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CAAT box

In molecular biology, a CCAAT box (also sometimes abbreviated a CAAT box or CAT box) is a distinct pattern of nucleotides with GGCCAATCT consensus sequence that occur upstream by 60–100 bases to the initial transcription site. The CAAT box signals the binding site for the RNA transcription factor, and is typically accompanied by a conserved consensus sequence. It is an invariant DNA sequence at about minus 70 base pairs from the origin of transcription in many eukaryotic promoters. Genes that have this element seem to require it for the gene to be transcribed in sufficient quantities. It is frequently absent from genes that encode proteins used in virtually all cells. This box along with the GC box is known for binding general transcription factors. Both of these consensus sequences belong to the regulatory promoter. Full gene expression occurs when transcription activator proteins bind to each module within the regulatory promoter. Protein specific binding is required for the CCAAT box activation. These proteins are known as CCAAT box binding proteins/CCAAT box binding factors.

A CCAAT box is a feature frequently found before eukaryote coding regions, but is not found in prokaryotes.

Consensus sequence
In the direction of transcription of the template strand, the consensus sequence, or the calculated order of the most frequent residues, for the CAAT box was 3'-TG ATTGG (T/C)(T/C)(A/G)-5'. The use of parentheses denotes that either base is present, but it is not specified as to their relative frequencies. For example, "(T/C)" would mean that either thymine or cytosine are preferentially selected for. Within metazoa (animal kingdom), the core binding factor (CBF)-DNA complex retains a high degree of conservation within the CCAAT binding motif, as well as the sequences flanking this pentameric motif. The CCAAT motif in plants (spinach was used in an experiment) differs slightly from metazoa in that it is actually a CAAT binding motif; the promoter lacks one of the two C residues from the pentameric motif, and the artificial addition of the second C has no significant effects on binding activity. Some sequences lack the CAAT-box completely. Secondly, the surrounding nucleotides in plants do not match the consensus sequence above determined by Bi et al.

Core promoter
The CAAT box is what is known as a core promoter, also known as the basal promoter or simply the promoter, is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. This region, in particular for the CAAT box, is located about 60–100 bases upstream (towards the 5' end), however no less than 27 base pairs away, from the initial transcription site or a eukaryote gene in which a complex of general transcription factors bind with RNA polymerase II prior to the initiation of transcription. It is essential to the transcription that these core binding factors (also referred to as nuclear factor Y or NF-Y) are able to bind to the CCAAT motif. Experiments in many laboratories have shown that mutations to the CCAAT motif that cause a loss of CBF binding also decreases transcriptional activity in these promoters, suggesting that CBF-CCAAT complexes are essential for optimum transcriptional activity.

Binding
In an experiment done with core binding factors (CBF) and DNA complexes, researchers were able to determine the preferential sequences of the promoter in a region over and immediately adjacent to the CAAT box, and two regions on either side of the CAAT box. By using PCR-mediated random binding selection process, researchers were able to show that the sequence "3' - (T/C)G ATTGG (T/C)(T/C)(A/G) - 5'" immediately flanking the ATTGG region (CCAAT in the complementary strand) was preferentially selected on the coding strand (opposite of the template strand). This was shown using an oligonucleotide sequence (R1) which contained 27 random nucleotides, flanked by a defined 20 nucleotide sequence on each side. While no single nucleotide was selected in every clone on either side of the ATTGG motif (CCAAT in the complementary strand), there were several nucleotides in positions selected with high frequency. Most notably from the sequence above was the G residue towards the 5' end of the ATTGG. The other residues also listed were notable, but there is a split between two residues. This same experiment also yielded the same sequence as shown above when using a different oligonucleotide (R2) that contained an ATTGG core and flanked by 12 5' random nucleotides and 10 3' random nucleotides. Both these sequences are very similar and confirmed in multiple experiments. For sequences that flanked the ATTGG motif with two adenine residues (AA) on its 5' end and G(A/G) on its 3' end, seems to have inhibited formation of the CBF-DNA complex and subsequently occurred in only 1% of the promoter sequences. In another experiment performed with the major late promoter (MLP) of adenoviruses from a variety of host species, it was shown that the mutation of the CAAT box and CCAAT sequence, which is thought to play a pivotal role in the (MLP) of subgroup C human adenoviruses, in species with a deficient CAAT sequence. The transcription initiation at mutant MLP species was significantly reduced compared with that of the wild type or species in which there was a CAAT mutant. The failure to restore the normally functional adenoviruses, exhibited by a CAAT box, is consistent with the idea that the CAAT box plays a vital role in the adenovirus MLP and is preferred over other transcriptional elements.

CCAAT in plants
These core binding factors, or nuclear factors (NF-Y), are composed of three subunits – NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC. Whereas in animals each NF-Y subunit is encoded by a single gene, there has been a diversification in plants in both structure and function. Families of NF-Y consist of between eight and 39 members per subunit. A large reason for this diversification is because of gene duplications and tandem duplications, which have helped contribute to the larger family sizes of NF-Y compared to the single encoded animal nuclear factors. Each subunit contains an evolutionarily conserved part – the C-terminal of NF-YA, the central part of NF-YB, and the N-terminal of NF-YC, greater than 70% of these across species remains conserved. Neighboring regions however are generally not conserved.

NF-YA subunit
The NF-YA family encodes transcription factors that are variable in length (between 207 and 347 amino acids for M. truncatula). The NF-YA proteins are generally characterized by two domains that are strongly conserved in all higher eukaryotes investigated to date. The first domain (A1) contains 20 amino acids that forms an alpha helix that appears significant in its interactions with NF-YB and NF-YC. The second domain (A2) is adjacent to the A1 domain by a conserved linker sequence is a sequence of 21 amino acids vital in the specific DNA to CCAAT box binding. The A1 and A2 domains are conserved towards the C-terminus of mammals, but occupy a more central region in plant NF-YA subunits. In plants, the NF-YA subunit has evolved to regulate the development of a facultative root organ only present in leguminous plants and shown to be expressed in root tissue. It was shown to have drought-resistant-like properties, becoming upregulated during drought stress in the roots and leaves of Arabidopsis. NF-YA mutants have shown a loss of function and a hypersensitivity to drought-like conditions, and, in contrast, overexpression of NF-YA has resulted in drought resistance.

NF-YB subunit
The NF-YB family is, similar to the NF-YA subunit, variable in length, however, on average much smaller than the NF-YA subunit (90–240 amino acids in "M. truncatula"). They have been characterized with a structure and amino acid composition similar to the histone fold motif (HFM). This is composed of three alpha-helices separated by two beta strand-loop domains. Similar to NF-YA, NF-YB has been shown to also improve drought resistance when overexpressed and also the promotion of flowering in Arabidopsis.

NF-YC subunit
The NF-YC proteins are an intermediate size between that of NF-YA and NF-YB proteins (117–292 amino acids in M. truncatula) and also contain the HFM that is prevalent in NF-YB proteins. It has also been shown to be involved in flowering time in certain plants (overexpression leads to earlier flowering) where its influence is potentially regulated by the binding of the protein CONSTANS (CO) to the NF-YC subunit.

NF-Y complexes
Because of the evolutionary change in NF-Y encoding genes in plants, they subsequently have a large range of potential trimeric complexes. For example, in Arabidopsis, 36 NF-Y transcription factor subunits (including 10 NF-YA, 13 NF-YB, and 13 NF-YC subunits) have been identified and which could theoretically form 1690 unique complexes (which contains one of each type of subunit). This number, of course is higher than what actually happens since some subunits have specific binding patterns. Functional analyses on NF-Y encoding genes in plants have shown, as a result of their evolutionary diversification relative to their animal counterparts, have acquired diverse specific functions, such as embryo development, flowering time control, ER-stress, drought stress, and nodule and root development. This may only be a small portion of their capabilities, since the number of theoretically combinations of NF-Y complexes is so large and only a small portion can actually be created (less than 10% of all possible interactions were confirmed in both directions in yeast).

CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs)
Another aspect of the CCAAT binding motif is the CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs). They are a group of transcription factors of 6 members (α-ζ), which are highly conserved and bind to the CCAAT motif. While research on these binding proteins is relatively recent, their function has been shown to have vital roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, inflammation, and immunity in various cells, but specifically hepatocytes, adipocytes, and hematopoietic cells. For example, in adipocytes, this has been shown in a variety of experiments with mice: ectopic expression of these C/EBPs (C/EBPα and C/EBPβ) were able to initiate the differentiation programs of the cell, even in the absence of adipogenic hormones, or the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes (or fat cells). In addition, an overabundance of these C/EBPs (specifically, C/EBPδ) causes an accelerated response. And furthermore, in cells lacking C/EBP or in C/EBP-deficient mice, both are unable to undergo adipogenesis. This results in the mice dying from hypoglycemia, or the reduced lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. The C/EBPs follow a general basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) domain at the C-terminus and are able to form dimers with other C/EBPs or other transcription factors. This dimerization allows the C/EBPs to bind specifically to DNA through a palindromic sequence in the major groove of DNA. They are regulated through various means, including hormones, mitogens, cytokines, nutrients, and other various factors.

title: CAAT box


text: User talk:24.188.152.119

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.188.152.119


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In My Dreams (Wig Wam song)

"In My Dreams" was the entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005, performed in English by Wig Wam.

The song is a glam metal number, in keeping with the band's view that "rock'n'roll is the new schlager". Lead singer wonders whether his relationship is "real or just a fantasy", and tells his lover that he is "scared of waking up and you'll be gone / face the truth and I'll be all alone", a fear that he puts to rest by suggesting that they should "get into the groove" and live for the moment.

