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Tropical Hockey League

The Tropical Hockey League (THL) was a short-lived ice hockey minor league in Miami, Florida. The initial league had four teams, all based in Miami, and lasted for only one season, 1938–39, before folding; it was briefly resurrected in 1940 before folding for good the following year. Nicknamed the Grapefruit League, it was notable as the first attempt to establish professional hockey in Florida—or the Southern United States in general—though it ultimately had minimal impact on popularizing the sport in the region.

History
The Tropical Hockey League was established as an attempt to introduce ice hockey to the Southern United States. Its founders hoped to take advantage of the large population of "snowbirds" from Eastern Canada who wintered in south Florida. The league consisted of four teams, all of which played at the Miami Coliseum (renamed the Metropolitan Ice Palace) in Coral Gables. The Miami Clippers, Miami Beach Pirates, the Coral Gables Seminoles, and the Havana Tropicals. The inclusion of a Havana team (albeit one playing in the United States) was designed to attract in particular Cuban Americans to the sport. Before the inaugural season had even started, the league was considering expanding to Jacksonville and even the Bahamas.

Because it was not affiliated with the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States, founded the year before as a new governing body for ice hockey in the United States, the THL struggled to recruit top-tier talent. W. G. Hardy, then-president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (and future president of the IIHF), warned Canadians against signing contracts with the Tropical Hockey League. Nevertheless, the THL's players, with just three exceptions, were all Canadians recruited from camps in Port Colborne, Ontario and Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Seminoles, having recruited much of their roster from Western Canada, developed an on-ice rivalry with the other three teams, which were predominantly eastern Canadian.

One notable figure was Magnus "Mike" Goodman, a former member of the Winnipeg Falcons who won the gold medal in hockey for Canada in the 1920 Summer Olympics; he served the Seminoles as player-coach. Other teams sought out similar talent for their manager positions; the Pirates signed Stan Jackson, a former winger for the Boston Bruins and Toronto St. Pats, while the Clippers hired Harold "Bullet Joe" Simpson, former manager of the National Hockey League's New York Americans and future Hockey Hall of Famer. The Clippers also signed defensemen Bob Dill, who would go on to play with the New York Rangers, and Frank Mailley, who played one game for the Montreal Canadiens.

The league's inaugural game, billed as "the first hockey game ever staged in the South", was played between the Clippers and Pirates on December 10, 1938. It was preceded by demonstrations of the sport by the players and featured a mambo concert after the second period. The game ended with a fight following a 3–2 victory by the Clippers. The Tropical Hockey League made it through a 15-game season in 1938–39, with the Seminoles being crowned regular season champions.

Goodman's Seminoles went on to play an "All-Star Game" against the best players from the other three teams, which the Seminoles lost 6-5. This, however, would be the last game played by the original THL. The league had failed to attract much interest from the community, in part due to its late start times, weak competition, and tendency for games to devolve into fighting. With its promoters losing money, the first hockey experiment in the southern United States folded at the end of the season.

The THL was briefly resurrected as a three-team amateur league in 1940. This iteration of the league was bankrolled by Burdines, Pan American, and Florida Power & Light, and featured the Clippers, Pirates, and Indians (the former Seminoles); Goodman and Simpson returned as coaches. Unlike the 1938-39 league, most of these rosters were made up of recruits from the Miami area, including college students and Army, Navy, and Air Corps servicemen. The 1941 Clippers featured a former NHLer in Bill Regan, as well as the son of Stanley Cup-winning goaltender Hap Holmes. Though records are unclear, it appears that this league folded around September 1941, after the city of Coral Gables "took away" the Coliseum from the THL—thus depriving the league of a home rink.

Legacy
The Tropical Hockey League experiment did little to popularize hockey in the South. After 1941, there would be no further attempt to establish professional hockey in the region until 1956, when the Eastern Hockey League placed the Charlotte Clippers, later the Charlotte Checkers, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Florida did not get another hockey team until the Jacksonville Rockets joined the EHL in 1964. From 1992 to 1995 there was another minor hockey league based in Florida, the Sunshine Hockey League. Major league hockey did not expand into the South until the 1970s, with the NHL's Atlanta Flames and the World Hockey Association's Houston Aeros (both in 1972).

The WHA had also attempted to place another team in Miami, the Screaming Eagles, but the plan fell apart due to the unsuitability of existing arenas (including the Coliseum). The NHL finally expanded to Florida in the season, awarding an expansion franchise to the Tampa Bay Lightning; hockey returned to Miami the following season with the establishment of the Florida Panthers.

The NHL would not see a Florida-born player until Val James, who made his brief debut with the Buffalo Sabres; the first Florida-raised player in the NHL would be Brian Ferlin, who played for junior hockey in Jacksonville before debuting with the  Bruins.

title: Tropical Hockey League


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Randonnée

Randonnée (French for excursion) can refer to:

 * Randonneuring, an organized long-distance bicycle ride
 * Isle of Wight Randonnée, a yearly cycling event held on the Isle of Wight
 * Randonnée skiing, a form of backcountry skiing

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Randonnée


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Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

Bilaspur, also known as "The City of Festivals", is a city located in Bilaspur District in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Bilaspur is the Administrative headquarters of the Bilaspur District and Bilaspur Division. The Chhattisgarh High Court, located at Bodri, District Bilaspur has privileged it with the title Nyayadhani (Law Capital) of the State. This city is the commercial center and business hub of North East Chhattisgarh region. It is also an important city for the Indian Railways, as it is the headquarters for South East Central Railway Zone (SECR) and the Bilaspur Railway Division. Bilaspur is also the headquarters of South Eastern Coalfields Limited. Chhattisgarh's biggest power plant operated by NTPC is in Sipat. PowerGrid in Sipat pools electricity from other power plants in region and transmits electricity to Delhi via one of longest HVDC line.

Bilaspur is known for its aromatic rice variety named ‘Doobraj’ rice, Handloom woven colourful soft Kosa silk sarees. Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organisation (BTSSO) (website) under the Central Silk Board, Government of India collects, executes the production and supply of nucleus and basic Tasar seed from surrounding areas.Indian Standard Time (IST), the time zone observed throughout India with a time offset of UTC+05:30, passes approx 30 km east of the city.

Bilaspur is one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a Smart city under the Smart Cities Mission.

History
Historically, Bilaspur was part of Dakshina Kosala and was near capital of Malhar, Chhattisgarh (ancient Mallar), Sirpur (ancient Shripura), Tuman (ancient Tummana), and Ratanpur (ancient Ratnapura). From 5th Century onwards it was controlled by the Kalachuri dynasty of Ratanpur. Ratanpur was historical capital of Chhattisgarh state for many different dynasty. Bilaspur city, however, came into prominence around 1741, the year of the Maratha Empire rule, when a Maratha official took up his abode there to control dynasty of Ratanpur.

The management of Bilaspur district was taken over by the British East India Company in 1818 after Bhosale lost territory in Third Anglo-Maratha War. Under Bhosale of the Nagpur kingdom there were many subedars or zamindars/landlords like Akbar Khan, Vazeer Khan, Sao and others in Bilaspur.

Bilaspur district was constituted in 1861, followed by Bilaspur municipality in 1867. Famines in the Bilaspur district were recorded by the British administration in 1828–9, 1834–5, 1845–6, 1868–9 and 1899–1900. In 1868-9 and 1899–1900, the rains failed almost completely, resulting in severe distress, migration and desertion of villages. After the 1868-9 famine there was prosperity for the next 25 years; but in 1895 there was a very poor harvest, followed in 1896 by a complete failure of crops, and severe famine continued throughout 1897. In that year the mortality rate was as high as one in six people. The famine of 1897 was followed by two favorable years; but in 1899 the monsoon failed completely and the rice crop was wholly destroyed.

Guru Ghasidas (1756–1836) started a religious movement, Satnamis (meaning the worshippers of Satnam(not related to Sikhism), between 1820 and 1830 primarily around the Sonakhan forests. This religious movement preached against idol-worship, and instead stressed that God is synonymous with truth. His community was a farming community. The university at Bilaspur is named after him as Guru Ghasidas University.

Railways arrived at Bilaspur in the decade 1880–90, with the arrival of the Bengal Nagpur Railway. In 1888 Mistri Jagmal Gangji and other Mistri Railway Contractors laid the first railway tracks from Rajnandgaon to Bilaspur, and in that same year fellow Kutchi contractor Khoda Ramji and others built the line from Bilaspur to Jharsuguda, including the bridge over the Champa river.

In 1890, the present railway station and yard were constructed by the Gujarati railway contractor Jagmal Gangji. His son Mulji Jagmal Sawaria was later given the title of "Rao Sahib" by the British for his contribution to the development of the town, railways and the district. Jagmal Block and Jagmal Chowk in the city are named after Jagmal Gangji Sawaria.

In 1901, the population of Bilaspur was 18,937 and it was the eighth-largest town in the Central Provinces of British India. In 1908, weaving of tasar silk and cotton clothes were recorded as the major industries of Bilaspur.

Etymology
Historical records like Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol 8, 1908 note that the city is said to be named after a fisherwoman by the name of "Bilasa" in the 17th century, and for a long period it consisted only of a few fishermen's huts. Another book like [The highlands of central India, James Forsyth, 1889] states that Bilaspur is named after 'Palash' tree butea frondosa which are found in abundance in the area. In Sanskrit Bilas means playful or enjoyment and Pur means city or town. So, literally Bilaspur mean the city of enjoyment.

Geography
Bilaspur is located at 22.09°N, 82.15°W. It has an average elevation of 264 metres (866 ft).

Bilaspur is situated on the banks of the rain-fed Arpa River, which originates from the Maikal Range of Central India. It's a dolomite rich region surrounded by dense forests in the north and the coal mines of the Hasdeo Valley in the east.

Bilaspur District is surrounded by Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi District in the north, Anuppur District of Madhya Pradesh, Mungeli and, Baloda Bazar-Bhata Para District in the south and Korba and Janjgir-Champa District in the east.

Major cities around Bilaspur are:
 * Raipur and Durg-Bhilai in South-West
 * Nagpur in West
 * Bhopal and Jabalpur in North-West
 * Varanasi and Prayagraj in North
 * Ranchi and Patna in North-East
 * Korba, Raigarh, Rourkela and Bhubaneswar in East

Climate
The climate in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh has been colder than the Raipur region for the winters in December (minimum temperature 6 °C, 42 °F in the last week of December annually, while some areas have even reported temperature going down as low as 3-4 °C, 37 °F), which resembles northern Chhattisgarh. However most of the winter goes mild and pleasant. The city experiences moderate rains in the monsoon. The summers are relatively hot and dry, with maximum temperature 48+ °C, 113 °F.

