006 and October 9, 2006 editions. The editions I mostly wrote were the August 28, 2006 and September 18, 2006. I was part of a collaobration for the August 14, 2006 and August 21, 2006 editions. I added just a minor fix to the August 7, 2006 edition.
 * I also contributed a bit of news for the February 5, 2007 "In the news" section.
 * ...my efforts in getting the 2005 New York City transit strike on the Main Page.
 * ...editing the "In the news" section on the Main Page (as an administrator) to include:
 * The Ugandan-Lord's Resistance Army truce (26 August 2006)
 * The result of Super Bowl XLII (3 February 2008)
 * The death of Osama bin Laden (2 May 2011)

Miscellaneous
I am in the following associations/groups:
 * WikiProject College football
 * WikiProject Disambiguation

Links for my use
Quote describing Tallmadge, Ohio:
 * Browser-based IRC client Useful for asking quick questions
 * /Mike O'Malley
 * /David Bacon
 * Template messages
 * Template messages/User talk namespace
 * Category:Wikipedia tools
 * Tools
 * Six miles east of Akron, the thriving official center of its county, in almost its pristine solitude, pioneer simplicity and primitive picturesqueness, lies the quiet little village of Tallmadge. Its two or three hundred contented inhabitants go their way today, as undisturbed by the social follies or the commercial whirl, distant but one hour's travel, as though they were lodged in some vast wilderness, inaccessible to the inroads of society's corruptions. To walk the broad, tree-canopied streets and talk with the genuine, generous, cultured and  unpretentious people of this "loveliest village of the plain," even for a day, is to receive rest for the mind and peace for the soul. In Tallmadge as no where else in this commonwealth still lingers the influence of its New England ancestry. The form may be much dwarfed and the spirit be weak, but the latter is still potent enough to be felt. To enter Tallmadge is to breathe the atmosphere of the simple life. The vanity and vexation of the twentieth century are strangers to Tallmadge; they would not stay long if they came, they would feel so out of place. This is why we tell about Tallmadge for we have been there and know whereof we speak.

Travel
I'm an avid traveler, and love to fly. I've visited all 50 U.S. states, as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.

Notable people
Attending USC and living in Los Angeles has its perks, one of which is having the opportunity to meet notable people. I have met and/or seen in person the following individuals who have Wikipedia articles:

title: User:IanManka


text: User:Midster

title: User:Midster


text:
Talk:California State Route 12

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on California State Route 12. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034331/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=shc&group=00001-01000&file=250-257 to http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=shc&group=00001-01000&file=250-257
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101103112619/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=shc&group=00001-01000&file=260-284 to http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=shc&group=00001-01000&file=260-284
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://cahighways.org/121-128.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.pressdemocrat.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20061108%2FNEWS%2F611080361%2F1033%2FNEWS01%2CPress

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:00, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:California State Route 12


text:
Chance Cove Provincial Park

Chance Cove Provincial Park is a provincial park located approximately 20 km south of Renews-Cappahayden, Newfoundland and Labrador. Chance Cove was once the site of a small settlement of approximately 50 people in the mid-19th century, and is home to many shipwrecks of the Atlantic Ocean. Until the late 1980s, pieces of the forgotten homes were still visible.

title: Chance Cove Provincial Park


text:
Rodopoli

Rodopoli (Ροδόπολη, meaning "City of Roses", before 1981: Μπάλα - Bala ) is a town in the East Attica regional unit, and a northern suburb of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Dionysos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 9.550 km2.

Geography
Rodopoli is situated in the hills in the northeastern part of the Athens conurbation, at about 400 m elevation. It lies at the northwestern foot of the Penteliko Mountain. It is 1 km south of Stamata, 2 km north of Dionysos and 19 km northeast of Athens city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of the neighbouring towns Drosia and Dionysos. Part of Rodopoli has retained its old village character, while its eastern (and higher elevation) part has seen the development of higher quality residential properties.

title: Rodopoli