The performance was as flamboyant as the music suggested, with the band dressed variously in grey spandex or wearing a military hat among other things. Paying tribute to the Orange Revolution which had taken place in host country Ukraine the year before, Glam attached an orange banner to his microphone stand.

As Norway had not finished the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in the top ten, the song was performed in the semi-final. Here, it was performed thirteenth, following 's Suntribe with "Let's Get Loud" and preceding 's Luminița Anghel & Sistem with "Let Me Try". At the close of voting, it had received 164 points, placing 6th in the 25-strong semi-final and qualifying for the final.

In the final, it was performed fifth, following the Romanian entry and preceding 's Gülseren with "Rimi Rimi Ley". At the close of voting, it had received 125 points, placing 9th in a field of 24, guaranteeing Norway a place in the final at the next Contest.

Following its success, "In My Dreams" became a favourite among contest fans. At the Congratulations special in late 2005, the duo Bobbysocks! made reference to the fact that it had broken with the joking tradition that Norway won in years ending with a 5. The duo sang part of the chorus, and the audience responded in kind.

The song was succeeded as Norwegian representative at the 2006 contest by Christine Guldbrandsen with "Alvedansen".

"In My Dreams" was also released as the band's third single and second single for their second studio album Hard to Be a Rock'n Roller, which was reissued after winning Melodi Grand Prix. The CD single features the single titletrack and "Out of Time" (Scandinavia) and "Crazy Things" (Europe), additional album tracks.

Track listing
Scandinavian release

European release

title: In My Dreams (Wig Wam song)


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Muzzle (mouth guard)

A muzzle is a device that is placed over the snout of an animal to keep them from biting or otherwise opening their mouth.

Muzzles can be primarily solid, with air holes to allow the animal to breathe, or formed from a set of straps that provides better air circulation and allow the animal to drink, and in some cases, eat. Leather, wire, plastic, and nylon are common materials for muzzles. The shape and construction of the muzzle might differ depending on whether the intent is to prevent an animal from biting or from eating, for example.

Dog muzzles
Muzzles are sometimes used on trained and untrained dogs, large or small, to prevent unwanted biting, scavenging, or wound licking. They can also be used on dogs who display aggression, whether motivated by excitement, fear, or prey drive. Muzzles are also used on dogs when there is a risk of them taking baits that have been laid for vermin.

Muzzles can also be used on racing dogs and working dogs (military, police, security, etc.).

They are usually made with a strong buckle or other fastening device to ensure that they do not come off accidentally. The most suitable materials for dog muzzles are leather, nylon, plastic and others. The most comfortable muzzles for dogs are those with wire cage construction. Muzzles of this kind give enough freedom for a dog to eat, drink and freely pant. The latter two are of vital importance, especially in hot weather.

Dog muzzles can be found in most pet supply stores.

Equine muzzles
Certain muzzles are used on horses and related animals, usually to prevent biting or cribbing.

Other types, known as "grazing muzzles", have a small opening in the center that allows limited intake of grass, and are used on those animals prone to obesity, laminitis or choke, to prevent them from eating too much or too fast.

Grazing muzzles can restrict a horses intake of grass or other forage, while still allowing them to be turned out in a herd with other horses.

Horse muzzles may be purchased in tack shops or from equestrian supply companies, and are available as a halter attachment, or as a separate piece of equipment.

Cow muzzles
A device under development in England to reduce greenhouse gas emissions aims to capture methane by placing a muzzle on the cow's nose, which converts the methane they burp into carbon dioxide and water.

title: Muzzle (mouth guard)


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Category talk:Maltese comics artists

This category is a joke? Jackliddle 22:58, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Maltese comics artists


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User:Vefutixo

hello!

title: User:Vefutixo


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Talk:Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)

I amended the description of the trio: the arpeggios are played only by the 2nd clarinet as an accompaniment to the first which plays the melody--Zeisseng 20:49, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Removing this from the original version of this page and requesting clarification. If all that is meant is that the opening of the first movement of the allegro is a quiet and gracious spot compared to the end of the introduction and compared to what follows, that can be better said, I think... (not by me. Differently yes.)

-- original: Unlike most other works by Mozart, the first movement has a dissonant opening. This gives way to a serene episode, and another dissonant episode follows. Working on some rewriting Schissel : bowl listen 22:59, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

--

I removed this: "Comparison with the fifth symphony of Franz Schubert suggests the latter may have had this work at the back of his mind."

I think it's purely speculation and of no real relevance. It also does not quote any source.

--Chadaniels (talk) 16:50, 7 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It is rather more clear that Schubert had Mozart's 40th in his mind (look at Schubert's minuet, and Mozart's minuet and finale). After all, he is known to have admired that particular Mozart symphony. Double sharp (talk) 15:04, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:52, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Mozart Symphony No. 39 In E Flat Major (K543), 1. Adagio - Allegro.ogg
 * Mozart Symphony No. 39 In E Flat Major (K543), 2. Andante Con Moto.ogg
 * Mozart Symphony No. 39 In E Flat Major (K543), 3. Menuetto - Allegretto.ogg
 * Mozart Symphony No. 39 In E Flat Major (K543), 4. Finale (Allegro).ogg

title: Talk:Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)


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Talk:Sonar

Semi-protected edit request on 10 December 2021
Hey Team, wanted to crosslink the caption for the captured sonar image of sunken ship: [T-297] to this page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_M68

Thank you. gilyazov (talk) 08:27, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (talk) 09:22, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

Is the audio file correct?
I want to talk about the audio file of the sonar is wrong that is not how sonar sounds. I just want you to know that there was a mistake. ThomasRTolleson0507 (talk) 22:34, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

add categories of sonar devices
Hello all!

I propose adding some different types of sonar devices including echosounder sonars, imaging sonars, and acoustic positioning/velocity sonars. This is the article I'm looking to cite: https://bluerobotics.com/learn/a-smooth-operators-guide-to-underwater-sonars-and-acoustic-devices/ Thanks! Yoleeth (talk) 03:43, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonar


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Rehabilitation (penology)

Rehabilitation is the process of re-educating those who have committed a crime and preparing them to re-enter society. The goal is to address all of the underlying root causes of crime in order to decrease the rate of recidivism once inmates are released from prison. It generally involves psychological approaches which target the cognitive distortions associated with specific kinds of crime committed by individual offenders, but it may also entail more general education like reading skills and career training. The goal is to re-integrate offenders back into society.

Methods
A successful rehabilitation of a prisoner is also helped if convicted persons:
 * are not placed in health-threateningly bad conditions, enjoy access to medical care and are protected from other forms of serious ill-treatment,
 * are able to maintain ties to the outside world,
 * learn new skills to assist them with working life on the outside,
 * enjoy clear and detailed statutory regulations clarifying the safeguards applicable and governing the use and disposal of any record of data relating to criminal matters.

See also prisoners' rights.

Norway
Norway's prison system is based on the principle of normalization and away from retribution to focus on rehabilitation. Inmates have access to amenities they would have outside of prison, such as an exclusive mini fridge, flat-screen TV, private bathroom, and access to outdoor environment. This, along with a shared kitchen and living area "to create a sense of family" among inmates and the absence of traditional prison uniforms contributes to Norway's rehabilitative normalcy system. The prison's structure is composed of Units A, B and C, with Unit A housing those in need of psychiatric or medical attention, thus being the most prohibitive of the three. Halden fengsel, referred to as the "world's most humane maximum-security prison", embodies the country's goal of reintegration by aiding inmates in sorting out housing and employment before leaving the prison. Rehabilitative measures involve education, job training, workshops to acquire a trade, and therapy along with the humane treatment they receive from personnel who have to complete three years of training to become prison guards.

The effectiveness of Norway's methods is evident as they hold one of the lowest rates of reimprisonment after 2 years at 18% as of 2018, while the recidivism rate of re-charging for an offense during 5 years is 49.6% for property theft, 46.8% for violence, and 31.7% for sexual offenses as of 2017. Norway's Correctional Service unofficial motto is "Better out than in" that is in view with their rehabilitative system as a justice to society by integrating inmates as functioning members of society upon release.

Meditation
Vipassanā 10-day meditation courses were first taught in prisons in India in 1975. They have since been conducted in the US (1997–present), UK (1998), Spain (2003), Israel (2007) and Ireland (2015). Vipassana meditation aims to reduce negative mental states such as anger and aggression, and provide a path to inner peace.

Medical
Certain criminals can be treated chemically so that they do not become criminals again.

Europe
As established by the Council of Europe committee of ministers, "a crime policy aimed at crime prevention and the social reintegration of offenders should be pursued and developed".

"The European Court of Human Rights, also, has stated in various judgments that, while punishment remains one of the aims of imprisonment, the emphasis in European penal policy is now on the rehabilitative aim of imprisonment, particularly towards the end of a long prison sentence. ... A prospect of release is necessary, because human dignity requires that there must be a chance for a prisoner to atone for his offence and move towards rehabilitation. A review system is also needed because, over the course of a very long sentence, the balance between the grounds of detention (punishment, deterrence, public protection and rehabilitation) can shift to the point that detention can no longer be justified."

Germany
Per the German constitution, "Everyone has the right to life and to inviolability of his person. The freedom of the individual is inviolable. These rights may only be encroached upon pursuant to a law".

Italy
Per the Italian constitution, "Punishment cannot consist in treatment contrary to human dignity and must aim at rehabilitating the condemned".

United Kingdom
The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 of the UK Parliament enables some criminal convictions to be ignored after a rehabilitation period.

United States
The United States Code states that sentencing judges shall make imprisonment decisions "recognizing that imprisonment is not an appropriate means of promoting correction and rehabilitation".

