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Domestic rabbit

The domestic rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) is the domesticated form of the European rabbit, a member of the lagomorph order. A male rabbit is known as a buck, a female as a doe, and a young rabbit as a kit. There are hundreds of rabbit breeds, originating from all over the world.

Rabbits were first domesticated and used for their food and fur by the Romans. Rabbits may be housed inside, but the idea of the domestic rabbit as a house companion, a so-called house rabbit (similar to a house cat), was only strongly promoted starting with publications in the 1980s. Rabbits can be trained to use a litter box and taught to come when called, but they require exercise and can damage a house or injure themselves if it has not been suitably prepared, based on their innate need to chew. Accidental interactions between pet rabbits and wild rabbits, while seemingly harmless, are strongly discouraged due to the species' different temperaments as well as wild rabbits potentially carrying diseases.

Unwanted pet rabbits sometimes end up in animal shelters, especially after the Easter season. In 2017, they were the United States' third most abandoned pet. Some of them go on to be adopted and become family pets in various forms. Because their wild counterparts have become invasive in Australia, pet rabbits are banned in the state of Queensland. Domestic rabbits, bred for generations under human supervision to be docile, lack survival instincts, and perish in the wild if they are abandoned or escape from captivity.

Domestic rabbits are raised as livestock for their meat, wool (in the case of the Angora breeds) and/or fur. They are also kept as pets and used as laboratory animals. Specific breeds are used in different industries; Rex rabbits, for example, are commonly raised for their fur, Californians are commonly raised for meat and New Zealands are commonly used in animal testing for their nearly identical appearance. Aside from the commercial or pet application, rabbits are commonly raised for exhibition at shows.

Terminology and etymology
Male rabbits are called bucks; females are called does. An older term for an adult rabbit is coney, while rabbit once referred only to the young animals. Another term for a young rabbit is bunny, though this term is often applied informally (especially by children and rabbit enthusiasts) to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the term kit or kitten has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a leveret; this term is sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well. A group of rabbits is known as a "colony" or a "nest".

The word rabbit itself derives from the Middle English rabet, a borrowing from the Walloon robète, which was a diminutive of the French or Middle Dutch robbe.

History
Phoenician sailors visiting the coast of Spain c. 12th century BC, mistaking the rabbit for a species from their homeland (the rock hyrax Procavia capensis), gave the region the name i-shepan-ham (land or island of hyraxes). The spread of the European rabbit from its native range of the Iberian Peninsula is linked to the deliberate introduction of the species to Africa by the Phoenicians around this time period, followed by later introductions to the regions of Italy, England, and Ireland by various seafaring groups.

The captivity of rabbits as a food source is recorded as early as the 1st century BC, when the Roman writer Pliny the Elder described the use of rabbit hutches, along with enclosures called leporaria. In Rome, rabbits were raised in large walled colonies with walls extended underground. According to Pliny, the consumption of unborn and newborn rabbits, called laurices, was considered a delicacy.

In the Middle Ages, wild rabbits were often kept for the hunt. Monks in southern France were crossbreeding rabbits at least by the 12th century AD. Domestication was probably a slow process that took place from the Roman period (or earlier) until the 1500s. In the 19th century, as animal fancy in general began to emerge, rabbit fanciers began to sponsor rabbit exhibitions and fairs in Western Europe and the United States. Breeds of various domesticated animals were created and modified for the added purpose of exhibition, a departure from the breeds that had been created solely for food, fur, or wool. The rabbit's emergence as a household pet began during the Victorian era. The keeping of the rabbit as a pet commencing from the 1800s coincides with the first observable skeletal differences between the wild and domestic populations, even though captive rabbits had been exploited for over 2,000 years.

The emerging domestic rabbit subspecies, all breeds of which have been derived from the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), has been popular in the United States since the late 19th century. What became known as the "Belgian Hare Boom" began with the importation of the first Belgian Hares from England in 1888 and, soon after, the founding of the American Belgian Hare Association, the first rabbit club in America. From 1898 to 1901, many thousands of Belgian Hares were imported to America. Today, the Belgian Hare is one of the rarest breeds, with only 132 specimens found in the United States in a 2015 census.

