text:
Charles A. Doyen

Brigadier General Charles Augustus Doyen (September 3, 1859 − October 6, 1918) was an officer in the United States Marine Corps (USMC). He is notable for having commanded the 4th Marine Brigade during World War I and was the first recipient of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.

Military career
Charles Augustus Doyen was born in Concord, New Hampshire, on September 3, 1859. He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1881, from where he graduated as a second lieutenant into the United States Marine Corps (USMC) in 1883. His early military career consisted mainly of tours with marine detachments aboard ship, barracks assignments and service overseas, such as in the Philippines. Here, from 1905−1906, he commanded a battalion, before going on to command the 2nd Marine Regiment, and finally the 1st Marine Brigade. He returned again to the Philippines from 1913−1914, again commanding the 1st Marine Brigade. In 1914, the year when World War I began in Europe, he was commanding the 5th Marine Regiment in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. He later commanded the Marine Barracks at Washington, D. C.

After the American entry into World War I in April 1917, Doyen had been chosen to command the 5th Marine Regiment, which had been the first unit of the USMC to be sent to France, having arrived there in June 1917, along with the first elements of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Shortly afterwards, Doyen received a promotion to brigadier general. The 4th Marine Brigade was created with the arrival in France of the 6th Marine Regiment and the 6th Machine Gun Battalion, in addition to the 5th Marines, with Doyen being given command of the brigade towards the end of October 1917. The brigade eventually became part of the 2nd Division of the United States Army, which began to be formed at around the same time. A headquarters for the division began forming. Doyen, then the most senior officer present, assumed temporary command until the first week of November when Major General Omar Bundy, U.S. Army, took over, with Doyen reverting to control of the 4th Marine Brigade. Although brief, he was still the first marine officer to command a division.

The next few weeks and months were to gain Doyen a reputation as an excellent trainer of troops. Knowing what his men would face when they ultimately engaged in combat, he worked strenuously to prepare his mostly green and inexperienced men for that task. In doing so, however, his health was badly affected. He remained in command of his beloved brigade only until May 1918 when a medical board declared him to be medically unfit for any further active service abroad. Brigadier General James Harbord, U.S. Army, former chief of staff of the AEF, soon took over the brigade. The brigade soon found itself fighting at Belleau Wood and its performance there and in other battles that were yet to come were a tribute to Doyen and his efforts to prepare his marines.

Soon after his return to the United States he was placed in command of the Marine Corps Training Camp and the Marine Barracks located at Quantico, Virginia. It was here where his experience as a trainer was put to good use as he trained officers and men for overseas service. It was cut short, however, as, his health having been severely weakened by his time in France, he was struck by the Spanish influenza (or Spanish flu) which plagued the world at the time and he died of bronchial pneumonia on October 6, 1918, shortly after turning 59. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Not long after his death, the Navy Department presented Doyen's wife with the first ever Navy Distinguished Service Medal, in recognition of her husband's distinguished efforts during the war. The citation for the medal reads:

"The President of the United States of America takes pride in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal (Posthumously) to Brigadier General Charles Augustus Doyen, United States Marine Corps, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services. By reason of his abilities and personal efforts, Brigadier General Doyen brought this brigade to the very high state of efficiency which enabled it to successfully resist the German Army in the Chateau-Thierry sector and Belleau Woods. The strong efforts on his part for nearly a year, undermined his health, and necessitated his being invalided to the United States before having the opportunity to command the brigade in action, but his work was shown by the excellent service rendered by the brigade, not only at Belleau Woods, but during the entire campaign when they fought in many battles."

Namesake
Two ships have been named USS Doyen for him.

title: Charles A. Doyen


text:
Simon Kirke

Simon Frederick St George Kirke (born 28 July 1949) is an English musician who was the co-founder, drummer, backing and occasional lead vocalist of the rock supergroup Bad Company. He was the band's only consistent member and, alongside guitarist Mick Ralphs, the only member to appear on every studio album. Prior to forming Bad Company he was the drummer and co-founder of Free.

Life and career
Kirke was born in Lambeth, South London, the son of Vivian Percy Kirke and Olive May ( Pollard) Kirke, who married in 1948. Simon's father was from a junior branch of a family of Nottinghamshire landed gentry, and descended on his mother's side from the Gibson-Craig baronets.

Kirke spent his early years living in the countryside of Shropshire Leaving school at 17, he returned to London and set about finding a drumming job in the booming blues scene. After a fruitless 22 months he was resigned to returning to the country when he met Paul Kossoff who was playing in a band called Black Cat Bones. Kirke was offered the drumming position in the band, and played with Black Cat Bones for six months.

Kirke and Paul Kossoff left the band and with Paul Rodgers and Andy Fraser formed Free. Their biggest hit, "All Right Now", was a number one in more than 20 territories and was acknowledged by ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers) in 1990 as having received more than one million radio plays in the US by late 1989. In 2000, an award was given to Paul Rodgers by the British music industry when "All Right Now" passed two million radio plays in the UK.

By April 1972, Free had reformed with Andy Fraser and Paul Rodgers making peace, and Kossoff appeared to pull it together if only briefly. Kossoff resumed taking drugs during the US tour to support the last album by the original quartet Free at Last. On the eve of their Japanese tour Fraser fought with Rodgers and once again left the band, to be replaced by Tetsu Yamauchi. Rodgers and Kirke elected to fill in the band bringing John "Rabbit" Bundrick on board as a member of Free for the tour and the last Free album, Heartbreaker. After the disbanding of Free in 1973, Kirke and Rodgers again teamed up to form Bad Company. They were joined by guitarist Mick Ralphs (Mott the Hoople) and bassist Boz Burrell (King Crimson). After Bad Company disbanded in 1982, Kirke joined a band called Wildlife. They toured in support of the Michael Schenker Group around this time in the UK. Wildlife's self-titled album was mostly written by Steve and Chris Overland, produced by former Bad Company bandmate Ralphs, and featured Kirke as their drummer (and saxophonist on his self-written song "Charity"). Despite being signed to Led Zeppelin's label, Swan Song Records, and Kirke's high-profile involvement, the album failed to sell. Wildlife's core members, brothers Chris and Steve Overland went on to greater success with the band FM.

Kirke returned to Bad Company when the band reformed in 1986. As well as touring with Ringo Starr's All Star Band on three occasions, he is an accomplished songwriter, releasing Seven Rays of Hope in 2005. He toured with Bad Company in 2009. He has been playing with New York City rock band Zeta Vang as a side project.

A governor on the board of NARAS (the Grammy Award Committee), Kirke is on the board of Road Recovery, which helps teenagers recover from addiction. He lives in Manhattan with his wife Maria Angelica Kirke and has three children: Domino, Jemima, and Lola Kirke.

Free

 * Tons of Sobs (1969)
 * Free (1969)
 * Fire and Water (1970)
 * Highway (1970)
 * Free Live! (1971) (live)
 * Free at Last (1972)
 * Heartbreaker (1973)

Kossoff Kirke Tetsu Rabbit

 * Kossoff Kirke Tetsu Rabbit (1971)

Bad Company

 * Bad Company (1974)
 * Straight Shooter (1975)
 * Run With the Pack (1976)
 * Burnin' Sky (1977)
 * Desolation Angels (1979)
 * Rough Diamonds (1982)
 * 10 from 6 (1985) (compilation)
 * Fame and Fortune (1986)
 * Dangerous Age (1988)
 * Holy Water (1990)
 * Here Comes Trouble (1992)
 * What You Hear Is What You Get: The Best of Bad Company (1993) (live)
 * Company of Strangers (1995)
 * Stories Told & Untold (1996)
 * The 'Original' Bad Co. Anthology (1999) (compilation CD)
 * In Concert: Merchants of Cool (2002)
 * Live in Albuquerque 1976 (2006)
 * Hard Rock Live (2010)
 * Live at Wembley (2011)
 * Live in Concert 1977 & 1979 (2016)

Wildlife

 * Wildlife (1983)

Lonerider

 * Attitude (2019)
 * Sundown (2022)

Solo

 * Seven Rays of Hope (2005)
 * Filling the Void (2011)
 * All Because of You (2017)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Simon Kirke


text: User talk:142.150.163.80

title: User talk:142.150.163.80


text:
Neale, County Mayo

Neale, also known as the Neale, is a small village in the south of County Mayo in Ireland. It is located near the villages of Cong 4 km to the south-west, Cross 4 km to the south and the town of Ballinrobe about 5 km to the north.

History
A number of archaeological sites and ruins surround the village, dating from prehistoric times to the Middle Ages. These include cairns, stone circles, raths, ringforts and crannogs.

The surrounding landscape also has a number of ruined Norman castles previously occupied by the McDonnell mercenaries. Adjacent to The Neale village is the home of the first Englishman to settle in the country – sheriff and map maker – John Browne. The Neale village also hosted the "uncrowned king of Ireland", Charles Stewart Parnell, and Michael Davitt during the Land League era. The system of organised ostracisation of over bearing landlords and agents – later termed Boycotting by Fr. John O'Malley (Parish priest in The Neale), was first put into operation at Lough Mask House where Captain Charles Boycott attempted to raise the rents. Journalists from all over Europe and America converged on the tiny village to witness the non-violent resistance movement.

Sport
In October 2012, the Neale GAA Junior team became the first team within the club to win the County Mayo Junior Club Championship beating an Ardnaree team by 2–09 to 1–17 after extra time at MacHale Park in Castlebar. Having played Junior status for the previous 110 years, the Neale were then promoted to Intermediate level for the first time in 2013. In October 2019, the club claimed the County Intermediate Title for the first time, beating Ballyhaunis 1–12 to 1–11 in a closed final played in Castlebar.

Follies and monuments
The Pyramid of The Neale is an architectural folly built in the form of a step pyramid around 1760. Listed on the Record of Protected Structures for County Mayo, it is a 30-foot structure rising from a series of steps from the base nearly 40 feet in width. John Kilmaine of Alcester, England provides the following information on the structure: "It is said that the pyramid is constructed on the old tumulus. The building of the pyramid is attributed to Sir John Browne the 7th Baronet and 1st Baron of Kilmaine, in memory of his brother, Sir George Browne. The structure, which at one time was crowned by a lead figure of Apollo, was designed by the Earl of Charlemont for his brother in law, Sir John Browne, The Neale". There are a few varying stories of the building of the Pyramid. One such story is that Lord Kilmaine was anxious to find a way of relieving the extreme poverty of his tenants in the post famine years, so he employed several men to pick up the stones around the estate. He had those stones piled up and built into a pyramid. This provided the poor people with a little additional income. In the later years a wind-vane adorned the top of the pyramid, so the landlord could indulge in his passion for meteorology and the recording of weather systems over a period of 30 years. The Office of Public Works refurbished the Pyramid in 1990.

Temple Monument It was in the 18th century that the Penal Laws were enforced and the great houses and estates of the landlords were built. The Neale estate was approximately 400 acres, and was surrounded by a high double wall. Inside the wall, the landlord built a number of unusual monuments or follies. The Temple is an unfinished temple of carved stone. It was the last folly to be built in 1865 by John Browne, Baron of Kilmaine in honour of his first title Lord Mount Temple. It is hexagonal and has 6 plain Doric columns, at one time it had a timber roof. The base of the Temple, with the arches. Dates from an earlier time and it is probable that the columns were replaced on top of the old structure to give it elevation. The Temple was used by the ladies of the Big House for family meetings, knitting and relaxing. In addition to relaxing at the Temple, the ladies also walked "The Cavendish Walks", both inside and outside the estate.

