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Talk:Michael Ashcroft/Archive 1

Editing info
This NPOV disputed text was removed from Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft and merged in to the main article:--

 * Sir Michael Anthony Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft, KCMG, is a Conservative politician in the United Kingdom.

Ashcroft holds both British and Belize nationality. He is a Florida-based billionnaire company director, Britain's fourteenth richest man. He became a millionaire by the age of 31 after a cleaning firm he bought with a £15,000 loan was sold five years later for £1.3 million. He continued to make many acquisitions, principally through Carlisle Holdings, which later merged with Belize Holdings Incorporated (BHI). His business ventures have a combined workforce of 47,000. He owned the fourth largest bank in Belize and a 26 percent share in Belize Telecommunications.

He has donated several million pounds to the Conservatives, acting as their treasurer until 2001. His donations, around £1 million a year, have amounted to some 10% of the Party's income over much of that period. In 1999, The Times published leaked Foreign Office memos, showing concern at Ashcroft's business dealings and practices. It also alleged that he had asked the previous Conservative government to quash recommendations to crack down on money laundering. Connections were made between Ashcroft's banking and shipping empire, and money laundering and cocaine trafficking, although these were largely circumstantial. There were additional allegations of influence over privatisation policies in the 1980s and 1990s. This caused some controversy due to his financial links to the Conservative Party. Nevertheless, in 2000, Ashcroft was made a life peer as Baron Ashcroft, of Chichester in the county of West Sussex and awarded the KCMG.

Ashcroft also made large donations to the People's United Party of Belize (PUP), estimated in the area of $1 million, while they were the opposition party. After coming to power, they introduced legislation which was beneficial to his business, including legislation offering tax exemption to some companies, including BHI. His Bank of Belize was also granted the exclusive right to set up off-shore companies in the country for UK and US citizens and Ashcroft was appointed Belize ambassador to the United Nations.

Ashcroft initiated a libel case against the Times over its allegations of a US Government investigation into his company, later settled without a hearing.

--mervyn 15:04, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Ashcroft/Archive 1


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User:Meuu~enwiki

Hello folks!

I am interested in outer space, politics, religion and many other things. As of today (June 2, 2004), I have created my first page on Wiki. I am Green and Unitarian Universalist.

Pages which I have begun:

Stephen Gyllenhaal

Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal

Barbara Anne Ferris

If you have any INTELLIGENT comments about religion, politics, or anything else please post them on my talk page.

By intelligent I mean anything that is not stupid. Example of stupid comments: Anything that suggests I will fry in hell if I don't find Jesus (hey, I didn't know he was missing), Antyhing that suggests that Nader and Nader alone is the reason that Bush is now president.

(hey, I thought Gore won in 2000)

In other words BE NICE.... or else....

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Meuu~enwiki


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Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (provinces)

 * The following aims to be a complete list of subnational entities called province...

But they're not called "province". They're called département, vilayet, marz, oblast, voblast, khoueng, aymag, etc (see List of native terms for subnational entities). And conveniently absent is anything that doesn't already conform to this proposal, like the Départements of France, Oblasts of Russia, Subdivisions of Ukraine, etc.

I'm opposed to watering everything in the world down to "province" and "county", when many countries' political and social organization doesn't follow an Anglo-Saxon model. —Michael Z. 2005-06-2 15:08 Z

 * the full statement is

 * The following aims to be a complete list of subnational entities called province on Wikipedia

 * This naming convention about provinces would only apply to things that have "province" in the title. It is more about syntax than translation. -- Tobias Conradi (Talk) 16:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Why can't we do it case by case per country? I'm opposed to affixing "Province" behind every Chinese province. (Other than Taiwan Province, which is a complex controversial term that clearly requires its own separate article from simply Taiwan.) -- ran (talk) 15:35, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Current use for China perfectly fits into "X Province, Country [dab-only]" because the affix is only used if needed for disambiguation. --Tobias Conradi (Talk) 16:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think to be accurate, as an encyclopedia should endeavour to be, each country, and sometimes each province within that country, has to be viewed individually. It is indisputable that some Chinese provinces are titled differently, in Italy a province is very often named after the town under whose control it was, hence "Province of Ragusa" is correct. I suppose one could say "Ragusa's Province" but who would search for that, or has ever heard it said?  Then  we have the Provinces of Ireland  are they to be made to conform to a Chinese or single Wikipedia standard as "X Province".  My strong view is accuracy has to be observed at all times, even over what seems on the surface quite trivial.  I would imagine (I say this without checking facts) that globally as in Italy "Province of X" is probably the most used, however this one phrase cannot be enforced where it is wrong to do so.  Hence where a national consensus cannot be reach, each province must be titled independently according to its political, national, and traditional history. Giano | talk 12:23, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What perhaps needs to happen is for each country's "Provinces of Page" to hold a poll of interested parties similar to that currently taking place here: ]  on Talk:Provinces of Italy.  With luck this will acheive a concensus for Provinces of Italy at least, although hopefully future debates on other pages will be less heated. Giano | talk 13:01, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Dear Giano!
 * The provinces of Ireland currently do not need the word province at all. If we would use a country by country approach, this can lead to the mentioned 14 naming variants. I think the majority of users would agree that this is in the long run not desirable. Me as well I sometimes thought that the three variants "X", "X Province", "X Province, Country" are not the optimal versions for some provinces. But with time one gets used to it, for me and maybe some others the simplicity is compelling. Maybe before moving provinces of Italy to "PofX" what is some work (at least it was for me without bot), we could gather more people to talk about subdivisions in general. Yes debate was heated. That's what I expect when talking with someone from Sicily ;-) (was joking) Tobias Conradi (Talk) 17:32, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * How refreshing to see you have a sense of humour. Where exactly are you from? -  Yes it is complicated each nation is different isn't it? Some do need the word province,  some do not, and yet all are provinces. I'm so pleased you are finally coming to my way of thinking. At least Wikipedia unlike some encyclopedias does not have to be stacked on a shelf, so it has space to be truly accurate.  Did you ever watch Monty Python? you should!  Giano | talk 18:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I am from 13.3997656420545 East, 52.5377092278059 North, Earth Province, Europe County, Germany Borough, Berlin Street. I think we have to fight more to deepen our friendship. You may chose the weapons. I having nothing Toulose. But let's stick to the rule that soft pillows are not allowed. Let's meet private in this fight. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 19:24, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah Prussia! Giano | talk 21:46, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Tobias!

As you asked, I reviewed this proposal, and, honestly, I am of two minds about it. On one hand, standardization is great, as it reduces ambiguities and overlaps, and streamlines the whole naming scheme. On the other hand, the topic of the subdivision names, even when narrowed down to just provinces, is not that easily tamable. If everything is standardized, exceptions will start popping up sooner or later (as it is already the case with Italy, for which you will most likely need a separate subrule). I would imagine the topic of naming, when done on such great scale, is just not going to work without major sacrifices on both sides, leaving everybody unsatisfied with the final product.

Having said that, I will continue to remain neutral. Even if your proposal is rejected, I am sure your efforts will help improve at least a portion of the naming scheme, and might create basis for starting other standardization projects. Please continue keeping me posted, as I am very much interested in the direction this proposal and the discussion surrounding it will take.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 20:21, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

GNS linking project and naming conventions
Here's my proposal, based on my desire to perform a huge geodata-linking project based on a much-cleaned-up version of the public domain GEOnet Names Server data. See List of FIPS region codes for a major part of the manual heavy-lifting work, which is linking quasi-systematic names to Wikipedia articles. Doing 4000 of these was/is a pain. Once this is substantially done, a lot of the rest can be poured into a fuzzy-string-matcher together with a fairly recent capture of the FIPS ADM1 tables. -- The Anome 21:37, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

To help this work, every top-level subnational region should, at the very least, have a redirect to it in the form one of :
 * X Entity, Country, or
 * Entity of X, Country,
 * X, Country

where
 * X is the local name transliterated into Latin script, accents and all, or the common English form, if different (Cologne instead of Köln, for example).
 * Entity is the capitalized version of the local entity type, either translated into English, if there is an exact translation, or transliterated from the original language, accents and all, if not. Sometimes Entity may be null if it's already contained in X: consider "County Clare"
 * Country is the common name of the country as used to name the Wikipedia article about that country, for example North Korea, not the official English-language name of "Democratic People's Republic of Korea".

