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Glass House Mountains, Queensland

Glass House Mountains is a rural hinterland town and locality in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Glass House Mountains had a population of 5,601 people.

Geography
The town also has a train station and a railway line that runs northwards towards Northern Queensland and southwards to Brisbane. The Bruce Highway runs along the locality's eastern border. Glass House Mountains Road (Steve Irwin Way) passes through from south to north.

History
Land around the Glass House Mountains railway station was auctioned by the Queensland Government on Wednesday 28 October 1903. Most of the lots were about 5 acre intended for pineapple farms. The land was in the vicinity of the present-day town centre with Saraha Road, Buzaki Road, and Coonowrin Road shown (but unnamed) on the map provided. The district was referred to as Beerwah as it was within the parish of Beerwah (and not the present-day town of that same name).

Glass Mountains Provisional School opened on 17 April 1906, but closed in 1907 due to low student numbers. It reopened as Glass Mountains State School on 31 October 1910. It was renamed Glass House Mountains State School in 1917, but returned to the name Glass Mountains State School in 1923. In 1935, it was renamed Glass House Mountains State School.

All Saints' Anglican church was dedicated on 19 February 1939 by Archbishop William Wand. It closed circa 1993. The church building was sold for removal.

Glasshouse Country Uniting Church opened its church at Beerwah on 16 December 2000. It was a result of the merger of the Glasshouse Uniting Church, Beerwah Uniting Church, Landsborough Uniting Church and Mooloolah Uniting Church.

In August 2011, the remains of teenager Daniel Morcombe were found at Kings Road in Glass House Mountains. Morcombe had been missing, presumed murdered, since 2003 and his disappearance sparked a massive police investigation including a $1M reward.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Glass House Mountains had a population of 5,065 people.

In the, the locality of Glass House Mountains had a population of 5,601 people.

Heritage listings
Glass House Mountains has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 1998 Old Gympie Road: Bankfoot House
 * Barrs Road: Glass House Mountains National Park and Beerburrum Forest Reserve

Education
Glass House Mountains State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 58 Coonowrin Road (-26.9055°N, 152.9494°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 398 students with 26 teachers (23 full-time equivalent) and 20 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 391 students with 28 teachers (23 full-time equivalent) and 17 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Glass House Mountains. The nearest government secondary school is Beerwah State High School in neighbouring Beerwah to the north.

Amenities
Glass House Mountains Community Hall is at 8 Coonowrin Road (-26.9°N, 152.9553°W).

The Sunshine Coast Regional Council operates a mobile library service which visits the Community Hall.

Cornerstone Church meets at the Community Hall. It is part of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia.

The original European farmers that settled in the area brought soccer with them, and it has remained a popular local sport. The soccer grounds were built mostly using resources donated by farmers.

In popular culture
The area was also used as a filming location for the Australian movie Sinbad and the Minotaur, with Mount Coonowrin (Crookneck), Mount Beerwah, Mount Tibrogargan and Mount Ngungun being shown predominantly throughout the movie.

title: Glass House Mountains, Queensland


text:
Salm-Salm

The Principality of Salm-Salm (Fürstentum Salm-Salm; Principauté de Salm-Salm) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire. It was located in the present-day French departments of Bas-Rhin and Vosges; it was one of a number of partitions of Salm.

History
Salm-Salm was created as a partition of Salm-Dhaun in 1574, and was raised from a County to a Principality in 1739 after being inherited and renamed by Count Nicholas Leopold of Salm-Hoogstraten. Salm-Salm was partitioned between itself and Salm-Neuweiler in 1608.

The last territorial partition occurred in 1751, when Salm-Salm reorganized its borders with the Duchy of Lorraine. Since 1743 the Princes were also Dukes of Hoogstraten.

In 1790, after the French Revolution, the princes of Salm fled the territory and moved to their castle in Anholt, Westphalia. Salm-Salm then was besieged by the revolutionary army, which blocked food supplies from reaching the state. As a consequence, the population was forced to surrender to France. On 2 March 1793, the French National Convention declared Salm-Salm to be a part of the French Republic and attached it to the Department of the Vosges. This was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Lunéville of 1801.

Some years later, in 1802/1803, together with Salm-Kyrburg, the prince of Salm-Salm was granted new territories formerly belonging to the Bishops of Münster (Westphalia). The new territory was governed in union with Salm-Kyrburg and was known as the Principality of Salm.

Geography
In 1165, the original County of Salm was divided into the counties of Lower Salm, in the Ardennes, and the county of Upper Salm, situated in the Vosges mountains. In 1738, the County of Upper Salm was elevated to Principality of Salm-Salm.

The capital of Salm-Salm was first Badonviller, and from 1751 on, Senones. The second part of the name of Salm-Salm derives from Salm Castle near Salm (today La Broque).

At the end of its existence, Salm-Salm had an area of about 200 km2 and 10,000 inhabitants. It was separated from the main part of the Holy Roman Empire when most of Alsace was ceded to France in the 17th century. Until 1766, it was bordered by the Duchy of Lorraine to the west and by France to the east. After Lorraine became a part of France on 24 February 1766, Salm-Salm formed an exclave of the Holy Roman Empire surrounded by French territory.

The economy of Salm-Salm was mainly based on an iron mine near Grandfontaine.

Counts and Princes of Salm and Salm-Salm (1574–1738)

 * Friedrich I, Count of Salm-Dhaun, Count of Salm-Salm 1574–1608 (1547-1608)
 * Philipp Otto, Count 1608–1634 (1576-1634), created 1st Prince of Salm 1623
 * Ludwig, Count and 2nd Prince 1634-1636 (1618-1636)
 * Leopold Philipp Karl, Count and 3rd Prince 1636–1663 (1620-1663)
 * Karl Theodor, Count and 4th Prince 1663–1710 (1645-1710)
 * Eleonore, Married to Conrard, 1st Duke d'Ursel.
 * Charles, 2nd Duke d'Ursel (1717–1775)
 * Ludwig Otto, Count and 5th Prince 1710–1738 (1674-1738)

At Ludwig Otto's death, the male line became extinct, and the county of Salm-Salm passed to descendants of Friedrich I's youngest son, Friedrich I Magnus (1606-1673). Eventually, the title Prince of Salm was assumed by his descendants as well.

Sovereign princes of Salm-Salm (1739–1813)

 * Nikolaus Leopold of Salm-Hoogstraten, 1st Prince 1739–1770 (1701-1770), great-grandson of Friedrich I Magnus (see note under Counts)
 * Ludwig Karl Otto, 2nd Prince 1770–1778 (1721-1778)
 * Prince Maximilian Friedrich Ernst of Salm-Salm (1732-1773)
 * Konstantin Alexander, 3rd Prince 1778–1828 (1762-1828), mediatized 1813

Mediatised princes of Salm-Salm (1813–present)

 * Konstantin Alexander, 3rd Prince 1778–1828 (1762-1828), mediatized 1813
 * Florentin, 4th Prince 1828–1846 (1786-1846)
 * Prince Felix of Salm-Salm (1828-1870)
 * Alfred, 5th Prince 1846–1886 (1814-1886)
 * Nikolaus, 6th Prince 1886–1908 (1838-1908)
 * Alfred, 7th Prince 1908–1923 (1846-1923)
 * Emanuel, Hereditary Prince of Salm-Salm (1871-1916)
 * Isabelle (1903-2009), one of the longest-lived members of any princely family.
 * Nikolaus Leopold, 8th Prince 1923–1988 (1906-1988), 8th Prince of Salm-Kyrburg 1951
 * Carl-Philipp, 9th Prince of Salm-Salm and of Salm-Kyrburg 1988–present (born 1933) (1988–present), 14th Prince of Salm
 * Emanuel, Hereditary Prince of Salm-Salm (born 1961)
 * Prince Philipp of Salm-Salm (born 1963)
 * Prince Wilhelm of Salm-Salm (born 2005)
 * Prince Clemens of Salm-Salm (born 1966)
 * Prince Franz Emanuel Konstantin of Salm-Salm (1876-1964)
 * Prince Franz Karl Alfred of Salm-Salm (1917-2011)
 * Prince Michael of Salm-Dahlberg (born 1953)
 * Prince Constantin of Salm-Dahlberg (born 1980)
 * Prince Felix of Salm-Dahlberg (born 1981)
 * Prince Franziskus-Hendrick of Salm-Salm (born 1963)
 * Prince Georg-Alfred of Salm-Salm (born 1969)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Salm-Salm


text:
Jarrod Alexander

Jarrod Fletcher Alexander (born August 13, 1981) is an American musician who has played with many hardcore punk bands. He has been a member of The Suicide File, A Static Lullaby, Dead Country, and more recently, My Chemical Romance, Alkaline Trio, Matt Skiba, Meg Myers, and Necessary Noise.