Demographics
India census, Bilaspur Municipal Corp had a population of 365,579. Bilaspur urban area population was estimated at 652,851. In August 2019, adjacent 18 towns and sub-urban areas were included in the Bilaspur Municipal Corporation. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bilaspur has an average literacy rate of 91.29%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 92.94% and female literacy of 88.33%. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

According to the 2011 census, Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh has a population of 2,662,077, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. Bilaspur District ranks 152nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 322 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 33.21%. Bilaspur	has a sex ratio of 	972	females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.59%.

The main languages spoken are Chhattisgarhi, Hindi.

Administration
Bilaspur Division

Bilaspur district is the headquarter of the Bilaspur Division of Chhattisgarh. This division consists of eight districts (as of may 2024) -

 * 1) Bilaspur
 * 2) Korba
 * 3) Raigarh
 * 4) Janjgir-Champa
 * 5) Mungeli
 * 6) Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi
 * 7) Sakti
 * 8) Sarangarh-Bhilaigarh

Tehsil

The Bilaspur district consists of 11 Tehsils - Bilaspur, Kota, Takhatpur, Bilha, Masturi, Ratanpur, Sipat, Belgahna, Beltara, Bodri and Sakri.

Block Samiti

Bilaspur district is divided into 4 block samitis which covers 483 Gram Panchayats and 708 villages (as of may 2024). These are -

 * 1) Kota (101 Panchayat covering 162 villages).
 * 2) Takhatpur (117 Panchayat covering 178 villages).
 * 3) Belha (139 Panchayat covering 174 villages).
 * 4) Masturi (126 Panchayat covering 173 villages).

Bilaspur City Administration

The Bilaspur city is a Nagar Nigam and district headquarter of Bilaspur district. Bilaspur City runs under the administration of the Bilaspur Municipal Corporation (BMC). Its Nagar Nigam, Municipality, District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Tehsildar office and collectorate office are all situated near Nehru Chowk. It has three Nagar Palikas namely (1) Takhatpur, (2) Ratanpur, (3) Tifra. It has been categorised into seven Nagar Panchayat namely (1) Bilha (2) Kota (3) Bodri and (4) Malhar (5) Gourella (6) Sakri (7) Sirgitti.

Culture

Bilaspur is rich in its cultural heritage. Bilaspur has its own dance styles, cuisine, music and traditional folk songs. In rural areas, women wear garlands made of one rupee coins. This has gone out of fashion in recent times. The city celebrates all the major festivals of India. There are some local festivals such as the colorful Raut Nach (November), harley, and pola. The Raut Nach Mahotsav is the folk-dance festival of Bilaspur celebrated by Yaduvanshis also known as Rauts in Chhattisgarh to honor lord Krishna and to thank nature for good crop season.

There are other folk dances like Panthi, Karma, Kaksar and Padnwani (Needs to be added content).

The town has been the home of several literary, theatre, arts personalities including Makhan Lal Chaturvedi, Satyadev Dubey, Bimal Mitra, Shrikant Verma.

Utility services
Over the years, Bilaspur has developed many 4 – lane and 6 – lane roads, street lighting and squares. However, the last decade has seen large-scale unregulated urbanization and residential and commercial expansion, over-straining the water resources and generally defunct civic amenities due to indifferent officials and politicians. There is a master plan for the city and surrounding areas.

Electricity is government-regulated and, as of now, no power cuts are effected, thanks to the massive expansion in energy generating capacity both by public and private companies in the energy sector.

Hospitals and Health Care Facilities
Bilaspur is home to many hospitals & nursing homes, some run by the state government and others by the private sector. City has a government medical college named Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Science which has 750 beds for patients. There is Apollo Hospitals in the private sector, which is 300 bedded specialty hospital. A new mental hospital is established in village Sendri (Ratanpur Road) which provides quality treatment. More than 25 Sanjivni express and Mahatari express are running in city. It also has private dental colleges in the city area.

Economy
Bilaspur is the center of electric power generation in India. Bilaspur and the surrounding area generate 10,000 MW of electricity, and an additional 50,000 MW are planned in the next few years. As many as 22 companies are interested to tap an estimated power generation potential of 50,000 megawatts in the region. The railways have gotten a major boost with big energy sector players set to invest Rs.5,000 crore in three proposed railways corridors around Bilaspur. Chhattisgarh is also known as "The Rice Bowl" – Dhan ka katora. Bilaspur is the centre of agri products. There are approx. 500 rice and dall mills in the surrounding area. In FY2022/21, the South East Central Railway zone, whose geography encompasses Bilaspur, earned Rs 14,2855.71 crore, "the highest among all of the railway divisions of Indian Railways". The Bilaspur railways zone comprises the divisions of Bilaspur, Nagpur and Raipur. South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), a subsidiary of Public Sector Unit Coal India Limited (CIL) – A Maharatna Company, is situated with headquarters at Bilaspur. SECL is a Miniratna PSU under the Ministry of Coal, with several awards in its credentials including best PSU award in 1997–98. An integrated action plan for development of civic infrastructure, including hi-tech water purifier system, proper drainage facilities and cleanliness, is being planned by the state government for cities and towns, while the proposed 'Arpa Project' would give a new life to the city of Bilaspur, minister for urban administration and health Amar Agrawal said in an interview to the Times of India, a leading newspaper of India. The State Government has drawn up an ambitious plan of Rs2,000 crore to develop the Arpa river bank in Bilaspur district during the next seven years. For this, the Government has constituted a ‘Special Area Development Authority’ (SADA) for the development of the Arpa river bank near Bilaspur city.

The Government has invited proposals from interested national and international institutions for the development of the river bank on a PPP model. The Authority has prepared a project for the development of the river and is now in search of organisations that would be interested in developing the river on a Public Private Partnership (PPP).

According to SADA, about 653 hectares of area on the banks of the river would be developed. This area is 13.4 km in length. Commercial, residential, entertainment and other institutional facilities would be developed in this area. On both the sides of the river, 13.4-km-long retaining wall, houses and commercial complexes would be constructed, besides bridge, roads and walkways. Water supply, sewerage, drainage, electricity supply would be provided in the area.

The estimated cost of all the works is Rs2,000 crore. The development works would be taken up in phases during the next seven years.

Of the total 653-hectare area, some of the land is owned privately. In lieu of acquisition of private land, the affected people would be given land at other areas. After development about 267 hectares of land will be made available for sale. By selling this land, the developer could recover the invested amount. The downtown is called Gol Bazaar (Circular Market). Gol Bazaar, Sadar Bazaar and company Garden Chowk are buzzing and vibrant but overcrowded with slow-moving traffic. In contrast there are some newly developed areas as well. The Vyapar Vihar is a newly developed commercial and goods transport area. Bilaspur has Chhattisgarh's first hi-tech bus stand at Bodri.

It has the High Court of Chhattisgarh which is Asia's largest court (in area).
 * Industries: Around Bilaspur, there are many industrial areas, including Tifra, Sirgitti and Silpahri Industrial Growth Centres. Sirgitti, Silpahri and Tifra around Bilapur are major industrial areas near Bilaspur. Located on the outskirts of Bilaspur city Sirgitti Industrial Centre is spread over an area of approx. 338 hectares. With about 324 industries it provides direct employment to 4431 persons. Silpahari Industrial Centre is another industrial area near Bilaspur and is home to many sponge iron industries. Tifra Industrial Area situated on the outskirts of Bilaspur city is spread over an area of approx. 65 hectares. Many chemical, PVC footwear, HDPE woven sacks, polythene bags and sheets, soft drinks and other units are located here. CSIDC or Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation Limited is responsible for the development of maintenance of all these industrial areas in and around Bilaspur. Chhattisgarh Laghu Evam Sahayak Udyog Sangh or CLSUS is an association of industries which represents all major industries of Bilaspur and Chhattisgarh. BEC Fertilizers – a unit of Bhilai Engineering Corporation is situated in the Sirgitti Industrial Area.
 * Power plants – Bilaspur has India's second largest power plant of NTPC at Sipat which generates power of 2980 MW with 3 units of 660 MW each and 1 unit of 1000 MW. Many thermal power plants are coming up in the surrounding area of Bilaspur. Also notable are Nova, KSK, Gitanjali, Mahanadi etc.
 * Legal: The day the state of Chhattisgarh was constituted (1 November 2000) with its capital at Raipur, the High Court of Chhattisgarh was established at Bilaspur. It is the 19th high court of India.
 * Banks: All major Indian banks have branches and ATMs in the city. SBI have approx. 80 ATMs in the city as of 2013.
 * Website: A website dedicated to provide information on Bilaspur is maintained by NIC.
 * A new Indoor stadium is under construction at Behtarai Road.

Roadways
Bilaspur is well-connected with a network of national highways intersecting it. The national highways are National Highway 130 (NH-130) connecting Bilaspur with Ambikapur and Raipur directly, National Highway 130A (NH-130A), National Highway 45 (NH-45) and National Highway 49 (NH-49). The proposed Narmada Expressway will start from Bilaspur, and will run till Ahmedabad, along the route of the Narmada River. Once completed, it will help to enhance connectivity and commute from Bilaspur to neighbouring states, and will also provide direct connectivity to the national and the financial capitals of India, as well as with Madhya Pradesh, via the Delhi–Mumbai Expressway and other expressways. EC-7: Raipur- Bilaspur - Ranchi - Dhanbad Economic Corridors of India or Industrial Corridors of India is identified under Bharatmala road network and passes through Bilaspur - Baloda - Urga. The construction of Bilaspur - Urga expressway is expected to complete by 2024.

The following table provides the routes of the national highways passing through Bilaspur:

Rail
The nearest railway station is Bilaspur Junction railway station, which is the Zonal and divisional headquarter of the South East Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways.

