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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christina Baldwin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  18:22, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Christina Baldwin
Unknown/non notable "artist". A Google search for "Christina Baldwin" artist only turns up 602 hits. On top of that, none of these hits seem to be about her, but rather about writers and such. CryptoDerk 03:40, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Google for '"Christina Balwin" sculpture' gives about 50 hits. Xcali 03:45, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I also cannot find any third party references to verify how she is noteworthy. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:01, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree with Zzyzx11. Force10 05:04, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete There is a possibly notable author by that name, but she looks much older than 21. -Casito⇝Talk 06:01, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete there's enough Baldwins already. Eixo 10:33, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable, vanity. - Etacar11 16:12, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:71.112.148.107

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:71.112.148.107


text: User talk:24.57.131.71

title: User talk:24.57.131.71


text:
Hinduism in Libya

There are very few Hindus in Libya. They mainly traveled from India to work in Libya. There was an Indian community of about 10,000 individuals (in 2007), many of whom were likely to be Hindu. It is not known whether any Hindu temples exist in the country. At the time of the Libyan Revolution, there were 18,000 Hindus in Libya. But when the war broke out, many of them returned to India. As of 2020, there were 6,931 Hindus in Libya.

title: Hinduism in Libya


text:
Fundamental theorem of Galois theory

In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of Galois theory is a result that describes the structure of certain types of field extensions in relation to groups. It was proved by Évariste Galois in his development of Galois theory.

In its most basic form, the theorem asserts that given a field extension E/F that is finite and Galois, there is a one-to-one correspondence between its intermediate fields and subgroups of its Galois group. (Intermediate fields are fields K satisfying F ⊆ K ⊆ E; they are also called subextensions of E/F.)

Explicit description of the correspondence
For finite extensions, the correspondence can be described explicitly as follows.
 * For any subgroup H of Gal(E/F), the corresponding fixed field, denoted EH, is the set of those elements of E which are fixed by every automorphism in H.
 * For any intermediate field K of E/F, the corresponding subgroup is Aut(E/K), that is, the set of those automorphisms in Gal(E/F) which fix every element of K.

The fundamental theorem says that this correspondence is a one-to-one correspondence if (and only if) E/F is a Galois extension. For example, the topmost field E corresponds to the trivial subgroup of Gal(E/F), and the base field F corresponds to the whole group Gal(E/F).

The notation Gal(E/F) is only used for Galois extensions. If E/F is Galois, then Gal(E/F) = Aut(E/F). If E/F is not Galois, then the "correspondence" gives only an injective (but not surjective) map from $$\{\text{subgroups of Aut}(E/F)\}$$ to $$\{\text{subfields of } E/F\}$$, and a surjective (but not injective) map in the reverse direction. In particular, if E/F is not Galois, then F is not the fixed field of any subgroup of Aut(E/F).

Properties of the correspondence
The correspondence has the following useful properties.

 * It is inclusion-reversing. The inclusion of subgroups H1 ⊆ H2 holds if and only if the inclusion of fields EH1 ⊇ EH2 holds.
 * Degrees of extensions are related to orders of groups, in a manner consistent with the inclusion-reversing property. Specifically, if H is a subgroup of Gal(E/F), then |H| = [E:EH] and |Gal(E/F)|/|H| = [EH:F].
 * The field EH is a normal extension of F (or, equivalently, Galois extension, since any subextension of a separable extension is separable) if and only if H is a normal subgroup of Gal(E/F). In this case, the restriction of the elements of Gal(E/F) to EH induces an isomorphism between Gal(EH/F) and the quotient group Gal(E/F)/H.

Example 1
Consider the field

 * $$K = \Q\left (\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{3} \right) = \left [\Q(\sqrt{2}) \right ]\!(\sqrt{3}).$$

Since $K$ is constructed from the base field $$\mathbb Q$$ by adjoining $√2$, then $√3$, each element of $K$ can be written as:

 * $$( a + b \sqrt{2}) + ( c + d \sqrt{2}) \sqrt{3},\qquad a,b,c,d \in \Q.$$

Its Galois group $$G = \text{Gal}(K/\Q)$$ comprises the automorphisms of $K$ which fix $a$. Such automorphisms must send $√2$ to $√2$ or $–√2$, and send $√3$ to $√3$ or $–√3$, since they permute the roots of any irreducible polynomial. Suppose that $f$ exchanges $√2$ and $–√2$, so

 * $$f\left((a+b\sqrt{2})+(c+d\sqrt{2})\sqrt{3}\right)=(a-b\sqrt{2})+(c-d\sqrt{2})\sqrt{3}=a-b\sqrt{2}+c\sqrt{3}-d\sqrt{6},$$

and $g$ exchanges $√3$ and $–√3$, so

 * $$g\left((a+b\sqrt{2})+(c+d\sqrt{2})\sqrt{3}\right)=(a+b\sqrt{2})-(c+d\sqrt{2})\sqrt{3}=a+b\sqrt{2}-c\sqrt{3}-d\sqrt{6}.$$

These are clearly automorphisms of $K$, respecting its addition and multiplication. There is also the identity automorphism $e$ which fixes each element, and the composition of $f$ and $g$ which changes the signs on both radicals:

 * $$(fg)\left((a+b\sqrt{2})+(c+d\sqrt{2})\sqrt{3}\right)=(a-b\sqrt{2})-(c-d\sqrt{2})\sqrt{3}=a-b\sqrt{2}-c\sqrt{3}+d\sqrt{6}.$$

Since the order of the Galois group is equal to the degree of the field extension, $$|G| = [K:\mathbb{Q}]=4$$, there can be no further automorphisms:

 * $$G = \left\{1, f, g, fg\right\},$$

which is isomorphic to the Klein four-group. Its five subgroups correspond to the fields intermediate between the base $$\mathbb Q$$ and the extension $K$.
 * The trivial subgroup ${1}$ corresponds to the entire extension field $K$.
 * The entire group $G$ corresponds to the base field $$\Q.$$
 * The subgroup ${1, f}$corresponds to the subfield $$\Q(\sqrt{3}),$$ since $f$ fixes $√3$.
 * The subgroup ${1, g}$corresponds to the subfield $$\Q(\sqrt{2}),$$ since $g$ fixes $√2$.
 * The subgroup ${1, fg}$corresponds to the subfield $$\Q(\sqrt{6}),$$ since $fg$ fixes $√6$.

Example 2
The following is the simplest case where the Galois group is not abelian.

Consider the splitting field K of the irreducible polynomial $$x^3-2$$ over $$\Q$$; that is, $$K = \Q(\theta,\omega)$$ where θ is a cube root of 2, and ω is a cube root of 1 (but not 1 itself). If we consider K inside the complex numbers, we may take $$\theta=\sqrt[3]{2}$$, the real cube root of 2, and $$\omega = -\tfrac{1}2 + i\tfrac{\sqrt3}2.$$ Since ω has minimal polynomial $$x^2+x+1$$, the extension $$\mathbb{Q}\subset K$$ has degree: $$[\,K:\mathbb{Q}\,]=[\,K:\mathbb{Q}(\,\theta\,)\,]\cdot[\,\mathbb{Q}(\,\theta\,):\mathbb{Q}\,] = 2\cdot 3 = 6,$$ with $$\Q$$-basis $$\{1,\theta, \theta^2, \omega,\omega\theta,\omega\theta^2\}$$ as in the previous example. Therefore the Galois group $$G=\mathrm{Gal}(K/\Q)$$ has six elements, determined by all permutations of the three roots of $$x^3-2$$:

"$\alpha_1=\theta, \ \alpha_2=\omega\theta, \ \alpha_3=\omega^2\theta.$"

Since there are only 3! = 6 such permutations, G must be isomorphic to the symmetric group of all permutations of three objects. The group can be generated by two automorphisms f and g defined by:

 * $$f(\theta) = \omega \theta, \quad f(\omega) = \omega,$$
 * $$g(\theta) = \theta, \quad g(\omega) = \omega^2,$$

and $$G = \left\{ 1, f, f^2, g, gf, gf^2 \right\}$$, obeying the relations $$f^3=g^2=(gf)^2=1$$. Their effect as permutations of $$\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\alpha_3$$ is (in cycle notation): $$f=(123), g = (23)$$. Also, g can be considered as the complex conjugation mapping.

The subgroups of G and corresponding subfields are as follows:

 * As always, the trivial group {1} corresponds to the whole field K, while the entire group G to the base field $$\Q$$.

 * The unique subgroup of order 3, $$H = \{1, f, f^2\}$$, corresponds to the subfield $$\Q(\omega)$$ of degree two, since the subgroup has index two in G: i.e. $$[\Q(\omega):\Q]=\tfrac{|G|}{|H|}=2$$. Also, this subgroup is normal, so the subfield is normal over $$\Q$$, being the splitting field of $$x^2+x+1$$. Its Galois group over the base field is the quotient group $$G/H = \{[1],[g]\}$$, where [g] denotes the coset of g modulo H; that is, its only non-trivial automorphism is the complex conjugation g.

 * There are three subgroups of order 2, $$\{1, g\}, \{1, gf\}$$ and $$\{1, gf^2\},$$ corresponding respectively to the subfields $$\Q(\theta), \Q(\omega \theta), \Q(\omega^2\theta ).$$ These subfields have degree 3 over $$\Q$$ since the subgroups have index 3 in G. The subgroups are not normal in G, so the subfields are not Galois or normal over $$\Q$$. In fact, each subfield contains only a single one of the roots $$\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\alpha_3$$, so none has any non-trivial automorphisms.

Example 3
Let $$E=\Q(\lambda)$$ be the field of rational functions in the indeterminate λ, and consider the group of automorphisms:

 * $$G = \left\{\lambda, \frac{1}{1-\lambda}, \frac{\lambda-1}{\lambda},

\frac{1}{\lambda}, \frac{\lambda}{\lambda-1}, 1-\lambda \right\} \subset \mathrm{Aut}(E); $$

here we denote an automorphism $$\phi:E\to E $$ by its value $$\phi(\lambda) $$, so that $$f(\lambda)\mapsto f(\phi(\lambda)) $$. This group is isomorphic to $$S_3$$ (see: six cross-ratios). Let $$F$$ be the fixed field of $$G$$, so that $${\rm Gal}(E/F) = G$$.

