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Manuela Sáenz

Manuela Sáenz de Vergara y Aizpuru (Quito, Viceroyalty of New Granada, 27 December 1797 – Peru, 23 November 1856) was an Ecuadorian revolutionary heroine of South America who supported the revolutionary cause by gathering information, distributing leaflets and protesting for women's rights. Manuela received the Order of the Sun ("Caballeresa del Sol" or 'Dame of the Sun'), honoring her services in the revolution.

Sáenz married a wealthy English doctor in 1817 and became a socialite in Lima, Peru. This provided the setting for involvement in political and military affairs, and she became active in support of revolutionary efforts. Leaving her husband in 1822, she soon began an eight-year collaboration and intimate relationship with Simón Bolívar that lasted until his death in 1830. After she prevented an 1828 assassination attempt against him and facilitated his escape, Bolívar began to call her "Libertadora del libertador" ("liberator of the liberator"). In an unknown letter she wrote, she claimed that "the Liberator is immortal," despite the fact that she was responsible for his survival. Manuela's role in the revolution after her death was generally overlooked until the late twentieth century, but now she is recognized as a feminist symbol of the 19th century wars of independence.

Early life
Manuela was born in Quito, Viceroyalty of New Granada, the illegitimate child of Maria Joaquina Aizpuru from Ecuador and the married Spanish nobleman Simón Sáenz de Vergara y Yedra (or Sáenz y Verega). Her mother was abandoned by her modest family as a result of the pregnancy and her father paid for young "Manuelita" to go to school at the Convent of Santa Catalina where she learned to read and write. While there, she encountered a microcosm of the Spanish colonial caste system, with white nuns ruling over a large group of mestiza and native servants and maids. She kept in contact with the upper class nuns of Santa Catalina for much of the rest of her life, and they provided counsel to her. She was forced to leave the convent at the age of seventeen, allegedly because she was discovered to have been seduced by army officer Fausto D'Elhuyar, the son of Fausto Elhuyar and nephew of Juan José Elhuyar, who were the co-discoverers of tungsten.

Early participation within the revolution
For several years, Manuela lived with her father, who in 1817 arranged for her marriage to a wealthy English doctor, James Thorne, who was twice her age. She married Dr. Thorne out of obedience, not out of love. The couple moved to Lima, Peru, in 1819 where she lived as an aristocrat and held social gatherings in her home where guests included political leaders and military officers. These guests shared military secrets about the ongoing revolution with her, and, in 1819, when Simón Bolívar took part in the successful liberation of New Granada, Manuela Sáenz was radicalized and an active member in the conspiracy against the viceroy of Perú, José de la Serna e Hinojosa during 1820.

As part of this conspiracy, Manuela, her friend Rosa Campuzano, and other women who were pro-Independence attempted to recruit colonial troops from the royalist defense arsenal in Lima, guarded by the vital Numancia regiment. The conspiracy was a success, with much of the regiment, including Manuela's half brother, defecting to the anti-Spanish army of José de San Martín.

Saenz was described as a heroine and known for her patriotism. This patriotism was noticed in her sympathies for the creole uprising against the Spanish control in South America.

Jose De San Martin after proclaiming Peru’s independence in 1821 awarded Manuela Saenz with the highest distinction in Peru, which was the title of signet ring of the Order of the Sun of Peru. In her early periods she would hold secret gatherings, where she would pass information as a spy. Manuela Saenz participated in the negotiations with the Numancia battalion.

Relationship with Simón Bolívar (1822–1830)
In 1822, Sáenz left her husband and traveled to Quito, where at a ball she met Simón Bolívar, eventually becoming romantically involved. Bolívar's life was much more exciting and dangerous than Dr. Thorne's, and thus Sáenz was drawn to him. Their shared vision of freedom for Spanish colonies was the driving force that kept their relationship adventurous. However, her husband missed her and begged to return to him, with the promise that he would forgive her for leaving him. She wrote to him and explained that she was not interested in restoring their marriage. She thought that he was far too serious, and that their relationship lacked passion. The qualities that she loathed in her husband were evident in Bolívar. Therefore, even through Bolívar's absence, she remained in constant contact with him. She exchanged love letters with him and visited him while he moved from one country to another. Bolívar referred to her as la amable loca, the dear madwoman. Manuela supported the revolutionary cause by gathering information, distributing leaflets, and protesting for women's rights. As one of the most prominent female figures of the wars for independence, Manuela received the Order of the Sun ("Caballeresa del Sol" or 'Dame of the Sun'), honoring her services in the revolution. In public she often wore a colonel's uniform, accompanied by her two black servants Jonatás and Nathán, also attired in soldier uniforms. During the first months of 1825 and from February to September 1826, she lived with Bolívar near Lima, but as the war continued, Bolívar was forced to leave.

During the anti-Bolivarian conspiracy led by Colombian Colonel José Bustamente, Manuela was a key member of the Pro-Bolivarian forces. On January 25, 1827, significant portions of the Colombian Army's Third Division mutinied in Lima, arresting senior officers and seizing key locations in the city, demanding better food and pay as General Santa Cruz and the conspirators suspended the Bolivarian Constitution. Manuela had remained behind in Lima, trusted by Bolívar to look after his affairs, and moved to stop the mutiny. Presenting in full uniform, she addressed troops of the Third Division and begged them to remain loyal to Bolívar. Afterwards, she began bribing sergeants and corporals in the hopes of outbidding the conspirators, to some success. This continued until she was captured by the new Peruvian government on February 7, and imprisoned in a convent. She protested her treatment under both Bolivarian laws and new Peruvian laws, and this agitation would eventually see her released from prison in March, and forced into exile in April. As a result of this agitation, she was now beginning to be known as the Libertadora, a public legend to match Bolívar in the minds of some. Manuela now followed Bolívar to Bogotá.

On 25 September 1828, mutinous officers attempted to assassinate Bolívar. Woken by the sound of fighting, Bolívar intended to investigate, but Sáenz, who was sharing his bed, persuaded him to leave by a window while she confronted the intruders. She then convinced them that Bolívar was somewhere in the building and proceeded to lead them to various rooms, affecting to lose her way and even stopping to attend one of the wounded. Eventually the would-be assassins lost patience and beat her before departing. Her actions led Bolívar later to call her "Libertadora del Libertador".

After the assassination attempt, Manuela proved to be a key part of identifying the loyalties and reliabilities of army officers, attempting to help Bolívar maintain control of the disintegrating Gran Colombia.

Bolívar left Bogotá in 1830 and died in Santa Marta from tuberculosis while he was in transit, leaving the country to exile. His death left her without fortunes, and as the political target for the national government. Historians often link the last few years of Bolívar's decline to Manuel's reputation. On his deathbed, Bolívar had asked his aide-de-camp, General Daniel F. O'Leary to burn the remaining, extensive archive of his writings, letters, and speeches. O'Leary disobeyed the order and his writings survived, providing historians with a vast wealth of information about Bolívar's liberal philosophy and thought, as well as details of his personal life, such as his longstanding love affair with Manuela Sáenz. These letter's in part cleared her reputation by disproving the stereotypes used to exaggerate the importance of Bolívar. Shortly before her death in 1856, Sáenz augmented this collection by giving O'Leary her own letters from Bolívar. Francisco de Paula Santander, who returned to power after Bolívar's death then exiled Manuela. She went to Jamaica for the early years of her exile. She remained politically active until the mid-1840s before becoming disillusioned.

Years in exile and death (1835–1856)
When she attempted to return to Ecuador in 1835, the Ecuadorian president, Vicente Rocafuerte, revoked her passport. She was charged with conspiracy against the Spanish crown, and was thus exiled, despite the fact that she did not get a trial. Rocafuerte justified his order to exile Sáenz by stating “It is the women who most promote the spirit of anarchy in these countries". She then took refuge in northern Peru, living in the small coastal town of Paita. She remained politically active and frequently wrote letters to other revolutionaries. She descended into poverty and for the next twenty-five years, a destitute outcast, Manuela sold tobacco and translated letters for North American whale hunters who wrote to their lovers in Latin America. While there, she met the American author Herman Melville, and the revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Saenz would establish The Society of Patriotic Ladies and decorating the members with the slogan “To the patriotism of the most sensitive" Manuela Sáenz and other women partook in conspiracies against Spanish rule in her years of exile.

In 1847, her husband was murdered in Pativilca and she was denied her 8,000 pesos inheritance. Disabled after the stairs in her home collapsed, Manuela died in Paita, on 23 November 1856, during a diphtheria epidemic. Her body was buried in a communal, mass grave and her belongings were burned. The items that did survive, personal letters and artifacts, contributed later to the legacy of both her and Simon Bolívar.

Feminist contribution
During Saenz's time, women's realm consisted of private and domestic spaces while politics and warfare spaces were for men. She found various ways physically and symbolically to take part in masculine spheres of activity yet also take part in the feminine arenas of her period. She used feminine behaviours to have some influence in these masculine spaces, usually using her intimate relationships as tools.

She did not feel constrained by gendered conventions of what was considered proper feminine behaviour. She smoked, she dressed up in masculine clothes, was trained for military action. Saenz was an erotic symbol with her passion for Bolivar.

Saenz was often described as an eccentric woman, a lesbian, who "would dress up during the day as an official and during the night she went through a metamorphosis with the help of some wine."

Saenz is usually identified as an emancipated woman with a conviction for liberty and independence as well as a woman who breaks the status quo.

She developed a discourse of friendship while in exile to give women some empowerment. This discourse of friendship was used to justify the influence of women in politics. Her work opposed the exclusion of women from politics by connecting friendship with female companionship. Seeing elite women as friends, instead of wives and mothers, goes against the issues surrounding the notion of “republican motherhood” which Saenz was familiar with at her time. This notion of motherhood focused on the idea that women were better as wives and mothers than as companions and collaborators. The praise of republican motherhood showed that there was fear and distress with the idea that women could influence and undermine the state if they are left on their own. Through the friendship discourse women would be seen as friends and peers to men, as companions and collaborators.

Manuela Sáenz did not protest women’s exclusion from politics, but used that exclusion as a reasoning and personal interest into an affirmation of reliability and trustworthiness of women.