Then, the actual article itself for that region can be placed at
 * X Entity, Country, or
 * Entity X, Country, or
 * Entity of X, or
 * X, Country, or even
 * X

as appropriate depending on local naming conventions and uniqueness. -- The Anome 21:29, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * your proposal allows for "EoX", "E X" but not "X E". country disambiguation seems buggy, 1) missing "EoX, Country" 2) "X, Country" looks like City. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 21:42, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Some thoughts
Canada, eh??

More broadly, It seems to me that if most of the articles for provinces in a given country do not include the word "province", the disambiguation should be in the form of a parenthetical. Antwerp (province) fits in better with East Flanders and Hainaut than does Antwerp Province. Same deal with Dutch provinces.

Beyond that, I am relatively indifferent. I would basically suggest that where the form "X Province" is used in English, we use that; where "Province of X" is used in English, we use that, and where neither is used, we use parenthetical disambiguation. john k 00:58, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * lead or follow? we can influence what is used. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 01:19, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Follow. It is not our job to influence usage.  Certainly not on something like this, where there is no particular argument for encouraging one usage over another. john k 02:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 *  where there is no particular argument for encouraging one usage over another - if they are equal we can stick to one. the particular argument would be consistent naming for all subdivisons. I am not talking about reinventing english. It is only about cases where no variant is absolut unusual (=wrong). Tobias Conradi (Talk) 19:02, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I agree with john k about parenthetical disambiguation being the best. The "X Province" format is all well and good when the word State, Province or Department is conventionally used as part of the short name (see States of Venezuela) but it's the wrong way to go about disambiguation. For instance, that one problematic US state is at Georgia (U.S. state), not Georgia State. –Hajor 00:30, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * parenthetical disambiguation being the best you really want to move San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí to San Luis Potosí (city) and San Luis Potosí to San Luis Potosí (state) ... in order to get parenthetical article names? That are harder to write in text? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 01:07, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a strawman, Tobias. Parenthetical disambiguations (or other forms of disambiguation) only when needed. The Mexican states can reside at locations without a disambiguating clarifier because we decided to adopt the "comma convention" for the cities -- essentially as a form of pre-emptive disambiguation. What you are suggesting (and what you have done to Guatemala, Honduras, Argentina, Costa Rica, etc., etc., etc., in breach of logic, consistency, and local usage) is the equivalent of San Luis Potosí State. –Hajor 02:09, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Dear Hajor. I like comma convention for cities. It gives additional info and everybody familiar to US-style city-naming can deduct that an article with comma is about a city. What I found for english countries was a lot of "X County" and "X County, Michigan". Here the comma is used in similiar way to city disambiguation. Breach of local usage? I think the above mentioned countries use mostly spanish language? You prefer "X (county in Michigan)"? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 02:39, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is another important point. Local use -- the names as they are given and used within the country in question -- should be given precedence over any and all attempts to standardize the entire world. I have no opinion on Michigan county articles -- that's for the US wikipedians to decide, and there's enough of them. (I'm glad to hear that you, like me, support the comma convention for cities, and for much the same reasons. I'd actually like to extend its use, and just this week I posted about the possibility on Talk:Venezuela and Talk:Brazil (it's easier with federal countries). But, of course, that's not something I'm going to embark on without first hearing from those whose knowledge of Brazilian and Venezuelan naming conventions is greater than mine.) –Hajor 03:46, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not have San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí and San Luis Potosí (state) Wikipedia is not consistent; and, as I just demonstrated, those í's are pretty tough to get right, anyway. ;->Septentrionalis 01:57, 27 July 2005 (UTC) (UTC)

Comma disambiguation for cities should only happen in countries where this is common. I am not certain about Mexico (although I will admit that I'd prefer San Luis Potosí (city) to the highly awkward San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí), but we certainly shouldn't have monstrosities like Frankfurt, Hesse and Frankfurt, Brandenburg, and the like. john k 02:45, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * because the latter is localy also called Frankfurt an der Oder. But F, Brandenburg is not that bad. Well very unusual for me (I live in Berlin, Germany near to this town) but why not. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 03:09, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, is a monstrosity, but it's both in accordance with local usage and part of a structure for Mexican city and state articles that is internally consistent, coherent, largely non-surprising, and agreed upon by a cabal of Mexican wikipedians. Veracruz, Veracruz, and Campeche, Campeche, are much less monstruous. I'm surprised that San Luis Potosí (city) doesn't exist as a redirect; I'll take care of that now. –Hajor 03:46, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Frankfurt an der Oder should be so named. This is a local, official, and complete system of disambiguation, and WP really ought to stick with it. The only question is whether we should follow the German wikipedia and move Frankfurt to Frankfurt am Main.

Roman provinces
Please reconsider the use of X Province for the Roman provinces.
 * It is not historic usage
 * It is not English usage.
 * It will make much more difficult a treatment of the late Roman provinces, after Diocletian, who broke them up into smaller bits, often carrying the same name divided by number or adjective (1st X, 2nd X, 3rd X, X Narbonensis), Septentrionalis 01:30, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * of course it's not historic ;-) (just thinking that Caesar was not speaking english) if there is english usage maybe this better. I think at the end, only few provinces need disambiguation at all. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 02:42, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, and Gallia provincia is unusual in Latin, because unnecessary. When it does occur, it usually has the force of "Gaul, the province," not of a proper name. Septentrionalis 13:34, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Related discussion
Please see also: Naming conventions (subnational entities). More of same. –Hajor 14:42, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Consolidating discussion
Please see Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions for a discussion on consolidating redundant or competing pages for places, countries, etc. Maurreen (talk) 17:25, 16 August 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:Poshcoffee

Managing a conflict of interest
Hello, Poshcoffee. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with the people, places, or things you have written about on Wikipedia, you may have a conflict of interest (COI). Editors with a COI may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic, and it is important when editing Wikipedia articles that such connections be completely transparent. See the conflict of interest guideline and FAQ for organizations for more information. In particular, we ask that you please:

 * avoid editing or creating articles related to you and your family, friends, school, company, club, or organization, as well as any competing companies' projects or products;
 * instead, you are encouraged to propose changes on the Talk pages of affected article(s) (see the request edit template);
 * when discussing affected articles, disclose your COI (see WP:DISCLOSE);
 * avoid linking to the Wikipedia article or to the website of your organization in other articles (see WP:SPAM);
 * exercise great caution so that you do not violate Wikipedia's content policies.

In addition, you must disclose your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation (see WP:PAID).

Please take a few moments to read and review Wikipedia's policies regarding conflicts of interest, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, sourcing and autobiographies. Thank you. Drmies (talk) 14:26, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

Response to Drmies
Thank you Drmies for your comment. There is no conflict of interest in anything I have contributed to and I feel no real need to disclose any personal information to prove that (I can't say how it would prove anything even if I did?). The Pret A Manger page was altered in a way that clearly echoes the companies own PR version of the founding of that sandwich chain, and I find such alteration to be suspicious.

I was careful to recognise the founders of the Pret A Manger group with being responsible for making the brand what it is today, however I don't think that their PR version of the companies history should outweigh the truth about who founded the first Pret A Manger, no matter how small that founding moment might have been. Metcalf and Beecham did an outstanding job of making Pret a global brand, but they did not found the company, and merely saying it loudly backed by the mountain of PR cash, doesn't make that claim any less false than it very much is. Wikipedia is not here to assist corporations peddle their wares or messages, as the facts of the first Pret A Manger can easily be dated from British company records I see no reason why the rightful founder should be overlooked by wikipedia or its editors. Poshcoffee (talk) 15:20, 22 April 2017 (UTC)
 * You can discuss that on the article talk page. In the meantime, please don't go around making edits like this--that's why I looked at you suspiciously to begin with. Thank you, Drmies (talk) 12:59, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes please stop editing. Pret a manger as it is known today is a totally separate company to the cafe started by Hyman in 1983. The name Pret a Manger was purchased by Metcalfe and Beecham of liquidators. No assets were purchased just a name. I suggest you create a separate wikipedia page for Pret a Manger (the cafe in Hampstead) where you can list Jeffry Hyman as founder and include a section about the sale of the name to Metcalfe and Beecham. At the moment you are editing the page that refers to Pret a Manger (the multinational sandwich chain) which is a totally separate entity founded by Julian Metcalfe and Sinclair Beecham with its first store in Victoria in 1986. Cos02125 (talk) 15:41, 27 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I think you'll find that this argument is deeply flawed. McDonalds was started by two brothers who had nothing to do with the company becoming the global giant it is today, yet those two brothers are recognised as the founders. So while I understand that Pret A Manger is uncomfortable that it's corporate li(n)e can be debunked, it will have to put up with the truth being what it is, that Jeffrey Hyman very clearly founded the sandwich shop Pret A Manger. Did he have anything to do with the company becoming what we know today, no, but so what? Poshcoffee (talk) 20:30, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poshcoffee


