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Berg River

The Berg River (also called Great Berg River or in Afrikaans: Bergrivier) is a river located just north of Cape Town in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It is approximately 294 km (183 mi) long with a catchment area of 7,715 km2 (2979 mi2) and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. About 65% of the Berg River area is under agriculture. The major towns in the Berg River area are Velddrif and Laaiplek near the coast, and Piketberg, Hopefield, Moorreesburg and Darling further inland.

Course
The Berg River can be subdivided into the following segments:
 * Upper Berg River and tributaries
 * It rises south of Franschhoek in the Drakenstein and Franschhoek Mountains, and flows northwestwards, being joined by the Franschhoek River and Wemmershoek River both from the right (NE). This section of the river contributes about a third of the flow of the Berg.

 * Upper Middle Berg River and tributaries
 * This section begins near the settlement of Pniel, where the river turns northward just south of the N1, is joined by the Dwars River from the left (West), flows past the town of Paarl, and is joined by the Hugos River from the right (East). After the Paarl Mountains (Paardeberg) on the left, it continues north entering a broader valley with increased agricultural use, flows past the town of Wellington, and is joined by the Krom River from the right. The Hugos and Krom are normally perennial streams and drain down from the Limietberg mountains to the east.  Downstream from Wellington, the Sand River and Doring River enter from the left and the last tributary in this section is the Kompagnes (Kompanjes) from the right.  The Sand, Doring and Kompagnes are intermittent streams, with flow ceasing in the summer. The Sand and Doring drain down from the Kasteelberg (Kasteel Mountains) and Riebfor Forest Reserve to the west.

 * Lower Middle Berg River and tributaries
 * The Klein Berg River which drains the Tulbagh basin, and the Vier-en-Twintig River which drains much of the Groot Winterhoek range, both enter the Berg River from the east near the town of Saron, although much of their water is now abstracted to fill Voëlvlei Dam.

 * Lower Berg River and tributaries
 * It flows into the Atlantic Oceans near Velddrif on the south side of St Helena Bay.

History
The first known European record of the Berg River was made by bailiff Abraham Gabbema in 1657 when Dutch Governor Jan van Riebeeck sent him to trade with the Khoikhoi for meat for the settlement at the Cape. Gabbema named the river the ‘Groot Berg Rivier’. In years to follow many of van Riebeeck's men relied on the river waters and followed its winding course as they ventured northwards. Despite Gabbema's visit, the Berg Catchment was not developed until Governor Simon van der Stel’s time (1679–1699), prior to which settlement was limited to the Peninsula. Governor van der Stel visited the area with the first free burghers, and prompted by the Berg River’s fertility and beauty, he established the first European settlements at Paarl and in the Drakenstein valley in 1687. Wellington, Franschhoek and Tulbagh were established shortly after this as the farmlands expanded.

Ecology
The 2004 government report on the river said: “Historically, the Berg River was one of many habitats in the Cape inhabited by hippos but, in the late 1600s, hunters began overexploiting the hippos for their meat and hides, resulting in a decline in their numbers. By the mid-1700s, they had declined to such an extent that governor Tulbagh introduced a fine of 1000 guilders for anyone caught killing a hippo. Despite this protection, their numbers continued to dwindle as human settlement altered and destroyed their habitat. By the early 1800s, perhaps only a dozen remained, sheltering in the region of Kersefontein and the estuary. In 1829, only six hippos remained. The last known hippo was shot in 1869 by Martin Melck when it attacked and killed one of his employees." See Skead for more details.

The Berg River's native fishes contain some species which are endemic to the region such as the Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus) and Berg River redfin (Pseudobarbus burgi). They have been adversely affected by unsustainable human use of the water, but mainly by expanding stocks of exotic fishes, which were originally introduced to establish a European-type fishery. Most problematic among these is the predatory Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). The Cape whitefish (Pseudobarbus capensis) – listed Endangered in the IUCN Red List – seems to have disappeared from the Berg River proper in recent times; this large species it survives elsewhere and may be suitable for fishery or aquaculture. The Berg River redfin (Pseudobarbus burgi) has one of its last major populations in the Berg River; its decline there seems to have stopped or at least slowed, but it too is already listed as Endangered by the IUCN. Trout are also a problem in the upper Berg river.

Berg Estuary Ramsar Site
In 2022, the 1162.8 ha Berg Estuary Ramsar Site was designated around the Berg River. Around 127 species of waterbird have recorded in the surrounding wetland habitat, including the threatened Cape cormorant. Threatened fish found within its waters include white steenbras and white stumpnose.

title: Berg River


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Divine Mercy image

The image of the Divine Mercy is a depiction of Jesus Christ that is based on the Divine Mercy devotion initiated by Faustina Kowalska.

According to Kowalska's diary, Jesus told her "I promise that the soul that will venerate this image will not perish. I also promise victory over enemies already here on earth, especially at the hour of death. I myself will defend it as My own glory." (Diary 48)

Jesus is shown, in most versions, as raising his right hand in blessing and pointing with his left hand on the Sacred Heart from which flow forth two rays: one red and one pale. The depiction contains the message "Jesus I trust in you" (Polish: Jezu ufam Tobie). The rays that stream out have symbolic meanings: red for the blood of Jesus, and pale for the water (which justifies souls). The whole image is a symbol of charity, forgiveness and love of God, referred to as the "Fountain of Mercy". According to Kowalska's diary, the image is based on her 1931 vision of Jesus.

Kowalska directed the painting of the first image in Vilnius by the artist Eugeniusz Kazimirowski. Since then, numerous versions of the image have been painted by other artists, including a popular rendition by Adolf Hyła in Kraków. They are widely venerated worldwide and are used in the celebration of Divine Mercy Sunday, observed in Roman Catholic as well as some Anglican churches.

Background

Kowalska was a Polish nun who joined the convent of Our Lady of Mercy, in Warsaw, in 1925. In her diary, which was later published as the book Diary: Divine Mercy in My Soul, Kowalska wrote about a number of visions of Jesus and conversations with him. Her confessor was Michael Sopocko, a priest and a professor of theology.

In 1930, Kowalska was assigned to the convent in Płock, Poland. Kowalska stated that in her cell on the night of Sunday, 22 February 1931, Jesus appeared to her as the "King of Divine Mercy" and was robed in a white garment.

Kowalska wrote that Jesus' right hand was raised in a sign of blessing, the other was touching the garment near his breast, and that from beneath the garment slightly down, aside his breast, emanated two large rays, one red, the other white.

In her diary (Notebook 1, items 47 and 48), she wrote that Jesus told her:

Paint an image according to the pattern you see, with the signature: "Jesus, I trust in You". I desire that this image be venerated, first in your chapel, and then throughout the world. I promise that the soul that will venerate this image will not perish.

Another nun, Sister Christine, later stated that rays of light from the window were visible that night and attracted the attention of people standing on the other side of the street, implying that it was a "physical" appearance, rather than an interior vision.

Not knowing how to paint, Kowalska approached some other nuns at her convent for help but received no assistance. She attempted to sketch the image with charcoal on canvas but had little success. In her diary (Notebook 1, item 53), she wrote that Jesus told her that she would receive "visible help" with the task. In November 1932, Kowalska left Płock and returned to Warsaw, and in May 1933, she was sent to the convent in Vilnius to work as the gardener.

In Vilnius, Kowalska met the priest Michał Sopoćko, the newly-appointed confessor to the nuns. Sopocko supported Kowalska's efforts and arranged for the first painting of the image by the artist Eugeniusz Kazimirowski,  which was the only rendition that Kowalska saw. After Kowalska's death, a number of other artists painted their own versions of the image, with the depiction by Adolf Hyła being among the most reproduced ones.

Devotional significance
"Not in the beauty of the colour, nor of the brush lies the greatness of this image, but in My grace. — Words attributed to Jesus by Kowalska in her diary."

After the canonisation of Kowalska in April 2000, devotion to the Divine Mercy and the image has increased. The devotional following of the image and Kowalska's message has been stronger among Catholics at large than among theologians. The author Benedict Groeschel considered a modest estimate of the following in 2010 to be over 100 million Catholics.

Kowalska's diary relates the rays of light within the image to life and salvation, stating (Notebook 1, item 299) that she was told by Jesus:

"The two rays denote Blood and Water. The pale ray stands for the Water which makes souls righteous. The red ray stands for the Blood which is the life of souls.... These two rays issued forth from the very depths of My tender mercy when My agonized Heart was opened by a lance on the Cross."

Kowalska also wrote that Jesus stressed the importance of the image as part of the Divine Mercy devotion, and in Notebook 1, item 327, she attributed these words to Jesus:

"I am offering people a vessel with which they are to keep coming for graces to the fountain of mercy. That vessel is this image with the signature; 'Jesus, I trust in You."

Catholic devotions thus stress the importance of the image as a "conduit for grace" as part of the Divine Mercy message.

Kowalska's diary also relates the image to Divine Mercy Sunday. Kowalska wrote (Notebook 1, item 49) that Jesus told her that he wanted the Divine Mercy image to be "solemnly blessed" on the first Sunday after Easter; and that Sunday was to be the Feast of Mercy.

Pope John Paul II instituted Divine Mercy Sunday (Dominica II Paschae seu de divina misericordia) and placed it on the General Roman Calendar. The Divine Mercy image is often carried in processions on Divine Mercy Sunday and is placed in a location in the church so that it can be venerated by those who attended Mass.

The veneration of the Divine Mercy image also takes place in conjunction with the Divine Mercy Chaplet and Novena. The Vatican biography of Kowalska states that the veneration of the Divine Mercy image is part of the second component of her message, "entreating God's mercy for the whole world". Praying before the Divine Mercy image (with the signature "Jesus I trust in you") is not only encouraged in Catholic devotions but also mentioned as a partial condition for some of the indulgences associated with Divine Mercy Sunday.

First painting

The first painting was made by Eugeniusz Kazimirowski, under the supervision of Kowalska and her confessor, Sopoćko, in Vilnius. Sopocko was a professor of theology at the University of Vilnius and introduced Kowalska to Kazimirowski, who was a professor of art there and had painted other religious images. Kowalska gave Kazimirowski specific instructions about the appearance and the posture of the image, which she said she had received from Jesus Christ in a vision. Sopocko himself posed as Jesus for the image as wearing an alb, and both he and Kowalska regularly visited the painter's workshop. The final painting satisfied neither Sopocko nor Kowalska, who later wrote that Jesus told her it was not that important for the picture to be beautiful since true beauty would be the blessing that he would bestow upon people by means of the painting.