Gods Of The Neale About 200 yards east of The Neale village, inside the old demesne wall and close to the ruins of Lord Kilmaine's house, is a stone monument that is known as The Gods of The Neale. A collection of stone slabs with carvings of three mythical figures, a griffin, a unicorn and an angel is enshrined in a stone structure. The inscription refers to the sculptured figures as Deithe Feile, Diana Ffeale, and The Gods of The Neale, from which The Neale gets its name. Among other mythological characters mentioned in the inscription is Loo Lave Adda (Lú Lamhfhada) whose hand is reputed to be buried under a nearby "Long Stone".

The Long Stone The Lia Lugha (Stone of Lu) is said to mark the burial place of Lugh Lamhfhada (Lu of the Long Hand) who was slain in the Battle of Moyturna. Lu was the son of Nuadha, King of the Tuatha De Danann. The stone is at the fork of the roads from Cross and from Cong, south of the Neale village. It is known locally as the Long Stone

Amenities
Facilities and services in the area include Mellottes grocery shop and bar, and the adjoining Pyramid restaurant. Also nearby is Gibbons Bar which is a traditional Irish pub with a thatched roof. Gibbons Bar has been listed on the Record of Protected Structures by Mayo County Council.

St John the Baptist Church & Calvary is in the centre of the village, built in 1875, the foundation for which, was laid by Rev Fr. O'Malley. Fr. O'Malley Millennium Park was named in honour of Fr. John O'Malley for his role with the Land League movement. He built the old Neale school in 1883 and the existing church in 1875. A monument was erected from the stone from the old school and church in 2000.

title: Neale, County Mayo


text:
Robbie Dupree

Robert Dupuis (born December 23, 1946), known professionally as Robbie Dupree, is an American singer best known for his hit songs "Steal Away" (No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and "Hot Rod Hearts" (No. 15).

Early life
Robbie Dupree was born on December 23, 1946, in Brooklyn, as Robert Dupuis. While growing up, his biggest musical influences included R&B musicians Marvin Gaye and Sam Cooke.

Career
In 1981, he received a Grammy nomination as Best New Artist, losing to Christopher Cross. Dupree's final single to make the Billboard chart, "Brooklyn Girls", peaked at No. 54 in June 1981.

In 1987, Dupree contributed the song "Girls in Cars" to Piledriver - The Wrestling Album 2, a collection of theme songs for World Wrestling Entertainment (then known as the World Wrestling Federation). The tag team Strike Force (Tito Santana and Rick Martel) used an instrumental version of "Girls in Cars" as their entrance music from 1987 to 1989.

In 2010, Dupree signed with Spectra Records and released the album Time and Tide featuring former E Street Band keyboards player David Sancious. On May 21, 2010, Dupree performed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon as part of Jimmy's ongoing tribute to yacht rock, the smooth West Coast sound of the late 1970s and early 1980s.

In 2011, Dupree toured as part of the All Star Rock concert series. The tour featured John Cafferty, Orleans, David Pack (Ambrosia), John Ford Coley, Jimmy Hall of Wet Willie, Joe Lynn Turner, and Joe Bouchard.

In 2012, Dupree released a new album of covers entitled Arc of a Romance.

In 2013, Dupree toured throughout the United States and Canada over the summer as part of the Sail Rock 2013 with Christopher Cross, Player, Gary Wright, Al Stewart, Orleans, Firefall, and John Ford Coley.

In the summer of 2018, he and John Ford Coley appeared on the Rock the Yacht 2018 tour alongside Ambrosia, Peter Beckett (of Player), and Stephen Bishop.

In the summer of 2019, Dupree appeared on the podcast "A Bunch of Malarkey" to discuss his career and recent work.

Albums

 * 1980: Robbie Dupree – US No. 51, AUS No. 83
 * 1981: Street Corner Heroes – US No. 169
 * 1989: Carried Away
 * 1993: Walking on Water
 * 1995: Smoke and Mirrors
 * 1997: Vintage Volume 1 (compilation)
 * 1998: Live All Night Long
 * 2001: Vintage Volume 2 (compilation)
 * 2003: Robbie Dupree with David Sancious
 * 2010: Time and Tide
 * 2012: Arc of a Romance

Singles

 * 1980: "Steal Away" – US No. 6, R&B #85; Canada No. 14, AUS No. 24
 * 1980: "Hot Rod Hearts" – US No. 15, AUS No. 58
 * 1980: "Nadie Mas"
 * 1981: "Brooklyn Girls" – US No. 54
 * 1981: "Saturday Night"
 * 1981: "Are You Ready for Love"
 * 1987: "Girls in Cars"
 * 1988: "This Is Life"
 * 1993: "Walking on Water"
 * 1993: "Goodbye LA"
 * 1995: "Smoke and Mirrors"
 * 1997: "Make It Easy on Yourself"
 * 1997: "Live All Night Long"
 * 2007: "The Critics Are Never Kind"
 * 2008: "Fly Away"
 * 2010: "Lucky"
 * 2011: "Satisfied"

title: Robbie Dupree


text: User:Who/Editing

title: User:Who/Editing


text:
Realty Bites

"Realty Bites" is the ninth episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 7, 1997. The episode sees Marge becoming a real estate agent, while Homer enjoys Snake's car. It was written by Dan Greaney and directed by Swinton O. Scott III.

This episode has the final speaking appearance of Lionel Hutz, five months before the death of Phil Hartman. The episode's development grew out of a desire by the writers to do a show focused on Marge, where her job did not work out.

The episode is featured in a special 2003 DVD compilation called The Simpsons: Risky Business, along with "Marge Gets a Job", "Deep Space Homer", and "Homer the Smithers".

Plot
After Marge complains about the family spending their weekends idly at home, Homer drags her to a police seized-property auction. While there, he buys Snake's car, Li'l Bandit. Upon seeing this, Snake vows to kill Homer. After the auction, insisting on walking home rather than ride in Homer's new dangerous hotrod, Marge encounters Lionel Hutz, who has become a realtor. Marge decides to try the job for herself and begins to work for Hutz at Red Blazer Realty. She tells prospective buyers her honest opinion about the houses she shows them, which prevents her from selling any homes. Hutz instructs Marge to use more positive descriptions when selling the houses, and also informs her if she does not sell a house in the first week, she will be fired. Marge tries to bend the truth but fails as she just cannot lie to others. Marge does not disclose the entire truth of the house she sells to Ned Flanders and his family, which had been the site of a multiple homicide, a property which Red Blazer Realty had hitherto been unable to sell. The Flanders purchase the house and bid farewell to the Simpsons.

Meanwhile, Snake escapes from the prison and jumps into Li'l Bandit to retrieve the car from Homer. They start fighting each other to gain control of the moving car, and Chief Wiggum starts chasing them.

Feeling guilty about her deception and concerned for the Flanders' safety, Marge goes to check on them at their new house. There, she tells them the truth about the murders, but they are not upset. Ned and Maude are pleased to be a part of Springfield's history, and refuse Marge's offer of returning the deposit. However, the house is destroyed seconds later when Li'l Bandit and Wiggum's police car crash through the house. Marge returns Ned's down payment. Hutz, furious at the destruction costs and especially by the return of the money, fires Marge (giving her a Red Blazer embroidered with this information). At the end of the episode, Homer takes Marge to the government unemployment office to collect a welfare check.

Production
The writers wanted to do a "Marge episode", but one where her job does not work out, unlike previous episodes. The episode marks the first appearance of Gil Gunderson, voiced by Dan Castellaneta, and Cookie Kwan, voiced by Tress MacNeille. Excuses were made by the writers to bring back Gil in future episodes based on Castellaneta's performance at the table read, which proved popular with the staff. Snake's prison number is 7F20, the production code of "The War of the Simpsons", the episode in which he first appeared. Snake's cellmate Johnny D's prison number, 5F06, is the production code of this episode.

The piano wire scene was meant to end with Kirk's sandwich being sliced just the way he wanted, until George Meyer suggested that his arm be cut off instead. Mike Scully described the ensuing laughter at his suggestion as the most intense he had ever heard from the staff, saying: "They were literally choking because the joke was so unexpected. It was a shocked kind of laugh, and it just started rolling, one of those laughs that build the more they reverberate through you." In the unemployment line, the unemployment recipient with the bucket hat and the beard is a caricature of George Meyer. Due to Phil Hartman's death, the recurring characters of Lionel Hutz and Troy McClure were retired. As such, this episode is the last speaking appearance of Lionel Hutz, with him only being featured as a background character in some future episodes. Troy McClure's final appearance would be in "Bart the Mother", the third episode of season ten.

Cultural references
The title of the episode is an allusion to the 1994 movie Reality Bites. Gil Gunderson is based on Jack Lemmon's portrayal of Shelley Levene in the 1992 film Glengarry Glen Ross.

When Homer drives by Snake for the first time in the convertible he sings, "My name is Luka, and I live on the second floor." The lyrics are from the hit song "Luka" by Suzanne Vega.

At one point in the episode, Snake sets up a wire across a road to decapitate Homer as he drives by. The wire is supplied by "Acme", after the brand of equipment used by Wile E. Coyote to try and stop Road Runner in the Looney Tunes cartoons.

When Ned Flanders explains to Marge that they were painting Todd's room red, Todd starts saying "Red room, red room" and moves his finger, like the character of Danny does in the film The Shining.

Lionel Hutz reading the list of wrecked items to Marge is a tribute to the Lethal Weapon movies.

The newspaper front page reporting the "Jealous Jockey Murders" carries the statement "Mrs. Astor safe" beneath the headline. This is a reference to the front page of The New York Times on April 15, 1912, reporting the sinking of the RMS Titanic three days earlier whilst assuring that "Ismay safe, Mrs. Astor maybe".

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Realty Bites" finished 21st in ratings for the week of December 1–7, 1997, with a Nielsen rating of 10.8, equivalent to approximately 10.6 million viewing households. It was the third-highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following The X-Files and King of the Hill.