In 2015 a number of reformers, including Koch family foundations, the ACLU, the Center for American Progress, Families Against Mandatory Minimums, the Coalition for Public Safety, and the MacArthur Foundation, announced a bipartisan resolution to reform the criminal justice system in the United States. Their efforts were lauded by President Obama who noted these reforms will improve rehabilitation and workforce opportunities for those who have served their sentences.

Over the last few decades, the United States prison population has increased significantly. While prisons are considered punishment, they also are intended to have the purpose of future crime prevention. A recent study found that of $74 billion total spent on incarceration among federal, state and local prisons, less than 1% of that was spent on prevention and treatment. Incarceration not only harms the individual as intended, but also has unintended negative effects on the inmate's family, community, and overall society. Inmate education has been shown to reduce recidivism. Evidence shows that inmates overwhelmingly take advantage of education programs if they are available to them and if they can afford them. A recent study showed the earning a GED while incarcerate reduced recidivism rates by 14% for those under 21, and 5% for those over 21. Substance abuse is also a major issue in the prison system. Between 1996 and 2006, despite a modest population increase of 12%, the number of incarcerated individuals rose by 33% and the number of substance-abusing individuals rose by 43%. Existing treatment programs have shown solid evidence that drug treatment programs, along with support after release, are effective at reducing recidivism. Emotional and mental health counseling is a core component of successful inmate rehabilitation. Without the proper innate motivation and desire from the inmate, attempts to educate or assist with substance abuse are less effective. A study revealed that more than half of those incarcerated had a mental health problem, defined as a recent history or symptoms of a mental health problem within the previous 12 months. California's juvenile justice system is based on rehabilitation instead of punishment.

Psychopathy and recidivism
Criminal recidivism is highly correlated with psychopathy. The psychopath is defined by an uninhibited gratification in criminal, sexual, or aggressive impulses and the inability to learn from past mistakes. Individuals with this disorder gain satisfaction through their antisocial behavior and lack remorse for their actions.

Findings indicate psychopathic prisoners have 2.5 times higher probability of being released from jail than undiagnosed ones, even though they are more likely to recidivate.

It has been shown that punishment and behavior modification techniques do not improve the behavior of a psychopath. Psychopathic individuals have been regularly observed to become more cunning and better able to hide their behaviour. It has been suggested that traditional therapeutic approaches actually make psychopaths if not worse, then far more adept at manipulating others and concealing their behavior. They are generally considered to be not only incurable but also untreatable.

Psychopaths also have a markedly distorted sense of the potential consequences of their actions, not only for others, but also for themselves. They do not, for example, deeply recognize the risk of being caught, disbelieved or injured as a result of their behaviour.

Criticism
Some criticisms of rehabilitative systems are that they can authorize lengthy restrictions of liberty (to allow time for diagnosis and treatment) and broad assumptions of governmental power over offenders' personalities. Moreover, due process concerns can be implicated by a lack of traditional safeguards of defendants' procedural rights in rehabilitative processes. Some rehabilitative programs, such as drug courts, have also been criticized for widening the net of penal control by sentencing more defendants to prison for violations of treatment regimes than would have gone to prison in the absence of those programs.

title: Rehabilitation (penology)


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CosmicOS

CosmicOS is a self-contained message designed to be understood primarily by treating it as a computer program and executing it. It is inspired by Hans Freudenthal's Lincos and resembles the programming language Scheme in many ways.

The message is written with only four basic symbols representing the binary digits one and zero and open and close brackets. Numbers are represented as a string of binary digits between a pair of brackets and expressions are represented as a string of numbers between brackets. Identifiers for operations are arbitrarily assigned numbers and their functions can be defined within the message itself.

Self-contained messages are of interest for CETI research, but there is much difference of opinion over the most appropriate encoding and broadcast medium to use. CosmicOS is released in modular form, so that the basic message can be adapted to a particular concrete instantiation. The message is released under the GPL licence.

title: CosmicOS


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Memorial, Houston

The Memorial area of Houston, Texas is located west of Downtown, northwest of Uptown, and south of Spring Branch. The Memorial Super Neighborhood, as defined by the City of Houston, is bounded by Buffalo Bayou to the south, Barker Reservoir to the west, Westview to the north, and the Memorial Villages (Spring Valley Village, Piney Point Village, Bunker Hill Village, Hedwig Village, Hilshire Village and Hunters Creek Village), a contiguous group of independent municipalities, to the east.

A rich variety of residential architectural styles, particularly mid-century modern, can be found in the affluent forested neighborhoods of Memorial along Buffalo Bayou. The area is also home to a number of major office and retail developments, including Memorial City, Town & Country Village, and CityCentre. A large portion of the Energy Corridor, a large business district heavily populated by energy-related firms, overlaps west Memorial along Eldridge Parkway and the Katy Freeway. Memorial takes its name from Memorial Drive, an east–west arterial road which bisects the area.

History
Prior to annexation by Houston, the Memorial area consisted of large country estates and farmland. In the mid-1940s, the town of Addicks relocated to the western edge of the area after the construction of Addicks Reservoir by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers inundated the original townsite. This same flood control project, completed in the 1950s, created Barker Reservoir to the west of the area and channelized Buffalo Bayou from State Highway 6 to Beltway 8.

Houston gradually annexed Memorial between the 1950s and 1980s.

Rapid growth of the Houston metropolitan area in the 1960s led to the development of a number of subdivisions in the Memorial area, including Nottingham Forest, Westchester, and Fonn Villas. The Memorial Bend subdivision, first developed in 1955, is particularly notable for its large collection of mid-century modern houses. This development was accompanied by the reconstruction of U.S. Route 90 into Interstate 10. Retail development paralleled residential growth; Memorial City Mall was established in 1962, followed by Town & Country Village in 1965.

Residents of Memorial Bend opposed the construction of Texas State Highway Beltway 8 through their neighborhood during the project's planning stages in the early 1960s, but an alternative western route along Dairy Ashford Road was deemed too costly. Funding issues delayed the construction of Beltway 8 through Memorial until the late 1980s.

Memorial continued to gain population between 1980 and 1990.

From 1999 to 2003, Memorial City Mall underwent a $600 million renovation. The mall and neighboring Memorial Hermann Memorial City Medical Center now anchor a large mixed-use district featuring multiple office towers, hotels, and apartments. Nearby Town and Country Mall, constructed in the 1980s, was razed in 2005 and replaced with CityCentre, a walkable mixed-use district.

Hurricane Harvey
In August and September 2017, portions of Memorial adjacent to Buffalo Bayou and its tributaries experienced severe flooding from record rainfall associated with Hurricane Harvey. Critical water levels in Addicks Reservoir to the north and Barker Reservoir to the west of the district forced the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to amplify the release of floodwaters downstream into Buffalo Bayou well beyond normal levels, inundating low-lying neighborhoods near Terry Hershey Park and in the Memorial Villages. Controlled reservoir releases and associated flooding were expected to last for up to two weeks after the passage of the storm.

Buffalo Bayou's record-high level throughout Memorial rendered multiple major thoroughfares impassable, including Texas State Highway 6 and portions of Interstate 10; the sunken stretch of the Sam Houston Tollway near CityCentre was submerged for a week, causing significant damage to the roadway. Inundated homes in Memorial were subject to a mandatory evacuation, and the entire area was subject to an emergency curfew even after the expiration of the citywide curfew.

Local government
In the 1990s, Memorial, along with River Oaks and Tanglewood, was described as one of Houston's "richest, most Republican neighborhoods." In the first 1991 Mayor of Houston election, Bob Lanier received more votes than any other candidate in Memorial.

County, state, and federal representation
Harris County Precinct Three, represented by Steve Radack, includes Memorial.

Memorial is part of Texas Senate Districts 7, 15 and 17, with the largest part in District 7. In the Texas House of Representatives, Memorial is included in Districts 132, 133, 136 and 138.

Memorial is in Texas's 7th congressional district, represented by Democrat Lizzie Pannill Fletcher.

Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated Northwest Health Center for ZIP code 77024. The nearest public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.

Services
The United States Postal Service operates the Memorial Park Post Office at near Memorial City, serving ZIP code 77024. Of more recent construction is the Fleetwood Post Office, serving 77079.

Demographics
In 2015, the City of Houston-defined Memorial Super Neighborhood had 47,604 residents. 67% were non-Hispanic white, 14% were Hispanic, 11% were non-Hispanic Asian, 5% were non-Hispanic black, and 3% were non-Hispanic other. In 2000 the super neighborhood had 44,957 residents. 78% were non-Hispanic white, 10% were non-Hispanic Asians, 9% were Hispanics, and 2% each were non-Hispanic blacks and others.

Primary and secondary schools
Most of Memorial is zoned to Spring Branch Independent School District (SBISD). The Houston Independent School District does not serve residents in Memorial. Students in the western end of the Memorial area attend Katy Independent School District schools. The area is generally known for the high quality of its public schools.

In 2015, residents of the Katy ISD segments of Thornwood, in the Memorial area, attempted to leave Katy ISD and join Spring Branch ISD, citing long commutes to Katy schools. The Spring Branch ISD board denied their request.

Public schools
For pre-kindergarten all residents in Spring Branch ISD are assigned to the Wildcat Way School in Memorial. Zoned elementary schools in the Memorial area in Houston include Meadow Wood, Nottingham, Rummel Creek, Thornwood, Wilchester. In addition, sections are, in separate attendance zones, served by Bunker Hill Elementary School and Frostwood Elementary School in the City of Bunker Hill Village, as well as Memorial Drive Elementary School in City of Piney Point Village. The district also operates Bendwood Elementary School, serving gifted/talented students in the SPIRAL program in grades 3 through 5 as well as utilizing the Preschool Program for Children with Disabilities for special needs students.