After its completion in 1934, the Kazimirowski painting first hung in the Bernardine Sisters' convent near the church of St. Michael, where Sopoćko was a rector. In her diary, Kowalska wrote that Jesus told her to inform her confessor that the proper place for the painting was in a church, not in the hallway of a convent. The first public exposition of the Kazimirowski painting was on 26–28 April 1935, at the Church of the Gate of Dawn in Vilnius. In 1937, on the Sunday after Easter, later instituted as Divine Mercy Sunday by Pope John Paul II, the painting was put on display beside the main altar in St. Michael's Church in Vilnius. The image, including small reproductions of it on various devotional materials, was used by Sopoćko in promoting devotion to the Divine Mercy.

In 1948, the Soviet authorities, who then occupied Lithuania, closed St. Michael's Church. The painting remained in the disused church building until 1951, when two pious women from Vilnius, Bronė Miniotaitė and Janina Rodzevič, bought the canvas from a guard and concealed it in an attic for several years. Later, they gave it to the parish priest at the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit for safekeeping, but he chose not to display it in the church. Sopocko, who had relocated to Poland but was unable to take the painting with him, expressed concern about it to his friend Józef Grasewicz, who obtained the painting and moved it to his own parish church in Nova Ruda, Belarus. There, it was displayed and venerated by the local parishioners. In 1970, the Soviets closed that church and used it as a storage warehouse but left the painting hanging in the disused church, where parishioners continued to venerate it in secret. In 1986, Grasewicz arranged for the painting to be replaced by a copy and the original to be secretly transported back to the Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius, where it underwent a restoration that significantly changed its appearance, and it was then displayed and venerated in the church. In 2003, the painting, which had deteriorated because of exposure, attempts at cleaning, and the previous restoration, was professionally restored to its original look. In 2005, it was moved to its current location, above the main altar in the Sanctuary of Divine Mercy in Vilnius.

In 2016, a documentary film, The Original Image of Divine Mercy, was released and told the story of the original Divine Mercy painting and its survival over the decades. Made with the co-operation of the Archdiocese of Vilnius, the film included interviews with Jim Gaffigan, Bishop Robert Barron, Harry Connick Jr., and Archbishop Gintaras Grusas, who also served as executive producer.

Hyła painting
Another painting of the Divine Mercy was made by Adolf Hyła as a votive offering. In painting the picture, Hyła expressed his gratitude for the survival of his family during World War II.

Hyła was given the descriptions from Kowalska's diary by the nuns at the convent and a small copy of the first painting. Hyła's image is somewhat different from Kazimirowski's, as the former figured Jesus as a "Divine Physician" who walks the earth and heals people. He has Jesus approaching the viewer, instead of merely standing. Christ's right hand is lifted up high in benediction, and He is looking into the eyes of the viewer. The original version of the painting had a country landscape in the background, which was removed in a later replica, as it was deemed "non-liturgical".

The Hyła rendition is also called the "Kraków Divine Mercy Image" because it is kept in the sanctuary at Kraków-Łagiewniki at the Divine Mercy Sanctuary, Kraków. Many artistic renditions of this image were created such as The Divine Mercy Parish in Mandaluyong, Philippines which was constructed in 1992 due to vast devotion of itself since 1985.

Other versions
Before Hyła offered his votive painting, the sisters had commissioned Stanisław Batowski to paint a third version. It was lost in a fire, and Batowski painted a fourth painting, which arrived at the convent at almost the same time as Hyła's. Cardinal Sapieha, who happened to be in the convent then, selected the Hyła painting because it was a votive image. A number of other artists have painted the image, but Hyła's rendition remains the most reproduced one.

Another popular image was created in 1982 by American artist Robert Skemp, an illustrator of pop fiction paintings and posters during the baby boomer era.

The Divine Mercy Shrine, Misamis Oriental, in El Salvador, Philippines, was built in 2008, and has a 15.24 m (50 ft) statue of the Divine Mercy towering above the shrine.

Banning
In 1959, the Vatican banned the image and its devotion for a number of factors. Some Polish bishops questioned Kowalska's claims and were uncomfortable with the image's similarity to the red-and-white Polish flag. Polish priests were reported to be interpreting the rays as a symbol of the flag. The ban on the image and devotion to it was lifted only on April 15, 1978, after lobbying of Pope Paul VI by Karol Wojtyla, who was a great advocate for Kowalska and who would become Pope John Paul II six months later.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Divine Mercy image


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Millennium Run

The Millennium Run, or Millennium Simulation (referring to its size ) is a computer N-body simulation used to investigate how the distribution of matter in the Universe has evolved over time, in particular, how the observed population of galaxies was formed. It is used by scientists working in physical cosmology to compare observations with theoretical predictions.

Overview
A basic scientific method for testing theories in cosmology is to evaluate their consequences for the observable parts of the universe. One piece of observational evidence is the distribution of matter, including galaxies and intergalactic gas, which are observed today. Light emitted from more distant matter must travel longer in order to reach Earth, meaning looking at distant objects is like looking further back in time. This means the evolution in time of the matter distribution in the universe can also be observed directly.

The Millennium Simulation was run in 2005 by the Virgo Consortium, an international group of astrophysicists from Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and the United States. It starts at the epoch when the Cosmic microwave background was emitted, about 379,000 years after the universe began. The cosmic background radiation has been studied by satellite experiments, and the observed inhomogeneities in the cosmic background serve as the starting point for following the evolution of the corresponding matter distribution. Using the physical laws expected to hold in the currently known cosmologies and simplified representations of the astrophysical processes observed to affect real galaxies, the initial distribution of matter is allowed to evolve, and the simulation's predictions for formation of galaxies and black holes are recorded.

Since the completion of the Millennium Run simulation in 2005, a series of ever more sophisticated and higher fidelity simulations of the formation of the galaxy population have been built within its stored output and have been made publicly available over the internet. In addition to improving the treatment of the astrophysics of galaxy formation, recent versions have adjusted the parameters of the underlying cosmological model to reflect changing ideas about their precise values. To date (mid-2018) more than 950 published papers have made use of data from the Millennium Run, making it, at least by this measure, the highest impact astrophysical simulation of all time.

Size of the simulation
For the first scientific results, published on June 2, 2005, the Millennium Simulation traced 2160$3$, or just over 10 billion, "particles." These are not particles in the particle physics sense – each "particle" represents approximately a billion solar masses of dark matter. The region of space simulated was a cube with about 2 billion light years as its length. This volume was populated by about 20 million "galaxies". A super computer located in Garching, Germany executed the simulation, which used a version of the GADGET code, for more than a month. The output of the simulation needed about 25 terabytes of storage.

First results
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey had challenged the current understanding of cosmology by finding black hole candidates in very bright quasars at large distances. This meant that they were created much earlier than initially expected. In successfully managing to produce quasars at early times, the Millennium Simulation demonstrated that these objects do not contradict our models of the evolution of the universe.

Millennium II
In 2009, the same group ran the 'Millennium II' simulation (MS-II) on a smaller cube (about 400 million light years on a side), with the same number of particles but with each particle representing 6.9 million solar masses. This is a rather harder numerical task since splitting the computational domain between processors becomes harder when dense clumps of matter are present. MS-II used 1.4 million CPU hours over 2048 cores (i.e. about a month) on the Power-6 computer at Garching; a simulation was also run with the same initial conditions and fewer particles to check that features in the higher-resolution run were also seen at lower resolution.

Millennium XXL
In 2010, the 'Millennium XXL' simulation (MXXL) was performed, this time using a much larger cube (over 13 billion light years on a side), and 6720$3$ particles each representing 7 billion times the mass of the Sun. The MXXL spans a cosmological volume 216 and 27,000 times the size of the Millennium and the MS-II simulation boxes, respectively. The simulation was run on JUROPA, one of the top 15 supercomputers in the world in 2010. It used more than 12,000 cores for an equivalent of 300 years CPU time, 30 terabytes of RAM and generated more than 100 terabytes of data. Cosmologists use the MXXL simulation to study the distribution of galaxies and dark matter halos on very large scales and how the rarest and most massive structures in the universe came about.

Millennium Run Observatory
In 2012, the Millennium Run Observatory (MRObs) project was launched. The MRObs is a theoretical virtual observatory that integrates detailed predictions for the dark matter (from the Millennium simulations) and for the galaxies (from semi-analytical models) with a virtual telescope to synthesize artificial observations. Astrophysicists use these virtual observations to study how the predictions from the Millennium simulations compare to the real universe, to plan future observational surveys, and to calibrate the techniques used by astronomers to analyze real observations. A first set of virtual observations produced by the MRObs have been released to the astronomical community for analysis through the MRObs Web portal. The virtual universe can also be accessed through a new online tool, the MRObs browser, which allows users to interact with the Millennium Run Relational Database where the properties of millions of dark matter halos and their galaxies from the Millennium project are being stored. Upgrades to the MRObs framework, and its extension to other types of simulations, are currently being planned.

title: Millennium Run


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Samaipata, Bolivia

Samaipata or Samaypata (Quechua samay to rest, pata elevated place / above, at the top / edge, bank (of a river), shore) is a small town in the Florida Province of the Santa Cruz Department in Bolivia. It has a subtropical climate and an altitude of 1600–1800 m. It lies about 120 kilometers to the southwest of the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the foothills of the Andes on the way to Sucre. It is a popular resort for the inhabitants of Santa Cruz due to its cool climate. As such, there is a regular bus and taxi service to Santa Cruz. The town is small with numerous colonial buildings and narrow cobbled streets. It is located close to several tourist attractions such as El Fuerte de Samaipata, the Amboro National Park, El Codo de los Andes, Cuevas waterfalls, vineyards, rapids and lagoons, as well as well-preserved colonial towns such as Vallegrande, Pampagrande, Postrervalle, Santiago del Valle, Pucará, and others. It is also the first stop in the several tourist trails to Sucre, Potosi, and the Che Guevara route.