The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide said, "A simple but enjoyable romp, with the final few minutes in the Murder House particularly funny. Best thing though is the introduction of the hapless Gil, destined to always be a ray of light in any episode!"

title: Realty Bites


text:
User:Ortonmc/Limerick

$$ \frac{12 + 144 + 20 + 3 \sqrt{4}}{7} + 5 \times 11 = 9^2 + 0 $$

title: User:Ortonmc/Limerick


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orbitally rearranged monoatomic element

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:48, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Orbitally rearranged monoatomic element
Quack quack. The last line cracks me up. Delete with haste. Denni ☯ 03:01, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

Now, regarding the 4/9ths gravity claim: Hal Puthoff theorized that gravity is an illusion cause by matter interacting with the space around it. He did some math and came up with the 4/9ths figure. This was in the 70s I believe. Now if you look at the patent link so graciously provided by pstudier, you will see about 12 Thermogravimetric analysis graphs about halfway down. They chart relative weight as a function of temperature. Take a look at those. There is obviously something anomalous happening.the1physicist 22:09, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Here is a copy of the patent . Appears to be total nonsense.  This site also covers alchemy. pstudier 03:16, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Delete because the photonic quasifibrillation of this article has utterly deoscillated its nucleic flux capacitors. -- BD2412 talk 03:34, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Folks, please do not jump to conclusions about this article. I noticed some of you found links to other articles, and simply because they were hosted by a shady website, you immediately labeled this as bunk.  Those websites are not at all correct.  I have added a link to his audio lectures, which are the definitive source.  Please, please do not delete this article without listening to his lectures.  Also, I'm sort of a newbie here.  This is actually my first original article, but that's not why I want it saved.  I would just like the decision to be made on factual information, and I believe that requires listening to his lectures. Thank you.the1physicist 05:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This line alone, "This decreased interactivity will cause the ORMEs to lose 4/9ths of their gravitational attraction." is grounds to delete this article. There is no known process for decreasing the gravitational attraction of a material short of removing some of its mass. Denni ☯ 19:03, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Well this is new material (no pun intended). Of course we don't know of such a process if it's relatively new and unknown.the1physicist 23:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What part of "no known" do you not understand? We are talking classic physics here, not some conjectural area. BTW, your sig sucks - if you claim to be a physicist, then you better pony up some reason why. Sorry for the rudeness, but rrmrrrDenni ☯ 01:16, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * Delete because Wikipedia is not the place for non-peer reviewed research. JabberWok 06:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. User:The1physicist, please consult No original research. Double Blue  (Talk) 16:03, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as patent nonsense. It's advertising as well, but that's almost beside the point. I would consider a move to BJAON... Physchim62 16:56, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This cannot be speedied as patent nonsense, because it makes sense on the surface. Advertising is not a criterion for speedy delete. And it is not a candidate for BJAODN because it goes onandonandon, and is so not funny. Denni ☯ 19:00, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Delete, speedily if you accepts my other's words that it is patent nonsense. --Pjacobi 20:15, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is, to anyone with even a basic knowledge of physics, patent nonsense. Having just completed a physics course which included some quantum theory, I have to say that this "discovery" throws much of what we know about matter entirely out the window (see gravity comment above) and at the same time has absolutely zero outside validation of his results. It is not being taken seriously by the scientific community. It shouldn't be.WAvegetarian 20:27, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * With Pjacobi's support, I happily speedy this article. Denni ☯ 21:59, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * If you want to delete this article because it isn't peer reviewed, then I suppose I can understand that. However, just because something isn't peer reviewed doesn't automagically mean it's incorrect.  So if the information can be deemed correct, why not keep it?  Mr. Hudson's work does indeed throw a lot of what we 'knew' about matter completely out the window.  As such, I challenge you to listen to his lectures and see if it doesn't make sense.
 * Keep. This may be argued to be a deletable article on a variety of grounds, but it isn't patent nonsense so I've restored pending closing of this discussion.  At worst it's original research--but as I found no problem finding independent references to the Hudson claims it isn't that either. It's somewhat POV and lacks references for one or two of its claims, which are presented as fact rather than speculation.  If we can write perfectly good articles about the likes of E-meter and Xenu, I don't think ORME's will present any problem. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 03:51, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, "orbitally rearranged monoatomic element" gives exactly one hit at scholar.google.com. And guess who is involved. Mr Pitkanen, whose very private Theory of everything has been deleted from Wikipedia some months ago. --Pjacobi 15:12, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Which means? If some nut mentions someone else's work in their theory, that has absolutely no correlation to the original person.the1physicist 23:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If patent nonsense like this is kept simply because it is not immediately unverifiable, the credibility of every other Wikipedia article is undermined. In Hudsonian terms, the decreased interactivity of every other article will cause them to lose 4/9ths of their intellectual attraction. -EDM 04:11, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I'm arguing to keep on the grounds that it is verifiable and obviously isn't patent nonsense (it's a crank theory, which would come under OR if not widely circulated).  We have articles on flat earth and other nonsense. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:46, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Does it really matter whether the taxonomy of a crank theory is Original Research or Patent Nonsense? Either way, this stuff is lunacy of no encyclopedic value. -EDM 16:00, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes it does matter. The former is not a deletion criterion, the latter is. Patent nonsense would be basically something that doesn't even consist of coherent sentences in English. If an idea is nonsense, edit the content. See Xenu for an example of a good article about a completely utsnay idea. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:12, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Would you like me to edit the article to clarify a few things, or leave it alone while we're discussing it?the1physicist 23:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Being new to this process, I'm kind of curious as to why the lecture links were removed. Someone mentioned it could be advertising, but what is being advertised?  If I was trying to increase that site's traffic, I would've linked to that site instead of directly to the audio files.  I'm not trying to be a nuisance or anything, but I think further discussion of the validity of ORMEs/Mr. Hudson's claims would necessitate the restoration of the links.  Also, regarding peer review, in his lectures Mr. Hudson references (several times) VERY similar research to his own being published in Physical Review C.the1physicist 06:11, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The lectures are not peer-reviewed. He can say what he likes in them. That's the problem. Take a look at the article's talk page for why this article is sooooooooo unlikely to be true. Physchim62 15:21, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I didn't say they were. I said that there is indeed peer reviewed research being done on VERY similar topics to his.  I believe that would also nullify the claim that this is original research.the1physicist 23:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Patented patent nonsense? That's novel! (Delete.) - Mike Rosoft 07:40, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — techno-babble nonesense. — RJH 16:39, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is nonsense.  Anyone who claims otherwise doesn't understand very much science.  See the article's talk page for a quick debunking of practically every claim made in the article.  Quale 19:25, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I just happened to locate all the references Mr. Hudson used in his lectures here: References The cited references are indeed published, peer reviewed works, and are extremely similar to Mr. Hudson's work.the1physicist 01:46, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I particularly liked Paranormal Observations of ORMEs Atomic Structure... Most of the articles mentioned are not peer-reviewed, those that are have nothing to do with the claims made in the current article. This is a sad attempt to fork a bogus idea, and a waste of everybody's time. Physchim62 21:08, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

Leo: Where is the democracy ? The monoatomic element state it is the fact ! Can you stop the gravity ?


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USS Pivot (AM-276)

USS Pivot (AM-276), an Admirable-class minesweeper, and the first ship of the United States Navy named Pivot. She was built at the Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation, Chickasaw, Alabama and christened on 11 November 1943 by Mrs Clara L Prouty. Trials started on 12 July 1944 in the Gulf of Mexico and she worked up in Chesapeake Bay.

After shakedown, she operated with the Atlantic Fleet training and patrolling until sailing for the Pacific early in April 1945. She transited the Panama Canal on 10 April 1945 and after training in Hawaiian waters reached the war zone in time for mine sweeping operations around the Ryukyus after the Battle of Okinawa.

She supported Admiral Marc Mitscher's Fast Carrier Task Force during the strikes against Japan in July and operated in Korean waters after Japan's surrender, returning to Okinawa in October and resumed mine sweeping operations in the Ryukyus and receiving four battle stars for World War II.

Pivot was decommissioned 6 November 1946 at Subic Bay, Philippines, sold to Taiwan 27 August 1948 and renamed ROCS Yung Shou. On 1 July 1970, Yung Shou was decommissioned.

title: USS Pivot (AM-276)


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Lak (tribe)

Lak (Lek ,لەک) is a Kurdish tribe native to Western Iran. They speak Laki, which is considered a Kurdish dialect   by most linguists.

Laks inhabit a large part of Lorestan Province where they constitute over 65% of the population and most of the eastern regions of the neighboring province of Kermanshah, and some parts of western Ilam province (Poshte-Kuhi Laks). The area to the east of Mount Kabir is known as Pishe-Kuh, and west of the mountain is known as Poshte-Kuh.

Origins
Vladimir Minorsky, who wrote the entry "Lak" in the first edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, referred to the Lak as "the most southern group of Kurd tribes in Persia" and stated that their language has the characteristics of Kurdish. Some of the Lak tribes living in Lorestān Province live among Lur tribes, and have assimilated over time toward a Lur identity. Although, Minorsky quotes some evidence indicating that they were brought there from further north. He mentions that they are often confused with the Lurs, whom they resemble from an ethnic and somatic point of view, but are different.

History
The Zand dynasty was of Laki origin (from the Zand tribe). According to the third edition of the Encyclopedia of Islam, the Zands "were a branch of the Laks, a subgroup of the northern Lurs, who spoke Luri, a Western Iranian language". Similarly, according to the second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Zands "belonged to the Lakk group of Lurs". According to The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, likewise, the Zand tribe "spoke the Lakk dialect of the Lur language".

Self-identification
The Laks firmly identify with the Lurs, "which appears to have been strengthening in recent times". This self-identification is particularly pronounced amongst the Laks of Lorestan Province, where most Laki-speakers of Iran live. Social catalysts behind this identification stem from the fact that the Lurs were historically prominent as governors of both Lorestan and Ilam, as well as due to the main corpus of the Laks in Lorestan Province having minority status.

Sub-tribes
List of Lak sub-tribes:

 * Adinevand
 * Ahmedvand
 * Amraei
 * Azadbakht
 * Baharvand
 * Balvand
 * Beiranvand
 * Bijanvand
 * Chahardoli
 * Dalvand
 * Dinarvand
 * Geravand
 * Ghiasvand
 * Hassanvand
 * Itivand
 * Jalalvand
 * Jalilvand
 * Kakavand
 * Kamalvand
 * Khalvand
 * Kolivand
 * Koushki
 * Kushvand
 * Mafivand
 * Mirvand
 * Mumiavand
 * Musavand
 * Nurali
 * Osmanvand
 * Padarvand
 * Payeravand
 * Rizavand
 * Romanvand
 * Sagvand
 * Shahivand
 * Şêxbizin
 * Tarkhan
 * Torkashvand
 * Yousefvand
 * Zand
 * Zola

Notable Lak people

 * Karim Khan Zand
 * Alireza Beiranvand

title: Lak (tribe)


text:
File:Body of King Otto I of Bavaria.jpg

Photograph of King Otto I of Bavaria, after death. 1916 Bavarian postcard by Dittmar in Munich.

title: File:Body of King Otto I of Bavaria.jpg


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Kaikei

Kaikei (快慶) was a Japanese Busshi (sculptor of Buddha statue) of Kamakura period, known alongside Unkei. Because many busshi of the school have a name including kei (慶), his school is called Kei-ha (Kei school). Kaikei being also called Annami-dabutsu, his style is called Anna-miyō (Anna style) and is known to be intelligent, pictorial and delicate. Most of his works have a height of about three shaku, and there are many of his works in existence.

Primary work

 * Boston Miroku (1189) - Earliest attributable work.
 * Amitabha Triad in Jōdo-ji in Ono (1195) - National Treasure of Japan. Most important work. Height: 24.6 ft
 * Hachiman in Tōdai-ji (1201) - National Treasure of Japan.
 * Burke Jizō (1203) - Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * Nio(Agyō) in Tōdai-ji (1203) - National Treasure of Japan. Joint production with Unkei and 13 assistant sculptors.
 * Mahamayuri in Kinpusen-ji (1200) - Important Cultural Property of Japan.
 * Maitreya in Sanbō-in (1192) - Important Cultural Property of Japan.
 * Vairocana in Ishiyama-dera (1194) - Important Cultural Property of Japan.

title: Kaikei


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Quintus Cassius Longinus

Quintus Cassius Longinus, the brother or cousin of Cassius (the assassin of Julius Caesar), was a governor in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) for Caesar.