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Talk:Gaiman, Chubut

What's with the commas? Does anybody outside of North America make such a song and dance of always putting commas in their place names? What's wrong with Gaiman (town) or Gaiman (Argentina)? And why was this moved from Gaiman, Patagonia to Gaiman, Chubut, Argentina? Or perhaps we should move this again to Gaiman, Chubut, Argentina, South America, Western Hemisphere, Earth? Quartier Latin  1968  15:12, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gaiman, Chubut


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Klobuk

A klobuk is an item of monastic clothing worn by monks and, in the Russian tradition, also by nuns, in the Byzantine Rite, composed of a kamilavka (stiffened round black headcovering) with an epanokamelavkion, a veil which completely covers the kamilavka and hangs down over the shoulders and back.

Overview
In the Greek tradition, the epanokamelavkion is simply laid over the kamilavka and allowed to hang freely, but in the Russian tradition they are permanently attached.

Tonsured monastics always wear a klobuk in church and the refectory and whenever else formally dressed. During the services, there are specified times when monks are to remove the klobuk and lay it on their left shoulder to denote reverence for the sacred, e.g., when the deacon brings the chalice out through the holy doors for Holy Communion. Nuns do not normally remove the klobuk at any time during services.

In the Russian tradition Archbishops and Metropolitans usually wear a small jewelled cross on the front of their klobuk as a mark of their rank. Metropolitans wear a klobuk that is white rather than black.

The patriarchs of Romania and Serbia also wear a white klobuk.

The patriarchs of Moscow and Georgia wear an archaic form of klobuk that is rounded on top, and the former's is white, embroidered, and surmounted with a cross.

Patriarchs and bishops of the Coptic Catholic and Armenian Catholic churches wear klobuks as well, although it is not a headgear worn by their Oriental Orthodox counterparts. Red klobuks have been worn by a Coptic Catholic patriarch, an Armenian Catholic catholicos, and a Ukrainian Catholic major archbishop after being elevated to the cardinalate. A purple klobuk has been used by a Ukrainian Catholic bishop.

External photos

 * Russian monk wearking klobuk (side view).
 * Metropolitan (St. Joseph of Petrograd) in white klobuk.

title: Klobuk


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Focus (board game)

Focus is an abstract strategy board game, designed by Sid Sackson and first published in 1963 by Kosmos. The game has been re-published many times since, sometimes under the titles Domination or Dominio. Focus won the 1981 Spiel des Jahres and Essen Feather awards. The game appears in Sackson's A Gamut of Games in the section New Battles on an Old Battlefield.

Gameplay
Two to four players move stacks of one to five pieces around a checkerboard with the three squares in each corner removed, thus forming a 6×6 board with 1×4 extensions on each side. Stacks may move as many spaces as there are pieces in the stack. Players may only move a stack if the topmost piece in the stack is one of their pieces. When a stack lands on another stack, the two stacks merge; if the new stack contains more than five pieces, then pieces are removed from the bottom to bring it down to five. If a player's own piece is removed, they are kept and may be placed on the board later in lieu of moving a stack. If an opponent's piece is removed, it is captured. The last player who is able to move a stack wins.

Reception
Games included the game as Domination in their "Top 100 Games of 1982", noting that while it does include short versions for 3-4 players, "the two-player game has the most depth".

Reviews

 * Family Games: The 100 Best

title: Focus (board game)


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Animated sitcom

An animated sitcom is a subgenre of a television sitcom that is animated instead of being filmed live-action, and is generally made or created for adult audiences in most cases. The Simpsons, SpongeBob SquarePants, South Park, and Family Guy are four of the longest-running animated sitcoms.

Early history
The Flintstones, which debuted in 1960, is considered the first example of the animated sitcom genre. A similar cartoon, The Jetsons, which took place in the future rather than the past, followed in 1962. Marc Blake argued it started the "science fiction sitcom sub genre".

Animated sitcoms have been more controversial than traditional cartoons from the onset. The Flintstones was originally oriented at parents, as an animated version of The Honeymooners, though it was primarily popular with children. David Bennett argued that when it was originally released, it was aimed at an adult audience, and called it the "direct ancestors" of current adult animation, because it covered adult subjects. Bennett stated that it specifically influenced The Simpsons, along with animations on Adult Swim and Netflix. His argument was confirmed by the fact that The Huckleberry Hound Show, created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, became a "surprise hit with adult audiences." Even though some argued that The Flintstones later influenced The Simpsons, other scholars said that although the show caused a boom in primetime animation and "subverted conventional TV", the result would be driving animation out of primetime "for almost three decades". Despite this, scholar John Libbey argued that the show utilized "subversive qualities of animation."

From 1972 to 1974, Hanna-Barbera produced Wait Till Your Father Gets Home, an adult-oriented sitcom in the style of All in the Family. The series dealt with subjects such as feminism and the generation gap.

The Simpsons and expansion of the genre
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a number of animated television programs appeared which challenged the Standards & Practices guidelines, including The Simpsons, Beavis and Butt-Head, The Critic, The Brothers Grunt, The Ren & Stimpy Show, Rocko's Modern Life, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, SpongeBob SquarePants, Duckman, and All Grown Up!. In 1987, The Simpsons shorts debuted on Fox's The Tracey Ullman Show. This show aired in prime time, meaning it was not self-censored as much as programs intended to air on Saturday mornings. As such, the show would have brief nudity and mild language, while dealing with mature themes and subjects such as death, gambling addiction, religion and suicide. The first full-length episode, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", debuted on December 17, 1989. It is the first American animated sitcom not to have a laugh track, unlike other animated sitcoms prior. It remained the sole English-language mainstream adult-oriented animated sitcom until the 1990s, which saw the debuts of Beavis and Butt-Head, King of the Hill, South Park, Daria, Family Guy and Futurama. Some scholars argued that Matt Groening emulated the sci-fi genre shown in The Jetsons. Futurama would be complimented for its "intelligent, scientifically accurate, and humanized" approach to adventures, romances, and parodies of sci-fi. This included the growing relationship between Fry and Leela and an "alien relationship" (Kif and Amy).

John Evershed, formerly showrunner on Happy Tree Friends and current founder of Mondo Media, argued that the "enduring popularity" of this genre is a result of The Simpsons, a massive "animation franchise," and said this proves "the time-tested formula" of the genre works, even though it was "controversial" when it was released. Evershed also said that the show made clear that animation is "more than just kids content." Others also argued that the show marked a turning point in U.S. attitudes "toward cartoons written primarily for adult audiences" The Simpsons would later win the Guinness World Records award for "Longest-running animated sitcom (by episode count)." Chris Turner, author of Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation, argued that culture and events of 1990s "can all be understood through a Simpsons prism." Some critics argued that The Simpsons was responsible for "popularizing adult animation" while influencing "satirical cartoons" like South Park and Family Guy. Others even said that The Simpsons opened the "door for Cartoon Network's Adult Swim" and praised it for being "extremely unique and ... constantly evolving." Andrew J. Crow of Time magazine noted the influence of The Simpsons on adult animation, with Family Guy, King of the Hill, and Bob's Burgers, among others, featuring some version of the same structure, while "non-family-based shows" have drawn from "Matt Groening's hyper-referential style, irreverence and slapstick humor." He quoted Alex Hirsch, creator of Gravity Falls, as describing adult animation as an "arms race of different ways to copy The Simpsons." Two of Hirsch's friends from CalArts, Pendleton Ward (creator of Adventure Time) and J. G. Quintel (creator of Regular Show) were also inspired by The Simpsons. In 1989, The Simpsons began airing on Fox Broadcasting Company in prime time, becoming a massive hit among American audiences. In response, ABC, CBS and NBC each developed animated series to air in prime time, but none of the shows were successful. One series, Capitol Critters, focused on subjects such as gun control, interracial violence and political corruption. In his review of the series, Variety critic Brian Lowry wrote that he felt that the series' approach was "muddled", and that "the bland central character and cartoonish elements ... will likely be off-putting to many adults, who won't find the political satire biting enough to merit their continued attention. Similarly, kids probably won't be as smitten with the cartoon aspects or look". The series was cancelled after one month. The Critic was somewhat more successful, but achieved low ratings because of ABC's sporadic scheduling, and was cancelled by the network. Fox picked up the series, but cancelled it four months later. While Fox allowed The Simpsons to portray animated depictions of human buttocks, ABC would not allow similar scenes to appear on The Critic.