Friendship, therefore, became a tool for independent women, which gave them a degree of influence greater than they were previously seen before this friendship discourse. Saenz believed that friendship would create stability and consistency. Sáenz switched the gendered icons within ideology at the time by encouraging friendship and the association of it with women.

Lastly, by putting aside the view of motherhood or “woman problem,” Saenz work and image encouraged women to demand respect from politicians and intellectuals as individuals and not just as icons of their sex.

Sexual orientation and LGBT rights activism
Manuela Sáenz was a bisexual woman. J. B. Boussingault wrote in his memoirs about her "inexplicably close relationships" with her friends Polycarpa and Baltasara. After her death, Sáenz became a symbol not only of feminism, but also of the struggle of sexual minorities (including homosexual and transgender people) for their rights. Her name appealed to many, offering to control the example of the Netherlands and legalize same-sex marriage in Ecuador. Robert T. Conn, however, wrote that there is no clear evidence that Manuela entered into same-sex relationships, but he noted that she had 'behavioral bisexuality'.

Recognition and 2010 reburial
On 5 July 2010, Manuela Sáenz was given a full state burial in Venezuela. Because she had been buried in a mass grave, no official remains of her existed for the state burial; instead, "symbolic remains", composed of some soil from the mass grave into which she was buried during the epidemic, were transported through Peru, Ecuador and Colombia to Venezuela. Those remains were laid in the National Pantheon of Venezuela where those of Bolívar are also memorialized.

Legacy
After the revolution, Manuela effectively faded from literature. Between 1860 and 1940 only three Ecuadorian writers wrote about her and her participation in the revolution, and these writings largely portrayed her as either exclusively the lover of Simón Bolívar or as incapable and wrongfully participating within the political sphere. These portrayals also assured her femininity as a mainstay of her characterization. However, the 1940s created a significant shift in how she was viewed and characterized. Literature like Papeles De Manuela Saenz, 1945, by Vicente Lecuna, which was a compilation of documents regarding the life of Bolívar, effectively disproved popular stereotypes about Manuela. Ideas about her being sexually deviant, hyper feminine and incapable were replaced by more favorable portrayals as the 20th century progressed. The later 20th century generated shifts in her portrayals that were consistent with ideological shifts within Latin America, like the increase of feminism of the 1980s and nationalism of the 1960s – 1970s. Portrayals within the fictional The General in His Labyrinth by Gabriel García Márquez and the nonfictional Alfonso Rumazo's Manuela Saenz La Libertadora del Libertador contributed to her effective humanization within popular culture and helped politicize her image. Alfonso Rumazo’s novel was especially poignant for its ideas of Pan-American Nationalism that were represented through Manuela's participation within the wars of independence. Manuela became increasingly popular with radical Latin American feminist groups subsequently, her image was commonly used as a rallying point for Indo-Latina causes of the 1980s. The popular image of Manuela riding horseback in men's clothing, popularized by her portrayal in The General in His Labyrinth, was re-enacted by female demonstrators in Ecuador in 1998.

There was a gathering of feminists in Paita on September 24, 1989, organized by Nella Martinez which encouraged the recognition of Manuela Saenz and paid homage to her. This was known as the "Primer Encuentro con la Historia: Manuela Saenz". All participants swore to follow her example by rallying against sexual, racial and class discrimination, and other injustices. They saw Saenz as a feminist heroine.

On 25 May 2007 the Ecuadorian government symbolically gave Saenz the rank of General.

Museo Manuela Sáenz
The Museo Manuela Sáenz is a museum in Old Town, Quito, that contains personal effects from both Sáenz and Bolívar to "[safeguard] the memories of Manuela Saenz, Quito's illustrious daughter". Located at Junin 709 y Montufar, Centro Histórico, Quito. Entrance to the museum is free with the purchase of one of the books about Manuela's life. Personal effects within the museum include letters, stamps, and paintings.

Biographical writings

 * "The Four Seasons of Manuela". Biography by Victor Wolfgang von Hagen (1974)
 * "Manuela". Novel by Gregory Kauffman (1999). ISBN 978-0-9704250-0-3
 * "Manuela Sáenz – La Libertadora del Libertador". Author: Alfonso Rumazo González (Quito 1984)
 * "En Defensa de Manuela Sáenz". Authors: Pablo Neruda, Ricardo Palma, Victor von Hagen, Vicente Lecuma, German Arciniegas, Alfonso Rumazo, Pedro Jorge Vera, Jorge Salvador Lara, Jorge Enrique Adoum, Mario Briceño Perozo, Mary Ferrero, Benjamín Carrión, Jorge Villalba S.J., Leonardo Altuve, Juan Liscano (Quito)
 * "Manuela Sáenz – presencia y polémica en la historia". Authors: María Mogollón and Ximena Narváez (Quito 1997)
 * "la Vida Ardiente De Manuelita Sáenz". Author: Alberto Miramón (Bogota 1946)
 * For Glory and Bolívar: The Remarkable Life of Manuela Sáenz. Biography by Pamela S. Murray. (Austin, TX 2008). ISBN 978-0-292-71829-6
 * Our Lives Are the Rivers: A Novel. Author: Jaime Manrique.

Biographical movies and opera

 * Manuela Sáenz, directed by Diego Rísquez (2000) 97 minutes.
 * Manuela y Bolívar, opera in two acts by composer/librettist Diego Luzuriaga (2006) 2-1/2 hours.
 * Bolívar, Netflix Original Series (2019) 63 episodes.

title: Manuela Sáenz


text: Talk:The History of Middle-earth

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The History of Middle-earth


text:
Meru National Park

Meru National Park is a Kenyan national park located east of Meru, 350 km from Nairobi. Covering an area of 870 km2, it is one best known national parks in Kenya. Rainfall in this area is abundant with 635 - 762 mm in the west of the park and 305 - 356 mm in the east. The rainfall results in tall grass and lush swamps.

The park has a wide range of wild animals including the African bush elephant, lion, African leopard, cheetah, eastern black rhinoceros, southern white rhinoceros, Grévy's zebra, hippopotamus.

Meru was one of the two areas in which conservationists George Adamson and Joy Adamson raised Elsa the Lioness made famous in the best selling book and award-winning movie Born Free. Elsa the Lioness is buried in this park and part of Joy's ashes were scattered on her gravesite.

History
Between the years 2000 and 2005, the Kenya Wildlife Service, helped by the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), restored Meru National Park from near ruin to one of the most promising tourist destinations in Eastern Africa, solving the parks poaching problem. IFAW donated $1.25 million to this major restoration project, and with this money aided in improving the basic infrastructure and provided essential equipment and vehicles for law enforcement activities.

Since 2005, the protected area is considered part of a Lion Conservation Unit.

Attractions
Aside from the scenery and wildlife, tourist attractions include the once home of George and Joy Adamson, Adamson's Falls, the burial sites of Joy Adamson and Elsa the Lioness, views of Mount Kenya, and the Tana River.

title: Meru National Park


text:
James Benning (cricketer)

James Benning (born 4 May 1983 in Mill Hill, London) is an English cricketer who played for Leicestershire County Cricket Club and Surrey. He is a right-hand bat and right-arm medium pace bowler. Benning played for the minor county team, Buckinghamshire, in 2001, in one Under-19 "Test" for England in 2002 and joined Surrey in 2003.

Benning won the NBC Denis Compton Award for young players in 2003.

James, who used to attend Caterham School, shared in a one-day world record 496-4 (with Surrey) in 2007. He and Ali Brown, also a former Caterham School pupil, put on 296 opening for Surrey, with Benning going on to make 152.

He finished the 2005/06 domestic one day campaign with the highest average of any county player. After leaving Surrey he joined Leicestershire, but was released after the 2010 season.

title: James Benning (cricketer)


text:
User talk:MacGyverMagic/Archive 5

Can you give me a hand with...
Hi, Mgm! I'd like to create a new Talk:Armenian_Genocide page, as the existing one has gotten too long. I went to the Help section, but I was perplexed and somewhat intimidated... I'm afraid of doing something wrong, as the first page needs to still be there and be linked to. Would I be a real bum if I asked you to take care of this for me? If you feel like I'd be taking advantage of your well demonstrated amazing kindness, perhaps you can give me the detailed procedure, so even a Wiki-nitwit as I can follow and not foul up. In appreciation, Torque 02:36, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You really came through. I sincerely appreciate it. What a gentleman you are... Torque

lost edits
as far as we're aware, no more than 3 minutes of edits before the moment of the power failure should be lost, and i suspect it's less than that. as the site was read-only while the last few hours of edits were being replayed afterwards, some pages may show old cached versions even though there's new a newer version in the database; purging these pages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_page?action=purge) should fix that. kate.

Pre 17th Century in sports
The edit added to start the article was both in the wrong place (1602 being 17th century, not pre 17th) and also false. Football in England was recorded as far back as the 12th century. I'd suggest the cleanup-verify tag for similar one line claims that you don't have time to check up on yourself. Average Earthman 11:43, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

boxcar (band) != boxcar
regarding the "problem suggestion", i think you must be confusing it with boxcar, the article i am referring to is boxcar (band) which i just created. did you follow the link itself, you'll see the history shows it was just created. boxcar is a kind of train car, boxcar (band) is an electronic band, very different. clarkk 08:47, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * thanks, no problem, an easy mistake to make. could you include this in the next update? otherwise it will start to get too old (give the server crash, i think this should be grandfathered in...) ;-) clarkk 23:26, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

VFD template
I didn't see any reason to discuss such a minor change as background color. (The remainder of the changes were minor as well; the only text I removed was redundant, self-evident, or otherwise unnecessary.) However, I did browse around to see if there was any reason in particular that the previous background color was desirable, and not finding any, I replaced it with the generic "toccolours", which I think is far more attractive. Feel free to change it back, of course. — Dan | Talk 13:08, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Deleting categories
Thank you for your quick response. I would like to have deleted the category "Candombe". I guess it was actually Tuf-Kat that created it, but he did so when the article candombe was less than a dozen words long. I basically wrote the article and strongly feel it shouldn't be a category as well. Can't imagine what other article would fit into it.