Cassius was one of the tresviri monetales of the Roman mint in 55 BC. He served as a quaestor of Pompey in Hispania Ulterior in 54 BC. In 49 BC, as tribune of the people, he strongly supported the cause of Caesar, by whom he was made governor of Hispania Ulterior. He treated the provincials with great cruelty, and his appointment in 48 BC to take the field against Juba I of Numidia gave him an excuse for fresh oppression. The result was an unsuccessful insurrection at Corduba. Cassius punished the leaders with merciless severity, and made the lot of the provincials harder than ever.

At last some of his troops revolted under the quaestor Marcellus, who was proclaimed governor of the province. Cassius was surrounded by Marcellus in Ulia. Bogud, king of Mauretania, and Marcus Lepidus, proconsul of Hispania Citerior, to whom Cassius had applied for assistance, negotiated an arrangement with Marcellus whereby Cassius was to be allowed to go free with the legions that remained loyal to him. Cassius sent his troops into winter quarters, and hastened to board a ship at Malaca with his ill-gotten gains, but was wrecked in a storm at the mouth of the Iberus (Ebro), in which he was killed. His tyrannical government of Hispania greatly injured the cause of Caesar.

title: Quintus Cassius Longinus


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Busshi

A busshi is a Japanese term for Buddhist artists who specialized in painting or sculpting images for Buddhist temples, predominantly in the Nara period. Painters were specifically known as e-busshi (絵仏師), whereas sculptors who worked with wood were called ki-busshi. Busshi were organized into both categories of task and grade of mastery: master (惣仏師) major (大仏師), assistant (権仏師), supervisor (頭仏師), and apprentice (小仏師). These rank designations continued in use until the Heian period.

Practices
In both the Nara and Heian periods, busshi were organized in workshops (仏所) that belonged to the imperial court, temples, and the nobility. From the 10th century, the workshops became independent from temples and began working on commission. The bussho workshops disappeared entirely during the Edo period.

List of Busshi

 * Chōkai (ja)
 * Chōsei (ja)
 * Eikai (ja)
 * Enkū
 * Ensei (ja)
 * Genkei (ja)
 * Gyōkai (ja)
 * Higo Bettō Jōkei (ja)
 * Inchō (ja)
 * Injo (ja)
 * Inkaku (ja)
 * Inkichi (ja)
 * Inson (ja)
 * Jōchō
 * Jōkaku (ja)
 * Jōkei
 * Kaikei
 * Kakuen (ja)
 * Kakujo (ja)
 * Kōben (ja)
 * Kōen
 * Kōkei
 * Kōchō (ja)
 * Kōjo (ja)
 * Kochi no Obinari (ja)
 * Kōshō (ja)
 * Kōshō (ja)
 * Kōun (ja)
 * Kuninaka no Kimimaro (ja)
 * Matsumoto Myōkei (ja)
 * Myōen (ja)
 * Raijo (ja)
 * Seichō (ja)
 * Tankei
 * Tori Busshi
 * Unga (ja)
 * Unjo (ja)
 * Unkei
 * Yamaguchi no Ōguchi (ja)
 * Zen'en (善円) or Zenkei (ja)
 * Zenshun (ja)
 * Zenzō (ja)

title: Busshi


text:
List of British units in the American Revolutionary War

This is a list of British units in American Revolutionary War which took part in the conflict, fighting against the American rebels and their French, Spanish and Dutch allies in the Americas, Europe and Asia. In addition to the British Army, the list includes German auxiliary units along with provincial and irregular units formed raised in North America and the West Indies. No battle honours were ever awarded to British regiments who fought in America as it was seen by the British to be a civil war. Four battle honours were, however, awarded for actions against the French and Spanish in the West Indies and other theatres.

Of the British Army regiments raised during the war, primarily for military service in North America or the Caribbean, only three, the 23rd Light Dragoons and the 73rd and 78th Foot, survived the post-war reductions in the Army. The 23rd Light Dragoons (later the 19th Light Dragoons) served in India until 1806; the 73rd (renumbered 71st in 1786) later became part of the Highland Light Infantry while the 78th (renumbered 72nd in 1786) became part of the Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs) in 1881. The newly raised 85th Foot, 86th Foot, 87th Foot, 88th Foot, 89th Foot, 90th Foot, 91st Foot, 92nd Foot, 93rd Foot, 94th Foot and 99th Foot were stationed on garrison duty in the West Indies. All were disbanded at the end of the war.

Infantry units which remained in the British Isles during the war included the 2nd Foot (Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)), the 11th Foot (Devonshires), the 12th Foot (Suffolk), the 25th Foot (King's Own Scottish Borderers) at Sussex, the 32nd Foot at Cornwall, the 36th Foot at Herefordshire, the 39th Foot at East Middlesex, the 41st Foot, the 51st Foot and the 81st Foot. The 78th Foot, the 83rd Foot and the 95th Foot were stationed in Jersey, where they defeated a French invasion of the island in 1781 (the Battle of Jersey). Other regiments were in service in India or Gibraltar.

Cavalry

 * 16th (The Queen's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
 * 17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons

Foot guards

 * Brigade of Foot Guards (raised from the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards, Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards and 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards)
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion

Regular infantry

 * 1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot
 * 3rd Regiment of Foot or "Buffs" and "Royal East Kent Regiment"
 * 4th (The King's Own) (Lancaster) Regiment of Foot
 * 5th Regiment of Foot (Royal Northumberland Fusiliers)
 * 6th Regiment of Foot (Royal Warwickshire Regiment)
 * 7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers)
 * 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot
 * 9th Regiment of Foot (East Norfolk Regiment)
 * 10th Regiment of Foot (Royal Lincolnshire Regiment)
 * 13th Regiment of Foot (Prince Albert's) (Somerset Light Infantry)
 * 14th Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Own) (West Yorkshire Regiment)
 * 15th Regiment of Foot (Sir William Clifton's Regiment of Foot) (East Yorkshire Regiment)
 * 16th Regiment of Foot
 * 17th Regiment of Foot
 * 18th (or Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot
 * 19th Regiment of Foot
 * 20th Regiment of Foot
 * 21st Regiment of Foot (Royal North British Fusiliers)
 * 22nd Regiment of Foot (Cheshire Regiment)
 * 23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers)
 * 24th Regiment of Foot
 * 26th Regiment of Foot
 * 27th (Enniskillen) Regiment of Foot
 * 28th Regiment of Foot
 * 29th Regiment of Foot
 * 30th Regiment of Foot
 * 31st Regiment of Foot
 * 33rd Regiment of Foot
 * 34th Regiment of Foot
 * 35th Regiment of Foot
 * 37th Regiment of Foot
 * 38th Regiment of Foot
 * 40th Regiment of Foot
 * 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot
 * 43rd Regiment of Foot
 * 44th Regiment of Foot
 * 45th Regiment of Foot
 * 46th Regiment of Foot
 * 47th Regiment of Foot
 * 48th Regiment of Foot
 * 49th Regiment of Foot
 * 50th Regiment of Foot
 * 52nd Regiment of Foot
 * 53rd Regiment of Foot
 * 54th Regiment of Foot
 * 55th Regiment of Foot
 * 57th Regiment of Foot
 * 59th Regiment of Foot
 * 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot
 * 62nd Regiment of Foot
 * 63rd Regiment of Foot
 * 64th Regiment of Foot
 * 65th Regiment of Foot
 * 69th Regiment of Foot
 * 70th Regiment of Foot (Glasgow Lowland)
 * 71st Regiment of Foot (Frasers Highlanders)
 * 74th Regiment of (Highland) Foot
 * 76th Regiment of Foot (Macdonald's Highlanders)
 * 79th Regiment of Foot (Royal Liverpool Volunteers)
 * 80th Regiment of Foot (Royal Edinburgh Volunteers)
 * 82nd Regiment of Foot (1777)
 * 83rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Glasgow Volunteers)
 * 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants) (Loyalist)
 * 85th Regiment of Foot (Westminster Volunteers)
 * 86th Regiment of Foot (Rutland Regiment)
 * 87th Regiment of Foot (1779)
 * 88th Regiment of Foot (1779)
 * 89th Regiment of Foot (1779)
 * 90th Regiment of Foot (Yorkshire Volunteers)
 * 91st Regiment of Foot (Shropshire Volunteers)
 * 92nd Regiment of Foot (1779)
 * 93rd Regiment of Foot (1780)
 * 94th Regiment of Foot (1780)
 * 99th Regiment of Foot (Jamaica Regiment)

American establishment

 * 1st American Regiment (formerly the Queen's Rangers) (1756–1783)
 * 2nd American Regiment (formerly the Volunteers of Ireland, placed on British establishment, in 1782, as 105th Regiment of Foot) (1778-1784)
 * 3rd American Regiment (formerly the New York Volunteers) (1776-1783)
 * 4th American Regiment (formerly the King's American Regiment, placed on British establishment, in 1782, possibly as the 110th Regiment of Foot) (1776-1783)
 * 5th American Regiment (formerly the British Legion, placed on British establishment, in 1782, as Tarleton's Dragoons) (1777-1782)