Bilaspur is junction of 4x4x3 railway lines with quadruple railway lines going to Mumbai-Howrah and triple lines going towards Katni-New Delhi. It is the busiest junction of Chhattisgarh, and the second busiest of central India after Itarsi station for passenger trains. It is the third cleanest railway station in India after Surat and Rajkot stations. It is well connected with the rest of the country, as it lies on the Tatanagar–Bilaspur section of the Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line and a junction, as another line goes towards Delhi via Katni. The station has the fifth longest railway platform in India after Hubballi, Gorakhpur, Kollam and Kharagpur stations. The Bilaspur Rajdhani Express is the train that connects Bilaspur with the national capital every two days in a week. Vande Bharat Express from Bilaspur to Nagpur provide high speed connectivity.

Because of the station's location, daily connections are available for Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Pune, Nagpur, Ahmedabad, Indore, Bhopal, Amritsar, Agra, Roorkee, Haridwar, Visakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, Puri, Jamshedpur, Patna, Jabalpur, Raipur, Varanasi, Jaipur, Bikaner, Udaipur, Ajmer, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Chennai, Ernakulam, Tirupati, Tirunelveli, Bangalore, Bhuj, Gandhidham, Okha, Porbandar, Dhanbad, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Gorakhpur, Shirdi, Udaipur, Bikaner, Jammu, Jodhpur, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ranchi, Guwahati among many other cities throughput India. For services within the state, daily local trains run to all cities of the state.

Other railway stations present near Bilaspur city are: Uslapur is the other Major city station which is 8 km from the main junction station. It is used as secondary station for express trains towards Katni. There is loco training centre for loco drivers in which trainees from various part of the central comes.
 * Uslapur
 * Chakarbhata
 * Dadhapara
 * Gatora

Fourth railway line between Bilaspur and Jharsuguda is under construction and which is presently a triple line section. Fourth line between Bilaspur and Durg Jn is approved in railway budget of FY23-24. Third railway line between Bilaspur and Katni is under construction. The survey of fourth railway line between Bilaspur and Nagpur is underway. Most upgrades are to handle coal evacuation from coal mining areas in East India to power plants in west of Bilaspur. A 10 km long grade separator is currently added between 3rd line of Bilaspur and Uslapur.

Bus transport
The Bilaspur Bus Station is the main bus station of the city. It is also known as Hi-tech Bus Stand. It is well connected with other cities within and outside the state. Daily bus services are operated by government and private operators to cities like Jashpur, Ambikapur, Raipur, Jagdalpur, Korba, Nagpur, Durg, Bhilai, Mungeli, Kawardha, Raigarh, Narayanpur, Kondagaon, Jabalpur, Varanasi, Prayagraj, Nagpur, Gondia, Mandla, Anuppur, Shehdol, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Bhawanipatna, Hyderabad, among others.

Air
The nearest airport is Bilaspur Airport, also known as Bilasa Devi Kevat Airport, located 13 km south of the city. Currently, there are direct flights from the airport to Jabalpur, Hyderabad, Delhi, Kolkata, Prayagraj, operated by Alliance Air.

Natural attractions
The Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve is the prime tourist attraction of Bilaspur, and has been recognized by the UNESCO for its dramatic and ecologically diverse landscape. It is reputed to have some of the densest forests in the country and an even spread of hills and rivers. One of the places worth visiting within the biosphere reserve is the Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary. Home to a wide variety of wildlife, the sanctuary is spread over an area of 551 km2 (213 mi2), and was set up in 1975 under the Wildlife Protection Act. The sanctuary is 55 km (34 mi) away from Bilaspur, and remains closed during the monsoon season. Just before entry into the sanctuary, is the Ghongapani Dam. Beyond the sanctuary, for accommodation, on the way to Amarkantak, there are government guest houses in Achanakmar, Keonchi and Lamni. These guest houses can be booked with governmental officials in the district headquarters, also by booking only from their official websites. The forest guest housed at Lamni were built by the British. It is 1,850 feet above sea level, and was built in June 1913.

In the sanctuary, the presence of animals like the Guar (Indian bison) and tigers are in high numbers, as reported by multiple sightings by visitors. Other animals include leopards, Chitals, panthers, striped hyenas, canis', sloth bears, Dholes, Sambar deers, Nilgais, Indian four-horned antelopes and chinkaras, which populate the sanctuary in equal numbers. Trips to the sanctuary can be organized via private taxi and bus operators.

Man-made & Historical attractions
Various archeological sites and temples in and around Bilaspur attract tourists from all over the world. There are more than 20 recognized and protected monuments and sites by the Archaeological Survey of India. Other than the Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary, the following are the man-made tourist attractions:

 * Dams: Khutaghat dam, (55 km), known for its lush and green environment due its location in the Baghelkhand range, Khudia dam (75 km) and Hasdev Bango Dam is (105 km) from Bilaspur, respectively.

 * Ratanpur: Ratanpur was capital of ancient Chhattisgarh until Maratha Empire. At present it served as spiritual capital of the region and known for historical Mahamaya temple and Ram Tekri Mandir.

 * Malhar: Malhar is one of the main centre of archeology. Ruins of forts to ancient temples and fort are found here. Malhar is of historical significance, as it was visited by Xuanzang, the Chinese historian. It is situated 31 km southeast of Bilaspur. In Malhar, many ancient temples have been found by excavations, such as Pataleshwar temple, Devri temple and Dindeshwari temple. The four-handed idol of Lord Vishnu is also significant as it is the earliest sculptural representation, dating back to approx. 1000 BCE, to the Ratnapura–Kalachuri Regime. Malhar has a museum too for providing knowledge and information to tourists and interested people, maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. Ratanpur is located 25 km north of Bilaspur, and is known for its Mahamaya temple and Ram Tekri Mandir.

 * Talagram: Located 27 km south of Bilaspur, situated on the banks of the Maniyari River, is the location for the "Deorani-Jethani" temple.

 * Tala: Located 27 km south of Bilaspur, is famous for its Rudra Shiva.
 * Belpan: Located 40 km west of Bilaspur, there is a huge pond, as well as a samadhi.

 * Kabir Chabutra: Located near the Raipur bypass road, or the NH-53, at a distance of 110 km south from Bilaspur, is a hub for mahatmas (saints). As Bilaspur is situated on the banks of the Arpa river, Leelagar and Maniyari are other small rivers of the district, where there are accommodation facilities, out of which most of these facilities are under development to promote tourism along the river areas.

 * Sonmuda: Located 106 km north of Bilaspur, it is a well-known attraction, which gives a panoramic view of valleys, hills and forest. This is also the place where the Sone River originates from.

 * Amarkantak: Located 117 km northwest of Bilaspur, in Madhya Pradesh, is known for being the origin of the Narmada River.

 * Kanan Pendari Zoological Garden: Located within city limits.

 * Kirari Godhi: Located 19 km south of Bilaspur, close to Tala, is known for its ancient Shiva temple, dating to 11th-12th Century AD.

 * Sargaon: Located 27 km southwest of Bilaspur, also close to Tala, is known for its ‘Dhoom Nath’ or ‘Dumeshwari Devi’ Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, dating back to 12th Century AD.

 * Bhartiya Nagar: Known for its Shri Aiyyappa Mandir, located near Tifra flyover, within city limits.

 * Mungeli: Located 51 km west of Bilaspur, it is known for its Maa Mahamaya Temple.

 * Pali: Located 50 km north of Bilaspur, it is known for its ancient Mahadev Temple.

 * Smriti Vatika: A lush, green, planned garden, located just before the entrance of the Kanan Pendari Zoological Garden, in the city.

 * Rani Sati Temple: A religious temple built in within Bilaspur made by the Marwaris, where the deity of Jhunjhunu's temple is worshipped.

 * Many amusement park and water parks are also located near city. Bubble Island, Waterbomb, Alakart, Radhika Water Park, Ishika Amusement park are major attractions for children and families. Smriti Van (not to be confused with Smriti Vatika, as Smriti Van is close to Bilaspur railway station) and Urja Parks are also situated in Rajkishore Nagar area of the city.

 * Maa Marimai Temple is also a temple of Bilaspur.

Food & Cuisine
Bilaspur is famous for food varieties, such as Doobraj rice, Fara/Muthiya (Rice floor dumpling), doodh-fara (sweet and milky version of fara), Cheela (Dosa like rice pancake), rice roll, sonhari (Poori made from Rice Flour or Sweet Potato), ayirsa roti(Rice-jaggery based dry dish), Gulgula/Gulgul Bhajiya (Sweet fritter made using wheat flour), angakar/mota roti (roti made from rice/wheat flour using leftover cooked rice), thetri-khurmi, Chousela (rice flour poori), Bhajiya Kadhi (Savoury-salty Yogurt/curd dish), Sabudana bada (Sago fritter), Bafuari/Bhajiya, Idhar Kadhi (Kadhi made using Arbi leaves), airsa, tamatar fatka (tomato chutney), different types of bhajis (includes leafy vegetables like bathua, palak, chench, tirpaniya, khatta bhaji, laal bhaji, amari patua, Bohar Bhaji), etc. The wheat grown in the region is called sharbati (juicy) or like a sweet refreshing drink. The rotis made from the flour of this wheat are soft and tasty.

Education
Bilaspur has developed as a centre of education for Chhattisgarh with students from all over the state coming to Bilaspur to study engineering, medical and administrative officers' competitive exams and entrance exam preparation. As of 2012 Bilaspur has 5 universities. Bilaspur has following educational institutions:

Universities

 * Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya – Central University
 * Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya
 * Pandit Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University
 * Dr. C. V. Raman University
 * Maharishi University of Management and Technology

Colleges

 * Institute of Technology, Guru Ghasidas University
 * Govt. E. Raghvendra Rao P.G. Science College ('A' grade)
 * Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences
 * Government Engineering College, Bilaspur
 * S.L.T. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University
 * Thakur Chedilal Barrister College of Agriculture & Research Station, Bilaspur
 * New Horizon Dental College and Research Institute
 * DWARIKA PRASAD VIPRA P.G. COLLEGE BILASPUR
 * C.M. Dubey Postgraduate College, Bilaspur
 * Govt. Bilasa Girls P.G. College, Bilaspur
 * Govt. Ayurveda College, Bilaspur
 * LCIT Group of Institutions, Bilaspur
 * Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences, Hospital & Research Centre

Schools

 * DAV Public School, SECL Bilaspur
 * The Jain International School, Bilaspur
 * Delhi Public School, Bilaspur
 * Brilliant Public School, Bilaspur
 * Krishna Public School, Bilaspur
 * Loyla School, Bilaspur
 * St. Francis sen. sec. School, Bilaspur
 * St.xavier's High School, Bilaspur

N.C.C.