If $$H$$ is a subgroup of $$G$$, then the coefficients of the polynomial

 * $$P(T) := \prod_{h \in H} (T - h) \in E[T]$$

generate the fixed field of $$H$$. The Galois correspondence implies that every subfield of $$E/F$$ can be constructed this way. For example, for $$H = \{\lambda, 1-\lambda\}$$, the fixed field is $$\Q( \lambda(1-\lambda))$$ and if $$H = \{\lambda, \tfrac{1}{\lambda}\}$$ then the fixed field is $$\Q(\lambda + \tfrac{1}{\lambda})$$. The fixed field of $$G$$ is the base field $$F=\Q(j),$$ where $j$ is the $j$-invariant written in terms of the modular lambda function:"$ j = \frac{256(1-\lambda(1-\lambda))^3}{(\lambda(1-\lambda))^2} = \frac{256(1-\lambda+\lambda^2)^3}{\lambda^2 (1-\lambda)^2} \ . $"Similar examples can be constructed for each of the symmetry groups of the platonic solids as these also have faithful actions on the projective line $$\mathbb{P}^1(\Complex)$$ and hence on $$\Complex(x)$$.

Applications
The theorem classifies the intermediate fields of E/F in terms of group theory. This translation between intermediate fields and subgroups is key to showing that the general quintic equation is not solvable by radicals (see Abel–Ruffini theorem). One first determines the Galois groups of radical extensions (extensions of the form F(α) where α is an n-th root of some element of F), and then uses the fundamental theorem to show that solvable extensions correspond to solvable groups.

Theories such as Kummer theory and class field theory are predicated on the fundamental theorem.

Infinite case
Given an infinite algebraic extension we can still define it to be Galois if it is normal and separable. The problem that one encounters in the infinite case is that the bijection in the fundamental theorem does not hold as we get too many subgroups generally. More precisely if we just take every subgroup we can in general find two different subgroups that fix the same intermediate field. Therefore we amend this by introducing a topology on the Galois group.

Let $$E/F$$ be a Galois extension (possibly infinite) and let $$G = \text{Gal}(E/F)$$ be the Galois group of the extension. Let $$\text{Int}_\text{F}(E/F) = \{G_i = \text{Gal}(L_i/F)~|~L_i/F \text{ is a finite Galois extension and } L_i \subseteq E\}$$be the set of the Galois groups of all finite intermediate Galois extensions. Note that for all $$i \in I$$ we can define the maps $$\varphi_i : G \rightarrow G_i$$ by $$\sigma \mapsto \sigma_{|L_i}$$. We then define the Krull topology on $$G$$ to be weakest topology such that for all $$i \in I$$ the maps $$\varphi_i : G \rightarrow G_i$$ are continuous, where we endow each $$G_i$$ with the discrete topology. Stated differently $$G \cong \varprojlim G_i$$ as an inverse limit of topological groups (where again each $$G_i$$ is endowed with the discrete topology). This makes $$G$$ a profinite group (in fact every profinite group can be realised as the Galois group of a Galois extension, see for example ). Note that when $$E/F$$ is finite, the Krull topology is the discrete topology.

Now that we have defined a topology on the Galois group we can restate the fundamental theorem for infinite Galois extensions.

Let $$\mathcal{F}(E/F)$$ denote the set of all intermediate field extensions of $$E/F$$ and let $$\mathcal{C}(G)$$ denote the set of all closed subgroups of $$G = \text{Gal}(E/F)$$ endowed with the Krull topology. Then there exists a bijection between $$\mathcal{F}(E/F)$$ and $$\mathcal{C}(G)$$ given by the map
 * $$\Phi : \mathcal{F}(E/F) \rightarrow \mathcal{C}(G)$$

defined by $$L \mapsto \text{Gal}(E/L)$$ and the map
 * $$\Gamma : \mathcal{C}(G) \rightarrow \mathcal{F}(E/F)$$

defined by $$N \mapsto \text{Fix}_E(N) := \{a \in E~|~\sigma(a) = a \text{ for all } \sigma \in N\}$$. One important thing one needs to check is that $$\Phi$$ is a well-defined map, that is that $$\Phi(L)$$ is a closed subgroup of $$G$$ for all intermediate fields $$L$$. This is proved in Ribes–Zalesskii, Theorem 2.11.3.

title: Fundamental theorem of Galois theory


text:
Stéphane Bonneau

Stéphane Bonneau (born December 8, 1961) is a former professional tennis player from Canada.

Bonneau had a career singles win–loss record of 6–18 in ATP tour events. His best result was a third round appearance in the 1985 Player's Canadian Open where he defeated Tomáš Šmíd and Jakob Hlasek. His career singles best ranking was World No. 107, which he attained on July 28, 1986.

1980, 1981
Bonneau first competed in the Player's International Canadian Open in 1980, losing 0-6, 7-6, 1-6 to Tim Gullikson. In doubles action he and partner Rick Fagel lost in the first round to the Chilean brother duo of Álvaro Fillol and Jaime Fillol, 2-6, 6-7. Bonneau's next professional tour level tournament was the 1981 edition of the tournament, in which he lost in the first round again in singles, as a wild card entry, this time to Frenchman Bernard Fritz 4-6, 1-6. (He did not compete in doubles.)

1983, 1984
Again Bonneau did not play in another tour event for another two years, until the 1983 edition of the Player's International. This time he made the second round, defeating compatriot and qualifier Dale Power 6-2, 7-6, before succumbing to No. 2 seed Ivan Lendl 2-6, 1-6.

Bonneau turned professional in 1984 after winning the NAIA singles title at Belhaven College. In April, he competed in both singles and doubles at the Montreal Indoor Challenger, losing in the first round in singles to Matt Mitchell 4-6, 3-6, and reaching the second round (quarters) in doubles, partnering compatriot Martin Dyotte.

In August, Bonneau played his fourth Player's International, again as a wild card entrant, and lost in the first round in singles, to qualifier Andy Kohlberg, 6-2, 4-6, 4-6. In doubles he and partner Dyotte lost in the first round as well, 4-6, 2-6, to the duo of Francisco González and John Sadri.

1985
Bonneau continued his run of contesting Canadian-only tournaments competing in the Toronto Indoor Grand Prix in February, losing in the first round in singles to Mike Leach in two tie-breaks, and not competing in doubles. A month later, he reached the quarter-finals for the first time in a tour event, the Montreal Indoor. He beat fellow wild card Doug Burke and then David Dowlen in straight sets before losing to eventual champion Kohlberg 2-6, 5-7. In doubles, he and compatriot Josef Brabenec lost in straight sets in the first round to South African Michael Robertson and New Zealander Kelly Evernden.

Bonneau competed for the first time on tour outside of Canada in April, at the San Luis Potosí Challenger in San Luis Potosí, losing in the first round in both singles (to Tomm Warneke) and doubles (partnering Burke). Then in June, he played singles at the Dortmund Challenger. Seeded for the first time, at No. 9, he lost in the first round to Peter Svensson.

Bonneau had his best tournament result at the 1985 Player's International. Again a wild card, he defeated No. 12 seed Tomáš Šmíd in three sets in the first round, future top tenner Jakob Hlasek in the second, before falling to No. 5 seed Anders Järryd in the round of 16. In doubles, he and fellow Quebecer Martin Laurendeau lost in the first round to seeded team Paul Annacone and Christo van Rensburg.

In October, Bonneau lost in the first round in singles at the Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse to Mark Dickson. He finished the year in Australia where he lost in the first round of the 1985 Australian Open in straight sets to John Frawley. A month later at the Melbourne Outdoor, Bonneau lost again in the first round, to World No. 184 Peter Carlsson. On December 30, he was ranked World No. 175 in singles and No. 421 in doubles.

1986
Bonneau's first tournament of the year was again the Toronto Indoor, where he lost in the first round to Jeremy Bates. The following week he again lost in the first round, at the Lipton International, in 3 sets to Glenn Layendecker. (Bonneau had lost in qualifying but made the main draw as a 'lucky loser'.) In March, Bonneau played singles and doubles at the Rio de Janeiro Challenger, losing in the first round in doubles, partnering Guillermo Rivas, and the second round in singles, as the No. 8 seed. The following week in Brasília, he lost in the first round as the No. 7 seed, to qualifier Gustavo Luza. The week after, Bonneau again played San Luis Potosí, losing in the first round in singles but reaching the finals in doubles, for his first time on tour, partnering Venezuelan Iñaki Calvo. Bonneau and Calvo lost the final to Charles Bud Cox and Jon Levine.

In the summer, Bonneau played in the main draw in singles first at the Schenectady Challenger, where he reached the second round. This result coupled with his still retaining his ranking points at this point from the previous year's Player's International allowed him to reach his career singles ranking of World No. 107. In August however, Bonneau was unable to protect these points, losing in the first round of the Player's, to eventual semi-final Christo Steyn. In doubles, he and compatriot Andrew Sznajder reached the second round.

Bonneau competed in his second grand slam event singles main draw at the 1986 U.S. Open. He was soundly beaten by No. 4 seed and eventual semi-finalist Stefan Edberg, 0-6, 3-6, 0-6. Bonneau did not compete in any more tour event main draws for the year. His rankings on December 29 were World No. 184 in singles and No. 263 in doubles.

1987
Bonneau again competed at San Luis Potosí and achieved his best result there, reaching the semi-finals, where he lost to Leonardo Lavalle. In doubles, partnering Briton Bill Cowan, Bonneau reached the second round. In late May at the Montabaur Challenger in Montabaur, he lost in the first round, to Peter Elter.

In July, Bonneau played in 5 consecutive grand prix events in the Eastern United States and Canada. At the 1987 Livingston Open, he reached the quarter-finals, knocking off David Wells-Roth and Glenn Layendecker before falling to Johan Kriek. At the Schenectady Open, he lost in the first round, to Eric Winogradsky. The following week Bonneau reached the second round of the Sovran Bank Classic, defeating Tomm Warnecke before losing to Nduka Odizor. The week after, he fell again to Kriek, in the first round of the Volvo International.