Others stated that it was not until the early 1990s that "cartoons specifically for adults" rather than children, did not come to "mainstream prominence" until after the success of The Simpsons, with Fox later airing King of the Hill and Family Guy both of which "generated massive audiences." As animation critic Reuben Baron described it, for a long time, "adult action/drama cartoons" were scarce on television, with only a "few cult hits and flops in the '90s", with almost nothing in the 2000s and more in the 2010s. Some critics called Duckman, based on a comic of the same, a "Simpsons-inspired sitcom" which had a pilot in 1991 and premiered in 1994 on the USA Network as part of the "network's Saturday night programming." The show features humans, animals, and hybrids of both intermingling, with "every design intentionally exaggerated and distorted", looking like the original comics, with theme music from Frank Zappa and set its sights on "1990s incarnations of political correctness and censorship", making it, a critic argued, a precursor to Family Guy and Bojack Horseman. As for King of the Hill, some noted it had the a great example of "young, adolescent love" within adult animation, specifically between Bobby and Connie. The show was also described as a "force for adult animation." In 1999, Family Guy debuted on Fox. The series was cancelled twice in the first three years, but became one of the network's longest-running series. It would later be praised for its humor, "cynical commentary, and sci-fi adventures" while having a sincere but tragic and real relationship between Brian and Pearl Burton.

Beavis and Butt-Head, which began airing in the early 1990s, another sitcom, was also controversial. This was due to its portrayal of brief nudity, profanity and violence. Although the series was intended for adult audiences, it was shown in the afternoons, and multiple parents claimed that their children had imitated the show's characters. After an incident, MTV responded by moving the series to a later airtime and adding disclaimers to future episodes stating explicitly not to imitate the actions of the characters, as well as removing all references to fire from the episodes. As Beavis and Butt-Head began entered its last season in 1997, a new adult animation began airing on MTV which was titled Daria. It would praised for its "progressive characters", sense of humor, and ability to capture absurdity of teen life in suburbs. Beginning around the same time was South Park. It became an "icon for anti-censorship and free speech" and was called "one of the most controversial shows on television."

In May 1995, another adult animated sitcom began airing on Comedy Central. It was titled Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, featured the voice talents of Jonathan Katz, Jon Benjamin, and Laura Silverman, won a Peabody Award in 1998. and was animated in a crude, easily recognizable style produced with the software Squigglevision in which all persons and animate objects are colored and have constantly squiggling outlines, while most other inanimate objects are static and usually gray in color. Some critics stated that this series offered "plenty of cleverness and humor for those who looked", with funny lines, a unique style, and centered around "therapist discussions with real celebrities".

In the 2000s
In March 2000, the first few episodes of God, the Devil and Bob aired on NBC, with nine episodes unaired. The series didn't return until 2011, when the nine remaining episodes aired, from January to March 2011, on Adult Swim. Some said this was because Christian groups, like the American Family Association, had boycotted the network, and 17 NBC-affiliated stations agreed, leading to the show being stopped only after four episodes had aired. Even so, some religious leaders in the United Kingdom supported the show, and critics like Caryn James called it "a little risky" but "relatively benign" when compared to South Park, The Sopranos, and Sex and the City which aired at the time.

In June 2000, Kevin Smith criticized ABC over its animated sitcom, Clerks: The Animated Series, telling EW that they delivered the content but that ABC, and their corporate owner Disney Company, reneged on their promises, and called the show "dead" even though there were six episodes that had not aired. Six episodes of the show, based on Kevin Smith's 1994 comedy of the same title, were produced, but only two episodes aired before the show was cancelled by ABC.

While the pilot of Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law first aired as a sneak peek on Cartoon Network on December 30, 2000, the series officially premiered on Adult Swim on September 2, 2001, the night the block launched. It ended on July 22, 2007, with a total of 39 episodes, over the course of four seasons. Later, in October 2018, a special, entitled Harvey Birdman: Attorney General, premiered, and a spin-off, Birdgirl, was ordered in May 2019. Some described the series as funny, entertaining, zany, and amusing.

From August to October 2002, the final few episodes of The Oblongs, another adult animation, would air on Adult Swim after The WB did not air the last five episodes of the series. The latter, which some called a "stray gem in the early 2000s," was noted for the romance between a married couple, Bob and Pickles Oblong, who had a healthy relationship where both would "constantly support each other." In 2008, Usha M. Rodrigues and Belinda Smaill argued that bro'Town was a "home grown animated sitcom" that is comparable to The Simpsons.

Adult animation became more popular, premiering critically acclaimed shows such as Drawn Together, Family Guy, American Dad!, Archer, Bob's Burgers, Rick and Morty, BoJack Horseman, F Is for Family, and Big Mouth. Some argued that animated sitcoms have formed some of the "most enduring and valuable franchises in the history of television," in terms of shows like Family Guy and South Park. These shows, and their subsequent franchises, were said to be part of a shift in the early 2010s toward adult animation, with darker and "more intricate animated comedies" such as Bojack Horseman and Rick and Morty released, with the latter reaching nine million viewers after the first season. Drawn Together, a parody of The Real World, which follows the misadventures of the housemates in the fictional show of the same name and uses a sitcom format with a reality TV show setting, was followed by a direct-to-video film and series finale titled The Drawn Together Movie: The Movie!. Another antimated sitcom was Brickleberry which aired on Comedy Central from 2012 to 2015. It was created by Waco O'Guin and Roger Black, executive produced by O'Guin, Black, and comedian Daniel Tosh. It was later described as one of the "more vulgar adult-animation offerings" of the 2010s, with Kaitlin Olson only staying "for the first season as the female lead," voicing a "recently transferred Yellowstone ranger named Ethel." It was also said that show had a divided reception from critics but received favorably by audiences, who appreciated the show's "shameless sense of offensive humor and fast-paced writing."

Archer was said to be a "standard bearer" for adult animation and an "eclectic comedy" and praised for its "tight, fast-paced, and ever impressively intelligent dialogue," with a "power couple": Sterling Archer and Lana Kane. American Dad! was praised for breaking away from the "cynicism and formulas of its adult animation contemporaries" with the romance between Stan Smith and Francine said to be a wonderful romantic pair akin to Archie and Edith Bunker. Bob's Burgers was described as a welcome addition to the "Sunday lineup," with passionate relationship between Bob and Linda Belcher while maintaining a large audience. In November 2020, the show was approaching its 200th episode. and that Some reviewers called Drawn Together a "bizarre and highly entertaining series" which has a unique style of humor and "level of self-parody." Some reviewers would point to how the "foxhole humor" in Bob's Burgers has kept it going, and even argue that the humor in the children's animation, Animaniacs was "far more adult" than the original series in the 1990s. Later in 2020, the reboot of Animaniacs, an all-ages animation had an episode pulled which included a real sex hotline number, with the series no stranger to adult humor as the showrunner, Wellesley Wild, is a "veteran of adult animation" as he worked on Family Guy in the past.

In the 2010s
In June 2011, two scholars analyzed queer characters and themes in animated sitcoms, arguing that they create "space for queer resistance," analyzing themes, and text, in the animated series Family Guy. They also argued that analyzing the show using postmodern thematic analysis, it creates "deconstructionist instances" that, in their view, "expose and subvert the hegemony of heteronormativity."