Rabbits as house companions began appearing with frequency in the late 19th century. The most notable documentation is from Beatrix Potter's published diaries and letters. Potter allowed both rabbits to live at least part time in the house with her. "Both were fond of the fire, and one used to lie inside the fender", and one rabbit slept, "under the grate on the hot ashes when the fire had gone out." The publication of Marinell Harriman's House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit in 1985 was another significant push towards the popularization of rabbits as indoor pets.

Genetics
The study of rabbit genetics is of interest to fanciers, the fiber and fur industry, medical researchers, and the meat industry. Among rabbit fanciers, the genetics of rabbit health and diversity are paramount. The fiber & fur industry focuses on the genetics of coat color and hair properties. In the biomedical research community and the pharmaceutical industry, rabbit genetics are important in model organism research, in vitro fertilization, and toxicity testing. The meat industry mainly relies on genetics for feed conversion ratios and reproduction potential in rabbits.

The rabbit genome has been sequenced and is publicly available. The mitochondrial DNA has also been sequenced. In 2011, parts of the rabbit genome were re-sequenced in greater depth in order to expose variation within the genome.

There are 7 main color gene groups (or loci) in rabbits, with an additional 4 uncommon loci that are often breed specific; many other genes exist that influence coat color to a lesser degree. A rabbit's coat has either two pigments (pheomelanin for yellow, and eumelanin for dark brown) or no pigment (for an albino rabbit). Clusters of color genes plus their modifiers control such aspects as coat patterns (e.g. Dutch or English markings), color hues and their intensity or dilution, and the location of color bands on the hair shaft (e.g., silvering).

Diet
As a refinement of the diet of the wild rabbit, the diet of the domestic rabbit is often a function of its purpose. Show rabbits are fed for vibrant health, strong musculoskeletal systems, and—like rabbits intended for the fur trade—optimal coat production and condition. Rabbits intended for the meat trade are fed for swift and efficient production of flesh, while rabbits in research settings have closely controlled diets for specific goals. Nutritional needs of the domestic rabbit may also be focused on developing a physique that allows for the safe delivery of larger litters of healthy kits. Optimizing costs and producing feces that meet local waste regulations may also be factors.

Hay is an essential part of the diet of all rabbits and it is a major component of the commercial food pellets that are formulated for domestic rabbits and available in many areas. Most rabbit pellets are alfalfa-based for protein and fiber, with other grains completing the carbohydrate requirements. Minerals and vitamins are added during production of rabbit pellets to meet the nutritional requirements of the domestic rabbit. Along with pellets, many commercial rabbit raisers also feed one or more types of loose hay; alfalfa in particular is used for the growth needs of young rabbits, though it may be too high in protein and calcium for adult rabbits. Common sources of hay for rabbits include bluegrass, brome, fescue, marsh, orchard, timothy, oat and ryegrass.

Reproduction

Rabbits are prolific breeders, in part because rabbits reach breeding age quickly. To prevent unwanted offspring, rabbits may be spayed or neutered at sexual maturity. Sexual maturity is determined as the point at which the production rate of spermatozoa stops increasing, which ranges based on the size of the breed: 4–5 months for small breeds (e.g., Mini Rex, Netherland Dwarf), 4–6 months for medium-sized breeds (e.g., Rex, New Zealand), and 5–8 months for large breeds (e.g., Flemish Giant). Bucks usually require more time to sexually mature than does.

Health
Rabbit health is a well-studied area in veterinary medicine, owing to the long history of rabbit domestication and the use of rabbits as laboratory animals. In pet rabbits, disease is rare when raised in sanitary conditions and provided with adequate care. Rabbits have fragile bones, especially in their spines, and need support on the bottom when they are picked up. In domestic rabbits, a significant concern is that they will gnaw on almost anything, including electrical cords (possibly leading to electrocution), potentially poisonous plants, and material like carpet and fabric that may cause life-threatening intestinal blockages.

Domestic practices that are associated with adverse health effects in rabbits include spaying females, declawing, and improper housing leading to sore hocks and stress. Domestic rabbits, like wild rabbits, are also susceptible to viral diseases such as myxomatosis, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and West Nile virus, and vaccination is not required or possible for these diseases in all jurisdictions.