Major middle schools in Memorial include Memorial Middle School and Spring Forest Middle School. In addition, Spring Branch Middle School, in the City of Hedwig Village, serves sections of Memorial.

Memorial High School in Hedwig Village serves the eastern portion of the Memorial area, while Stratford High School in Memorial serves the western portion of the Memorial area. Westchester Academy for International Studies is a Spring Branch ISD district-wide charter magnet school serving grades 6-12.

Private schools
Memorial Private High School, a private 6-12 school, is located in Memorial near Spring Forest Middle School.

Private schools in the surrounding area:
 * Saint John XXIII High School (formerly Pope John XXIII High School) in western Harris County, within Greater Katy, is in proximity to Memorial.
 * The Village School in the Energy Corridor area has a bus service to Memorial.
 * Awty International School in Spring Branch, which has the Houston area's French international school, maintains a bus service to Memorial.

Public libraries
Memorial is served by the Kendall Library of Houston Public Library (HPL), located on Eldridge Parkway, and the Spring Branch Memorial Branch of Harris County Public Library, in Hedwig Village.

Of all HPL branches the Kendall Library received the most severe damage during Hurricane Harvey in 2017; the damage, which affected the electronic system and elevator, but not most of the books as the majority were on the library's second floor, included mold and was so severe that HPL employees re-entered the branch several days after the flood. The total level of water ranged from 4.5 ft to 5 ft. The library afterward enacted a $4 million project post-Harvey renovation program with a tentative 2019 opening.

Colleges and universities
Houston Community College System (HCC) serves Spring Branch ISD and Katy ISD along with other school districts.

Parks
The western two-thirds of Memorial is bordered to the south by Terry Hershey Park, a linear park which straddles the Buffalo Bayou between Barker Reservoir and Beltway 8. The park is named for local conservationist Terry Hershey, who founded the Bayou Preservation Association to prevent the Memorial section of the bayou from being lined with concrete. Today, the park is a popular destination for running and bicycling.

Other public parks located within Memorial include Bendwood Park, adjacent to Town and Country Village, and Nottingham Park, near Tully Stadium.

Another park near Memorial, Houston is Memorial Park. It's near I-10 West and the 610 South Loop. It is named one of the largest urban parks in Texas and in the United States. The park offers a 3-mile running track, tennis courts, a golf course and playgrounds. There are also various other trails to take you to lakes, ponds, and other peaceful settings.

Media

 * The Memorial Buzz, one of four magazines produced by The Buzz Magazines, is a monthly publication about people, products and services in the community. It is mailed free of charge to all residents the first week of each month.
 * The Houston Chronicle is Houston's primary newspaper.
 * The Memorial Examiner is a community newspaper owned by Hearst and operated as a subsidiary of the Chronicle.

Energy Corridor
The Energy Corridor is an energy industry-oriented business district which overlaps with western Memorial. Within Memorial, the district generally runs parallel to Interstate 10 between Highway 6 and Kirkwood Road, and extends south of Buffalo Bayou along Eldridge Parkway.

The entire district, which extends westward into Greater Katy, contains over 300 companies which employ 94,000 people. One of the Energy Corridor's largest employers, BP America, is headquartered in the Memorial area at Westlake Park.

Memorial Bend
Memorial Bend had about 350 houses, with the majority being Mid-Century Modern and ranch houses; many were built in the late 1950s and early 1960s. That year five were recently built and therefore had different designs. The community is near Town & Country Village.

Nottingham Forest
Nottingham Forest (29.76721°N, -95.61504°W and 29.76648°N, -95.59792°W) is a group of subdivisions bordered by Memorial Drive to the north and the Buffalo Bayou to the south and west. The neighborhood was one of the first areas of far west Memorial to be developed in the 1960s.

Nottingham Forest was the childhood home of comedian Bill Hicks. Hicks jokingly referred to the neighborhood as a "strict Southern Baptist ozone".

Notable residents

 * Jeff Bagwell, retired first baseman for the Houston Astros
 * Michael Glyn Brown, former hand surgeon
 * Jose Camarena and Judy Camarena, founder of Taqueria Arandas and his daughter, now manager of the entire company
 * Roger Clemens, retired MLB pitcher who played for the Houston Astros (Memorial Buzz Magazine)
 * Darryl Hamilton, former MLB outfielder
 * Bill Hicks, standup comedian - Spent his childhood in Memorial
 * Andy Pettitte, retired MLB pitcher who played for the Houston Astros
 * Mary Lou Retton, retired American gymnast
 * J. J. Watt, NFL defensive end for the Houston Texans
 * Andrew Luck, NFL QB for the Indianapolis Colts, attended Stratford High School

title: Memorial, Houston


text:
Power Rangers Mystic Force

Power Rangers Mystic Force is the fourteenth season of the television series Power Rangers and is based on the 29th Super Sentai tokusatsu series Mahō Sentai Magiranger. The season premiered on February 20, 2006 as part of the Jetix block on Toon Disney.

Plot
Twenty years ago in a magic-filled dimension, the forces of darkness came into power and a war called the "Great Battle" between good and evil began all while the citizens of the human world remained unaware. An army of monsters, led by a magnificent warrior named Morticon, swarmed the land with their sights set on taking over the magical realm, the human realm, and beyond. The army of Morticon, opposed by five wizards, the most powerful wizard of all Leanbow, cast a spell to pushed back the dark forces and closes the walls of the underworld forever. The Gatekeeper sealed the gates for all eternity. The army of Light successfully thwarted the dark forces' attempt to take the surface world, but the five wizards lost their lives. Leanbow, who sealed himself on their side of the Gate to make sure evil sources do not escape, journeyed to the underworld.

In the present day, the city of Briarwood is struck by an earthquake, which proves powerful enough to crack the seal and allow evil to renew its attempt to invade the Earth. The sorceress Udonna, alerted to their return, seeks out teenagers Nick Russell, Chip Thorn, Xander Bly, and sisters Madison and Vida Rocca, to become the warriors of legend - the Mystic Force Power Rangers. While Nick is reluctant at first, he realizes his destiny and joins the others in the fight against the Master of the Underworld and his numerous minions. When Udonna briefly loses her Ranger powers to the mysterious Koragg, it is up to the team to save the Earth on their own. They are assisted by Udonna's bumbling apprentice, Clare, and eventually Jenji the Genie Cat and his master Daggeron, the Solaris Knight.

Using their powerful magic and incredible martial arts skills, the Rangers must rely on teamwork to save the day. Later, in a shocking surprise, it is revealed that Koragg is none other than Leanbow, the greatest and the strongest of the five original wizards. In a fight with Udonna, Koragg takes over Udonna's magical staff filled with the power of goodness. Over time, Udonna's magical staff, along with the knowledge that Nick is actually his and Udonna's missing son Bowen, helps Koragg turn back to his original self, allowing him to use his powers to transform into the Wolf Warrior. In the end, the Rangers come together to defeat the Master of the Underworld with the help of Briarwood's people with the power of truth and goodness. With the forces of darkness defeated, Nick, Udonna, and Leanbow leave Briarwood to meet Nick's adoptive parents while the remaining Rangers stay behind to protect their home.

Cast and characters
Mystic Force Rangers

 * Firass Dirani as Bowen / Nick Russell, the Red Mystic Ranger
 * Nic Sampson as Chip Thorn, the Yellow Mystic Ranger
 * Melanie Vallejo as Madison "Maddie" Rocca, the Blue Mystic Ranger
 * Angie Diaz as Vida "V" Rocca, the Pink Mystic Ranger
 * Richard Brancatisano as Xander Bly, the Green Mystic Ranger
 * John Tui as Daggeron, the Solaris Knight
 * Peta Rutter as Udonna, the White Mystic Ranger
 * Chris Graham as Leanbow, the Wolf Warrior

Supporting characters
 * Antonia Prebble as Clare Langtree
 * Barnie Duncan as Toby Slambrook
 * Kelson Henderson as Phineas
 * Paolo Rotondo as the voice of the Snow Prince
 * Oliver Driver as the voice of Jenji
 * Holly Shanahan as Leelee Pimvare
 * Brigitte Berger as Nikki Pimvare

Villains
 * Andrew Robertt as the voice of Morticon
 * Stuart Devenie as the voice of Imperious
 * Geoff Dolan as the voice of Koragg
 * Donogh Rees as the voice of Necrolai
 * John Leigh as Octomus
 * Greg Smith as the voice of Magma
 * Andrew Laing as the voice of Oculous
 * Sally Stockwell as the voice of Serpentina
 * Dallas Barnett as the voice of Megahorn
 * Charlie McDermott as the voice of Hekatoid
 * Mark Ferguson as the voice of Gekkor
 * Cameron Rhodes as the voice of Matoombo
 * Josephine Davison as the voice of Itassis
 * Derek Judge as the voice of Black Lance
 * Peter Daube as the voice of Sculpin

Comics
Characters have been featured in Power Rangers comics published by Boom! Studios.

In 2018, the Mystic Force Rangers appeared in "Shattered Grid", a crossover event between teams from all eras commemorating the 25th anniversary of the original television series. It was published in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #25-30 and various tie-ins.

A Power Rangers Mystic Force story by Magdalene Visaggio and French Carlomagno was published the same year in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 25th Anniversary Special #1.

title: Power Rangers Mystic Force


text:
Walden University

Walden University is a private for-profit online university headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It offers bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and specialist degrees. The university is owned by Adtalem Global Education, which purchased the university in August 2021. The institution is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

The Carnegie Classification lists Walden among “Doctoral Universities: Doctoral/Professional Universities” Walden is a high-volume granter of healthcare administration master's degrees, Master of Science in Nursing degrees, and public health doctoral degrees in the U.S., according to the National Center for Education Statistics IPEDS database.

