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California State Route 41

State Route 41 (SR 41) is a state highway in the U.S. State of California, connecting the Central Coast with the San Joaquin Valley and the Sierra Nevada. Its southern terminus is at the Cabrillo Highway (SR 1) in Morro Bay, and its northern terminus is at SR 140 in Yosemite National Park. It has been constructed as an expressway from near SR 198 in Lemoore north to the south part of Fresno, where the Yosemite Freeway begins, passing along the east side of downtown and extending north into Madera County.

Route description
The majority of Route 41 runs as either two-lane rural highway or four-lane divided highway. The only part of SR 41 that turns into a freeway itself is in Fresno County and parts of Madera. The southern end of the highway intersects SR 1 in Morro Bay. Between Morro Bay and Fresno, the highway intersects U.S. Route 101 in Atascadero, proceeds through the Coast Range and intersects SR 46. Actor James Dean died in an accident in 1955 at the intersection of SR 46 in Cholame. Currently, there is a memorial located there. The interchange is now called the James Dean Memorial Junction. Between SR 46 and SR 33, SR 41 ascends the Diablo Range and Cottonwood Pass and briefly travels through Kern County without any intersections in its entirety. After entering Kings County, it reaches SR 33. SR 41 then intersects Interstate 5 south of Kettleman City. A large hazardous waste and municipal solid waste disposal facility operated by Waste Management, Inc. is located 5.6 km (3.5 mi) SSW of Kettleman City on the west side of the highway. Just before reaching the intersection at SR 198 outside of the city of Lemoore, SR 41 becomes a four-lane divided highway until just southeast of Riverdale, where SR 41 reverts to one lane in each direction. The El Adobe de los Robles Rancho built by pioneer Daniel Rhoads can be found north of Lemoore.

Southeast of Caruthers, SR 41 becomes a four-lane divided highway and eventually a freeway approaching the Fresno city limits. The route intersects SR 99 near Jensen Avenue. Complete access is not available between SR 41/SR 99. For example, there is no direct connector between the southbound SR 41 and northbound SR 99; drivers wanting to make this transition must exit at the SR 41/SR 180 interchange, head west on SR 180, and then transition onto SR 99 at the interchange between those two freeways. Likewise, there is no direct connector between the northbound SR 41 and the southbound SR 99. Drivers must exit at Jensen Avenue, head east on Jensen until its junction with SR 99 a half-mile east of SR 41, and then make the southbound transition onto SR 99.

SR 41 continues north into downtown Fresno, then intersects SR 180 at a section of the latter route that links SR 41 to both SR 99 to the west, and to SR 168 to the east. North of Fresno, the route crosses the San Joaquin River, and enters Madera County near Valley Children's Hospital before reverting to a two-lane highway. 8.5 mi further north, SR 41 intersects with SR 145, before entering California's Sierra-Nevada mountain range. SR 41 continues through the towns of Coarsegold and Oakhurst, where it intersects with SR 49.

SR 41 then heads north to the southern entrance to Yosemite National Park. Inside the park, state routes are federally maintained and are not included in the state route logs. Although there is an "End SR 41" sign south of the park's entrance, state routes within the park may still be signed at intersections. The highway continues as Wawona Road north to Wawona and Yosemite West before turning east to pass through Wawona Tunnel. Tunnel View is a viewpoint located just outside the east end of the Wawona Tunnel, and provides the first view of Yosemite Valley. The route then continues into Yosemite Valley where it terminates at SR 140/Southside Drive.

Except between US 101 in Atascadero and SR 46 near Shandon, SR 41 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and north of SR 46 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. Three segments – from SR 1 to US 101, SR 46 to SR 33, and SR 49 at Oakhurst to Yosemite (the Wawona Road) – are eligible for inclusion in the State Scenic Highway System, but SR 41 is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation. SR 41 is known as the E.G. Lewis Highway from SR 1 to US 101 in San Luis Obispo County, the Dwight David Eisenhower Memorial Freeway from Ventura Avenue in Fresno to Herndon Avenue in Fresno, the Donald DeMers Highway from Jensen Avenue in Fresno to Elkhorn Avenue, the Yosemite Freeway from Elkhorn Avenue to the Fresno-Madera County line, the Southern Yosemite Highway from the Fresno-Madera County line to Yosemite National Park, and the Wawona Road from Fresno to Yosemite National Park.