 * Bilaspur has 1 of the 14 army wing NCC battalions from raipur group which belongs to madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh directorate.

Print and news media
The city publishes print media newspapers in Hindi languages.

 * Live Media
 * Patrika
 * Dainik Bhaskar
 * Nava Bharat
 * Hari Bhoomi
 * Deshbandhu
 * Swadesh News

The following electronic media channels deliver local news 24*7:
 * Chhattisgarh Cable Networks (CCN)
 * Grand Gumber Channel
 * Siti News Channel
 * Abhi Tak (CCN owned News Channel)
 * Z 24 Ghante – Chhattisgarh Bilaspur Buero
 * E TV M.P. CG. Bilaspur Buereu
 * Sahara TV M.P. CG. Bilaspur Buereu
 * P7 /Pearls News M.P. C.G. Bilaspur
 * Aaj Tak, Bilaspur Buereu
 * India TV, Bilaspur Buereu

Radio
Bilaspur city has 5 FM Radio Stations which are-

TV/Doordarshan

 * Bilaspur has High Power TV Transmitter of Doordarshan at Bahatarai

Notable people

 * Leslie Claudius, former Olympic field hockey player. He has distinction of being one of only two Indian players to win four Olympic medals
 * Balakrishna Shivram Moonje (B. S. Moonje) was a leader of the Hindu Mahasabha
 * Satyadev Dubey, Padmabhushan, theater director, actor, playwright, screenwriter. He directed Amrish Puri in Andha Yug and known for Junoon (1979), Bhumika (1977) and Aakrosh (1980)
 * Makhanlal Chaturvedi wrote Pushp ki Abhilaashaa (पुष्प की अभिलाषा) in Bilaspur Central Jail when he was prison by British for sedition charges.
 * Bimal Mitra was a renowned Bengali writer with more than one hundred novels and short stories. One of his most popular novel Shaheb Bibi Golam was adopted in Hindi movie. He served in railways in Bilaspur for long year.
 * Sandeep Shrivastava is screenwriter, lyricist known for his works in movie like Shershaah, Ludo, New York, Ab Tak Chhappan etc.
 * Bilasa Devi, founder of Bilaspur city and amazon of Chhattisgarh
 * Satyajeet Dubey, voice and film actor
 * Ajit Jogi, first chief minister of the state of Chhattisgarh
 * Ingrid Mcleod, a nominated Lok Sabha member representing India's Anglo-Indian community
 * Shrikant Verma, a noted poet and Member of Parliament
 * Arun Sao, former member of parliament from Bilaspur Lok Sabha seat and deputy chief minister of Chhattisgarh
 * Jagannath Prasad Bhanu, Hindi scholar and writer of poetry and prose
 * Tokhan Sahu, elected mp from Bilaspur Lok Sabha seat and a Minister of State for Housing and Urban Affairs of India

title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh


text:
Barisal District

Barisal District, officially spelled Barishal District from April 2018, is a district in south-central Bangladesh, formerly called Bakerganj district, established in 1797. Its headquarters are in the city of Barisal, which is also the headquarters of Barisal Division.

History
Barisal District traces its origins to Bakerganj district which was established in 1797. It was placed in Barisal Division on 1 January 1993.

Education
Notable educational institutions in Barisal include

 * Govt. Shaheed Abdur Rob Serniabat Degree College
 * Sher-e-Bangla Medical College
 * University of Barisal
 * Barisal Engineering College
 * Barisal Cadet College
 * Govt. B M College
 * Brajamohan school, Govt. Barisal College
 * Govt. Hatem Ali College
 * Govt. Woman's College
 * Barisal Polytechnic Institute
 * Govt. Fazlul Huq College
 * Barisal Technical School and College
 * A. Karim Ideal College, and Ideal Cadet School & College
 * Patuakhali Science and Technology University (Barisal campus)
 * Govt. Shere Bangla College
 * Govt. Gouronodi University College
 * Govt. Fazlul Haque College, Chakhar
 * Amrito Lal day College

Demographics
At the 2022 Census, Barisal District had 629,626 households and a population of 2,570,446. 475,192 (18.49%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 923 people per km2. Barisal district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 79.85%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1047 females per 1000 males. 30.23% of the population lived in urban areas.

Religion
Islam is the predominant religion in the district with a large Hindu population. Historically, the Barisal region has seen one of the highest concentration of Hindus since the area had been part of the British Raj, through the rule of East Pakistan and subsequently after the independence of Bangladesh. However, since Partition Hindus have been fleeing the district in large numbers. Among the 10 upazilas of the district, the Agailjhara Upazila has the highest percentage share of Hindus at 42 per cent, while the Muladi Upazila has the lowest at just 1.8 per cent, according to the 2011 Bangladesh census.

Overall, minority populations have seen a steep drop in their share of the total population, as well as a fall in their absolute numbers in Barisal district. The trend is similar to other districts in the wider Barisal division.

Subdivisions
Barisal District is divided into the following Upazilas (formerly called Thanas):
 * 1) Agailjhara Upazila
 * 2) Babuganj Upazila
 * 3) Bakerganj Upazila
 * 4) Banaripara Upazila
 * 5) Barisal Sadar Upazila
 * 6) Gournadi Upazila
 * 7) Hizla Upazila
 * 8) Mehendiganj Upazila
 * 9) Muladi Upazila
 * 10) Wazirpur Upazila

Notable personalities

 * A. K. Fazlul Huq politician, Chief Minister of undivided Bengal & Governor of erstwhile East Pakistan
 * Abdul Wahab Khan, 3rd Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan
 * Abdur Rahman Biswas, politician, President of Bangladesh
 * Anil Biswas, music director composer of Bollywood.
 * Aroj Ali Matubbar, philosopher
 * Mahanambrata Brahmachari, Hindu saint
 * Kanai Chatterjee, Bengali Maoist leader
 * Abdul Gaffar Choudhury, journalist, who wrote Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano to mark the Bengali Language Movement
 * Altaf Mahmud, music director & lyrician, who composed Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano
 * Ghatak Pakhi Bhai, Bangladeshi Matchmaker
 * Jibanananda Das, poet of Ruposi Bangla
 * Kusumkumari Das, poet and mother of Jibanananda Das
 * Aswini Kumar Dutta, social worker, Founder of BM College
 * Brajamohan Dutta, Bengali philanthropist and social worker
 * Hayat Mahmud, feudal lord, military commander and founder of Miah Bari Mosque
 * Mohiuddin Jahangir, officer in Sector 7 of the Muktibahini (1971). The highest recognition of bravery in Bangladesh, Bir Sreshtho.
 * Sal Khan, founder of Khan Academy
 * Shamsuddin Abul Kalam, Bangladeshi novelist
 * Sufia Kamal, female romantic poet of Bangladesh
 * Mahapran Jogendra Nath Mandal, Dalit leader and first Minister of Law and Labour in Pakistan
 * Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah, founder editor of The Daily Ittefaq
 * Hanif Sanket, television host, writer, producer
 * Mosharraf Karim, Bangladeshi actor from Gaurnadi Upazila, TV actor
 * Mohammad Abdul Jalil, sector commander in the war of 1971
 * Kamrul Islam Rabbi cricketer
 * Yeasin Khan footballer
 * Pran Ranjan Sengupta, mathematician and scientist

title: Barisal District


text:
Category:Cockroaches

This category is for the cockroaches, insects of the order Blattodea (or Blattaria).

title: Category:Cockroaches


text:
Borstel

Borstel may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Borstel, Lower Saxony, in the district of Diepholz, Lower Saxony
 * Borstel (Neustadt am Rübenberge), part of Neustadt am Rübenberge, Lower Saxony
 * Borstel, Schleswig-Holstein, in the district of Segeberg, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Borstel-Hohenraden, in the district of Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein

title: Borstel


text:
Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh

Bilaspur district is a district of the Chhattisgarh state of India. Bilaspur city is the headquarters of the district. , it is the second most populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 27), after Raipur.

Etymology
The name of the district derived from the city of Bilaspur, the administrative headquarter of the district. The name "Bilaspur" originated from Bilasa Devi, a fisherwoman who founded this city, according to a legend.

Geography

Bilaspur district is situated between 21º47' and 23º8' north latitudes and 81º14' and 83º15' east longitudes. The district is bounded by Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district on the north, Anuppur District and Dindori District of Madhya Pradesh state on the west, Kabirdham on the southwest, Durg and Raipur on the south and Korba and Janjgir-Champa on the east. The area of the district is 6377 km². Bilaspur is officially the judicial and cultural capital of Chhattisgarh and also boosts various cultural and social events. The district is also an important educational and medical hub of Chhattisgarh due to several world class hospitals for example:CIMS (Chattisgarh institute of medical sciences)Apollo Hospital. Education at the primary and higher level has been considerably improving in the past decade due to the opening of several international standard schools ranging from D.A.V. Public School, Delhi Public School, San Francis H/S School, St. Xavier's H/S School, Maharishi Vidya Mandir and The Jain International School. The city has been also witnessing high rate of infrastructural growth for past few years due to the several initiatives taken by the state government to improve the basic infrastructure of the city. Today, the city has two developed shopping malls (Rama Magneto Mall and 36 City Mall) which attract a large number of crowd especially the youth from all over the state.

History
Bilaspur was established by the Bilas Deo, Maharaja of Bandhavgarh. The area which comprises present-day Bilaspur District was under the control of the Bhonsla Rajas of Nagpur until 1818 and was governed by a Maratha Subah (district officer). In 1818, the British started administering the area on behalf of the Raghuji III, who was minor. The area was administered by a commissioner. In 1853, after the death of Raghuji III, British annexed the Nagpur Kingdom to British India as Nagpur Province, and in 1861 when the new Central Provinces was born, Bilaspur was organized into a separate district. In October 1903, a new province ‘The Central Provinces and Berar’ was constituted and Bilaspur District became a part of the Chhattisgarh Division of the province. In October 1905, on transfer of Sambalpur District to Bengal Province, Chandrapur-Padampur and Malkhurda estates were transferred to Bilaspur District. In 1906, when the Drug district (presently Durg District) was formed, a part of the Mungeli Tahsil was transferred to the new district. Also, another part of the district was transferred to the Raipur District. On 25 May 1998, the original Bilaspur District was split into 3 smaller districts, present Bilaspur, Korba and Janjgir-Champa.