Geography
Samaipata is a unesco world heritage site. It is located in the province of Florida in the Santa Cruz department of Bolivia. It is located in a region of foothills going across the middle of the country, dividing the desert landscape of the west from the jungle landscape of the east. The nearest city is Santa Cruz de La Sierra, the largest city in Bolivia.

History
The valley was originally populated by people of the Chane culture dedicated to agriculture, hunting and gathering. The Chanes are famous for their densely populated villages, their ceramics and graphic designs, and most importantly the construction of the temple at El Fuerte de Samaipata. They cultivated mainly corn and peanuts and were rather peaceful. There are several Chane burial sites all through the valleys and pampas of Santa Cruz between the Siberia mountain ridge and the Guapay River.

The region was later conquered by the Incas as they expanded to the southeast from their native Peru. The Incas reached a pact with the Chanes and built a city at El Fuerte de Samaipata.

In the 16th century, Guarani warrior tribes, called Chiriguanos by the Incas and Spanish, invaded the valley from the south and defeated both the Incas and Chanes. The Guaranis continued raiding the valley and the region until the 19th century.

In 1618, Pedro de Escalante y Mendoza founded Samaipata, as a point of contact between Santa Cruz and Vallegrande. The town moved from its original location in a place known as Castilla to its current location a few kilometers west.

People
Samaipata is quite cosmopolitan and diverse. Samaipateños from old families are descendants of Spanish colonists from Vallegrande and Santa Cruz (many of whom were of Sephardic origin) and the local Guarani natives that had invaded the valley prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. Beginning in the 1880s, some Arab families settled in Samaipata, they were followed by a few Croatians and Italians, all of which mixed and assimilated into the local population.

After the road that passes by the town was paved in the 1960s, many migrants from all over Bolivia (mainly from nearby Santa Cruz, but also Cochabamba and Sucre) settled in this little town. Since the 1970s, several Germans, Dutch, French, Argentines and a few Japanese also moved to Samaipata and made it their home.

Economy
The local economy is mainly dedicated to tourism, agriculture (including its many vineyards) and crafts. Local farmers produce organic vegetables such as tomatoes, artichokes, lettuces and green beans. The region is also famous for its production of fruits such as peaches, grapes, plums, chirimoyas, guapurus, strawberries and figs. There is also a significant production of wines, singani, honey, marmalades, cold cuts, herbal infusions, lavender, art pieces and artisan crafts.

Climate
Samaipata's climate is classified as a subtropical highland climate, abbreviated "Cfb" by the Köppen climate classification system and "Cfbl" by the Trewartha climate classification system. The climate is temperate, semi-dry in the winter months, and mild with an average annual temperature of 19.9 °C. During the winter months cold fronts called Surazos come from the Argentine Pampas and enter the plains and valleys of Santa Cruz, these cold winds combined with the altitude can reach temperatures below freezing. In the summer, the days are warm and the nights cool. Frost occurs on nine days in an average year, mostly in the winter months.

Viniculture
Samaipata has a wine culture dating back to the first Spanish settlements in the Valleys of Santa Cruz. Although it had a dwindling production during the Republican Era, in recent years it has established itself as one of the most prominent wine regions in Bolivia. It is now the second wine region in terms of planted area and attracts an increasing number of ecotourists, particularly from Santa Cruz, Bolivia's largest city.

There are three established wineries in the region: Uvairenda (where the 1750 Wines are produced), Bodegas Landsua, and El Último Vargas. Located at 1.750 m.a.s.l., Samaipata has arisen as its main representative for its high-quality wines and its success in the Bolivian market.

Known for its views and pleasant weather, Samaipata proves to be a good place for viniculture. Seasonal and day/night temperature variation together with protection from the cold winds from the South, provided by the hills that surrounds the numerous valleys, Samaipata and the rest of the Valleys of Santa Cruz have become areas of increased interest for its vinicultural potential.

The main varieties produced are Tannat, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Barbera, Malbec, Torrontés grapes becoming the emblematic grapes of the region. Other varieties cultivated, although in a lesser quantity, are Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling.

Many of the vineyards of Samaipata are within walking distance from the town center. Most vineyards provide guided tours which include a wine tasting at the end of the tour.

El Fuerte de Samaipata
Nearby is the pre-Inca ruin of El Fuerte de Samaipata. It is not actually a fort, but a temple. This is Bolivia's largest pre-Inca site. Declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1998, this archaeological complex presents pre-Inca (Chane), Inca, and colonial Spanish ruins. The temple was originally built by the Arawak people most likely belonging to the Chane culture that inhabited the surrounding valleys and the pampas to the East. The temple was carved on an enormous rock. The Incas also built a city adjacent to the temple and established trade and alliances with the Chanes to protect the territories from the constant invasions of warrior Guarani tribes that raided the region from time to time.

It is believed that both Chanes and Incas were eventually defeated by the Guarani warriors, and by the time the Spaniards colonized the region, it was already dominated by Guarani tribes, and El Fuerte was already destroyed. The Spanish colonizers also built a town next to the temple, but it was later abandoned when the inhabitants moved to the base of the valley. There are several interesting features including a sloping ramp, pronounced by flying saucer enthusiast Erich von Däniken in his book "Chariots of the Gods" to be a launch platform for spaceships. Some of the site is now cordoned off due to damage caused by visitors walking on the rock carvings.

Las Cuevas
Also, of interest nearby, Las Cuevas, a pleasant walk by streams and waterfalls. There are several pools and beaches. A small fee is charged for entrance. Camping is not allowed.

title: Samaipata, Bolivia


text:
Talk:Margam Castle

Untitled
I will need help here, I am struggling to find more information and my information is rather limited. When was the castle built and which member of the Talbot Family payed to have it built? Draig goch20 19:46, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * This text might make a brief paragraph at Port Talbot, New South Wales— if the town itself had an entry. This would become a redirect. No information lost. --Wetman 21:26, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

More information

 * Description of the Castle grounds:
 * , ...Monday, 22/ 11/15. — We had an invitation to Miss Talbot's Castle at Margam her present place of living...

title: Talk:Margam Castle


text:
User:Firas@user

&

I'm working on putting interlanguage links here

title: User:Firas@user


text: Category:Provinces of South Korea

title: Category:Provinces of South Korea


text:
User talk:Hawaiian717

Mokulele Flight Service, Inc. dba Mokulele Airlines update
My name is Ron Hansen and I am the Chairman/CEO Transpac Aviation, Inc.(a Nevada corporation) which is the sole shareholder of Mokulele Flight Service, Inc. dba Mokulele Airlines. I am also the President/CEO of Mokulele Airlines which should permit me to update the information regarding my company on Wikipedia since the information currently displayed is incorrect. You have persistently denied our attempts to update this information and continue to display old, inaccurate information on Mokulele Airlines. What do you require from me to allow the update? You may reach me at ron.hansen@mokuleleairlines.com Thank you for your cooperation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aztravelwriter (talk • contribs) 20:28, 11 February 2013

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Proposed deletion of Discovery Airways

The article Discovery Airways has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The article only has one source and this airline is not well known. Additionally, it was founded in 1989 and ceased operations in 1990."

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. House1090 (talk) 01:46, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hawaiian717


text:
Isley-Jasper-Isley

Isley-Jasper-Isley was a splinter group of the Isley Brothers formed in 1984 by brother-in-law Chris Jasper (keyboards), Ernie Isley (lead guitar), and Marvin Isley (bass), due to creative differences that arose among the group.

History
Ernie Isley, Chris Jasper and Marvin Isley had performed on Isley Brothers recordings since 1969 and as members since the 3 + 3 album in 1973. They left the group in 1984, and released their first album Broadway's Closer to Sunset Blvd later that year.

Isley-Jasper-Isley released two further albums on their CBS Associated Records label, including Caravan of Love. The title hit was a No. 1 on the Billboard R&B charts. "Caravan of Love" was subsequently covered by English band the Housemartins, who made the song an international No. 1 pop hit in 1986. "Caravan of Love" was followed by three other top 20 R&B singles, "Insatiable Woman", "8th Wonder of the World", and "Givin' You Back the Love". The latter two tracks were featured on their final album Different Drummer.

In 1987, Isley-Jasper-Isley disbanded. Younger brothers Marvin and Ernie Isley returned to perform with older brother Ronald Isley. Jasper continued as a solo artist, multi-instrumentalist and producer, forming his own independent record label, Gold City Records. He has since released 14 solo albums, including four gospel albums. He released two albums on his CBS-Associated label, Gold City Records, including the No. 1 R&B hit "Superbad" in 1988.

The Isley-Jasper-Isley half of the group was inducted with the rest of the Isleys in 1992 to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in January 2014. Marvin Isley died from complications of diabetes in 2010.

Compilation albums

 * 2003: The Best of Isley-Jasper-Isley: Caravan of Love
 * 2010: Broadway's Closer to Sunset Boulevard/Caravan of Love/Different Drummer (double CD)

Music videos

 * 1984: "Kiss & Tell"
 * 1984: "Look the Other Way"
 * 1985: "Caravan of Love"
 * 1985: "Insatiable Woman"

title: Isley-Jasper-Isley


text:
Provinces of South Korea

Provinces are one of the first-level divisions within South Korea. There are 9 provinces in South Korea: North Chungcheong, South Chungcheong, Gangwon State, Gyeonggi, North Gyeongsang, South Gyeongsang, Jeonbuk State, South Jeolla, and Jeju Special Self-Governing Province.

History
Although the details of local administration have changed dramatically over time, the basic outline of the current three-tiered system was implemented under the reign of Gojong in 1895. A similar system also remains in use in North Korea.

Types
Provinces (도, 道) are the highest-ranked administrative divisions in South Korea, which follows the East Asian tradition name Circuit (administrative division). Along with the common provinces, there are four types of special administrative divisions with equal status: special self-governing province, special city, metropolitan city, and special self-governing city.

Special Self-governing Province or State (특별자치도, 特別自治道) is a type of provinces with more autonomy over its economy and more powers are given to the provincial government. Jeju, Gangwon, and Jeonbuk are the only special self-governing provinces in South Korea, while Seoul is the only special city and Sejong is the only special self-governing city.

Administration
Governors for the provinces and mayors for the special/metropolitan cities are elected every four years. Current governors and mayors are listed at List of governors of South Korea.