Early life
Alexander started playing the drums in his early teens. He went to Berklee College of Music and graduated in 2003.

Career
Alexander has played the drums for several bands throughout his career. He was the original drummer for Death By Stereo, who appeared on the band's first album If Looks Could Kill, I'd Watch You Die. He left the band in 2000, but rejoined it in 2006 to record a new album.

He performed drums on the American Nightmare album Background Music. He toured Europe drumming for the Vandals in 2001, before touring with Jamison Parker in 2004. Alexander played the drums on Hunter Revenge's 2007 tour as well as performing with Only Crime in 2007.

In September 2011, Alexander filled in as the drummer for My Chemical Romance on their "Honda Civic tour", after touring drummer Michael Pedicone was fired after being caught stealing from the band. Alexander has continued to play with My Chemical Romance into 2012, including their appearances on the Australian Big Day Out tour dates and their final show at Bamboozle Festival. After their last concert, he stayed with the band and also recorded Fake Your Death until the band broke up in 2013. He's also contributed to My Chemical Romance members Gerard Way, Ray Toro, and Frank Iero's respective solo projects, after the breakup of the band.

In 2014, Alexander became a permanent member for the backing band for Gerard Way. He performed drums and is credited on Way's solo release, Hesitant Alien. From October 2014 until October 2015, Alexander played on a global tour supporting the record. He also played other dates with Way such as the Australian Soundwave music festivals, as well as the Boston Calling Music Festival in May 2015.

In October 2019, My Chemical Romance announced a reunion show, with Alexander returning on drums. He was the drummer for the band's reunion tour, which commenced in 2022 after being postponed for two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recently, Alexander has also done drum work and toured for indie-pop act Meg Myers, and is currently working on new music with pop-punk act Necessary Noise. Jarrod plays all instruments in his own project called All Veins.

Equipment
Alexander endorses Gretsch drums, Remo drumheads, Istanbul Agop cymbals, and Vic Firth drumsticks. He also uses Ludwig pedals and hardware. Prior to Gretsch, Alexander endorsed Craviotto drums

Alexander usually favors a standard setup consisting of a bass drum, snare drum, rack tom and one or two floor toms.

Drums: Gretsch

Drumheads: Remo:
 * Snare: Controlled Sound Coated
 * Toms: Coated Emperors/Controlled Sound Clear Black Dot
 * Kick: Varies, usually Powerstroke P3 Clear

Cymbals: Istanbul Agop:
 * 15" Xist Power Hi-Hats
 * 22" Xist Power crash
 * 24" Xist Ride
 * 22" Xist Power crash

Drumsticks: Vic Firth:
 * Vic Firth Rock Wood tip drumsticks

Pedals/hardware: Ludwig:

 * Uses pedals and hardware from Ludwig's Axis series.

Discography

 * with D-Cons
 * Fed Up Demo Tape – 1996 (self released)
 * Can't Pull My Strings 7-inch ep – 1997 (Slow Gun Records)
 * The Operation Room ep cdep – 1998 (Slow Gun Records) limited release

 * with Death By Stereo
 * Demo Cassette (1998, Dental Records)
 * Fooled By Your Smile 7-inch (1998, Dental Records)
 * If Looks Could Kill, I'd Watch You Die (1999, Indecision Records)
 * Death Is My Only Friend (2009, Serjical Strike)

 * with Adamantium
 * When It Rains, It Pours (Indecision ReMcords)
 * Bane/Adamantium split 7-inch with Bane (2001, Indecision Records)

 * with The Suicide File
 * "The Suicide File" demo tape – 2001
 * "The Suicide File" 7-inch – 2001 (Indecision Records)
 * The Suicide File (2002)
 * "The Suicide File/The Hope Conspiracy" split 7-inch – 2002 (Deathwish Inc.)
 * "The Suicide File/R'N'R" split 7-inch – 2002 (This Blessing, This Curse)
 * "Things Fall Apart" 7-inch – 2003 (Indecision Records)
 * "Live On WERS" 7-inch – 2004 (Lifeline Records)
 * Things Fall Apart (2003)
 * Twilight (2003)
 * Some Mistakes You Never Stop Paying For (2005)

 * with The Hope Conspiracy
 *  "The Suicide File/The Hope Conspiracy" split 7-inch – 2002 (Deathwish Inc.)
 *  Endnote (2002, Equal Vision Records)

 * with American Nightmare
 *  Background Music (2003, Equal Vision Records, Burning Heart Records)

 * with Throwdown
 *  Haymaker (2003, Trustkill Records)
 * Deathless (2009, eOne Music)
 * Intolerance (2014, eOne Music)

 * with Bars
 * Introducing... (2004, Equal Vision Records)

 * with A Static Lullaby
 * A Static Lullaby (2006, Fearless Records)

 * with When Tigers Fight
 * Ghost Story (2006, Indecision Records)

 * with Rogue Sounds
 * Jupiter And Beyond The Infinite (2012)

 * with Downburst
 * Abandon Balance (2012) – Drum Tech

 * with Frank Iero
 * This Song Is a Curse (2012, Walt Disney)
 * Stomachaches (album) (2014, Staple Records / Hassle Records)

 * with My Chemical Romance
 * "Fake Your Death" (2014, Warner Bros Records)
 * "The Foundations of Decay" (2022, Reprise Records)

 * with Gerard Way
 * Hesitant Alien (2014, Warner Bros Records)

with Matt Skiba & The Sekrets

 * Babylon (2012, Superball Music)
 * Kuts (2015, Superball Music)

title: Jarrod Alexander


text:
Go for It (Stiff Little Fingers album)

Go for It is the third album by Stiff Little Fingers, released in 1981. "Just Fade Away" was released as a single.

Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote that Jake Burns's "voice is smoother and less anguished; the music, while no less energetic or committed, is more diverse and sophisticated."

Track listing
All tracks composed by Fingers and Gordon Ogilvie; except where noted. The following tracks were included on the 2001 EMI re-release:
 * 1) "Roots, Radicals, Rockers and Reggae" (Bunny O'Riley, arranged by Fingers) – 3:59
 * 2) "Just Fade Away" – 3:06
 * 3) "Go for It" (Fingers) – 3:17
 * 4) "The Only One" – 4:18
 * 5) "Hits and Misses" (Jake Burns, Gordon Ogilvie) – 3:51
 * 6) "Kicking Up a Racket" – 2:44
 * 7) "Safe as Houses" – 5:29
 * 8) "Gate 49" – 2:23
 * 9) "Silver Lining" – 3:04
 * 10) "Piccadilly Circus" – 4:43

Personnel
with:
 * Stiff Little Fingers
 * Jake Burns	– vocals, guitar; piano on "Silver Lining"
 * Jim Reilly	– drums
 * Henry Cluney – guitar, backing vocals
 * Ali McMordie – bass guitar
 * Stewart Blandamer – alto saxophone on "Silver Lining"
 * Tony Hughes – trumpet on "Silver Lining"
 * Steve "Fixit" Farr – baritone saxophone on "Silver Lining"
 * Technical
 * Doug Bennett – producer, piano on "Silver Lining"
 * Bill Gill – engineer
 * David Hamilton Smith – engineer
 * Shaun Bradley – equipment
 * Agency – cow bell
 * John "Teflon" Simms – cover illustration
 * Eugene Adebari – photography

title: Go for It (Stiff Little Fingers album)


text:
OGD

OGD may refer to:
 * 8-oxoguanine deaminase (8-OGD), an enzyme
 * Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, a diagnostic endoscopic procedure
 * Ogden-Hinckley Airport (IATA airport code), Ogden, Utah, United States
 * Organization and Guidance Department, an organizational committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, the ruling party of North Korea
 * Open government data
 * OGD Pictures, a Nigerian film company founded by Tade Ogidan

title: OGD


text:
Talk:K-lite

The content on this page has been merged with Kazaa following this VfD debate. Sjakkalle 09:49, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Other uses for the word K-Lite
I came here trying to figure out what K-Lite, a water softener additive is. Instead, I'm redirected to a file-sharing product.--65.190.103.147 20:15, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:K-lite


text:
Talk:Voiceless postalveolar fricative

š
The croatian sound š iz listed on this page, but it seems to me that is actually a Voiceless retroflex fricative. Any ideas?