Breeds
As of 2017, there were at least 305 breeds of domestic rabbit in 70 countries around the world. The American Rabbit Breeders Association currently recognizes 52 rabbit breeds and the British Rabbit Council recognizes 106. Selective breeding has produced rabbits ranging in size from dwarf to giant. Across the world, rabbits are raised as livestock (in cuniculture) for their meat, pelts, and wool, and also by fanciers and hobbyists as pets.

Rabbits have been selectively bred since ancient times to achieve certain desired characteristics. Variations include size and body shape, coat type (including hair length and texture), coat color, ear carriage (erect or lop), and ear length. As with any animal, domesticated rabbits' temperaments vary in such factors as energy level and novelty seeking.

Many genetic defects in the domestic rabbit (such as dental problems in the Holland Lop breed) are due to recessive genes. Genetics are carefully tracked by fanciers who show rabbits, to breed out defects.

As pets

Rabbits have been kept as pets in Western nations since the 19th century. Rabbits can bond with humans, and can learn to follow simple voice commands and to come when called.

Rabbits are easily injured by rough handling, can bite when hurt or frightened, and are easily frightened by loud noises and sudden motions, which has caused them to be discouraged for use as pets for children. With the right guidance, rabbits can be trained to live indoors.

Rabbits are especially popular as pets in the United States during the Easter season, due to their association with the holiday. However, animal shelters that accept rabbits often complain that during the weeks and months following Easter, there is a rise in unwanted and neglected rabbits that were bought as Easter gifts, especially for children. Similar problems arise in rural areas after county fairs and the like, even in jurisdictions where animals are not legal as prizes in fairground games.

There are many humane societies, animal shelters, and rescue groups that have rabbits available for pet adoption. Fancy rabbit breeds are often purchased from pet stores, private breeders, and fanciers. Breed availability varies based on geographic distribution, with some breeds being more popular in different countries or regions. Because of the destructive history of feral rabbits in Australia, domestic rabbits are illegal as pets in Queensland.

House rabbits
Rabbits may be kept inside as small house pets. Rabbits that live indoors are less exposed to the dangers of predators, parasites, diseases, adverse weather, and pesticides, which in turn increases their lifespan. Cages are generally too small for most rabbits to live comfortablyeven laboratory rabbits require significant space and enrichment and rabbit welfare groups recommend that instead of a cage, domestic rabbits free-roam. The House Rabbit Society recommends "rabbit-proofing" areas to reduce the risks associated with their intrinsic need to chew. Rabbits are easily litter box trained.

Bonding
Rabbits are social animals and will bond with other rabbits in or around their territory. Rabbit welfare groups encourage owners to make efforts towards bonding rabbits as part of normal socialization, which usually involves carefully supervised meetings between rabbits on neutral territory. This helps minimize territorial aggression and allows the rabbits to establish a hierarchy. Over time, rabbits learn to tolerate each other's presence, form a social bond, and engage in vital social behaviors such as grooming, playing, and snuggling. Bonding is much easier when rabbits are young.

During bonding, as rabbits become more comfortable with each other's presence, they often engage in mutual grooming sessions.

When rabbit bonds break, it can have detrimental effects on their physical and emotional well-being. Rabbits are highly social animals, and sudden separation from a bonded partner can cause stress and anxiety. This stress can lead to health issues, such as gastrointestinal problems, reduced appetite, and even a weakened immune system. Additionally, the sudden absence of a grooming partner can result in neglected fur, making the rabbit more susceptible to matting and skin issues.

Dogs and cats pose a threat to rabbits unless trained and properly managed, and will not bond the same way rabbits will with each other. Rabbits are often compatible with birds or guinea pigs, but opinion differs regarding the dangers of housing different species together, and relationships between rabbits and other small animals is also not necessarily bonding.

Care
Not all veterinarians will treat rabbits, and pet owners may have to seek out an exotic animal veterinarian for their rabbit's care. Rabbits may hide signs of illness or disease, and literature published on the care of house rabbits recommends owners to regularly schedule veterinary checkups to identify hidden issues. Works on rabbit care also advise regular nail trimming, coat brushing and items to chew on.

Baby rabbits under eight weeks old are susceptible to enteritis, along with gut stasis and bloat.