Also, could you tell me how I can use the search box to see if a category exists which contains a certain word? Thanks again! Mona-Lynn 12:26, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Incorrect information regarding Bay to Breakers
(Copied from Template_talk:Did_you_know.) How can this footrace be the longest in the world if it's shorter than a marathon? This looks like incorrect information to me. Gerritholl 10:34, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed the info, until I can determine the exact definition of the word footrace. Mgm|(talk) 09:17, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * It looked as if the talk page was protected on Template Talk:Did you know, but I wanted to point out that the claim of being "the longest consecutively run footrace in the world" is made directly on the Bay to Breakers website. In fact, it is the opening sentence on their History page at www.baytobreakers.com/history/.  If this is an invalid claim I would like to see their staff retract this statement and see this matter resolved.  —RaD Man (talk) 21:11, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

DYK talk
That's because I informed them. I did note that in the summary when I moved them into the archive section. Warofdreams 14:08, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sandbox/cleanup
Hi, I happened to notice that you manually cleaned the sandbox. According to Cleaning department, it gets automagically cleaned every couple of hours by a 'bot. However, if you're into cleaning, there are tons of other things listed in Cleaning department that need someone to sign up for them! Noel (talk) 15:22, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

PS: Hey, you like seriously need to do some archiving on your Talk: page... :-) Noel (talk) 15:26, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Calcutta -> Kolkata name change
Hi there. I noticed you voted in the Naming policy poll to keep the Wikipedia policy of naming an article with the most familiar English name. You may not be aware that another attempt has begun to rename the Calcutta article to Kolkata, which is blatantly not the most common name of the city, whether it's official or not. If you want to vote on the issue you can do so at Talk:Calcutta. Cheers. -- Necrothesp 13:36, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Vandals
I too have been gone much of the day, but whatever vandals were harrassing you seem to have quit for the time being. As for temporary protection, I don't like to protect any talk page except in extreme cases (I believe the protection policy says something to that effect as well), in case someone wants to leave you a legitimate message. Cheers — Dan | Talk 02:02, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

User:Purple Punkin
Actually, I tried to make it indefinite, but it didn't seem to work; regular admins may not have that ability any more. Anyway, I made it for 3 years instead, which should have the same effect. Jayjg (talk) 14:36, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I was the first that got to him this time; I checked for that. Maybe I was just typing something incorrectly; in any event, 3 years should have the same net effect. Jayjg (talk)  02:47, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

User:Vaoverland - administrator
Thank you for supporting my appointment as an administrator. I appreciate the pat on the back this represents. It felt nice to read the comments during the voting. Please let me know if you see something I should be doing as admin, as I intend to be fairly passive unless it is clear I should do otherwise. Thanks. Mark in Richmond. Vaoverland 20:06, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Caltox and Vandenbr

 * You have already seen this first part.

I fear that slapping a }}wikify{{ tag on Cell handover process is not going to have much effect. Stronger action is needed.

Vandenbr and Caltox have handwriting so similar that they must be the same person.

Vandenbr made an inauspicious start on Feb 18 when he simply replaced Quality of service and Grade of service with articles of his own. In attempting to make an edit to Trunking, he managed to wipe out all the wikilinks.

Since then he has been developing his own orphan island of wikilink-free articles indexed by Teletraffic Engineering. To be honest, although I know a bit about telecomms, I have not bothered to read them closely - I was more concerned about the prima donna-ish way that he seems to be proceding.

The articles under Teletraffic Engineering (these are by Vandenbr) seem rather turgid but may contain stuff not found elsewhere on Wiki. Full Availability, Limited Availability and Gradings looks horribly out of date - relating to electromechanical exchanges rather than digital.

Teletraffic Engineering are by Caltox. These definitely duplicate stuff covered elsewhere on Wiki.

I have asked him some questions at User talk:Caltox. If he does not come up with some meaningful answers, I think I shall put the whole lot up in Deletion policy to see what the telecomms experts think.

-- RHaworth 13:35, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)

Vandenbr has now learned how to create piped links but is otherwise sailing his own independant way. I have created Deletion policy/Teletraffic Engineering to see what people think. -- RHaworth 03:49, 2005 Mar 7 (UTC)

Moon illusion
Deleted setion said nothing of current status as an "explaination". It was just decptive.

Kurdistan Workers Party
The article currently is propoganda, I honestly (for this case). The article is not one sided, its factual, if the other party dont like what they have done they can whine on their own historic facts cannot be changed. Turkey never occupied Kurdistan, the nation didnt quite exist either. It existed in the Treaty of Serves which was revoked, which led to the Turkish Independece war and with the Laussane (not sure of spelling) the article ceased to exist. Turkey never signed the serves hence it was not an accepted treaty hence anything declared on the article of serves is officialy nothing more than fiction. I was staying neutral, the PKK is recognised as a terrorist organisation by all world powers that have actual power. Even the most insignificant country had not ever recognised Kurdistan as a country, so he occupation is definately a valid statement. I have 0 tollerance for the propoganda of this organisation. I am not demonising the group, I am merely spitting out what they had done. The information I provided (and the table) should be reverted. I was translating the table but it is an overwheling task for me, esspecialy the formatting (I may need help for that). Also do you know the symbol I can use that is basicaly a filled o? I need that for the starfleet ranks article and how to draw a box around text? --Cool Cat My Talk|undefined 03:10, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * How does the article look now? --Cool Cat [[Image:Original Barnstar.png|15px]] My Talk 20:26, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

IPs
Moved down: Thanks for your comments. Following the deletion of the target article, IP addresses on the page are no longer appropriate. (by User:Jsecure)

IPs
Please either delete the votes for delete page containing IPs used by myself, or remove them from the page. The article they reference is now deleted, and so the page serves little purpose. It is idle to keep the useless page in storage for years to come, may as well delete it.

IPs
And in twenty five years when nobody remembers the article? Will the notes be kept then? Along with 1,000,000 terabytes of similar notes on similar articles?

DYK
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Fred Kaps, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

timeline
I dont quite know how to wrk with the timetable. can you assist? I coppied it from tr.wiki. text should be on bar not semi-above it. --Cool Cat My Talk|undefined 03:30, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

User:Jsecure
I saw this user has been harassing you about that vfd page (a few comments above), so I thought you might be the right person to ask this. He's been harrassing me as well, demanding I remove his IPs. Now, he's found my external blog, and is threating legal action for 'invasion of privacy'. Wikipedia's got my back on this, right? --InShaneee 17:00, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Radio programs guy
That IP is an unregistered bot. See User:B-Movie Bandit for background. It'll at least explain the lack of comment. :) Mike H 22:59, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

Dankie
Thanks for reverting edits by 67.84.158.126 on my user page--Jcw69 16:44, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Early VfD closure
Many thanks! I'll be more careful in future. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:45, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

DYK 14/03/05
Regarding the four new DYK articles; the picture of a Trident missile is not referred to at all in the Thiokol description. Perhaps you should replace it with a picture of the Space Shuttle, Mars Pathfinder or Mazda Miata (all listed). Another option would be to include the fact that they produce the solid-rocket first stage for Trident missiles in the description. Mark 11:18, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * That was quick! Thank you. Mark 11:30, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

speedy deletion of Image:Liberty-delacroix.jpg
It looks like someone already took care of it, but this image was an orphaned, small-file size version of the painting. I uploaded a larger image, making this one redundant. --jacobolus (t) 15:31, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Babes in the Wood VFD
Greetings. I'm wondering if you'd take a quick look at the rewrite I've done on Babes_in_the_Wood and see if you'd be willing to reconsider your vote for deletion. Best, --Jacobw 16:37, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

DYK 16/03/05
Yeah, I know, I'm becoming a massive pain in your ****. I just wanted to suggest an image to go with the BBC coat of arms article in DYK: Image:BBC Virtual Crest.JPG. Only suggest it in the case you wanted to replace the older picture at present. Mark 13:22, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

MGM...
I didn't know you were from the Netherlands; I have a Dutch girlfriend!

Looking at your talk page, I'm stunned as to how you can keep up with all of these requests. I see how you've touched many of the ones who have asked you for help.

At any rate, MGM, thank you for your great archiving at the Armenian Genocide talk page, and for being such a gentleman. I've been away for a while, and took a look today. The madman who has infiltrated the page has completely overpowered everyone with his big mouth and his unending drivel. He has transformed the article page with his horrible propaganda; he says he has countered all of the very valid history that was already part of the page, but all he has offered is a lot of blah-blah; he will say anything to fudge the truth. Now I can go back and change things, but he is totally obsessed, and it's hard to find the energy to keep up with this "weasel beast." Coolcat has been trying to match wits with him, but give Fadix a sentence and he will he will smother you to death with a his relentless propaganda. It's useless to argue with this character who is simply beyond reason.