I have heard somewhere that there is a wordplay with spelling the word "Fish" as "Ghote" (hence Inspector Ghote). I can easily remember the first two sounds: "Gh" sounds as "F" in "laugh", and "o" sounds as "i" in "women", but I cannot for my life remember what constitutes the spelling of "te" as sounding as "sh". Can somebody help me? --83.248.174.108 09:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC) (User Hannibal from Swedish Wikipedia)

 * It's ghoti and the ti comes from the -tion ending as in destination, nation, documentation, etc. . No apparent relationship to Inspector Ghote. Nohat 17:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

I am far from being a phonetician, so I don't feel comfortable editing this article, but I feel like in the examples section (shoe, passion, and caution), the phoneme in passion is indicated by the letters ssi, as opposed to just the letters ss. Passon would not be pronounced with the voiceless postalveolar fricative; pasion would almost certainly be pronounced with the voiced postalveolar fricative; the word passion seems to combine the ss digraph that softens the vowel (and removes the voice from the resulting sound) with the [consonant]+i digraph that appears in caution. Am I totally off base here?

As you suggest,the sh comes from the t in nation but the e is silent [ but does that make the short i in fish into a long i as in kite?] Marlon Munroe 05/03/06

Postalveolar vs. palato-alveolar
Should the languages with the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative or voiceless retroflex fricative be removed from this list, thus reserving the page for a specifically palato-alveolar consonant? Or is this page about voiceless postalveolar fricatives in general, including alveolo-palatals and retroflexes? 74.8.91.57 20:52, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Hebrew and Yiddish?
I'm not totally sure I understand the concept but would someone versed in this tell me if it exists in Hebrew or Yiddish: Shabbat, Shalom, Shomer, Esh (in Yiddish: Shabbos, Sholem, Shoymr, Eysh), Sabbath, peace, guard, fire, respectively. Are these voiceless postalveolar fricatives?  Valley 2 city  22:19, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Yes, that is the voiceless postalveolar fricative in both languages.:)·The Dropper 03:58, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Spanish
Why do you always remove the information about this sound in Spanish, that's so unprofessional. I've had specified the dialects this sounds appears (instead of /tʃ/, written "ch"), but you keep deleting it. If you find out about Spanish language this sound is present in a lot of dialects, heard 100% in Seville and Cádiz (Spain). As well it is present in Chilean Spanish, as other dialects. Please, do not remove the information again, as it is true. If you got a doubt, you can check the Chilean Spanish dialect, or the Andalusian Spanish dialect (here on Wikipedia) to ensure that it does really exist in Spanish. Even it is common in other dialects, as in the north of Mexico. So, please, do not remove the information about this, as this can be useful for whoever wants to know the Spanish language in-depth, or even the dialects mentioned above.

Check, http://www.atinachile.cl/node/11018 (Chilean dialect) http://enciclopedia.us.es/index.php/Dialecto_andaluz (Andalusian dialect) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.120.160.71 (talk) 12:47, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * You are so stubburn, you keep deleting it. This is not information! Why do you specify other dialects in other phonemes, and you keep deleting it for Spanish which is an international languages and it is got loads of phonemes represented differently depending the place where you are!!! THIS IS NONSENSE!!! There up is the proof for goodness sake. What's there to do for you don't to delete it?!

You would do better to address your complaints to the person who deleted your information; go here: User talk:Aeusoes1 --M1ss1ontomars2k4 (talk) 02:07, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * We can address it here. I removed it because it's unreferenced.  The references you provide aren't very scholarly.  Do you have books or journal articles? — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  03:36, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Sound sample: too palatal
Is it just me, or the sounds in File:Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative.ogg (ʃ) and File:Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative.ogg (ɕ) are almost identical?

I'd say that the sound sample in this article (postalveolar fricative) is too palatal and "soft", i.e. the speaker's tip of the tongue is too fronted. If the typical English sound "sh" is a "cannonical" form of /ʃ/, then this sound sample does not represent it well, and should be re-recorded. No such user (talk) 08:08, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Can you readily tell the difference between the two sounds? After years of trying, I still can't distinguish the two.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  17:19, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I can't tell the difference between those two .oggs (both are a /ɕ/, IMO), but I can tell the difference between two "cannonical" sounds. And this one is fairly wrong; imagine a native English speaker--you seem to be the one--saying "sh*t" with that sound :-). No such user (talk) 08:00, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * You really can't hear the difference Æµ§œš¹? Listen to the sound samples here: .  I think it's really obvious there.  Do you still not hear it? Badassusername (talk) 18:51, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree. Our two sound files are essentially identical. One's maybe pronounced with a higher tone, but the articulation sounds the same. The Meier files are a little better (there's a slight difference), but the [ɕ] is not what I'm used to from Japanese or Mandarin. I've been wondering if I should redo some of these, but I can't make a uvular trill for the life of me. — kwami (talk) 19:40, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi, i'm french speaking and something else seems to doesn't work on this sound file... Why it's say's "sha" ? It's should say "sh" with a little of "i" in french or "e" in english... No ? Something like this : https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7kOiQcEwAL8TjhURVZZTkRUNmc/view You are free to use/modify this sound if you want to any use's imaginable. Thanks, Eric1212 (talk) 12:24, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

Merger with Esh (letter)
According to a tag in Esh (letter), there is a proposal to merge Esh (letter) with this article Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant, and the proposal is being discussed here. I can find no such discussion — so I'll start one.

I oppose the merger. One article is about a sound or phoneme, the other is about a printed or written character. They are completely different things. The latter often represents the former, though it is also used in other ways; and the former can also be represented in other ways. To merge the two article would cause confusion. Maproom (talk) 12:28, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

 * No, there is a tag to merge the section Esh (letter) to here, which is quite reasonable. That section certainly does not belong to that article, because none of those languages has the glyph <ʃ>. It is a bit questionable if it belongs here at all (describing possible spellings of sound /ʃ/ in all world languages could be a bit too wide), but I think it would be acceptable (barely). No such user (talk) 12:58, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Ok, I understand. In that case I withdraw my opposition. The section certainly does not belong in that article. I am unsure where it does belong. Maproom (talk) 14:53, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

sheep and schön
The first sounds of "sheep" and "schön" are not the same sound, which is quite apparent if one is familiar with both. The latter sound I don't think I've ever encountered in English, while the former appears in some German words.
 * -- I disagree, [ʃ] is the first phone in both words Tavin (talk) 23:49, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

The German SCH/S(T)-/S(P)- sounds much darker, bordering on retroflex, the English SH is purely postalveolar. Using German SCH in English is perceived as -German accent-. In no way they are the same phone/sound, neither articulatory nor acoustically. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Linda Martens (talk • contribs) 23:05, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

I agree with Linda Martens' description: "sheep" and "schön" don't have the same exact sound (I'm studying German for over one year, and have been in Germany for six months before that). After chatting with German natives, listening to media and songs, you clearly see that the English [ʃ] is different from the German [ʃ]. Using the English [ʃ] whenever it is prompted in German is nonetheless acceptable and totally fine. I think it has actually some expression among German natives, but it is rarer. As such, the "authentic" and definitely most common [ʃ] in German differs from the English [ʃ]. Regarding just the tongue shape, I suppose that the English [ʃ] is what the phoneticians call "laminal" (this seems to be the same used in European Portuguese, btw - I'm a native speaker), whereas the most common German [ʃ] is described as "apico-laminal". I am however confused: "apico-laminal"?? To me, being "apical" contrasts precisely with being "laminal". I'm unaware of the possibility of a consonant being both apical and laminal at the same time. Oceanflipper (talk) 23:54, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

diagram
I drew a diagram of this, could anyone check if it's correct? and if so please use it?

Norwegian
Could someone provide a sourced example for Standard Eastern Norwegian? What is now present in the article is very confusing, since Bokmål and Nynorsk are writing standards, not standards of pronunciation, like General American or Received Pronunciation. Please don't remove the tags without addressing the problem. Thanks. --Matthiaspl (talk) 22:42, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Removed as it's sourced as retroflex on Norwegian phonology. Peter238 (talk) 09:35, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
What the devil phoneme is this? I can't really comprehend how it would sound. Can someone familiar with it please explain? Tharthandorf Aquanashi (talk) 16:29, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
 * It's not phonemic in any language I'm aware of. — Peter238 (v̥ɪˑzɪʔ mɑˑɪ̯ tˢʰoˑk̚ pʰɛˑɪ̯d̥ʒ̊) 16:52, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

I'm more confused as to why it's on THIS page at all? --gejyspa (talk) 13:08, 26 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Both and  are postalveolar but not retroflex, that's why. The current official name for  is "voiceless postalveolar fricative". — Peter238 (v̥ɪˑzɪʔ mɑˑɪ̯ tˢʰoˑk̚ pʰɛˑɪ̯d̥ʒ̊) 16:52, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