Pet rabbits can often exhibit behavioral problems, including aggression towards humans and other animals, particularly with poor husbandry. Rabbits may or may not react favorably to handling and petting, depending on their personality and how they were raised. Rabbit owners can seek behavioral help through their vets and rabbit behaviorists.

Rabbit skeletons are light and fragile in comparison to their bodies, and are susceptible to trauma from falling, twisting and kicking. Improper handling of rabbits can lead to injury both to the rabbit and the owner. Rabbits also have needs that differ from other common household pets, which can lead to poor quality of life for the animal if their owners are unaware of these needs and often results in rabbits being returned to animal shelters. Inappropriate treatment of a rabbit can include inadequate diet, housing, or socialization. Rabbits also have a body language that is more subtle than that of common domestic pets, such as cats and dogs, and compared to these species are prey animals rather than predators, which poses different challenges to a potential owner.

The diet of a pet rabbit is variable and differs from that of wild rabbits, which may have to consume lower-quality food items such as twigs and shrubs to survive. Publications on the care of house rabbits advise various diets based on age in order to ensure the longevity of a pet.

Housing
Rabbits can live outdoors in properly constructed, sheltered hutches, which provide protection from the elements in winter and keep rabbits cool in summer heat. To protect from predators, rabbit hutches are usually situated in a fenced yard, shed, barn, or other enclosed structure, which may also contain a larger pen for exercise. Outdoor housing arrangements in hutches or unsupervised periods when rabbits are outdoors, even when properly secured, may still pose hazards such as temperature extremes, lack of social interaction between rabbits, and disease from digging in soil.

Shows
Much like conformation shows for dog breeds and cat shows for pedigreed cats, rabbits can be exhibited at rabbit shows, where they may be judged based on breed standards. Most rabbit shows are organized or sanctioned by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA), which recognizes 52 breeds in its Standard of Perfection 2021–2025. However, rabbit shows have been organized by various groups since at least the 19th century.

Show rabbits are judged based on physical conformation to a published breed standard, and may separately include a behavioral or "showmanship" assessment. Important criteria in rabbit judging include coat condition, body shape, ear length and toenail condition.

Show jumping
Rabbit show jumping, a form of animal sport between rabbits, began in the 1970s in Sweden and has since become popular in the United States and Australia. When rabbit jumping was first starting out, the rules of competition were the same as horse show jumping rules. However, rules were later changed to reflect a rabbit's abilities. The first national championship for rabbit show jumping was held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1987.

Abandonment
Many pet rabbits are abandoned by their owners, especially those purchased as "Easter bunnies". In 2017, they were the United States' third most abandoned pet. Rabbits are also frequently abandoned or relinquished to shelters due to challenges with rabbit housing, behavioral issues, or simply a loss of interest in the pet. Some of these abandoned pets are adopted and go on to become family pets in various forms. As domestic rabbits have been bred to be docile compared to wild rabbits, they will be less able to care or fend for themselves should they be abandoned or released, or if they escape into the wild.

Human uses
Rabbits have been kept as livestock since ancient times for their meat, and in modern times have been raised for wool, fur, and use in scientific research as laboratory animals.

Meat rabbits

Rabbits have been raised for commercial meat production in various parts of the world since at least the early 1900s. Intensive efforts to efficiently farm rabbits for meat began in the 1920s in southern California, and developed through the use of techniques such as artificial insemination in addition to the general advancement of rabbit veterinary medicine, nutritional needs and disease control. Breeds such as the New Zealand and Californian are frequently utilized for meat in commercial rabbitries. These breeds have efficient metabolisms and grow quickly; they are ready for slaughter by approximately 14 to 16 weeks of age. The main consumer of rabbit meat in the world was China, as of 2017, though the production of rabbit meat in China has decreased by 33.8% from 2010 to 2020, and global production has decreased by 24.1% over the same period.

Rabbit fryers are the most common type of rabbit sold for meat, and make up more than 85% of the market share. They are raised to roughly 2 months of age, and weigh between 1.7–2 kg live weight. Rabbit roasters, stewers and "mature rabbits" make up a less defined category with a smaller portion of the market share. They generally have a live weight of over 1.8 kg and are raised to over 6 months of age. Stewers have been additionally described as rabbits weighing over 3 kg and as a category marketed at a lower price than fryers. Some rabbit farmers opt to sell the skins of slaughtered rabbits to supplement income; the skins of meat rabbits may be dried with heat alone and are often sold without tanning.