What can be done? The point is he has compromised Wikipedia's integrity with his infusion of propaganda, and that should not be allowed. I guess I can engage him in an edit war, but I've already devoted too much of my life to this, and he will win... he's like a wolf, just waiting to pounce. This is the shortcoming of a platform like Wikipedia; even if the record seems to have been set straight in the article, this kind of unscrupulous person will come in and change everything to suit his agenda. Moreover, I see two new pages of propaganda have been created. I'll attempt to get BM's opinion, too. Thanks. --Torque March 17, 2005

 * Thanks, MGM. I appreciated your speedy and courteous reply. Where can I find out more about RFC or RFAr? These are unfamiliar terms for me. The two pages in question are Adana holocaust and Hamidian massacres. The former page's title, about a rebellion, has nothing to do with a "holocaust," but we're dealing with an egotistical fanatic who is solely interested in pushing his agenda. And you may have placed too much faith in Coolcat, as much as I appreciate his efforts. While he had it "up to here" and wrote it was time to study for his calculus exam, Fadix drowned him out in his filibustering style. His strategy is to overwhelm his opponents into submission, with the sheer numbers of his nonsensical words. I request you pay a visit to BM's talk page, where I provided more insight into this problem. Perhaps the both of you fine administrators can find an interim solution, since currently, "Fanatix" has "won," and his propaganda represents Wikipedia. Thanks. --Torque

Deleting images
Hello mgm. On IFD on the March 10 unverified orphans, you stated "I see at least one image on this list of which the uploader was not informed. Please inform the user, before putting images up for deletion. They may be perfectly legal." Of course I don't know which image you were referring to, but I'm very careful to contact the uploader. The only exceptions are (a) when the user has been absent for an extended length of time, or (b) where the user has already indicated that it's okay to delete the images. Best regards, – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 00:51, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)

500K
In case you haven't seen elsewhere by now, it looks like the 500,000th article was Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union. --Michael Snow 16:49, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Armenian Genocide
Fadix is constantly accusing me of things. I do not want you to do anything right now but just tell me am I over reacting? He is oposing 50-50 representation of claims and counter-claims. He has a 0 tolerace to any oposing idea policy we were only able to change a few words. --Cool Cat My Talk 20:21, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Of what I am accusing you, feel free to point that out. Your biases has now been witnessed by another member. I am following Wikipedia rules. You delete the entry regarding "most scholars" etc. If you present this as it is 50-50 supported in the intellectual community, it is POV. You can not suggest that Western scholars are devided regarding this topic, when there is a ratio of hundreds, perhaps thousands to one. But this is of what you are after. Wikipedia specificaly say that neutrality is not about presenting two theses as equaly valid, if you suggest that, it is a suggestion and it is POV. Read that section, I have read it. Besides, there are many issues that are not covered by the other sides, which means there is no counter sides. Example, the special organization, the other side answer to that is complete silence, according to you I should delete that entry just because there is no counter answer.

 * You can not present equaly 50-50, when it is not defended 50-50, Wikipedia has a note about that, in which it says that as much space should be left as the proportion defended... those are not my words. If the informations lead the reader to conclude there is a genocide, this is not my fault. If the fact that most Western academics believe it was a genocide suggest there was one is not my fault. If the fact that some Turkish academics ignoring their governments threats recognize it and that if a reader read that info and become convinced... it is not my fault. If the fact that the Armenian cases is the second most studied genocide bring people to believe it was a gemocide, it is not my fault. Wikipedia is about presenting different versions, and not deleting parts that could lead people to concluded it is equaly defended. What you suggest is like deleting facts about Earth spherical nature to present the Flat and spherical argument as 50-50. Give is a brake Coolcat, a member has witnessed your clear biases, and I assure you that it is a matter of time that others will conclude the same thing about you. Call that attacks I don't care, just the fact that you introduce your biases in everything that regard Turkey under the pretext of moderating is enough a strong evidences. Leave people that know about topics to discuss about them, if you ignore a topic don't delete informations because you want two positions to be equaly valid. This is not what Wikipedia is about.

 * Another note, I see that you have again started your compagn against me, why don't you get involved in the mediation process, it appears that you are boycotting it for a reason. Oh and, I hope people understand why I don't even start answering to Torque pathetic campagne to ruine my credibility, since when I have something to say about someone, I say it in his face so I can let him defend himself, just like I have invited Torque to participate in the mediation, in a forum where he compares Armenians to insects. I just hope he won't start spamming like he is known to do. Fadix 22:34, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Another point, my problem is not about changing few words, my problem is to use words that mislead and fool the reader. You can not do that, it is against Neutral point of view to suggest something that is not true. You want to change the "Most" with "some" as if this is defended equaly, if it is not defended equaly, this should be pointed out. Fadix 22:48, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I appreciated your reply as always, MGM; to keep you updated, I posted a new query at BM's talk page. Thanks. --Torque March 19, 2005

 * Wow! That Fadix sure ran off the mouth, as usual. I wish he would give everyone else a "brake," but he brakes for no one. Our fanatical friend has not yet revealed his mediator, MGM. I hope you're correct in the objectivity factor of the mediator, but knowing how slippery Fadix is, I can't be sure. Thanks. --Torque March 20, 2005

Human Chess
Thanks for the clean-up on aisle 4. 1st time posts are usually messy :-) -- A ghost 03/19/05

Survey
I need your view. Do you think User:Fadix's attitude be considered a personal attack? Please provide in my Talk page. --Cool Cat My Talk 20:08, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) You dont archive, do you? --Cool Cat My Talk 07:54, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

On almost every response he either callls me biased or that I have a hidden agenda, or that I know nothing regarding the matter so "I should go read a book", he has to realise completely, this is not a forum, I do not like to be acused of things. --Cool Cat My Talk 13:39, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Roberto D'Aubuisson
Now that User:Trey Stone has been blocked for 2 weeks Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents, and given that he was clearly one side of the edit wars and dispute going on around D'Aubuisson, would it be possible to remove the protection. I am not totally sure what the debate is about, but I want to do a complete rewrite anyway, using Spanish sources, and without any American POV's (cos i'm not American, and it did appear to be an argument between 2 American POV's of D'Aubuisson. I am working on  a lot of Central American politicians, and am hoping drastic measures (i.e. introducing a lot more content) can resolve the issue of itself. So it would be really great if you could unprotect this page; if not can you please let me know when you are going to do so. Best wishes, --SqueakBox 23:23, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

Fadix
"I will not stop “accusing” you to have a hidden agenda because I am not accusing, I am just pointing to the fact that you do have a hidden agenda, I do not need to accuse you, your editions clearly show it."

"You are not a moderator, a moderator can differentiate himself from his biases, you can't, I don't recognize your authority. Fadix 20:49, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC) "

"BWAHAHA!!! (sorry could not retain myself). So Sir is neutral :)"

They also suggest the article will be more one sided so that it is neutral, I refuse to believe there is a concensus accepting the genocide, the general tone of the article is propoganda. Any edit I make to the article will be immidiately reverted by Fadix.

Article goes like this: 1 Armenians in Anatolia 2 The Armenian Genocide 3 The Camps 4 The Special organization (Teshkilati Mahsusa) 5 Millitary trials, Istanbul, 1919 6 Recent History - Timeline 7 Official Recognition 8 Turkish intellectuals who support the theses of genocide 9 Armenian Genocide memorial 10 See also 11 Resources 12 External links 12.1 Websites supporting the genocide theses 12.2 Websites opposing the genocide theses

While no/limited mention of the oposition because all oposition is propoganda, thats fanatic.

"For instance, during the Military tribunal, testimonies in the effect that Dr. Saib and Nail, an Ittihadist deputy, were heading two school buildings used as child extermination camps. Both Saib and Nail were allegedly in charge of providing the list of children who were to be distributed among the Muslim populace; the rest of the children were to be sent to the mezzanine floor to be killed by a mass gassing installation. The Children were sent there under the pretext to take baths, but were poisoned instead.

While the total number of victims that perished in all camps is hard to establish, it is by some sources estimated that close to a million would be a reasonable figure. This figure excludes Armenians who died in other ways, but may include the Special organizations participation in the events; the majority of the excluded losses are recorded in Bitlis and Sivas"

General tone has comments. And that does not sound remotely Neutral.

The diplomacy phase is not in the article, Armenian revolt is not mentioned because it "never happened". Its the claim of one side. ASALA, a terrorist organisation responsible of the murder of diplomats in Europe and US to force a Genocide Acceptance, will not be mentioned in the article because "it did not happpen during the genocide and is not remotely relevant" while bush not using the word genocide is relevant. They are making their version of the story factuality and no mention of the opposition. If you read how complicated the scholar sentence is you will see what I mean. Ant material remotely poses that the genocide did not happen is ignored and declared propoganda while anything that supports it is declared "factual". --Cool Cat My Talk 14:00, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The above is not personal attacks. However what indeed is a personal attack is to suggest that Fadix should be on crack:

In my opinion Coolcat is a POV editor, that among other things claim that the Holocaust never happend: and suggest that something like this should be neutral:

Fadix on the other hand seems to be a reasonable guy, with a good understanding of Wikipedias NPOV policies. Stereotek 15:52, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Banning IPs
Plese don't ban IPs for 48 hours unless you are certain it is a static IP. Vandals can (on the most part) change their IP within a few minutes if they want, which means that any wikipedian unlucky enough to get that IP when they go online is effectively banned for 2 days. As far as I can tell, at least 3 of the 5 IPs you have banned for 48-72 hours are dynamic IPs. Trampled 13:43, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Well don't let me tell you how to do your job, you're the admin :) I guess it's a bit of sore point for me as I seem to land on a banned IP at least once a week :) I understand the problem, as IP bans are the only way to go if you want to stop a vandal. The best way that I can see is to check how often they vandalise, and to reverse DNS their IP. If the hostmask looks like it's part of an ISP subnet, then it probably means it's a dynamic IP. But if their history of vandalism is lengthy, then maybe a 48 hour is a good idea. Still, carry on the good work. People like you keep Wikipedia a great source of information :) Trampled 13:54, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Luckily no, I haven't. I just thought I'd mention the length of the bans, as I know how annoying they can be to innocent users :) Trampled 14:12, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Attacking people
I admit having attacked Torque, but I deny the charges that I have attacked Coolcat, I did accuse him of things, but did in accordance of the entry regarding badfaith, since his POV were obvious and my accusations were supported. I am honest here and nothing to hide and am ready to pay for my attacks directed against Torque, but I will reject the theses of attack against Coolcat, because I don't believe having attacked him. But if you read my exchanges with Torque, you will see that my attacks were moderate in their tones compared to what I was answering, while Torque was making "racist" comments and generalizations, I always containing myself at directly attacking him. As for the neutrality of the Armenian Genocide article, I am hardly working at neutralizing it as much as possible, and another member is doing a quite a good job if sometimes I may appear introducing POV. I did add the other point of view, in which I was going to add more, but Coolcat deleted it and now claim the article is one sided. I told him that the article is still on process of getting neutralized. What Coolcat is after, is to delete important informations to mislead the reader and let him believe that there are two equal different positions, but in the Neutrality entry of Wikipedia regarding what is Neutrality and what is not, it is clearly specified that neutrality is not about presenting two different positions as equally valid, but rather presenting the different views and presenting their strongest arguments and their critics. I have proposed this to CoolCat, and started in that direction, but he ignored preferring to merge it.