Allen Gregory had a short run in 2011 and was cancelled after the first season. This series featured Richard and Jeremy De Longpre, the fathers of the title character, Allen. Jeremy is a former social worker who had a loving wife and family, although this changed after Richard became one of his clients. Richard was attracted to Jeremy to the point where he started stalking him and his family until Jeremy finally agreed to be his husband. It is said that Jeremy is actually heterosexual but left his wife and children for Richard, who offered him an easy, no-maintenance life as his trophy husband. The following year, from January to December 2012, Unsupervised, an adult animated sitcom ran on FX. Although it was cancelled in November 2012 after one season, it was praised by critics as a coming-of-age story, with two clueless and ridiculous protagonists, while having "realistic looking backgrounds," contrasting with show's look in general.

Jeff & Some Aliens, an animated sitcom aired on Comedy Central from January to March 2017. The plot surrounds three aliens who travel to Earth to find the most average person to test and understand humans. Most episodes revolve around Jeff having a problem that the aliens can fix with a strange device. In December 2017, the series was canceled after one season. It was described as being "a witty and fun stoner alien romp" which is a comedy akin to Rick and Morty.

Other animated sitcoms include Paradise PD, Tuca & Bertie, The Boondocks, and Momma Named Me Sheriff. Some series are on streaming platforms, as is the case with Disenchantment, Final Space, Solar Opposites, Central Park, the short-lived series, Hoops, and Q-Force. This positioned Netflix as a leader of adult animation content. The creator of Bojack Horseman, Raphael Bob-Waksberg, said that the show is about "ourselves looking outwards" and argued that the voice actor for Bojack, Will Arnett, can find the comedy in anything. Nasdaq argued that shows like Disenchantment were "original content" which had helped Netflix "dominate the online video streaming market," and said that demand for original content will allow Netflix to expand its base of subscribers. This allowed Netflix to gain allegiance of smaller, but more fervent, fanbases, which garnered a wide viewership.

Some critics noted that The Simpsons is not the only model for such animation, due to new shows coming to TV and streaming platforms like BoJack Horseman, Big Mouth, Rick and Morty and Undone, which some call a boom at the time that "high-quality adult animation shows" are being produced in France, Japan, and in other parts of the world, a new group of creators is pushing existing boundaries. Even so, fans of The Simpsons turned Hulu into a popular streaming hub.

Critics praised Tuca & Bertie and Solar Opposites for their take on humor and comedy. Shaurya Thapa of Screen Rant argued that Tuca & Bertie offered "a fresh and realistic take on the sitcom formula" while Rafael Motomoyer of Collider argued that Solar Opposites not only mixes "crude humor and knack for violence ... with a long-standing tradition of animated sitcoms" centered on a family, but it gives a "new take on the typical American family." Some described The Boondocks as profound, comedic, smart, silly, has social commentary on class relations, racism, and with a unique animation style. Some said that Apple TV+'s Central Park was one of the best shows of 2020 and described it as the network's "first foray into adult animation."

Certain comedians have created their own animated sitcoms. This includes the ongoing series, Duncanville, is airing on FOX, co-created by Amy Poehler, Mike Scully, and Julie Thacker. Poehler said the series is inspired by The Simpsons. Another animated sitcom on Fox, Bless the Harts, starred Kristen Wiig, and was created by former Saturday Night Live staff writer, Emily Spivey.

A September 2018 report by AT&T, using Google Trends, identified the most popular animated sitcoms in each U.S. state. They found that South Park is popular in Colorado, The Simpsons is popular in Oregon and Massachusetts, Family Guy popular in Connecticut, and King of the Hill popular in Kentucky and Tennessee. The report also stated The Simpsons and South Park are the two most popular animated sitcoms, while Rick and Morty is among the "most watched cable television series."

In 2019, it was announced that a writer for Disenchantment, Shion Takeuchi, would be heading her own upcoming Netflix show titled Inside Job, with Alex Hirsch as an executive producer, With a woman named Alma as the protagonist, Takeuchi said she hoped it would "push the boundaries" of adult animation. Hirsch was also quoted as noting that adult animation is changing, saying that it can be something that is "sophisticated, dramatic, beautiful and nuanced" rather than "crass and cruel."

2020s to present
In January 2020, TZGZ, Syfy's new adult animation block, ordered six 15-minute episodes of the series, which would later become Magical Girl Friendship Squad. At the same time, the short form version, Magical Girl Friendship Squad: Origins, began airing on the same late-night programming block.

In February 2020, Fox released an animated sitcom produced by Seungyong Ji and Jordan Grief titled Duncanville, focusing on the story of a kid who "daydreams of making it big without having to wear a suit and tie to do so."

In September 2020, Magical Girl Friendship Squad began airing on SYFY. In interviews the same month, series creator Kelsey Stephanides hoped that the series would expand the "types of new animated stories" with more variety in adult animation, allowing for "different ways" to do adult animation in the future.

In December 2020, Hoops was cancelled by Netflix after its first season received low ratings and negative reviews. Hoops was described as "puerile comedy ... perfect for Trump's America," not funny, and "crude, rude, and aimless."

On January 15, 2021, the first part of season 2 of Disenchantment was released on Netflix. In February 2021, it was announced that Tyler, the Creator had teamed up with Lionel Boyce and Davon 'Jasper' Wilson to develop an animated comedy named Shell Beach. In March 2021 it was reported that King of the Hill would be revived, with characters aging 15 years from the end of the series.

title: Animated sitcom


text:
Union Pacific North Line

The Union Pacific North Line (UP-N) is a Metra line in the Chicago metropolitan area. It runs between Ogilvie Transportation Center and Kenosha, Wisconsin; however, most trains terminate in Waukegan, Illinois. Although Metra owns the rolling stock, the trains are operated and dispatched by the Union Pacific Railroad. This line was previously operated by the Chicago & North Western Railway before its merger with the Union Pacific Railroad, and was called the Chicago and North Western Milwaukee Division and then the Chicago & North Western/North Line before the C&NW was absorbed by Union Pacific in April 1995. It is the only Metra line that travels outside Illinois.

Metra does not refer to its lines by particular colors, but the timetable accents for the Union Pacific North line are dark "Flambeau Green," a nod to the C&NW's Flambeau 400 passenger train.

Until 2022, a private club car ran weekdays exclusively on the Union Pacific North Line. It was the last remaining private car in service on a commuter railroad in the United States.

The current timetable as of December 5, 2022 shows 70 trains (35 in each direction) on weekdays. Of these, six inbound trains originate from, 17 from , six from , and six from. Seven outbound trains terminate at Winnetka, five at Highland Park, 17 at Waukegan, and six at Kenosha.

13 trains operate in each direction on Saturdays. Of these, five inbound trains originate from Kenosha and eight from Waukegan. Six outbound trains terminate at Waukegan and seven at Kenosha.

Nine trains operate in each direction on Sundays. Of these, three inbound trains originate from Kenosha and six from Waukegan. Six outbound trains terminate at Waukegan and three at Kenosha.

During the summer concert season, on weekends, an extra outbound train, named RAV1, makes all stops to, then runs express to during events, with a train returning to Chicago after the concert.

History
The route followed by the UP North Line was constructed in 1854 by the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad. Passenger service between Chicago and Waukegan began on January 4, 1855. Initially, a single train operated each day, departing from a terminal in Chicago at Water St. and Kinzie St. at 8:30 am and returning from Waukegan at 3:30 pm. The president of the railroad, former Chicago mayor Walter S. Gurnee, speculated on land in Lake County spurring the development of railway suburbs along the line. The railroad merged with the Green Bay, Milwaukee & Chicago Railroad in 1863, and was acquired by the Chicago and North Western Railway in 1866. Commuter rail services along the line started operating into the new Chicago and North Western Terminal (now Ogilvie Transportation Center) in 1911. In 1966, the Chicago and North Western closed the Lake Front Depot and began operating into the new Milwaukee Union Station. This service would ultimately prove to be relatively short lived as the Chicago and North Western ended operations between Chicago and Milwaukee in 1971 and the line was truncated to Kenosha.

The North line became part of Metra when the agency was formed in 1984. The trains continued to be operated by the Chicago and North Western Railway under contract until that railroad was bought by Union Pacific in 1995. UP now operates passenger services along the line for Metra. Under a longstanding agreement that UP inherited from the C&NW, Metra owns the vehicles and the stations along the line, but Union Pacific employs the crew who actually operate the trains, and they also control the right-of-way along the route.

By the first quarter of 2024, the Union Pacific Railroad is expected to transfer operations of the three Union Pacific lines to Metra. The Union Pacific will continue to own and maintain the right-of-way.