His Majesty's Marine Forces

 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion

Provincial Corps

 * American Legion (1780–1783)
 * American Volunteers (1779–1780)
 * Armed Boat Company (1781–1783)
 * Black Company of Pioneers (also, known as the Black Pioneers, later merged into the Guides and Pioneers in 1778), (pioneers, another name for military construction engineers) (1777–1778)
 * British Legion (placed on American establishment in 1781 as 5th American Regiment) (1777–1778)
 * Bucks County Dragoons (absorbed by British Legion in 1780) (1778–1780)
 * Butler's Rangers (1777–1784)
 * Caledonian Volunteers (formed part of the British Legion in 1778) (1777–1778)
 * Campbell's Dragoons (South Carolina Dragoons) (1781)
 * Canadian Companies (1777–1783)
 * Claus' Rangers (1775–1783)
 * Collett's Independent Company (1777)
 * De Lancey's Brigade (1776–1783)
 * Detroit Volunteers (claimed descent from Roger's Rangers, later became 1st Battalion 119th Field Artillery Regiment, Michigan National Guard) (1778–1783)
 * Diemar's Troop of Black Hussars (also, known as Diemar's Hussars and Black Hussars), hussars, (light cavalry) (1779–1781)
 * Duke of Cumberland's Regiment (1781–1783)
 * Duchess County Company (1776–1777)
 * Emmerich's Chasseurs (chasseurs / light cavalry) (1777–1779)
 * Fenwick's Dragoons (South Carolina Dragoons) (1781)
 * Forshner's Independent Company (1780–1781)
 * Georgia Light Dragoons (there was also, a Local Volunteer Corps unit, of the same name) (1779–1781)
 * Georgia Loyalists (1779–1782)
 * Governor Wentworth's Volunteers (1777–1781)
 * Guides and Pioneers (absorbed the Black Company of Pioneers in 1778) (1778–1783)
 * Harkimer's Batteau Company (1780–1783)
 * Hierlihy's Corps
 * James Island Light Dragoons
 * King's American Dragoons
 * King's American Regiment (placed on American establishment, in 1781, as 4th American Regiment, part of the regular, British Army) (1776–1783)
 * King's Rangers
 * King's (Carolina) Rangers
 * King's Orange Rangers
 * King's Royal Regiment of New York
 * Kinloch's Light Dragoons (formed part of the British Legion in 1778)
 * Locke's Independent Company
 * Loyal American Rangers (1780–1783)
 * Loyal American Regiment
 * Loyal Foresters
 * Loyal New Englanders
 * Loyal Rangers
 * Loyal Rhode Islanders
 * Maryland Loyalists Battalion
 * McAlpin's Corps (also, known as McAlpin's Corps of Royalists, absorbed the American Volunteers, King’s Loyal Americans, Queen’s Loyal Rangers, and Adams' Rangers)
 * Nassau Blues
 * Newfoundland Regiment (placed on British establishment in 1782)
 * New Hampshire Volunteers
 * New Jersey Volunteers (Skinner's Greens)
 * Newport Artillery Company (Rhode Island) 1741
 * New York Volunteers (placed on American establishment, as 3rd American Regiment in 1779)
 * North Carolina Highlanders
 * North Carolina Independent Company
 * North Carolina Independent Dragoons
 * Pennsylvania Loyalists
 * Philadelphia Light Dragoons (formed part of the British Legion in 1778)
 * Prince of Wales's American Volunteers
 * Provincial Light Infantry
 * Queen's Rangers (placed on American establishment, in 1779, as 1st American Regiment, descended from Roger's Rangers)
 * Roman Catholic Volunteers (1777–1778)
 * Royal American Reformers
 * Royal Fencible Americans
 * Royal Garrison Battalion (placed on British establishment in 178
 * Royal Georgia Volunteers
 * Royal Highland Emigrants (placed on British establishment in 1779 as 84th Foot)
 * Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment
 * Saint John's Volunteers
 * Starkloff's Dragoons (South Carolina Dragoons) (1781)
 * South Carolina Rangers
 * South Carolina Royalists
 * Stewart's Troop of Light Dragoons
 * Van Alstine's Batteau Company
 * Volunteers of Ireland (absorbed the Roman Catholic Volunteers and New Jersey Volunteers and placed on American establishment, in 1779, as 2nd American Regiment, part of the regular, British Army) (1778–1782)
 * Volunteers of New England
 * West Florida Royal Foresters
 * West Jersey Volunteers

Local Volunteer Corps

 * Adams Company of Rangers (also, known as Adams' Rangers) (1777–1780)
 * Bay Fusiliers (also, known as Mosquito Shore Volunteers and Black River Volunteers) (1779–?)
 * Bucks County Volunteers (1778–1783)
 * Detroit Volunteers (1778–1783)
 * Dunlop's Corps (1780–1781)
 * East Florida Rangers (1776–1779)
 * East Florida Volunteers (1777–1780)
 * Ethiopian Regiment (1775–1776)
 * Georgia Light Dragoons (there was also, a Provincial Corps unit, of the same name) (1781–1782)
 * Georgia Rangers (1773–1776)
 * Georgia Rifle Dragoons (1779)
 * King's Dock Yard Volunteers (1780)
 * King's Loyal Americans (1776–1781)
 * Loyal Volunteers of the City of New York, under the command of Mayor David Mathews
 * Mackay's Corps (also, known as Mackay’s Corps of Royalists, Pfister's Corps of Royalists, and Leake's Corps of Royalists) (1777–1781)
 * Mayor's Independent Company of Volunteers of New York City under the command of Loyalist Mayor David Mathews
 * McAlpin's Corps of Royalists (also, known as McAlpin's Corps and American Volunteers) (1777–1781)
 * Mosquito Shore Volunteers (also, known as Bay Fusiliers and Black River Volunteers) (1779–?)
 * Natchez Volunteers (1781)
 * Negro Volunteers (1779)
 * Newfoundland Volunteers (1779–1980)
 * North Carolina Volunteers (1776)
 * Queen's Loyal Rangers (1777–1781)
 * Queen's Loyal Virginia Regiment (absorbed by Queen's Rangers in 1776) (1776–1783)
 * Queen's Royal Rangers (1775–1776)
 * Rattan and Black River Volunteers (1780–1781)
 * Royal Bateaux Volunteers (bateau|batteux) (1779–1781)
 * Royal Ethiopian Regiment (disbanded) (1775–1776)
 * Virginia Light Horse (1776)
 * Virginia Volunteers (1781)
 * Volunteers of Augusta (1781–1782)
 * West Florida Provincials (1778–1781)
 * West Florida Refugees (1777–1781)

Associator and Refugee units

 * Associated Loyalists (1780–1782)
 * Black Brigade (Black Loyalists) (1779–1783)
 * Brant's Volunteers (1777–1779)
 * De Lancey's Refugees (1776–1783)
 * Hatfield's Company of Partisans (partisan irregulars) (1779–1782)
 * Hazard's Corps of Refugees (1780–1782)
 * James Stewart's Company of Refugees (1780–1781)
 * King's Militia Volunteers (1779–1780)
 * Loyal American Association (1775–1776)
 * Loyal Associated Refugees (1779)
 * Loyal Irish Volunteers (1775–1776)
 * Loyal Newport Associators (1777–1779)
 * Loyal Refugee Volunteers (1779–1782)
 * Maryland Royal Retaliators (1780–1781)
 * Pepperell's Corps (1779–?)
 * Robins Company of Partisans (partisan irregulars) (1780–1782?)
 * Royal North British Volunteers (1775–1776)
 * Sharp's Refugee Marines (marines - naval-based infantry force) (1779)
 * Uzal Ward's Company of Refugees (1780–1783)

Militia units

 * Charleston Militia (1780–1782)
 * Charleston Volunteer Battalion (1780–1782)
 * Detroit Militia (1775–1784)
 * East Florida Militia (1776–1783)
 * Georgia Artillery (1781–1782)
 * Georgia Militia (1779–1782)
 * German Independent Company, (part of New York City Militia) (1776–?)
 * Independent Troop of Black Dragoons (also, known as Black Pioneer Troop) (1782)
 * Loyal Commissariat Volunteers (1779–1782)
 * Loyal Ordnance Volunteers (1780)
 * Loyal Volunteers of the City of New York (also, known as New York City Militia) (1776–1783)
 * Massachusetts Militia (1775–1783)
 * Massachusetts Volunteers (1777–1783)
 * McDonald's Company of Volunteers (1778)
 * Minorca Volunteer Company (part of East Florida Militia) (1777–?)
 * New Jersey Militia (1776–1777)
 * New York City Militia (1776–1783)
 * New York Independent Highland Volunteers (1776–1783)
 * New York Marine Artillery Company (1780–1783)
 * New York Militia (1776–1783)
 * New York Rangers (1776–1783)
 * North Carolina Militia (1781–1782)
 * Nova Scotia Militia (1775–1784)
 * Nova Scotia Volunteer Militia Regiment (1776–1781)
 * Quebec City Militia (1775–1783)
 * Quebec Militia (1775–1783)
 * Saint Johns County Volunteers (1781)
 * South Carolina Militia (1775–1782)
 * South Carolina Volunteers (1781–1782)
 * Westchester Chasseurs (chasseurs (light cavalry) (1777)
 * West Florida Militia (1778–1781)

West Indian units

 * Barbados Militia
 * Barbadian Rangers (1781–1783)
 * Black Carolina Corps
 * Grenada Militia (1775–1779)
 * Jamaica Corps of Foot (also, known as the Jamaica Corps and Amherst’s Corps) (1781–1783)
 * Independent Companies (Jamaica)
 * Jamaica Legion (absorbed by Jamaica Volunteers in 1780) (1780)
 * Jamaica Light Dragoons (1780–1781)
 * Jamaica Militia (1780–1781)
 * Jamaica Rangers (1779–1783)
 * Jamaica Volunteers (absorbed the Jamaica Legion, after 1780) (1779–1781)
 * Turks Island Company (1781–1783)

Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst

 * Rauschenplatt's Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst's Regiment (2 battalions, 1 infantry in Quebec (1778), and 1 "Pandour" in New York (1780))
 * Nuppenau's Jäger Company
 * Company of Artillery

Margrave of Ansbach and Bayreuth

 * 1st Regiment Anspach (later Regiment von Volt; 1st Anspach Battalion)
 * 2nd Regiment Bayreuth (later Regiment Seybothen; 2nd Anspach Battalion)
 * Anspach Jäger Company

Duchy of Brunswick

 * Dragoon Regiment Prinz Lüdwig Ernst
 * Grenadier Battalion Breymann
 * Light Infantry Battalion von Barner
 * Musketeer Regiment Riedesel
 * Musketeer Regiment Specht
 * Regiment Prinz Friedrich
 * Regiment von Rhetz
 * von Geyso's Jäger Company

Electorate of Hanover

 * 1st Battalion von Reden
 * 1st Battalion von Hardenberg
 * 1st Battalion la Motte
 * 2nd Battalion Prinz Ernst von Mecklenburg
 * 2nd Battalion von Goldacker
 * 14th Regiment
 * 15th Regiment

Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)

 * Combined Regiment von Loos
 * Fusilier Regiment von Dittfurth
 * Fusilier Regiment Erbprinz (later Musketeer Regiment (1780))
 * Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen
 * Fusilier Regiment von Lossburg
 * Grenadier Regiment von Rall (later von Woellwarth (1777); von Trümbach (1779); d'Angelelli (1781))
 * 1st Battalion Grenadiers von Linsing
 * 2nd Battalion Grenadiers von Block (later von Lengerke)
 * 3rd Battalion Grenadiers von Minnigerode (later von Loewenstein)
 * 4th Battalion Grenadiers von Koehler (later von Graff; von Platte)
 * Garrison Regiment von Bünau
 * Garrison Regiment von Huyne (later von Benning)
 * Garrison Regiment von Stein (later von Seitz; von Porbeck)
 * Garrison Regiment von Wissenbach (later von Knoblauch)
 * Jäger Corps
 * Leib Infantry Regiment
 * Musketeer Regiment von Donop
 * Musketeer Regiment von Trümbach (later Von Bose (1779))
 * Musketeer Regiment von Mirbach (later Jung von Lossburg (1780))
 * Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl
 * Musketeer Regiment von Wutginau (later Landgraf (1777))

County of Hesse-Hanau

 * Janecke's Frei Corps of Light Infantry
 * Musketeer Regiment Erbprinz
 * Creuzbourg's Jäger Corps
 * Pausch's Company of Artillery

Principality of Waldeck

 * 3rd Waldeck Regiment


text:
Gewehr 98

The Gewehr 98 (abbreviated G98, Gew 98, or M98) is a bolt-action rifle made by Mauser for the German Empire as its service rifle from 1898 to 1935.

The Gewehr 98 action, using a 5-round stripper clip loaded with the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge, successfully combined and improved several bolt-action engineering concepts which were soon adopted by many other countries, including the United Kingdom, United States, and Japan. The Gewehr 98 replaced the earlier Gewehr 1888 as the main German service rifle. It first saw combat in the Chinese Boxer Rebellion and was the main German infantry service rifle of World War I. The Gewehr 98 saw further military use by the Ottoman Empire and Nationalist Spain.

It was eventually replaced by the Karabiner 98k, a carbine version using the same design, for the Wehrmacht under Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945.