For the fifth consecutive year and the seventh overall, Bonneau played both singles and doubles at the Player's International, this time in Montreal. And for the sixth time, he lost in the first round, this time to World No. 249 Roberto Saad in straight sets. In doubles Bonneau reached the second round for a second consecutive with Sznajder. The following week, he played the Winnetka Challenger, losing in the first round in both singles and doubles. The week of the start of the U.S. Open, Bonneau played the Budapest Challenger, losing in the first round in both singles and doubles. The following week he played Thessaloniki Challenger, reaching the second round in singles and semis in doubles, partnering Steve Guy.

Three weeks later, Bonneau won his only tour singles title, the Chicoutimi Challenger, defeating Jamaican Doug Burke in the final. The 20 ranking points secured saw his ranking move from No. 169 to No. 142. The following week at the Vancouver Challenger he reached the quarters, losing to an up-and-coming Grant Connell. The week after, Bonneau played the Las Vegas Challenger, reaching the second round. In each of these three events, he lost however in the first round in doubles.

After a week off, Bonneau played the Bergen Challenger on carpet, defeating Florin Segărceanu before losing to World No. 88 Patrik Kühnen. The following week however he lost in the first round, of the Helsinki Challenger. In Helsinki however, Bonneau did reach the semi-finals in doubles, partnering Olli Rahnasto. The week after, he played in the main draw of his last tour event for 1987, singles in the Valkenswaard Challenger, and lost in the first round. Bonneau in the last rankings of the year, of December 28, was ranked World No. 171 in singles and No. 315 in doubles.

1988
In Bonneau's first main draw action for 1988, he reached the finals of both the singles and doubles of Vilamoura Challenger in Portugal, in April. He lost the singles final to South African Barry Moir and played doubles with Fabio Silberberg. The following week in Lisbon, he lost in the first round to World No. 55 Mark Woodforde.

In May, Bonneau reached the second round of the Raleigh Challenger, defeating compatriot Martin Wostenholme before falling to John Boytim. In doubles he lost in the first round partnering Anand Amritraj. Three weeks later he again played the Montabaur Challenger, losing in singles in the first round to Jim Gurfein. The following week at the Dijon Challenger Bonneau fared better, beating Gurfein en route to reaching the quarters. In doubles he partnered Gurfein and reached the second round. This was Bonneau's last doubles tournament as a full-time member of the tour. His doubles ranking following this result was World No. 285.

In August, Bonneau played his last tournament main draw as a full-time touring pro, reaching the second round of the New Haven Challenger in singles, defeating Robbie Weiss and losing to Luke Jensen. The Monday after this tournament his singles ranking stood at World No. 230.

Davis Cup
As a Davis Cup player for Canada, Bonneau lost both a doubles and singles rubber on clay in a 1981 tie held against Colombia in Bogotá, the North and Central America semi-final. Partnering Rejean Genois, he lost to the duo of Carlos Behar and Alejandro Cortes, in straight sets. Bonneau then lost to Cortes in fourth rubber in four sets. Colombia won the tie 3-2.

Bonneau won two singles matches versus the Caribbean in March 1985 on carpet in Chicoutimi, defeating Karl Hale in the second round and then Roger Smith in a dead rubber. Canada prevailed in this America Zone quarterfinal 4-1.

In the next round, held in August, also in Chicoutimi, Mexico defeated Canada 3-2 to advance to the American zone final. Bonneau lost his round 1 match-up to Francisco Maciel in four sets as well as a fifth and deciding rubber, 10-12, 1-6, 2-6 to Leonardo Lavalle.

Post tour tennis
In 1989, Bonneau played the Chicoutimi Challenger in both singles and doubles. In singles he beat World No. 822 Mark Z. Jacobson in the first round, in straight sets, and lost to World No. 444 Craig Campbell in the second in three sets. In doubles, he and partner, compatriot Pierre Dufour lost their opening match to the young Quebec duo of Sébastien Lareau and Sébastien Leblanc, 3-6, 6-3, 3-6.

In 1996, at age 34, Bonneau was ranked 3rd in Quebec.

title: Stéphane Bonneau


text:
Talk:Atomic transaction

There seems to be some duplication between this article and the one about database transactions which need to also rely on this same principle. However, the database related one is more general, as it should be, and this article should aim to be more technical; It might be nice to eventually consider both articles side-by-side and reduce information duplication, while keeping this one low-level and the other one application-level.

title: Talk:Atomic transaction


text: User talk:68.105.117.131

title: User talk:68.105.117.131


text:
Kingdom of Albania (medieval)

The Kingdom of Albania (Mbretëria e Arbërisë, ) was established by Charles of Anjou in the Albanian territories he conquered from the Byzantine Empire in 1271, with the help of the local Albanian nobility. The Kingdom of Albania was declared in late February 1272. The kingdom extended from the region of Durazzo (Dyrrhachium, modern Durrës) south along the coast to Butrint. A major attempt to advance further in direction of Constantinople failed at the Siege of Berat (1280–1281). A Byzantine counteroffensive soon ensued, which drove the Angevins out of the interior by 1281. The Sicilian Vespers further weakened the position of Charles, and the Kingdom was soon reduced by the Byzantines to a small area around Durazzo. The Angevins held out here, however, until 1368, when the city was captured by Karl Thopia. In 1392, Karl Thopia's son surrendered the city to the Republic of Venice.

Background
During the conflict between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea in 1253, lord Golem of Kruja was initially allied with Epirus. Golem's troops had occupied the Kostur area trying to prevent the Nicaean forces of John Vatatzes from entering Devoll. Vatatzes managed to convince Golem to switch sides and a new treaty was signed between the parties where Vatatzes promised to guarantee Golem's autonomy. The same year Despot of Epirus Michael II signed a peace treaty with Nicaea acknowledging their authority over west Macedonia and Albania. The fortress of Krujë was surrendered to Nicaea, while the Nicean emperor acknowledged the old privileges and also granted new ones. The same privileges were confirmed later by his successor Theodore II Laskaris.

The Nicaeans took control of Durrës from Michael II in 1256. During the winter of 1256–57, George Akropolites tried to reinstall Byzantine authority in the area of Arbanon. Autonomy was thus banished and a new administration was imposed. This was in contrast to what the Nicaeans had promised before. The local Albanian leaders revolted and on hearing the news, Michael II also denounced the peace treaty with the Nicaea. With the support of Albanian forces he attacked the cities of Dibra, Ohrid and Prilep. In the meantime Manfred of Sicily profited from the situation and launched an invasion into Albania. His forces, led by Philip Chinard, captured Durrës, Berat, Vlorë, Spinarizza and their surroundings and the southern coastline of Albania from Vlorë to Butrint. Facing a war in two fronts, despot Michael II came to terms with Manfred and became his ally. He recognized Manfred's authority over the captured regions which were ceded as a dowry gift following the marriage of his daughter Helena to Manfred.

Following the defeat of Michael II's and Manfred's forces in the Battle of Pelagonia, the new Nicaean forces continued their advance by capturing all of Manfred's domains in Albania, with the exception of Durrës. However, in September 1261, Manfred organized a new expedition and managed to capture all his dominions in Albania and he kept them until his death in 1266. Manfred respected the old autonomy and privileges of the local nobility and their regions. He also integrated Albanian nobles into his administration, as was the case with Andrea Vrana who was the general captain and governor of Durrës and the neighboring region of Arbanon. Albanian troops were also used by Manfred in his campaigns in Italy. Manfred appointed Philippe Chinard as the general-governor of his dominions in Albania. Initially based in Corfu, Chinard moved his headquarters to Kanina, the dominant center of the Vlorë region. There he married a relative of Michael II.

Creation
After defeating Manfred's forces in the Battle of Benevento in 1266, the Treaty of Viterbo of 1267 was signed, with Charles of Anjou acquiring rights on Manfred's dominions in Albania, together with rights he gained in the Latin dominions in the Despotate of Epirus and in the Morea. Upon hearing the news of Manfred's death in the battle of Benevento, Michael II conspired and managed to kill Manfred's governor Philippe Chinard, with the help of Chinard's wife, but he could not capture Manfred's domains. Local noblemen and commanders refused to surrender Manfred's domains in Albania to Michael II. They gave the same negative response to Charles' envoy, Gazo Chinard in 1267, when following the articles of the Treaty of Viterbo, he asked for them to surrender Manfred's dominions in Albania.

After the failure of the Eighth Crusade, Charles of Anjou returned his attention to Albania. He began contacting local Albanian leaders through local catholic clergy. Two local Catholic priests, namely Gjon from Durrës and Nicola from Arbanon, acted as negotiators between Charles of Anjou and the local noblemen. During 1271 they made several trips between Albania and Italy eventually succeeding in their mission. On 21 February 1272, a delegation of Albanian noblemen and citizens from Durrës made their way to Charles' court. Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania "by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens" promising to protect them and to honor the privileges they had from Byzantine Empire. The treaty declared the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: Regnum Albanie) with the Kingdom of Sicily under King Charles of Anjou (Carolus I, dei gratia rex Siciliae et Albaniae). He appointed Gazo Chinard as his Vicar-General and hoped to take up his expedition against Constantinople again. Throughout 1272 and 1273 he sent huge provisions to the towns of Durrës and Vlorë. This alarmed the Byzantine Emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos, who began sending letters to local Albanian nobles, trying to convince them to stop their support for Charles of Anjou and to switch sides. The Albanian nobles sent those letter to Charles who praised them for their loyalty. Then, Michael VIII's hopes of stopping the advance of Charles were laid on the influence of Pope Gregory X. Gregory had high hopes of reconciling Europe, unifying the Greek and Latin churches, and launching a new crusade: to that end, he announced the Council of Lyon, to be held in 1274, and worked to arrange the election of an Emperor, so he ordered Charles to stop his operations.

Charles of Anjou imposed a military rule on Kingdom of Albania. The autonomy and privileges promised in the treaty were "de facto" abolished and new taxes were imposed. Lands were confiscated in favor of Anjou nobles and Albanian nobles were excluded from their governmental tasks. In an attempt to enforce his rule and local loyalty, Charles I, took as hostages the sons of local noblemen. This created a general discontent in the country and several Albanian noblemen began contacting Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII who promised them, to acknowledge their old privileges.