Claimed provinces
South Korea claims five provinces on the territory controlled by North Korea. These claimed provinces are managed by the Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces. These provinces are based on the divisions of the Korean Empire era and are different from the present North Korean provinces.

title: Provinces of South Korea


text:
Some Enchanted Evening (disambiguation)

Some Enchanted Evening is a popular song from the musical play South Pacific.

Some Enchanted Evening may also refer to:

Television

 * "Some Enchanted Evening" (The Simpsons), an episode of The Simpsons
 * "Some Enchanted Evening", an episode of Bless This House
 * "Some Enchanted Evening", an episode of Last of the Summer Wine
 * "Some Enchanted Evening", an episode of Man About the House

Music

 * Some Enchanted Evening (Blue Öyster Cult album) (1978)
 * Some Enchanted Evening (Art Garfunkel album) (2007)
 * Some Enchanted Evening, Bryn Terfel album (2007)

title: Some Enchanted Evening (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Almdudler

Untitled
I reverted 2 edits in which a troll added obviously made-up content to this article without any references. The German Wikipedia has a much better article on Almdudler (or read in broken English via Google Translate), although I am not fluent in German so translating it into English correctly would best be done by someone fluent in both languages. I have been to Austria and drunken Almdudler myself and it is a sweet carbonated soda with a light tan color and a nice taste, and is caffeine free. --69.205.231.117 (talk) 08:25, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

And what, if I may ask, is the meaning of auf der Alm dudeln?  19:49, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Just a guess, it could mean a kind of traditional singing stile.62.178.137.216 13:06, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

No i dont think so. iam not really sure because iam not austrian but i guess its something like: "chilling (having fun) on the meadow in the mountain".

"dudeln" is a synonym to "jodeln" (to yodel) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.65.241.153 (talk) 17:10, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

"dudeln" is a softer way of "jodeln". "Dudeln" is located in Vienna. It was nearly extinct some years ago, but is gaining popularity right now. The German article on Almdudler looks like a promotion text, which mentions too much awards and emphasizes its popularity.

Fair use candidate from Commons: File:Soft Drink.svg
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Fair use candidate from Commons: File:Soft Drink.svg
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title: Talk:Almdudler


text:
Channel Express

Channel Express (Air Services) Limited was an airline with its head office in Building 470 at Bournemouth Airport in Christchurch, Dorset, near Bournemouth. It operated scheduled services from Bournemouth to the Channel Islands and nightly cargo services to Europe and throughout the UK on behalf of Royal Mail and other overnight express carriers. Short notice and ad hoc charters were also operated throughout Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, as well as wet-lease operations on behalf of major scheduled airlines. Its main base was Bournemouth International Airport (BOH).

In January 2006 the name Channel Express was dropped, and the company rebranded entirely to become Jet2, the name given to the company's successful low-cost airline.

History
The airline was established in January 1978 and started operations in 1978. It started with daily services to the Channel Islands under the name of Express Air Services using Handley Page Dart Herald aircraft. After securing Post Office contracts in the early 1980s the airline adopted the Channel Express name in 1983. In 2002 Channel Express established its low-cost brand Jet2, whose name it took in January 2006.

Fleet
As of 2005 the Channel Express fleet was made up of:
 * 3 Fokker F27
 * 6 Airbus A300
 * 17 Boeing 737
 * 2 Boeing 757
 * 5 Lockheed L-188 Electra

Destinations

 * Belgium
 * Brussels - Brussels Airport
 * Czech Republic
 * Prague - Prague Ruzyně International Airport
 * Denmark
 * Copenhagen - Copenhagen Airport
 * Finland
 * Helsinki - Helsinki Airport
 * France
 * Nice - Nice Côte d'Azur Airport
 * Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport
 * Toulouse - Toulouse–Blagnac Airport
 * Germany
 * Cologne - Cologne/Bonn Airport
 * Guernsey
 * Guernsey - Guernsey Airport
 * Ireland
 * Dublin - Dublin Airport
 * Waterford - Waterford Airport
 * Italy
 * Milan - Milan Malpensa Airport
 * Naples - Naples International Airport
 * Rome - Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport
 * Jersey
 * Jersey - Jersey Airport
 * Kosovo
 * Pristina - Pristina International Airport Adem Jashari
 * Malta
 * Luqa - Malta International Airport
 * Netherlands
 * Amsterdam - Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 * Poland
 * Warsaw - Warsaw Chopin Airport
 * Portugal
 * Funchal - Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport
 * Lisbon - Lisbon Airport
 * Spain
 * Barcelona - Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport
 * Palma de Mallorca - Palma de Mallorca Airport
 * Murcia - Murcia–San Javier Airport
 * United Kingdom
 * Aberdeen - Aberdeen Airport
 * Bournemouth - Bournemouth Airport
 * Nottingham - East Midlands Airport
 * Edinburgh - Edinburgh Airport
 * London - Gatwick Airport
 * London - London Stansted Airport
 * Manchester - Manchester Airport

title: Channel Express


text: Category:Provinces of Sri Lanka

title: Category:Provinces of Sri Lanka


text:
Luna Amară

Luna Amară is a Romanian rock band from Cluj-Napoca. The band, which was founded in 1999 under the name Tanagra Noise, consists of Mihnea Blidariu (lead vocals, trumpet, rhythm guitar), Nick Făgădar (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Sorin Moraru (bass), Robert Moțoc (drums) and Andrei Boțan (lead guitar). The band's name translates to Bitter Moon, and is borrowed from the Roman Polanski movie of the same name, inspired by the eponymous novel written by Pascal Bruckner. As of 2018, Luna Amară have released six studio albums (Asfalt, Loc Lipsă, Don't Let Your Dreams Fall Asleep, Pietre În Alb, Aproape and Nord).

History
The band was formed by Nick Făgădar (vocals, guitar) and Gheorghe Farcaş (bass guitar) in Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania, in September 1999. The initial name of the band was Tanagra Noise. In 2000 they changed it to the current name, Luna Amară. As a live act, this Romanian five-piece outfit has a style that combines progressive metal with alternative rock. Luna Amara was the first Romanian band to introduce the trumpet sound into the alternative rock style.

The band members try promote and support a modern European society in Romania, and their lyrics often have a political message. Luna Amară is also involved in ecological projects such as "Save Vama Veche" (protecting the endangered seahorses), "Save Roşia Montană" (protecting the wildlife and natural surroundings of a mountain area from cyanide poisoning) and social awareness projects, such as the "Vote for Them" tour, organized to convince young adults to vote.

Luna Amară is currently one of Romania's most successful groups from the new wave of rock acts. They were the top selling artist in national chain of music stores (Hollywood Music & Film) from July until September 2004. Their singles Folclor, Gri Dorian, Roşu aprins and ''Ego nr. 4'' have reached number one in airplay charts at local radio stations around the country.

In January 2006 they released the album Loc Lipsă. The band performed a 40 dates tour all over Romania in clubs and open air locations as well as shows in the Netherlands, Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey. For the 2nd time consecutively, Luna Amară has been invited to play live at Sziget Festival in Budapest.

After two very well-sold albums, in 2009 Luna Amară has recorded a third one, "Don't Let Your Dreams Fall Asleep", where the acoustic side of the band is especially underlined. This album contains nine songs in English and three in Romanian. "Don't Let Your Dreams Fall Asleep" was praised in such cultural magazines as Dilema Veche and some of their singles, such as "Chihlimbar", remained number one on several charts for quite a long time, such as for 4 weeks in June and July 2009 in Cityfm's Romtop.

Current members

 * Mihnea Blidariu – lead vocals, trumpet, rhythm guitar
 * Nick Făgădar – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Sorin Moraru – bass
 * Robert Moțoc – drums
 * Andrei Boțan – lead guitar

Former members

 * Șerban-Onțanu Crăciun – lead guitar
 * Mihnea Andrei Ferezan – lead guitar
 * Vali Deac – lead guitar
 * Petru Gavrila – lead guitar
 * Gheorghe Farcaș – bass guitar
 * Răzvan Ristea – drums

Studio albums

 * Asfalt (2004)
 * Loc Lipsă (2006)
 * Don't Let Your Dreams Fall Asleep (2008)
 * Pietre în Alb (2011)
 * Aproape (2016)
 * Nord (2018)

title: Luna Amară


text:
Norma Ray

Sylvie N'Doumbé (Saint-Étienne, March 21, 1970), stage name Norma Ray, is a French singer, songwriter. She is the daughter of Cameroon soccer star Frédéric N'Doumbé.

Norma has sung the French versions of songs on the soundtracks of French dubbed American films, including Sister Act 1 & 2, Lion King, Hercules etc. She has danced in the music video "U Got the Look" with Prince. She co-composed the song "Tous les maux d'amour" (Every heartache), which became a hit for Ray in 1999 (hitting the Top 10 singles chart in France) and one of the most played songs on radio stations in France, Canada, Switzerland and Belgium. The group S Club 7 made a cover version in English, which became an international hit entitled "Natural".

Singles

 * If it's love (1992)
 * I believe in you (1993)
 * Crazy About You (1994)
 * I need love (1994)
 * "Ready to go" (1995)
 * Remember (1998)
 * Tous les maux d'amour (1999)
 * Emporte-moi (1999)
 * Poussières d'étoiles (2000)
 * Symphonie (2000)
 * Si tu veux de moi (2001)

title: Norma Ray


text:
Women of the House

Women of the House is an American sitcom television series and a spin-off of Designing Women that aired on CBS from January 4 to August 18, 1995, and the last four episodes airing on Lifetime on September 8, 1995. The series starred Delta Burke, reprising her role of Suzanne Sugarbaker, who had reconciled with producers of Designing Women after a bitter, highly publicized, off-screen battle.

Premise
Suzanne Sugarbaker's latest husband has died, and as his widow, she assumes his political office for the remainder of his term. Washington, D.C. was ill-prepared for the outspoken, "big, dumb, hick beauty queen's" arrival to the United States House of Representatives, though she did form an unusual bond with then-current President Bill Clinton, who was frequently heard off-screen. Along with her, Suzanne dragged her mentally disabled brother Jim (Jonathan Banks); her young, adopted daughter Desiree (Brittany Parkyn); and her often mentioned (but only once seen) maid, Sapphire Jones (Barbara Montgomery).