Occurence in northern Sweden
To claim that the sound occurs "in northern dialects", and that it's an "allophone of [ʂ]" is literally laughable — I would have laughed out loud if I ever heard someone speak like that, and I've met people from many different parts of northern Sweden. The sound does occur in Finland in place of Swedish [ ɧ  ], which is completely different from [ʂ]. — Knyȝt (talk) 16:01, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I think the real question is, why in the world would a sound like /ɧ/ develop out of a historical /sk/ anyhow? It's an illogical phoneme is what it is! Tharthandorf Aquanashi (talk) 18:52, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * What do you mean "illogical"? --JorisvS (talk) 19:02, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * As is clearly obvious from evolution of /sk/ in pretty much every other instance, it does not follow that /sk/ ➨ /ɧ/. There are only two instances of such a shift ever occurring and they are both documented on this page. Furthermore, /ɧ/ sounds nothing like /sk/ whatsoever. I'm am truly baffled as to why such a shift has occurred. Tharthandorf Aquanashi (talk) 20:30, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * That makes it uncommon/unlikely, but not illogical. --JorisvS (talk) 23:57, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Tharthandorf Aquanashi (talk) 01:16, 28 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I removed it. It was unsourced, and in my experience it is laminal retroflex in the north, rather than palato-alveolar . If someone has sources that say otherwise, feel free to reinsert it. Peter238 (v̥ɪˑzɪʔ mɑˑɪ̯ tˢʰoˑk̚ pʰɛˑɪ̯d̥ʒ̊) 21:43, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Sheísmo
As noted in the Rioplatense Spanish article, in parts of Argentina, particularly around Buenos Aires, both Y and LL are pronounced with this sound. So Paraguayo is pronounced as Paraguasho, and Caballito as Cabashito. This phenomenon is known as "sheísmo." Can someone edit occurrences to note this. I'm not experienced with editing these sorts of tables, but have reference right here from the other article: -Helvetica (talk) 07:13, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

Confusion between ʃ and ɕ in American English
It seems to me most Americans say /ɕ/ instead of /ʃ/. I hear /ʃ/ sometimes if that person has a lisp problem. Or some British accents (e.g. Scottish, like Sean Connery). Difference is /ʃ/ seems heavier, due to blocking of air flow. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.202.8.115 (talk) 02:48, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

 * First, it's and . You're talking about the phonetic realization of the phoneme.

 * That's not true. Plus, there are two types of : flat postalveolar and palato-alveolar, both of which can be heard in English (but the latter is much more common). The flat postalveolar variant is often (not really correctly) called retroflex, and transcribed.

 * The difference between the palato-alveolar and alveolo-palatal sibilants is in the amount of palatalization - the former is only somewhat palatalized, whereas the latter is strongly palatalized. Flat postalveolar sibilants are not palatalized.

 * The only accent I'm aware of that sometimes uses is Cockney, in which some speakers realize  as  or sometimes even . Apart from that, maybe Indian English uses  instead of the usual English . Now, even if that is the case, no scholars I'm aware of use the symbols $\langle\rangle$ when transcribing Indian English. Peter238 (talk) 12:33, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

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Requested move 23 December 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: ✅ Ⓩⓟⓟⓘⓧ Talk 16:33, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

"Sibilant" is not truly a manner of articulation but an acoustic characteristic that certain fricatives and affricates have, which in turn is used to distinguish some sounds from others when it helps. So the current names do not really distinguish the sounds from the homorganic affricates, let alone align with all the other phonetic sound articles. Also, palato-alveolars are almost always sibilant, so to call a sound "palato-alveolar sibilant" is most likely pleonastic.
 * Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant → Voiceless postalveolar fricative
 * Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant → Voiced postalveolar fricative

I understand that "palato-alveolar" was chosen to disambiguate them from other sounds produced in the postalveolar region, namely the retroflexes and alveolo-palatals, but now that the articles also cover the postalveolar non-sibilant fricatives, which aren't palato-alveolar or notable enough to have their own articles, "...postalveolar fricative" is the only sensible option I can think of. Nardog (talk) 21:11, 23 December 2017 (UTC) --Relisting. Galobtter (pingó mió) 18:08, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I completely agree with Nardog - I haven't actually ever heard anybody call these sounds the titles they currently have on Wikipedia. BenYaMan (talk) 01:40, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Google Books supports the proposed alternatives as the common names for these concepts. bd2412  T 16:13, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Sanskrit
The entry "Ś" claims that Ś is used for the transcription of the voiceless postalveolar fricative when Sanskrit is transcribed, and instances of its usage exist, e.g. Śrāvaka. Is that statement mistaken, and "Ś" really transcribes another sound? A cursory search has not brought up any instances of the voiceless retroflex fricative being transcribed as "Ś", though many instances of it being transcribed as the digraph "sh", e.g. "Rishi", which makes the voiceless retroflex fricative an unlikely candidate, and the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative does not, according to its entry, exist in Sanskrit. Are there any other considerations why Sanskrit should be excluded from the list of occurences in this article? Otherwise, this should perhaps be amended. --Halemyu (talk) 21:57, 21 September 2018 (UTC)

Does Norwegian have [ʃ] or [ʂ]?
"Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was [ʃ]." [ʃ] or [ʂ]? Yeowe (talk) 11:37, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voiceless postalveolar fricative


text:
Richmond railway station, Sydney

Richmond railway station is the heritage-listed terminus railway station of the Richmond line, serving the Sydney suburb of Richmond, in New South Wales, Australia. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 Western and T5 Cumberland line services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
The Richmond line opened on 1 December 1864 as a rural branch line in response to the area's success as a farming district and its location at the intersection of two stock routes.

In 1856, a petition for the establishment of a railway from the residents of Windsor and Richmond had been presented to the Government. In 1860 a grant of (Pounds)57,000 was approved for a railway between Blacktown and Windsor. In the following year it was increased to (Pounds)60,000 for a railway between Blacktown and Richmond. Contracts for earthworks, permanent ways and bridges were let from 1862. The line was opened on 29 November 1864 by Governor Sir John Young. A pilot engine was run before all passenger trains for safety. The original stations were Riverstone, Mulgrave, Windsor and Richmond. Upgrade to the track took place in the late nineteenth century.

A major upgrading of most stations on the line occurred in the 1880s, including Richmond. The present brick platform building dates from 1881, prior to the opening of Windsor station, although the two station buildings are almost identical.

On 8 December 1926, the line was extended to Kurrajong with the line leaving from Platform 1, then going across the corner of Richmond Park and along the side of March Street. This extension closed on 26 July 1952 after a landslide near Kurrajong during heavy rain. Having low levels of traffic its restoration could not be justified. Little evidence of it now remains.

The early decades of the 20th century brought further improvements and upgrades to the line. These included the establishment of RAAF Base Richmond in 1925, which resulted in a significant increase in the use of the line. A skillion roof signal box was constructed c. 1916.

In 1938, congestion at Clarendon railway station caused by a RAAF Air Show resulted in extensive improvements. All station platforms were increased to 450 feet and additional facilities were installed at Richmond.

1940s plans show proposed additions and alterations to the station in the Inter-war functionalist style and stockyards in the precinct. The station additions were not completed. An undated plan shows a goods shed opposite the station, a turntable and a carriage shed and an engine shed. Water tanks and coal loading facilities are also shown (no longer extant), and a gate keepers cottage on the Sydney side of the level crossing near East Richmond Railway Station.

During the 1950s, a detached cleaners' building was erected at the rear of the platform building.

An engine shed was demolished in 1983. There no longer appears to be any evidence of the former yard as the area around the station has been developed for purposes such as carparking and a McDonald's.

As part of the electrification of the line from Riverstone in 1991, the yard was remodeled with the current train storage sidings laid on the northern side of the station and removal of tracks from the southern side. In 1996 all rooms to the station building were internally altered, except the General Waiting Room. Externally, the building is largely unaltered.

At around 10am on Monday 22 January 2018, 8-car Waratah train A42 arriving at Richmond Platform 2 overran the buffers, resulting in at least 16 serious injuries and the 3rd car to be jacked up. This Waratah set was then sent to Cardiff to be repaired, and has re-entered service with the front carriage replaced with a spare.

Platforms and services
Historically, Richmond has been served by services operating from Sydney CBD/North Shore, branching off the Western Line at Blacktown (under the service title of 'T1 Richmond). However, after a major timetable change for the Sydney Trains network on 26 November 2017, Cumberland line services started continuing out to Richmond, rather than terminating at Schofields, during the late night, taking over from the Richmond line.

Transport links
Busways operate seven routes to and from Richmond station:
 * 668: to Windsor station via Freemans Reach
 * 675A: to Windsor station via Bligh Park
 * 675C: to Windsor station via RAAF Base Richmond
 * 677: to Penrith station via Londonderry
 * 678: to Penrith station via Castlereagh
 * 680: to Bowen Mountain
 * 682: to Kurrajong or Berambing

Richmond station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N71: to Town Hall station

Description
The Richmond station precinct includes a type 3, second-class station building with a brick-faced platform (1881), the remnants of a brick dock platform and the remains of the Kurrajong line (both 1926), and a cleaning store (1950).