History
In 1930, the counties of Fresno, Kings, Kern, and San Luis Obispo considered organizing a joint highway district to construct a shortcut connecting Fresno with the Pacific Ocean at Morro Bay. This highway would pass through Kettleman City on its way to the Cholame Lateral (Legislative Route 33) near Cholame or Shandon, and then continue to Morro Bay, where a new harbor was being developed. The entire length from Fresno to Morro Bay, as well as the Wawona Road to Yosemite, was added to the state highway system in 1933 as Route 125, and subsequently improved by the state. In 1934, the state sign route system was established, and Sign Route 41 was designated along Route 125 from Yosemite south and southwest to Cholame and then west through Paso Robles to Cambria via Legislative Route 33. The part of Route 125 southwest of Cholame instead became part of the new U.S. Route 466.

By the 1950s, the short piece of US 466 (Route 125) between Creston and Atascadero had not yet been paved, and so US 466 was moved to the longer but better road via Paso Robles, replacing SR 41 to Paso Robles and overlapping US 101 to Atascadero. As SR 41 had not been signed over the unpaved road west of Paso Robles, it was truncated to Cholame. US 466 was eliminated in the 1964 renumbering, becoming SR 46 east from Paso Robles. However, instead of going south and west to Morro Bay, SR 46 continued west to Cambria, and the road via Creston and Atascadero to Morro Bay (which had since been paved) became part of SR 41.

In the 1980s, the urban stretch of 41 running through Fresno was upgraded to freeway standards, intersecting SR 99 to the south. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the freeway portion was extended several miles beyond Fresno in both directions.

Also in the late 1990s and early 2000s in Atascadero, the old SR 41 alignment used to cut through downtown by going north on El Camino Real and turning right onto West Mall. Then it continued past the Atascadero Colony Building and crossed the 1921 Atascadero Creek Bridge before turning left onto Capistrano Avenue. It then went under a low clearance railroad crossing and a dangerous narrow bridge crossing the Salinas River before rejoining its existing alignment. Then Caltrans built a bypass of this dangerous route with a long wider bridge crossing the railroad, Sycamore Drive, and the river before joining the original 1950s SR 41. SR 41 is now currently signed on this bypass. Since then, the old bridge was demolished but the railroad undercrossing still remains. There's an old sign on Capistrano Avenue that still marks it as "Hwy 41" and signs on El Camino Real that mark West Mall with covered up "41" shields.

In February 2024, Caltrans closed a portion of SR 41 near Stratford in a project to replace the 1947 Kings River bridge, forcing a 32 mi temporary detour.

Future
The Kings County Association of Governments has plans to improve the state highways within the county. Developers are interested in building distribution warehouses in Kings County because of its strategic location midway between the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas, but they are currently turned off by the lack of freeway access. For SR 41, the plan is to upgrade it so the highway is a continuous freeway from I-5 north to Fresno County. However, Kings County voters have shown little interest in passing any transportation taxes to fund these projects.

title: California State Route 41


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Category:Mario (franchise) media files

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Media pertaining to the Mario video game franchise.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Mario (franchise) media files