Teri Garr starred as Suzanne's press secretary Sissy Emerson, a washed up reporter who had turned to the bottle a few years earlier, but was starting to clean up her act. Patricia Heaton portrayed Natty Hollingsworth, Suzanne's snooty, conservative administrative assistant whose married Congressman boyfriend was serving a prison sentence. Jennifer Malone (Valerie Mahaffey, Julie Hagerty), known to her co-workers as "Malone," was a vivacious, naïve housewife who was recently left by her husband, and whose children were tyrants. Years of sexual repression had taken their toll on Malone and she was becoming obsessed with sex.

Malone was later replaced by Veda Walkman (Lisa Rieffel), a ditzy young woman who took an internship at the office. In more minor roles were William Newman as Dave, an older gentleman with bad arthritis who worked in the office and Adam Carl as Adam, another intern (which was not the same-named character Carl played in several episodes of Designing Women).

Main

 * Delta Burke as Suzanne Sugarbaker
 * Teri Garr as Sissy Emerson, Suzanne's press secretary
 * Patricia Heaton as Natalie "Natty" Hollingsworth, Suzanne's administrative assistant
 * Valerie Mahaffey (episodes 1-4, 7) and Julie Hagerty (episodes 5-6) as Jennifer Malone, Suzanne's receptionist
 * Lisa Rieffel (episodes 8-12) as Veda Walkman, Suzanne's Congressional intern

Recurring

 * Jonathan Banks as Jim Sugarbaker, Suzanne's intellectually disabled brother
 * Brittany Parkyn as Desiree "Desi" Sugarbaker, Suzanne's adoptive daughter
 * William Newman as Dave, another member of Suzanne's staff
 * Adam Carl as Adam

Notable guest stars

 * Jamie Farr guest starred as himself in the episode "Guess Who's Sleeping in Lincoln's Bed?", and he gave a nod to the series M*A*S*H by appearing in drag. Amongst the writing staff of M*A*S*H was Women of the House writer/creator Linda Bloodworth-Thomason.
 * Gerald McRaney made an appearance in "The Afternoon Wife," playing Suzanne's ex-husband, novelist Dash Goff, a character that originated on Designing Women. By this point, McRaney and series lead Delta Burke were married in real life.
 * Meshach Taylor reprised his Designing Women role of Anthony Bouvier in the episode "Dear Diary."
 * Susan Powter was initially announced as a cast member of the series. She finally showed up in the penultimate episode, "Dear Diary."
 * Charles Frank appeared as the oft-spoken of Congressman Ed Sharkey in the final episode, "The Conjugal Cottage." Frank starred opposite Delta Burke and Dixie Carter in Linda Bloodworth-Thomason's 1982 sitcom Filthy Rich.
 * Telma Hopkins starred as a wisecracking cop in the episode "The Conjugal Cottage."
 * The episode "Women in Film" featured cameos by Loni Anderson, Roseanne Barr, Carol Burnett, Brett Butler, Rita Moreno, Marilyn Chambers, Marilyn McCoo, Deidre Hall, Elizabeth Ashley, Joan Van Ark, and Stefanie Powers.

Home media
Mill Creek Entertainment had secured the rights to the complete series, which was slated to be released on DVD in early 2011. In April 2011, it was announced that the DVD release had been cancelled due to "issues surrounding the source material delivery." On February 6, 2018, Questar Entertainment released Women of the House: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

title: Women of the House


text:
User:Scott5114

Scott Nazelrod is a roadgeek living in Oklahoma.

Need a county map?
If you're wanting to request one of my county highway maps, I have a special page set up to do so. See /Map requests.

Articles I've created
 There are currently  images on Wikipedia. But WP:NOT an image repository. How many can you transfer to Commons?

This page has been vandalised 17 times.

Articles I've worked on a lot
Anim8or - Chickasaw Turnpike -  Creek Turnpike - Interstate Highway System - Interstate 35 - Interstate 40 - Interstate 44 - Interstate 240 (Oklahoma) -  Kansas Turnpike - List of Oklahoma numbered highways - N (game) - U.S. Route 69 in Oklahoma -  U.S. Route 412 in Oklahoma

See also my Commons image gallery.

Links and essays

 * /Highway notability FAQ
 * /How to write an FA from scratch
 * MLA - how to cite stuff
 * Oklahoma GIS data

Committed identity
In case I ever go nuts from editing here and need to be committed ;), here is my identity:

es:Usuario:Scott5114

title: User:Scott5114


text: Category:Provinces of the Solomon Islands


text:
Treasurer of Scotland

The Treasurer was a senior post in the pre-Union government of Scotland, the Privy Council of Scotland.

Lord Treasurer
The full title of the post was Lord High Treasurer, Comptroller, Collector-General and Treasurer of the New Augmentation, formed as it was from the amalgamation of four earlier offices. Of these, the Treasurer and Comptroller had originated in 1425 when the Chamberlain's financial functions were transferred to them. From 1466 the Comptroller had sole responsibility for financing the royal household to which certain revenues (the property) were appropriated, with the Treasurer being responsible for the remaining revenue (the casualty) and other expenditure. The Collector-General, created in 1562, handled the Crown's revenue from the thirds of benefices, and the Treasurer of the New Augmentation was responsible for the former church lands annexed to the Crown in 1587.

From 1581 Queen Elizabeth sent James VI an annual sum of money. In February 1599 the Privy Council declared that the Treasurer would administer this English subsidy, spending it on clothes for the royal family and the household of Prince Henry. In previous years the goldsmith Thomas Foulis and cloth merchant Robert Jousie accounted this money.

All four offices were held by the same person from 1610 onwards, but their separate titles survived the effective merging of their functions in 1635. From 1667 to 1682 the Treasury was in commission, and again from 1686 to 1708, when the separate Scottish Treasury was abolished. From 1690 the Crown nominated one person to sit in Parliament as Treasurer.

The Treasurer-depute was also a senior post in the pre-Union government of Scotland. It was the equivalent of the English post of Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Originally a deputy to the Treasurer, the Treasurer-depute emerged as a separate Crown appointment by 1614. Its holder attended the Privy Council in the absence of the Treasurer, but gained independent membership of the Council in 1587 and sat in the Parliament of Scotland as a Great Officer of State in 1593 and from 1617 onwards.

List of treasurers
The following have been identified as treasurers of Scotland.

Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer
The final audited accounts of the Lord High Treasurer were public records of Scotland. These survive as an almost complete record from 1473 to 1635 at General Register House in Edinburgh. Even the early accounts were written on paper rather than vellum. The Scots language was preferred over Latin for the expenditure or "discharge" side. The income, of rents and feudal duties, especially the fees on property transactions known as "compositions", was written in Latin. The record of expenses varies considerably over the reigns. For example, as Regent, Mary of Guise paid for her stable, costume, and wardrobe separately and these expenses do not occur in her treasurer's accounts.

There are also surviving duplicate volumes for the years 1574 to 1596. These volumes were kept for many years by the family of the Earl of Leven and Melville, and were deposited in the National Archives of Scotland in 1944. Their exact purpose in royal accounting remains unclear. The layout of these duplicate accounts and the wording of the entries is not an exact replica of the main series.

The manuscripts were published between 1877 and 1978 in thirteen volumes covering up to 1580. The editors silently abbreviated and omitted some material, especially details of making costume.

Historians often refer to the published volumes in references as TA:

 * Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, 1473–1498, vol. 1, HM General Register House, (Edinburgh, 1877).
 * Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, 1506-1507, HM Register House, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901)..
 * Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, 1507-1513, HM Register House, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1902).
 * Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, 1515-1531, HM Register House, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1903).
 * Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, 1531-1538, HM Register House, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1905).
 * Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, 1538-1541, HM Register House, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907).
 * Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, 1541-1546, HM Register House, vol. 8, (Edinburgh, 1908)
 * Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, 1566–1574, vol. 12, Scottish Record Office, (1970)
 * Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, 1574–1580, vol. 13, Scottish Record Office, (1978)

title: Treasurer of Scotland


text:
No Mercy, No Fear

No Mercy, No Fear is the second mixtape by hip hop group G-Unit, released on August 1, 2002. Originally released independently as a free mixtape, it was re-released in 2006 by BCD Music Group. No Mercy, No Fear was recorded after the group's de facto leader 50 Cent had signed a $1 million deal with Aftermath Entertainment and Shady Records following the release of his 2002 compilation album Guess Who's Back?. It featured the hit single "Wanksta", which was added onto the 8 Mile soundtrack album and later as a bonus track on his 2003 commercial debut album Get Rich or Die Tryin'. It also contained the freestyle to Puff Daddy's song "Victory", from the album No Way Out, which was later used on Bad Boy Records's compilation album Bad Boy's 10th Anniversary... The Hits.

Described by Billboard magazine as a classic, No Mercy, No Fear was released during 50 Cent's and G-Unit's 2002 mixtape run, in anticipation of his debut album. According to Billboard, the mixtapes caused "tremendous buzz amongst hip-hop fans and artists". Vancouver Sun wrote that the mixtapes "widely circulated" for several years after the release. By rapping over instrumentals from other artists and then releasing it for free, with No Mercy, No Fear and the other contemporary releases 50 Cent revolutionized hip hop mixtapes, creating a blueprint for later artists, such as Lil Wayne, Young Jeezy, and Drake. The mixtape was ranked No. 5 on XXL's Top 20 Mixtapes list.

title: No Mercy, No Fear


text:
John Pizzarelli

John Paul Pizzarelli Jr. (born April 6, 1960) is an American jazz guitarist and vocalist. He has recorded over twenty solo albums and has appeared on more than forty albums by other recording artists, including Paul McCartney, James Taylor, Rosemary Clooney; his father, jazz guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli; and his wife, singer Jessica Molaskey.

Early life
The son of swing guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli, John Pizzarelli was born in Paterson, New Jersey. He started on guitar when he was six and played trumpet through his college years. He attended Don Bosco Preparatory High School, an all-boys Catholic school. In his teens, he performed with Benny Goodman, Les Paul, Zoot Sims, Slam Stewart, and Clark Terry.

Pizzarelli attended the University of Tampa and William Paterson University, though he has said that his most important teacher was his father from 1980 to 1990. During the 1980s, he established himself as a jazz guitarist and a vocalist. He released his debut solo album, I'm Hip (Please Don't Tell My Father), in 1983.