Administration
Bilaspur Division consists of 11 tehsils.

 * 1) Kota
 * 2) Takhatpur
 * 3) Belagahna
 * 4) Beltara
 * 5) Bilha
 * 6) Bilaspur
 * 7) Bodri
 * 8) Masturi
 * 9) Ratanpur
 * 10) Sakari
 * 11) Sipat

Bilaspur district is composed of 11 tehsils, consisting of 1 Municipal corporation, 3 Nagar Palika Parishads, 7 Nagar panchayats and 4 blocks

The total number of villages in the district is 708 consisting of 483 Gram Panchayats.

The headquarters of the district is Bilaspur. It is the second largest city in the state and the seat of the High Court of Chhattisgarh. It is called the Nyaydhani (judicial capital) of Chhattisgarh. Bilaspur has the famous Kanan Pendari Zoo Park. Arpa is a river passing through the district, it very shallow in depth but does creates havoc during rains.

Economy
Bilaspur is the headquarters of South Eastern Coalfields, the largest and most profitable subsidiary of Coal India. The district of Bilaspur also has the largest number of cement factories in the state consisting of manufacturers such as Lafarge, Century, ACC etc. The Bilaspur railway zone has been fifth time in a row awarded as the most profitable railway zone by the ministry of Indian railways this year. The district is also well connected to the rest of the country by means of rail and road network hence improving the economy of the city. The city's main commercial hub is Vyapar Vihar, Telipara, Link Road, Sepath Road, Bus Stand Road, Rajiv Plaza and Goal Bazar. Bilaspur is also the Regional Headquarters of Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board, headed by Chief Engineer (BR). The Chief Engineer (BR) has the jurisdiction of Bilaspur, Korba, Janjgir-Champa and Raigarh Districts for supply of electricity to all LT and HT consumers. After Regional Headquarters of Raipur of CSEB, the Bilaspur is the second largest jurisdiction for supply of electricity in Chhattisgarh State.

Business travel and hotels
As an industrial city, Bilaspur also receives a large number of business travelers from within India and other countries, which requires the city to have good hotels. There are many hotels in Bilaspur, however the very first notable hotel and the only international brand hotel 'Courtyard by Marriott' opened in April 2014. The hotel is located near Mangla Chowk and is next to Citymall 36, a prominent shopping destination in the city. All Bilaspur's other hotels are locally run standalone units and although they do not offer high quality, they are relatively inexpensive.

Transport
By AIR

Nearest Airport is Bilasa devi kevat Airport. 13 Km from Nehru Chok.

By Railway

Bilaspur has the zonal office of South East Central Railway, the 16th zone of Indian Railway which is recognized to have the maximum loading. The city is very well connected to rest of the country through good road and rail network. The city falls in the Mumbai Kolkata rail network. The Bilaspur railway station is the most important railway station in the state from where several trains for different parts of the country originate.

By Road

Bilaspur is second largest city of Chhattisgarh and connected through bus service to other major district of Chhattisgarh Bilaspur is also connected through bus service to other states like UP, Jharkhand, Bihar, MP, Odisha. The District Administration and Municipal Corporation of Bilaspur City are forming a joint venture, to operate world class City Bus services in Bilaspur City by the end of 2007. However autorickshaw rules the road.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh has a population of 2,663,629, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. This ranks it 152nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 322 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 33.21%. Bilaspur has a sex ratio of 972 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.59%.

The divided district has a population of 1,625,502, of which 582,146 (35.81%) live in urban areas. The divided district has a sex ratio of 964 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 20.76% and 14.43% of the population respectively.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 79.46% of the population in the district spoke Chhattisgarhi, 15.03% Hindi and 1.06% Sindhi as their first language.

Tourism
This district has Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary.

title: Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh


text:
Category:Operetta

Classification: category:Performing arts: Opera: Genres: Operetta also: Music: Genres: Operetta

Individual operetta titles can be found in the subcategory: Operettas

See also the category Musical theatre

title: Category:Operetta


text:
Talk:Arc welding

Valuable Links for Welding
I would like to add an outbound link to two great guides and resources that deal with the proper preparation and selection of material on tungsten electrodes. The link is at: www.diamondground.com/downloads.html. Do you feel that this would be appropriate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.112.164.100 (talk) 20:59, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this sounds good. Lon of Oakdale (talk) 19:43, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Arc welding processes

 * Consummable electrode
 * Shielded metal arc welding
 * Gas metal arc welding (pulsed gas metal arc welding, short circuit gas metal arc welding)
 * Flux cored arc welding (gas-shielded flux cored arc welding, self-shielded flux cored arc welding)
 * Submerged arc welding (series submerged arc welding)
 * Electrogas welding
 * Bare metal arc welding
 * Non-consummable electrode
 * Gas tungsten arc welding (pulsed gas tungsten arc welding)
 * Plasma arc welding
 * Carbon arc welding (gas carbon arc welding, shielded carbon arc welding, twin carbon arc welding)
 * Arc stud welding
 * Atomic hydrogen welding
 * Magnetically impelled arc welding

According to AWS master chart on p21. Cary & Helzer --Spangineer (háblame)  15:09, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

German attack on New York harbor during WWI
As far as I can tell no such event ever happened. I don't know enough on the subject of arc welding to feel comfortable editing this page so if someone could take a look at it that would be great.

Andrew m plamondon 01:37, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That comes from a welding textbook that says, "German ships interned in New York Harbor at the outbreak of the war had been scuttled by their crews so that the vessels could not be used in the Allied war effort." The wording is rather poor, since "attack" implies an offensive from the outside, but technically the Germans did damage to the US through this. I'll see about fixing the wording. —Spangineer[es]  (háblame)  05:56, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Hidden references
Why are the inline citations in this article hidden? Wouldn't it be better if they were in a form like the recently featured Gas tungsten arc welding or Gas metal arc welding? QmunkE 09:20, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It probably would be better if they were visible, yes; I just haven't gotten around to converting them. --Spangineeres (háblame)  12:50, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

any possibilty of cross referencing Inverter power source's for welding?(Wouse101 22:29, 24 April 2007 (UTC))

Safety Issues
Hexavalent chromium is a new issue in welding safety and protocal. OSHA has begun to set standards and limit exposure to hexavalent chromium. It's a large issue at my work place presently.

(ROBZZZ 15:35, 24 October 2006 (UTC))

OSHA Reference

 * "New" is a bit inappropriate here, it was well-known when I was working in a research team in 1980. I vaguely remember that measuring the hexavalent chromiumn content was difficult for some reason. rudy 22:43, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I merely meant that it is now receiving more press. I'm fully aware that it's not new.  I should've worded it differently.  Of course I wrongly implied that exposure is due only to welding.  It can come from cutting and grinding as well.(ROBZZZ 18:13, 27 October 2006 (UTC))

given the importance of SMAW welding, I would have thought that it would have rated more than a paragraph dismissing it as obsoleteRvannatta 00:51, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Why is there nothing here about radiation burns on the skin? Im a welder and atm im pealing of dead skin from parts of my body that where left exposed by accident.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.226.207.185 (talk) 09:03, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

Electrical safety
Why is there nothing about electrical safety - preventing electric shock ?
 * Be Bold Because you haven't yet had a chance to write up a few carefully-referenced words discussing electrical safety? --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:16, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * First kick at the cat in place. Let the merciless editing commence. --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:00, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

Temperature
I was hoping to find some information about the temperatures that arc welding can create. Also, temperature gradients, that is to say, how focused the temperature is, would also be interesting. Come to think of it, I would like to know about typical energy requirements and the definition of low and high penetration. Lon of Oakdale (talk) 19:51, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * just google arc temperatures —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericg33 (talk • contribs) 08:20, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Stick Welding questions
Unlike many technical Wiki subjects: Excellent article! I am so tired of chemists exclusively showing off to other chemists, and the like.

section: Consumable electrode methods

 * "...(SMAW), which is also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA) or stick welding." "The process is very versatile, requiring little operator training and inexpensive equipment."

Good! This is just the info I'm looking for! (More specifically, I'm seeking to learn the minimum requirements needed for a usable entry level (household-hobby) welder. The ability to occasionally weld up to 1/4 inch plate, or nearly, would be nice.)

To me use of the word "possible" below obscures much practical information from that promising concept:

 * "Furthermore, the process is generally limited to welding ferrous materials, though specialty electrodes have made possible the welding of cast iron, nickel, aluminium, copper and other metals."

...for example, does "possible" mean possible but difficult, possible with expensive equipment, or does it mean the difficulties have been removed? I'm particularly interested in welding cast iron with an entry-level welder (which seems almost an implied topic or question with stick welding).

Also, in arc welder specifications I often see things like:
 * Full Load Amps 	20
 * Output Amps 	80
 * Duty Cycle 	35% at 80 amps, 60% at 65 amps, 100% at 50 amps

While I understand amps and duty cycle in electronics, I read a comment that said 50% duty cycle in arc welders means 5 minutes on, 5 minutes off! Huh!? ...so does say; 50% duty cycle here imply I'll be waiting around for it to cool off or something? Or is my gut right in thinking that the 100% 50 amp rating is just the real, or most practical rating and the other figures are continuous heat but from a practical view, mostly just technical shenanigans? ...or what?

Thanks again! Doug Bashford--68.127.85.141 (talk) 15:44, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Added Duty cycle question. Doug Bashford--68.127.85.141 (talk) 16:27, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

After a year, most of those questions seem to remain unanswered. This seems to fall within two broad categories, the article is : 1)too vague or abstract, 2) too manufacturing-environment or professional centered, meaning the nonspecialist reader's questions (reason for seeking Wikipedia,) may not be addressed.