History
Walden was established in 1970 by two New York teachers, Bernie and Rita Turner, who created a program for working adults/teachers to pursue doctoral degrees. In the summer of 1971, the first classes took place in Naples, Florida, focusing primarily on school administrators. The initial classes allowed students to form dissertation topics with their faculty partners before returning to work at their respective schools while completing their dissertations. In 1972, Walden conferred its first degrees: 46 PhDs and 24 EdDs at its first commencement in Naples.

In 1979, the Minnesota Higher Education Coordinating Board licensed Walden to grant PhDs and EdDs in the state and in 1982 the school moved its headquarters to Minneapolis. In 1990, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools accredited the university.

Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc., purchased 41 percent of Walden University in 2001, gaining a controlling interest in 2002. In 2004, Sylvan Learning Systems became Laureate Education, Inc.

Jonathan Kaplan served as CEO from 2007 to 2018. Kaplan previously served three years as economic policy adviser to President Bill Clinton. Clinton was named an Honorary Chancellor of Laureate International Universities from 2010 to 2015 for which he made more than $17 million. Clinton was the keynote speaker at Walden University's commencement on July 30, 2011.

In 2016, Adam Looney and Constantine Yannelis estimated that that Walden University student loan debt was the second highest in the US, with 120,275 students owing an estimated $9.8 billion. While the 5-year student default rate was low (7 percent), the percentage of balance repaid on the loans was 0 percent.

On April 8, 2016, the Minnesota Office of Higher Education (MOHE) notified Walden University that its renewal application to participate in the State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements (SARA) was rejected because Walden University did not have an institutional federal financial composite score computed by the US Department of Education (DOE). In the absence of an institution-level financial composite score calculated by DOE, MOHE viewed Walden's parent company Laureate's financial composite score, calculated based on its global operations, which did not exceed 1.5.

In October 2016, NBC News reported that the Minnesota Office of Higher Education was investigating a spike in student complaints. NBC News further reported that former students had filed a class action suit against the school for prolonging their enrollments for years, "until they were left hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt and still short of a degree."

In September 2020, Adtalem Global Education began the process of purchasing Walden University. According to Higher Education Dive "Two investment firms, Engine Capital and Hawk Ridge Partners, wrote in an open letter...that they were "severely disappointed" with the board's decision to purchase Walden, calling the college a 'substantially inferior asset.'"

Announced in a press release by Walden in 2020, Walden University’s College of Management and Technology (CMT) and School of Management earned a Silver Achievement Award from the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).

In August 2021, Adtalem Global Education Inc bought Walden University.

In May 2022, Michael Betz was appointed as the president of Walden University. Betz previously served as a partner at McKinsey & Co. and was a leader in McKinsey's higher education and growth transformation practices.

African American student population
Walden University graduates a high number of Black/African American students. According to the NCSES's 2020 Survey of Earned Doctorates, Walden University granted doctorates to 1,383 Black or African American students between 2016 and 2020. This was the highest number of Black doctoral recipients granted by a U.S. university during that period and represented about 37% of the 3,726 total doctoral students that graduated from Walden during that same period.

In January, 2022, the civil rights law firm Relman Colfax and the National Student Legal Defense Network filed a class-action lawsuit against Walden University that alleges that Walden engages in “reverse redlining” by targeting its advertisements to Black and female students while misrepresenting the costs and credit hours required for its doctoral degrees.

Institutional finances
Walden University is a certified Benefit Corporation.

As of 2016, it received more than 75% of its income from the US government, including more than $750 million a year for graduate student loans, the largest amount for any US college. Walden University has been under "heightened cash monitoring" from the US Department of Education since 2016.

Faculty
According to the College Navigator, in 2023 Walden's faculty consisted of 235 full-time instructors, 2,723 part-time instructors, and 39 graduate assistants.

Academics
Walden University consists of seven colleges and one school:
 * Richard W. Riley College of Education and Human Sciences
 * College of Management and Human Potential
 * College of Health Sciences and Public Policy
 * College of Nursing
 * College of Social and Behavioral Health
 * College of Allied Health
 * College of Psychology and Community Services
 * School of Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Studies

Accreditation
Walden University is institutionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. * The Richard W. Riley School of Education and Leadership is accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP).

Professionally accredited programs include:

 * The PhD in Counselor Education and Supervision; MS in Marriage, Couple, and Family Counseling; MS in Clinical Mental Health Counseling; MS in School Counseling; and MS in Addiction Counseling programs are accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP).
 * The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), Master of Science in Nursing (MSN), and Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs are all accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), a national accrediting agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.
 * The BS in Business Administration, BS in accounting, Master of Business Administration (MBA), MS in accounting, Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), and PhD in Management programs are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).
 * The MS in Project Management program is accredited by the PMI Global Accreditation Center (GAC) for Project Management Education Programs.
 * The Bachelor of Social Work and Master of Social Work is Council of Social Workers Education (CSWE) accredited, an accreditation needed to get licensed as a social worker in most states.
 * The BS in Information Technology is accredited by ABET, the internationally recognized accreditor for college and university programs in applied science, computing, engineering, and engineering technology.
 * The Master of Public Health and Doctor of Public Health are accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH).
 * Walden University is designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education by the National Security Agency and the Department of Homeland Security.

Unaccredited professional programs

 * Walden University's PhD specializations in Clinical Psychology and Counseling Psychology are not accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA) and have not received designation by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards/National Register (ASPPB/NR), which are requirements for licensure in some states. The MS and six other PhD in psychology specializations offered by Walden are not governed by APA.

Student outcomes
According to the US Department of Education's College Scorecard, Walden University has a 29 percent graduation rate and a median earnings range of $26,200 (lowest) and $75,700 (highest) in the first year after graduation.

Rankings
Walden University is ranked 436th out of 442 schools in the Washington Monthly list of national universities.

Publications
Walden University sponsors several peer-reviewed and refereed academic journals.
 * International Journal of Applied Management and Technology
 * Journal of Social Change
 * Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
 * Journal of Educational Research and Practice
 * Journal of Social Work in the Global Community
 * Journal of Excellence in Nursing and Healthcare Practice

Alumni and faculty
According to College Navigator, in 2023 Walden University had 235 full-time instructors and 2,723 part-time instructors for 42,312 students.

Notable alumni and faculty include:
 * John Antonakis
 * Chandra Dillard
 * Thomas A. Drake
 * Monique Holsey-Hyman
 * Thet Thet Khine
 * Jacob Lozada
 * Oluwatoyin Sakirat Madein

title: Walden University


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kentucky Trade-In

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:27, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kentucky Trade-In
Slang dicdef with no Google hits that concern it. [ +t,  +c  ] 23:03, May 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Xcali 23:29, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, slang dictionary definition. Megan1967 05:46, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Megan1967. Quale 08:16, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Remove personal attacks/Temp

re: Answers to concerns
I am ambivalent about this section. I copied it from the old version and did some reorganization and rewrite but I'm not sure how much value it really adds to the page. The only purpose I could see anymore was to summarize the disputes which were raised over prior versions. Rossami (talk) 23:03, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd leave it in, it makes it clear that the policy isn't necessarily all roses. Some users will have concerns and if we present replies to common ones on the page it should hopefully reduce acrimonious discussion about it elsewhere. Thryduulf 15:29, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Strikeout?
Considering that some people really don't like RPA, it may be an option to list " strikeout personal attacks" as an alternative. Radiant_* 08:37, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Personally, I consider the strikeout solution to be ineffective. The purpose of the rule is to remove the inflammatory comment and restore the discussion to a fact-based and rational discussion focused on building a better encyclopedia.  Even when struck out, the comment remains visible and can inflame the debate.  With that caveat, I will attempt to add the suggestion as an allowable option.  See if it flows...  Rossami (talk) 13:19, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I feel entirely the opposite. Unless the personal attack is blatant and extraordinarily foul, a strikeout is more than enough to show that particular comments are unwelcome, and then the refactoring becomes a clear demonstration of "good" comment versus "bad" comment .  I don't think you'll get nearly as many revert wars over whether something was in fact a personal attack, because the struck out comments remain there for everyone following to judge whether they were actually personal attacks or not.  -- Un  focused  14:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:70.28.186.193

title: User talk:70.28.186.193


text:
User talk:Vefutixo

Hows it going! Ask me on beethove i have lotas stuff!

title: User talk:Vefutixo


text:
Talk:Value (computer science)

Untitled
Esap:

Regarding your most recent edit:

I was about to edit this page when I noticed your most recent edit. It appears you and I have very different notions of what "values" (in CS) are. In the interest of reaching concensus I would like to try to:
 * understand your point of view; and
 * find out what you feel is inaccurate about my point of view.

To this end, I would like to ask you a few questions:

 * 1) How do you feel about the first few paragraphs of the Object (computer science) article (which were mostly written by me)? Note in particular the emphasis on contiguousness (and motivations for that emphasis).

 * I didn't really understand the paragraphs talking about contiguousness. Is that paragraph trying to describe encapsulation in objects? Otherwise it's clear and I agree it's useful to distinguish between "object as an encapsulated region of storage" and "object as a conceptual point-like thing" (then there is also a category theory definition that could be thought of as an abstraction of a datatype). I think the levels of detail are discrete, because bits are indivisible. esap 16:22, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Do you agree that your edit was very C-centric in its examples and terms used?
 * Yes, I tried to maintain the overall tone of the whole article, which, to me, seems very C-centric anyway. Maybe it should change, but my edit was not intended to change that. esap 16:22, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) How would you feel about the following primary definition text (which I was about to commit):

 * A value is a semantic interpretation of the contents of an object. The value of an object depends on how one chooses to interpret its contents. Usually objects are associated (either explicitly or implicitly) with data types that determine the way the data contained in the object is to be interpreted. In this regard, data types serve as a mapping from otherwise meaningless sequences of bits stored in objects to some conceptual set of values.