Wool rabbits
Rabbits such as the Angora, American Fuzzy Lop, and Jersey Wooly produce wool. However, since the American Fuzzy Lop and Jersey Wooly are both dwarf breeds, only the much larger Angora breeds such as the English Angora, Satin Angora, Giant Angora, and French Angoras are used for commercial wool production. Their long fur is sheared, combed, or plucked (gently pulling loose hairs from the body during molting) and then spun into yarn used to make a variety of products. Angora sweaters can be purchased in many clothing stores and is generally mixed with other types of wool due to the poor durability of angora fibers on their own.

Fur rabbits
Rabbit skins are often produced as a byproduct of the meat production process, but some breeds have been bred specifically for superior fur quality. The main breed raised for its fur is the Rex rabbit. White rabbit fur may be dyed in an array of colors that are not produced naturally, which has introduced demand for furs from New Zealand White rabbits; the practice of deceptively dyeing white furs to look like the pelts of other animals was popular in the 1930s. Rabbits in the fur industry are fed a diet focused for robust coat production and pelts are harvested after the rabbit reaches prime condition, which takes longer than in the meat industry. Rabbit fur is used in local and commercial textile industries throughout the world.

Experimentation

Rabbits have been and continue to be used in laboratory work such as production of antibodies for vaccines and research of human male reproductive system toxicology. In 1972, around 450,000 rabbits were used for experiments in the United States, decreasing to around 240,000 in 2006. The Environmental Health Perspective, published by the National Institute of Health, states, "The rabbit [is] an extremely valuable model for studying the effects of chemicals or other stimuli on the male reproductive system." Rabbits are also used in the study of bronchial asthma and related lung diseases, stroke prevention treatments, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and cancer.

The New Zealand White is one of the most commonly used breeds for research and testing.

Cosmetics testing
Rabbits have been used for the Draize test, a method of testing cosmetics on animals. Animal rights activists have opposed animal experimentation for non-medical purposes, such as the testing of cosmetic and cleaning products, citing it as an example of cruelty in animal research. These efforts have resulted in the decreased use of rabbits in these areas. Albino rabbits are typically used in the Draize tests because they have less tear flow than other animals, and the lack of eye pigment makes the effects easier to visualize.

title: Domestic rabbit


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User:R Lee E

File:Clockwork%2771.jpg "Moloko does a plott real horrorshow!"

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title: User:R Lee E


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Depth psychology

Depth psychology (from the German term Tiefenpsychologie) refers to the practice and research of the science of the unconscious, covering both psychoanalysis and psychology. It is also defined as the psychological theory that explores the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious, as well as the patterns and dynamics of motivation and the mind. The theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Alfred Adler are all considered its foundations.

Development
The term "depth psychology" was coined by Eugen Bleuler and refers to psychoanalytic approaches to therapy and research that take the unconscious into account. The term was rapidly accepted in the year of its proposal (1914) by Sigmund Freud, to cover a topographical view of the mind in terms of different psychic systems. He is considered to have revolutionized this field, which he viewed in his later years as his most significant work.

Since the 1970s, depth psychology has come to refer to the ongoing development of theories and therapies pioneered by Pierre Janet, William James, and Carl Gustav Jung, as well as Freud. All explore relationships between the conscious and the unconscious (thus including both psychoanalysis and Jungian psychology).

Summary of primary elements
Depth psychology states that the psyche process is partly conscious, partly unconscious, and partly semi-conscious. In practice, depth psychology seeks to explore underlying motives as an approach to various mental disorders. Depth psychologists believe that the uncovering of deeper, often unconscious, motives is intrinsically healing in and of itself. It seeks knowledge of the deep layers underlying behavioral and cognitive processes.

In modern times, the initial work, development, theories, and therapies of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Otto Rank have grown into three main perspectives on depth psychology:
 * Psychoanalytic: Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott (among others); object relations theory; Neo-Freudianism
 * Adlerian: Adler's individual psychology
 * Jungian: Jung's analytical psychology; James Hillman's archetypal psychology, Stephen Aizenstat Ph.D.