To be less vague or abstract, for example, it seems like there aught to be at least some clues or pointers here to decipher or make some sense out of some of these commonly found descriptions of arc welders: compare different arc welders:
 * Input: 120 volts, 20 amps (120 volts), 21 amps (240 volts) amps, single phase, 60 Hz
 * Rated output current: 10 to 80 amps
 * Rated output voltage: 27 volts
 * Max open circuit voltage: 60 volts
 * Duty cycle: 35% @ 75 amps

 * Input: 240 volts, 33 amps (AC), 35 amps (DC) amps, single phase, 60 Hz
 * Rated output current: 55 to 135 amps (AC), 30 to 105 amps (DC)
 * Rated output voltage: 15 volts @ 110 amps
 * Max open circuit voltage: 68 volts (AC), 60 volts (DC)
 * Duty cycle: 30% @ 110 amps

 * Input: 240 volts, 30 amps, single phase, 60 Hz
 * Rated output current: 35 to 140 amps
 * Rated output voltage: 16 volts @ 140 amps
 * Max open circuit voltage: 32 volts
 * Duty cycle: 40% @ 140 amps

 * Input: 120/240 volts, 20 amps (120 volts), 21 amps (240 volts) amps, single phase, 60 Hz
 * Output current: 30 to 70 amps @ 120 volts, 30 to 120 amps @ 240 volts
 * Rated output voltage: 22 volts @ 70 amps (120 volts), 19 volts @ 100 amps (240 volts)
 * Max open circuit voltage: 47.5 volts
 * Duty cycle: 15% @ 65 amps (120 volts), 6% @ 95 amps (240 volts)

While those arc welders represent a 300% price difference, which of those descriptions best reflect performance differences?...and why/how?

I'd think every expert arc welder already knows that, it might even seem trivial. (Yes, it's basic stuff.) Perhaps that example is too specific, I don't know, but I'm speaking generally. There seems to be a big hole about arc welding in the article. --68.127.84.95 (talk) 19:34, 25 August 2011 (UTC)Doug Bashford

 * OK, I started new section "2.1 Home and Hobby Power supplies" and defined Duty Cycle and why knowing it is not important to commercial welders. It's just a start, a stub.  Other specifications are needed. --68.127.84.95 (talk) 00:59, 26 August 2011 (UTC)Doug Bashford

Explanation of some edits
"and/or an evaporating filler material" - This is wholly incorrect. The use of a slag producing flux can shield the weld in the absence of a shielding gas. Shielding in this method is by fumes given off by the burning flux displacing the air local to the weld, and/or by the molten slag produced by the melting flux providing a physical barrier between the molten weld and the air.

"The process of arc welding is widely used because of its low capital and running costs." - As compared with what? Bolting? Riveting? Adhesives? Other welding processes? Also there is a large variation in capital investment and running costs associated with each arc welding process. Statement removed for this reason.

"Getting the arc started is called striking the arc. An arc may be struck by either lightly tapping the electrode against the metal or scratching the electrode against the metal at high speed." - There are many ways of striking an arc, and it varies from process to process. There is no uniform method that will work for all arc welding processes. Statement removed for this reason.

Development

"Main articles: forge welding, resistance welding, oxyfuel welding, and Gas tungsten arc welding" - why is GTAW included here? No change made at this time.

"Typical currents are 50 to 500 amps, depending on the size of weld required; 100 amps is typical for manual welders.[13] Voltage output is typically 20 to 50 volts during welding,[14] though some power supplies also include a small high voltage source to aid in initially striking the arc." - Listing typical voltage and amperage is meaningless without other information such as process, polarity, and electrode size. Statement removed for this reason.

Consumable electrode methods

"...flux that protects the weld area from oxidation and contamination by producing CO2 gas during the welding process." - Copied wording from the SMAW article. The burning flux gives off more than CO2, and the slag also serves to protect the molten weld.

"Flux cored wire generates an effective gas shield precisely at the weld site, permitting application involving more windy conditions or contaminated materials, however the flux cored wire leaves a slag residue and is more expensive than solid wire. " - Copied wording from the FCAW article. Not all FCAW electrodes generate shielding gas, some do require externally supplied shielding gas.

"In-position welding is not possible with SAW." - This statement in unclear for the following reasons: The weldment must be positioned so that the joint to be welded is "in position". A joint is said to be "in position" when it is in the 1F, 2F, or 1G position. SAW welds must be made in position, meaning that the weldment must be flipped over, or in the case of cylindrical parts (such as many pressure vessels) turned on a rotary positioner during welding of the circumferential joints.

A mention of the ANSI minimum protective shade chart could be a valuable addition to the safety section. No action taken at this time. http://www.thefabricator.com/article/safety/selecting-the-best-lens-for-welders-eye-protection

All the above this section Static-XJ (talk) 05:25, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Quote:
 * "Listing typical voltage and amperage is meaningless without other information such as process, polarity, and electrode size. Statement removed for this reason."

 * No, it is far MORE meaningless being absent. Please revert that, or better yet make the repairs you think are needed. That kind of info is why I came here, (and as I just complained elsewhere;) and there is a big hole regarding power requirements.  Anybody can delete another's effort ....but please don't let wishing for the perfect; ruin the good. 68.127.84.95 (talk) 21:07, 25 August 2011 (UTC)Doug Bashford

Sorry - I normally just edit articles, but this one is locked (really? arc welding is locked?) and I don't see any discussion on changes. Anyhow, hopefully someone will delete this comment and make the required fix. Under consumable electrode methods, a sentence reads: "serve as a shielding gas and providing a layer of slag". This is incorrect grammar. An easy fix would be to change "providing" to "provide". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.75.253.60 (talk) 10:47, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

Safety Issues section
While on counter-vandalism patrol, STiki taged the safety issues section deletion as possible vandalism. Someone, with a one edit IP address, blanked the entire section. I reverted the edit. If this was an agreed upon edit, please discuss below and revert the change. Thanks. Geraldshields11 (talk) 02:20, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Visualization
If somebody wants to visualize an electron flow arc, a reverse polarity arc weld is the place to see it! The impact of the electron flow against the weld surface can be seen to be heating up the joint material and pushing it away from the point of contact. And the quality of the weld can be sensed by the quality of the metal build up within the weld and by the smoothness of the welding process.WFPM (talk) 21:10, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

UV from arc welding can burn skin like sunburn
The UV from arc welding can burn the skin severely if welding for any amount of time, I think this should be mentioned in the article as it is an important safety concern. Burns can be very severe after just a few minutes welding under certain circumstances. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.211.8.66 (talk) 22:02, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 June 2015
Please change "The French electrical inventor Auguste de Méritens produced the first carbon arc torch, patented in 1881, which was successfully used for welding lead in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries. In 1881–1882, a Russian inventor, Nikolai Bernardos and Polish Stanisław Olszewski, created the electric arc welding method for steel known as carbon arc welding, using carbon electrodes." to "Arc welding began with inventing arc welding of metals using a carbon electrode, presented by Nikolai Benardos at the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris in 1881 and patented together with Stanisław Olszewski in 1887. In the same year, French electrical inventor Auguste de Méritens invented also a carbon arc welding method, patented in 1881, which was successfully used for welding lead in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries. " because information about the exact date of Méritens' invention doesn't exist. The only known information is that de Méritens patented his invention not until November 24, 1881 (http://www.google.com/patents/US471242). But Benardos demonstrated his invention already at the Paris exhibition of electricity in 1881 which took place from August 15, 1881 through to November 15, 1881 (without Stanisław Olszewski). Some sources: http://en.rime.de/sheet-metalworking/tig-welding/ or http://bulletin.is.gliwice.pl/PDF/2014/03/02_Turyk_Grobosz_Beginnings_of_submerged_arc_welding.pdf or http://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume2Issue12/IJETAE_1212_131.pdf). So there is no proof that Auguste de Méritens was first.

Wolk777 (talk) 17:28, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting comment.svg Comment: I can't implement the first requested sentence as it is because it is very close paraphrasing of this source and possibly violates WP:COPYVIO. Other than that, your research looks okay, and I will be paraphrasing the sentence later on when I have more time. Mz7 (talk) 23:22, 1 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Mz7 (talk) 05:59, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Power Supplies
The following paragraph contained in this article needs to be in agreement with another Wikipedia article discussing Shielded_metal_arc_welding:

The direction of current used in arc welding also plays an important role in welding. Consumable electrode processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively. In welding, the positively charged anode ( should be electrode?) will have a greater heat concentration (around 60%)[2] and, as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode has an impact on weld properties. If the electrode is positively charged, it will melt more quickly, increasing weld penetration and welding speed. Alternatively, a negatively charged electrode results in more shallow welds.[3] Non-consumable electrode processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, can use either type of direct current (DC), as well as alternating current (AC). With direct current however, because the electrode only creates the arc and does not provide filler material, a positively charged electrode causes shallow welds, while a negatively charged electrode makes deeper welds.[4]

Shielded_metal_arc_welding The preferred polarity of the SMAW system depends primarily upon the electrode being used and the desired properties of the weld. Direct current with a negatively charged electrode (DCEN) causes heat to build up on the electrode, increasing the electrode melting rate and decreasing the depth of the weld. Reversing the polarity so that the electrode is positively charged (DCEP) and the workpiece is negatively charged increases the weld penetration. With alternating current the polarity changes over 100 times per second, creating an even heat distribution and providing a balance between electrode melting rate and penetration.[19]

I believe there is quite a bit of confusion between these two articles / paragraphs at least in the way written. --Lbecque (talk) 21:08, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm tired of this and you trying to push an inappropriate term into the article, based on your incorrect understanding of anode. See section below, pasted from my talk:  Your changes make no more sense than your other changes and re-defining Coulombs as "ampere per second." Andy Dingley (talk) 22:30, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Andy Dingley It is you, my friend, who is pushing an inappropriate term into the article by adding the word anode into a paragraph which is consistently using the term electrode. Just look at the previous sentence which starts as "Consumable electrode processes....." and ends with "but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively". So in the sentence in question when you say "the positively charged anode" are you referring to a positive or negatively charged electrode? I think you are referring to a positively charged electrode and if that is the case why not just say so to be consistent with the paragraph, clear up any confusion and reduce the complexity of introducing another term such as anode? This way it will also be consistent with the following sentence which says "If the electrode is positively charged, it will melt more quickly....".

I also think you should not switch terms in the middle of a paragraph from electrode to anode to maximize clarity. Either consistently use the term electrode or anode but pick only one. Since the article is about welding and the term electrode is used by most welders that should be the term used. Anode is a term used more often by scientists when discussing electronics.