 * I would define 'value' without reference to 'object', because my understanding is that 'value' is more primitive concept than 'object'. Say, "a piece of data is a value when the the whole data is interpreted and handled as a single indivisible entity". I don't agree with your definition of a data type. I would consider a data type as an abstraction of a set of values of the same type. The abstraction part is because in a data type, each value is considered as a black-box ("point-like") entity, and the data type just defines what values are part of the datatype. Or in other words, a datatype defines what possible values can be referred to by a name that has the given datatype. esap 16:22, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Multiple objects can hold the same value (assuming they are interpreted the same way). In some representations, even objects with differing bitwise contents can share the same value. Examples include ones' complement which allows two distinct representations of the numerical value 0, and case insensitive strings where "bLa" and "BlA" (in some character encoding) represent the same value.

 * I agree with this, but this is of course only half of the story. The other half is that the same bits can represent different values in different interpretations of the bits.

-- Eelis 23:07, 2005 May 26 (UTC)

Too OOP-centric
The notions of value and object are conceptually more separate than the article implies, especially given the heavy OOP focus of the [[object(Computer Science)|object] article. More importantly, this article is misleading wrt functions as values -- the prevalence of functional programs should merit at least a mention of functions-as-values, especially in lambda-calculus-based languages like [[LISP programming language|LISP] and [[ML programming language|ML].

I think that the article ought to focus on values as the abstract meaning of data (as in "the value 3") and/or as data for which no "simpler" form exists (as in "the value of 2 + 2 is 4", or "the value of this piece of code is the cosine function"). In that regard, an object (in the OOP sense) is merely a special sort of value -- one that has internal state or a virtual method table, and is capable of self-mutation through contained procedures (methods). An object in the more generic sense is also a value, as both are "things having semantic meaning".

The notion of values-as-things-stored may be useful, but (as far as I can tell at this point) only for differentiation between an algorithm and the result of running an algorithm. The notion of values-as-bits is not useful, as values could be represented as qubits (which are not bits) and non-values (such as unsimplified or un-[Evaluation|evaluated] code) can be represented as bits. Perhaps the best way to describe values is simply as fully-simplified expressions (I'll try to add such a comparison real soon now).

The fact that the existing article mentions things like "inheritance" and "control flow" as non-values seems a strong potential point of confusion to the reader -- it draws emphasis away from values-as-obtianed-data and pollutes an otherwise instructive (if somewhat inaccurate) list of "things which are not values" (such as labels) with "concopts which are not 'value'".

I would go ahead and make all these edits, but it seems there are already some conflicting viewpoints. As I'm proposing some pretty radical changes I didn't want to piss anybody off, so I'm gonna wait a bit and see if anyone cares.

bmills 8/24/05

I believe one of the primary distinguishing factors between a value and an object is that objects are always stored to some specific location, whereas a value does not have any connection to location to which it is stored in. This distinction is often muddied when referential transparency is used (when storage locations are not important), and values are all you have. esap 07:33, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * In collected languages like Java, the location of an object may change during the execution of a progrom. Furthermore, an ML-like language considers a reference (or pointer) to be a value in and of itself.  While it doesn't matter where the reference itself is located, it's not immediately clear that storage makes any difference as to whether a particular value is an object or not -- just that value is a semantic notion (and storage is only sometimes semantically meaningful), whereas object is more of a description of the run-time state of the computation.  --bmills 02:05, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I still think merging this to object (computer science) makes sense. Before talking about definitions, we must agree that terms like values or objects are used very ambiguously. I know we can make distinction but I don't think many are aware of it, and too often people confuse values and objects. -- Taku 11:35, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems more appropriate to keep value and object separate, although the object article probably ought to suggest reading the value article for comparison. It does make sense to merge value (programming) into this article, but the object article is pretty much entirely confined to Object-oriented programming, whereas this article should not be.  --bmills 02:05, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

minor nit-pick: ("in" occurs twice, here)
In this phrase (near the top of the article): such as the location in which the bits produced by the expression are stored in, the word " " appears twice. I was about to just get rid of one of them ("be bold"), but I don't really care much, which one we keep. Any comments, before I just pick one? Mike Schwartz (talk) 00:36, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

lvalue and rvalue
"'L-values are values that have addresses, meaning they are variables or dereferenced references to a certain memory location.'"
 * From the article, by the time of writing this:

AFAIK in C, you can (theoretically) make a variable of the " " storage class like this: is an lvalue but it may or may not have a memory address, depending on the compiler used. Even if it has one, trying to retrieve its address by  gives a compile-time error.

So how do we address this issue in the article?

"'R-value is either R-value or non-L-value — a term only used to distinguish from L-value.'"
 * Another problem is with the sentence

This kind of recursion always makes the concept unnecessarily difficult to understand. Based on my understanding, it simply says that "an R-value means a non-L-value." Am I right?

Frigoris (talk) 17:16, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The lvalue-has-an-address is meant in another sense. You can apply "&" to non-lvalues in C (function designators) and you can not apply & to some lvalues. Register variables actually have a location. Their address is located at alternative areas (registers), which is the reason their address can't be taken by &. It would need other means of addresses, and would make "int*" need now two value representations: to contain an address of a register variable (like, "eax"), *or* of a non-register variable (like 0x00ff0ff).

 * Addresses together with lvalues rather mean "locations". that's why lvalues are sometimes called locator-value. 84.174.226.78 (talk) 14:40, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

value is a run-time notion, not the normal form of an expression
As defined in the lead, a value is (an interpretation of) something inside the computer at run time, not something that could occur in a program text. Therefore the statement that it is the normal form of an expression makes no sense. Indeed some values cannot be denoted by an atomic expression (in most programming languages "-1" remains an operator applied to a positive number), or possibly not even by any expression at all (a language might for instance not have any expressions for array values) and conversely different atomic expressions might have the same value (using decimal, octal and hexadecimal notation for instance). So the statement about normal forms should be removed. Marc van Leeuwen (talk) 08:03, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Yes. I am doing this now. LiberalArtist (talk) 07:09, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Assignment: l-values and r-values
Instead of "Another example is the C expression (4 + 9)", it may be better to write "the expression (a + b)", since "(4 + 9)" boils down to just another immediate, which was already explained in the previous paragraph. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.192.94.225 (talk) 13:48, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Basic issues
The notion of "value" is tricky, so I'm not surprised that this article has several problems:

 * "a value is an expression which cannot be evaluated any further (a normal form)" — in what sense is "evaluated" meant here? Clearly in Lisp, say, the s-expression (list 1 2) is a value, just as the result of evaluating that s-expression, namely (1 2). As for normal forms, plenty of rewriting systems support loops.
 * "L-values have storage addresses that are programmatically accessible to the running program..." — this is certainly wrong in general, though true in C. In Algol 60, call-by-name arguments can function as l-values, without Algol 60 supporting an "address-of" operator. I have separated out the generic discussion on R-values from the C-specific part. --Macrakis (talk) 14:18, 1 August 2016 (UTC)

C++ has more value types now..
E.g. X-value (and lots more) is a missing page. I believe C still has only l- and r-value, and many other languages. Is this too much trivia here (what to say, only that there are more and add this link)? Are these new ones only in (recent) C++? comp.arch (talk) 11:34, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Entity
Not entity, but expression. Checkout the |Expressions in C++ draft. AXO NOV (talk) ⚑ 12:49, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Value (computer science)


text:
User:Ruud Koot/style

Article structure

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If the name of the article can have more than one meaning you should start the article with a disambiguation. There are two general cases. The name of the article has two meanings one of of which

 * This article is about manifolds in mathematics. For other meanings, see manifold (disambiguation).

For other meanings, see manifold (disambiguation).''

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 * In mathematics, a differentiable manifold is a ...

In mathematics, a differentiable manifold is a ...

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 * Mathematics (Gr.: μαθηματικός (mathematikós) meaning "fond of learning") is ...

title: User:Ruud Koot/style


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 May 27

Category:I Love the ... series, Category:I Love The 70s topics, Category:I Love the 80s topics, Category:I Love the 90s topics, Category:I Love the 90s: Part Deux Topics

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep series cat, delete decade cats --Kbdank71 14:26, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

These are encyclopedic WHY? -℘yrop (talk) 00:09, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't say that it's not encyclopedic, but I don't think we need to categorize every topic that was covered in these television programs. They're already listed at I Love the 70s/80s/90s/etc.  Delete Category:I Love The 70s topics, Category:I Love the 80s topics, Category:I Love the 90s topics, and Category:I Love the 90s: Part Deux Topics.  Keep Category:I Love the ... series, so that the articles about each show can continue to have a home.  --Azkar 00:26, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all except Category:I Love the ... series. -- LGagnon 00:34, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, i was a little overzealous in nominating Category:I Love the ... series, i wouldn't mind that staying. -℘yrop (talk) 00:51, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - the listing looks ridiculous on some articles, and most people will not know that is a TV show. And being mentioned in a TV show is hardly a reason for a cat. -- AlexR 06:01, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the _topics cats. -R. S. Shaw 22:52, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all but Category:I Love the ... series - Hoekenheef 15:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Wikipedia 0.1 candidates and Category:Wikipedia 0.1 candidate 27 November 2004