Station building (1881)
The brick station building is a type 3 "Second Class" station building dating to 1881. It is a symmetrical building on a centre access with wings at both ends of the building. It has a slate hipped roof with a centre transverse gable. The three painted brick chimneys are a striking feature with their decorative stone and arched chimney pots. The windows are generally timber double hung with stone or concrete lintels and sills. Transom lights are located above most of the timber four panel doors, although some have been removed to accommodate services such as air-conditioning. Painted decorative dentilated mouldings are located at the top of the walls under the eaves. The exterior is punctuated with a variety of new services and signs related to the daily operations of the station.

The Platform 1 side has a corrugated iron sheeted ogee verandah roof supported on timber columns with sandstone bases that extends only partway along the building. The Platform 2 side has a skillion roofed verandah with decorative iron columns and brackets that extend along the entirety of the central section of the building. It is also sheeted in corrugated style metal sheeting. Modern seating, ticket machines, garbage bins and gardens are located at various locations. The female toilets located on the platform have what appear to be restored early marble and timber station signs hung on the exterior walls.

Internally, the building retains its historic character despite the 1990s refurbishment. Internal detailing includes some mini orb ceilings, ceiling roses, blocked up fireplaces with timber surrounds, moulded plaster cornices, timber window and door frames, architraves and skirtings. Many services are surface mounted.

The station building is in good condition apart from a few minor issues on Platform 2 near the ticket window where a waterpipe appears to have created some ongoing damp issues to the base of the building that have resulted in mortar degradation and flaking paint. It is also evident that repointing works carried out with hard cement mortar resulted in some deterioration on brick substrate.

Externally the building has a high degree of integrity and intactness. Internally, considerable reorganisation has taken place. However, the overall character of the station remains intact. The removal of the associated rail yard components of the site reduces its ability to demonstrate this element of its history.

Cleaning store (1950)
A flat roofed, detached brick building which has been constructed as a cleaners room stands between the station building and the edge of Platform 1. It was assessed as being in good condition at the time of heritage listing.

Platform (1881)
Richmond Station has a brick faced island platform with concrete deck and asphalt finish. Modern buffers are located at the end of the rail line. White aluminium palisade fencing has been erected around the station and pedestrian crossing at the end of the line as a safety barrier.

Dock platform (1926)
The dock platform remains as a brick and grassed island in the middle of the northern carpark. It was assessed as being in moderate condition at the time of heritage listing.

Kurrajong line and yard remains (1926)
The former Kurrajong line sidings, former sidings, stock yards, turntable and engine shed appear to be visible under the car park which has been topped with asphalt surface. Remnants may survive below the new surface.

Landscape features
There are a number of mature trees and plantings on the eastern side of the platform that add to the significant setting of the station.

Modifications and dates

 * 1890 – Kitchen erected at gate house.
 * 1897 – Engine shed extended.
 * 1900 – Carriage shelter shed provided.
 * 1903 – Station Master's house damaged by fire.
 * 1908 – Platform extended.
 * 1909 – Purchase of land to extend the yard.
 * 1912 – Platform extended.
 * 1914 – Rest house erected.
 * 1916 – Interlocked.
 * 1923 – Runround loop laid in at platform.
 * 1925 – Turntable site relocated.
 * 1927 – An additional water column installed.
 * 1950s – A detached cleaners' building was erected at the rear of the platform building.
 * 1952 – Water tank transferred to Dunheved.
 * 1957 – Providing lighting at the water column, coal stage and in the engine shed.
 * 1967 – 600 Class two-car diesel train introduced on branch.
 * 1971 – Last steam passenger service ran.
 * 1984 – Engine shed removed.
 * 1987 – Gate house demolished.
 * 1996 – All rooms were internally altered and some given new uses, except the general Waiting Room.

The yard and evidence of the Kurrajong line appears to have been entirely removed except for an additional line behind Platform 1. Some minor changes have been made to some doors, windows and signage of the Station. The skillion roof signal box c. 1916 appears to have been demolished.

Heritage listing
Richmond Railway Station is of state significance as an early railway station dating from 1867 that was instrumental in opening up the farming district of the Hawkesbury to provide transport for fresh produce to the Sydney markets. The 1880s station building is a fine example of a Victorian second-class station building and provides evidence of the prosperity and growth of Richmond following the arrival of the railway during the nineteenth century. The station remains as the terminus for the Richmond Branch Line and is significant as a landmark in the historic town and for its continuity of use for over 140 years. The Kurrajong siding is significant as evidence of the former branch line which operated between Richmond and Kurrajong from 1926 – 1952.

Richmond railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Richmond Station has historical significance as the termination point for the Sydney metropolitan railway system in that direction dating from 1867, with no continuation of train services by other providers. The station was instrumental in opening up the farming district of Hawkesbury to provide transport for fresh produce to Sydney markets. The existing station building is historically significant as an early station building from the 1880s and for its association with the upgrade of the Richmond line in the 1880s. Remnant dock platform and shadow siding to the rear are one of the few remaining pieces of evidence of the Kurrajong line that operated between 1926 and 1952.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

Richmond Railway Station is aesthetically significant as a fine example of the architecture of larger railway station buildings in the late nineteenth century demonstrating key characteristics of a Victorian second-class station building. It retains most of its original external detailing and provides evidence of the prosperity and growth of Richmond following the arrival of the railway.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The station building is rare as one of three larger, significant station buildings built on the Richmond line in the 1880s, the others being at Windsor and Riverstone.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

The station is one of three larger, significant station buildings built on the Richmond line in the 1880s, the others being at Windsor and Riverstone. These differ significantly from the smaller, simpler stations built elsewhere on the line. The station building is a fine example of a late nineteenth century station building, representing the peak of achievement in station architecture that is known as second-class station building.

title: Richmond railway station, Sydney


text:
Talk:T3

Untitled
''T3 were a moderately successful singing trio, who acieved fame in the mid nineties. They were famously Michael Jackson's nephews.''

Has User:Brianreddy any evidence to support this assertion? - Pete C ✍ 09:51, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

I removed the vanity entry about the DoD clan. - donkay — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.244.4.112 (talk) 02:22, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

What about the taxation slip https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/trust-administrators/t3-slip.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.161.178.249 (talk) 20:45, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:T3


text: Talk:Amrita Thapar

title: Talk:Amrita Thapar


text:
Talk:Highland Potato Famine

Having recently created the article I am having second thoughts about its title (Highlands and Islands Potato Famine (1846 - 1857)). I am not sure the 19th century famine extended into Orkney and Shetland (although potato dependence was probably very common in those island areas) and Highlands and Islands seems to be a late 19th century idea designed to combine in one area the Highlands of Scotland and the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland. Highlands does reasonably include the Hebrides (including the Western Isles) and was generally presumed to do so during the 19th century. I am planning a move to Highland Potato Famine (1846 - 1857). Laurel Bush 09:51, 31 May 2005 (UTC).

Agrigarian Crisis!!
I was appalled to read in this article that an editor had stated the Great Highland Famine is regarded no more than an agragarian crisis rather than a famine and the tone implies that it is somehow less of a disaster than the “all too real” famine in Ireland. So how many people have to die before a famine is all too real? Famine in China has resulted in 80 million Chinese people starving to death. So does the Irish famine pales when compared to the all too real Chinese famine? Of course the answer is no. If one life is lost due to a famine it is a tragedy. Symptoms of famine include disintegrating society, political corruption, instability, disorder and a breakdown of the moral economy and of course large scale emigration and death. All of which occurred in Scotland. I have removed the comment. Tabhara (talk) 18:55, 22 November 2009 (UTC)
 * But all the above are also symptoms of an agrarian crisis; with the possible exception of the winter of 1846-7 the problem was not that food was unavailable; it was that it was unaffordable - the Islands recovered not because they returned to self-sufficiency in food, but because they had easier access to cheap food from elsewhere, and could produce stuff they could sell to pay for it. Other parts of Scotland heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food were sufficiently far from the edge that they scraped through the blight years. And yes, if one life is lost because of crop failure it is a tragedy; any death is a tragedy, but the concept of a one-death famine is surely somewhat unorthodox. Rjccumbria (talk) 22:00, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Gordon of Cluny & forcible emigration
I actually came onto the talk page to ask what the sources were for the claim that in the middle of the 19th century a landowner could force his tenants onto a ship and Shanghai them to Canada. As far as I can see from what the contemporary papers said about Barra, there were some evictions (c Whit 1850?) and the evictees were produced in various Scots towns (c Xmas 1850) to excite sympathy and increase pressure for action. (Gordon was a good target as notoriously rich and notoriously mean, but Barra was an economic basket case following the collapse of the kelp and fishing industies ( 80% of the population on relief)). In August 1851 three ships full of voluntary emigrants from Gordon's estates on Barra and Uist sailed for Canada. As the Glasgow Herald pointed out it would have been more sensible to feed them through a Scots winter and send them out in the spring, rather than send them out so late in the season that they would have to survive a Candian winter before they could do anything useful, but that aside voluntary emigration after eviction or under the threat of eviction is not the same as forcible emigration.Rjccumbria (talk) 22:00, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:54, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Barra - "The most destitute" emigrants "I ever saw"
The captioned section seems very overlong in order to comply with WP:PROPORTION.ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 19:29, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

revision 801455842
To answer the question "So why not just move the quote marks? -"improving landlord" was(is?) a standard (approbatory) term)":