All stations on the line except for Ravinia Park are open daily. Ravinia Park is only open during the Ravinia Festival in the summer months.

Ridership
Between 2014 and 2019, annual ridership declined by 8.3% from 9,328,441 passengers to 8,552,117 passengers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 2,300,363 passengers in 2020.

Route
The service shares the Union Pacific Railroad's Harvard Subdivision with the Union Pacific Northwest Line from Ogilvie Transportation Center in downtown Chicago to a junction just before station. From Clybourn, the North Line splits from the Northwest Line and traverses the Kenosha Subdivision north to Kenosha, Wisconsin. The Kenosha Subdivision continues to St. Francis, Wisconsin and a junction with the Union Pacific's Milwaukee Subdivision. No passenger trains operate north of Kenosha.

The Green Bay Trail parallels the Union Pacific North Line, using the former right of way of the North Shore Line for over 51.9 mi from the Chicago Loop to Kenosha, Wisconsin.

title: Union Pacific North Line


text:
William F. Schulz

William F. Schulz is a Unitarian Universalist minister who is most known for his role as the executive director of Amnesty International USA, the U.S. division of Amnesty International, from March 1994 to 2006. He is a prominent spokesperson, activist, and author focusing primarily on the issue of Human Rights and United States' Government role in promoting or disregarding them. In addition to his many public appearances, he has been affiliated with numerous non-profit organizations and universities.

Early life
William Schulz was born 14 November 1949 to Professor William F. and Jean Schulz in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He attended Oberlin College for his undergraduate degree, which he completed in 1971. He earned a master's degree from University of Chicago in 1974, and completed his Doctorate of Ministry at Meadville Lombard Theological School in 1975. He married his wife Reverend Beth Graham, who is also a Unitarian minister, in 1993.

Unitarian Universalist Minister
Schulz served as a minister in Massachusetts, at the First Parish Unitarian Universalist church in Bedford, Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1978, then as the president of Unitarian Universalist Association in Boston until 1993.

Amnesty International
Schulz most noted role is as the executive director for Amnesty International USA, an NGO focused on human rights, from 1994 to 2006. During this time he made numerous appearances as a guest on national radio and television programs, and testified before Congress concerning human rights issues. During his tenure, Amnesty International was seen to become increasingly interventionist in its policies, advocating that states take a more active role in secure human rights protections, encouraging collaboration with law enforcement and even military force.

His own writings during his tenure emphasized the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as an embodiment of the international conception of human rights. During his acceptance speech for the Humanist of the Year from the American Humanist Association in 2000, he said "The fact is that the world community has never been able to agree upon the divine basis for human rights or a basis derived from natural law. But there is a third broad way to justify human rights which, while it doesn't provide them with the status of God's endorsement or nature's sanction, does ground them in the human community. That third way goes by many names—pragmatism, communitarianism, and post-modernism among others—but is ultimately nothing more than an expression of the humanist impulse."

Also during his tenure, the increasing economic ties with China led to scrutiny and debate about China's policies regarding human rights. During his testimony to the United States House, he criticized the increased use of the death penalty as well as the use of imprisonment and torture against democratic activists and ethnic and religious minorities. In particular in arguing against continued MFN status with China, he said "the message is clear, good trade relations in the midst of human rights violations is acceptable to the United States."

The events of the September 11 attacks, and the subsequent expansion of the United States counter-terrorism efforts were the subject of his 2003 book Tainted Legacy: 9/11 and the Ruin of Human Rights which finds him criticizing both the government's use of torture, which he credits with inspiring terrorists, as well as some of his human rights activist colleagues for failing to frame terrorism and genocide as a human rights issues.

Unitarian Universalist Service Committee
Schulz served as the president and chief executive officer for the Unitarian Universalist Service Committee from 2010 until this retirement 2016.

Writer
Schulz has been the author of numerous books throughout his career and during his retirement, as well as a frequent contributor to periodicals. A selection of his books include:
 * What Torture Taught Me: And Other Reflections on Justice and Theology, 2013.
 * Tainted Legacy: 9/11 and the Ruin of Human Rights, 2003
 * Making the Manifesto: The Birth of Religious Humanism, 2002
 * In Our Own Best Interest: How Defending Human Rights Benefits Us All, 2001

Affiliations
Schulz served on the boards of numerous organizations including People for the American Way, Planned Parenthood, Communitarian Network, and Americans United for the Separation of Church and State. He is a senior fellow at the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, an adjunct professor of international relations at The New School and an affiliate professor of preaching and public ethics at Meadville Lombard Theological School in Chicago.

title: William F. Schulz


text:
Talk:Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis

Comments
How do the ranks below commissioner compare to those in other forces? Are all those mentioned above chief superintendant?
 * Commisioner and Deputy Commisioner have no equivalents in other forces, as for the others:
 * Assistant Commissioner = Chief Constable in other forces
 * Deputy Assistant Commissioner = Deputy Chief Constable
 * Commander = Assistant Chief Constable
 * Ranks up to and including Chief Superintendent are identical. See Metropolitan Police Service. -- Necrothesp 15:46, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone know who appoints the Commissioner? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.198.155.151 (talk) 20:37, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Salary
"The Commissioner's annual salary without pension contributions or allowances from 1 September 2010, is £260,088, more than one-hundred and fifty thousand pounds (£150,000) higher than the lowest paid Chief Police officers outside London (namely: the Chief Constables of the Scottish Police forces')"

The link given does not support this at all. To start with the maximum differential (with the lowest paid CCs on 127,000) is £133,000. What's more these are not "the Chief Constables of the Scottish Police forces": For example the CC of Strathclyde is paid 178,431. If it needs saying at all then "the most rural police forces" (which happen to be some of the Scottish forces) might be more accurate. Bagunceiro (talk) 14:06, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Military ranks
There does not seem to be a clearly obvious rationale for including William Hay's rank as an Army captain while excluding Robert Mark's more senior rank of major. The effect of the current arrangement tends to mislead the reader into thinking that the last commissioner with experience in the Armed Forces was Philip Game, which is not the case. I would suggest either taking an inclusive view or simply folding the entire column into the Notes column. Greenshed (talk) 21:20, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hay was known as Captain Hay throughout his service. Like most early commissioners he was appointed directly to senior police rank from the armed forces and had never served in the lower ranks of the police. Mark, on the other hand, was never known as Major Mark while a policeman, since he was a career police officer who had worked his way up from constable and only served in the forces during the war (after serving as a major in the war he actually returned to the police as a constable!). Military ranks are only appropriate if they were commonly used. Game was the last commissioner to be directly appointed because he was a senior military officer and who continued to use his rank while serving in the Met. -- Necrothesp (talk) 08:47, 26 November 2020 (UTC)


text:
User talk:CaptainErotica

= ~Captain Erotica~ = = ~ A Real Superhero for the Modern World ~ =

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4- Knowledge of Alterntive Relationships, their formats, challenges and solutions

5- Empathic connection with other beings

Captain Erotica is the creator of ErotiCoaching, a modality that helps people to identify their Erotic Selves and make changes, improvements and aquire a deeper understanding of what they want and how to get it. ErotiCoaching involves a three step process that allows the client to 1- Identify what is Erotic to them

2- Create a plan for improving and actualizing their Erotic Self

3- Aquire the skills and abilities necessary to implement that plan

Captain Erotica is also the Organizer of the largest womens only party on earth, the Critical Tits After Ride Party at Burning Man. Each year 1200 women are lavished and adored by a staff of over 250 volunteers at this event.

Captain Erotica can be found on tribe.net a social networking service, where he has a network of over 1000 like minded people who, ,like him, are interested in the blending of spirituality and eroticsm.

Here is a link to find him there:

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title: User talk:CaptainErotica


text:
Downstream (petroleum industry)

The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The downstream sector is the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas, as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas. The downstream sector reaches consumers through products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as well as naphtha and hundreds of petrochemicals.

Midstream operations are often included in the downstream category and are considered to be a part of the downstream sector.

ISO definition
ISO 20815 defines "downstream" in its definition section as: 3.1.8 downstream business process, most commonly in petroleum industry, associated with post-production activities.
 * Example: refining, transportation and marketing of petroleum products.