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:53, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Empty. Radiant_* 10:15, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote until someone tells me what these things mean! Grutness...  wha?  12:46, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm with Grutness on this one. Beta m (talk)

 * I honestly don't know, but the WikiProject_Version_1.0 may be able to help here. Radiant_* 20:31, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the link. I vote Delete.  I think this is an abuse of the category system.  I think they need a ratings/validation system rather than use the category system, which I think would be unreliable for that project's purpose, and ugly for readers. --ssd 01:21, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Wikipedia collaborations

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (keep) --Kbdank71 14:56, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nearly empty. Suggest merging with Category:WikiProjects. Radiant_* 10:11, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Keep. The various Collaborations of the Week are separate projects usually organized by a WikiProject, or Regional Notice Board. The main Collaboration of the Week, however, is not associated with any WikiProject. The various WikiPortals, again, are usually connected to a WikiProject, but are still separate projects. This category serves as a good supercategory to catch all of the different types of collaborations on the Wikipedia. BlankVerse ∅  11:08, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Ice hockey competitions

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:24, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please delete my category- I didn't notice Category:Ice hockey tournaments --Hooperbloob 07:07, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 May 27


text:
Hillsboro Airport

Hillsboro Airport, also known as Portland–Hillsboro Airport, is a corporate, general aviation and flight-training airport serving the city of Hillsboro, in Washington County, Oregon, United States. It is one of three airports in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area owned and operated by the Port of Portland. Established in 1928, it is Oregon's second busiest airport (in terms of total aircraft operations) at over 200,000 operations annually. HIO covers 900 acres (360 ha) and has three runways.

Located in the north-central area of Hillsboro, and west of Portland, it hosts the annual Oregon International Air Show. The airport includes a Federal Aviation Administration control tower, three paved runways, hangars, fueling facilities, and a small passenger terminal. Hillsboro Airport is also a port of entry, with a single-person U.S. Customs and Border Protection office.

History
Hillsboro airport goes back to 1928. Dr. Elmer H. Smith purchased 100 acre of land near the town to use as an airport, as he owned the first airplane in town. In the early 1930s, after Smith died, the city purchased the airport for $7,500 and received a federal grant to improve the facilities. They built two runways, one 3000 ft long and the other 2800 ft.

In July 1936, Richard Evelyn Byrd's "Stars And Stripes" Fairchild FC-2 aircraft used to explore the South Pole was displayed at the airport.

With the outbreak of World War II in 1941, the city received federal money again, and the city approved local financing to improve the airport again, with the costs of the improvements totaling around $600,000.

During and after flooding along the Columbia River in 1948, the Hillsboro facility was used by some commercial operators due to the closure of then Portland-Columbia Airport (now Portland International), which lies along the river. The three commercial carriers at Hillsboro were Coastal Airways, Columbia Air Cargo, and General Air Cargo. This was the flooding that wiped out the city of Vanport, and due to that disaster relief supplies were flown into the Portland area by the United States Air Force using the Hillsboro Airport.

The field was also considered as a possible naval air station in 1946 and again in 1955, but was eventually rejected by the Navy.

In early 1960 several companies were located at the airport, including Tektron Instruments and Georgia Pacific.

In 1964, the Hillsboro City Council made an official request to the Port of Portland to take over ownership of the airport. The facility had deteriorated due to inadequate funding, and the Port agreed to take over ownership after some legal wrangling in 1965.

On August 28, 1966, an air traffic control tower was opened after construction costs of $400,000 with staffing by the FAA. In April 1975 the current main terminal that includes offices and a restaurant opened, followed by the opening of the new 6300 ft runway on September 1, 1976.

The airport received scheduled regular airline service during the late 1970s, on Farwest Airlines to Boeing Field in Seattle, Washington, as well as to Medford and North Bend/Coos Bay airports.

In 1989, customs call out service was added to allow international business flights at the airport after lobbying by Congressman Les AuCoin and business leaders. After advance notice, customs inspectors from Portland would be sent to the airport to process the passengers.

Hillsboro Airport is often mentioned as a reliever airport for Portland International Airport. In 1999, Portland City Council member Dan Saltzman suggested expanding the Hillsboro Airport to relieve pressure on the busy Portland International Airport. This was during a time when the Port of Portland was discussing building a new larger airport or possibly adding a third runway to PDX to handle growing demand for air travel and air cargo. Saltzman suggested shifting some commercial flights to Hillsboro, while shifting some cargo flights there had previously been discussed.

As of 2006, the Port of Portland planned to spend $134 million through 2025 to improve the Hillsboro facility. Plans call for a third runway, increased hangar space, and additional automobile parking on-site, among other items. Construction on the third runway was to begin as early as 2010, but legal challenges put the plan on hold. In 2007, a staffed customs office was added to the airport. Paid for by funds generated by a user-fee association, this allowed the airport to continue as a port of entry, and removed the need for a Customs officer to travel from Portland International Airport.

The airport handled 259,263 flights in 2008, surpassing Portland International in this category. In 2009, the airport received a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to expand taxiways as part of the airport's master plan. President Barack Obama landed at the airport in Marine One in February 2011 as part of a visit to nearby Intel. The Port spent $9 million to repave the 2/20 runway and combined two taxiways into a single one in 2013. Construction started on the third runway in June 2014. Nike founder Phil Knight built a personal hangar at the airport next to the Nike hangar in 2014, while Global Aviation added a new hangar that same year. The third runway was eventually built, opening in April 2015.

On July 3, 2017 a man climbed a perimeter fence near Hillsboro Aero Academy and attempted to steal a Robinson R22 helicopter. After a brief chase with police he was fatally shot.

As of July 2024, Intel Air Shuttle operates corporate flights to San Jose and Phoenix from Hillsboro Airport.

Operations
Located in Portland's western and Washington County suburbs, Hillsboro Airport is connected to the metropolitan area by TriMet buses and the MAX Blue Line's Fair Complex/Hillsboro Airport station. The transit station is located to the south of the airport, across the Westside Commons (formerly the Washington County Fairgrounds). The primary public access point, including to the terminal building, is from Cornell Road, on the south side of the airport.

Facilities include a 6600 ft runway (Rwy 13R/31L), a 3820 ft runway (rwy 2/20), a 3600 ft runway (rwy 13L/31R), and an FAA control tower. Runway 13R/31L is ILS- and PAPI-equipped. The air traffic control tower, a 48 ft standard Type O design (by I. M. Pei, pentagonal steel tower with pentagonal aluminum cab), is staffed from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. local time. The tower receives a radar feed from the Falls City ARSR to supplement radio communication and binoculars to locate aircraft in its airspace. The small main terminal includes two rental car companies, KUIK-AM radio station, airport offices, and a waiting area for the passengers flying on the daily Intel charter flights. There is also a single-officer-staffed U.S. Customs and Border Protection office to process international flights.

The airport was originally Hillsboro's municipal airport, which the Port of Portland bought in 1966. It has been developed to support all forms of general aviation and is home to four fixed-base operator (FBOs). Many people, including celebrities, politicians and sports-stars choose to use Hillsboro for its ease and discreetness. The airport is also a hub for many major local corporations, including Nike, Teufel Nursery, and Intel. The predominant activity at the airport is flight training, accounting for more than half of the overall operations. It was formerly the base of operation for the Life Flight Network, the medical evacuation provider for the region. Operated by Oregon Health & Science University, Legacy Health System, and Providence Health System, the non-profit service owns one helicopter and two fixed-wing aircraft.

As of July 2020, the airport handled over 253,000 takeoffs and landings. It is Oregon's second-busiest airport overall after Portland International, and is the largest general aviation airport in the state. The annual Oregon International Air Show takes place at Hillsboro Airport.

Training

 * ATP Flight School
 * Hillsboro Aero Academy

Incidents

 * A Horizon Air plane was hijacked on May 2, 1986, en route from Eugene to Portland, with the pilot able to convince the hijacker to allow the plane to land at HIO where the hijacker was arrested.
 * On February 11, 2022, a Cessna 205 landed safely after suffering a complete engine failure during a flight from Seattle to Sacramento. The emergency descent and air traffic control exchanges were captured on the pilot's cockpit-mounted GoPro camera.
 * On October 3, 2023, a Piper Seminole owned by Hillsboro Aero Academy crashed shortly after takeoff from Hillsboro Airport during a training flight. The crash occurred in the 1900 block of North Cedar Street in Newberg, Oregon, killing two of the three occupants.

title: Hillsboro Airport


text:
User:Aesed

Isn't it amazing at how much some people are willing to falsify the truth when it reflects badly on their tribal choice?

title: User:Aesed


text:
User:Open4D

I mostly use Wikipedia as a source of information, but I do like to make changes as I go along where I spot something that can be improved. Correct me mercilessly.

Links I Use
Help:Reverting

The Pipe_trick

Citing_sources and the CITET (templates).

Manual_of_Style

Template_messages

Help:Edit summary - can use internal links including Talk pages, e.g. this. But can't include external links, and haven't found a way to include wikipedia links that don't seem to have short links, such as diffs, e.g. this.

To-do list

 * Follow up on, add Blackburn and maybe even explicitly mention Desert island Discs as a falsehood.
 * national sport
 * any answer to my Boy/Girl Paradox comment yet?
 * minor rename of RPI
 * resuggest this?: User_talk:ClueBot_Commons/Archives/2011/August
 * Progress my "PC" suggestion
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Using_the_Wayback_Machine#Use_of_Wikipedia_as_the_example_site
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Eyelid#Upper_and_lower
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Gross_domestic_product#specific_period_-_yearly
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Disk_encryption

Misc
2013-06-09: I note that the lowest natural number without its own article seems to be 1002, which therefore makes it notable, and an interesting number. (Page 1002 (number) is currently redirecting to 1000, amusingly!)

title: User:Open4D


text:
Captain Flint

Captain J. Flint is a fictional golden age pirate captain who features in a number of novels, television series, and films. The original character was created by the Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894). Flint first appears in the classic adventure yarn Treasure Island, which was first serialised in a children's magazine in 1881, and later published as a novel in 1883.