Career
During the 1990s, Pizzarelli played in a trio with Ray Kennedy and Martin Pizzarelli, his younger brother. In the summer of 1993, Pizzarelli was the opening act for Frank Sinatra and four years later, Pizzarelli starred in Dream, a Broadway show devoted to the music of Johnny Mercer. He has named Nat King Cole as the inspiration for his career and honors that influence in the albums Dear Mr. Cole (BMG, 1994) and P.S. Mr. Cole (RCA, 1999). He has also recorded tribute albums to Frank Sinatra, Duke Ellington, Antônio Carlos Jobim, Richard Rodgers, and Paul McCartney. He and his father accompanied Annie Ross on her album To Lady with Love (Red Anchor, 2014), a tribute to Billie Holiday that Ross recorded when she was eighty-four.

He has hosted a national radio show, Radio Deluxe with John Pizzarelli, with his wife, singer and actress Jessica Molaskey. Other musicians he has worked with include George Shearing, Rosemary Clooney, Johnny Frigo, Buddy DeFranco, Jack Gibbons, the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra, the Boston Pops Orchestra, and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra.

He sang the 1999 big-band jingle for Foxwoods Resort Casino, titled "The Wonder of It All."

Pizzarelli was a co-producer of the James Taylor album American Standard, which was nominated and won the Grammy in the category of "Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album" on November 24, 2020.

Personal life
John Pizzarelli and his wife [Jessica Molaskey] own a vacation cabin overlooking Barrett Pond in Carmel, NY. They often co-host their syndicated radio show, Radio Deluxe with John Pizzarelli from the cabin and do much of their musical work there.

Pizzarelli's father died on April 1, 2020, from complications to COVID-19. Pizzarelli's mother died one week later on April 8, 2020.

As leader/co-leader

 * I'm Hip (Please Don't Tell My Father) (Stash, 1983)
 * Hit That Jive, Jack! (Stash, 1985)
 * Sing! Sing! Sing! (Stash, 1987)
 * My Blue Heaven (Chesky, 1990)
 * All of Me (Novus, 1992)
 * Naturally (Novus, 1993)
 * New Standards (Novus, 1994)
 * Dear Mr. Cole (Novus, 1994)
 * After Hours (Novus, 1996)
 * Let's Share Christmas (RCA, 1996)
 * Our Love Is Here to Stay (RCA, 1997)
 * Meets the Beatles (RCA, 1998)
 * P.S. Mr. Cole (RCA, 1999)
 * Kisses in the Rain (Telarc, 2000)
 * Let There Be Love (Telarc, 2000)
 * Live At Foxwoods Resort Casino (Telarc, 2002)
 * The Rare Delight of You (Telarc, 2002) with George Shearing
 * Live at Birdland (Telarc, 2003)
 * Bossa Nova (Telarc, 2004)
 * Knowing You (Telarc, 2005)
 * Just Friends with Rick Haydon (Mel Bay, 2006)
 * Dear Mr. Sinatra (Telarc, 2006) with Clayton/Hamilton Jazz Orchestra
 * With a Song in My Heart (Telarc, 2008)
 * Rockin' in Rhythm: A Tribute to Duke Ellington (Telarc, 2010)
 * Double Exposure with Tessa Souter (Telarc, 2012)
 * John Pizzarelli Salutes Johnny Mercer: Live at Birdland (Vector, 2015)
 * Midnight McCartney (Concord, 2015)
 * Sinatra & Jobim @ 50 (Concord, 2017)
 * For Centennial Reasons: 100 Year Salute to Nat King Cole (Ghostlight, 2019)
 * Better Days Ahead: Solo Guitar Takes on Pat Metheny (Ghostlight, 2021)
 * Stage & Screen (Palmetto, 2023)

With Bucky Pizzarelli
 * Nirvana, Bucky Pizzarelli (Delta, 1995)
 * Contrasts (Arbors, 1999)
 * Passion Guitars (Groove Jams, 1999)
 * Twogether (Victrola, 2001)
 * Around the World in 80 Years, Bucky Pizzarelli (Victoria, 2006)
 * Generations (Arbors, 2007)
 * Sunday at Pete's, The Pizzarelli Boys (Challenge, 2007)
 * Pizzarelli Party, Arbors All Stars (Arbors, 2009)
 * Diggin' Up Bones, Bucky Pizzarelli (Arbors, 2009)
 * Desert Island Dreamers, The Pizzarelli Boys (Arbors, 2010)
 * Back in the Saddle Again, Bucky Pizarelli (Arbors, 2010)
 * Family Fugue (Arbors, 2011)

With Jessica Molaskey
 * Pentimento (Image, 2002)
 * A Good Day (PS Classics, 2003)
 * Make Believe (PS Classics, 2004)
 * Sitting in Limbo (PS Classics, 2007)
 * A Kiss to Build a Dream On (Arbors, 2008)

As producer or co-producer
With James Taylor and Dave O'Donnell
 * American Standards (Fantasy, 2020)

As sideman or guest
With Monty Alexander
 * My America (Telarc, 2002)

With Harry Allen
 * Are You Having Any Fun? (Audiophile, 1994)
 * Harry Allen Meets John Pizzarelli Trio (BMG, 1996)
 * Tenors Anyone? (Slider, 2004)

With Sam Arlen
 * Arlen Plays Arlen: The Timeless Tribute to Harold Arlen (Arbors, 2005)

With Debby Boone With Cheryl Bentyne With Ray Brown With Rosemary Clooney With Kristin Chenoweth With Buddy DeFranco With Karen Egert With Johnny Frigo With Natalie Cole With Sara Gazarek With Stephane Grappelli With Skitch Henderson and Bucky Pizzarelli With Hilary Kole With Erich Kunzel With The Manhattan Transfer With Paul McCartney With Jane Monheit With Rickie Lee Jones With Donnie O'Brien With Curtis Stigers With James Taylor With Aaron Weinstein
 * Reflections of Rosemary (Concord, 2005)
 * The Book of Love (Telarc, 2006)
 * Some of My Best Friends Are...Guitarists (Telarc, 2002)
 * Do You Miss New York? (Concord, 1993)
 * Brazil (Concord, 2000)
 * A Lovely Way to Spend Christmas (Sony, 2008)
 * Cookin' the Books (Arbors, 2004)
 * That Thing Called Love (Egert Productions, 2007)
 * Live from Studio A in New York City (Chesky, 1989)
 * Stardust (Elektra, 1996)
 * Blossom & Bee (Palmetto, 2012)
 * Live at the Blue Note (Telarc, 1995)
 * Legends (Arbors, 2003)
 * Haunted Heart (Justin Time, 2009)
 * Got Swing! (Telarc, 2002)
 * Christmastime Is Here (Telarc, 2006)
 * Vibrate (Telarc, 2004)
 * Kisses on the Bottom (Hear Music, 2012)
 * Home (EmArcy, 2010)
 * It's Like This (Artemis, 2000)
 * Meets Manhattan Swing in a Basie Mood (Arbors, 2003)
 * Real Emotional (Concord, 2007)
 * October Road (Columbia, 2002)
 * A Christmas Album (Hallmark Cards, 2004)
 * James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia, 2006)
 * American Standards (Fantasy, 2020)
 * A Handful of Stars (Arbors, 2005)
 * Blue Too (Arbors, 2007)

title: John Pizzarelli


text:
Carl Linnaeus the Younger

Carl Linnaeus the Younger, Carolus Linnaeus the Younger, Carl von Linné den yngre (Swedish; abbreviated Carl von Linné d. y.), or Linnaeus filius (Latin for Linnaeus the son; abbreviated L.fil. (outdated) or L.f. (modern) as a botanical authority; 20 January 1741 – 1 November 1783) was a Swedish naturalist. His names distinguish him from his father, the pioneering taxonomist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778).

Biography
Carl Linnaeus the Younger was enrolled at the University of Uppsala at the age of 9 and was taught science by his father's students, including Pehr Löfling, Daniel Solander, and Johan Peter Falk. In 1763, aged just 22, he succeeded his father as the head of Practical Medicine at Uppsala. His promotion to professor — without taking exams or defending a thesis — caused resentment among his colleagues.

His work was modest in comparison to that of his father. His best-known work is the Supplementum Plantarum systematis vegetabilium of 1781, which contains botanical descriptions by the elder Linnaeus and his colleagues, edited and with additions by the son.

He took a two-year trip to England, France, the Netherlands, and Denmark between 1781 and 1783. In London he became ill with jaundice and, shortly after his return, he suffered from fever and a stroke from which he died aged 42. Together with his parents, Carl Linnaeus the Younger was buried in the family grave of Uppsala Cathedral.

While still alive, Carl Linnaeus the Younger had inherited his father's extensive scientific collections of books, specimens, and correspondence, and he had worked to preserve them. In October 1784 his mother, Sara Elisabeth (1716–1806), sold the library and herbarium to the English botanist Sir James Edward Smith (1759–1828). After his death his widow, Pleasance Smith (1773–1877), sold the collection to the Linnean Society of London.

title: Carl Linnaeus the Younger


text:
Makira-Ulawa Province

Makira-Ulawa Province is one of the nine provinces of Solomon Islands.

Geography
The main part of the province is Makira Island. It has a population of 40,419 (2009). The capital is Kirakira.

Makira-Ulawa Province includes Makira (San Cristobal), Ulawa, Uki Ni Masi, Owaraha (Santa Ana), Owariki (Santa Catalina), Pio and others.

Makira Island is 3090km²: 139km long by 40km wide at around the centre of the island. Mountains run like a spine down the island's centre: the highest point reaches 1040 m, then falls steeply to the sea along its southern shore. Many rivers penetrate the island in roughly parallel lines every two to five kilometres. Makira has more inland swamps—and saltwater crocodiles—than any other island in the Solomon Islands. Its coast is the only part of the Solomons where the rare Olive, or Pacific Ridley, turtle is known to visit and nest.

Because Makira Island was isolated for long stretches of time during periods of high sea level, a wide variety of unique plants and animals evolved. For example, 12 of its 70 resident species of birds are endemic, as are two species of trees, both figs (Ficus cristobalensis and Ficus illiberalis). This uniqueness highlights the importance of preserving Makira's forest habitat.