History
The Gewehr 98 was introduced into German military service in 1898, replacing the Gewehr 1888. The bolt-action design was the latest refinement of the 1895 design patented by Paul Mauser on 9 September 1895. Mauser was already selling the similar Mauser Model 1895 to many other countries and had supplied less advanced Mauser rifles to the German Army from 1871 to 1888. The 1888 replacement for the Mauser was an internal design from the army but failed through an impractical design. In the interim decade, Mauser rifles became recognized as the world standard, and the German Army became outclassed by a German-made product in the hands of others.

The German Gewehr-Prüfungskommission (G.P.K.) (rifle testing commission) adopted the Gewehr 98 on 5 April 1898. The action was derived from the experimental Gewehr 96 rifle. In 1901, the first troop issues of the Gewehr 98 rifles were made to the East Asian Expeditionary Force, the Imperial German Navy, and three premier Prussian army corps. The first combat use of the Gewehr 98 was during the Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901). In 1904, contracts were placed with Waffenfabrik Mauser for 290,000 rifles and Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) for 210,000 rifles. At the outbreak of WWI in 1914, the German Army had 2,273,080 Mauser 98-rifles of all types; an additional 7,000,000 were produced during the war.

The 8 mm M/88 cartridge which was introduced in 1888 and loaded with an 8.08 mm (.318 in) 14.6 g (226 gr) round-nose bullet was replaced on 3 April 1903, by the 7.92×57mm Mauser S Patrone (S ball cartridge) which was loaded with a new 8.20 mm (.323 in) 9.9 g (154 gr) spitzer bullet. The ammunition conversion was indicated by a small S stamped above the chamber and on the barrel at the back of the rear sight base. This was done since the 1888 pattern M/88 cartridge and 1903 S-bore pattern cartridge are two different non-interchangeable chamberings. Since the new IS cartridge had a flatter trajectory the Lange Visier rear sight had to be changed with an "S"-adapted Lange Visier.

Design details
The Gewehr 98 or model 98 (M98) rifle is a manually operated, magazine fed, controlled-feed bolt-action rifle, 1250 mm in length and 4.09 kg in weight. It has a 740 mm long rifled barrel and carries 5 rounds of ammunition in an internal magazine. The Gewehr 98 has two sling swivels, open front sights, and a curved tangent-type rear sight, known as the Lange Visier.

The controlled-feed bolt-action of the Gewehr 98 is a distinct feature and is regarded as one of the major bolt-action system designs.

M98 controlled-feed bolt-action system

The controlled-feed Mauser M98 bolt-action system is based on previous 19th-century Mauser bolt-action rifle designs and is a simple, strong, safe, and well-thought-out design intended to negate as many failure modes as possible and which inspired other military and hunting/sporting rifle designs that became available during the 20th century. A drawback of the M98 system is that it cannot be cheaply mass-produced very easily. Some other bolt-action designs (e.g. the Lee–Enfield and Pattern 1914 Enfield/M1917 Enfield) offer trained operators a faster rate of fire as the ergonomic relation between the bolt handle and trigger is more favorable and they can be cycled without loss of sight picture.

Features
The M98 system consists of a receiver that serves as the system's shroud and a bolt group of which the bolt body has three locking lugs, two large main lugs at the bolt head and a third safety lug at the rear of the bolt, which serves as a backup in case the primary locking lugs failed. This third lug is a distinctive feature and was not present on previous Mauser bolt-action designs. The two main locking lugs are positioned opposed to each other and display a locking surface of 56 mm2, whilst the third safety lug normally plays no part in locking the action to avoid asymmetric and hence unbalanced bolt thrust forces. The diameter of the M98 system receiver ring was also enlarged to 35.8 mm diameter compared to previous Mauser "small ring" bolt-action designs that had 33 mm diameter receiver rings for additional strength and safety. Accordingly, the barrel shank was enlarged to 28 mm diameter with 15.88 mm of threaded area at 12 threads per inch compared to previous Mauser "small shank" bolt-action designs that had 24.9 mm diameter with 16.38 mm of threaded area at 12 threads per inch barrel shanks for additional strength. The bolt handle is permanently attached to the bolt and, on the Gewehr 98, is straight and protrudes out for optimal leverage.

Another distinctive feature of the M98 system is the controlled-feed mechanism, consisting of a large, non-rotating claw extractor that engages the cartridge case rim as soon as the round leaves the magazine and firmly holds the cartridge case until the round is ejected by the ejector, mounted inside the receiver. Combined with a slight bolt retraction at the first stage of the bolt opening cycle, caused by the cammed surface on the rear receiver bridge, this results in a positive cartridge case extraction. The M98 bolt-action will cycle correctly, irrespective of the way the rifle is moved or positioned during the bolt cycling action or if the cartridge has been fired or not. Only if the bolt is not brought back far enough, sharply enough, in a controlled round feed bolt-action the cartridge case may not be cleanly ejected and a jam may result.

The bolt houses the firing pin mechanism that cocks when the bolt is opened, and the cocking piece protrudes visually and tactilely from the rear of the bolt to indicate the action is cocked. A cocking shroud lock that was not present on previous Mauser bolt-action designs was added. The distance the firing pin needs to travel was decreased to reduce and hence improve lock time – the amount of time between initiating the firing sequence by releasing the trigger and the firing pin striking the primer that ignites the propellant contained in the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge.

The M98 action features two large oval shaped gas relief holes on the bottom of the bolt, which when catastrophic failures like a primer, cartridge rupture or detonation occur relieve high pressure gases into the magazine, and a gas shield on the bolt sleeve. Military M98 systems feature a secondary gas relief where gas is routed down the locking lug raceway to a thumb hole cutout exit on left side of receiver. Civilian M98 systems often lack the thumb hole cut out, as the ammunition feeding is generally simplified to single round feeding only. These safety features are designed to route escaping gas out of the bolt and eventual debris away from the operator's face.

The M98 bolt group can be easily removed from the receiver simply by rotating the safety lever to the 12 o'clock position and pulling out the bolt stop lever, located at the rear left wall of the receiver, and then operate the action and continue rearward bolt travel past the bolt stop. The metal disc inlay in the stock functions as a bolt disassembly tool.

Many metal parts of the Gewehr 98 were blued, a process in which steel is partially protected against rust by a layer of magnetite (Fe3O4). Such a thin black oxide layer provides minimal protection against rust or corrosion, unless also treated with a water-displacing oil to reduce wetting and galvanic corrosion. From 1905 until 1945 the German military used Ballistol intended for cleaning, lubricating, and protecting metallic, wooden and leather firearms parts.

Safety
A three-position safety attached at the rear of the bolt which operating lever can be flicked from right (safety on, bolt locked) to middle (safety on, bolt can be opened for reloading), to left (ready to fire), but only when the rifle is cocked; otherwise, the safety will not move. The safety secures the firing pin. The safety catch lever is quite large, making it easy to operate, but posing a problem for mounting telescopic sights low above the receiver whilst retaining good operability of the safety catch lever.

Ammunition feeding
The internal magazine of the M98 system consists of an integral box machined to match the cartridge for which the rifle was being chambered, with a detachable floorplate, that can hold up to 5 rifle cartridges. The German military M98 system internal magazine boxes feature an internal magazine length of 84 mm to store 82 mm maximal overall length 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridges without dimensional issues. The cartridges are stored in the magazine box in a staggered column at a stacking angle of 30 degrees, so viewed from the end, three cartridges touching each other form the points of an equilateral triangle. The magazine can be loaded with single rounds by pushing the cartridges into the receiver top opening or via stripper clips. Each stripper clip can hold 5 rounds to fill the magazine and is inserted into clip guides machined into the rear receiver bridge. After loading, the empty clip is ejected when the bolt is closed. For easier loading a crescent shaped thumb hole cutout is present at the left rear of the receiver top. The magazine can be unloaded by operating the bolt (the safety should, for safety reasons, be set to the middle position for this) or, in case of mechanical problems, by opening the magazine floorplate, which is flush with the stock, with the help of a cartridge tip. Alternatively cartridges can be loaded singly directly into the chamber, as is standard on military rifles of the period, since the extractor is spring-loaded and designed so the extractor claw "pops" over the rim of the cartridge on closing.

The Gewehr 98 had no magazine cut-off mechanism, which when engaged permits the feeding and extraction of single cartridges only while keeping the cartridges in the magazine in reserve. Like the M98 system Mauser magazine fed bolt-action systems were generally not manufactured with magazine cut-offs, the Ottoman Mauser Model 1893 variant being the exception.

Modern civilian offsprings of the M98 system
Though the production of the M98 system for the German military ceased at the end of World War II in 1945, the production of new Mauser M 98 and Mauser M 98 Magnum rifles for civil users has continued using both repurposed military systems as well as newly made systems from several manufacturers worldwide. New systems were being manufactured not only by the Mauser GmbH in Germany, but also by FN in Belgium, Zbrojovka Brno in Czechoslovakia and Zastava in Yugoslavia.

The Mauser-Werke GmbH stopped the production of the M98 system in the 1960's and replaced it with the Model 66, a new construction. However, after going through several ownership changes and a name change, the reconstituted Mauser Jagdwaffen GmbH resumed the production of M98 rifles in 1999 according to original drawings and in style of the interwar-period Mauser hunting rifles. These rifles retail (2009) for approximately EUR 6,800 for the basic Mauser M 98 version, but the addition of (luxury) options can make these rifles much more expensive.

Several other gun manufacturers and custom gun builders also currently produce new M98 system clones or M98 inspired bolt-action hunting/sporting rifles. Desirable features of the M98 system, like its controlled feeding, were carried over to a host of later bolt-action designs. These designs feature technical alterations to simplify production and technical and ergonomic improvements.

Trigger
The rifle had a two-stage trigger with considerable take up before the trigger engages the sear. This feature aids in preventing premature firing during stressful (combat) situations.

Sights
Originally the Gewehr 98 sight line had an open post type front sight, and a curved tangent-type rear sight with a V-shaped rear notch, known as the Lange Visier (Lange sight after its designer Lieutenant Colonel Lange). The rear sight was graduated for 1888 pattern M/88 cartridges from 200 m to 2000 m in 100 m increments. The M/88 cartridge was loaded with full metal jacket projectiles of the round-nosed type.

The standard open iron sight aiming elements consisted of relatively coarse rugged aiming elements making the sightline suitable for rough handling and low light usage, but less suitable for aiming at small point targets. The tracks of the rear sight obstructed the view to the sides during aiming. The sights were designed with distant area fire targets like charging horseman units in mind, so the standard iron sight line could be calibrated for very long ranges. Military doctrine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries considered firing at distant area targets, where an officer would call out the range and the soldiers shot in volley, normal.

German government driven efforts to improve the performance of the military M/88 ammunition and the service arms in which the M/88 was used resulted in the design by the Gewehr-Prüfungskommission and adaptation in 1903 of the dimensionally redesigned 7.92×57mm Mauser chambering. Besides the chambering, the bore (designated as "S-bore") was also dimensionally redesigned. The 1903 pattern 7.92×57mm Mauser S Patrone (S ball cartridge) was loaded with a lighter 9.9 g, pointed Spitzgeschoß (spitzer bullet) of 8.2 mm diameter and more powerful double-base (based on nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin) smokeless powder. With the improved ballistic coefficient of the new spitzer bullet, the 1903 pattern cartridge had an improved maximum effective range and a flatter trajectory, and was therefore less critical of range estimation compared to the M/88 cartridge. With the introduction of the S Patrone the rear sight graduation was changed accordingly and could be regulated from 400 m to 2000 m in 100 m increments.