(1) Some writers about the Highland Clearances and the Agricultural Revolution in the the Scottish Highlands persistently use quote marks around the word 'improvement' (in the context of 'agricultural improvement'). These tend to be those with a partisan view of this historical event - including sensationalist authors, journalists and politicians. It seems to me that their implication is that any improvement is imagined or illusory and that the agricultural situation is no better than before. The vast majority of historians do not do this (James Hunter is the exception to prove the rule - even John Prebble avoided quotes). I appreciate that the usage is a little different in the original sentence, but nevertheless feel that any Wikipedia article should avoid the reader taking the understanding/misunderstaning that the editor follows the more populist interpretation of history.

(2) Then we have a question of fact. The Highland Chiefs first came to look on themselves as landlords and then sought to realise greater returns from their estates. The first resort was to simply put the rent up, but that then translated into changing the agricultural system through improvement. Hence the form of words 'Chieftains become "improving landlords"' does not really fit with what happened: it was not a one-step change from Chieftain to agricultural improver.

(3) Not every clearance was for sheep. Relevant to this situation, some of the early clearances were to increase cattle production. (The later clearances for sporting estates are not significantly on the timeline up to the potato famine.) Hence addition of the word 'generally' is useful.

(4) The grammatical structure of the original sentence is somewhat opaque - and I have to confess that I misread it when editing. What I intended was to say "Chieftains became landlords, and planned improvements to achieve higher rental returns....". If we stick with the latest text, surely it should say "Chieftains-become-"improving-landlords" had found sheep-grazing to be the most remunerative form of agriculture....". In other words, the "chieftains become landlords" has to be hyphenated to make clear that this is the subject of the sentence - but the moment you stick the word 'improving' in there, together with the quote marks, it becomes (to my simple mind) somewhat clumsy and confusing. There are ground for further simplification of the grammar in this part of the article, including shorter sentences.

Hence I advocate the original edit that I made, with the correction of 'became' for 'become'. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 19:41, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm not too worried about this, and I appreciate you not turning this into a revert war
 * Well, there was no intention to question the good intentions of the improving landlords, which seemed to be the implication of the edit summary. Conversely, and contrary to the popularising take on the chieftains ('heartless swine selling their tenants down the river so they could pay their tailors' bills') I think there was (sometimes?/often?) a bit more to the agricultural improvement movement than increasing rent-rolls, although doubtless that was a welcome outcome of increasing agricultural productivity. I would suggest the phrase "improving landlords" is retained, but wiki-linked to Scottish Agricultural Revolution, in which case it doesn't need the quotes to show it is a phase with meaning/implications.
 * Don't follow this at all, and I would wonder if it is associated with the misreading of 'become' as 'became'. The article isn't giving a step by step acount of what happened next, but an explanation of how the situation in the 1840s had arisen. Coastal crofting did not arise because of rent increases in situ; it arose when chieftains began to pursue an improving agenda; which (I thought) was what the article said.
 * No probs
 * Hard for me to argue the previous sentence structure was not confusing if you tell me it confused you, but hypenation-for-clarity as a new one on me; surely 'chieftains who had become improving landlords' would be the normal clarifying expansion.
 * I have tweaked the article text further in line with those responses Rjccumbria (talk) 19:03, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * OK - looks a lot better in the article now. On point 1, the failing is in the expectations of the reader, rather than what is written. Putting the word "improvement"/"improver" (etc.) in quotes is taken by some as a battle flag in the debate over whether the Highlands would be a much better place if improvement and the Clearances had not happened. (What do those people think would be the current status of such supposedly unchanged societies?) It just seems wise to avoid accidentally signalling a position in that debate.ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 19:33, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

Getting Scottish units of measure right
This article seems to struggle with explaining the old Scottish measurements correctly. Note (g) says: In Scots customary measure, a peck of meal was about 9 litres, a boll 145 litres. There was a smaller Imperial peck, but no Imperial boll. (For comparison with rations quoted above 9 litres of oatmeal weighs about 5 kg) The first part of this has a reference. There is no reference for the second part of the note.

There are several problems with applying the source to the time of the Highland Potato Famine. Firstly, these measures had substantial regional differences at the time of the 1661 Linlithgow measures. Secondly, as the source states, "in 1824 an act of parliament imposed the English versions of Imperial measures and defined the proportions of older measures to Imperial measures". What actually happened, is that the boll became defined by weight (but still varying depending on what sort of substance was being weighed.) If you look at a near-contemporary commercial dictionary you find that a boll of oatmeal was 140 pounds (or 10 stone). I suggest that this is the measure that was used for measuring out famine relief supplies. 140 lbs is 63.5 kg.

However, following the weight given in note (g) for 9 litres (or a peck) of oatmeal weighing 5kg, this gives a boll as 16 X 5kg = 80 kg. This is roughly 25% higher than the 140 lbs / 63.5 kg measure.

I looked online for a volume/weight conversion for oatmeal. I found this which seems appropriate. One metric cup is 0.25 litres, which the converter site says would give a weight for rolled oats (different name for the same thing): 1 metric cup weighs 0.095102 kg, so one litre weighs 4 times this = 0.380408 kg. Applying this to the Linlithgow measures of 1661, a boll of oatmeal is 145.145 litres, so 145.145 X 0.380408 = 55.2 kg. This is roughly 13% less than the 140 lbs. To me, this suggests that the Linlithgow measurements are irrelevant to the time in question - and I would guess the whole subject confuses the living daylights out of a reader of the article.

It is important to get this right as any reader who is using Wikipedia to understand a contemporary source could easily end up with the wrong numbers. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 20:01, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

Understatement of government involvement
This article understates the large amount of covert government involvement in the activities of the Central Board. That involvement is suggested by T M Devine to make the board "....almost a quasi-government agency". Trevelyan, McNeill and Coffin had a close oversight of what, outwardly, was an independent charitable organisation. Skene even goes so far as to have annotated a letter to Trevelyan with "Pray do not let these find their way into print". This suggests to me that the fundamental weakness in the article is reliance on contemporary newspapers - which, with the benefit of detailed historical research, we now see had the full facts withheld from them.

It is worth adding that, if proper recognition of government "behind the scenes" control of the relief effort is properly dealt with, the beliefs and attitudes of Trevelyan, Coffin and McNeill on the characteristics of the Gaels who they were tasked with helping should be included. Of course, these views were not held in isolation and were probably typical of anyone likely to have a government position at the time. Viewed with a modern eye, their opinions would be felt unacceptable. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 21:04, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

 * To go further on the 'fundamental weakness' stated above, I now feel that the extensive use of contemporary newspaper reports as sources for this article leaves it open to the criticism of being WP:OR. Whilst the conclusions reached by that (possible) original research are commendably close to those held by professional historians, they are not identical and have some significant gaps in the story. I suggest that a substantial rewrite is needed in due course. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 00:04, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