Byproduct sulfur
Crude oil is a mixture of many varieties of hydrocarbons and most usually have many sulfur-containing compounds. The oil refining process commonly includes hydrodesulfurization which converts most of that sulfur into gaseous hydrogen sulfide. Raw natural gas also may contain gaseous hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing mercaptans, which are removed in natural-gas processing plants before the gas is distributed to consumers.

The hydrogen sulfide removed in the refining and processing of crude oil and natural gas is subsequently converted into byproduct elemental sulfur. In fact, the vast majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from refineries and natural-gas processing plants.

Marketing
Marketing is the wholesale and retail distribution of refined petroleum products to business, industry, government, and public consumers.

title: Downstream (petroleum industry)


text:
Tyan

Tyan Computer Corporation (泰安電腦科技股份有限公司; also known as Tyan Business Unit, or TBU) is a subsidiary of MiTAC International, and a manufacturer of computer motherboards, including models for both AMD and Intel processors. They develop and produce high-end server, SMP, and desktop barebones systems as well as provide design and production services to tier 1 global OEMs, and a number of other regional OEMs.

Founding
The company was founded in 1989 by Dr. T. Symon Chang, a veteran of IBM and Intel. At that time, Dr. Chang saw an empty space in the market in which there were no strong players for the SMP server space, and as such he founded Tyan in order to develop, produce and deliver such products, starting with a dual Intel Pentium-series motherboard as well as a number of other single processor motherboards all geared towards server applications.

Since then, Tyan has produced a number of single and multi-processor (as well as multi-core) products using technology from many well-known companies (e.g. Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, Broadcom and many more). Notable design wins include that of Dawning corporation for the fastest supercomputer (twice); first to market with a dual AMD Athlon MP server platform; winner of the Maximum PC Kick-Ass Award (twice) for their contributions to the Dream Machine (most recently, the 2005 edition); and first to market with an eight (8) GPU server platform (the FT72-B7015).

Later company history
Tyan is headquartered in Taipei, Taiwan, separated between three buildings in the Nei-Hu industrial district. All three buildings belong to the parent company, MiTAC. The North American headquarter is in Newark, California, which is the same North American headquarter for MiTAC.

The merger in question was with MiTAC, a Taiwanese OEM which develops and produces a range of products (including servers, notebooks, consumer electronics products, networking and educational products - as well as providing contract manufacturing services), was announced in March 2007 and completed on October 1 of that year. Under the umbrella of MiTAC, Tyan acts as the brand leader and core engineering and marketing arm for delivery of server and workstation products to the distribution and reseller channel, and continues to act as a design and production services house for OEM customers.

MiTAC International Corp. spun off the Cloud Computing Business Group to the newly incorporated MiTAC Computing Technology Corporation on 1 September 2014. TYAN is a leading server brand of MiTAC Computing Technology Corp. under the MiTAC Group.

TYAN launched the first OpenPOWER reference system based on the IBM POWER8 architecture in Oct 2014. TYAN is one of the founding members of the OpenPOWER Foundation, which was established in 2013.

title: Tyan


text:
Talk:Make Room! Make Room!

Novel vs. Movie
"The novella focusses on social commentary, pushing the importance of birth control and sustainable development to avoid social disorganisation, but in the movie a hero cop uncovers a fascistic use of a euthanasia program to provide cheap protein."

Not totally clear, but isn't this a bit POV? I get the impression that the novel is considered better, or at least more intelligent, than the movie. Could be the hero cop line, but I'll leave it for others to change if it seems necessary.

 * I think POV is difficult to avoid when contrasting between the book and the movie in a meaningful way, but I would disagree with the author's POV that the cannibalism conspiracy in Soylent Green make it "less intellectual" than the book. I'm not sure what "less intellectual" means when comparing a film and a book, and furthermore the charge that overpopulation is merely a backdrop in the movie seems strange since the cannibalism conspiracy in Soylent Green requires food shortages and overpopulation as a precursor.

Infobox
I added an Infobox, hope I did that right. Also just want to mention that the copy of this book currently in my possession was a later (1973) reprint, basically shilling for Soylent Green, and it doesn't have that sweet, sweet cover art. The pagecount is based on this copy, if anyone has the first edition pagecount handy it'd probably be better to use that one. Antepenultimate 04:54, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Speaking of the sweet cover art, is the frontmost figure lifted from H.R. Giger's "Birth Machine"? - 124.168.42.52 (talk) 16:43, 4 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Improbable. In 1967 when the book was published Aldridge was an established graphic artist, and it's very much in his style. According to the timeline downloadable from H. R. Giger's site, the "Birth Machine" was made in the same year: it's not clear if it was exhibited before the book was published, and this appears to have been at an early stage in Giger's rise to fame. Most likely great minds thinking alike. . . dave souza, talk 18:45, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Too much detail
I updated the plot description of the book but fear I may have overdone it. Everything is correct but I'm not sure what level of detail is expected/desired. Checking other book entries seems to show a wide range of levels of detail. So from one of you pedians, how much is too much? Ozlucien 10:26, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Population counts
Is it worth mentioning the actual 2000 World and U.S. population figures in comparison with the novel's projections? The novel states a world population of 7 billion and a U.S. population of 344 million, compared to the real figures of just under 6 billion and 281 million, respectively. (In contrast, the movie depicts the population of New York City in 2022 to be 40 million.) — Loadmaster (talk) 16:01, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Why not? Netrat (talk) 12:34, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Why not?  Besides, the US population is 314 million and growing.  Will reach the Novel's numbers very soon. 99.6.4.126 (talk) 10:23, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Based on short story
The article currently says "Originally expanded by Harry Harrison from his own short story 'Roommates,'". This is incorrect. In the introduction to to "Roommates" in The Best of Harry Harrison, Harrison states that he was asked for an excerpt from ''Make Room! Make Room! for the collection The Ruins of Earth'', but no simple extract would, he felt, work well, so he extracted several scenes, and wrote connecting passages to create "Roommates". The ISFDB supports this, showing that "Roommates" was first published in 1971 in The Ruins of Earth, while MRMR dates from 1966. This should be corrected in the article. 129.42.208.186 (talk) 22:31, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Hotel Astor, Times Square
Final pages of the book; Andy catches sight of Shirley one final time, after supervising the millenium celebrations in Times Square. She is with a party crowd outside the exclusive Astor hotel. The hotel was still in operation in 1966, when the novel was published. It had been a fixture of NYC social life since it was built in 1903. The building was demolished in 1968. 165.120.235.87 (talk) 17:29, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Major themes
This section had big problems, one being that it was confused as to what a "theme" is; social commentary is something the author is certainly making/doing, but it's not a theme. In any case, you don't establish that themes are present in the novel because other people were talking about those topics at the same time as Harrisson--that's irrelevant, and as it was the only citation in the entire section, I've removed the section: it's OR. We don't write literary criticsm here: we report it. ZarhanFastfire (talk) 01:46, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

Removed from article
I just took this phrase out of the plot summary because it is completely incorrect: "[water ration] which will eventually be replaced with instant-death poison". There is no poison given out that kills people in the book. The ending ties up some loose ends but does not have a mass poisoning. I don't know what the person who added this phrase was referencing, but it isn't in the book. Cromwellt|talk|contribs 01:48, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Make Room! Make Room!


text:
User:LisaSwanson

Introductions
Hello, this is the page about me. I will finish it later. (by the way, I procrastinate).

I am 26/F, "datamonkey", college grad ( University of Northern Iowa )

job = Geographic Information Systems, database lackey

industry = Environmental Health in Iowa

About Me
LisaRae007.com

Interests
Ireland Antique soda bottles Geographic Information Systems Landscaping Junk Shopping Goldendoodle Ebay Maps Animal Crackers Cooking Scrubs Dilbert Vince Vaughn Photography Iowa Public Health home Oribt Gum Indie Rock Indie Folk Brit Pop

title: User:LisaSwanson


text:
Tocobaga

Tocobaga (occasionally Tocopaca) was the name of a chiefdom of Native Americans, its chief, and its principal town during the 16th century. The chiefdom was centered around the northern end of Old Tampa Bay, the arm of Tampa Bay that extends between the present-day city of Tampa and northern Pinellas County. The exact location of the principal town is believed to be the archeological Safety Harbor site. This is the namesake for the Safety Harbor culture, of which the Tocobaga are the most well-known group.