In Treasure Island
Captain Flint is a fictional character in the book Treasure Island, created by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1883. In Stevenson's book, Flint, whose first name is not given, was the captain of a pirate ship, Walrus, which accumulated an enormous amount of captured treasure, approximately £700,000. On August 1, 1750, Flint and seven members of his crew bury the plunder on an island located somewhere in the Caribbean Sea. Flint then murders his two assistants, leaving the hand of one, Allardyce, with its legs outstretched in the direction of south and west.

The only person Flint was said to fear was his quartermaster John Silver, who later even called his parrot "Captain Flint" in mockery.

Flint is said to have died in Savannah, many years before the book's central plot takes place, with his last words being, "Darby M'Graw - fetch aft the rum...." His death was said in the book to have been caused by the effects of drinking too much rum. The inscription on the map suggests that he died on July 28, 1754. The location of the treasure had been marked by Flint on a map and while he was dying it was entrusted to his first mate William "Billy" Bones. With the exception of Long John Silver many of Flint's crew spend all their ill-gotten booty and end up begging (e.g. Blind Pew). Bones however is too much of a drunken bully of a miser to either find the rest of the treasure or give up the map for his former crewmates and becomes a marked man on the run for 3 years after Flint's death by Flint's old crew (Blind Pew; Black Dog; Job Anderson; Israel Hands; Dirk), of whom the ringleader is Long John Silver. They track Bones down (who like Flint dies of drinking too much rum); however before they can get the map it falls into the hands of the protagonist of the novel, Jim Hawkins.

Other novels
Flint has a major part in the 1924 prequel Porto Bello Gold, by A. D. Howden Smith, which describes how the treasure was captured from a Spanish galleon. In this version, Flint is described as having started his piracy career as the junior partner of Andrew Murray, an idealistic Jacobite turned pirate, who is not referenced in Stevenson's original book. Flint gradually becomes the dominant partner. The book describes how Flint secretly buries the treasure which would be recovered a generation later by the protagonists of Treasure Island.

John Drake's prequels: Flint and Silver (2008), Pieces of Eight (2009), and Skull and Bones (2010), all heavily feature Captain Flint and give his Christian name as Joseph.

Flint is mentioned in the novel Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie, a friend of Stevenson. The first mention is in a passage introducing Captain Hook's pirate crew: "Here is Bill Jukes, every inch of him tattooed, the same Bill Jukes who got six dozen on the WALRUS from Flint before he would drop the bag of moidores." The second mention is as Hook is attempting to intimidate the Darling children and the Lost Boys, but is heckled by his inner demons: "'I am the only man whom Barbecue feared,' he urged, 'and Flint feared Barbecue.' 'Barbecue, Flint—what house?' came the cutting retort."

In Arthur Ransome's book Swallows and Amazons, the Blacketts' uncle James Turner is nicknamed Captain Flint by the Walkers. This is because they believed that he looked like a retired pirate and took the name from Treasure Island. He is nearly always referred to by this name in the rest of the books.

Appearances in film
Flint appears briefly in the Soviet comedy adaptation Return to Treasure Island in some live-action scenes, although not in the "main story" hand-drawn part. At the very beginning of the film, he is seen digging his treasure and completing his map. In the same scene, some pirates try to kill Flint to get that map, but end up killing each other instead in a cartoon-ish manner, for they were unable to peacefully decide should have it. However, Billy Bones appears among them from his hiding place behind a tree and shoots Flint, retrieving the map from his body. Nevertheless, a character meant to be Flint or resembling him (possibly, his ghost) still appears in most of the live-action scenes, ending with the final scene, in which he complains that the movie is over, so he "won't be probably killed". He was played by Valery Chiglyayev (throughout the movie) and Yuri Nevgamonny (second part of the movie, Ben Gunn story).

In the film Muppet Treasure Island, a loose adaptation of the Stevenson story, Captain Flint is shown at the opening scene burying the treasure and subsequently killing all the crew who buried it for him. He then sails away from the location and gives his map to Billy Bones, who takes it with him. Flint has fifteen crew members to dig the treasure pit in this version, not six, so there is a difference. Also, the treasure itself is guineas and pieces of eight. In the film, he is known as Bernie Flint, as Benjamina Gunn mentions.

Captain Flint was shown briefly in the animated feature film Treasure Planet by Disney. In this film, the character was voiced by Peter Cullen and known as Nathaniel Flint, a space pirate of non-human origins whose reputation was legendary for leading his ship and his crew to plunder merchant ships, infamously appearing and disappearing without a trace, and eventually burying his treasure (called by many "Flint's Trove" and/or "the loot of a thousand worlds") inside the giant alien mechanism known as Treasure Planet. To make sure nobody would steal his treasure, he rigged the planet to explode should anyone set off the booby trap and stole the memory of navigational robot B.E.N so he would not tell anyone about it.

Appearances on television
Set roughly two decades before the events of Treasure Island, the 2014 televised series Black Sails follows the adventures of Captain Flint and his pirate crew. His first name is given as James in episode "VI." Episodes "IX" and "XIII" further reveal that he is a disgraced former Royal Navy lieutenant named James McGraw, dismissed from service for falling in love and having an affair with Lord Thomas Hamilton and his wife. He was exiled from England with Thomas' wife, Miranda Barlow, who had since hidden herself as a lowly Puritan lady on the trading island of New Providence. Lord Thomas Hamilton was the son of Lord Alfred Hamilton, lord proprietor of the Bahama Islands. McGraw adopted the name "Flint" after a mysterious man who boarded his grandfather's ship while anchored and then disappeared. He is portrayed by Toby Stephens.

title: Captain Flint


text:
User:Dimimimon7

This user has done similar vandalism as User:Dimimimon5 and User:Dimimimon4, so they are probably the same person. -Hapsiainen 23:16, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

Pleasant guy - also messed with Canada a moment ago.

title: User:Dimimimon7


text:
Talk:Variadic function

Optargs and kwargs aren't varargs
Removed from the article for discussion:

 * Optional arguments with default values

 * Besides the concept of a completely arbitrary number of arguments as discussed above, the declaration of default values for some of the specified arguments is another concept allowing to call a function with variable number of arguments. Several typed languages implement this, and can in some cases associate the arguments to the corresponding variables in view of their type, even if they are given at call-time in an order differing from the declaration. In languages which are not (strongly) typed (such as PHP), such optional arguments with default values cannot precede mandatory arguments without default value. (An exception are some system functions of PHP, like the implode function, that can associate arguments given in any order to the right variables, in view of their type.)

Optional arguments (optargs) do not make a function variadic, even though it may look that way if you examine only the calling code. When a function with optargs is executed, each of the args is bound to some value -- be it a supplied value from the function call, a default value from the function definition, or a null value in the absence of a default value.

The same is true for keyword arguments (kwargs), as in Python or Common Lisp -- a keyword argument gets populated with a value from the call, or it doesn't and defaults to a null value, but it's still bound in the environment under which the function-body is evaluated.

What's going on in variadic functions (varargs, rest args) is that passed-in arguments are not each used to supply a value for a variable. The handling of the list of passed-in arguments is under the control of the function code itself. Instead of binding a bunch of variables, the arguments are passed in as a list. (Or, in some languages, a list and a length.) This is why C bozos can walk off the end of a varargs list and end up smashing the stack. --FOo 23:17, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

In the case of Python, isn't this a case of a distinction without a difference in that a function ends up with a variable number of arguments that it can access. Putting aside the default arguments, Python does have variadic functions. --Paddy (talk) 12:48, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Variadic functions in C and C++
The code example in this section is not commented at all, nor is there a caption explaining what its purpose is. This should be corrected. --Walkeraj 22:06, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * ...and a C example would also be nice, especially because there exists the variadic macro article. --Abdull 09:17, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

I was hoping to find an example here of how to create a variadic function wrapping another such function.

Label *createLabel(Object *owner, const char * format, ...) { char labelDescription[200]; snprintf(labelDescription, 200, format, /* What goes here?? */); return new Label(owner, labelDescription); }

99.67.239.69 (talk) 01:09, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Use vsnprintf: https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/io/vfprintf  --2003:E3:B725:FC00:71C9:1666:9CE0:20D9 (talk) 12:41, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

manual tag
I've added the tag to the section on specific implementations. A brief, prose overview with perhaps one or two examples might be useful, but what we have is just a sprawling reference manual on how to use variadic parameter passing in multiple languages, and that's not what a Wikipedia article is for. -Miskaton (talk) 12:54, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. Considering that no-one has objected in the past 3 years, I'm going to remove all the notes about specific implementations -- each language which support variadic functions should have their own section about it, instead of having a large collection of semi-useful often poorly written sections here. 80.162.60.16 (talk) 13:08, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I would prefer you remove them and instead reference the newly added Rosetta Code task from the external links section. --Paddy (talk) 06:31, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Vararg function implementations can be divided into 3 classes
What is the use of such a classification? The list on its own is of very little use and should be deleted. --Paddy (talk) 05:35, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

Usefulness of vadiadic functions?
Is there any advantage to using a vadiadic function over say, a list? Perhaps it's more useful in a language like C where you can't construct lists easily? What are the advantages/disadvantages? Language bloat? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.224.181.247 (talk) 00:16, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Variadic function