Blight Dies Away - units?
In the Highland_Potato_Famine section there is a table with no units marked. The surrounding text says "Sir James Matheson had spent £33,000", but the table has numbers like £150. This makes me think the table is probably meant to be in thousands of £? -- stillnotelf   is invisible  21:57, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You need to read the table in the context of the paragraph and the article as a whole. The £33,000 was spent over 3 years at the height of the famine and the much smaller amounts are for years considered largely to be outside the period of the famine. So: the numbers are right. What the article does not make clear is that the affected populations made significant changes to their lives - many emigrated and those that remained as residents of the Highlands and Islands were deeply involved in working away from their homes as migrant workers. This reduced the demand for relief as many of those still living in the region were earning money and also were not living on their crofts whilst doing this work.
 * The article does need some improvement to make this clear, and the injection of some secondary sources to support the text. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 23:28, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Highland Potato Famine


text:
Talk:Edmonds–Karp algorithm

Discussion
In the article, it is stated that "The distinguishing feature is that the shortest augmenting path is used at each step, which guarantees that the computation will terminate." However, as I understand it, the use of the shortest augmenting path ensure a faster running time than using breadth-running time. The terminiation of the computation is also ensured in the other algorithms based on Ford-Fulkerson, and has as such nothing to do with the breadth-first search. I will try to work on this entry at a later stage.--Kristjan Wager 09:52, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The article is precisely correct! Please don't change it without discussion.  --Zero 13:42, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * According to Cormen et al's Introduction to Algorithms, 2nd edition, the breadth-first search is done to reduce the search time from $$O(E|f^*|)$$ to $$O(VE^2)$$ (see pages 658-663).  It has nothing as do with ensuring that the algorithm terminates - this is ensured by the principles of the Ford-Fulkerson method.--Kristjan Wager 14:09, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No, the $$O(E|f^*|)$$ bound only applies if the capacities are integers. If they are arbitrary real numbers, the Ford-Fulkerson method might fail to terminate and can even converge towards the wrong answer. See Ford-Fulkerson algorithm.  --Zero 20:08, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, thank you for clearifying. While I was aware of the problems with Ford-Fulkerson in regards to real numbers, I was unaware that Edmonds-Karp fixed it. Interesting that Cormen et al didn't mention that aspect. I think I need to read the original article. --Kristjan Wager 07:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

In the figure: Ek-flow 4.png, there is an arrow upside down, please correct it.
 * The arrow is drawn correctly. What happens here is that flow is "sent back" from E to D. The flow that was going from D to E is redirected to go to F. Klem fra Nils Grimsmo 15:18, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

There is a small mistake in the pseudocode for the EdisonKarp algorithm. The flow returning is not computed correctly. It must be The net flow must be zero. --85.176.154.47 00:00, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Oops. Thank you for notifying! Klem fra Nils Grimsmo 06:56, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

I believe there is another error in the pseudo code.

In the Breadthfirstsearch you do:

if (C[U,v] - F[u,v] > 0 and...)

But that is not a correct computation of the residual capacity. I believe it must be

if (C[U,v] - F[u,v] + F[v,u] > 0 and...)

Because a flow in one direction will increase the capacity in the other.

 * Note how values are updated when backtracking the path. The net flow is maintained. Skew symmetry is upheld. Klem fra Nils Grimsmo 20:29, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

At the end of the example it says that the minimal cut partitions the nodes into "sets {let A =6,B,C,E} and {D,F,G}, with the capacity c(A,D) + c(C,D) + c(E,G) = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5." But isn't the capacity here missing edge (D,E) with c(D,E) = 2 ? The capacity of the cut would then be 7 instead of 5. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.60.236.119 (talk) 15:15, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * No, the capacity is five. You should only count edges from the source set S to the sink set T. edge D,E is from T to S, and therefore does not increase the capacity. ArrowmanCoder (talk) 01:40, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

You state that "...and independently by Jack Edmonds and Richard Karp in 1972 (discovered earlier).". Well, that is usual in any science. Did anybody ask Dinic at what point in time he discovered the algorithm that is attributed to Edmonds and Karp? If not, then the remark "(discovered earlier)" should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.237.222.140 (talk) 14:52, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Minimum Cut
In the example can you explain why that's the minimum cut and how you find it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.68.39.88 (talk) 11:56, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Pseudocode too detailed
I think this pseudocode is way too detailed. It is so detailed that it looks like an actually programming language. What do others think? Bender2k14 (talk) 16:42, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, and I think the Java and C are inappropriate for Wikipedia, which is not supposed to be a software library. Zerotalk 19:35, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I disagree, it's refreshing to have the details of the algorithm presented. Many algorithms are sensitive to such details - the precise order in which "visited arrays" are updated, edge cases, etc. In this case, I recently improved the pseudocode to terminate once a shortest augmenting path from s to t is found. Without the details, other implementers may make the same mistake by iterating until the BFS queue is empty.

Should BreadthFirstSearch take F as a parameter?
Or am I missing something?

Damix 217.202.48.196 (talk) 23:42, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Fatest pipe heuristic
Edmonds Karp is sometimes implemented using fatest path instead of shortest path. This has a runtime of O(|E|^2*logC) with C being the max flow. (for sparse graphs it's O(|E|logC*(|E|+|V|log|V|)) using Dijkstra). I guess |V| rarely much larger than logC, but perhaps the variation should be mentioned for completeness? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thomasda (talk • contribs) 00:12, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Edge weights must be: non-zero? positive?
Will this algorithm work correctly for edge weights of zero? If so, will the result always, sometimes, or never include those edges in the min-cut?

Will the algorithm work correctly if edge weights are negative?

Thanks,128.112.139.195 (talk) 21:28, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Push and pop
The pseudocode uses "push" and "pop" for the queue handling. Push is fine, but pop (LIFO) will result in an algorithm that is extremely slow compared to shifting (FIFO). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.255.217.210 (talk) 21:16, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

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Incorrect pseudo-code for the breadth-first-search part
It seems to me that the search can and should stop as soon as the sink node is reached. Indeed, all later processing is superfluous, as pred[t] can only be set once in each search. As it is now, the search stops when the queue is empty. In the first pass, that happens only after all nodes reachable from the source have been visited. JohannDeneux (talk) 15:45, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

I agree - each entry `pred[i]` is set exactly once, and set to the predecessor on the shortest path. So continuing the loop is completely unnecessary. I'll fix it soon. -- Anonymous — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.153.188.27 (talk) 00:04, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Unnecessary Edge Update in the Pseudocode
The pseudocode mentions that each edge must have a back-flow variable, and updates the back-flow near the very end of the algorithm. But the back-flow values only ever set, they're not used in finding a next shortest augmenting path or its flow, or in computing the total flow. So they look unnecessary - like someone just copied from the earlier Ford-Fulkerson algorithm page. If it's not important to the algorithm then all references to back-flow in the pseudocode should be eliminated. -- Anonymous

title: Talk:Edmonds–Karp algorithm


text:
Salm-Reifferscheid-Raitz

The House of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz is a noble family of German descent established in Central Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic). It came into existence after a partition of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Bedburg line in 1734, and was elevated to princely dignity in 1790.

Counts of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz (1734–1790)

 * Anton Joseph Franz, Count 1734–1769 (1720-1769), fourth surviving son of Franz Wilhelm I, Count of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Bedburg
 * Karl Joseph, Count 1769–1790 (1750-1838), elevated to Reichsfürst 1790

==Princes of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz (ruling 1790–1811) ==

 * Karl Joseph, previously Count, 1st Prince 1790-1838 (1750-1838), mediatized 1811
 * Franz Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz (1776-1836)
 * Hugo I, 2nd Prince 1803-1888 (1803-1888)
 * Hugo II, 3rd Prince 1888-1890 (1832-1890)
 * Hugo III, 4th Prince 1890-1903 (1863-1903)
 * Hugo IV, 5th Prince 1903-1946 (1893-1946)
 * Hugo V, 6th Prince 1946-1974 (1933-1974)
 * Hugo VI, 7th Prince 1974–present (born 1973)
 * Prince Erich of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz (1836-1884)
 * Prince August of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz (1866-1942)
 * Prince Niklas, Count of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Ungnad-Weißenwolff 1969-1970 (1904-1970)
 * Prince Niklas, Count of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Ungnad-Weißenwolff 1970-2009 (1942-2009)
 * Prince Niklas (born 1972)
 * Prince Christoph Niklas (born 2003)
 * Prince Paul (born 1979)
 * Prince Conrad (born 1985)
 * Prince Franz (born 1944)
 * Prince Philipp (born 1971)
 * Prince Benedikt (born 2012)
 * Prince Leopold (born 2013)
 * Prince Karl (born 1951)
 * Prince Johannes (born 1997)
 * Prince Gabriel (born 1998)
 * Prince Matthäus (born 2002)

title: Salm-Reifferscheid-Raitz


text:
A Story

A Story is an album by Yoko Ono, recorded in 1974, during the "lost weekend" sessions in which John Lennon produced Walls and Bridges. It was unreleased until the 1992 box set Onobox, which featured material from A Story on disc six. It was only properly released as an individual album 23 years later in 1997, with the reissuing of Ono's back catalogue by Rykodisc. The reissue added three bonus tracks, including home demos and a live recording from the Starpeace tour.