Makira is also among the most important islands in the country for birds. There are some bird watching spots on the island. At the village of Hauta, situated hundreds of metres above sea level, at the Bauro inland region an established conservation area exists. However, one requires a permission to visit, which can be acquired from the Provincial Office at Kirakira.

Population
In 2009, the total population was estimated to be 40,419. Makira-Ulawa people are mostly Melanesian and their traditional dances and rituals are still strongly kept, especially in the islands of Santa Ana (Owaraha), Santa Catalina (Owariki), Uki-ni-masi and Ulawa.

On Makira, five languages are spoken: Arosi, Bauro, Fagani, Kahua, and Owa. The Bauro speakers have been considered to be the most isolated and conservative of the Makira groups. The people of Ulawa and Ugi Island speak Sa'a.

Administrative divisions
Makira-Ulawa Province is sub-divided into the following wards:

 * Makira-Ulawa Province (40,419)
 * North Ulawa (1,169)
 * South Ulawa (1,294)
 * West Ulawa (860)
 * Ugi and Pio (1,212)
 * Arosi South (3,009)
 * Arosi West (2,009)
 * Arosi North (2,344)
 * Arosi East (2,054)
 * Bauro West (3,925)
 * Bauro Central (4,562)
 * Bauro East (1,625)
 * Wainoni West (2,131)
 * Wainoni East (2,488)
 * Star Harbour North (3,262)
 * Santa Ana (1,547)
 * Santa Catalina (811)
 * Star Harbour South (1,138)
 * Rawo (677)
 * Weather Cast (1,658)
 * Haununu (2,644)

Islands

 * Ali'ite
 * Makira (San Cristobal)
 * Malaulalo
 * Malaupaina
 * Owaraha (Santa Ana)
 * Owariki (Santa Catalina)
 * Pio
 * Ugi
 * Ulawa

title: Makira-Ulawa Province


text:
List of Colorado state parks

This is a list of the state parks in the U.S. State of Colorado. Colorado Parks and Wildlife manages the state park system to accommodate both outdoor recreation and tourism. There are currently forty-two parks open to the public, and there are others in development. Colorado State Parks host over eleven million visitors each year.

Colorado Parks and Wildlife also takes the lead in managing Colorado's boating, off-highway vehicle, snowmobile, river-outfitter licensing, and trails programs.

title: List of Colorado state parks


text:
Samuel Cousins

Samuel Cousins (9 May 1801 in Exeter – 7 May 1887 in London) was a British mezzotinter.

Life
Cousins was born at Exeter. In 1855 he was elected a full member of the Royal Academy, to which he later gave in trust £15,000 to provide annuities for superannuated artists. One of the most important figures in the history of British engraving, he died in London, unmarried, in 1887 and was buried in a family grave (no.12697) on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.

Works
Cousins was preeminently the interpreter of Sir Thomas Lawrence, his contemporary. During his apprenticeship to Samuel William Reynolds he engraved many of the best amongst the three hundred and sixty little mezzotints illustrating the works of Sir Joshua Reynolds which his master issued in his own name. In the finest of his numerous transcripts of Lawrence, such as Lady Acland and her Sons, Pope Pius VII and Master Lambton, the distinguishing characteristics of the engravers work, brilliancy and force of effect in a high key, corresponded exactly with similar qualities in the painter.

After the introduction of steel for engraving purposes about the year 1823, Cousins and his contemporaries were compelled to work on it, because the soft copper previously used for mezzotint plates did not yield a sufficient number of fine impressions to enable the method to compete commercially against line engraving, from which much larger editions were obtainable. The painterly quality which distinguished the 18th-century mezzotints on copper was wanting in his later works, because the hardness of the steel on which they were engraved impaired freedom of execution and richness of tone, and so enhanced the labor of scraping that he accelerated the work by stipple, etching the details instead of scraping them out of the ground in the manner of his predecessors. To this mixed style, previously used by Richard Earlom on copper, Cousins added heavy roulette and rocking-tool textures, tending to fortify the darks, when he found that the burr even on steel failed to yield enough fine impressions to meet high demand. The effect of his prints in this method after Reynolds and Millais was mechanical and out of harmony with the picturesque technique of these painters, but the phenomenal popularity which Cousins gained for his works at least kept alive and in favor a form of mezzotint engraving during a critical phase of its history. Abraham Raimbach, the line engraver, dated the decline of his own art in England from the appearance in 1837 of Cousins's print (in the mixed style) after Landseer's Bolton Abbey. Such plates as Miss Peel, after Lawrence (published in 1833); A Midsummer Nights Dream, after Landseer (1857); The Order of Release and The First Minuet, after Millais (1856 and 1868); The Strawberry Girl and Lavinia, Countess Spencer, after Reynolds; and Miss Rich, after Hogarth (1873-1877), represent various stages of Cousins's mixed method. It reached its final development in the plates after Millais's Cherry Ripe and Pomona, published in 1881 and 1882, when the invention of facing copper-plates with a film of steel to make them yield larger editions led to the revival of pure mezzotint on copper, which rendered obsolete the steel plate and the mixed style which it fostered. The fine draughtsmanship of Cousins was as apparent in his prints as in his original lead-pencil portraits exhibited in London in 1882.

title: Samuel Cousins


text:
Cystectomy

Cystectomy is a medical term for surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. It may also be rarely used to refer to the removal of a cyst. The most common condition warranting removal of the urinary bladder is bladder cancer.

Two main types of cystectomies can be performed. A partial cystectomy (also known as a segmental cystectomy) involves removal of only a portion of the bladder. A radical cystectomy involves removal of the entire bladder along with surrounding lymph nodes and other nearby organs that contain cancer.

Evaluation of the tissue removed during cystectomy and lymph node dissection aids in determining pathological cancer staging. This type of cancer staging can be used to determine further work-up, treatment, and follow-up needed along with potential prognosis.

After the bladder has been removed, a urinary diversion is necessary to allow elimination of urine.

Malignancy
Radical cystectomy is the recommended treatment for bladder cancer that has invaded the muscle of the bladder. Cystectomy may also be recommended for individuals with a high risk of cancer progression or failure of the cancer to respond to less invasive treatments.

Types
When determining the type of cystectomy to be performed many factors are taken into consideration. Some of these factors include: age, overall health, baseline bladder function, type of cancer, location and size of the cancer, and stage of the cancer.

Partial cystectomy
A partial cystectomy involves removal of only a portion of the bladder and is performed for some benign and malignant tumors localized to the bladder. Individuals that may be candidates for partial cystectomy include those with single tumors located near the dome, or top, of the bladder, tumors that do not invade the muscle of the bladder, tumors located within bladder diverticulum, or cancer that is not carcinoma in situ (CIS). A partial cystectomy may also be performed for removal of tumors which have originated and spread from neighboring organs such as the colon.

Radical cystectomy
A radical cystectomy is most commonly performed for cancer that has invaded into the muscle of the bladder. In a radical cystectomy the bladder is removed along with surrounding lymph nodes (lymph node dissection) and other organs that contain cancer. In men, this could include the prostate and seminal vesicles. In women, this could include a portion of the vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

Open
In an open radical cystectomy a large incision is made in the middle of the abdomen from just above or next to the umbilicus to the pubic symphysis. The following information provides general steps to the procedure and may occur in varying order depending on the surgeon. The ureters are located and cut free from the bladder. The bladder is separated from surrounding structures and removed. The urethra, which drains urine from the bladder, may also be removed depending on tumor involvement. In men, the prostate may or may not be removed during this procedure. Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is performed. A urinary diversion is then created and the free ends of the ureters are reconnected to the diversion.

Minimally invasive
A minimally invasive radical cystectomy more commonly known as a robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC) may be an option for individuals depending on several factors including but not limited to: their overall health (with special attention to their lung health), body mass index (BMI), number and types of previous surgeries, along with the location and size of the bladder cancer. In a RARC several small incisions are made across the abdomen to allow placement of surgical instruments. These instruments are then connected to a surgical robot that is controlled by the surgeon. A head down (Trendelenburg) position is used and the abdomen is inflated with gas (insufflation) to allow better operating space and visualization. The remainder of the procedure is carried out in a fashion similar to the open procedure. Compared to open surgery, minimally invasive radical cystectomy probably requires fewer blood transfusions and may shorten hospital stay slightly.

For rates of major or minor complications, quality of life, time to recurrence and rates of cancerous cells left behind after surgery, there may be little to no difference between robotic and open surgery as treatment for bladder cancer in adults.

Contraindications
Generally, there are no specific contraindications to having a cystectomy. However, cystectomy should not be performed in individuals who are not healthy enough to undergo a major surgical procedure. This includes individuals who cannot tolerate general anesthesia or those with severe or inadequately managed co-morbidities such as diabetes, heart, lung, kidney, or liver disease. This also includes individuals who are severely malnourished, have problems with blood clotting, or severe laboratory abnormalities. Also, individuals with an active illness or infection should delay surgery until recovery.

Robotic-assisted or laparoscopic surgery is contraindicated for individuals with severe heart and lung disease. During this method of surgery the positioning and abdominal insufflation places extra strain on the chest wall impairing lung function and the ability to oxygenate the blood.

A partial cystectomy is contraindicated in a form of bladder cancer called carcinoma in situ (CIS). Other contraindications for partial cystectomy include severely diminished bladder capacity or cancer in very close proximity to the bladder trigone, where the urethra and ureters connect to the bladder.

Risks and complications
Radical cystectomy with the creation of a urinary diversion can be associated with several risks and complications due to the extent and complexity of the surgery. As with most major surgeries there is risk from anesthesia, also, risk of bleeding, blood clots, heart attack, stroke, and pneumonia or other respiratory problems. There is also a risk of infection involving the urinary tract, abdomen, and gastrointestinal tract. After the surgical incisions are closed there is a risk of infection at these sites. Complications are similar between open and minimally invasive cystectomy techniques and include the following:

Gastrointestinal tract
An ileus, where movement within the intestines slows down is the most common complication following cystectomy. This is due to a variety of factors including manipulation of the intestines due to their proximity of the bladder, the actual operation on the intestines to create a urinary diversion, or even certain medications such as narcotics. In addition to slowing of the small intestine, the small intestine can also become obstructed. After creation of a urinary diversion, intestinal contents can leak at the site where the intestine are reconnected.