Adlerian view
Adlerian psychology has been regarded as depth psychology due to its aim of discovering the buried unconscious phenomena. It is one of the first frameworks that approached the individual as a fundamentally social being, one that needs to be situated in a socio-cultural context in order to be understood. It is also described as a representation of the ego psychology and views the ego as an independent and creative entity that facilitates the interaction with social reality instead of merely a handmaiden of the  id .

The Adlerian approach to psychoanalysis includes a set of tools that allows an individual to break through a self-centered way of life. For instance, it eliminates the core style of life and fictional final goal of a patient through Socratic method as opposed to counselling.

Jungian views
Many scholars believe that Jung's most significant contribution to depth psychology was his conceptualization of the "collective unconscious". While Freud cited the conceptualization unconscious forces was limited to repressed or forgotten personal experiences, Jung emphasized the qualities that an individual share with other people. This is demonstrated in his notion that all minds, all lives, are ultimately embedded in some sort of myth-making in the form of themes or patterns. This myth-making or creation of a mythical image lies at the depth of the unconscious, where an individual's mind widens out and merges into the mind of mankind. Mythology is therefore not a series of old explanations for natural events, but rather the richness and wonder of humanity played out in a symbolical, thematic, and patterned storytelling.

There is also the case of the Jungian archetypes. According to Jung, archetypes are primordial elements of the Collective Unconscious. They form the unchanging context from which the contents of cyclic and sequent changes derive their meanings. Duration is the secret of action. He also stated that the psyche spontaneously generates mythico-religious symbolism or themes, and is therefore spiritual or metaphysical, as well as instinctive, in nature. An implication of this is that the choice of whether to be a spiritual person may be beyond the individual, whether and how we apply it, including to nonspiritual aspirations.

Another Jungian position in depth psychology involves his belief that the unconscious contains repressed experiences and other personal-level issues in its "upper" layers and "transpersonal" (e.g. collective, non-I, archetypal) forces in its depths. The semi-conscious contains or is, an aware pattern of personality, including everything in a spectrum from individual vanity to the personality of the workplace.

Criticism

 * Fredric Jameson considers postmodernism to reject depth models such as Freud's, in favor of a set of multiple surfaces consisting of intertextual discourses and practices.

title: Depth psychology


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Grisélidis Réal

Grisélidis Réal (11 August 1929 – 31 May 2005) was a writer and sex worker from Geneva, Switzerland.

Life and sex work
She was born in Lausanne, in a family of teachers and spent her childhood in Alexandria, and then in Athens, where her father was working. Back in Switzerland, she studied art in Zürich. She started working as a sex worker at the beginning of the sixties. She lived in Germany, with her children (she had four) and her lover.

Réal retired from sex work in 1995, at the age of 66. She died of cancer in Geneva in 2005. On 9 March 2009 her grave was transferred to the Cemetery of the Kings, the prestigious Geneva cemetery where Ernest Ansermet, John Calvin, Jorge Luis Borges, Alberto Ginastera, Frank Martin, Jean Piaget and Alice Rivaz are buried.

Activism related to prostitution
In her first book, Le noir est une couleur (Black is a color – Balland, 1974, ISBN 2-7158-0005-3), she told her story in a blunt and honest way, with a dark lyrical tone she got from her own experience.

During the seventies, Réal became an activist for sex workers, in particular, in 1973, with the occupation of the Church of Saint-Bernard de la Chapelle, in Paris. Réal rejected the argument of the alienation by the pimps, and stated that prostitution could be a choice, a free-will decision. The revolutionary whore was born. She helped in the creation of a support association (Aspasie) for prostitutes. In her tiny home in Geneva, she created an international documentation center about prostitution. In 1992, she published La Passe imaginaire (L'Aire/Manya, ISBN 2-87896-037-8), a compilation of letters sent to her friend Jean-Luc Hennig.

In parallel to her political fight, Réal developed a positive vision of what she called in January 2005, "an Art, a Humanism and a Science".

Belle de Nuit
On 15 February 2017 a biopic film about Réal was released. The film was directed by Marie-Eve de Grave and includes footage of de Grave's interview with Réal shortly before her death.