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Talk:Eternal return

"Flat Circle"
The phrase (time is a) flat circle is a fairly recent US idiom that refers the idea of eternal recurrence. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:1D95:5AEE:422F:8A5B (talk) 14:45, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I hadn't heard of this before, but I just looked it up. It's a quote from a season 1 episode of True Detective which apparently caught people's attention and became a meme. It has some surprising longevity for a meme, presumably because it expresses an idea that most people haven't heard of in a vaguely impressive-sounding way (though of course the phrase is redundant if taken literally; there's no such thing as a three-dimensional circle). I don't think the quote should be included in the article, because it doesn't tell us anything new about the concept of eternal return, unless we've got a source that says this line from True Detective played a significant role in popularizing Nietzschean philosophy among the general public or something. 91.85.220.117 (talk) 17:19, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Recent changes
I don't want to come across like I'm trying to "own" the current version of the article (I wrote a large part of the current version under my former username, DanFromAnotherPlace), but since you didn't leave an edit summary it's not clear to me why you thought these changes were an improvement, so I'd like to discuss it further. I believe they were not an improvement, for the following reasons: Sojourner in the earth (talk) 04:42, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I think generally that complex topics should be explained as simply as possible, especially in the lead. A phrase like "time repeats itself", while possibly over-simplistic, is much easier for the general reader to understand than "a permanent, fluctuating repetition of circumstances", which I think is not only denser but more ambiguous. Your changes to the lead also introduced two ideas – viz. that the concept is exclusive to continental philosophy, and that it always entails an ethical imperative – which are not found in the article or its sources.
 * Some minor changes that I'm sure were meant as good-faith copyedits have actually changed the meaning. "The Stoics believed..." has been changed to "Zeno of Citium, who believed...", but I'm not aware of any evidence that Zeno himself held this belief. "may have originated with Pythagoras" has been changed to "scholarly argued to have originated with Pythagoras", which is true but feels too limiting; I would take the latter phrase to mean that this is a novel theory proposed by modern scholars, when in fact the attribution is found in ancient Greek and Roman authors.
 * Some parenthetical date ranges have been removed, but I think these serve a useful purpose in an article that covers a span of some two thousand years. Readers may want to know, for example, when Origen lived in relation to Augustine, without having to click through to both articles to find out.
 * Changing "ise" to "ize" without consensus is inappropriate per MOS:VAR.
 * The introduction of Nietzche's ideas into the "Precursors" section is jumping the gun, and disrupts the flow of the paragraph. Possibly this quote could be incorporated into the "Interpretations" section, with regard to the question of how far Nietzsche believed in the idea as a scientific fact, though it would be helpful to have a secondary source that mentions it.