Byzantine offensive
As Charles I's intentions for a new offensive were stopped by the Pope and there was a general discontent within Albania, Michael VIII caught the occasion and began a campaign in Albania in late 1274. Byzantine forces helped by local Albanian noblemen captured the important city of Berat and later on Butrint. On November 1274, the local governor reported to Charles I that the Albanian and Byzantine forces had besieged Durrës. The Byzantine offensive continued and captured the port-city of Spinarizza. Thus Durrës alongside the Krujë and Vlora regions became the only domains in mainland Albania which were still under Charles I's control, but they were landlocked and isolated from each other. They could communicate with each other only by sea but the Byzantine fleet based in Spinarizza and Butrint kept them under constant pressure. Charles also managed to keep the island of Corfu.

Michael VIII also scored another important diplomatic victory on Charles I by agreeing to unite the two churches in the Second Council of Lyon in 1274. Enthusiastic from the results of the council, Pope Gregory X, forbade any attempt by Charles on Michael VIII's forces. Under these circumstances Charles of Anjou was forced to sign a truce with Michael VIII in 1276.

Angevin counteroffensive
The Byzantine presence in Butrint alarmed Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas the Despot of Epirus. He contacted Charles of Anjou and his vassal William II of Villehardouin who was at that time the prince of Achaea. Nikephoros I promised to make an oath of homage to Charles of Anjou in return for some land property in Achaia. In 1278 Nikephoros I's troops captured the city of Butrint. In March 1279 Nikephoros I declared himself a vassal of Charles of Anjou and surrendered to him the castles of Sopot and Butrint. As a pledge, Nikephoros I delivered his own son to the Angevin castellan of Vlorë to be held as hostage. Ambassadors were exchanged in this occasion, but Charles did not wait for the formalities to end; instead he ordered his captain and vicar-general at Corfu to capture not only Butrint, but everything that once belonged to Manfred and now were under the Despotate of Epirus.

At the same time Charles began creating a network of alliances in the area in the brick of the new offensive, which would have pointed first to Thessaloníki and later to Constantinople. He entered in alliance with the kings of Serbia and Bulgaria. He also tried to get the support of the local Albanian nobles. After continuous requests from other Albanian nobles, he liberated from Neapolitan prisons a number of Albanian nobles who were arrested before being accused of collaborating with Byzantine forces. Among them were Gjin Muzaka, Dhimitër Zogu and Guljem Blinishti. Gjin Muzaka especially was important to Charles' plans because the Muzaka family territories were around city of Berat. They were liberated, but were ordered to send their sons as hostages in Naples. On August 1279, Charles of Anjou appointed Hugo de Sully as Captain and Vicar-General of Albania, Durrës, Vlorë, Sopot, Butrint and Corfu. In the following months a great Angevin counteroffensive was prepared. A lot of materials and men including Saracen archers and siege engineers were sent to de Sully, who had captured Spinarizza from Byzantine forces making it his headquarters. The first goal of the expedition was the recapture of the city of Berat, which had been under Byzantine control since 1274. However, Charles' preparations were restrained by Pope Nicholas III who had forbidden Charles from attacking the Byzantine Empire. However, Pope Nicholas III died on August 1280 and for more than six months the Pope's seat was vacant. This gave Charles an opportunity to move on. During Autumn 1280 he gave the order to Hugo de Sully to move on. In December 1280 Angevin forces captured the surroundings of Berat and besieged its castle.

Byzantine counteroffensive
The Byzantine Emperor was hoping for the Pope to stop his Latin adversaries. In fact after the death in 1276 of Pope Gregory X, the main supporter of the union of the churches, his successors maintained the same course and this restricted Charles' movements. However, in February 1281 Charles of Anjou achieved a diplomatic victory by imposing a French Pope, as the head of the Catholic Church. The Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII was excommunicated by the new Pope and Charles' expedition against him blessed as a new crusade. The situation was very complicated for Michael VIII; however, he sent help to the besieged garrison. The Byzantine army which also included Turkish mercenaries arrived near Berat in March 1281. They were under orders to avoid pitched battle and to focus on ambushes and raids. They managed to defeat Angevin forces by capturing first their commander Hugo de Sully in an ambush. This spread panic throughout his army, routing them from the battlefield. The Angevin army lost the major part of its forces and only a small part found refuge in the Kaninë castle, which was in Angevin hands. The Byzantine army continued its advance further into the territory. They besieged the Angevin bases of Vlorë, Kaninë, and Durrës but could not capture them. The Albanian nobles in the region of Krujë allied themselves with the Byzantine Emperor and he granted them a charter of privileges for their city and bishopric.

Treaty of Orvieto
The failure of Hugo de Sully's expedition convinced Charles of Anjou that an invasion of the Byzantine Empire by land was not feasible, and he thus considered a naval expedition against Byzantium. He found an ally in Venice and in July 1281, the Treaty of Orvieto formalized this collaboration. Its stated purpose was the dethronement of Michael VIII in favor of the titular Latin emperor Philip of Courtenay and the forcible establishment of the Union of the Churches, bringing the Greek Orthodox Church under the authority of the Pope. Its principal motivation, however, was to re-establish the Latin Empire, under Angevin domination, and to restore Venetian commercial privileges in Constantinople. Under the terms of the treaty, Philip and Charles were to supply 8,000 troops and cavalry, and sufficient ships to transport them to Constantinople. Philip, the Doge of Venice Giovanni Dandolo, and Charles himself or Charles' son, Charles, Prince of Salerno, were to personally accompany the expedition. In practice, Charles would have supplied almost all of the troops, Philip having little or no resources of his own. The Venetians would supply forty galleys as escorts for the invasion fleet, which was to sail from Brindisi no later than April 1283. Upon Philip's restoration to the throne, he was to confirm the concessions of the Treaty of Viterbo and the privileges granted to Venice at the founding of the Latin Empire, including recognition of the Doge as dominator of "one-fourth and one-eighth of the Latin Empire."

A second document was also drawn up to organize a vanguard to precede the main expedition of 1283. Charles and Philip were to supply fifteen ships and ten transports with about 300 men and horses. The Venetians were to provide fifteen warships for seven months of the year. These forces would make war against Michael VIII and "other occupiers" of the Latin Empire (presumably the Genoese), and would meet in Corfu by 1 May 1282, paving the way for the next year's invasion.

The two treaties were signed by Charles and Philip on 3 July 1281, and were ratified by the Doge of Venice on 2 August 1281.

Sicilian Vespers
On Easter Monday 30 March 1282, in Sicily the local people began attacking French forces in an uprising which would become known as the Sicilian Vespers. The massacre went on for weeks throughout the island and they also destroyed the Angevin fleet gathered in the harbor of Messina which Charles had intended to use in the new expedition against Byzantium. Charles tried to suppress the uprising, but on 30 of August 1282, Peter III of Aragon landed in Sicily, it was clear that Charles had no more chances of attacking Byzantium. In September 1282, the Angevin house forever lost Sicily. His son Charles II of Naples was captured by the Aragonese army in the Battle of the Gulf of Naples and was still a prisoner when his father, Charles of Anjou, died on 7 January 1285. Upon his death Charles left all of his domains to his son, who at the time was held by the Catalans. He was kept as prisoner up to 1289, when he was finally released.

Loss of Durrës
The Angevin resistance continued for some years in Kaninë, Durrës and Vlorë. However Durrës fell in Byzantine hands in 1288 and in the same year Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos renewed the privileges that his predecessor had granted to the Albanians in the Krujë region. Kaninë castle was the last to fall to the Byzantines probably in 1294, while Corfu and Butrint remained in Angevin hands at least up to 1292. In 1296 Serbian king Stephen Milutin took possession of Durrës. In 1299 Andronikos II Palaiologos married his daughter Simonis to Milutin and the lands he had conquered were considered as a dowry gift.

Recapture of Durrës
Although the Albanian territories were lost, the notion and rights of the Kingdom of Albania continued for the Angevins for a long time after Charles of Anjou's death. The Kingdom was inherited by Charles II after the death of his father in 1285. In August 1294, Charles II passed his rights on Albania to his son Philip I, Prince of Taranto. In November 1294, Philip I was married to the daughter of the Epirote Despot Nikephoros I, renewing the old alliance between the two states. His plans of recovering old Angevin domains were paused for a while when in 1299 Philip of Taranto became a prisoner of Frederick III of Sicily in the Battle of Falconaria. However, after his release in 1302, he claimed his rights on the Albanian kingdom and began preparations to recover it. He gained the support of local Albanian Catholics who preferred a Catholic Italian power as their protector instead of the Orthodox Serbs and Greeks, as well as the support of Pope Benedict XI. In the summer of 1304, Serbs were expelled from the city of Durrës by its citizens and local nobles, who in September submitted themselves to Angevin rule. Philip and his father Charles II renewed the old privileges that Charles of Anjou had promised to the citizens and nobility of Durrës. In 1305, further extensive exemptions from dues and taxes were granted to the citizens of Durrës and the local nobles from Charles II.

The territory of the Kingdom of Albania under Philip of Taranto was restricted to roughly the modern Durrës District. In an attempt to resolve the tensions between the house of Anjou and the Aragonese, the Kingdom of Albania and the lands in Achaea under Angevin dominion were offered in exchange for the Kingdom of Trinacria ruled by Frederick II. These negotiations lasted some years but were abandoned in 1316.

Duchy of Durazzo
Upon the death of Philip of Taranto in 1332, there were various claims on his domains within the Angevin family. The rights of the Duchy of Durazzo (Durrës) and the Kingdom of Albania together were given to John of Gravina with a sum of 5,000 pounds of gold. After his death in 1336, his dominions in Albania passed to his son Charles, Duke of Durazzo.

During this period there were different Albanian noble families who began consolidating their power and domains. One of them was the Thopia family whose domains were in central Albania. The Serbs were pressing hard in their direction and the Albanian nobles found a natural ally in the Angevins. Alliance with Albanian leaders was also crucial to the safety of the Kingdom of Albania, especially during the 1320s and 1330s. Most prominent among these leaders were the Thopias, ruling in an area between the rivers Mat and Shkumbin, and the Muzaka family in the territory between the rivers Shkumbin and Vlorë. They saw the Angevins as protectors of their domains and made alliances. During 1336–1337 Charles had various successes against Serb forces in central Albania.