Publications

 * Le noir est une couleur, Paris, Éditions Balland, 1974 ; Lausanne, Éditions d'en bas, 1989; Paris, Éditions Verticales, 2005.
 * La Passe imaginaire, Vevey, Éditions de l'Aire/Manya, 1992 ; Paris, Verticales, 2006.
 * À feu et à sang, recueil de poèmes écrits entre mai 2002 et août 2003, Genève, Éditions Le Chariot 2003
 * Carnet de bal d'une courtisane, Paris, Verticales, 2005.
 * Les Sphinx, Paris, Verticales, 2006.
 * Le carnet de Griselidis, paroles de Grisélidis Réal et Pierre Philippe, musique de Thierry Matioszek et Alain Bashung, chanson interprétée par Jean *Guidoni sur l'album « Putains », 1985.
 * Suis-je encore vivante? Journal de prison, Paris, Verticales, 2008.
 * Mémoires de l'inachevé (1954-1993), textes réunis et présentés par Yves Pagès, Paris, Verticales, 2011.

title: Grisélidis Réal


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Heather Stilwell

Heather Stilwell (January 26, 1944 – December 4, 2010) was a Canadian political activist and former school trustee in Surrey, British Columbia. A staunch Roman Catholic, she was well known for her opinions opposing homosexuality, abortion, and sex education.

She and her husband Bill were involved in the creation of the Christian Heritage Party in 1984 after a dozen or so people discussed the concept of such a party, which was registered with Elections Canada in June 1986.

From April 1993 to March 1994 she was the interim leader of the party and ran in the 1993 federal election in the riding of Surrey—White Rock—South Langley. One of the most contentious policies of the Christian Heritage Party Policy is Section 6.4.3. which states: "Concerning the welfare of this Nation's citizens, we favour recriminalizing in the Criminal Code of Canada the murder of pre-born children, sexual deviancy, and pornography." She entered the leadership race for the CHP at the 1994 convention, but withdrew and instead ran for the party presidency.

Heather Stilwell was also executive vice-president and leader of the socially conservative Family Coalition Party of British Columbia which later merged into the British Columbia Unity Party. Stilwell ran unsuccessfully in the 2001 provincial election, as a candidate in the riding of Surrey-Panorama Ridge.

She was a national board member and Western Regional Coordinator for the anti-abortion group Campaign Life Coalition, which strongly opposed what she referred to as "special rights for homosexuals".

She was President of the Alliance for Life, a national anti-abortion group based in Winnipeg, Manitoba and one-time President of the Surrey-Delta Pro-Life Association, the Pro-life Society of British Columbia, the Surrey-Delta Alliance For Life and the federal (Canadian) Alliance for Life. She was a member of the socially conservative lobby group REAL Women of Canada.

As co-founder of the publicly funded Surrey Traditional School in 1994, Stilwell played a key role in objecting to library books that offended her Christian beliefs. These books were temporarily banned as they dealt with topics such as Halloween, the Wicca religion and native-Indian spirituality. After pressure from the public, the school board allowed these books back into the library.

Stilwell became a member and eventual chair of the Surrey School Board. She voted to ban sex education and condom machines in Surrey schools. In 1997 she also voted, along with the majority of the school board, that three books dealing with families where both parents were of the same sex not be included as optional learning resources. These books were requested by a kindergarten teacher to teach his pupils about diversity and tolerance.

A legal battle to overturn the decision to ban the three books went all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada, where the school board's decision was overturned in 2002.

The judgement in the case cited the need for families headed by same-sex couples to be respected. Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin dismissed the board's concerns that children would be confused or misled by classroom information about same-sex parents. She said that the children of same-sex parents are rubbing shoulders with children from more traditional families and wrote: "Tolerance is always age-appropriate, children cannot learn unless they are exposed to views that differ from those they are taught at home." The legal fees ended up costing Surrey taxpayers over $1,200,000. Stilwell ran as an independent candidate for the School Board in the Surrey municipal election held Nov 19, 2005, and won re-election.

In May 2007 Stilwell proposed a motion to ensure that if the film An Inconvenient Truth, about global warming, were used as a resource in the Surrey School District, other resources which give an opposing view would also be used. This motion was unanimously passed by other members of the Board of Education. An article on the CBC website has quoted her on An Inconvenient Truth: "I think there is climate change, there's no question about that. Whether what Al Gore says about it is the truth, I have questions."