The name "Tocobaga" is often applied to all of the native peoples of the immediate Tampa Bay area during the first Spanish colonial period (1513–1763). While they were culturally very similar, most of the villages on the eastern and southern shores of Tampa Bay were likely affiliated with other chiefdoms, such as the Pohoy, Uzita, and Mocoso. Study of archaeological artifacts has provided insight into the everyday life of the Safety Harbor culture.

But, little is known about the political organization of the early peoples of the Tampa Bay area. The scant historical records come exclusively from the journals and other documents made by members of several Spanish expeditions that traversed the area in the 1500s.

The Tocobaga and their neighbors disappeared from the historical record by the early 1700s, as endemic diseases carried by European explorers decimated the local population. They had no medical acquired immunity to these new diseases. Survivors were displaced by the raids and incursions of other indigenous groups from the north. The Tampa Bay area was virtually uninhabited for over a century.

Encounters with Spanish explorers in the sixteenth century
The Tampa Bay area was visited by Spanish explorers during Florida's early Spanish period. In 1528, an expedition led by Pánfilo de Narváez landed near Tampa Bay and soon skirmished with the indigenous population, probably at the principal town of the Tocobaga at the Safety Harbor site.

Several years later, the Hernando de Soto Expedition likely landed on the southern shore of Tampa Bay in 1539, and passed through the eastern part of Safety Harbor territory after occupying the village of Uzita.

Garcilaso de la Vega (known as el Inca), in his history of de Soto's expedition, relates that Narváez had ordered that the nose of the chief of Uzita be cut off, indicating that the two explorers had passed through the same area. Another town near Uzita encountered by de Soto was Mocoso, but evidence suggests that, while Mocoso was in the Safety Harbor culture area together with Uzita and Tocobaga, the Mocoso people spoke a different language, possibly Timucua. Neither Narvaez nor de Soto remained in the area for long, as they each traveled north in search of gold after several violent encounters with the Tocobaga and their neighbors.

The missionary expedition of Father Luis de Cancer visited the Tampa Bay area in 1549 to attempt to peacefully convert the locals to Christianity. He intended to build a relationship between the Spanish and indigenous Floridians in the aftermath of earlier visits by aggressive conquistadors. Despite being cautioned to avoid the Gulf Coast, Father Cancer's expedition came ashore just south of the mouth of Bahia Espiritu Santo (Tampa Bay) in May 1549. There they encountered apparently peaceful and receptive Natives who told them of the many populous villages around Tampa Bay. Father Cancer decided to continue north to visit these towns and was met with violent resistance. Most members of the expedition were killed or captured, and Father Cancer was clubbed to death soon after reaching modern day Pinellas County.

Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a shipwreck survivor who lived with the Natives of southern Florida from 1549–1566 and was rescued from the Calusa by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, described Tocobaga, Abalachi (Apalachee) and Mogoso (Mocoço) as "separate kingdoms" from the Calusa. Ucita and Mocoço at the time of de Soto's visit were subject to a chief named Urriparacoxi or Paracoxi (also given as Urribarracuxi). De Soto marched to the town of Paracoxi, which appears to have been inland from Tampa Bay, where he found maize being cultivated. (By contrast, the Safety Harbor people made little or no use of maize, and instead gathered most of their food and resources from the bountiful coastal waters.)

The name "Tocobaga" first appears in Spanish documents in 1567, when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés visited what was almost certainly the Safety Harbor site. Menéndez had contacted the Calusa and reached an accommodation with Carlos, the Calusa king. Menéndez married Carlos's sister.

As Carlos was anxious to gain an advantage over his enemy Tocobaga, Menéndez took Carlos and 20 of his warriors to Tocobaga by ship. Menéndez persuaded Tocobaga and Carlos to make peace. He recovered several Europeans and a dozen Calusa being held as slaves by Tocobaga. Leaving a garrison of 30 men at Tocobaga ( to encourage the people of the town to convert to Christianity), he returned Carlos and the other Calusa to their town. In January 1568, Spanish boats taking supplies to the garrison at Tocobaga found the town deserted, and all the Spanish soldiers dead.

Later history
In 1608 an alliance of Pohoy and Tocobaga may have threatened Potano people who had converted to Christianity. In 1611 a raiding party from the two chiefdoms killed several Christianized Natives carrying supplies to the Spanish mission (Cofa) at the mouth of the Suwannee River. In 1612, the Spanish launched a punitive expedition down the Suwannee River and along the Gulf coast, attacking Tocobaga and Pohoy, and killing many of their people, including both chiefs. The Tocobaga were weakened by the Spanish attack, and the Pohoy became the dominant power in Tampa Bay for a while.

In 1677 a Spanish official inspecting the missions in Apalachee Province visited a village of Tocobaga people living on the Wacissa River one league from the mission of San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. There is no record of when the Tocobaga settled on the Wacissa River, but they appear to have been there for a while. When the Spanish official criticized the Tocobaga for having lived in a Christian province "for many years" without having converted, they replied that no one had come to teach them about Christianity, but that some twenty of their people had converted on their death beds and been buried at the mission in Ivitachuco. The Tocobaga were engaged in transporting produce from Apalachee Province to St. Augustine, carrying it in canoes along the coast and up the Suwannee River and, probably, the Santa Fe River. Other people carried it overland the rest of the way to St. Augustine. The village was listed again in 1683, but it is not clear what happened when Apalachee Province was overrun by English Carolinian colonists and their Native allies in 1704. When the Spanish returned to San Marcos de Apalachee in 1718, they found a few Tocobaga living along the Wacissa River. The Spanish commander persuaded the Tocobaga to move to the mouth of the St. Marks River under the protection of a battery. In August that year 25 to 30 Pohoy attacked the Tocobaga settlement, killing eight and taking three away as captives. A small number of Tocobaga continued to live in the vicinity of San Marcos through the 1720s and 1730s.

The population of Tocobaga declined severely in the 17th century, due mostly to the spread of infectious diseases brought by the Europeans, to which the native people had little resistance, as they had no acquired immunity. In addition, all of the Florida tribes lost population due to the raids by the Creek and Yamasee around the end of the 17th century. Remnants of the Calusa, who lived to the south of the Tocobaga, were forced into extreme southern Florida. As Florida transitioned to British rule in 1763 following its defeat of France in the Seven Years' War, the Calusa emigrated with the evacuating Spanish, resettling with them in Cuba, possibly along with the remnants of the Tocobaga. In any case, the Tocobaga disappeared from historical records in the early 18th century.

title: Tocobaga


text:
Micronesian languages

The twenty Micronesian languages form a family of Oceanic languages. Micronesian languages are known for their lack of plain labial consonants; they have instead two series, palatalized and labio-velarized labials, similar to the related Loyalty Islands languages.

Languages
According to Jackson (1983, 1986) the languages group as follows:

 * Micronesian family
 * Nauruan
 * Nuclear Micronesian family
 * Kosraean
 * Central Micronesian family
 * Gilbertese
 * Western Micronesian family
 * Marshallese
 * Chuukic-Pohnpeic family
 * Chuukic (Chuukic)
 * Pohnpeic (Ponapeic)

The family appears to have originated in the east, likely on Kosrae, and spread westwards. Kosrae appears to have been settled from the south, in the region of Malaita (Solomon Islands) or in northern Vanuatu.

Kevin Hughes (2020) revises Jackson's classification, especially with regards to the position of Nauruan, who states that there is no compelling argument from classifying Nauruan apart from other Micronesian languages. He proposes three hypotheses: (1) Nauruan is a primary branch alongside Kosraean, (2) Kosraean and Nauruan form a subgroup, and (3) Nauruan is a primary branch of the Central Micronesian family.

External classification
John Lynch (2003) tentatively proposes that the Micronesian languages may form a subclade within the Southern Oceanic languages, and specifically a sister clade to the Loyalty Islands languages within the latter family. He notes the following features that the Micronesian and Loyalties languages share in common, among other features: However, he does not state that this relationship is certain or even likely. He merely states "that this is something that could well be further investigated, even if only to confirm that Micronesian languages did not originate in the Loyalties."
 * Palatalized reflexes of the Proto-Oceanic bilabial series
 * Loss of Proto-Oceanic *p before round vowels
 * Unconditioned loss of Proto-Oceanic *y and (ungeminated) *q

title: Micronesian languages