Last decades
The pressure of the Serbian Kingdom on the Kingdom of Albania grew especially under the leadership of Stefan Dušan. Although the fate of city of Durrës, the capital of the Kingdom, is unknown, by 1346 all Albania was reported to be under the rule of Dušan. In 1348, Charles, Duke of Durazzo, was decapitated by his cousin Philip II, Prince of Taranto, who also inherited his rights on the Kingdom of Albania. Meanwhile, in Albania, after the death of Dušan, his empire began to disintegrate and, in central Albania, the Thopia family under Karl Topia, claimed rights to the Kingdom of Albania. In fact Stefan Uroš I was married to Helen of Anjou and Karl Topia was recognized as Count of Albania. Karl Thopia took Durrës from the Angevins in 1368 with the consensus of its citizens. In 1376 Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo who had gained the rights on the Albanian Kingdom from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city at the Battle of Durazzo (1376), but in 1383, Thopia took once again control of the city.

In 1385 the city of Durrës was captured by Balša II. Topia called for Ottoman help and Balša's forces were defeated in the Battle of Savra. Topia recaptured the city of Durrës the same year and held it until his death in 1388. Afterwards, the city of Durrës was inherited by his son Gjergj, Lord of Durrës. In 1392 Gjergj surrendered the city of Durrës and his domains to the Republic of Venice.

Government
The kingdom of Albania was a distinct entity from the Kingdom of Naples. The kingdom had the nature of a military oriented political structure. It had its own structure and organs of government which was located in Durrës. At the head of this governmental body was the captain-general who had the status of a viceroy. These persons usually had the title of capitaneus et vicarius generalis and were the head of the army also, while the local forces were commanded by persons who held the title marescallus in partibus Albaniae.

The royal resources, especially income from salt production and trade, were paid to the thesaurius of Albania. The port of Durrës and sea trade were essential to the kingdom. The port was under the command of prothontius and the Albanian fleet had its own captain. Other offices were created and functioned under the authority of the viceroy.

With the attrition of the territory of the kingdom, the persons appointed as captain-generals began losing their powers, becoming more like governors of Durrës, than representatives of the king.

The role of local Albanian lords became more and more important to the fate of the kingdom and the Angevins integrated them into their military structure especially in the second phase of the kingdom. When Philip of Taranto returned in 1304, one Albanian noble, Gulielm Blinishti, was appointed head of Angevin army in the Kingdom of Albania with the title marascallum regnie Albaniae. He was succeeded in 1318 by Andrea I Muzaka. From 1304 on, other western titles of nobility were bestowed by the Angevins upon the local Albanian lords.

Although the Angevins tried to install a centralized state apparatus, they left great autonomy to the Albanians cities. In fact, in 1272 it was Charles of Anjou himself who recognized the old privileges of Durrës' community.

Religion
Historically the territory where the Kingdom of Albania lay was subject to different metropolitan powers such as Antivari, Durrës, Ohrid and Nicopolis, where Catholicism, Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian Churches applied their power interchangeably or sometimes even together. The presence of the kingdom reinforced the influence of Catholicism and the conversion to its rite, not only in the region of Durrës but also in other parts of the country.

The Archbishopric of Durrës was one of the primary bishoprics in Albania and before the Great Schism (1054), it had 15 episcopal sees under its authority. After the split it remained under the authority of Eastern Church while there were continuous, but fruitless efforts from the Roman church to convert it to the Latin rite. However, things changed after the fall of Byzantine Empire in 1204. In 1208, a Catholic archdeacon was elected for the archbishopric of Durrës. After the reconquest of Durrës by the Despotate of Epirus in 1214, the Latin Archbishop of Durrës was replaced by an Orthodox archbishop. After his death in 1225, various nearby metropolitan powers fought over the vacant seat. At last a Nicean archbishop was appointed in 1256 but he could not effectively run its office since, in 1258, the city was captured by Manfred.

After the creation of Kingdom of Albania in 1272, a Catholic political structure was a good basis for the papal plans of spreading Catholicism in the Balkans. This plan found also the support of Helen of Anjou, a spouse of King Stefan Uroš I and cousin of Charles of Anjou, as Queen consort of the Serbian Kingdom, who was at that time ruling territories in North Albania. Around 30 Catholic churches and monasteries were built during her rule in North Albania and in Serbia. New bishoprics were created especially in North Albania, with the help of Helen of Anjou.

Durrës became again a Catholic archbishopric in 1272. Other territories of the Kingdom of Albania became Catholic centers as well. Butrint in the south, although dependent on Corfu, became Catholic and remained as such during 14th century. The same happened to Vlorë and Krujë as soon as the Kingdom of Albania was created.

A new wave of Catholic dioceses, churches and monasteries were founded, a number of different religious orders began spreading into the country, and papal missionaries also reached the territories of the Kingdom of Albania. Those who were not Catholic in Central and North Albania converted and a great number of Albanian clerics and monks were present in the Dalmatian Catholic institutions.

However, in Durrës the Byzantine rite continued to exist for a while after Angevin conquest. This double-line of authority created some confusion in the local population and a contemporary visitor of the country described Albanians as nor they are entirely Catholic or entirely schismatic. In order to fight this religious ambiguity, in 1304, Dominicans were ordered by Pope Benedict XI to enter the country and to instruct the locals in the Latin rite. Dominican priests were also ordered as bishops in Vlorë and Butrint.

Among the Catholic orders operating during that period in Albania, one could mention the Franciscan order, Carmelites, Cistercians and Premonstratensians. Also from time to time, the local bishops were appointed from different orders as different popes had their favorites among them.

Krujë became an important center for the spread of Catholicism. Its bishopric had been Catholic since 1167. It was under direct dependence from the pope and it was the pope himself who consecrated the bishop. Local Albanian nobles maintained good relations with the Papacy. Its influence became so great, that it began to nominate local bishops.

The Catholic cause had a drawback while Stephan Dushan ruled in Albania. The Catholic rite was called Latin heresy and Dushan's code contained harsh measures against them. However, the persecutions of local catholic Albanians did not begin in 1349 when the Code was promulgated, but much earlier, at least since the beginning of 14th century. Under these circumstances the relations between local Catholic Albanians and the papal curia became very close.

Between 1350 and 1370, the spread of Catholicism in Albania reached its peak. At that period there were around seventeen Catholic bishoprics in the country, which acted not only as centers for Catholic reform within Albania, but also as centers for missionary activity in the neighboring areas, with the permission of the pope.

Society
While the Byzantine Pronoia was the dominant form in the country, the Angevins introduced the Western type of feudalism. In the 13th and 14th centuries, pronoiars earned a great number of privileges and attributes, taking power away from the central authority. The benefit earned by the pronoiars from their land increased. Pronoiars began to collect land taxes for themselves which was an attribute of the state. They also began to exercise administrative authorities which replaced the state's, such as the ability to gather workers, guards, soldiers, and sometimes their own judges. In the 13th century, it was common for pronoiars to arrogate their own right to trial, initially for petty issues and then for serious crimes, taking away central authority from the main prerogatives to the practice of sovereignty.

By the 14th century, the pronoia had reached the status of feudal possession. It could now be passed on to succession, split, and sold. The pronoia increasingly rarely fulfilled the military needs of the state. Alongside the pronoiars were landowners who owned large tracts of land worked by farmers. The landownership also included pronoiars from Durrës, Shkodër, and Drisht. Citizens of Durrës owned property and grazing land in the nearby mountain of Temali. The splitting, inheritance, and selling of the property was a common occurrence.

The feudal possessions in Albania, as in the West and the Byzantine Empire, were made up of two parts: the land of the peasants and the land which was directly owned by the lords of the land. The peasant's land was not centralized, but was split into many small plots, often far from each other. The lord's land was continually expanded along the same lines that the aristocracy strengthened.

Land was also centralized under religious institutions, including monasteries and bishoprics. Unlike the 12th century, where the area under control was donated by the central authority, after the 12th century, most donors of land to the monasteries and bishoprics were small and large landowners. By the beginning of the 14th century, monasteries and bishoprics had been able to collect large sums of land funds. The income of the monasteries came mainly from agricultural products, but a small part also came from craftwork and other activities. A central source of income to the church were from taxes gathered in kind and in cash. A good of portion went to Rome or Constantinople. The delivery of bonds was one of the causes of friction between the local clergy and the Pope in Rome or the Patriarch in Constantinople.

In an effort to find additional means of finance, especially in times of war, the central authority imposed high taxes on the population. The pyramid of society depended upon the work of the farmers. Besides the main category of farmers, categories of farmers included "free" farmer and "foreign" farmers. They were deprived of land and any form of possession and were therefore not registered, placing them in a feud for the quality of wages. Eventually, they received a piece of land for which they paid their duties, and were fused with the main category of farmers.

The feudal duties of the peasant were not the same for all the Albanian areas but differed according to the terrain. The systems of payment in kind or in cash also changed accordingly, but the strengthening of the nobility against the central authority in the 13th century caused the payments in cash to increase compared to payments in kind. From the 12th to the 14th century, the vertical shift of power to the nobles was deepened. Not only were the plains brought under the control of the nobles, but also mountainous areas. The feudal possessions also began to include communal areas such as forests, pastures, and fisheries. This evolution took place during the period of Byzantine decline and saw the conversion of the pronoia into an estate very similar to the feudal one.

The overwhelming majority of the population under the lords' rule was made up of agricultural workers. Contemporary sources reveal that in large parts of Albania, the village population had fallen to the status of serfdom. An anonymous traveler in 1308 revealed that farmers in the regions of Këlcyrë, Tomorricë, Stefaniakë, Kunavë, and Pultë of Dibra worked the lands and vineyards of their respective lords, turned over their products, and performed household work for them. The Byzantine historian Kantakouzenos, testifies that the power of the lords of these areas depended mostly on livestock which were present in large numbers.