Urinary tract
With creation of a urinary diversion it is possible for the ureters to become obstructed preventing the drainage of urine from the kidneys. If this occurs, another procedure to insert a percutaneous nephrostomy tube may be need to allow drainage of urine from the body. Obstruction of the ureter most commonly occurs at the site where the ureters are reconnected to the urinary diversion created. A small, hollow, flexible tube called a stent may be placed inside the ureter at the time of surgery to possibly help the reconnection site to heal. This reconnection site is also at risk for leaking urine within the abdomen.

If a partial cystectomy is performed, damage to the ureter may occur depending on the location of the tumor removed. This may require an additional procedure to repair.

Nerve injury
Due to the location of the operation, damage to nerves in the pelvis can occur during removal of the bladder or lymph nodes. Nerves in this area are responsible for movement and sensation of the legs and include the obturator nerve, the genitofemoral nerve, and the femoral nerve.

Any of these complications may require another operation or re-admission to the hospital.

Diet before and after surgery
Immediately after surgery no food or drink is allowed due to involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in the surgery. The diet will then be slowly advanced to liquids and then solid foods as tolerated. If gastrointestinal complications such as nausea, vomiting, or abdominal bloating occur the diet may be stopped or advancement of the diet slowed down depending on the severity.

For people who have difficulties eating before or after a radical cystectomy, additional nutrition may be beneficial when compared with waiting until ordinary food can be tolerated. Immuno-enhancing nutrition with high levels of nutrients may decrease complications within 90 days of surgery. When compared with a multivitamin and mineral supplement, perioperative oral supplements may slightly decrease postoperative complications. It is uncertain if giving an individual undergoing a radical cystectomy amino acids, branch chain acids or preoperative oral supplements improve complications after surgery. Feeding into a vein and early postoperative feeding may increase postoperative complications. These diet interventions do not appear to affect the length of hospital stay.

Pain control
Intravenous pain medication such as narcotics are typically used immediately after surgery. Pain medications can be switched to an oral form once a diet is tolerated.

Activity
Early activity is encouraged after surgery. Individuals may be able to walk and sit in a chair as early as the same day of surgery. Usually individuals are able to walk around their room or hospital ward within a day or two after surgery. Some individuals may require additional assistance or physical therapy in the hospital or once discharged home.

Venous thromboembolism prevention
Approaches to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) are performed both before and after surgery. Compression devices placed around the legs or medications such as Heparin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are commonly used. VTE prophylaxis with LMWH may even be continued after hospital discharge if needed.

Surgery follow-up
If an open cystectomy was performed, the staples closing the incision are usually removed 5 to 10 days after surgery. Further follow-up with the surgeon is typically scheduled 4 to 6 weeks after surgery and may involve laboratory or imaging studies to assess recovery along with further care and follow-up.

title: Cystectomy


text:
Samuel Phelps

Samuel Phelps (born 13 February 1804, Plymouth Dock (now Devonport), Plymouth, Devon, died 6 November 1878, Anson's Farm, Coopersale, near Epping, Essex) was an English actor and theatre manager. He is known for his productions of William Shakespeare's plays which were faithful to their original versions, after the derived works by Nahum Tate, Colley Cibber and David Garrick had dominated the stage for over a century.

Debut
Phelps made his début as Shylock in London at the Haymarket Theatre in 1837 and appeared under the management of William Charles Macready at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, who recognized Phelps as a potential rival and gave him little opportunity to display his talents, although Phelps did gain popularity in the roles of Captain Channel in Douglas William Jerrold's melodrama The Prisoner of War (1842), and of Lord Tresham in Robert Browning's A Blot in the 'Scutcheon (1843).

Success
It was not until the abolition of the Patent monopoly on theatrical production in 1843 that Phelps, with scene painter Thomas Longden Greenwood (1806–1879), and leading lady Mrs Mary Warner, was able to take over the management of the then-unfashionable Sadler's Wells Theatre. They revolutionized the production of Shakespeare's plays by restoring Shakespearean performances to the original text of the First Folio and away from the adaptations of Colley Cibber, Nahum Tate and David Garrick that had been favored by the theatre-going public since the Restoration. Starting with Macbeth, Phelps staged all but four of Shakespeare's plays at Sadler's Wells, some of which (like The Winter's Tale and Measure for Measure) had not been performed since their premieres at the Globe Theatre.

Achievements
Phelps' most frequently performed role was Hamlet, but he counted Macbeth, Wolsey, Leontes, and Bottom among his greatest achievements. He was generally considered the finest King Lear of his generation, returning to Shakespeare's version, which had been replaced on stage for over a hundred and fifty years by Tate's happy ending adaptation The History of King Lear, and staging the first production of the original version since the Restoration in 1845. Bell's Weekly Messenger wrote "The majesty, as well as the paternal tenderness of Lear, is preserved throughout; the grief, despair, and madness are kingly; and the business which the action inspires is heightened by the consciousness of the greatness of the mind that is suffering."

Phelps other great creation was his Falstaff, which the German publication Gesammelte Werke called his finest role. He first played Shakespeare's fat knight in Henry IV, Part I in 1846. While not suited for the sensuality typically associated with the role, Phelps relied on his intelligence and aristocratic suaveness in his interpretation which he altered slightly in The Merry Wives of Windsor, portraying a gentlemanly knight who observed the standards of decorum regardless of the vulgarity of his current surroundings. His production of Pericles, Prince of Tyre, the first regular revival of that play since the seventeenth century, emphasized spectacle in a way that set the pattern for many future productions. In 1864, as part of the celebrations of Shakespeare's tricentennial, he played the title role in Cymbeline at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane; Helen Faucit was Imogen.

Sadly, Phelps' skills declined in old age so that critics no longer cared for his work in tragic plays, approving only his performances in comic roles like Falstaff and Bottom. But in his prime, he was the most versatile actor of his generation. A definitive biography, Samuel Phelps & the Sadler's Wells Theatre, was written by Shirley S. Allen in 1971.

Phelps was buried in a family grave (plot no.15452) on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.

title: Samuel Phelps


text: User talk:68.185.167.102

title: User talk:68.185.167.102


text:
Robert Pearson Brereton

Robert Pearson Brereton (4 April 1818 – 1 September 1894) was an English railway engineer. He worked under Isambard Kingdom Brunel for more than twenty years and, following Brunel's death, completed many of his projects.

Family
Robert Pearson Brereton came from a Norfolk family that produced other notable Victorian engineers Cuthbert A. Brereton (Sir John Wolfe Barry's partner) and Robert Maitland Brereton (chief engineer on part of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway and advocate in the US Congress for the building of irrigation canals in California).

Brunel's assistant
Brereton was recruited by Brunel staff in 1836 to be one of seven resident engineers supervising the construction of the Great Western Railway. He lost an eye in a work accident and is depicted in a portrait with an eye patch. After the Great Western railway was completed, he carried out similar tasks on other railways that Brunel was building. For example, in 1845 he was one of Brunel's resident engineers on the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway and was sent to Italy to sort out problems with the construction of the Turin–Genoa railway.

He became Brunel's chief assistant in 1847 and remained in this post until Brunel's death in 1859. His signature appears on drawings for the Chepstow Bridge which were prepared in Brunel's London office around 1850.

One of Brunel's major and long-running projects was the construction of the Royal Albert Bridge across the River Tamar for the Cornwall Railway. In 1854 Brereton was sent as Brunel's assistant to help William Glennie, the resident engineer on the bridge, who was in poor health. Much of his time in the next five years was spent on this project. He was instrumental in developing ways to excavate underwater to prepare for the construction of the central pier. In 1857 he assisted Brunel when the first span was floated into position, and he then supervised the lengthy process to raise it 100 ft to the top of its piers. Brunel's poor health increasingly prevented him from attending work in Cornwall, and so Brereton supervised the floating out of the second span in 1858 without Brunel's help. He then saw through the raising of this span, the completion of the bridge and opening of the line in May 1859.

After Brunel
After Brunel's death in September 1859 Brereton took over his role as chief engineer for many railway companies, designing new works and alterations. He ran his business from Brunel's old office in Duke Street, London, while Brunel's widow Mary continued to reside in the rooms above. Some of Brunel's railways were still under construction, including the
 * Bristol and South Wales Union Railway
 * Cornwall Railway
 * Dartmouth and Torbay Railway
 * West Somerset Railway

Tributes and memorials
Brunel described Brereton in 1845 as "a peculiarly energetic persevering young man". The Chairman of the Cornwall Railway, speaking in 1859 following the opening of the Royal Albert Bridge, described him as "always ready, always able, always full of energy."

He has a memorial brass in the church in Blakeney.

title: Robert Pearson Brereton


text:
Pampagrande

 * Were you looking for the Peruvian archaeological site of Pampa Grande?

Pampagrande (also Pampa Grande), Bolivia (18°05′50″S 64°06′58″W) lies about 200 kilometers to the West of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the foothills of the Andes at an altitude of 2000 meters. This tiny community on a river of the same name suffers from financial hardship. The majority of the streets are made of earth, and until recently, there was no plumbing, telephone or electricity in the community. There are a handful of shops and one eating house in the town. Local farmers grow maize and watermelons where conditions allow. There is a splendid, masonry, single arch bridge over the Rio Pampagrande on the outskirts of town.

Hermano Andres Langer
Locally famous is Hermano (Brother) Andres Langer a Dominican friar who originates from East Germany but has been resident in Pampagrande for thirty years. In that time he has raised the standard of living of his parishioners, obtaining the bridge, piped water, electricity and telephone for the town. There is still no drainage system, consequently all toilet facilities are of the "pit" variety.

An expert in local ornithology (including the endemic red-fronted macaw) and herpetology (reptiles), Brother Langer is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of snake, Clelia langeri, which is endemic to Santa Cruz Department.

He often makes time to show visitors around as part of his travels about his parish. He also runs the only accommodation in town, a simple bunkhouse next to the church. There are no restaurants in town, just a simple "eating house" not far from the town centre. Shared taxis, locally known as "trufis", as well as coaches run several times daily between Santa Cruz and Pampagrande.

title: Pampagrande


text:
Abahai

Abahai may refer to:
 * Western literature's mistaken name for Hong Taiji, Qing Emperor, 20 October 1626 – 15 May 1636
 * Lady Abahai Manchu Grand Consort, and posthumously Empress 1590–1626

title: Abahai