Coolcat as well want to delete "who says what" and this is against Neutrality, an article should not have as goal to mislead the reader, if it happens that one position has stronger arguments, it should be left as it, if the article lets most readers to believe one position against the other, it will be because of the arguments presented. It will be hijacking an article to delete the sources and who says what, and delete the strong arguments from one side as to have as a product a work which will appear as to propose two equal propositions, doing that is suggestion, suggestion is POV and is against neutrality. This is what Coolcat wants, and this is what I am opposing to. It will be fair for Coolcat to let people that know about the topic to discuss about, because since his ignorant about the topic, the only utility he could have had would have been in neutralizing it, there is already a neutral member neutralizing the article and he is doing a pretty good job unlike coolcat, and I agree that there is still things to be neutralized, but the article is still at an early stage and the quality compared to what it was before I came here is fold higher. --Fadix 22:05, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Request
Can you investigate, User talk:Stereotek, User:Fadix. I have reason to believe these people are too closely related. Their edis are disturbingly timestampted next to each other and users are either comunicating externally (which raises the question how mediative such a well selected person is regarding Armenian Genocide article. --Cool Cat My Talk 08:53, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That I, just like Fadix, empathize that Wikipedias NPOV policies should also apply to the Armenian Genocide article, doesn't make me Fadix's sock puppet. Your view, that the Armenian Genocide never happend, is clearly a minority point of view among scholars, and it should be presented as such. That is what Wikipedias NPOV policies demand. Don't waster my and other peoples time with you frivolous accusations. Stereotek 13:37, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Well I still think an investigation is necesary. You two seem to think alike :P. Its not plausable to talk in the name of entier scientific comunity.

Maybe it wasnt a personal attack but was VERY CLOSE to it, thats what my survey suggests. Discussing things with Fadix requres a dosage of pain relievers as he refuses to accept the opposing view and faisl to "agree to disagree". He called me biased when I suggested there is an oposing view, As far as I care the Armenian genocide never happen in my POV. I am not alone regarding this. They have created the aurora that Most scholars accept the genocide as a fact, this is baseless, and so on.

I do not like to be constantly be acused of bias when I present an opposing view or beeing accused of a hidden agenda. --Cool Cat My Talk 09:24, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC) Articles goal is not to mislead the reader to think Armenian Genocide happened either. The reader should absorb it as a dispute and that the facts are discrete as they are. Fadix cannot dicate the article alone. He cannot tell me what is neutral and what is factual. That would not be neutral. When I originaly suggetsed my cases he bombarded me with a mass of text. I think he has 4- 6 archives now, he is refraining from taht now I believe. Article requires proper mediation, fadix alone cannot choose a mediator. Thats not very acceptable. The Armenian and turkish version of the story conflicts hence the article should either present this conflict equaly or no sign of it at all, also the diplomatic sphere is not included. --Cool Cat My Talk 09:24, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

''I hope you don't mind me editing your user page, but you said Wikipedia is a dictionary, which obviously isn't true. It's an encyclopedia. Mgm|(talk) 09:03, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)''
 * Productive edits are more than welcome feel free to add items that will enhance it. --Cool Cat [[Image:Original Barnstar.png|15px]] My Talk 09:25, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

He never asked for my or anyones opinion. He was like, whatever i will seek mediation. I was actualy trying to reason with him. --Cool Cat My Talk 09:32, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

1) high on crack: means the user is dilusional, he was claiming he was neutral while clearly he wasnt, I was emphisisng. 2) Yes, I am not a cabbage, I have views of my own, I did not request every material I pasted to be a part of the article, I merely suggested that Fadix's version is not the only version. I repeated my self over 4 times as I was bombarded by text and my suggestions quickly got lost in mass amount of text by fadix. That caused significant stress, and a very severe back ache. 3) Right, but my discussion with him states otherwise, we dont normaly acuse other people with hiden agenda or bias. He declared me in Turkey while I was in the US, check my ip if you wish as an admin you can I believe. --Cool Cat My Talk 09:41, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The above is not personal attacks. However what indeed is a personal attack is to suggest that Fadix should be on crack
 * In my opinion Coolcat is a POV editor, that among other things claim that the Holocaust never happend
 * Fadix on the other hand seems to be a reasonable guy, with a good understanding of Wikipedias NPOV policies. Stereotek 15:52, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism @ Turkey
16:31, 20 Mar 2005 Nosrail (NPOV). Investigation is necesary, person is an older meber with no history of vandalism I believe.

That sux :P --Cool Cat My Talk 09:56, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

RfC GRider
Thanks. I've of course notified him. I hadn't thought of contacting those people on his talk page but it seems like a good idea. Radiant_* 10:24, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

Re: Page movers
Oh, indeed - never noticed that. I always assumed I had to do it the hard way...thanks for pointing that out, it definitely makes cleaning up the mess a bit easier :) -- Ferkelparade π 10:52, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Many thanks for doing the cleaning up work and restoring my page history! Sjakkalle 11:03, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for all your help on my user page. Saopaulo1 11:25, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you very much for working with us to be helpful (Re: deletion of page Sports Internet Destination!). We're the new ones here and realize that (though we've been an information publisher for 9 years and are the third largest sports collectibles publisher in the world). I've learned a lot from this community in a short time. I wonder if this is why open source in general is so effective. When you get dedicated and smart people together, anything is possible. I'm impressed.

Thanks for the kind words. I think/hope that CSD thing was a one off - I ended up doing a fair few of them last night (lots of vandalism for some reason), so I probably blanked one accidently. --Trampled 21:42, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Armenian Genocide
Can you get me a mediator? Fadix and his counterpart is making my life difficult. I am sick of my attempts to reason the remote party are not making any sacrifices, they changed the article completely as well. --Cool Cat My Talk 00:15, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

PKK
Stereotek is reverting the article constantly. I am being very annoyed, he is reverting things that had been discussed... --Cool Cat My Talk 15:30, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Ranking
If you look at my user page, I have a proposed ranking system for wikipedia. Aside from Barnstars. User:Coolcat

Service Stars
Just like in the millitary and scounting a nice thing would be to have service stars for the number of years people contributed to wikipedia. --Cool Cat My Talk 22:19, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Hey Mgm, just a note to say thank you for voting for me in my adminship nomination! I very much appreciate your support. Best, SlimVirgin 03:45, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Stereotek + Fadix = Death
Thease two users are giving me a head ache. They declared their views as neutral and anything "touching" as POV they reverted grammer edits declaring them as pov. Please assist. Also Fadix fails to refrain from personal attacks. I ask for your cooperation to deal with people in question aproporately. --Cool Cat My Talk 08:18, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:MacGyverMagic/Archive 5


text:
Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana

Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana (イリスのアトリエ エターナルマナ) is a role-playing video game developed by Japanese developer Gust for the PlayStation 2, the first of the Atelier Iris saga. Despite the Atelier series' long run and popularity in Japan, Atelier Iris was the first of the series to be released in the U.S.; this release and the English translation were done by NIS America. Japanese voice-overs can be enabled.

World and plot
Eternal Mana is set in the world of Regallzine, long the home of alchemy and mana. Wars and internal disputes have separated the kingdom of Esviore and now, the area of South Esviore where the game takes place is no longer under the control of King Slaith. Instead, each separate city-state of South Esviore runs their own affairs, trading with one another but remaining mostly separate.

The situation with Regallzine is also tied with the fate of Avenberry, a legendary city of alchemists that existed many hundreds of years before the game's beginning. No one knows exactly what happened, but it is said that Avenberry fell because of the misuse of the alchemy that ran their lives. Many alchemists and treasure hunters have come to Avenberry to try to unlock its secrets since that time, and the city of Kavoc was built for that purpose. However, none have been able to get past the gate that guards the citadel, and Avenberry's secrets have so far been preserved.

Alchemists today are few and far between, most basing their research on the studies of Iris, an alchemist who lived before the fall of Avenberry. They travel the world in search of new alchemaic artifacts for synthesis, ruins of the past, and Mana. The mana are a race of beings that allow alchemists to use their power. They augment the power of the elements which Alchemists extract from objects in the world and use them to create new and powerful magical items. Mana have feelings, emotions, and personalities just as people do, and many become good friends with their alchemist, although some people do forget about this fact.

The protagonist of the game, Klein Kiesling, is one of these wandering alchemists. His adventure begins when he stumbles across a monster in a forest, is rescued by a girl, and gets wound up in her fate and eventually, the fate of the world.

Playable characters
Eternal Mana contains six playable characters. Three characters can be in a battle party, with the player free to switch the others in and out at any time.

 * Klein Kiesling (クレイン・キースリンク)
 * The protagonist of the game, Klein is a young alchemist traveling the world. He was raised by his grandmother, Daphne, who was a great alchemist, and who left him her alchemy notebook. He is now on a journey for alchemaic items and more information on Alchemy along with his Wood Mana friend, Popo. Klein becomes involved in greater things when he runs into Lita in the forest and is eventually recruited by her to become a Galgazit, or monster hunter. He uses a cane as a weapon.

 * Lita Blanchimont (リイタ・ブランシモン)
 * Lita is a spunky girl who works as a Galgazit in the city of Kavoc. She meets Klein when she stumbles upon him being attacked by a monster in the woods. She helps chase it off, insults Klein's fighting ability, and leaves. She eventually meets Klein again and invites him to become a monster hunter with her. Throughout the game, she develops a crush on Klein, but he never realizes it. Although Lita appears cheerful, outgoing, and perfectly normal, her past is a mystery and the events within may soon come to involve more than just herself. One of her strangest habits is becoming completely drunk after just one sip of a beverage called "Moon Milk", which she happens to love. She shares a family name with Felt and Viese, two protagonists from Atelier Iris 2. She uses metal claws for weapons. It is revealed after visiting Iris' Resting Place that Lita is an artificial life form created by Iris Blanchmont. After an encounter with Mull, her Ruby Prism, or power source, is stolen, and her mana maximum from that point on decreases naturally, only restorable by Mana Baths.