Cities
During the 13th century, many cities in Albania made the move from being primarily military strongholds to becoming urban centers. Unable to contain the development inside the city walls, many cities expanded outside them. Quarters outside the walls began to form, called proastion and suburbium and became important economic centers. In these quarters, trade took place and shops along with workshops were centered here. Eventually, many of these quarters too were surrounded by walls to protect them. In order to secure a supply of water, cisterns in open, safe spaces were used to gather water. In some unique cases, water was also gathered from nearby rivers.

In the first half of the 14th century, the population of the cities grew greatly. Durrës is estimated to have had 25,000 inhabitants. The city became a center which attracted inhabitants from the rural areas. Durrës is known to have had a large number of inhabitants who came from the surrounding villages. Those farmers who migrated to the city were often forced to pay a fixed payment or to make up for this payment by working in a commune. Along with the farmers came noblemen from the surrounding areas, who either migrated permanently or spent a large amount of time in the cities to look after their economic interests. Many had possessions, stores, and houses in the city. The movement of noblemen to urban areas became normal and they were eventually integrated into the city become citizens and often taking government positions.

Architecture
The spread of Catholicism affected the architecture of religious buildings, with a new Gothic style, mainly in the Center and North Albania. These areas were attached to the Catholic church and thus had greater Western connections. Both the Catholic and Orthodox churches operated in Durrës and the surrounding areas, and therefore both Western and Byzantine architectural styles were followed. Western architecture could also be found in areas where Western rulers had possessions. Churches built in this form were built in Upper and Central Albania and were characterized by an emphasis on an East-West longitudinal axis with circular or rectangular apses. Among the most notable architectural monuments of this period include the Church of Shirgj Monastery near the village of Shirgj near Shkodër, the Church of Saint Mary in Vau i Dejës, and the Church of Rubik. The former two churches were built in the 13th century AD while the latter in the 12th century AD. Most of the churches built in this period were decorated with murals.

In modern historiography
The Regnum Albaniae was used by the historiography of Fascist Italy to support the Italian claims on Albania. Also, modern Albanian historiography mythisized this kingdom as a medieval Albanian nation-state. In fact, Charles I d' Anjou never claimed that he is "Rex Albaniae", and the term "Regnum Albaniae" disappears from the Angevin archives after 1277. The borders of this kingtom were poorly defined.

Kings of Albania

 * Charles I 1272–1285
 * Charles II 1285–1294

Charles surrendered his rights to Albania to his son Philip in 1294. Philip reigned as Lord of the Kingdom of Albania.

Lords of the Kingdom of Albania

 * Philip 1294–1331
 * Robert 1331–1332

Philip died on 26 December 1331, and was succeeded by his son Robert. Robert's uncle, John, did not wish to do him homage for the Principality of Achaea, so Robert received Achaea from John in exchange for 5,000 ounces of gold and the rights to the diminished Kingdom of Albania. John took the style of Duke of Durazzo.

Dukes of Durazzo

 * John 1332–1336
 * Charles 1336–1348
 * Joanna 1348–1368 & 1376-1383
 * Louis 1365–1368 and 1376, in right of his wife
 * Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu 1376-1383, in right of his wife

In 1368 and 1383, Durazzo fell to Karl Topia, who was recognized by Venice as Prince of Albania.

Captains and Vicars-General of the Kingdom of Albania
These officers were styled Capitaneus et vicaris generalis in regno Albaniae.
 * Gazo Chinard (1272)
 * Anselme de Chaus (May 1273)
 * Narjot de Toucy (1274)
 * Guillaume Bernard (23 September 1275)
 * Jean Vaubecourt (15 September 1277)
 * Jean Scotto (May 1279)
 * Hugues de Sully le Rousseau (1281)
 * Guillaume Bernard (1283)
 * Guy of Charpigny (1294)
 * Ponzard de Tournay (1294)
 * Simon de Mercey (1296)
 * Guillaume de Grosseteste (1298)
 * Geoffroy de Port (1299)
 * Rinieri da Montefuscolo (1301)

Marshals of the Kingdom of Albania
These officers were styled Marescallus in regni Albaniae.
 * Guillaume Bernard
 * Philip d'Artulla (Ervilla)
 * Geoffroy de Polisy
 * Jacques de Campagnol
 * Andrea I Muzaka (1279)
 * Gulielm Blinishti (1304)

title: Kingdom of Albania (medieval)


text: User talk:69.197.169.218

title: User talk:69.197.169.218


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Talk:Portable hole

Portable holes in D&D
Portable holes in all D&D campaigns I've been in took objects with them when folded up, as opposed to leaving them buried in the ground. This was one of the main points of usefulness of the hole (carrying vast amounts of equipment or treasure around with zero encumberance). This is explicitly described in some editions of the DMG (mentioning, among other things, a telescoping tower as an example of field equipment stored). Any references for the "leaving buried" mode of operation? --Christopher Thomas 03:51, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

There are no references in any of the game products I own (which is all the rules sets from Basic up to 3.5). All editions of D&D that have Portable Holes as a listed magic item describe it as an extradimensional space. So, no, you couldn't use it to "dig up" anything from the ground you place it over, nor could you bury something you've placed into it,nor could you use it to pass through a wall or other barrier, because there is no described opening in the "other side" of the hole to exit the extradimensional space. Also, you couldn't use it to expose some character's innards and kill him, as the article suggests. Naturally a Dungeon Master can interpret his game any way he likes, but nothing in any of the rules sets implies that this is how extradimensional spaces function, and indeed, the idea is counterintuitive to the way other examples of extradimensional spaces function in the game. 66.134.65.66 17:58, 23 August 2007 (UTC)Greg Scarborough

Origin of the Hole
I know the Portable Hole didn't originate in D&D, as I remember a Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoon about a scientist whose invention was stolen by a thief. In the cartoon, the Portable Hole was a black substance that could be pumped out onto a surface, where it begame a hole. The hole could then be picked up and placed as needed. In the end, the scientist makes one last hole, which he tosses on the ground in the path of his nagging wife. Unfortunately, the hole was too deep, as the Devil comes up and dumps her back on the floor, saying that it's "bad enough down there without her!"

Unfortunately, I forgot the name of the cartoon. SAMAS 21:39, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

The cartoon, of which you're thinking, is The Hole Idea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ValamirCleaver (talk • contribs) 13:44, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

The first portable hole that I saw was Felix the Cat (created around 1920). His magic bag was also a portable hole and I suspect that the inspiration was originally a popular joke about what women kept in their hand bags. From that bag he took a portable hole to put onto a wall, floor or safe etc. I don't know if Majer Fleischer created the concept or if he took the idea from some other place other than the woman's handbag joke. Is there any reference to the concept in 19th century in literature or cartoons from that period ?

Warner Bro's used the Portable Hole concept in Looney Toons a lot but they are at least a decade later. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.121.18.62 (talk) 22:50, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

Portal - VG
Does anyone thing it would be worth linking Portal (video game) to this article? Elaverick 23:52, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

morph
morph (the brown plasticine guy (he might have been in smart)) has a portable hole which he uses to dispose of a radio81.108.233.59 (talk) 08:04, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Other use of the term
I have heard a stick on tab with a hole in it, used in retail to make items that do not have a hole for placing on a peg peg-able, called a "portable hole." Should this usage be mentioned in this article? Wikipedia seems a little geek-heavy sometimes (although I understand why) and a little light on retail. IsaacSapphire (talk) 07:57, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

There's another item called a "portable hole" that is a metal stake with two loops attached to it. They are often pounded into the ground to hold up flagpoles or patio umbrellas. See http://midtown.net/dragonwing/porthole.htm US 71 (talk) 14:39, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

A yet another was invented here in paent n# 592,913 "Telephoning from cars". a "portable hole" is basically a piece of circuitry with a handle which can connnect a disonnected electric circuit. Staszek Lem (talk) 17:27, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * oops. It was a typo in the patent digest book. The full patent uses "portable pole" Staszek Lem (talk) 16:44, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

Removed PROD
I think it's clear that this is a notable topic. There's no doubt the article is a mess, and a magnet for unsourced trivia. But, WP:AfD is not for cleanup, and neither is WP:PROD. -- RoySmith (talk) 02:18, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portable hole


text:
Genista stenopetala

Genista stenopetala, the sweet broom, Easter broom or leafy broom (syn. Genista spachiana, Cytisus spachianus), is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae, native to the Canary Islands, on La Palma and Tenerife.

It is an evergreen shrub growing to 3 m tall. The leaves are trifoliate, the leaflets 1 - 3 cm long, narrow elliptic, coated with fine silky, silvery hairs. The strongly scented flowers are yellow, 1 - 2 cm long, produced in racemes 5 - 11 cm long. The flowers appear in late winter or early spring. The fruit is a pod 2 - 3 cm long.

The Latin specific epithet stenopetala means "with narrow petals".

Under the name Genista × spachiana, it has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It is not a hardy plant, and does not tolerate temperatures below 5 C, so in temperate climates it is usually grown under glass. However, it may be placed outside during the summer months, in a sheltered, sunny spot.

title: Genista stenopetala


text:
Devils Elbow, Missouri

Devils Elbow is an unincorporated community in Pulaski County, Missouri, United States on historic U.S. Highway 66. It is situated on the Big Piney River and is named for a tight incised meander in the river known as a "devil of an elbow". The community is approximately five miles (8 km) east of St. Robert.

History
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, lumbermen were busy upstream cutting the short leaf pine or hacking railroad ties from the hardwoods. Rafters floated the planks and ties down the Big Piney to the railroad yard at Arlington on the Gasconade River, but they first had to negotiate the sharp bend in the river where rafts sometimes broke up and ties were lost. The rafters named the bend in the river the Devil's Elbow. The hamlet of Devils Elbow is located on the inside of the bend.

The Devil's Elbow area was a destination for St. Louis sportsmen beginning in the late 19th century. It is on the fine fishing stream of the Big Piney which flows into the Gasconade River a few miles north. The surrounding forest provided good hunting. Before improved highway access, the sportsmen came by train to Dixon, 12 miles north, and then by wagon to the area. Early autoists negotiated State Highway 14, part gravel and part dirt, which ran from St. Louis to Springfield, Missouri.