Death
In 2008, she resigned from the school board when she was diagnosed with breast cancer. She died from the cancer on December 4, 2010, aged 66.

title: Heather Stilwell


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Kipahulu, Hawaii

Kīpahulu is an unincorporated community in the Hāna district of southeastern Maui, Hawaii.

Geography
Kīpahulu is located south of Hana and east of Kaupo. The only land access to the area is from the north by Hana Highway driving about 45 minutes past Hana or from the west by Highway 31 (Piilani Highway). Piilani Highway is the only major road in Kīpahulu and all populated areas are located along it.

Services
Kīpahulu has no electric or water utilities. The only public utility is telecommunications. Water is obtained from streams flowing down Haleakalā. These services are provided by private water systems.

History
The first written description of Kīpahulu was made by Jean-François de Galaup in 1786 while sailing along the southeast coast of Maui in search of an anchorage: "I coasted along its shore at a distance of a league (three miles) …. We beheld water falling in cascades …. The inhabitants, which are so numerous that a space of 3–4 leagues may be taken for a single village. The huts are on the coast so that the habitable part of the island is less than one half of a league. After passing Kaupō no more waterfalls are seen, and villages are fewer."

Kīpahulu lowlands were once heavily populated. The area hosted hundreds of farm sites and agricultural terraces. It was formerly the center of one of the old land districts (moku). In coastal area surveys, over 700 archeological features were documented in the 2008 acre surveyed. The features consist of stone mounds, walls and earthen terraces.

Coastal villages consisted of housing clusters for extended families (Hawaiian: ohana) and included living quarters, cook houses, and sheds used for work, storage, and canoes. More dwellings, used occasionally, were located farther upland throughout the cultivated area. All structures were single story, one room wood-frame buildings with thatched walls and roofs. Small stone shrines were associated with village sites.

With the advent of the whaling industry on the island in the 1880s Kīpahulu's population started to decline as people moved to main whaling ports such as Lahaina.

In the early 1900s, one of the regular ports of call for the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company was Kīpahulu. Steamships provided passenger service around Maui and between the islands. Kīpahulu Landing allowed growers and ranchers to ship their goods to markets. Today Kīpahulu Landing is private, and protected by The Nature Conservancy.

The highway was closed from 2006 to 2008 due to earthquake damage.

The grave of aviator Charles Lindbergh is on the grounds of Palapala Hoomau Church.

Haleakalā National Park
Haleakalā National Park was established as a separate unit of the National Park System in 1960 (it was previously joined with Hawaii National Park on Hawaii Island). At the time, the park only consisted of the crater area of Haleakalā. On March 26, 1951, Kīpahulu Valley was added to the park as Kīpahulu Biological Reserve to protect endangered ecosystems. On January 10, 1969, HNP boundaries were expanded to include the Kīpahulu coastal area of Oheo.

Access in the Kīpahulu Biological Reserve is mostly limited to researchers and managers.

The Oheo region of the park is open for recreation. Attractions include the Oheo Pools, often called the "Seven Sacred Pools". Swimming is not allowed in the park. A car-accessible campground requires reservations. Pipiwai hiking trail leads to 400 ft Waimoku Falls.

The Kīpahulu Ohana, a non-profit community organization established in 1995 through a co-operative agreement with the park works to revive, restore, and share the practices of traditional Native Hawaiian culture, also conducts cultural tours.

Kīpahulu Forest Reserve
The Kīpahulu Forest Reserve was established by Governor's Proclamation on August 20, 1914, to protect watersheds and streams that supplied local loʻi kalo (taro farms) and Kīpahulu Sugar Plantation. It is managed by the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildife.

The reserve spans 2,389.3 acre on the leeward slopes of Haleakalā. The reserve was originally a contiguous area, but tracts were removed from it, creating four separate tracts in three ahupua‘a: Naholoku (2,176.6 acre), Kukuiʻula (91.5 acre and 27.1 acre), and Kīkoʻo (94.1 acre). Management is focused on Naholoku. The other three sections are small; two are difficult to access.

title: Kipahulu, Hawaii