 * Delsus (デルサス)
 * Delsus is an alcohol-loving, anti-sweets, woman-chasing, good natured archer who resides in Kavoc. He first meets Klein in the local bar and eventually helps the alchemist and Lita escape from soldiers who want to force Klein to join their ranks. Although he can be a pervert, as Lita is quick to note, he is a good man at heart and soon becomes a repository of knowledge and a loyal member of the team. He fights with a crossbow. His home town is the village of Duran, which he reluctantly reveals as the party searches for the Eternal Land of Mana, and his full name is Sir Ghaleon Ashley Delsus Delvarood. He is the son of the chief of Duran, and ran away to avoid the Test of Parodius, the test to become the next village chief, which he passes with the help of Klein and friends.

 * Norn (ノルン)
 * Norn is a catgirl who is an apprentice magician to Zeldalia, an alchemist living in Poto's Forest. She was adopted by Zeldalia at a young age, and was taught many magical techniques. Zeldalia cast a spell on her so she can talk to the party while Norn travels with Klein. Norn joins the party after she steals Klein's grandmother's alchemy notebook and leads the party to her mentor. She frequently displays fatigue or hunger, which comes off as more catlike than human. She fights with a staff.

 * Arlin (アーリン)
 * Arlin is a mysterious swordsman who is out for revenge against the game's villain, Mull. No one knows his reasons behind this, except he wishes to go to Avenberry for some reason. Arlin has been seen conversing with a strange Mana, although he confides nothing of his plans with the party for some time. He fights with a sword. Arlin is an artificial lifeform, like Lita, but created by Mull. He was, however, incomplete, and Mull threw him away, so Arlin seeks revenge against Mull for treating him and his 'brothers' (other lifeform experiments) so poorly.

 * Marietta Lixiss (マレッタ・リクシス)
 * Marietta is a former Knight of Alkavana who left the organization when it began to become corrupt and power-hungry. She joins with Klein's group when they help her fight off pursuing knights and ends up staying around to help them save the world. She fights with a sword.

Non-playable characters

 * Pamela Ibiss (パメラ・イービス)
 * Pamela is a cute, giggly ghost who befriends some of Kavoc's children, and she becomes good friends with Klein's party. She has amnesia, so she cannot remember how she died, and she is looking for her original body to try to remember her past, but this does not affect her good humor. She enjoys being a ghost, and always says she's looking for a cute guy to be with.

 * Pamela is a recurring character throughout the Atelier series, having first appeared in Atelier Judie. She has gone on to make appearances in several Atelier games since then.

 * Zeldalia (ゼルダリア)
 * Zeldalia is an old witch and alchemist. She was best friends with Daphne, Klein's grandmother, and she becomes a valued ally of the party. She is also Norn's teacher and surrogate mother. When far away, she actually uses Norn as a "telephone", making her go to sleep and talking through her. Zeldalia is wise and serious, and she recognizes Klein's importance in taking down Mull. Although her alchemical skills have maintained her superficially young, the weight of time has actually taken its toll on her, and she constantly suffers from a bad hip.

 * Iris Blanchimont (イリス・ブランシモン)
 * The titular heroine of the game, human incarnation of Lilith and reputed last survivor of Eden. Iris lived during the age of Avenberry and developed the art of alchemy greatly. Her theories, called Iris' Theories, are still widely used by alchemists today, including Klein. Iris is a recurring character in the later Atelier Iris games.

 * Beggur (ベグル)
 * Although he supposedly starts off as the main villain of the game, Beggur quickly turns into a comic relief not-so-bad guy, as the more menacing Mull takes center stage as villain. He is the leader of the Alkavana Knights, who are fanatically loyal to him. He is also Marietta's older brother.

 * Veola (ビオラ)
 * Veola is the owner of the magic shop in Kavoc. She is a very taciturn and reserved girl, bordering on anti-social, but as the game progresses she starts to open up more and becomes good friends with Klein and his crew, though she wishes she could be more than friends with Klein. Because of this, she also develops a not-so-friendly rivalry with Lita over winning Klein over, but they eventually become good friends.

 * Blair (ブレア)
 * Blair is an apprentice baker in Arcose. She was the daughter of a very rich family, but tragic circumstances led to her becoming a peasant, and she started over by becoming an apprentice to Arcose's head baker. She is very nostalgic about her past, and has a very explosive temper, but she can also be very sweet. She is also an incredibly gifted baker, and she constantly tries to develop new, more amazing styles of bread. She also secretly makes candy, and wishes to add candy to the store's menu. She also develops a slight crush on Klein.

 * Mull (ムル)
 * The game's antagonist. A former friend of Zeldalia and Daphne, as well as a gifted alchemist, Mull differed from the philosophies he was taught (Iris's theories on alchemy), and decided to follow his own path to alchemical mastery. Unfortunately, this path consists of abusing Mana to his own twisted ends. Mull romanticizes former times of strife, in which humans abused and manipulated Mana to their own ends, and seeks to revive Amalgam, an abomination created from forcibly fusing many Mana together into one powerful, mad being, which occurred years ago and caused the ruin of Avenberry. Mull and Arlin know and hate each other deeply, and he still sometimes visits Zeldalia, mostly to gloat over his successes and make fun of Zeldalia's "weakness" of using alchemy to help others instead of for personal gain.

Mana
The main driving force behind the alchemy of the game are the Mana Spirits. Some Mana have the power to transform into new, even more powerful Mana forms. Below is a list of each Mana, and their element:

 * Dour (木のマナ・ポポ)
 * The Mana Spirit of Wood. He is with Klein, who named him Popo, at the start of the game. He also provides the player with tutorials on certain aspects of the game; these tutorials often contain comic relief segments with Klein.

 * Uru (火のマナ・ウル)
 * The Mana Spirit of Fire. His special ability, Destruction Blast, allows the player to destroy certain objects on the screen.

 * Plua (闇のマナ・プルーア)
 * The Mana Spirit of Darkness. Her special ability gathers nearby monsters for the player to battle, though it does not always work.

 * Diemia (岩のマナ・ディエメア)
 * The Mana Spirit of Stone. His special ability allows him to act as a glorified stepladder so the player can reach places otherwise inaccessible...a fate he occasionally has been known to lament about.

 * Nymph (水のマナ・ニンフ)
 * The Mana Spirit of Water. Her special ability, Barrier, creates a barrier that allows the player to travel over hazards that would otherwise prove a hindrance, such as lightning and lava.

 * Silwest (空のマナ・シルウェスト)
 * The Mana Spirit of Air. She also has the Barrier action, but some rumors point to her granting flight later in the game.

 * Aion (命のマナ・アイオン)
 * The Mana Spirit of Life. She is one of the oldest of the Mana Spirits, second only to the Mana Spirit of Creation, Lilith. She has the ability to heal the entire party at will, when the player calls on her.

 * Eital (光のマナ・エイテル)
 * The Mana Spirit of Light. Her special ability drives away monsters for a limited time.

 * Luplus (時のマナ・ラプラス)
 * The Mana Spirit of Time. He is often seen with Arlin.

 * Grupt (力のマナ・グラプト)
 * The Mana Spirit of Power, and final form of Uru.

 * Fanatos (魔のマナ・ファナトス)
 * The Mana Spirit of Evil, and final form of Plua.

 * Flay (幽のマナ・フレイ)
 * The Mana Spirit of Spirit, and final form of Nymph.

 * Zeilia (雷のマナ・ゼイリア)
 * The Mana Spirit of Lightning, and final form of Silwest.

 * Paltia (聖のマナ・パルティア)
 * The Holy Mana Spirit, and final form of Eital.

Battle system
The battle system in Atelier Iris is turn-based. Combat is tactical in that the party members can have their positions arranged in their half of the playing field before battle, and can be knocked back by some attacks. Each participant in the battle chooses an action from the ring of commands available. All characters can use actions such as Attack, Skill and Items but Klein, as the only alchemist of the party, can use Mana Items and Mana Synthesis (which duplicates the effects of Mana Items, at the expense of MP.) Once enemies are defeated the party gains experience, gold and possibly items. Every time a character levels up, he gains 3 points to be added to the skills of the player's choice. Characters equipped with Mana spirits gain bonus skill points.

Synthesis
As an alchemy-based game, Atelier Iris features several forms of item synthesis:
 * Mana Items are created by Klein using elements extracted from objects and creatures. The extraction process destroys the target, and can thus be used in combat or to destroy obstacles. To create lasting Items, Klein requires the help of the Manas, whose health is spent in the process.
 * Normal Items are synthesized by shop owners if the characters bring them the right items. These include both healing items (often in the form of food items) and pieces of equipment.
 * Weapon Synthesis involves creating "mana crystals" by combining Mana stones found through the game. Each crystal can have up to three abilities, and can be inserted (or removed later) on certain pieces of equipment.

Exploration
Atelier Iris is notable for having several in-game actions that help in exploring the game's world, including unusual ones such as flying, changing into a rabbit, using a Mana as a footstool, or healing the whole party. These actions are gained each time a new Mana joins the party.

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Akira Tsuchiya, Ken Nakagawa & Daisuke Achiwa and was released May 19, 2004 in Japan by TEAM Entertainment.

Opening Song
 * 白夜幻想譚 (Byakuya Gensoutan / White Night Illusion) by Haruka Shimotsuki

Ending Songs
 * 歩む道 (Ayumu Michi / Walking Path) by Mami Horie (Normal Ending)
 * silent rhyme by Mami Horie (True Ending)

Reception
Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana received mixed reviews. It received an aggregated score of 77.74% on GameRankings based on 49 reviews and 74/100 on Metacritic based on 38 reviews.

title: Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana


text:
Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities (UK Parliament constituency)

Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities, in Scotland, was a university constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1868 until 1918. It was merged with the Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities constituency to form the Combined Scottish Universities constituency.

Elections in the 1870s

 * Caused by Gordon's appointment as a Lord of Appeal, becoming Lord Gordon of Drumearn.

 * Caused by Gordon's appointment as Lord Advocate.