As part of the improvement of State Highway 14 in 1923, a steel truss bridge was constructed that spanned the Big Piney River across the lower portion of the elbow. In 1926, Highway 14 was renumbered as U. S. Highway 66. A post office named Devil's Elbow was established in 1927 by Walter E. Graham in the office/store of his Graham’s Resort and Camp, located a quarter mile south of the bridge. A few years later, Nelle Munger and Howard Moss built the Munger-Moss Sandwich Shop on the north side of the bridge and Dwight Rench erected the native rock Devil's Elbow Cafe on the south side. Graham and Rench offered rental cabins to the increasing number of tourists on Route 66. During the 1930s, the village became a stopping point on Route 66. Its bluffs were listed by the State Planning Commission as one of the seven beauty spots in Missouri.

The community experienced a population surge during World War II boom associated with the construction and development of Fort Leonard Wood, which is located five miles to the west. Numerous rental cabins and small houses were constructed, along with a two-story market/apartment building. Highway traffic decreased with the completion in late 1945 of the divided four-lane section of Route 66 which bypassed the community to the north. However, U. S. and foreign fans of the Mother Road today still find Devil's Elbow alongside the original 1926 route.

The bridge at Devil's Elbow is iconic in stature. It is one of only two bridges left on Route 66 with a dogleg (curve) and the only one open to traffic. (The other bridge is the Chain of Rocks in St. Louis, which is closed to vehicular traffic.) Concern for the structural integrity of the 588-foot steel truss bridge came to the fore in the new millennium. The last major maintenance was in the 1970s when the cracking and separating of the concrete piers received some attention. Structural steel elements continued to deteriorate from rusting. With the decommissioning of Route 66 in 1985, the highway ceased to be a federal responsibility. It had long lost its state highway status. The maintenance of the historic route and bridge became the responsibility of Pulaski County.

The county commissioners in 2002 affirmed their dedication to saving the bridge. An early estimate for rehabilitation was $2.5 million, which included structural work and removing the lead-based paint prior to repainting. The cost far exceeded the county’s resources and additional funding was sought. Finally, on October 24, 2013, a groundbreaking ceremony was held to commemorate the start of renovations. The $1.3 million cost was a combination of grants from the Federal Highway Administration, Missouri Department of Transportation, National Park Service, Department of Housing and Urban Development, United States Department of Agriculture, and Pulaski County. The reduced cost was partly achieved by encapsulating the lead-based paint rather than removing it. The rehabilitated bridge reopened to traffic on May 22, 2014. The bridge project is a testament to local perseverance, inter-governmental cooperation, and creativity in preserving the cultural environment.

In April 2017, multiple properties in the area were listed as the Devil’s Elbow Historic District, part of the National Park Service’s National Register of Historic Places program. Also listed was Piney Beach, a native rock tourist court located two miles to the northwest of Devils Elbow. The Historic District properties consist of the bridge and historic roadbed, along with five other structures. The scenic views are a bonus.

Transportation
The major east-west route is Interstate 44; before its construction, the main highway was U.S. Route 66, which still exists as a scenic route through the area and passes through Devil's Elbow, St. Robert, Waynesville, Buckhorn, and Hazelgreen. Names for U.S. Route 66 vary - at different places, it is called Teardrop Road, Highway Z, Old Route 66, Historic Route 66, and Highway 17. State-posted signs mark most of the alignment of the road.

The original alignment of Route 66, now known as Teardrop Road, runs through Devil's Elbow and is the site of the historic Devil's Elbow Bridge. A later realignment, Highway Z, runs near Devil's Elbow and bypasses the community.

Three bridges cross the Big Piney River at Devils Elbow—the modern Interstate 44 bridge, the later U.S. Route 66 alignment on Highway Z that was made possible by the Hooker Cut through a steep hillside, and the original U.S. Route 66 alignment on Teardrop Road that includes a historic bridge that's in the process of renovation.

title: Devils Elbow, Missouri


text:
Runt (album)

Runt is the self-titled debut album of the band Runt, commercially released September 1970. Runt was a trio consisting of Todd Rundgren (guitars, keyboards, vocals), Hunt Sales (drums), and Tony Fox Sales (bass). The entire album was written and produced by Rundgren, formerly of Nazz, and he performed most of the instruments. Many regarded Runt as Rundgren's debut solo album, and later reissues credit the album to Rundgren rather than to the group.

The album features the single "We Gotta Get You a Woman", which reached No. 20 on Billboard's Hot 100 in January 1971. A month later, the album peaked at No. 185 on the Billboard 200.

Recording
The first album recording session was at I.D. Sound in Los Angeles with Electric Prunes singer Jim Lowe engineering. Rundgren then moved the project to New York City's Record Plant, with Jack Adams engineering. All voices and most instruments were performed by Rundgren, with occasional contributions from Runt members Hunt and Tony Sales, along with various session musicians including Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Mark Klingman, John Miller, and three members of the American Dream. The album was mixed at the first Record Plant in New York, the second Record Plant in Los Angeles, and Jack Clement Studio in Nashville. Mastering was by Sterling Sound in New York.

Releases
Ampex Records first issued the album in 1970 as a promotional release with 10 tracks, intended only for radio deejays. The general public release was in September. The single "We Gotta Get You a Woman" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 92 in mid-November 1970, then climbed to its peak of No. 20 at the end of January 1971.

Ampex decided to press more copies of the LP in November 1970. A 12-track master of the LP, which Rundgren had rejected in favor of a second mix, was accidentally sent to the pressing plant, resulting in approximately 5,000 mis-presses, which were sold despite the mistake. There was also an 11-track version which has the standard 6 tracks on Side One and 5 tracks on Side Two featuring The full length version of "Baby Let's Swing" and "Say No More". This version may have been pressed in even smaller numbers. This album as well as Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren were issued in 1971 on the Bearsville label, being distributed by Ampex at the time. In mid-1971 Bearsville was purchased by Warner Bros. distribution, and plans were made to re-release each album with Runt as catalog number BV 2046 and Ballad as BV 2047. These were never pressed. Later in 1973 Warner Bros urged Bearsville to re-release both albums as a "twin pack" entitled Todd Rundgren's Rack Job (Catalog number 2BV 2156). The album got as far as test presses and album art but was shelved, as Rundgren preferred to release an album of new material instead.

In 2023 Rhino/Bearsville Records released a previously unknown and unheard alternate mix of the album that contained full length versions of the songs "Baby Let's Swing", "The Last Thing You Said", and "Don't Tie My Hands". It was released on Red Vinyl with a Red 45 RPM single of "We Gotta Get You A Woman" B/W "Baby Let's Swing" Medley. Pressings were limited to 2500 copies

Track listing
All songs by Todd Rundgren.
 * Side one
 * 1) "Broke Down and Busted" – 4:32
 * 2) "Believe in Me" – 2:04
 * 3) "We Got to Get You a Woman" [styled "We Gotta Get You a Woman" as a single and on Bearsville pressings] – 2:52
 * 4) "Who's That Man" – 2:59
 * 5) "Once Burned" – 2:09
 * 6) "Devil's Bite" – 3:53

 * Side two
 * 1) "I'm in the Clique" – 4:57
 * 2) "There Are No Words" – 2:12
 * 3) "Baby Let's Swing"/"The Last Thing You Said"/"Don't Tie My Hands" – 5:28
 * 4) "Birthday Carol" – 9:14

12-track mispressed vinyl release, November 1970

 * Side one
 * 1) "Broke Down and Busted" – 4:59 (same as standard version but with short intro from "There Are No Words")
 * 2) "Believe in Me" – 2:01 (alternate mix)
 * 3) "We Gotta Get You a Woman" – 3:07 (alternate mix)
 * 4) "Once Burned" – 2:09 (same as standard version)
 * 5) "Who's That Man?" – 2:59 (same as standard version)
 * 6) "Hope I'm Around" – 4:28 (not on standard version, but an alternate version was included on his second album)
 * 7) "Devil's Bite" – 3:58 (alternate mix with extended guitar solo)

 * Side two
 * 1) "I'm in the Clique" – 4:57 (same as standard version)
 * 2) "There Are No Words" – 2:12 (same as standard version)
 * 3) "Baby Let's Swing" – 3:25 (full length song, not part of a medley)
 * 4) "Say No More" – 3:08 (not on standard version)
 * 5) "Birthday Carol" – 9:11 (partially the same as standard version, but with some brief alterations)

There were also two early issues on cassette with alternate track listings. The first issue was the 1970 Ampex release which reverses Sides One and Two of the LP, in order to sequence the longer side first. The second issue was the 1971 Bearsville Ampex release which has a radically different track listing as well as edited versions of "Devil's Bite", "Broke Down and Busted", "I'm in the Clique", "There are No Words", "Birthday Carol" and has the medley split in two.

Expanded reissue
In 2011 reissue label Edsel released an expanded twofer of Runt and Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren that included the eight long-out-of-print alternate versions of songs from the 12-track misprint as bonus tracks. In 2014, Edsel issued Runt + The Alternative Runt, a double CD set that contained the original Runt on the first disc, the November 1970 misprint on the second disc, and "Broke Down and Busted (live at Carnegie Hall, June 8, 1972)" as a bonus track.