I also must protest your inappropriate behavior attacking me personally by bringing up an edit I made on another article which did not even concern you or anything you participate. That discussion originated by a typographical error which was quickly and professionally resolved between myself and the third party. No need for you to weigh in on that and further it gives no credibility to your argument on the subject here. In fact, it just makes you look bad. Lbecque (talk) 12:19, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Arc Welding
Andy, I noticed you made a number of edits but in doing so you undid my previous edit. I'm assuming you made a mistake so I will make my edit again changing the word anode to electrode. An anode by definition is negatively charged. A postitively charged electrode is called a cathode. The context of the rest of the paragraph keeps talking about a positively charged electrode so I strongly believe the latter is the proper term to be used here. If you disagree for some reason please explain your rationale. Thanks. Lbecque (talk) 19:32, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Maybe the very detailed ref I added will explain it? Andy Dingley (talk) 19:38, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

No Andy, in fact your reference supports that the anode is negatively charged and is a concentration of electrons. BY DEFINITION an anode is negatively charged and a cathode is positively charged. This needs to either say cathode or positively charged electrode to be consistent with the rest of the paragraph. The very next sentence says "If the electrode is positively charged, it will melt more quickly,...". Please change this back to positively charged electrode. --Lbecque (talk) 20:14, 21 October 2015 (UTC)
 * No, anode is much better.
 * The point here is that in welding, either terminal (torch or workpiece) can be the anode, depending on how you connect it. Yet the anode (whichever that is) is always the one that gets hotter. Conventionally it's wired so that the workpiece is the anode, thus the pool gets hotter. Sometimes you want the filler hotter, such as for wire-feed MIG, so you reverse the polarity to make the electrode positive (DCEP).
 * The anode, whichever piece that is, gets hotter.
 * The definition of anode / cathode depends on the direction of current flow, so it reverses (by polarity or charge) when something is either a producer or consumer. " An anode by definition is negatively charged. "  is only true for a producer of current. In this case it's backwards. Consider the analogous case of a vacuum tube: the cathode has to be heated to emit electrons which are then attracted to the positively charged anode.
 * You are incorrect here on two counts: your anode definition is wrong for consumers of current, it's only true for producers. As is relevant to the article here, "anode" is better than "electrode" because it's describing the heat behaviour (which tracks the anode) whereas "electrode" could be either and strongly implies that it's the hand held electrode and not the workpiece (which is generally going to be the wrong way round for stick welding). Andy Dingley (talk) 22:24, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Andy I have created a power supplies section on the talk page of arc welding to discuss this further with all users. --Lbecque (talk) 21:12, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Andy Dingley Regarding your statement "Yet the anode (whichever that is) is always the one that gets hotter." I agree is generally true except in the case of GTAW when DCEN is used and according to Gas_tungsten_arc_welding "the negatively charged electrode generates heat by emitting electrons, which travel across the arc, causing thermal ionization of the shielding gas and increasing the temperature of the base material." In this special case, the cathode gets hotter because of the flow of shielding gas plasma.

I also have no issue with your statement "The definition of anode / cathode depends on the direction of current flow, so it reverses (by polarity or charge) when something is either a producer or consumer" as this is clearly supported in the Electrode article. My problem with that is that we are not talking about vacuum tubes, rechargeable batteries, semiconductors, etc. We are talking about one thing in this article, welding and the welding power supply and the polarity used. It is my belief based on our own discussion that all this talk about cathode, anode and which is the producer and consumer unnecessarily complicates the article and makes it easy to misunderstand. My suggestion is that this article should stick to the welding terms DCEN, DCEP, electrode, the work piece and the positive and negative terminals of the welding power supply that is the topic of this part of the article.

I still have an issue with the use of the phrase "the positively charged anode" from two perspectives: 1) It is inconsistent with the following sentences, rest of the paragraph (and article) which consistently makes reference to the electrode and whether it is connected positively or negatively. There is no other reference to anode.  You can search the entire article and it only occurs this one time.  Again my suggestion is to stick to simple welding terminology and not refer to anode at all to be clear. 2) "positively charged anode" may be technically incorrect in this context depending on which SMAW polarity you are referring to, which is very unclear to me now. If you are referring to SMAW DCEP, which I think you are and the reference supports, then the work piece is the anode, it does result in deeper weld penetration due to increased heat at the anode, however the work piece is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply not the positive as you seem to indicate. If instead you were referring to SMAW DCEN, then the anode is the electrode and the electrode will melt faster because the heat concentration is at the electrode and this will result in more shallow welds. See the article Shielded_metal_arc_welding which correctly makes the statement "Direct current with a negatively charged electrode (DCEN) causes heat to build up on the electrode, increasing the electrode melting rate and decreasing the depth of the weld. Reversing the polarity so that the electrode is positively charged (DCEP) and the workpiece is negatively charged increases the weld penetration."

It appears to me that the statements about increasing electrode melting rate and increasing weld penetration are mutually exclusive to DCEN and DCEP respectively and the current sentence incorrectly combines them for one configuration. --Lbecque (talk) 20:41, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm getting tired with this. Read GTAW, try to understand it. "Direct current with a positively charged electrode (DCEP) [...] less heat is generated in the base material."
 * The positive electrode gets hotter than the negative electrode. This happens whichever way round the polarity is. Just the same as when I posted the first added ref.
 * ""positively charged anode" may be technically incorrect in this context depending on which SMAW polarity you are referring to"
 * No. Never. The "positively charged anode" is the one that is positively charged and the one that's the anode, no matter which polarity you use. That's the whole point of using the term "anode" rather than "electrode", which could be connected either way.
 * Look at the terms DCEP and DCEN. The "electrode" here is always used to refer to the free electrode, the torch or filler rod. Never the base material. That's why using "electrode" would be misleading to use in this case. The text refers to polarity and heat, the point being that this follows the positive polarity.
 * I am not interested in discussing this further when you give no sources, put WP articles forward as WP:RS (they aren't - and SMAW has it the wrong way round) and you're still wedded to " An anode by definition is negatively charged." References, real ones, or don't argue with the real references that are here. Andy Dingley (talk) 22:32, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Andy Dingley, you must be joking when you refer to your addition as a WP:RS. Your additional source url=https://canteach.candu.org/Content%20Library/20053426.pdf is a scanned copy in PDF form of a PowerPoint presentation with no author given or any other references to check the material as being reliable! How is that a 'real reference' as you say? Furthermore, the words 'positively charged anode' for which you are using this reference cannot be found in it. Additionally, you have used this reference out of context by using it in a sentence referring to consumable electrode processes when the cited article clearly refers to the GTAW process on page 7 when discussing thermionic cathodes.

When you told me to reread GTAW, try to understand it, I think you are the one not understanding GTAW which is completely different from the other processes in that you not only have the flow of electrons via electrical current but also the flow of ionized gas back to the base metal in the form of plasma. That is why DCEN produces deeper penetration for GTAW while DCEN produces shallow welds for consumable electrode processes. Tell me, is your perspective from the standpoint of welding or electrical theory? Lbecque (talk) 13:09, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

And Andy, if "SMAW has it the wrong way round" why aren't you correcting that article also to be consistent? I think you are not because you know others may disagree with your edits. Lbecque (talk) 17:51, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Gasless MIG
Gasless MIG is the normal name in Australia for what is rapidly becoming the most common method of arc welding (it may already be) and should redirect somewhere... not sure where. It's in some ways a misnomer but readers will still search for it. Andrewa (talk) 22:29, 13 June 2016 (UTC)

 * It's nothing like the "most common method of arc welding". This is an encyclopedia, not a hobbyist guide for amateurs fixing up their ute. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:36, 14 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for creating the redirect... but is it to the correct place? Gas metal arc welding makes no mention of gasless anything. It seems to violate the principle of least astonishment at the very least.

 * And sorry if what I said was ambiguous, but my information is based on that supplied by the staff at my local hardware stores, where I've been asking questions about converting from stick to gasless MIG myself on my brother's advice... and neither of us have ever owned utes, just BTW. I was perhaps not clear that my information is specific to Australia, where I live. I take it that gasless MIG is not so prevalent in the UK, where you live? That's surprising to me... one of the reasons I was prompted to ask right now is that Aldi (Australia) currently have a gasless MIG set on sale, and as they're German-based I would have guessed that Europe was on to the gasless MIG thing too, and by that name. (I've decided against the Aldi unit anyway.) What's the source of your information?

 * Agree that This is an encyclopedia, but you seem to think that this means we shouldn't be any use to amateurs fixing up their ute? If so disagree strongly... all readers are readers and deserve respect and consideration.

 * It seems to me that at present, anyone (ute owner or otherwise) searching for information on gasless MIG is not going to be very well served. And that's a shame. Andrewa (talk) 02:56, 14 June 2016 (UTC)
 * So add something. But don't add "most common method of arc welding" because that is so obviously wrong. Welding is done by more people than those shopping in Aldi(!) and even if it's the only form of welding that Aldi sell (and there are a lot of Aldis), that doesn't mean it's the most common form. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:42, 14 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I will add what I can source to the article space, no more nor less. Suggest you do the same. The point of the Aldi reference was just that the term appears to be widely enough used that it would be good to have some information available to those who search on it... and I mean sourced information, not pointless redirects. Andrewa (talk) 11:39, 14 June 2016 (UTC)

Fixed thank you
Target and redir... Well done Andy Dingley, we got there in the end... and quite quickly, too! Andrewa (talk) 23:10, 14 June 2016 (UTC)

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Clearer explanation of "slag"?
The term slag is introduced with minimal explanation, and, at least in the introduction section, doesn't have a link. Not being a welding expert, I genuinely can't figure out what it is and how it relates to welding. Add an explanation and/or link? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.247.214.15 (talk) 15:03, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

Merge Arc Blow in.
I think the content from that article belongs here. Allan Nonymous (talk) 15:22, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arc welding


text:
Talk:Malleability (cryptography)

Untitled
'Malleable' is a term used in the analyses of cryptographic algorithms:

Have a ciphertext C, and a plaintext P. C = E(P) meaning: C is the encrypted plaintext P.

With a malleable encryption algorithm it is possible to generate a C1 = f(C) so that P1 = f'(P) with arbitrary (but known) functions f and f'.

(this needs some linking from and to the math section).