Elections in the 1860s

 * Caused by Moncreiff's appointment as Lord Justice Clerk and elevation to the peerage, becoming Lord Moncreiff.


text:
Prince Louis

Prince Louis may refer to:

Princes of Condé

 * Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569), prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the House of Condé
 * Louis, Grand Condé (1621–1686), French general
 * Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710) prince du sang at the French court of Louis XIV
 * Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé (1736–1818), Prince du sang
 * Louis Henri, Prince of Condé (1756 - 1830), brother-in-law of Philippe Égalité
 * Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon (1692–1740), prime minister to his kinsman Louis XV

Princes of Conti

 * François Louis, Prince of Conti (1664–1709), Prince de Conti
 * Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti (1661–1685), son-in-law of Louis XIV
 * Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti (1695–1727), Prince of Conti
 * Louis François, Prince of Conti (1717–1776), French nobleman
 * Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti (1734–1814), last Prince of Conti

Others

 * Prince Louis, Count of Aquila (1824–1897), member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
 * Prince Louis, Count of Trani (1838–1886), son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies
 * Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854–1921), British naval officer and German prince
 * Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1870–1949), Prince of Monaco
 * Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979), born Prince Louis of Battenberg, British naval officer and last Viceroy of India
 * Prince Louis of Luxembourg (born 1986), son of Grand Duke Henri
 * Prince Louis of Wales (born 2018), son of William, Prince of Wales

title: Prince Louis


text:
Vanguard (microkernel)

Vanguard is a discontinued experimental microkernel developed at Apple Computer, in the research-oriented Apple Advanced Technology Group (ATG) in the early 1990s. Based on the V-System, Vanguard introduced standardized object identifiers and a unique message chaining system for improved performance. Vanguard was not used in any of Apple's commercial products. Development ended in 1993 when Ross Finlayson, the project's main investigator, left Apple.

Basic concepts
Vanguard was generally very similar to the V-System, but added support for true object-oriented programming of the operating system. This meant that kernel and server interfaces were exported as objects, which could be inherited and extended in new code. This change has no visible effect on the system, it is mainly a change in the source code that makes programming easier.

For example, Vanguard had an input/output (I/O) class which was supported by several different servers, for example, networking and file servers, which new applications could interact with by importing the I/O interface and calling methods. This also made writing new servers much easier, because they had a standard to program to, and were able to share code more easily.

V messaging semantics
A key concept to almost all microkernels is to break down one larger kernel into a set of communicating servers. Instead of having one larger program controlling all of the hardware of a computer system, the various duties are apportioned among smaller programs that are given rights to control different parts of the machine. For example, one server can be given control of the networking hardware, while another has the task of managing the hard disk drives. Another server would handle the file system, calling both of these lower-level servers. User applications ask for services by sending messages to these servers, using some form of inter-process communications (IPC), in contrast to asking the kernel to do this work via a system call (syscall) or trap.

Under V the IPC system appears to be conceptually modeled on remote procedure calls (RPC) from the client application's perspective. The client imported an interface definition file containing information about the calls supported by the kernel, or other applications, and then used this definition to package up requests. When called, the kernel would immediately take over, examine the results, and pass the information off to the right handler, potentially within the kernel. Any results were then handed back through the kernel to the client.

The operation of the system as it appears to the client application is very similar to working with a normal monolithic kernel. Although the results passed back might come from a third party handler, this was essentially invisible to the client. Servers handling these requests operated in a similar fashion to the clients, opening connections with the kernel to pass data. However, servers generally spawned new threads as required to handle longer-lasting requests. When these were handled and the responses posted, the thread could be de-allocated and the servers could go into a receive mode awaiting further requests.

In contrast, most microkernel systems are based on a model of asynchronous communications, instead of synchronous procedure calls. The canonical microkernel system, Mach, modeled messages as I/O, which has several important side-effects. Primary among these is that the normal task schedulers under Unix-like systems will normally block a client that is waiting on an I/O request, so in this way the actions of pausing and restarting applications waiting on messages was already built into the underlying system. The downside to this approach is that the scheduler is fairly heavyweight, and calling it was a serious performance bottleneck and led to extensive development efforts to improve its performance. Under the V-System model, the message passing overhead is reduced because the process scheduler does not need to be consulted, there is no question as to what should next be run, which is the server being called. The downside to the V approach is that it requires more work for the server if the response may take some time to process.

Chaining
One major addition to the IPC system under Vanguard, in contrast to V, was the concept of message chains, allowing one message to be sent between several interacting servers in one round-trip. In theory, chaining could improve the performance of common multi-step operations.

Consider the case where a client application must read a file. Normally this would require one message to the kernel to find the file server, then three more messages to the file server: one to resolve the file name into an object id, another to open that id, then finally another to read the file. Using Vanguard's chaining, one message could be constructed by the client that contained all of these requests. The message would be sent to the kernel, and then passed off to the file server which would handle all three requests before finally returning data.

Much of the performance problem normally associated with microkernel systems are due to the context switches as messages are passed back and forth between applications. In the example above running on a V system, there would have to be a total of eight context switches; two for each request as the client switched to and from the kernel. In Vanguard using a chain would reduce this to only three switches; one out of the client into the kernel, another from the kernel to the file server, and finally from the server back to the client. In some cases the overhead of a context switch is greater than the time it takes to actually run the request, so Vanguard's chaining mechanism could result in real-world performance improvements.

Object naming
V had also introduced a simple distributed name service. The service stored well known character names representing various objects in a distributed V system, for example,. Applications could ask the name server for objects by name, and would be handed back an identifier that would allow them to interact with that object. The name service was not a separate server, and was managed by code in the kernel. Contrast this with the full name server under the operating system Spring, which not only knew about objects inside the system, but was also used by other servers on the system to translate their private names, for example, file names and IP addresses.

Under the V-System, objects in servers were referred to via an ad hoc private key of some sort, say a 32-bit integer. Clients would pass these keys into the servers to maintain a conversation about a specific task. For example, an application might ask the kernel for the file system and be handed a 32-bit key representing a program id, and then use that key to send a message to the file system asking it to open the file, which would result in a 64-bit key being handed back. The keys in this example are proprietary to the servers, there was no common key format being used across the system.

This sort of name resolving was so common under V that the authors decided to make these keys first-class citizens under Vanguard. Instead of using whatever object ID's the servers just happened to use, under Vanguard all servers were expected to understand and return a globally unique 128-bit key, the first 64-bits containing a server identifier, the second identifying an object in that server. The server id was maintained in the kernel, allowing it to hand off the message over the network if the server being referenced was on a remote machine. To the client this was invisible. It is unclear if the id's were assigned randomly to preclude successful guessing by ill-intentioned software.

title: Vanguard (microkernel)


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Zdětín (Mladá Boleslav District)

Zdětín (Zdietin) is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

Etymology
The name is derived from the personal name Zďata, meaning "Zďata's (court)".

Geography
Zdětín is located about 13 km southwest of Mladá Boleslav and 30 km northeast of Prague. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape in the Jizera Table.

History
The first written mention of Zdětín is from 1189.

Transport
Zdětín is located on the railway line Prague–Turnov.

Sights
The main landmark of Zdětín is the Church of All Saints. It is a Gothic cemetery church from the 14th century with Baroque modifications.

title: Zdětín (Mladá Boleslav District)


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Clara Novello

Clara Anastasia Novello (10 June 1818 – 12 March 1908) was an acclaimed soprano, the fourth daughter of Vincent Novello, a musician and music publisher, and his wife, Mary Sabilla Hehl. Her acclaimed soprano and pure style made her one of the greatest vocalists, alike in opera, oratorio and on the concert stage, from 1833 onwards. In 1843 she married Count Gigliucci, and retired in 1861. Charles Lamb wrote a poem ("To Clara N.") in her praise.

Biography
She was born in Oxford Street, London, on 10 June 1818, the fourth daughter of Vincent Novello and Mary Sabilla Hehl. Mary Victoria Cowden Clarke was her eldest sister. Clara was taken in childhood to York, and was placed under Miss Hill, the leading singer, and John Robinson, organist of the Roman Catholic chapel there. Her talents were at once displayed; and on Easter Sunday, when Miss Hill was suddenly indisposed, Clara offered to sing all her solos from memory, and succeeded. In 1829, she became a pupil of the Institution royale de musique classique et religieuse in Paris. She always retained the strongest appreciation of her training there; Palestrina's music was much sung, and Clara ascribed her perfect sostenuto to having sung in his motets, and being obliged to hold the suspensions. The academy declined after the revolution of 1830, and Clara, who had had unpleasant experiences of the fighting, returned to England.

On 22 October 1832, aged 14, she made her first public appearance, in a concert at Windsor, with full success; and in December she took the soprano part in Beethoven's Missa Solennis. She was soon among the first singers of the day, being engaged at the whole series of Ancient Concerts, at the Philharmonic Concerts, and the Three Choirs Festival. She sang in a sestet, Grisi leading, at the Handel commemoration in June 1834; Lord Mount-Edgcumbe describes her as "a very young girl with a clear good voice." Her father's friend, Charles Lamb, though quite unmusical, wrote the lines 'To Clara N.' published in the Athenæum, 26 July 1834.

She was left without a rival on the retirement of Catherine Stephens, Countess of Essex, in 1835, and took the leading soprano part at all important English concerts. Handel's music was particularly adapted to her style. At the Manchester Festival in September 1836, she had much useful advice from the dying Maria Malibran.

In 1837, Felix Mendelssohn invited her to the Gewandhaus Concerts, Leipzig, where she appeared on 2 November 1837, and several times later. She was well received, and succeeded in making German audiences appreciate Handel's solos. Schumann declared that nothing for years past had given him so much pleasure as Miss Novello's voice, 'every note sharply defined as on the keyboard.' Mendelssohn wrote that Clara Novello and Mrs. Shaw (her successor next winter) 'are the best concert singers we have heard in Germany for a long time.' She sang also at Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Vienna, and Munich. Then visiting Rossini at Bologna, she was advised to study opera for a year; she took lessons of Micheroux at Milan.