Rhino Reds Edition 2023
All Songs are never before heard alternate mixes/Extended versions

Side One

Side Two
 * 1) "Devils Bite"
 * 2) "Believe In Me"
 * 3) "We Gotta Get You A Woman"
 * 4) "Once Burned"
 * 5) "Who's That Man"
 * 6) "Hope I'm Around"
 * 7) "Broke Down And Busted"

 * 1) I'm In The Clique"
 * 2) There Are No Words"
 * 3) "Baby Let's Swing" (Full Length Song)
 * 4) "The Last Thing You Said" (Full Length Song)
 * 5) "Don't Tie My Hands" (Full Length Song)
 * 6) "Say No More"
 * 7) "Birthday Carol"

7 Inch Single "We Gotta Get You A Woman" B/W "Baby Lets Swing Medley"

Personnel

 * Todd Rundgren – production, arrangements, all instruments and voices except where indicated
 * Tony Sales – bass (except on "Once Burned", "I'm in the Clique", and "Birthday Carol"), percussion on "We Got to Get You a Woman" and "Devil's Bite"
 * Hunt Sales – drums (except on "Once Burned", "I'm in the Clique", and "Birthday Carol"), percussion on "We Got to Get You a Woman" and "Devil's Bite"
 * Rick Danko – bass on "Once Burned"
 * Levon Helm – drums on "Once Burned"
 * Mark Klingman – electric piano on "I'm in the Clique"
 * John Miller – bass on "I'm in the Clique"
 * Bobby Moses – drums on "I'm in the Clique"
 * Don Lee van Winkle – rhythm & acoustic guitar on "Birthday Carol"
 * Don Ferris – bass on "Birthday Carol"
 * Mickey Brook – drums on "Birthday Carol"

Charts
Album

Singles

title: Runt (album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Islamophobia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:24, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Islamophobia
Quite an absurd article. Why can't they accept criticism gracefully like everyone else does, and stop coining such phrases? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.68.110.60 (talk • contribs) 00:59, 27 May 2005
 * Nominator forgot to add to the VfD log; adding it to today's log. --cesarb 01:20, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. The lead question is a straw-man. I'm not a religious expert, but this word has been around for years. The definition has to be broadened by someone who is more versed in religion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.140.49.149 (talk • contribs) 03:15, 1 Jun 2005

 * Nonsense. It may need to be rewritten, but it would be ridiculous to say that islamophobia isn't an important issue today.  Citizen Premier 04:10, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * added "Keep." in front of the above vote. --cesarb 01:20, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Islamophobia is similar to anti-Semitism, homophobia, negrophobia etc. It is a fear or hatred against people who are or appear to be Muslim. It should NOT be deleted becasue it is a valid article. See the examples of Islamophobia. Farhanikarim — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.173.12.211 (talk • contribs) 03:28, 27 May 2005

 * No it is not similar to anti-Semitism, homophobia, negrophobia etc. since it is based on reason. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.105.186.121 (talk • contribs) 04:01, 9 Jun 2005

 * This has been up for a vote before and survived; Remove this at once.Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point --Irishpunktom\talk 12:00, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. To use the rhetorical tool so frequently, and successfully, appealed to by some editors: There are 128,000 Google hits for this word. Worth pointing out too that there are daily instances of this phenomenon to be found in routine anonymous vandalism to WP articles! (Speaking of which, ... how come person who wants the VfD won't sign a name?) BrandonYusufToropov 14:11, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Important issue, though the article is in desperate need of NPOVing. Jayjg (talk) 16:33, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I agree with Farhanikarim. If the Islamophobia article is to be deleted so should Anti-Catholicism, Anti-Mormonism, Anti-Semitism, and Christianophobia articles. AmyAndrews — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.173.12.211 (talk • contribs) 22:05, 27 May 2005

 * Keep. Important issue. I see no problem with the article and all argumets presented against it sound like islamphobia retorics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by N00gie (talk • contribs) 08:13, 28 May 2005
 * This vote was registered by User:N00gie. — Dan Johnson
 * User:N00gie's only edit. --cesarb 02:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. They may be important issues, but certainly not encyclopediac material. Yes, similar "phobia" articles would need to be deleted if they were written this poorly.  This should be rewritten to have an extensive history of anti-Islamic occurrences (like, the Crusades!), rather than a list attacking politicians. -- BAILOPAN 21:37, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * BAILOPAN's Second edit. BAILOPAN, am I right in think that you don't want Islamophobia re-written, just more extenisive especially Modern interpretations of what, by modern standards, could be considered Islamophobia ?--Irishpunktom\talk

 * Keep. This is a useful article that would benefit from more editing and contributions rather than removal. The topic of anti-religious rhetoric is important and culturally relevant. -- Contribution by an unregistered user. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.243.37 (talk • contribs) 08:55, 31 May 2005

 * Keep This article is important, because as an American I find it awfully clear that there is an anti-Islamic prejudice in the world. However, the article itself is a little POV and does not deal with issue fairly (an easy mistake to make in this type of article)--naryathegreat | (talk) 03:18, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep valid, notable topic. Nateji77 08:07, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable topic. Capitalistroadster 10:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously. Dunc|☺ 12:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep notable topic. Revolución 13:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mr Bound 19:14, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. How ironic; the nominator is probably an exemplar of the topic. - Matthew Cieplak (talk) (edits) 20:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Keep. I found the article informative. Marine 69-71 00:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Keep. Quite informative.(UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.138.47.18 (talk • contribs) 02:38, 6 Jun 2005
 * Keep Article needs alot of NPOV work to remove Islamist apologetics. Klonimus 03:25, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Evenhanded treatment of encyclopedic subjects are, well, encyclopedic. Maybe I'm not seeing all this POV other people I'm not complaining about, either. A Man In Black 03:31, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. No more absurd than anti-Semitism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.103.2.203 (talk • contribs) 03:40, 6 Jun 2005

 * Keep. I didnt believe it existed until I read the comments by the editor who submitted it for deletion. Now, of course, I am a believer. Hornplease 04:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's absurd that this nomination is still even being voted on. ulayiti 02:08, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. Article is poorly organized. Its overlap with Persecution of Muslims should be considered when editing both articles. — Dan Johnson 21:04, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC) Delete. I see little chance of NPOV here. — Dan Johnson 03:21, 2005 Jun 17 (UTC)
 * Keep, but totally overhaul First of all surely this is a constituent part of Persecution of Muslims in that it looks at one of the causes of such persecution. It is also horrendously organized; the first heading is criticism of the concept the article has yet to define. The 'reasons for Islamophobia' is horribly condescending and POV, saying something like 'obviously it is because ignorant Westerners are unable to discern fundamentalist Muslims from non-fundamentalist ones.' The closing idiot's parade of supposed Islamophobes makes no mention of the fact that most of the people mentioned represent the extreme right of their respective country's politics, have little popular support, and by no means represent any kind of majority view. A number of quotes are taken out of context and falsely verified by non-existent footnotes. Unless this is totally whitewashed it needs deleting. Stephen 15:05, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup and keep; the term is new but relevent to current affairs and widely used. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aristocratac (talk • contribs) 02:27, 9 Jun 2005
 * Strong keep, per most of the comments above. Kaibabsquirrel 05:24, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I am against deletions (and revertions unless vandalism). I learned something from reading it, and that is all that counts.  That does not mean that any page can't be improved, but I am against deleting it.  --Noitall 21:28, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but cleanup. -- Eagleamn 01:52, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Stephen about half-strength. 'Reasons for Islamophobia' are more sophmoric than condescending. NPOV should be applied to 'examples of'. Fabartus 05:30, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep This is obviously a notable neologism and a phenomena worth discussing in it's own right. Axon 14:56, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but must be totally overhauled. Article as it stands is POV to a laughable degree. Robert Spencer and Daniel Pipes, just to name a few, have done extensive work on this phenomenon, and their views should be included. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Briangotts (talk • contribs) 18:31, 10 Jun 2005
 * Keep but must be totally overhauled. --Germen 15:49, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but needs rewrite. Although the term may or may not be a neologism, it is one which has acheived common currency and the article will certainly proves useful for anybody interested in the word. "Islamophobia" is a term frequently used in the British and English-speaking media, and its omission from the Wikipedia would reflect badly on the project.illWill 19:27, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong Keep. This is not a newly-coined phrase invented here, and the article is not absurd: on the contrary, the subject is worthy of note. I question why some think the article needs a rewrite: in any case whether it needs rewrite work is a separate decision to be made in a forum different from this one. --Mysidia 22:11, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. I'm pretty sure this was put on VfD by someone who was upset that Islamophilia was gonna be deleted and wanted to prove a point - enough said.  Blackcats 06:02, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment on above - This article was put on VfD before islamophilia, so maybe it's the other way round.
 * I stand corrected - I had forgotten to look at the starting time stamps. It looks like Islamophilia was was created after this VfD was under way - likely in response to this one not being deleted.  Blackcats 02:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep This is an important, perhaps even excellent article. As there is a consensus on keeping it, can we now remove the VfD banner? --Thüringer ☼ 15:37, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The discussion is still in progress. You may not remove a VfD notice while the VfD is active. I have returned the notice to Islamophobia. — Dan Johnson 02:26, 2005 Jun 17 (UTC)

 * Keep. lots of room for improvement. --Cool Cat My Talk 03:03, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but probably cleanup. Jon the Geek 03:05, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:69.151.233.147

title: User talk:69.151.233.147


text:
Nooksack Salmon Enhancement Association

Nooksack Salmon Enhancement Association (NSEA) was formed in 1990 as a non-profit organization with an overall goal of seeing an increase in returning natural spawning salmon to the over 1,600 km of rivers and streams in Whatcom County, Washington in the United States. The association was formed as part of Washington State's Regional Fisheries Enhancement Groups Program established by the Washington State Legislature in 1990 to involve local communities, citizen volunteers, and landowners in the state's salmon recovery efforts. NSEA is one of 14 groups in Washington State each with the common goal of restoring salmonid populations and habitat within their region.

Whatcom County is home to the five species of Pacific salmon (chinook, chum, coho, pink, sockeye and kokanee, a lake resident sockeye), along with several other salmonids (bull trout, Dolly Varden, both sea-run and resident coastal cutthroat, and steelhead and rainbow trout) which rely heavily on the return of salmon each year.

The main focus of the NSEA is to restore lowland riparian areas. These areas are commonly impacted by human activities such as urban development, agriculture, and timber harvest. Riparian areas slow runoff, filter chemicals and excess nutrients caused by agriculture, shade the water, and slow the process of erosion to riverbanks. The NSEA deals with the issue of riparian destruction by leading many volunteer projects each year. The aim of these projects are to replant native trees and shrubs along stream banks, construct fences to keep livestock out, do an array of in-stream habitat improvement projects including adding large woody debris or gravel to streams, and stabilize eroding or undercut banks. Along with habitat restoration, the NSEA gives many free educational seminars to the local area, along with local schools, on how they can help with salmon management. The current executive director of NSEA is Rachel Vasak.

title: Nooksack Salmon Enhancement Association