Track listing
1. "A Story" – 2:38

2. "Loneliness" – 3:33

3. "Will You Touch Me" – 2:39

4. "Dogtown" – 3:32

5. "Tomorrow May Never Come" – 2:52

6. "Yes, I'm a Witch" – 3:11

7. "She Gets Down on Her Knees" – 4:50

8. "It Happened" – 3:52

9. "Winter Friend" – 3:17

10. "Heartburn Stew" – 2:09

11. "Hard Times Are Over" – 4:37 1. "Anatano Te" (Demo) – 3:35
 * Bonus tracks

2. "Extension 33" (Demo) – 1:27

3. "Now or Never" (Live) (A cappella) – 1:18

Track information
Many of the tracks on A Story made it onto subsequent albums in a re-recorded form:
 * "Loneliness" and "Tomorrow May Never Come" were included on It's Alright (I See Rainbows).
 * "Will You Touch Me", "Dogtown" and "She Gets Down on Her Knees" were included on Season of Glass.
 * "Hard Times Are Over" was included on Double Fantasy.
 * "It Happened" was released as a different mix as the B-side to "Walking on Thin Ice".
 * "Yes, I'm a Witch" was included on, and gave its title to, Yes, I'm a Witch, a remix album of songs from Ono's back catalogue.

Personnel

 * Yoko Ono – vocals, backing vocals
 * Ann E. Sutton, Erin Dickins, Gail Kantor, Louise Messina – backing vocals on "Heartburn Stew", "Hard Times are Over" and "Tomorrow May Never Come"
 * Something Different – background vocals on "Tomorrow May Never Come"
 * David Spinozza, Hugh McCracken – guitar
 * Gordon Edwards – bass guitar
 * Kenneth Ascher – keyboards
 * Leon Pendarvis – keyboards on "She Gets Down on Her Knees"
 * Arthur Jenkins Jr. – percussion
 * Michael Brecker – tenor saxophone
 * Alan Rubin, Randy Brecker – trumpet
 * Lew Delgatto – baritone saxophone, bass clarinet
 * George Young – flute, clarinet
 * Rick Marotta – drums

 * Technical
 * Produced by Yoko Ono and David Spinozza
 * Recorded at Record Plant, N.Y., 1974
 * Ed Sprigg, Jack Douglas – recording engineers
 * Ed Sprigg, Roy Cicala – mix engineers
 * Kevin Herron – assistant engineer

 * "Anatano Te" & "Extension 33" (Rykodisc CD Bonus Demo Tracks)
 * Yoko Ono – vocal and piano
 * Recorded on cassette, Dakota Period

 * "Now or Never" (Rykodisc CD Bonus Live Track)
 * Yoko Ono – vocal
 * Recorded live in Budapest, 1986

Production

 * David Spinozza, Rob Stevens, Yoko Ono – producers
 * Ed Sprigg, Jack Douglas – recording
 * George Marino, Rob Stevens – remastering
 * Kevin Herron – engineer
 * Ed Sprigg, Roy Cicala – mixing
 * Black + Copper, Cindy Nelson – design [CD Package]
 * Karla Merrifield – illustration [Hand Tinting]

title: A Story


text:
Boavista dos Pinheiros

Boavista dos Pinheiros is a parish in Portugal, located in the municipality of Odemira. The population in 2011 was 1,633, in an area of 37.85 km2. The main economic activities are agriculture and forestry.

title: Boavista dos Pinheiros


text:
Talk:Yorkshire Dales

Untitled
Can someone who knows clarify this article by listing the Dales in order from south to north. TIA, --mervyn 09:55, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Picture
The picture of the typical village is irritatingly not vertical - needs adjusting! — Preceding unsigned comment added by RBond (talk • contribs) 13:03, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

Can anyone identify the village shown in the picture? Blisco 17:17, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, it's a bit too small for me to work it out. - Politepunk 17:34, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks a bit like Arncliffe. Can't be sure though.  Lancsalot 18:25, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I've got rid of it anyway, as a photo that size isn't much use. One of the ones I've added needs locating though - the dry stone wall one. I'm guessing it's in the Three Peaks area, probably around Ingleton, but can't work out where it is exactly. The article is looking a bit prettier now - all it needs is some decent text! --Blisco 21:31, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

National Parks
The number of National Parks has just been changed from 12 to 14 in the article - but this does not line up with National parks of England and Wales. Does anyone know if the change here is correct? Keith D 10:49, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I would tend to go with the 12 figure. That is form the actual wiki article, and there are no major citation issues on that page. I won't change it, though, in case anyone objects - Weebiloobil 10:11, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * There are at present 12 national parks, soon to be 13 when the South Downs become one, but that is a long way off. I've changed it to 12. LordHarris 11:04, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for confirming it should be 12 & correcting article - the 2 line up now. Keith D 14:18, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Number of visitors
I have made slight modifications to the previous edit which referred to the number of visitors to the dales.

1. The source cited actually referred to the number of the visitors to the Yorkshire Dales National Park, which has already been high-lighted as not being coincident with the Dales.

2. The text below already quoted the number of visitors to the National Park.

I have, therefore, deleted the recent reference to the number of visitors, and moved the citation to the original. --Langcliffe (talk) 16:39, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Can I point out that the numbers suggest something like 94% us a car with 6% using public transport. There are many thousands of motor bikers. PeterM88 (talk) 19:48, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

 * It actually says that "94% of visitors travel in a private mode of transport, with 90% using a car". That leaves 4% unspecified, which presumable includes motor bikes. If one assumes that the percentage figures for the Yorkshire Dales can be applied to the absolute visitor numbers for the National Park, then this implies that a third of a million visits are made by private transport other than a car, including motor bikes. Langcliffe (talk) 21:22, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

Map of National Park
Is it appropriate to have a map of the Yorkshire Dales National Park in an article on the Yorkshire Dales? I also find the map dominating and unreadable, and I would like see it removed. --Langcliffe (talk) 07:11, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Location map
I've uploaded a location map of the Yorkshire Dales to Commons (shown to right). I have not created an associated location map template, but this can easily be done if desired.

If this is created, it allow enable creation a map of the Yorkshire Dales similar to the one under construction at Talk:Dartmoor, and could be used in related articles (see this example). Hope people find it useful.--Nilfanion (talk) 22:08, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The main problem with this is that you cannot tell the county boundaries easily and there is no district boundaries. There needs to be darker county boundary adding and the district boundaries inserting. Keith D (talk) 23:19, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I've made the county lines thicker and added the districts. I've also created Location map United Kingdom Yorkshire Dales and hacked together the 3 peaks map to right. (Not sure on how to integrate into that article)--Nilfanion (talk) 19:31, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Much better with the thicker lines & districts. May be we should use this rather than the topographical map that dominates the page & relegate that to a thumb near the bottom just in case any one wants it. I have added a category to that image on Commons so that it is available under the Commons category link if people think it should go altogether. Keith D (talk) 21:57, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm not sure how best to use here, its probably worth thinking about what features to add (I'm not a Yorkshireman so can't really tell what's important (!)), if done right its more appropriate for our needs than the topographic map. What clearly is sensible is using it in related articles, so I've put it in the articles on each of the 3 peaks.--Nilfanion (talk) 23:20, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

This site might help
I'm still a bit busy at the moment, but thought this site might be useful Out of Oblivion: A landscape through time--Harkey (talk) 09:20, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:07, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

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Kirkby Lonsdale
I've nothing against Kirkby Lonsdale because it is indeed a picturesque town just outside the Yorkshire Dales, but we shouldn't imply that it is in either the Dales or the National Park. It is a small town, not a village. Dbfirs 19:06, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yorkshire Dales


text:
Ad litem

Ad litem (Latin: "for the suit" ) is a term used in law to refer to the appointment by a court of one party to act in a lawsuit on behalf of another party such as a child or an incapacitated adult, who is deemed incapable of representing him or herself. An individual who acts in this capacity is generally called a guardian ad litem in such legal proceedings; in Scotland, curator ad litem is the equivalent term. In England and Wales, since the amendment of the Children Act 1989 established the role of children's guardian, the term is now used only in the term "guardian ad litem in Private Law proceedings under rule 9.5. The United States legal system, which at its inception was based on the English legal system, continues to use the terms "guardian ad litem and "attorney ad litem. The legal system in the Republic of Ireland also uses the term guardian ad litem.

The term is also used in property litigation, where a person may be appointed to act on behalf of an estate in court proceedings, when the estate's proper representatives are unable or unwilling to act.

The term is also sometimes used to refer to a judge who participates in only a particular case or a limited set of cases and does not have the same status as the other judges of the court. Such a jurist is more commonly called a judge ad hoc. Judges ad hoc are particularly common in international courts, and are fewer in number elsewhere.

The Latin term (ād lītem) translates literally as "for the suit" or "for the proceeding".

title: Ad litem


text:
User:Firedemon

Hi I am Firedemon, thank you for taking the time to view this page, if you have any comments or queries on anything please leave a message on My Talk Page

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title: User:Firedemon