While the modified sight line for 1903 pattern 7.92×57mm Mauser S Patrone IS cartridges was calibrated for a minimum zero distance of 400 m and can result in hitting high when using the open post front sight and V-shaped rear notch at close range, the pillars formed by the tracks of the rear sight allow closer targets to be quickly bracketed between the "goalposts", a sighting method that automatically compensates for the high point of aim using the normal sighting method at sub-400 m ranges.

Stock
The Gewehr 98 oil finished rifle stock features a semi-pistol grip. A top handguard was standard on all rifles and extended from the front of the rear sight base terminating just ahead of the bottom barrel band. A steel cross bolt was mounted to distribute the forces and hence the effects of recoil on the stock bedding, reducing the chance to split the stock. The stock featured a quick detachable sling swivel on the underside of the butt stock, a top swivel located underneath the bottom barrel band, and a parade hook mounted on the underside of the top H-style barrel band. The prewar stocks were produced from walnut wood and were aged for an average of three years to allow the wood to stabilize. Beginning in 1917, walnut shortages necessitated the use of beech wood. The late-war production beech stocks were less durable and heavier than the original walnut stocks.

Accessories
The rifle was issued with a leather carrying sling. During the duration of World War I, due to a shortage of leather, slings were produced out of canvas.

The rifle was able to fire rifle grenades. Various attachable rifle grenade launcher models were designed during World War I.

The Gewehr 98 was designed to be used with a bayonet. For this the rifle had a H-style top barrel-band with a 4.5 cm long bayonet lug. The long bearing surface on the Gewehr 98 bayonet lug eliminated the addition of a muzzle ring. The advantage of this solution lies in the fact that muzzle rings can interfere with barrel oscillation which can significantly impede the accuracy of a rifle. The rifle was originally issued with the Seitengewehr 98 pattern bayonet. This épée style bayonet has a 500 mm long quillback blade. By the end of 1905, this bayonet began to be replaced with the more robust and practical Seitengewehr 98/05, with a 370 mm blade. It was called the "Butcher Blade" by the Allies due to its distinctive shape, and was initially intended for artillerymen and engineers as a chopping tool as well as a weapon. Towards the end of World War I, the 250 mm blade Seitengewehr 84/98 was introduced as an economy measure and because the longer models were impractical in narrow trenches; this model became standard issue during the Weimar Republic and Third Reich. Serrated, saw-backed versions of the standard patterns intended to be used as tools were carried by German Pioniere (pioneers).

Sniper models
In the spring of 1915, it was decided to fit 15,000 Gewehr 98 rifles, selected for being exceptionally accurate during factory tests, with telescopic sights for sniper use, though the Gewehr 98 was not designed for use with aiming optics. The Scharfschützen-Gewehr 98 (sniper rifle 98) was officially adapted in 1915 featuring for the period advanced 4× Görtz or Zeiss telescopic sights. These sights were mounted offset to the left to allow stripper clip loading of the rifle and the sights had a bullet drop compensation sight drum out to 1,000 m range in 100 m increments. The bolt handle had to be turned-down from its original straight design. In the stock, a recess had to be made to accommodate the turned-down bolt handle modification.

The wartime Scharfschützen-Gewehr 98 program intended to regularize equipment issued for snipers but failed. The telescopic sights used consisted of 2.5×, 3× and 4× models, made by manufactures like Görtz, Gérard, Oigee, Zeiss, Hensoldt, Voigtländer and various civilian models from manufacturers like Bock, Busch and Füss. Several different mountings produced by various manufacturers were used. Even with a turned-down bolt handle (unless it is low-profile as is common practice with modern hunting rifles), optics mounted low directly above the receiver will not leave enough space between the rifle and the telescopic sight body for unimpaired operation of the bolt or three-position safety catch lever. This ergonomic problem was solved by mounting the telescopic sight relatively high above the receiver. By the end of World War I, 18,421 Gewehr 98 rifles were converted and equipped with telescopic sights and issued to German snipers.

Karabiner 98a

Not to be confused with the later Karabiner 98k or the earlier Karabiner 98A (uppercase A), the Karabiner 98a (Kar 98a) was a shorter version of the Gewehr 98 originally made for cavalry and support unit use. The Karabiner 98A, adopted in February 1902, had a considerably shorter barrel than the Gewehr 98 and was also lighter at 3.42 kg empty. Experiments in 1904 with Karabiner 98A carbines rechambered for the S Patrone cartridge showed excessive recoil and muzzle flash problems, leading to the suspension of production in 1905. The Gewehr Prüfungs Kommission (GPK) started developing a new carbine with a longer barrel and a different stock to address these problems; by the mid-summer of 1907, the longer barrelled prototype carbines showed more acceptable recoil and muzzle blast behavior with the S Patrone.

In January 1908, the Karabiner Model 1898 AZ (Kar 98AZ) was accepted for service. The new features were a small diameter (33 mm) receiver ring, tapered rather than stepped barrel contour, an L-shaped stacking rod attached to the stock near the muzzle, and a turned-down bolt handle and recess in the stock in the same fashion as the Gewehr 98s sniper variant. The "AZ" stands for "Aufpflanz-und-Zusammensetzvorrichtung", meaning "with bayonet attachment point and stacking rod". At the end of World War I about 1,500,000 short rifles had been produced. In 1923, the AZ was renamed to 'a', as Germany sought to distinguish the model from the newer 'b' and 'k' models.

During World War I, the Karabiner 98a was issued to light infantry, cavalry, mountain troops, and later to assault troops. It was liked because it was lighter and shorter than the Gewehr 98, and was thus better suited for use in trench assaults.

Karabiner 98b
The Karabiner 98b was not technically another "carbine" variant, but rather was a rifle designated as a carbine to comply with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which only allowed Germany to produce carbines. The Karabiner Model 1898b was introduced in 1923. The Karabiner 98b had a tangent rear sight as opposed to the original "Lange" ramp sight, a wider lower band with side sling attachment bar, a side butt attachment point for a sling, and a turned down bolt handle. It was otherwise merely a modified form of the Gewehr 98, from which the Karabiner 98k was derived.

Combat service
The Gewehr 98 saw service primarily in World War I, as well as the Boxer Rebellion and the Herero Wars in the preceding years. As with all contemporary bolt-action rifles, it was a powerful and accurate rifle with long range that was poorly suited for the close quarter fighting of trench warfare. The considerable length of the rifle and the minimum sight setting of 400 meters (far in excess of the typical range in trench battles) were particular handicaps.

Its successor, the Karabiner 98k, would go on to be the standard rifle of the German infantry during World War II. Some Gewehr 98s also saw service in World War II, though many of these older rifles were converted to either 98b or 98k specifications.

Military accuracy standard
For determining accuracy the German military fired a group of shots into a target and used statistics to calculate a hit probability. For this they drew a circle that disregards the hits on the outer part of the target and only count half of the hits (50% or R50) on the inner part of the circle. They then used both the vertical and horizontal measurements of the reduced shotgroup to measure accuracy. When the R50 results are doubled the hit probability increases to 93.7%.

To pass the German military minimum accuracy standard a Gewehr 98 had to perform as follows.

These requirements were carried over for the Karabiner 98k, Germany's standard service rifle during WW2, each rifle having to place 5 out of 5 shots within a 12 cm circle at 100 m in order to be accepted for service.

For reference a 1 minute of arc (MOA) circle at 100 m has a diameter of 2.9 cm, therefore 6 cm at 100 m equals 2.06 MOA, and 12 cm at 100 m equals 4.12 MOA. In short a maximum dispersion of no more than 4.1 MOA was allowed.

The circular error probable method employed by the Germans and other European militaries cannot be converted and is not comparable to the common US methods (groupsize of 5 or 10 successive shots fired at 100 yards) for determining accuracy, or the British method of four out of five successive shots fired at 100 feet must hit a rectangle measuring 1 inch wide × 1.5 inches high (the equivalent of 4.54 MOA).

According to pre World War I military instructions booklets new Gewehr 98 rifles firing the lighter WW1 154 grain S Patrone ball ammunition on average had 34 cm (3.9 MOA) vertical dispersion and 28 cm (3.2 MOA) horizontal dispersion at 300 m. New Karabiner 98AZ / Karabiner 98a (small receiver ring, shorter version of the Gewehr 98) firing S Patrone ball ammunition on average had 43 cm (4.9 MOA) vertical dispersion and 34 cm (3.9 MOA) horizontal dispersion at 300 m. Individual weapons can shoot better or worse than these averages.

For comparison the acceptance accuracy requirements for various US service rifles at 100 yd as well as the British Lee Enfield No.4 Mk.I rifle at 100 ft.

For reference a 1 MOA circle at 100 yd has a diameter of 1.047 in, 3 in at 100 yd equals 2.9 MOA, and 5 in at 100 yd equals 4.8 MOA

In summary the accuracy standards of the Gewehr 98 and most other service rifles used in World War I and later were similar.

M 98
The Mauser M 98 was a civilian version adapted for hunting and other sporting purposes of the Gewehr 98 service rifle. Vaguely similar to the latter rifle in appearance, the M 98 was offered in many different hunting chamberings, not like the original service rifle. The Mauser M 98 series offered several features and factory options, that are also typical for sporterised ex-service rifles, ranging from various technical departures from the basic Mauser service rifle it was based on to luxury wood grades, (gold) inlays, engravings and surface treatments like color case hardening. Some of the available options were originally developed and introduced by John Rigby & Co. on Rigby Mauser hunting rifles.

M 98 magnum
John Rigby & Co. commissioned Mauser to develop the M 98 magnum action in the early 1900s. It was designed to function with the large sized cartridges normally used to hunt Big Five game and other dangerous game species. For this specialized type of hunting, where absolute reliability of the rifle under adverse conditions is very important, the controlled-feed M 98 system remains the standard by which other action designs are judged. In 1911 John Rigby & Co. introduced the .416 Rigby cartridge that due to its dimensions could only be used in the M 98 magnum action.

Rechambered rifles
After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles left Germany extremely constricted in terms of military power. Civilians were not allowed to have any use of standard military weapons or ammunition. Since the 7.92×57mm Mauser round was so stout and great for hunting, people did not want to give up on it, so a redesign of the cartridge was made for the civilian market resulting in the 8×60mm S featuring a new longer case. The 8×60mm S cartridge was kept under 84.4 mm overall length to fit the cartridge in standard military M98 magazine boxes without any modification.

The also rare 8×64mm S cartridge offers a comparable rechambering option for Mauser Gewehr 98 and Karabiner 98k rifles sporting 8mm S-bores. Due to its larger case capacity the 8×64mm S chambering offers better ballistic performance than the 8×60mm S. Some custom rifles were made using Mauser 98's and rechambering them for the 9×57mm Mauser.

Since the purpose for these rifles was hunting and sporting, the bolt handle was professionally bent down, gradually the bent bolt handle became the standard and replaced the older straight style (though that was of course not always the case). The standard military sights were replaced by a 100 m sight, along with a flip-up on the rear sight for 200 m. The military stocks were replaced by newer ones that did not include the extra length of stock needed for the bayonet lug.