An example of a malleable encryption algorithm is RSA.(you can contact me at avbidder@fortytwo.ch)

I've tried to expand this a bit, but it still needs some work. It would be helpful to have a history of the term and the concept, some more examples of malleable and nonmalleable systems, a comparison with related concepts (what's the name for the one where you can derive C'=E(f(P)) without knowing P?), some constructions for nonmalleable systems, and a note on formulations of nonmalleable algorithms (e.g. superpseudorandom permutations). Victor Lighthill 03:27, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Signing
It wouldn't preserve the original content, but wouldn't digitally signing a message at least provide detection of modification? Or is this even relevent to the article? Twiek 22:47, 11 July 2006

My suspicion is that for symmetric encryption, malleability and [authenticated encryption] fall together. But these notions are not the same for public key cryptography. There you don't need to know a secret key in order to create a non-malleable encryption. Markulf 12:28, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * For private-key encryptions, yes. If you take an encryption scheme secure under chosen plaintext attack, and append a MAC (like a private-key signature) of the ciphertext, you get a non-malleable (i.e, secure against chosen ciphertext attack) scheme. For public-key, it's more complicated. Blokhead 01:00, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Malleability and Attacks
Are not malleable encryption systems per definition susceptible to at least [adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks]. The [ElGamal] section of this articel claims such a weakness, but what is the difference to plain [RSA]? Why is ElGamal more "extreme" than RSA?

Markulf 12:13, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Non-malleability is exactly equivalent to security against adaptive CCA. I think this was demonstrated in Dolev, Dwork & Naor's first paper that introduced the idea of malleability. Blokhead 01:00, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

commutative encryption vs malleable encryption
I think this article could be improved by adding a few words on commutative encryption (as used in the three-pass protocol, some kinds of mental poker, etc.) and its relationship to malleable encryption. --DavidCary (talk) 05:31, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Malleability (cryptography)


text:
Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh

Bilaspur is a town and a municipal council in Bilaspur district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.

History
Bilaspur was the capital of a state of the same name founded in the 7th century, also known as Kahlur. The ruling dynasty were Chandel Rajputs, who claimed descent from the rulers of Chanderi in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Bilaspur was founded in 1663. The state later became a princely state of British India, and was under the authority of the British province of Punjab.

On 13 May 1665, Guru Tegh Bahadur went to Bilaspur to attend the mourning and funeral ceremonies for Raja Dip Chand of Bilaspur. Rani Champa of Bilaspur made an offer to the Guru of a piece of land in her state, which the Guru accepted at the cost of 500 rupees. The land consisted of the villages of Lodipur, Mianpur, and Sahota. Guru Tegh Bahadur broke ground on a new settlement on 19 June 1665, which he named, Nanaki, after his mother.

In 1932, the state became part of the newly created Punjab States Agency, and in 1936 the Punjab Hill States Agency was separated from the Punjab States Agency. On 12 October 1948 the local ruler, Raja Sir Anand Chand, last ruler of Bilaspur [CHANDEL DYNASTY] acceded to the Government of India.

Bilaspur became a separate state of India under a chief commissioner, and on 1 July 1954, Bilaspur State was made a district of Himachal Pradesh state by an act of the Indian Parliament. When the Sutlej River was dammed to create the Govind Sagar, the historic town of Bilaspur was submerged, and a new town was built upslope of the old.

Geography
Bilaspur is located at 31.33°N, 76.75°W, with an average elevation of 673 m. It is situated on the foot of the Bandla Hills, along the left bank of river Sutlej which forms picturesque landscape here owing to creation of Govind Sagar Dam on it. It is the first major town after entering Himachal Pradesh on the way to Manali.

Climate
Bilaspur experiences warm summers and cool winters but is protected from the extremes temperature of the surrounding mountains by its situation in a valley. The monsoon, from July to September, is a period of high rainfall. From October to November, the lake is completely full. The highest temperature months are May and June when the temperature is typically around 37 C and 38 C, sometimes exceeding 40 C.

Demographics
As of the 2001 Indian census, Bilaspur had a population of 13,058. Males constituted 56.25% of the population and females 43.75%. Bilaspur has an average literacy rate of 91%, which is higher than the national average of 74%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Most people here live in the city or commute from nearby suburbs and rural areas for work. Most people work in services sector here.

Transportation
Buses and taxis are the mode of public transport to the district and run from all major towns within the state as well as from those outside it. Bilaspur lies on the Chandigarh-Manali NH-205 highway. It is 86 km away from Shimla, the state capital, and 405 km from Delhi. The nearest major airport with daily scheduled flights from major cities is in Chandigarh, which is 141 km. Manali, a major tourist attraction in Himachal Pradesh, is located 195 km from Bilaspur. Mandi, 70 km away, contains the Zonal headquarters of the district. Most of the long route buses that service Bilaspur are run by the state owned HRTC; local routes are operated by private bus operators.

Landmarks

 * Naina Devi Temple: The Temple of Shri Naina Devi Ji is situated on a hilltop in Bilaspur. The temple is connected with National Highway No. 21. The temple at the top of the hill can be reached via road (that curves around the hill up to a certain point) and then by concrete steps (that finally reach the top). There is also a cable car facility that moves pilgrims from the base of the hill all the way to the top. The hills of Naina Devi overlook the Gobind Sagar lake, which was created by the Bhakra-Nangal Dam. Several religious stories are associated with the establishment of the temple.
 * Bhakra Dam: Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Satluj River in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh in northern India. The dam, located at a gorge near the (now submerged) upstream Bhakra village in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh of 226 m. India's tallest dam is "Tehri dam "of 265 m. The length of the dam (measured from the road above it) is 518.25 m and the width is 9.1 m. Its reservoir known as "Gobind Sagar" stores up to 9.34 billion cubic metres of water. The 90 km long reservoir created by the Bhakra Dam is spread over an area of 168.35 km2. In terms of quantity of water, it is the third largest reservoir in India, the first being Indira Sagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh with capacity of 12.22 billion cu m and second Nagarjunasagar Dam. Described as "New Temple of Resurgent India" by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, the dam attracts tourists from all over India. Bhakra dam is 15 km from Nangal city and 20 km from Naina Devi town.
 * Gobind Sagar: A reservoir that was formed by the Bhakra Dam.
 *  Baba Nahar Singh Temple Dholra : The temple of Baba Nahar Singh exists at Dholra in the Bilaspur Town. The people all over Bilaspur worship Baba Nahar Singh. Baba is also known as ‘Bajia’, ‘Peepal Wala’, ‘Dalian Wala’. Baba Ji is known as apparent (Prtyaksh) god. Baba Nahar Singh was the god of Naggar the capital of Kullu Riyasat. Legend is that Raja Deep Chand (1650-1665) of Bilaspur married princess of Kullu Lai Dei (she is now known as Naggar Dei also). When the princess now known as Rani of Bilaspur reached Bilaspur she had frequent attacks of unconsciousness. The devoted persons of Bilaspur tried to find out the reason for this. They all came to the conclusion that Baba Nahar Singh has accompanied Rani and the God needs to be established with all religious rituals. Raja Deep Chand did the same and established the god in Dholra. ‘Kharaun’ (the wooden slippers) of Baba Nahar Singh symbolizes him and are placed in the temple. In the month of ‘Jeth’ (mid May to mid June) on every Tuesday fairs are organized in the temple.
 * Vyaas Gufa: The oldest and the most famous religious place which lies on the left bank of river Satluj. It is about 610 m above sea level. It is situated between the old and new Bilaspur Township. There is a common belief that Vyas Rishi of Mahabharata fame lived in this Gufa in penance. The name of the present Bilaspur town traces its origin to Rishi Vyas which was originally known as Vyaspur. It is a place of pilgrimage. It is about 0.5 km from district headquarters.
 * Laxmi Narayan Temple: A temple where Laxmi Narayan is worshiped.
 *  Sidh Baba Balak Nath Cave Temple, Deotsidh: Baba Balak Nath is a Hindu deity worshiped in the northern Indian states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. His main temple is in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh. The base city is known as Shahtalai. Women are not allowed to enter the main garbagriha because Baba was a Brahmachari and could not have any females near him.
 * Markandeya: Temple: Located on Ghagus-Brahmpukhar road. It is named after Rishi Markandeya. As per the history, Rishi Markandeya had no children and thus, he worshiped in this temple to have a child. As a result, Lord Shiva blessed him with one son but warned that the boy will live up to the age of 12 years only. So Rishi named his son as Markandeya. Later on, the child Markandeya worshiped Lord Shiva at this place and lastly when his claimed age was about to approach, he received the blessings from Lord Shiva in the form of a grant of his wishes.
 * Hadimba Devi Temple: Hadimba Devi Temple is located atop a hill in Chalehli Village in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh, at a distance of 5 km from Harlog on the Harlog-Hawaan Road. The shrine is dedicated to Goddess Durga, extensively known as Hadimba Devi, the symbol of Shakti.
 * Badol Devi Temple: Badol Devi Temple is located atop a hill in Badol Village in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh, at a distance of 3 km from Gehrwin on the Gehrwin-Dhanathar Road. The shrine is dedicated to Goddess Durga, extensively known as Badol Devi, the symbol of Shakti.
 * Kandrour Bridge: A bridge located 8 kilometres from Bilaspur on National Highway No-154, across the river Satluj. Its construction was started in April 1959 and was completed in 1965. The total cost of construction came to Rs. 28,12,998. The span of the bridge is about 280 meters with a breadth of about seven meters and the height above the lowest river bed below is about 80 meters.The pillars supporting the bridge are hollowed. The bridge was opened by Shri Raj Bahadur, Minister of Transport in 1965.
 * Rukmani Kund: A rock water body, It can be accessed by taking Bhager-Gehrwin route via Hirapur.
 * Gugga Gehrwin Temple: A temple dedicated to Gugga situated on the cliff near Gehrwin which is about 36  km ahead of Bilaspur.
 * Purnam Mall: Completed in 2017, this complex consists of a cineplex, multiple brand stores, restaurants and bar, shopping complexes like Vishal mega mart. Reliance digital, cleverly crafted ornaments and designs on walls and infrastructure to look at for tourists because of its location by National Highways.

Notable people from Bilaspur

 * Bhandari Ram, Victoria Cross recipient
 * Sanjay Kumar, Param Veer Chakra recipient
 * Suresh Chandel Indian politician
 * Jagat Prakash Nadda, President of the Bharatiya Janta Party and Former Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare. His residence is located in Vijaypur.
 * Rattan Chand, senior bureaucrat, Government of India; advisor, World Bank
 * Yami Gautam, Bollywood/television actress
 * Zorawar Singh Kahluria, Army General

title: Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh