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Yale School of Management

The Yale School of Management (also known as Yale SOM) is the graduate business school of Yale University, a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. The school awards the Master of Business Administration (MBA), MBA for Executives (EMBA), Master of Advanced Management (MAM), Master's Degree in Systemic Risk (SR), Master's Degree in Global Business & Society (GBS), Master's Degree in Asset Management (AM), and Ph.D. degrees, as well as joint degrees with nine other graduate programs at Yale University.

The school conducts education and research in leadership, behavioral economics, operations management, marketing, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, and other areas. The EMBA program offers focused study in healthcare, asset management, or sustainability.

The school also offers semester-long student exchange programs with HEC Paris, IESE, the London School of Economics, the National University of Singapore Business School, and Tsinghua University. Students may also propose a quarter- or semester-long exchange program with any of the 25 other schools of the Global Network for Advanced Management.

History
Beginning in the 1950s, Yale University started to expand coursework offerings in business and organization management. A precursor to the School of Management, the Department of Industrial Administration, grew out of the Labor and Management Center, and conferred the master in industrial administration from 1958 through 1973. Professors Thomas Holmes, Chris Argyris, and David Votaw were instrumental in founding the MIA. In 1971, Yale University received a donation establishing a program in management from Frederick W. Beinecke, PhB 1909. Arriving in 1976, the first class of the two-year program that awarded a master's degree in public and private management (MPPM) attended the campus on Hillhouse Avenue.

Historically known for its strength in studies regarding nonprofits and the public sector, the school's focus began to evolve and changed its name to the Yale School of Management in 1994. Shortly thereafter in 1999, the School began offering a master of business (MBA) degree and discontinued the MPPM degree.

Yale SOM launched an executive MBA program for healthcare professionals in 2005, and in 2006, it introduced its mandatory, team-taught "Integrated Curriculum" for all MBA students.

In 2014, Yale SOM enrolled its first class of students in an expanded MBA for Executives program, offering the Yale MBA integrated core along with advanced study in asset management, healthcare, or sustainability. That same year in January, SOM's new building, Edward P. Evans Hall, opened at 165 Whitney Avenue, one block away from the old campus on Hillhouse Avenue.

Foster and Partners, the firm chaired by Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate Lord Norman Foster ARCH ’62, designed the building with Gruzen Samton stated as the Architect of Record. Edward P. Evans Hall houses technology-enabled classrooms, faculty offices, academic centers, and student and meeting spaces organized around an enclosed courtyard.

Integrated Curriculum
For the 2006–07 academic year, the school introduced its "Integrated Curriculum", an effort to move away from the typical "siloed" teaching approach to a more cross-disciplinary curriculum. A multi-year, in-depth case study of the curricular reforms undertaken by Yale SOM demonstrated that while most business school curricular reforms happen at the fringe of the curriculum, mostly as fad, Yale SOM reforms were effective, extensive and substantial (Ashish Jaiswal, 2015). The new curriculum is composed of two components: foundational skills classes in a program called "Orientation to Management" that take place during the first semester of the MBA program and a set of classes called "Organizational Perspectives" that take place during the second through fourth quarters of the first academic year and are case- and lecture-focused courses that decompose business components into the perspectives of different stakeholders.

Orientation to Management
The Orientation to Management is the first segment of the curriculum, which introduces students to core concepts and business skills. The constituent courses include Managing Groups and Teams, Global Virtual Teams, Basics of Accounting, Probability Modeling and Statistics, Basics of Economics, Modeling Managerial Decisions, and Introduction to Negotiation.

Organizational Perspectives
Organizational Perspectives is a series of interdisciplinary, team-taught master classes that make up the majority of required MBA courses at SOM. These courses include Employee, Innovator, Operations Engine, Sourcing and Managing Funds, Competitor, Customer, Investor, The Global Macro-economy, and State and Society. The final Organizational Perspectives course, the Executive, focuses on solving a series of case studies involving cross-national or global business challenges and draw on the subject matter taught in the other Organizational Perspectives courses and Orientation to Management skills.

The Organizational Perspectives courses are both in lecture and case format which include cases from multi-media "raw" cases developed by SOM and the Global Network for Advanced Management.

Electives
MBA candidates are able to take electives courses at the School of Management commencing during the second semester of the MBA candidates' first year of instruction and during their entire second year of study. These electives include pedagogy drawing from traditional lecture and case-based instruction as well as includes independent reading and research with professors and instructors.

SOM students are also permitted to enroll in the classes offered by other graduate and professional schools and at Yale University including the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yale Law School, Yale School of Public Health, and undergrad classes at Yale College.

Global Studies Requirement
MBA candidates are required to complete a Global Studies Requirement prior to graduation. This requirement can be fulfilled a number of ways including an International Experience Course, a Global Network Week, a Global Network Course, The Global Social Entrepreneurship Course, the Global Social Enterprise Course, or a term-long international exchange with a partner school.

Admission
Admission requirements for the MBA include an earned four-year bachelor's degree from an accredited U.S. institution or the international equivalent, completion of an online application form and essay, GMAT or GRE score, academic transcripts, two professional recommendations, completion of video questions, a behavioral assessment, and a fee. The behavioral assessment is a forced-choice, multiple-choice online module lasting 20–25 minutes that measures inter- and intra-personal competencies associated with business school success.

During the admissions cycle of 2020-2021, for the class of 2023, the MBA class was composed of 20% under-represented students of color, 49% of the US students are students of color, 9% are first-generation college graduates. Matriculating students represented 38 different countries and 176 different academic institutions with 15% having previously earned a graduate degree. Yale SOM is the fourth most selective MBA program with approximately 10.9 applicants competing for each seat.

* International Students is a metric of "Intentional Passport Holders"

Students represent 47 international countries in the class of 2021 from countries including Armenia, Ghana, Lebanon, Mauritius, and Peru.

Collectively, the class of 2021 speaks 44 languages, with over 69% of the class speaking more than two languages, and 28% of the class speaking more than three languages.

Employment statistics
The class of 2021, median overall compensation was ~$193,000 for the first year out of school. The distribution by employment location follows approximately one-half of the class staying within the Northeast (New York City & Boston), between one-quarter and one-third moving out west (San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle), and the remaining flowing to the Mid-Atlantic / Mountain West / South.

Rankings
Yale is ranked by Poets and Quants in the top ten over the past eight years and has remained in tenth place since 2015.

From 2011 to 2017, applications rose 46%—more than any other peer school, and 2017 alone saw a 12.3% increase in applications. In 2017, total academic quality of its incoming class was second only to Stanford, and total median pay of its alumni exceeded Columbia's, MITs, and U Chicago, despite more students than other peer schools pursuing non-profit work. Yale ranked number one in U.S. News & World Report's 2017 "Best Non-Profit MBA Rankings."

Yale's faculty were rated #1 of all MBA faculty in the Economist survey in 2018.

The 2018 Princeton Review put SOM at #2 for "Best Green MBA," #6 for "Toughest MBA to get into," and #7 for "Best MBA for Consulting" and "Best MBA for Management."

Degrees
The Yale School of Management (SOM) offers a number of postgraduate degrees, including the two-year Master's of Business Administration (MBA), MBA for Executives, Master of Advanced Management (MAM), Masters of Management Studies in Systemic Risk, and several doctorate degrees.

MBA
The MBA a traditional full-time, two-year program that allows students to take a wide array of core courses and electives at the university.

MBA for Executives
The MBA for Executives at SOM during the 2017–18 academic year includes 71 students, 35% of whom are women. Graduates of the MBA for Executives program go through the full MBA-integrated core curriculum. They also take advanced management courses as well as colloquia and advanced courses in one of three areas of focus: healthcare, asset management, or sustainability.

Master of Advanced Management
The Master of Advanced Management (MAM) is a one-year degree program for MBA graduates from international business schools.

Admission to the Master of Advanced Management program is available to MBA students from top international business schools, including those in the Global Network for Advanced Management, who either (1) have recently graduated with an MBA degree or (2) who are enrolled in an MBA program and expect to receive their MBA degree or equivalent before matriculating at Yale.

Yale SOM may admit exceptional students from the Global Network for Advanced Management member schools who have not yet completed their MBA or equivalent degree provided.

The MAM class of 2022 is composed of 55 students from 27 countries and 17 Global Network for Advanced Management schools and is 45% women.

Master of Management Studies in Systemic Risk
The Master of Management Studies in Systemic Risk is a recent degree added to the SOM curriculum, added in the 2017–18 academic school year. The program is a specialized master's degree for early- and mid-career students who are interested in the role of central banking and other major regulatory agencies. The Wall Street Journal has described the program as a "Degree of Danger" as it focuses on training the "next generation of regulators."

Master of Management Studies in Asset Management
The Master of Management Studies in Asset Management is a graduate degree program that targets students as well as working professionals. The degree has been developed in parallel with and also runs in collaboration with the Yale Investments Office. The program is highly rigorous and quant-heavy, with Asset Management students taking on advanced PhD level coursework. Strong computer programming, mathematics, and statistics skills coupled with financial modeling and business-related experiences are needed for success in this program. The first cohort of 56 students was welcomed in 2021 with an acceptance rate of approximately 2%, making it the most selective out of all Yale University programs.

Doctor of Philosophy
The doctoral program (PhD) at Yale SOM is a full-time, in-residence program intended for students who plan scholarly careers involving research and teaching in management. There are five major tracks for PhD students follow at SOM: Accounting, Finance, Marketing, Operations, and Organizations and Management. The program is structured so that it can be completed in three to five years. The curriculum for the first two years of PhD candidates is composed of 14 courses, which include two core courses, a social science sequence, an empirical methods sequence, a depth requirement, a breadth requirement, and electives. The program is small and admits only a few students each year; there are currently 51 doctoral candidates in the program. All admitted students are given a full stipend for five years if they satisfy the program's requirements.

Joint Degrees
The School's joint-degree programs include the MBA/JD with Yale Law School, MBA/MD with Yale School of Medicine, MBA/PhD with Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, MBA/MEM or MF with Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, MBA/MArch with Yale School of Architecture, MBA/MFA with Yale School of Drama, MBA/MDiv or MBA/MAR with Yale Divinity School, MBA/MPH with Yale School of Public Health, and MBA/MA in Global Affairs with the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs. Approximately 11% of MBA candidates of the class of 2021 are pursuing dual degrees. Further, in the 2018–2019 academic year, over 1,300 instances of non-SOM students from Yale College and other Graduate and Professional schools registered for SOM classes.

Global Pre-MBA Leadership
The school offers a Global Pre-MBA Leadership Program that introduces recent college undergraduates from cultural backgrounds that are under-represented in graduate management education to the benefits of an MBA degree.

Silver Scholars
Initiated in 2001, it was originally open only to Yale undergraduates and was intended to attract more non-traditional MBA candidates with experience outside business and finance. It has since expanded to consider applications from college seniors around the world. Even so, the program remains small. In 2014, SOM admitted only 15 Silver Scholars.

Despite conventional wisdom that MBA programs require previous work experience, Silver Scholars' job placement and scholarship statistics are at least as good as Yale's traditional MBAs. With an approximately 5% admit rate, the program is more selective than the traditional MBA program at Yale, as well as most other early admission MBA programs, including those at Stanford Graduate School of Business and Harvard Business School.

The School offers the Silver Scholars Program to exceptional college seniors with a "combination of Intelligence, Maturity, and Curiosity, who aim to be leaders in their field." It's been called an "alternative" to deferred admissions policies for undergraduate applicants offered by other top MBA programs. It is distinct in that it is one of a very small number of schools to offer an MBA schedule specifically tailored to recent graduates, and the only one to offer a mid-program internship.

Silver Scholars matriculate immediately from undergrad into the School of Management and participate in a one-year, full-time internship after completing the first year of the Integrated Core Curriculum. Following their internship, Silver Scholars return to campus to complete their second year of MBA coursework. At SOM, that second year has minimal requirements, and students may take courses across all Yale's grad schools. In some circumstances, Silver Scholars receive permission to defer their matriculation as a result of fellowships or other extraordinary circumstances or extend their internships by an additional year. A total of 17 Silver Scholars matriculated in the fall of 2019.

Student life
Students at the School, like all Yale University students and alumni, are called "Yalies" or "SOMers." They operate more than 40 MBA student clubs. There are career-oriented clubs such as Finance, Private Equity, Investment Management, Technology, Marketing, and Consulting. There are clinic-type clubs, such as Global Social Enterprise and Outreach Nonprofit Consulting, through which students complete pro bono consulting engagements with local and international non-profits. There are also athletic clubs including soccer, frisbee, crew, rugby, skiing, and squash. SOM participates in the coed MBA ice hockey tournaments during winter months. The Yale SOM Cup soccer tournament is held in October and attracts clubs from numerous top business schools. Each November, many students attend the Harvard-Yale football game (known as "The Game"), the location of which alternates each year between New Haven and Cambridge. Yale MBA students, like other members of the Yale graduate student community, frequent Gryphon's Pub, the bar owned and operated by GPSCY (Graduate and Professional Students Center at Yale).

Alumni and student giving
The Yale School of Management raised more than $3.9 million from a record 54.8% alumni in fiscal year 2018, the third straight year of participation of more than 50% of living alumni with an average donation size of $900.

SOM is the business school with the second-highest alumni participation in annual charitable contributions, behind Dartmouth Tuck School of Business at 70+% contribution and ahead of the University of Virginia Darden School of Business at 42% participation according to 2015 statistics.

The graduating MAM, MBA, and Executive MBA classes of 2016 all had a 100% contribution rate towards their class gifts prior to commencement.

Research
The School is home to the following research centers and programs:
 * The Center for Business and Environment is a collaboration between the Yale School of Management and the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
 * The Center for Customer Insights
 * The International Center for Finance
 * The Chief Executive Leadership Institute
 * The China India Insights Program
 * The Program on Entrepreneurship
 * The Program on Social Enterprise
 * The Initiative on Leadership and Organization
 * The Yale Program on Financial Stability provides research and training regarding risk management in global financial markets. Regular panels are convened with participants including former Secretaries of the Treasury Timothy Geithner and Henry Paulson, and former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke. Typical participants for master classes hosted by the Program on Financial Stability include members from over 20 central banks and several non-central bank organizations including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
 * The Yale Center Beijing is located in the Chaoyang district of Beijing and supports research and study from each of the University's schools and divisions and serves as a gathering place for alumni from throughout Asia.

Media
Yale Insights is published by Yale SOM, covering a wide range of topics at the intersection of business and society.

Several podcasts are recorded at SOM, the most famous of which being The Design of Business | the Business of Design, hosted by Yale professors Michael Bierut and Jessica Helfand in coordination with a class they teach at SOM.

Loan Repayment
Graduates who meet income eligibility requirements and who work full-time for government or nonprofit organizations can receive full or partial loan reimbursement for their annual debt repayment on need-based loans. It is the first program of its kind (started in 1986), and "is the most generous loan repayment program among business schools," with over $1.4M in loan forgiveness provided in 2014, and $7.7M from 2010 to 2015.

Endowment
The School's endowment fund was valued at $861 million in 2019, which is the sixth largest endowment of any U.S. business school and third highest endowment per student. Yale University endowment fund manager David Swensen has generated exceptional investment returns over the past two decades.

Prominent faculty

 * William Drenttel – American Artist and Designer
 * Jeffrey Garten – former Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
 * Gary Gorton – expert in stock and futures markets, banking, and asset pricing; Editor, Review of Economic Studies
 * Roger G. Ibbotson – Chairman, Chief Investment Officer, and co-founder of Zebra Capital Management, LLC, an equity hedge fund management firm; founder of Ibbotson Associates (a division of Morningstar, Inc.); financial markets expert and co-author of Global Investing
 * Edward H. Kaplan – operations research specialist; recipient of the Lanchester Prize and the Edelman Award
 * Ira Millstein – antitrust lawyer with Weil, Gotshal & Manges, proponent of shareholder activism
 * Barry Nalebuff – game theory specialist; co-founder of Honest Tea, Inc., a fast-growing beverage company
 * Sharon Oster – competitive strategy authority; author of Modern Competitive Analysis
 * Stephen Roach – Non-Executive Chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia; former Managing Director and Chief Economist of Morgan Stanley
 * Robert Shiller – behavioral finance expert; Nobel Prize winner; Chief Economist and co-founder of MacroMarkets, LLC, a financial markets firm; author of Irrational Exuberance, Market Volatility, The New Financial Order: Risk In The 21st Century, and Macro Markets; co-developer of the Case-Shiller index
 * Jeffrey Sonnenfeld – President and founder, The Chief Executive Leadership Institute
 * David Swensen (adjunct) – Yale University Chief Investment Officer; manager of US$18 billion university endowment portfolio; developer of the Yale Model of investing; author of Pioneering Portfolio Management
 * Victor Vroom – pioneer of expectancy theory

Donaldson Fellows Program for alumni
Starting in 2008, the School of Management began recognizing two-year Donaldson Fellows, "graduates whose personal and professional accomplishments embody the school's mission to educate leaders for business and society."

Notable alumni
, there are over 8,692 alumni.

 * Bradley Abelow – Chief Operating Officer, MF Global, Inc., and 2010-2011 Donaldson Fellow
 * Beth Axelrod – Head of Human Resources, Airbnb & eBay, and 2014-2015 Donaldson Fellow
 * Adam Blumenthal – Managing General Partner, Blue Wolf Capital Management, and 2008-2009 Donaldson Fellow
 * Laszlo Bock – CEO and co-founder, Humu; former Vice President, People Operations, Google, and 2008-2009 Donaldson Fellow
 * Roger H. Brown – President, Berklee College of Music
 * Tim Collins (financier) – CEO and founder, Ripplewood Holdings LLC
 * Curtis Chin – Asia Fellow, Milken Institute, and 2018-2019 Donaldson Fellow
 * Michael R. Eisenson – CEO, Managing Director, and co-founder, Charlesbank Capital Partners
 * Justin Elicker — mayor of New Haven, Connecticut
 * Donald Gips – United States Ambassador to South Africa
 * Anne Glover – CEO and co-founder, Amadeus Capital Partners
 * Seth Goldman (businessman) – CEO and President, Honest Tea; Chairman, Beyond Meat
 * John D. Howard – CEO, Irving Place Capital (formerly Bear Stearns Merchant Banking)
 * Mary Ellen Iskenderian – CEO and President, Women's World Banking
 * Martha N. Johnson – Administrator, United States General Services Administration
 * Trish Karter – founder, Dancing Deer Baking Co.
 * Susan Kilsby – chairman of Shire
 * Ned Lamont – Chairman of Lamont Digital Systems, 89th Governor of Connecticut
 * Zhang Lei – Founder and Managing Partner, Hillhouse Capital Group, donated $8,888,888 to Yale SOM
 * Austin Ligon – Co-founder and retired CEO, CarMax
 * Jane Mendillo – CEO and President, Harvard Management Company
 * Wendi Deng Murdoch – Director, MySpace China; former VP, News Corporation; wife of Rupert Murdoch
 * Indra Nooyi – former CEO, PepsiCo, Inc.
 * Ken Ofori-Atta – Executive Chairman and Co-Founder, Databank Financial Services, Ltd. (Ghana), and 2010-2011 Donaldson Fellow
 * Ann Olivarius – Chair, McAllister Olivarius, and 2016-2017 Donaldson Fellow
 * Hilary Pennington – Director of Education, Postsecondary Success, Special Initiatives, U.S. Programs, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and 2010-2011 Donaldson Fellow
 * Tahira Rehmatullah - American businesswoman and advocate for cannabis reform
 * Bobby Sager – Philanthropist on whom the title character of NBC TV show The Philanthropist is loosely based
 * Ashwin Sanghi – Writer Chanakya's Chant The Rozabal Line
 * Neil Shen - Managing Partner and Co-founder, HongShan
 * John L. Thornton – Professor and Director of Global Leadership, Tsinghua University; Senior Advisor and Former President and Co-COO, Goldman Sachs
 * Chad Troutwine – CEO and Co-founder, Veritas Prep
 * Daniel Weiss – CEO, Metropolitan Museum of Art; former President, Haverford College; former President, Lafayette College

title: Yale School of Management


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Anne of France

Anne of France (or Anne de Beaujeu; 3 April 1461 – 14 November 1522) was a French princess and regent, the eldest daughter of Louis XI by Charlotte of Savoy. Anne was the sister of Charles VIII, for whom she acted as regent during his minority from 1483 until 1491. During the regency she was one of the most powerful women of late fifteenth-century Europe, and was referred to as "Madame la Grande". Between 1503 and 1521, she also acted as de facto regent of the Duchy of Bourbon during the reign of her daughter Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon.

Early life

Anne was born at the Chateau of Genappe in Brabant on 3 April 1461, the eldest surviving daughter of King Louis XI of France and Charlotte of Savoy. Her brother, Charles would later succeed their father as Charles VIII of France. Her younger sister Joan became for a brief period, a queen consort of France as the first wife of Louis XII.

Marriage
Anne was originally betrothed to Nicholas, Duke of Lorraine, and was created Viscountess of Thouars in 1468 in anticipation of the marriage. However, Nicholas broke the engagement to instead pursue Mary of Burgundy, and then died unexpectedly in 1473, prompting Louis to take back the fiefdom. That same year, on 3 November, Anne married Peter of Bourbon instead, and took up rule of the Beaujolais at the same time, when her husband was ceded the title of 'Lord of Beaujeu' by his brother the Duke of Bourbon. Anne was just twelve years old at the time.

Regency in France

During the minority of Anne's brother, Charles VIII of France, Peter and Anne held the regency of France. This regency lasted from 1483 until 1491. Anne's regency overcame many difficulties, including unrest amongst the magnates who had suffered under Louis XI's oppression. Together Peter and Anne maintained the royal authority and the unity of the kingdom against the Orléans party, which was in open revolt during the "Mad War", which lasted from 1483 until 1488. Concessions, many of which sacrificed Louis's favourites, were made, and land was restored to many of the hostile nobles, including the future Louis XII of France, then Duke of Orléans. Louis tried to obtain the regency, but the Estates General sided with her.

As regent of France, Anne was one of the most powerful women in the late fifteenth century, and she was referred to as "Madame la Grande". In addition to having a strong, formidable personality, Anne was extremely intelligent, shrewd and energetic. Her father had termed her "the least foolish woman in France". Anne was dark-haired with a high forehead, a widow's peak, and finely-arched eyebrows. She was further described as having had clear brown eyes, direct in their gaze; a sharp, haughty nose, thin lips, thin hands, and she "stood straight as a lance".

Anne was responsible for housing and educating many of the aristocracy's children, including Diane de Poitiers and Louise of Savoy. She is credited with instructing these young people with the new "refined" manners such as not using their fingers to wipe their noses but with a "piece of fabric". Louise of Savoy would act as regent several times when her son Francis was king. By being raised by Anne, she was able to learn about France and its governance from up close. Anne also oversaw the tutelage of Margaret of Austria, who had been intended as a bride for Anne's brother Charles. Margaret would later become Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands.

She gave her support to Henry Tudor against his rival, King Richard III of England, when he sought her aid to oust Richard, who was deemed by many to have been a usurper. Anne supplied him with French troops for the 1485 invasion which culminated at the Battle of Bosworth on 22 August, where Henry emerged the victor, ascending the throne as Henry VII.

Anne made the final treaty ending the Hundred Years' War, the Treaty of Etaples and, in 1491 (despite Austrian and English opposition), arranged the marriage of her brother Charles to Anne, Duchess of Brittany, in order to annex Brittany to the French crown. When Charles ended the regency in 1491, both Anne and Peter fell victim to the wrath of the new queen, whose duchy's independence had been compromised.

Anne secured her husband's inheritance of the Duchy of Bourbon after his brother by having his nephew declared illegitimate. This was in opposition to both her father's and her own previous policy of royal centralism against feudal autonomy. The reason is theorized to have been her own wish to secure a personal domain for herself and her daughter because her brother the king was twenty and she realized he would not accept her guardianship over him much longer.

Her position as regent of France was gradually phased out during the events of 1491–92. On 28 June 1491 the Duke of Orleans was welcome back to court and reconciled with the king; on 6 December the king's wedding was conducted; and on 5 July 1492, finally, the king and queen, the duke of Orleans and Anne and her spouse made a mutual oath to always love and protect each other. After the oath, Anne left with her spouse and daughter for the Duchy of Bourbon and thus her regency was ended.

Regency in Bourbon
Anne and Peter produced only one surviving child, Suzanne, born 10 May 1491. Anne had an earlier pregnancy in 1476, but there were contradictory accounts about this: some said the baby was miscarried or stillborn, but others reported that a living son was born, Charles, styled Count of Clermont in 1488 as was customary for the heir of the Duchy of Bourbon, who died aged 22 in 1498 and was buried in the Abbey of Souvigny, Auvergne.

Suzanne succeeded Peter as suo jure Duchess of Bourbon on his death in 1503. Anne, however, had always been the more dominant member in her marriage and remained the administrator of the Bourbon lands after his death, protecting them from royal encroachment. She resided with her own court in Chantelles.

In 1505, Anne arranged for Suzanne to marry another Bourbon prince, Charles of Montpensier, who became Charles III, Duke of Bourbon.

Her daughter and son-in-law, however, failed to produce surviving offspring, and Suzanne predeceased her mother. When Anne herself died in 1522, her own line and that of her father became extinct. Anne of Laval, a descendant of Anne's aunt Yolande of Valois, was considered to be her heir.

Writings
Anne wrote an instruction book for her daughter. It is called Lessons for My Daughter. In it, she advises her daughter to surround herself with frugal people and that true nobility comes from being humble, benign and courteous. Absent these, other virtues are worth nothing.

In fiction
A highly fictitious account of her life and her supposed romance with Louis XII was written in 1947 by Muriel Roy Bolton called The Golden Porcupine. As it is a historical romance, the novel cannot be regarded as a biography. Anne also appears as a minor character in Michael Ennis' novel The Duchess of Milan. She plays a prominent role in a film, Louis XI, le pouvoir fracassé, about the last days of Louis XI.

She makes a fleeting appearance in Victor Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris: we are told that in December 1481, the Archdeacon of Josas, Claude Frollo, unsuccessfully attempts to block her visit to the cathedral cloister because she is a woman, then refuses to attend on her visit. The implication is that, since he is lusting after Esméralda, he fears losing control in the presence of another young woman is attracted to.

In 2020, Rhiannon Drake portrayed Anne on the cast recording of A Mother's War, a musical based on the Wars of the Roses.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anne of France


text:
Joint Security Area

The Joint Security Area (JSA, often referred to as the Truce Village or Panmunjom) is the only portion of the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) where North and South Korean forces stand face-to-face. The JSA is used by the two Koreas for diplomatic engagements and, until March 1991, was also the site of military negotiations between North Korea and the United Nations Command (UNC).

The JSA has been the site of numerous events and incidents since its establishment in 1953, the first of which was the repatriation of prisoners of war (POWs) after the cessation of hostilities, across the Bridge of No Return. In 2018, North and South Korean officials agreed to clear the JSA of all landmines, weapons and guard posts. This withdrawal was complete on October 25, 2018, and the JSA now just contains 35 unarmed security guards. It was further agreed that henceforth, the area will serve mainly as a tourist attraction. On November 6, 2018, it was announced that the UNC would transfer primary guard duties of the now demilitarized Joint Security Area to both North and South Korea.

Location
The Joint Security Area is located about 1/2 mi south of the original village of Panmunjom. It is because of this proximity that the terms JSA and Panmunjom are often used interchangeably. The village encompassed a larger area than the current complex of the JSA, and consisted mostly of farms. It was destroyed during the war, and all that now remains on the site of the village is the building constructed for the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement, now the North Korea Peace Museum. The JSA is administered by the United Nations Command.

Establishment
Among the provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement signed July 27, 1953, to bring a cease-fire in the Korean War, was establishment of the Military Armistice Commission (MAC), an agency to supervise implementation of the truce terms. Meetings of MAC representatives from the United Nations Command (UNC) and the Korean People's Army/Chinese People's Volunteers (KPA/CPV) were held at the Joint Security Area, an 800-meter (2600 ft) wide enclave, roughly circular in shape, bisected by the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) separating South and North Korea, and created as a neutral area, where there was free movement of both sides anywhere within the JSA boundaries.

Military Police of both sides provide security for the JSA with guard forces of no more than 35 security personnel on duty at any given time. The administrative facilities for both guard forces are located within the JSA.

Layout
While the boundary has remained the same over the years, the buildings themselves have changed. Some have been removed, including all of the KPA checkpoints on the southern half of the JSA. New buildings have been constructed, whilst some existing buildings have been expanded or simply renovated. The only boundary change of the Joint Security Area was the enforcement of the dividing line within the JSA after the murders of two American officers in 1976. Prior to this, the entire area was neutral, where members of either side possessed the freedom of movement within the JSA.

Since the enforcement of the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) within the JSA, several UNC checkpoint buildings have also been rebuilt and/or renamed as well. Examples of this are what was called Observation Post (OP) No. 5 on the hill overlooking the Bridge of No Return, is now Checkpoint (CP) #3, while what used to be called CP#3 (and sometimes called "The Loneliest Outpost in the World" ) was the UNC checkpoint at the southern end of the Bridge of No Return. After the enforcement of the MDL, the North no longer had a road leading into the JSA, and within three days they built what is now known as the "72-Hour Bridge" or "Bridge of 72 Hours".

North

 * Phanmun Pavilion
 * Unification Pavilion

South

 * Freedom House
 * Peace House

Neutral or Joint

 * T1 through T3

United Nations Command staffing

The United Nations Command Security Battalion - Joint Security Area (UNCSB-JSA), simply United Nations Command Security Battalion was constituted on May 5, 1952, as Army Unit 8020, United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission Support Group (Provisional). Originally authorized five officers and ten enlisted soldiers, the unit grew to over 1,400 officers and men supporting almost 32,000 soldiers, civilians, and diplomats involved in negotiating and then enforcing the Armistice Agreement. By the end of February 1954 the scope of work declined and the number of soldiers assigned to the unit declined as well.

For the next 50 years, the unit underwent several organizational and name changes, although the original mission to secure the Joint Security Area remains the same today as it was in 1952. On June 11, 1979, the name was changed from US Army Support Group (Joint Security Area) to United Nations Command Support Group—Joint Security Area, and further changed to United Nations Command Security Force—Joint Security Area on December 23, 1985. On October 15, 1994, UNC Commander directed that the unit be known by its present designation, the United Nations Command Security Battalion - Joint Security Area.

Originally a purely U.S. Army organization, the unit also included ROK soldiers (KATUSAs). In addition, ROK Army officers served as liaison officers. In the mid-1970s the JSA consisted of the JSF company with three platoons of one U.S. and one ROKA officer, and thirty enlisted men, supported by a battalion staff. The three platoons were led by the U.S. officer with the ROK officer as the executive officer, and U.S. Army platoon sergeants. The platoons consisted of three squads, with equal numbers of U.S. and KATUSA soldiers.

Sometime after 1979, another (fourth) platoon was added to the JSF to allow time for training during platoon work rotations. In July 1987 the four platoons of the Joint Security Force (JSF) company were reorganized to mix KATUSA and US soldiers at all levels. At the platoon level, two platoons were led by U.S. Army lieutenants and ROKA platoon sergeants, and two were led by ROKA lieutenants and US Army platoon sergeants. In November 1987 the unit received a ROK Army major as its first deputy commander.

On April 25, 1992, the JSF company became a KATUSA-pure formation. Captain Yin Sung-hwan became the first ROK commander assisted by a U.S. Army lieutenant as his executive officer. The number of U.S. Army personnel assigned to the unit fell below 200 for the first time since 1952. American forces assigned to the JSA assumed mainly administrative and support roles.

On October 31, 2004, a ROK Army battalion assumed sole responsibility for the Joint Security Area. This modified light infantry battalion consisted of a battalion headquarters, a headquarters company, two security companies, and a civil affairs company. The number of U.S. personnel assigned decreased further, reflecting the UNC Commander's desire to minimize the USFK presence near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The commander of the ROKA JSA Battalion serves as the UNCSB-JSA Deputy Commander. The UNCSB-JSA Commander's principal responsibility now lies in his operational control of selected ROKA formations during both Armistice and wartime periods.

Both sides placed guards between the blue meeting houses, where the demarcation line is marked by blocks of concrete. South Korean guards in this area were armed with pistols and they stood in a modified taekwondo stance with stolid facial expressions, clenched fists and sunglasses, which was meant to intimidate the North Korean guards. The South Korean guards had to be at least 170 cm (5'7") tall and have a black belt in taekwondo or judo.

Since October 25, 2018, guards in the Joint Security area no longer have pistols. They are also required to maintain a capacity no larger than 35 people and must be unarmed. Freedom of movement across the border must also be enforced for visitors and tourists at some point as well.

On November 6, 2018, both Koreas and the UNC established new rules which called for, among other things, the transfer of guard duty command to both Koreas for each of their respective sides of the area.

Overview
During one of the initial negotiations of the armistice, agents of the KPA/CPV side went into the truce tents one night and sawed down the chair legs of the UNC delegation. The next day, when the UNC delegates arrived, they were forced to sit lower than their KPA/CPV counterparts and lost face, so they quickly left the meeting. At a later meeting, the UNC delegation brought a flag into the truce tent and set it up on the meeting table. The KPA/CPV delegation left after losing face, but showed up at the next meeting with a flag that was larger than the UNC flag. At the following meeting, the UNC delegation brought in a slightly larger flag. This kept up until a special meeting was called just to discuss the size of the flags, as they had grown too large to fit within the tents. The size of the flags within the meeting building have stayed about the same since then, with only minor changes. The KPA flag is wider than the UNC flag, but the UNC flag is longer. The KPA flag has thicker fringe around the edges of the flag, but the UNC's trim is longer. The truck at the top of the KPA flagpole is taller than the UNC truck, but the UNC's is wider. The KPA flag has a three tiered base while the UNC flag only has two tiers, but each of the tiers on the UNC base is taller than any of the tiers on the KPA flag.

Being at the center of one of the world's most tense military and political fault lines, the Joint Security Area has been the site of numerous interactions between North and South, including over 750 overt acts of violence. The UNC has documented most of the violent incidents with reports and photographs, which have been reported in the course of MAC meetings. Countless fistfights, shouting matches, exchanges of rude gestures, and other provocations have occurred since 1953. There have also been several prisoner exchanges and other interactions.

1950s

 * Operation Little Switch, April 1953

This operation was a test case for prisoner repatriation, one of the four main issues of contention during two years of negotiation. 605 sick, wounded, and/or injured UNC prisoners were exchanged for 6,030 sick or injured Communist prisoners.
 * Operation Big Switch, April–September 1953

Based on the success of the repatriations undertaken earlier, a general exchange of prisoners began in late April. During Operation Big Switch, prisoners were brought to Panmunjom, on the banks of the Sachong River. Each prisoner was then asked if he wished to cross the river and return to his countrymen or remain with his captors. Once the choice was made there was no turning back—hence the name Bridge of No Return. During this time 13,444 UNC prisoners returned to UNC countries, and 89,493 KPA and CPV prisoners returned to their Communist countries. In June 1953, ROK president Syngman Rhee released a further 25,000 KPA soldiers held in ROKA camps (mostly southerners impressed into service for the north) into South Korea in an attempt to wreck the armistice negotiations.
 * Operation Movement of Custodial Forces—India, September 2, 1953,

The Armistice Agreement provided that a nonbelligerent nation would provide security forces to hold any prisoner of war who refused repatriation. India provided 6,413 soldiers for this purpose. After landing at the port of Inchon, the UNCMAC Support Group (Provisional) moved all personnel to the Demilitarized Zone by helicopter in a single day without incident.
 * Operation Comeback, January 21, 1954,

Approximately 23,000 KPA and CPV soldiers held in UNC prisoner of war camps refused to return to Communist control. Twenty-two UNC soldiers (21 Americans, one Briton) also refused repatriation. Under the provisions of the Armistice, these soldiers were held for a further six months and interviewed by neutral observers to ensure they had not been coerced into refusing repatriation. Most KPA expatriates remained in South Korea, while the overwhelming majority of CPV expatriates traveled to Taiwan to join the Nationalists.
 * Operation Rainbow, March 1954

During this operation the UNCMACSG(P) oversaw the repatriation of displaced persons, expellees, and refugees from North Korea to South Korea across the Military Demarcation Line at Panmunjom.

1960s

 * On August 29, 1967, at 1645 hours, KPA soldiers armed with small arms and light machine guns attacked the United States Army Support Group Advance Camp (now known as Camp Bonifas). During this attack one US soldier and two ROKA soldiers were killed. An additional twelve US soldiers, nine ROKA soldiers, and three ROK civilians were wounded. The KPA soldiers were pursued to the MDL by US soldiers from the Advance Camp. Following this incident the southern boundary fence for the DMZ was relocated to a line north of the camp's perimeter.
 * On April 14, 1968, at 2300 hours, KPA soldiers ambushed a UNC truck transporting UNC relief guards to the JSA and Neutral Nations (Swiss/Swede) camp. Using small arms, automatic weapon fire and hand grenades, the KPA soldiers succeeded in stopping the truck and attempted to kill all six soldiers aboard. They withdrew across the MDL after killing four of the soldiers (two US and two ROKA) and wounding the remaining two soldiers.
 * Operation Breeches Buoy On December 23, 1968, Commander Lloyd M. Bucher and his 81 crewmen from USS Pueblo crossed the Bridge of No Return to freedom. They had spent the previous eleven months in captivity after their electronic surveillance ship was attacked and seized by DPRK naval forces on January 22, 1968. Secret negotiations had taken place in the JSA Conference Room during the time of their captivity. They were the last group of UNC personnel to cross the Bridge of No Return.
 * Operation Temple Bell – On August 17, 1969, an unarmed OH-23 observation helicopter strayed over DPRK airspace and was forced to land in North Korea. The three crew were held for $3 1/2$ months during negotiations between Major General A. H. Adam senior negotiator at the UN Command, and North Korean Major General Lee Choon-sun. In early December 1969 the three crew members were released and ushered  over the Bridge of No Return.

1970s

 * Operation Runaway I, February 14, 1970 – A Korean Air Lines aircraft was hijacked by a North Korean agent on December 11, 1969, and forced to divert to Sondǒk Airfield in Wonsan, North Korea. Aside from the hijacker, the plane carried 46 passengers and four crew members. 39 passengers were repatriated through Panmunjom on Valentine's Day, 1970. The remaining passengers and all crew members were held by North Korea and to date have not been permitted to return. See Korean Air Lines YS-11 hijacking.
 * On October 12, 1970, two KPA guards and one KPA officer approached a group of UNC guards. The KPA soldiers attempted to remove the MP brassard from one UNC guard; a shoving match ensued. The KPA guards disengaged, moved to the KPA Joint Duty Officer building and returned with approximately 30 KPA guards and workers. Armed with shovels, clubs, and rocks, the KPA workers initiated a mêlée. One UNC guard was isolated from the rest, dragged between the MAC and JDO buildings, and beaten on the head with a shovel. Shortly afterward 50 unarmed UNC guards from the UNC JDO building arrived and joined the fray and began isolating and disabling KPA guards on the UNC side of the MDL. Fighting ceased when two KPA guards emerged from a guard post armed with AK-47 rifles. Seven UNC guards suffered injuries, including one with a skull fracture.
 * On September 22, 1971, the first hotline between North and South Korea became operational to allow the North and South Korean Red Crosses to negotiate. More direct phone lines were established throughout the 1990s and 2000s until there were 33 hotlines that run through the Panmunjom area.
 * On March 3, 1974, a KPA officer and two KPA guards approached a UNC-sponsored tour at UNC Observation Post 5 (now UNCP #3). The UNC escort officer prevented the KPA group from harassing the tour group, at which point the KPA officer grabbed the UNC officer's shoulder. At the same time one of the KPA guards kicked the officer in the back and groin. Approximately 25–30 KPA personnel moved to the site and isolated the UNC officer, preventing him from returning to UNC Check Point 4 until the UNC Quick Reaction Force arrived on scene and dispersed the KPA soldiers. After the UNC QRF departed with the injured officer, KPA guards returned, broke into Check Point 4 and began to vandalize the interior. The QRF redeployed to Check Point 4 and forced the KPA away. The KPA responded by sending approximately 100 additional soldiers to KPA Guard Post No. 7 at the west end of the Bridge of No Return. The UNC JDO arrived on the scene and prevented an escalation by proposing an immediate Security Officers' Meeting. However, upon withdrawing from the area to convene the meeting, the JDO sedan was attacked by the KPA, who broke out the windows with rocks and clubs, injuring the JDO, after which all KPA forces withdrew to their side of the bridge.
 * Major Henderson Incident – On June 30, 1975, a North Korean journalist with a history of provocative actions verbally accosted Major W.D. Henderson, the acting commander of the US Army Support Group. When Henderson failed to respond to the verbal insults and rude gestures, the journalist struck him in the face. Rising to protect himself, Henderson was attacked from behind by a KPA guard, who knocked him unconscious and then stomped on his throat, crushing his larynx. UNC and KPA guards from around the JSA immediately responded, and a mêlée ensued. The KPA guards attempted to inflict further injuries on Henderson as he was evacuated. KPA guards also assaulted a UNC-sponsored newswoman, who was hit in the face. The JSF commander arrived on the scene, confronted the fighters, and ended the incident by demanding an immediate Security Officers' Meeting. Henderson was evacuated from the area and eventually transported to the United States for treatment and rehabilitation.
 * Korean axe murder incident – On August 18, 1976, North Korean guards attacked a United Nations Command (UNC) work party which was pruning a large tree obscuring visibility between two UNC checkpoints. During the fight, Joint Security Force (JSF) company commander Captain Bonifas of the US Army was killed by a North Korean guard, and Lieutenant Barrett was killed and most of the UNC guards were wounded by the KPA using axes dropped by the fleeing work party.
 * Operation Paul Bunyan, August 21, 1976 – In response to the killing of Bonifas and Barrett by the KPA on August 18, the UNC Commander, General Richard G. Stilwell ordered a massive show of force to accompany the felling of the poplar tree inside the JSA. The tree had been the focal point of the murders.
 * In 1977, a U.S. CH-47 helicopter on patrol over the DMZ strayed into North Korean territory and was shot down. The crew—three dead, one alive—were repatriated.

1980s

 * Soviet Defector Incident – On November 23, 1984, during a communist-led tour, Soviet citizen Vasily Matuzok (romanized as Matusak in some sources), a translator at the Soviet embassy in Pyongyang, suddenly dashed across the Military Demarcation Line into South Korea. Thirty KPA soldiers pursued him, firing their weapons as they did so. The JSF commanded by Captain Bert Mizusawa deployed from Camp Kitty Hawk (renamed Camp Bonifas in August 1986) to safeguard Matuzok and repel the North Koreans. The KPA soldiers, who were pinned down by fire from the JSF's 4th Platoon on guard duty in Panmunjom, were quickly outmaneuvered and isolated in the area of the Sunken Garden, now the site of the Unification Monument. In the 40-minute firefight that ensued, Corporal Jang Myong-ki was killed, and Private First Class Michael A. Burgoyne was wounded. The JDO NCO negotiated a ceasefire that enabled the North Koreans to withdraw, but not before five of them were wounded and three killed, plus an additional eight captured. It has been rumored that Lt. Pak Chul ("Lt. Bulldog", who commanded North Korean soldiers in the confrontation that led to the Axe murder incident a decade earlier) was one of those killed in this firefight, though documentation has not been found yet. However, he has not been seen in the JSA since this incident. Additionally, there were gunshots in the north approximately 20 minutes after the cease fire was effective, and it was reported by senior members of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission to the JSF commander that the KPA commander and one of his key subordinates were summarily executed. The KPA commander was likewise never seen again, however no evidence is adduced for these claims. Matuzok was given a short debriefing in Seoul, then turned over to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, which made arrangements for him to be resettled in the U.S. under the sponsorship of the International Rescue Committee, an organization that helps to resettle refugees in Western countries.
 * Chinese Joint Duty Officer defection – On July 29, 1989, a Chinese army officer and his wife defected to South Korea. Major Zuo Xiukai and his wife crossed the demarcation line from North Korea at Panmunjom. This was the first Chinese officer to defect to South Korea through Panmunjom since the Korean War.

1990s

 * KPA Abandonment of the MAC Meetings, March 1991

 * In March 1991, the UNC commander appointed a South Korean General as chief representative. As North Korea claims that only signatories to the Armistice Agreement, of which South Korea is not a part, can be representatives, they refuse to attend any more MAC meetings.

 * Operation Popeye, February 1, 1994

 * In January 1994 two KPA soldiers were swept into the East China Sea. They were rescued by elements of the ROK Navy. Neither soldier wished to defect, so they were returned to North Korean control through Panmunjom.

 * Operation Bobby Hall, December 29, 1994

 * In December 1994 an unarmed OH-58 Kiowa helicopter from the US Army crossed the MDL while undertaking a low-altitude flight over hilly, wooded terrain in South Korea. KPA air defense forces shot the aircraft down as it was returning to South Korean-controlled territory. Co-pilot David M. Hilemon was killed but pilot Bobby Hall was released 13 days later after signing an apology for "accidentally straying" into North Korean airspace.

2010s

 * In August 2010, Reverend Han Sang-ryol of South Korea, who had entered and stayed in North Korea for two months in order to promote his cause of Korean unification, was arrested by South Korean authorities after returning to South Korea through the Joint Security Area.
 * In March 2012, South Korean unification activist Ro Su-hui entered North Korea in order to promote his cause of Korean unification. In July, he was arrested by South Korean authorities, after returning to South Korea through the Joint Security Area.
 * In June 2013, initial talks to prepare for higher-level negotiations were held in the JSA. These were the first working-level talks held in the JSA since February 2011. No ministerial-level talks have been held at the JSA since 2007.
 * In November 2017, Oh Chong-song, a North Korean soldier, defected by crossing the demarcation line in the JSA. The soldier drove a vehicle until it became stuck on the north side of the border. The defector then jumped out and was shot by other KPA soldiers and was found in critical condition with multiple gun wounds about 50 m from the demarcation line. He survived.
 * In January 2018, North Korea and South Korea met on the South Korean side of the JSA at the Inter-Korean Peace House to discuss North Korea's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics including a possible inter-Korean women's ice hockey team  and North Korea's participation in ice skating pairs.
 * On April 27, 2018, the 2018 inter-Korean summit took place. North Korean leader Kim Jong-un shook hands with South Korean President Moon Jae-in and crossed over the MDL, marking the first time a North Korean leader has set foot in Southern territory since the Korean War ended in 1953. Both men held hands and crossed back over to the North briefly before returning to the South.
 * On May 26, 2018, Kim and Moon met again in the Joint Security Area, this time on the North Korean side of Panmunjom. The meeting took two hours, and unlike other summits it had not been publicly announced beforehand.
 * On September 19, 2018, Kim and Moon signed an agreement in Pyongyang calling for the removal of landmines, guard posts, weapons, and personnel in the Joint Security Area.  The Koreas also agree to turn the area into a "peace tourism" zone once the withdrawal has been complete. In South Korea, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Korea Tourism Organization signed an agreement with 13 local governments to establish a committee ensuring the transfer of control of the Joint Security Area
 * On October 1, 2018, a process had begun to remove landmines from the Joint Security Area.
 * On October 16, 2018, both Koreas agreed to allow tourists to walk across the Joint Security Area's Military Demarcation Line in a way which reenacts Kim and Moon's April 27, 2018 border crossing. This agreement came following a meeting the UN Command military officers from both North and South Korea in the South Korean side of Panmunjom.
 * On October 19, 2018, the UNC announced that both Koreas had completed their work to remove landmines from the Joint Security Area.
 * On October 22, 2018, the UNC endorsed the decision to remove guard posts and weapons from both sides of the Korean border and agreed to provide assistance in the removal process.
 * On October 25, 2018, guard posts and weapons were removed from the Joint Security Area. Personnel also withdrew from the Joint Security Area by 1 pm. The area is now occupied by 35 unarmed UNC personnel, and 35 unarmed KPA personnel, for a total of 70.
 * On November 6, 2018, both Koreas and the UNC established a new set of rules which included, among other things, the transfers of security oversight. Both North and South Korea will now have oversight over security personnel stationed at their respective sides of the Joint Security Area.
 * On June 30, 2019, United States President Donald Trump visited the demilitarized zone with South Korean President Moon Jae-in. Trump then separately met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. Trump stepped briefly across the MDL onto the northern side becoming the first sitting U.S. president to have set foot into North Korea (two former Presidents, Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton, visited North Korea long after leaving office).

2020s

 * On July 18, 2023, Travis King, a US Army Pvt, left his tour group and crossed the demarcation line into North Korea without authorization. He was taken into North Korean custody.

Tourism
The Joint Security Area currently has around 100,000 tourists visit each year through several tourism companies and the USO (through the various U.S. military commands in Korea). Before being allowed to enter the DMZ, if visiting from the South, tourists are given a briefing during which they must sign a document which states, in part, "The visit to the Joint Security Area at Panmunjom will entail entry into a hostile area and possibility of injury or death as a direct result of enemy action." During a meeting held between the UN command and military officers from North and South Korea on the South Korean side of Panmunjom on October 16, 2018, it was agreed the Joint Security Area disarmament is complete, civilian and foreign tourists will be allowed to visit the border area from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. without restrictions about what they can wear. It was agreed that at this point, the Military Demarcation Line which runs through the Joint Security Area will be open to local and foreign tourists so they can reenact Kim and Moon's crossing which occurred on April 27, 2018. This withdrawal was complete on October 25, though tourism has been delayed. No date was set for the resumption of Joint Security Area tourism when rules were established for the transfer of guard duty command on November 6, 2018, as well.

title: Joint Security Area


text:
Talk:Joint Security Area

Section Breakouts
I decided to create the 'Unit History (UNC)' in case information ever becomes available on the history of the KPA contingent, at which time it will be easy to create a 'Unit History (KPA)' section. wbfergus 18:29, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

KATUSA
Are the ROKA soldiers at the JSA really part of the KATUSA program or do they simply work alongside American soldiers? Several references in this article indicate they are all KATUSA. There are plenty of ROKA soldiers at the JSA wearing their own uniforms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.116.202.5 (talk) 12:36, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Flags
Is that section actually real? Or is it just vandalism. Just shows how silly war is.

 * Yep, it's real. When the UNC side does something like making a new building, the North Koreans respond fairly soon by modifying one of theirs to be larger, or building one bigger. When I was there back in the mid to late '70's, one of the requirements for all American volunteers was that we had to be at least 6 feet tall. That was one area the North Koreans really had difficulty trying to top us. wbfergus 12:40, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

NO, NO and again NO!! The flag story is apocryphal (really I mean to say utter BS) perpetuated by people too lazy to actually research what went on. This fabrication is grounded in truth and the real (minor) incident can be found in Vice Admiral Turner Joy's Negotiating While Fighting. NO MENTION OF ANY DISCUSSIONS ABOUT FLAG SIZES FOR THE DELEGATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN ANY (REPEAT ANY) OF THE MAC, SECRETARY, SECURITY OFFICER OR JOINT DUTY OFFICER MEETINGS. Somebody with more privilege than I have needs to amend this section of the page. As for the "the North Koreans respond fairly soon" above, sure, each side tried to outdo the other; mind you, most of the responses took years, maybe decades, to accomplish. And one final opinion; war is not silly, it's an extension of politics by other means and as such is deadly serious, as all struggle for power is. Aidan Bothwell

 * Well I have BEEN to the JSA and that particular story about the flags, buildings, etc, was pretty spot on with what I was told by several soldiers, tour guides, and by some souvenir books I purchased (now if I could just find them...). Hell, when it comes down to it, I've actually been in North Korea, if that helps the discussion any. I know for a fact that the N Korean flag is larger, but is believed to have been made of inferior fabric and is routinely replaced. I also know for a fact that the S Korean soldiers on the border are REQUIRED to be six feet tall and are handpicked from the line troops. — BQZip01 —  talk 06:49, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The world's history would be in pretty sad shape if the only "real" history consisted of "official" written records. I do not consider myself too lazy to actually research what went on. I served two years there at the JSA in the mid and late '70's and saw many of these events first-hand. The flags themselves were only the topic of discussion at one meeting, period.

 * Regarding the accuracy of "official written records", the "official" story from the Pentagon regarding the Axe-Murder (I have a copy of the article) states that the Quick Reaction Force (QRF) was over a mile from the DMZ at the time of the incident, and that is why reinforecments were slow to arrive. In actuality, Camp Kitty Hawk (now Camp Bonifas) was only about 100 meters from the DMZ, while the QRF site is actually within the DMZ and fairly close to the JSA. After the fight started, the QRF immediately deployed to the JSA and halted at CP#2. The 3rd Plt Leader didn't want to enter the JSA and violate the Armistice restriction on the number of armed guards within the JSA at any one time, so he waited trying to get confirmation from Capt. Bonifas who was already dead. Finally LTC Vierra contacted him and ordered him into the JSA. Here's an excerpt from an email I received from a buddy who was working at CP#2 on that day:

 * "Thirdly, to answer the question about who recovered the USA soldiers bodies? It was 3rd Platoon. The information below, "In actuallity, the QRF was sitting in their trucks at CP#2, at the entrance to the JSA, at the beginning of the fight with the 3rd Plt. Ldr awaiting authorization from Capt. Bonifas (who was already dead) for authorization to go in, right smack dab in the middle of the DMZ," is a very accurate statement. Moreover, it took the actual JSA CDR, on this day, to order the 3rd Platoon Leader to go in to recover the bodies.

 * Lastly, Mike, as you may recall, the above quoted statement truly supports what I have been telling you, M.S. (from the History Channel) and others all along. And, that is, that I was assigned to UNC CP#2 at the time of the August 18, 1976, Axe-Murder Incident. When I initially saw the QRF platoon approaching my guardpost, I was somewhat happy that help was coming. Contrary to what was stated by the 3rd Platoon Leader during the December 28, 2004, airing of the documentary, it was he in the lead vehicle (and not an E-7 Platoon SGT) that I vigorously tried to wave into the JSA -- but my request fell on death ears. Instead, the foregoing platoon leader, subsequently, got out of his vehicle, went into my checkpoint, and then called the JSA CDR, whom, upon his arrival to UNC Check Point #2, ordered him to go in. You can imagine how much time had elapsed! I was saddened by his actions.

 * I specifically remember this aspect of the incident because due to my assignment at CP2, the LTC ordered me to assure that the soldiers congregating around to view CPT Bonifas' body did not, in fact, see him. I did, and I have been living with the residuals of it ever since. That's why I am telling this story, as it actually occurred."

 * BTW, my name is Bill, and the reference to Mike above is to another buddy of mine who was also included on the email. I also changed a person's name to just their initials in case they don't want their name known, and in all fairness to the 3rd Plt Leader, he had only been in Korea for a couple weeks at the time of the incident. At any rate, like my buddy who sent the email, he has had to live with the knowledge of his actions all these years as well, probably second guessing himself daily. wbfergus 11:25, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

The Flag War Story....continued....(*Sigh*)

Wow, you've actually BEEN to the JSA? I'm very impressed. I'll keep that in mind, but the flag story is still wrong. You wouldn't be the first authoritative source to mistake familiarity with expertise. Me, I'm guilty as charged, for I think that I am the most handsome man alive...therefore it must be true.

(By the way, since you're so familiar with the locale you'd be knowing where Kim Duk Sung's tombstone is, eh? And, more importantly, what year it was planted there?  Oh, you don't know...how surprisingly typical of the security battalion.)

Oh yeah, that reminds me, I spent four years there and lived the last year in the JSA (couldn't stand the batt boys and their silly pretentious airs, so moved off Liberty Bell).

"The world's history would be in pretty sad shape if the only "real" history consisted of "official" written records. I do not consider myself too lazy to actually research what went on''"

No? Then why do the refences you cited include:

what I was told by several soldiers, tour guides, and by some souvenir books I purchased (now if I could just find them...).?

Takes a lot of effort to listen to a story, determine that it is true and then buy the souvenir book, written by a real historian. And Kirkbride's (or is it Macbride? I'm getting old) books aren't that great. I'll accept his personal observations, but not his comments on events outside his purview. Me, I just read through reams of "official" BS masquerading as history.

Hmmm, that reminds me, Turner's book is a personal diary, not an "offical" record. Oh yeah, wait, I forgot that an organization associated with the evil US government published it, so it's probably an "official" source. Toss it on the bonfire...

I'd throw Santayana into the ring, but I am not sure this is the place. This is my last post on this issue. You stick with what you want to believe and I'll still wade through the "official" and unofficial papers for any topic of interest to me, instead of doing the really hard work of asking the nearest wall support organism.

Bottom Line: The "Flag War" story is apocryphal, but if you tell it often enough it becomes true.

Aidan Bothwell

(I see I might have written with some asperity. In the time I spent at the JSA I had to listen to so much BS that I easily lose patience when this issue comes up.  I was very frustrated that people would simply repeat what they had been told without ever bothering to look in recorded sources....and Kim Duk Sung's tombstone is located four feet of the road on the north side of the MSR, slightly closer to Bonifas than the JSA.  The inscription is in Chinese and the date, referenced to the then current monarch, is 1609 AD.)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.59.164.106 (talk) 18:15, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, so you were one of the guys there recently, staying over what used to be just the 2/9th (2nd Div) camp, Camp Liberty Bell. Being "stationed" there (I'll state that loosely, since all the JSA work is now done by ROK soldiers), how many hours did you actually spend working inside the JSA (not the DMZ as Liberty Bell personnel do)?

 * And where did I ever state that I heard this from "tour guides" or that I bought a souvenir book? That was from another person, you are mixing up (big surprise), two different posts from two different people, and treating them as one. That must be a preface for how you conduct your "research"? I lived and worked inside the JSA for two years (with every third day off) over two different 13 month tours, which is a tad more than just being a DMZ grunt. So, since the MAC has had around 400 meetings, not even counting all of the JDO and other meetings, I suppose Turner's book of about 400 pages has full details on all of the meetings ever conducted at the original truce talks and all of those thereafter? I do agree though that I wasn't very impressed with Kirkbride's book. He was just an artillery officer (at yet another 2nd Div camp, Camp Greaves), about 2 miles away, so whatever he states about the fight, OPB, or any other incidents at the JSA are repeated from questionable secondhand sources, kind of like the old "tell the person to your left something, and see what is is when it finally passes around the circle back to you". The reference I cited in my reply above was a direct quote from an email I recieved from somebody else who "actually worked inside the JSA", not just something I said or qouted from a book.

 * And no, I had no idea where that tombstone is that you metioned, since I was working in the JSA, not walking around looking at the scenery in the DMZ while doing patrols. We were to busy guarding the tourists, guarding visiting dignitaries, and guarding our officers during the meetings to have much time to actually wander around DMZ looking at scenery. Oh wait, that's right, back in the late '80s or early '90s the makeup and duties of the JSA changed. The JSA expanded to take over the 2nd Div duties of patrolling the DMZ, Americans and KATUSA's were reduced, being replaced by ROK soldiers, and the JSA was no longer just the Joint Security Area, but was expanded to include anybody working the DMZ. Whatever happened to GP Collier? Is it still manned? Did they change the name from the Medal of Honor winner to a Korean name? I never see any reference to it anymore, only to Ouilette. wbfergus 19:06, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

The rest of the I posted here has been removed as it is irrelevant to the discussion at hand and unhelpful to the atmosphere of this project. Aidan Bothwell

And NO! The Flag Story is still WRONG, WRONG, WRONG!!!!!

Aidan Bothwell —Preceding unsigned comment added by [Special:Contributions/121.162.203.148|121.162.203.148]] (talk) 16:18, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * What was the timeframe when you were there?

 * It sounds as if you were there after everything was more or less given to the ROK's, except for a couple twiddle-the-thumbs jobs (post '92). You actually had a two-story building to live in? We only had quonset huts. The tallest building on compound was Ballinger Hall, which also doubled as our movie theater at night, so it was a tad taller than just the single-story buildings everywhere else on compound. I have no idea what builing S-6 is supposed to be, or what quonset hut it replaced.

 * Prior to '92 (maybe a few years earlier), the Joint Security Force was comprised of KATUSA's and Americans, at roughly a 50/50 ratio. Prior to Aug. 18th 1976, we even had the chance to go anywhere within the JSA we wanted. We had some wild times on the KPA side, especially when we got out of sight of other UNC guards behind Panmungak. How often have you been behind Panmungak? How many times have you crept up to a KPA checkpoint in the middle of the night and heard snoring, then pounded on the walls with an axe handle? How many KPA guards have you elbowed in the side? How many KPA feet have you stomped on? How many fist fights with KPA have guards have you participated in? How many tourists or visiting dignitaries have you protected by keeping the KPA guards away from them, or kept from reaching in through the windows? Did you even get a chance to touch any of the flags in the building? I did many times. Going back to Panmungak, how many fights have you participated in behind there? How many times were you surrounded by KPA guards at CP#3 at night and had to put the barrel of your .45 in the gas tank of your jeep to get them to back away? How many times did you play hopscotch on the Bridge just to laugh at the reaction of the KPA guards?

 * Your diatribe merely helps to highlight how far removed you were from the times when the Americans there actually had a job. Obviously from your diatribe you fail to somehow grasp that Camp Kitty Hawk was the former name of Camp Bonifas. It was renamed from Camp Kitty Hawk to Camp Bonifas on Aug. 18th, 1987, on the ten year anniversary of Capt. Bonifas' death. Did you ever meet with Capt. Bonifas? Oh that's right, you weren't even born yet. You still never said exectly what your 'duties' were. Were you the bus driver for "Moose Night" three times a week? Oh, that's right also, you have no idea what that means. The military officially stopped allowing those before you were there. wbfergus undefinedTalk 17:31, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Lead
The lead is way too long. I was going to snip it off, but I realised that you could not easily do so, as it has mixed material. Can some of the regulars do it? Loath to add another project to my long list. Ingolfson 10:08, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've struggled with that as well, but as you commented on, it's fairly difficult. In it's defense though, there are may other articles that I ran across with similarly sized leads. I think the part about the current commander can be moved to a lower section, but most of the rest I feel kind of "needs" to be there to cover the synopsis. wbfergus 10:20, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Panmunjom?
It's spelled Panmunjeom. This correction should be made throughout the page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dblecros (talk • contribs) 09:47, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The superfluous E is needed only ion the South. The North Korean Romanization system does not use the E. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.70.86.162 (talk) 05:18, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

The start of the second paragraph is un-necessarily pedantic and fussy in tone and tries to make a big point out of something trivial. The JSA is simply in a farming-area close to the former village of Panmunj(e)om. It's no big deal that the JSA isn't in the village nor that the village is now deserted (hardly surprising given the area's military and diplomatic history). Even if there were widespread controversy about where the JSA was, it wouldn't belong so early in the article. The writer's confusion may be based on the fallacy that, if you're not in a town or village, you're not anywhere. The farms around Panmunjom are in Panmunjom. A place can still be called by a name even if all its buildings have been abandoned or demolished. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 08:15, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

"Peace House" photo
I reverted back the newer picture to the original because the building was a different one. The changed caption for the other, exiting picture became incorrect also. The pictures in this section are provided to show how both North and South Korea have been 'remodeling' their buildings within the JSA over the years, per the accompanying article text. The picture may be able to be used elsewhere in the article, or maybe in the gallery, but for that section which is based upon the 4 pictures, it was incorrect. wbfergus undefinedTalk 11:20, 6 March 2008 (UTC) {continues}
 * My apologies. I believe I understand what the image shows now by looking at this map.  I believe what is now labeled as "Main North Korean Building" is labeled on the map as "Panmon Hall".  The image I linked to is in fact the "Home of Peace", located to the southwest of the House of Freedom.
 * My primary objection was to the quality of the image: it suffers from "tourist lean".  I attempted to correct this on my own but unfortunately in order to rotate the image I was unable to retain certain portions of the image that I felt were critical.
 * I believe that the photo is redundant: currently the article features this image as well in the following section, its content being substantially the same as your preferred image for Joint Security Area.  This second image also suffers from image lean but in many ways I feel it is the superlative composition.
 * In review, I feel that the "Home of Peace" is worthy of citation if it is indeed within the JSA as the map suggests. My ignorance will be transparent, but the citation for the Peace House photo suggests it is not in the DPRK.  If that is so, then certainly this image needs to have its caption looked at.
 * Regards, Ogre lawless (talk) 09:04, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Ogre, no problem. After taking another look at the article, I see what you mean about the one building having two pictures. So, how about either you or I replace the first picture with the second one (it is a better picture), and the picture of Peace House does deserve to be included in the Notable Landmarks section, hopefully with some acompanying text in the section as well. I've heard that Peace House is also used as the barracks for the SK unit on duty, but I have no idea if that is correct or not. When I was stationed there, our barracks were CP#4, which I believe is now called the Joint Duty Office. On a side note, if you look along the right side side of this picture, you can see the side of Peace House.

 * I'm not sure when I'll have the time to make the change, tomorrow (Saturday) at the earliest, maybe not until next week. If you want to make the change though, feel free. At least we got a misunderstanding out of the way, can remove a redundancy, and add another notable building. So again, don't woory about making your previous edit. If you didn't, these issues would still exist, so thanks for helping to make the article better. wbfergus undefinedTalk 11:24, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Just exactly why, in the name of all that is holy, is the lead picture from 1976?
Seems like maybe some contributor is living in the past. Can't we get an up to date picture to lead off?

Just wondering, but hell, I never was the brightest bulb on the circuit....or a "moose run" driver either....

Cheers,

76.121.33.65 (talk) 10:54, 19 April 2009 (UTC)Thomas Aidan Bothwell

What happened to the Russian defector?
As a matter of curiosity, what became of Vasily Matusak, the Russian who defected across the JSA in 1984? Muzilon (talk) 09:49, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Do guards stare at each other?
I saw this place from TV. I wonder if the guards of the two sides stare at each other's face everyday without talking? I also saw a meeting room with two doors leading to each side. Do those doors have special design? 111.251.197.25 (talk) 22:52, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

I see lot's of pictures of JSA, but not many where both side "guarding" on same time. Maybe iam not well informed but it seem to me that this circus show is just for newspapers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.137.163.57 (talk) 18:40, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

In each space, two North Korean soldiers stand facing each other rather than the South, so that neither one can defect to the South, and another guard stands behind them facing the North to prevent anyone else from defecting. http://voyajit.su/trip-reports/dmz-north-korea/ http://www.businessinsider.com/north-and-south-korea-dmz-border-is-a-warzone-2013-2?op=1 http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/features/world/asia/north-korea/dmz-text — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mdlark (talk • contribs) 08:50, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

Insider references need cleaning up?
I noticed several references to concepts such as "ROK", "ROKA", "CPV", "KATUSA", "Lt. Bulldog", etc., which didn't seem to me to be adequately introduced, explained, or put in context. In general, my impression is that the article should probably be gone over by one or more editors who are not intimately familiar with the subject. Some abbreviations may not be really necessary throughout the article — e.g., I suspect most uses of "ROK" could safely be rewritten as "South Korea". I may try to take some time to work on the article myself. Richwales (talk) 19:03, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

"JSA" vs. "United Nations Command Forces in the JSA" (or similar)
I think "JSA" is confused with the forces guarding it from the south side at some places in this article:

The beginning of paragraph 4 states: "Originally established as a U.S. Army organization, the JSA quickly incorporated ROK soldiers ...". I'm sure the Joint Security Area (JSA), as the abbreviation was introduced in this article, was never a US Army organisation. It is the patch of land under the special rule of the armistice agreement, partially controlled by the UN-side (including US). I guess, soldiers serving in the UNC forces guarding the JSA (as heard today, the current name seems to be "United Nations Command Security Battalion - Joint Security Area") also call their unit shortly "JSA", and I guess further that "JSA" in the 4th paragraph was used in this sense.

A similar problem occurs for the section "Composition and duties": It is NOT about composition and duties of the Joint Security Area, but (mainly) of the composition, history and duties of the "United Nations Command Security Battalion - Joint Security Area". In addition, it has some sentences on the appearance of the North Korean Guards as well.

Suggestions:
 * 1) Delete paragraph 4, since its information is repeated (in a better form and in a better place) in the "Composition and duties" section anyway (or merge it in there, if you think something is missing).
 * 2) Re-organize Section "Composition and Duties" in the following way:

 * New 2nd level heading "Forces in the Joint Security Area"
 * Insert "The Joint Security Area is guarded by military police forces of the United Nations Command and of the Peoples Republic of Korea army, respectively. Under most conditions, both forces are restricted to their side of the Military Demarcation Line. They face each other in spaces between the blue meeting houses, ... " then continue with the remaining part of the last paragraph of the current "Composition and Duties" section.
 * Change "Composition and Duties" to "UNC Forces" and make it a 3rd level heading (i.e. make it a sub-section of "Forces in the JSA".

Puh, I hope that's understandable. ;-) However, I wanted to put it up for discussion first before I change it myself, since I'm no expert in this field.

One last remark in the same line: The picture of the One-hole golf course in the gallery does not belong to JSA, but to Camp Bonifas (which is -- although stated otherwise in the Camp Bonifas article -- definitely not inside the JSA).

220.85.21.195 (talk) 15:14, 25 August 2010 (UTC) (sorry, no en.wikipedia account)

armistice reference
The Armistice which ended the fighting was signed by the UNC commander, KPA commander, and Chinese PA cdr. SK did not sign. The agreement itself refers to future discussions to take place between the governments (not military forces). These discussion do not take place. The article on the UNC (korea) says ROK forces put themselves under the command of UNC (although this does not have a reference or support). In any event, it does not matter that the governments of SK & NK remain "technically" at war because the military forces of the goverments are not (albeit) they do have clashes. In any event, the portion I deleted re the status of the war does not have direct impact on this article (other than muddying the waters should it remain.) Best to leave it out as a POV problem.--S. Rich (talk) 04:58, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

so that neither one can defect.?????
What shit is this? Wiki should be encyclopedia and not propaganda pamflet.
 * That is not shit.Phd8511 (talk) 13:07, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Any updates now
That the DPRK has declared the ceasefire agreement over?Phd8511 (talk) 13:43, 8 March 2013 (UTC)
 * WP:NOT – S. Rich (talk) 14:55, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Please speak proper English. I was suggesting that there could be updates given the latest development. Arrogant.Phd8511 (talk) 00:12, 9 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Why don't you look are see how many other Wikipedia article are news articles. Especially the main page!Phd8511 (talk) 00:13, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

 * The link to NOTNEWS simply provides the guidance that WP follows. This stuff from nK is not much different that what we've seen before – many, many times. For example, see . Please note that it is their official news agency which puts out these various statements about the cease-fire, sacred war, etc. If war did break out, the sK and the UNC would be wise to invite the nK troops into Seoul where the poor troops would see the lavish prosperity that capitalism has produced. They'd quickly drop their weapons and enjoy some actual wholesome meals. (Which is why nK won't invade. Their own army would quickly desert.) In any event, the particular recent "declaration" has little to do with the JSA. (Now if they actually attack and the JSA gets overrun, then that will be pertinent.) And, yes, lots of other WP articles are "news stories". Just because there are other such stories does not justify deviation from guidelines in this case.  – S. Rich (talk) 00:32, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061230234127/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Apr1997/n04141997_9704146.html to http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Apr1997/n04141997_9704146.html

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New taller minimum height for ROK soldiers
I think the minimum height has been raised to 5'9'' as South Koreans are now taller than they used to be. I doubt it is still as low as the 5'6'' in the article. --Elmeter (talk) 12:10, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

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Orphaned references in Joint Security Area
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Joint Security Area's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "may26summit": From Inter-Korean summits:  From April 2018 inter-Korean summit: http://www.syracuse.com/politics/index.ssf/2018/05/north_south_korea_meet_for_surprise_second_summit.html

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 12:11, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

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User talk:Espermike

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User talk:Feldmarshmellon

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Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 06:44, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
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Bashir Barghouthi
Hi Feldmarshellon,

well done on the article on Bachir al-Barghouthi. Do you know where information about him can be found? I'd be interested to know myself; also, it would be helpful for the article if you mentioned the sources for it. All the best, Palmiro | Talk 11:27, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Barghuti
Thanks. I am only just delving into the ealy history of Palestininan Communists, with special interst in barghoutis What i put into that stub was just from a short bio that seems to be reproduced on numerous sites. But I'll mention it. I should just find a book with enough info and cite it.Feldmarshmellon 21:10, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think Maher Charif published something about the party, apart from his more recent work on Palestine in the Soviet archives, which I have but haven't read yet. Palmiro | Talk 16:16, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Notability of Yoshito Ohno
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title: User talk:Feldmarshmellon