Today these sporter rifles are extremely rare and the 8×60mm S, 8×64mm S and 9×57mm Mauser cartridges are nearly obsolete, as only few mainstream ammunition manufacturers along with some other smaller companies continue to produce them. When correct ammunition is used in a converted rifle, an 8×60mm S, 8×64mm S or 9×57mm Mauser modified Gewehr 98 can be an extremely potent and inexpensive long-range big-game rifle.

Also, many Gewehr 98 rifles acquired as trophies by Allied forces during the war and brought to the US were converted to the 8mm-06 wildcat cartridge, a modification of the original 8×57mm IS chambering to 8×63mm S to accommodate the use of the plentiful .30-06 Springfield brass for reloading, with 8mm (.323 caliber) bullets. Such conversions are indistinguishable from unmodified rifle without careful examination, and can be quite dangerous if fired with the shorter 8×57mm ammunition, as the cartridge case will stretch to fit the elongated chamber and possibly rupture in the process, which causes a potentially highly dangerous high pressure propellant gas leakage. However, the Mauser M 98 action is designed specifically to direct gas away from the shooter in the event of a case rupture.

In the 21st century the US based company Rhineland Arms started to produce .45 ACP conversion kits for the Mauser action using M1911 pistol magazines.

Shotgun conversions
Many were converted to shotguns, typically in 12 and 16-gauge, as well as some in 20-gauge. In making the conversion, both main locking lugs were typically removed. The magazine was altered to allow a single shell in reserve. Many authorities recommend against firing these guns, particularly with modern magnum shotshells.

Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
The Weimar Republic, the successor state to the German Empire, implemented a program designed to update their remaining supplies of Gewehr 98 rifles for the Reichswehr in the years following World War I. Rifles allowed into service with the early Weimar security forces were stamped with a "1920" marking on their receiver ring. Further updates to Weimar-era Gewehr 98's often included the replacement of the Lange Visier rear sight with a standard Karabiner 98k-style rear sight. Many of the Gew 98 were also converted to the Kar 98b configuration, with a turned bolt handle, new tangent leaf sight and a hole cut through the side of the stock to accommodate a Karabiner 98k-style side-mounted sling system, but some Karabiner 98b were also produced from new parts. Some of these rifles saw use in World War II but mostly in second line units because the shortened and improved Karabiner 98k was the standard-issue rifle by that time. Gewehr 98 and Karabiner 98b were sometimes rebuilt to the Karabiner 98k configuration. In 1924 the Gewehr 98 was developed into the Mauser Standardmodell rifle.

During World War II the Germans captured German-made Yugoslav Model 1898 carbines and rifles and designated them Gewehr 298 (j) and Karabiner 492 (j). The Volkssturm ("People's Militia") also made use of the Gewehr 98 and Kar 98a; out of all their mixed arsenal the Gewehr 98 was probably the best since it used standard 7.92×57mm IS rounds and a man trained on a Karabiner 98k could transition over to the Gewehr 98 easily since the actions of both rifles were the same.

After 1945, some ex-German Karabiner 98b were also taken into French Army service, the only modification being the use of the sling of the MAS-36 rifle.

Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire bought the Mauser Model 1903. The Mauser 1903 was a modified version Gewehr 98. The Lange Visier sight was replaced by a tangent leaf sight, the nose cap was simplified, the rifle could be fitted with older Ottoman M1890 bayonets. The weapon had curved arm on its bolt stop to block the cartridge clip when the cartridges are stripped into the magazine. It also had a larger receiver and a longer cocking cam and firing pin than the German variant. After the adoption of the long rifle, 200,000 were received before 1905. 406 Marine-gewehre were delivered to the Ottoman Navy in 1904, 7,617 to the Gendarmerie in Ottoman Macedonia. 1,100 more, modified to fire spitzer bullets and sometimes known as M1910, were ordered in 1910. The Ottoman customs also received some. The Model 1905 carbine was produced between 1903 and 1906. 30,000 M1908 carbines were delivered in 1908 and 1909.

The Model 1903 saw combat during the Italo-Turkish War, the Balkan Wars, World War I and the Turkish War of Independence. After World War I, most of these weapons were modified to fire the 7.92×57mm Mauser round. Many of the long rifles were refurbished as Mauser Model 1938 short rifles. Models 1903 and 1905 were still in service in the 1960s, large numbers of Gewehr 98 rifles were also given to the Ottoman Empire both during and after World War I, including the majority of 1916 Waffenfabrik Oberndorf production. Many of these rifles were converted to the "M38" standard by the Republic of Turkey in the years before, during, and after World War I. Today these rifles are widely available in North America along with other Turkish Mausers. Careful observation is usually needed to tell an Ex-Gewehr 98 apart from the myriad of other common M38-standard Mausers.

Czechoslovakia
After Czechoslovakia was founded in 1918, they bought 57 000 Gewehr 98 rifles from Netherlands (the so-called Netherlands block), which was acquired from disarmed German troops on Netherlands territory. After examination of Gewehr 98 Czechoslovakia developed own improved version known as Puška vz. 24 (Rifle mod. 24). That rifle, produced from 1924 to 1942, became the standard weapon of Czechoslovak forces before WWII and up to the 1960s. It was also commercially successful - among users were Romania, China, Bolivia, Turkey, Japan, Spain, Iran (also locally produced under licence), Ecuador, Brasil, Lithuania, Yugoslavia; after WWII also Israel, North Vietnam and many others).

Spanish Civil War
The rifle saw some usage in the Spanish Civil War, mostly in the hands of Generalissimo Franco's Nationalists and German volunteer legions. Most of these rifles were bought and exported to the United States as cheap sporting rifles in the 1960s by Interarmco.

Poland
After the Second Polish Republic got its independence from the German Empire the Polish government got control over the state arsenal in former Danzig. The tools and machine park was moved to Warsaw to set up a state arsenal to equip the new Polish army. The machine park was set up to produce German G98 rifles and Kar98AZ carbines. A nearly unchanged version of the G98 was produced an accepted by the Polish army as Karabin wz.1898 abbreviated and marked G98 or W98 for infantry use. In 1921 a Polish version of the German Kar98AZ was produced for the cavalry accepted as ''Karabinek wz. 1898 abbreviated and marked K98'' a remarkable difference is the strengthen staking hook. Problems with this carbine surfaced including intense muzzle blast and flash. In 1939 the K98 was phased out in favor to the K29 a Polish version of the Czech vz. 24 this carbine was not satisfactory either. This led to the development of the K98a.

Israel
During the formation of the state of Israel in the aftermath of World War II, the Haganah acquired substantial numbers of Karabiner 98k rifles from any European sources they could find. Some of these rifles were converted Gewehr 98 rifles, which aside from the Imperial German markings are identical to all other Israeli Mausers. Like other Israeli Mausers, most of these rifles were rebarreled for 7.62×51mm NATO after that round was adopted as the Israeli standard in 1958.

Non-German Gewehr 98 derivatives
Many non-German military service rifles and carbines were derived from and/or based on the Mauser M98 bolt-action system. Some of these were German-made by various contractors other than Mauser:
 * M1902 and M1936 Mexican in 7×57mm Mauser
 * M1903 Turkish in 7.65×53mm Mauser
 * M1907 Chinese in 6.8×57mm
 * M1904 Portuguese in 6.5×58mm Vergueiro, 7×57mm Mauser and 7.92×57mm Mauser
 * M1907 and M1908 Brazilian in 7×57mm Mauser
 * M1909 Argentine in 7.65×53mm Mauser
 * M1910 Serbian in 7×57mm Mauser
 * Steyr Model 1912 Mauser for Mexico, Chile and Colombia, in 7×57mm Mauser

Following the collapse of the German Empire after World War I, many countries that were using Mauser models chose to develop, assemble, or modify their own rifle designs that were derived from and/or based on the Mauser M98 bolt-action:
 * vz. 98/22 Often made from Gewehr 98 parts, rebuilt in the Zbrojovka Brno factory in Czechoslovakia.
 * M1924 type Zhongzheng rifle Chinese in 7.92×57mm Mauser
 * vz. 24 Czechoslovakia in 7.92×57mm Mauser, 7×57mm Mauser and 7.65×53mm Argentine
 * vz. 33 Czechoslovakia in 7.92×57mm Mauser
 * M1924 and M1930 made by the Belgian Fabrique Nationale
 * M1935 Belgian in 7.65×53mm Mauser
 * Karabinek wz. 1898 K98 Polish in 7.92×57mm Mauser
 * Karabinek wz. 1929 Polish in 7.92×57mm Mauser
 * Kb wz. 98a Polish in 7.92×57mm Mauser
 * M1943 Spanish short (not to be confused with the M93 Spanish Mauser) in 7.92×57mm Mauser manufactured in the Spanish arsenals. Will have "La Coruña" or the Spanish Air Force Eagle stamped on the top of the receiver. Virtually identical to the Karabiner 98k.

The Winchester Model 54 and later the popular Winchester Model 70 are both based on the Mauser style action.

After World War II the Mauser M98 bolt-action system was used by Yugoslavia to design the Zastava M48 and Spain to design the FR8.

Users

 * Austria-Hungary:Use Repetiergewehr M.14 in World War I
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina: 200,000 units bought in its Mauser 1909 variant form.
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: post-WWI
 * most imported after the first world war
 * Czechoslovakia
 * 🇨🇱 Chile:300 DWM Mauser Model 1907 short rifle and Steyr-made Model 1912s
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: some converted as training rifles post-WWII
 * undefined: acquired during the interwar period
 * 🇫🇷 France: some Kar 98a after WW1, Kar 98b after WW2.
 * German Empire: Standard issue rifle.
 * Weimar Republic: Kar98a and Kar98b versions, in compliance to restrictions set by the Treaty of Versailles.
 * Nazi Germany: Used initially by snipers, and then by Volkssturm units.
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland: In July 1921, a shipment of Gewehr 98s and Mauser C96 pistols were smuggled in to Waterford by Charles McGuinness.
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico: purchased Steyr-made Model 1907s between 1907 and 1910 and Steyr-made Model 1912s until 1914
 * Ottoman Empire: Used a modified version Gewehr 98 known as the Mauser Model 1903 (also known as the Ottoman Mauser), after Turkish War of Independence most were converted to the ' M38  standard by the Republic of Turkey.
 * 🇵🇪 Peru: Bought around 50,000 Model 1909 rifles (export version of the Gew. 98) between 1910 and 1914.
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Ex-German rifles after WWI. Copies of the Kar98a and G98 were produced as Karabin wz. 98/W98 (Rifle 98) and Karabinek wz. 98/K98 (carbine 98) in Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów in Warsaw and Fabryka Broni in Radom
 * 🇷🇴 Romania:A few Infanteriegewehr 98 and Karabiner 98AZ rifles were obtained as reparations from Germany after WWI
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Russian SFSR: used by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War
 * undefined: post-WWI, mostly converted to the M24B configuration. Those kept in service were designated Puška 7,9 mm M 98 (Gew 98) and Karabini 7,9 mm M98 (Kar 98AZ).
 * undefined

title: Gewehr 98


text:
Talk:Perpendicular Storage

I'm going to try and round up some history info... Hitachi seems to be the first ones out with this stuff. Also, I'm going to try and wrangle up an image comparing longitudinal and perpendicular storage. Hitachi has one, but it might be copyrighted. DoomBringer 03:08, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perpendicular Storage