In 1839, she once more made a concert tour, travelling down the Rhine to Düsseldorf, through North Germany to Berlin, and thence to St. Petersburg. Her first appearance on the stage was at Padua in Rossini's Semiramide, on 6 July 1841. Unqualified successes in Rome, Genoa, and other large Italian cities followed; Rossini sent specially for her to take the soprano part in his just completed Stabat Mater. Owing to the mismanagement of agents, she was announced to sing at two places – at Rome and Genoa – during the carnival of 1843; the Roman authorities refused a permit to leave the territory and detained her under arrest at Fermo. On her appealing as a British subject to Lord Aberdeen, then English foreign secretary, the matter was arranged by arbitration. Count Gigliucci, the governor of Fermo, fell in love with his prisoner; she agreed to marry him as soon as professional engagements permitted. At Novello's last appearance in Rome she was recalled twenty-nine times; there was some disturbance at Genoa. In March she returned to England, and appeared in English opera at Drury Lane; also in Handel's Acis and Galatea, and at the Sacred Harmonic Society and other concerts. On 22 November, she was married to Count Gigliucci at Paddington parish church, and retired with him to Italy. During the troubles of 1848 their property was confiscated, and the countess resolved to resume her public appearances. In 1850, she sang in opera at Rome; then at Lisbon, and on 18 July 1851 re-appeared in London, singing in Handel's Messiah at Exeter Hall. Her embellishments brought some disapprobation, though her voice was pronounced to have gained in strength, and to have lost nothing of its beauty. She took the place of leading English concert soprano, appearing only once again in England in opera, in I Puritani at Drury Lane on 5 July 1853. At Milan, she sang in opera during the carnivals from 1854–6. In England her singing was regarded as the embodiment of the best traditions of the Handelian style; like Mara and Catalani before, and Lemmens-Sherrington after, she was specially distinguished in her rendering of 'I know that my Redeemer liveth,' and she sang the opening phrase in one breath. On the opening of the Crystal Palace, on 10 June 1854, her singing, 'heard to remote comers of the building', seemed grander than ever before.

She was engaged as the soprano soloist for the premiere of the pastorale May Queen by William Sterndale Bennett, a work commissioned for the opening of the Leeds Music Festival in 1858 and conducted by the composer.

Probably the finest revelation of her powers was at the Handel Festival there in June 1859. She then determined to retire. After singing in Handel's 'Messiah' at the Crystal Palace, she made her last appearance at a benefit concert at St. James's Hall on 21 November 1860, the final strain being the National Anthem.

Retirement
In her retirement she lived with her husband at Rome and Fermo. He died on 29 March 1893; she died, aged 89, on 12 March 1908, at Rome, leaving a daughter, Valeria.

Influence
The Welsh singer Clara Novello Davies was named for Clara Novello, and her own son Ivor Novello carried on this family name.

Family
Children of Vincent Novello and Mary Sabilla Novello include
 * Mary Victoria Cowden Clarke (née Novello) (1809–1898), literary scholar and writer
 * Joseph Alfred Novello (1810–1896), music publisher
 * Edward Petre Novello (1813–1836), painter (of family portrait in NPG)
 * Emma Novello (1814–c. 1880), painter
 * Clara Novello (1818–1908), soprano
 * Sabilla Novello (1821–1904), singer and teacher of singing
 * Florence Novello

External reference

 * Autograph letter by Clara Novello at Houghton Library, Harvard University

title: Clara Novello


text:
Benjamin Ogle

Benjamin Ogle (January 27, 1749 – July 7, 1809) was the ninth Governor of Maryland from 1798 to 1801.

Early life
The Ogle family was quite prominent for many centuries in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland, England, dating from the medieval period descending from Baron Ogle, the family is allied with the Manners of Rutland, Cavendish family of Newcastle, premier peerage, the Baron de Ros, and the ancient Norman House of Percy. Born in Annapolis, Benjamin Ogle was the son of former Provincial governor, Samuel Ogle and Anne Tasker. Upon his death in 1752, Samuel left his estate to his 3-year-old son Benjamin, but appointed Benjamin Tasker, Sr. as his son's guardian and to manage the estate. Tasker sent young Ogle to England when he was 10 to further his education.

Ogle returned to Maryland in 1770 to find Tasker's daughters (his aunts) were occupying his father's estate, the Belair Mansion, so he resided in his father's city home, Ogle Hall, at 247 King George Street in Annapolis (which is now Alumni House for the United States Naval Academy). Ogle took possession of the Belair Mansion in 1774 after a lawsuit to reclaim his father's home from the Tasker family.

Career
Benjamin Ogle became a member of the Maryland colonial council and would support the American Revolution. Ogle became a friend of George Washington whose presidential records show he dined at Belair on October 1, 1773.

Governor of Maryland
He was elected Governor of Maryland by the Legislature in 1798, serving until 1801.

Upon George Washington's death in 1799, Ogle issued a proclamation that February 11, 1800 be observed throughout the State as a day of mourning. His precedent started the tradition of observing a holiday on February each year, now known as President's Day.

Legacy
Gov. Benjamin Ogle only had one wife and she was Henrietta Margaret Hill with whom he had a son, Benjamin Ogle II, and two daughters; Ann Ogle married John Tayloe III and Mary Ogle married George Bevans. Gov. Ogle left his estate, Belair, to Benjamin Ogle II upon his death in 1809 in Annapolis. He is buried in Annapolis. Benjamin "Ogle" Tayloe (May 21, 1796 — February 25, 1868) was Benjamin's grandson and an American businessman, bon vivant, diplomat, and influential political activist in Washington, D.C. during the first half of the 19th century. Although he never held elective office, he was a prominent Whig and influential in presidential electoral politics in the 1840s and 1850s. His home, the Tayloe House, became a salon for politically powerful people in the federal government and socially influential individuals in the United States and abroad. Tayloe was also a party in the important 1869 contract law case, Willard v. Tayloe, 75 U.S. 557.

title: Benjamin Ogle


text:
Too Good to Be True (film)

Too Good to Be True is a 1988 American made-for-television drama film starring Loni Anderson, Patrick Duffy, Daniel Baldwin, Glynnis O'Connor, Larry Drake, Neil Patrick Harris, James Sikking, and Julie Harris. It was adapted for the small screen by Timothy Bradshaw, based on the novel Leave Her to Heaven by Ben Ames Williams and was directed by Christian I. Nyby II. After John M. Stahl's Leave Her to Heaven, this is the second film adaption of Williams' book.

Plot
Richard Harland an author, and his son, Danny, are visiting Richard's attorney and friend, Glen for the summer. Richard is a widower whose wife was killed in a car accident that crippled Danny. When they arrive, a beautiful woman, Ellen Berent, catches Richard's eye and it is revealed that she is also staying at Glen's with her mother, Margaret, and sister, Ruth. Glen tries to dissuade Richard from pursuing Ellen by mentioning her engagement to Russell Quinton, but a smitten Richard tells him to mind his own business. Ellen is also taken with Richard and ends her engagement with Russell to be with Richard.

Ellen convinces Richard to marry her, and they do so quickly. Ellen soon shows her dark side by becoming manipulative and jealous. At their lake house, she causes a rift between Richard and the long time caretaker by insinuating that he hit on her. She fires Danny's long time caregiver. When Margaret and Ruth visit, Richard talks to Ruth about using her artwork for the cover of his upcoming book causing Ellen to have a fit. Ellen has been teaching Danny how to do distance swimming to the buoys while she sits in a row boat. One day, Danny complains of a cramp and Ellen ignores his pleas for help. Richard, inside working, hears Danny's screams for help and rushes out onto the water in a speed boat. Ellen pretends to try and help look for him as they both repeatedly dive in the water, but it is too late, and Danny drowns.

Richard becomes more withdrawn from Ellen and begins sleeping in a guest bedroom at their house. Ellen panics as she loses her grip on Richard, and she goes in the guest room and wakes him up and they have sex. Ellen announces she is pregnant and they seem happy for a little while. Ellen tells Ruth she hates being pregnant and that Richard only cares about the baby, not her. Ellen sees her doctor and tells her she wants an abortion and she has not discussed it with Richard. The doctor, who also a friend of Richard's says she cannot perform the abortion and be expected to keep it a secret from Richard, telling Ellen she'll have to go somewhere else.

Ellen sneaks out of the house and goes to the lake house, where she stages her "accidental" fall, causing her to lose the baby. Richard, who has begun spending more time with Ruth, admits to her that he thinks Ellen losing the baby was for the best, and that he plans on leaving her because he does not love her anymore, and was only staying with her because of the baby. Ellen makes the connection that Richard is involved with Ruth when she sees the cover of his new book, with Ruth's art. Richard tells her they need some time apart and that he is going to New York for a few days. Beside herself, Ellen begins plotting revenge.

Ellen tells Ruth about the sleepless nights and nightmares she has been having and asks Ruth for her prescription barbiturate sleeping pills. Ruth goes to get them for her, and Ellen looks through her purse and finds a plane ticket to New York. Ellen opens all of the capsules and dumps the powder into a sweetener packet and then puts the capsules back together, filling them with talcum powder. At Ellen's birthday party, she asks Richard to talk to her privately in another room, and she alludes to knowing what is going on between him and Ruth. As they argue, he confronts her about Danny's death. She admits to letting him drown because Richard paid more attention to Danny, than to her. Richard hits her causing her to fall, and he storms out of the house. Ruth and Margaret come in to console her, and Ruth stirs the sweetener, that is really the sleeping pill powder placed there by Ellen, into iced tea that Ellen drinks.

Later that same day, Ruth is packing for her trip, she hears Ellen calling out to her and asks her to call the hospital, telling her she took sleeping pills. Ruth believes she is faking it and goes and counts the sleeping pills she gave Ruth, seeing that only one is missing. Ellen ends up dying, and although initially classified as a suicide, Ruth is arrested and put on trial for murder. The district attorney is Ellen's ex-fiancé, Russell and he presents evidence that Ruth was jealous of Ellen and that Ellen sent him a letter mentioning Ruth trying to kill her. Margaret finds the swapped out sweetener packet and powder residue in the pocket of the jacket Ellen wore at the party. Testing concludes that Ellen tried to stage her own murder, and the charges against Ruth are dropped. Richard and Ruth are seen at the lake house together.

Cast

 * Loni Anderson as Ellen Berent
 * Patrick Duffy as Richard Harland
 * Glynnis O'Connor as Ruth Berent
 * Neil Patrick Harris as Danny Harland
 * Julie Harris as Margaret Berent
 * Larry Drake as Glen Robie
 * James Sikking as Russell Quinton (credited as James B. Sikking)

title: Too Good to Be True (film)