 * thanks for your feedback TreeLethargy (talk) 05:18, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Eastern Influences
The article as it currently stands fails to list and elaborate on all possible influences that could have led to the development of this idea in the early Greeks and Stoics. Greeks, Persians and their eastern counterparts visited each other from 500 BCE, cross-pollinated and shared some basic ideas across multiple disciplines. Nietzche himself was familiar with Buddhist concepts and seemed to have retained some Buddhist precepts in his philosophy. He knew Europe had a lot of catching up to do at the time, as he writes in Daybreak: http://nietzsche.holtof.com/reader/friedrich-nietzsche/daybreak/aphorism-96-quote_59bf0e28b.html Soothsayer79 (talk) 02:03, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree that the article could be expanded, but I don't believe your recent edits are going in the right direction. This article is about eternal return (i.e., the eternal recurrence of the same), not about cyclic time in general, so the information you've added about Hindu/Mayan/Egyptian cosmology appears to be out of scope. Your claim that Pythagoras may have imported the idea of eternal return from Egypt looks like original research; given how little is known about Pythagoras's life and teachings, I'd be surprised if any reliable secondary sources could be found to support such a claim, but now that the material has been challenged, the burden (see WP:BURDEN) is on you to provide the sources.There may be something to be said about the influence of Buddhism on Nietzsche's formulation of the theory. The content you've added about the similarity between samsara and eternal recurrence is cited to "Nietzsche and Buddhism", which in turn cites Guy Welbon, The Buddhist Nirvāna and its Western Interpreters. Neither source goes into much detail about eternal return, and I don't know whether Welbon's ideas are widely accepted, but it's possible that something about this could be added to the "Friedrich Nietzsche" section. However, these sources can't be used to imply that the Stoics were influenced by Buddhism, since their claims only relate to Nietzsche.Your rewrite of the opening sentence is a copyright violation, in that it directly copies the wording of the cited source. This is a serious issue; it impacts Wikipedia's shareability and could get people into legal trouble. Please try to avoid this in the future.And one last point, your popular culture section needs sources, not only to verify the content but also to demonstrate its relevance (see MOS:POPCULT). In other words, we need evidence that scholars who write about eternal return have also discussed the appearance of the concept in Battlestar Galactica, etc. This is important because otherwise there would be no limit to what could be added; there are probably thousands of references to eternal return in popular culture, and the section would soon overwhelm the article. I'm going to follow WP:BRD and revert your changes; I would appreciate it if you could engage in discussion before restoring them. Thanks. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 18:52, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It is important to establish that the concept of eternal return when it was formalised by Nietzsche did infact exist as the notion of cyclic time and that part of the formulation was not new. Please avoid reverting entire sections if you disagree with a subset of content. I am updating the defintion as per your suggestion to remove copyrighted defintions with an original definition. Also adding back representative image.
 * I will need to reference ancient influences to expand on the fact that all of these concepts, including how to overcome them on a personal level, were known at the time Nietzsche but embedded in religious teachings that not have the needed rigour Soothsayer79 (talk) 20:10, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Final comment on MOS:POPCULT is interesting. This section needs to be incrementally improved as it adds to the understading of the primary topic but should be absorbed in main content where applicable, but I see now that ownership attitudes could have prompted movement of a lot of fundamentally intertwined sub-topics into the "See also" section instead which is why this particular page has not improved beyond the initial draft. Soothsayer79 (talk) 20:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It does seem from the cited sources that the Pythogorean and Stoics notion of eternal return is not similar to Nietzsches intepretation, but in their description better resembles the cyclic nature of time "events repeating". As per  reasoning in the first paragraph, wondering if these sections should be removed as out of scope, and speculative Soothsayer79 (talk) 21:34, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your feedback and references @Sojourner in the earth. I have now added back some of the reverts with relevant citations where requested, more to come. Please edit/discuss specific sections before blanket restoration. Soothsayer79 (talk) 23:32, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I'm following you here. Let me try and explain myself more clearly. The question of what is in scope for the article is not to be decided by editors like ourselves in isolation. We need to look at the sources. The question is: what do reliable sources talk about when they talk about eternal return?So, for example, to justify the inclusion of the material on Stoicism, I would point out: (a) that reliable sources consistently use the phrase "eternal return/recurrence" when talking about Stoic beliefs (eg.  ; (b) that these sources are clearly describing the same kind of thing as Nietzsche, viz. the reoccurrence of the exact same events; and (c) there are sources that explictly link Nietzsche's writings to these ancient doctrines (eg. ). This gives us grounds to say it's reasonable to discuss the Stoics' ideas and Nietzsche's ideas in the same article; the two sets of ideas belong to the same topic.Your material on Buddhism meets the third of these criteria: there are sources which explicitly link Buddhist samsara to Nietzsche's eternal recurrence. This may justify the inclusion of this material in the Nietzsche section, but not in the lead or elsewhere, since we don't have evidence that samsara belongs to the general topic of eternal return, only that it might have influenced Nietzsche.Your section on "Ancient Historical Influences" does not have any clear connection to the topic. The notion of cyclical time is a common one, but it is not the same thing as the Stoic/Nietzschean eternal return. Hindus and Mayans believe that the world is routinely created and destroyed, but they do not believe that exactly the same events re-occur each time. If you think it's important to include this information regardless, you need to demonstrate that reliable sources also consider this to be important background. I haven't seen any such sources, and as it stands the material you've added does not have any clear connection to the rest of the article.Are you aware of the article Eternal return (Eliade)? You might have a stronger argument for the inclusion of this content in that article than in this one. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 04:34, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The topic is not scoped to the Stoic/Nietzschean concept of eternal return, but also how it has been interpreted, reworked and evolved. I think it adds to context to show that similar ideas existing even notionally (and in religious texts/symbols) at the time that Nietzsche formulated his version. I think this evolution can be best described by listing the main tenets of this concept, which is currently missing in this topic.
 * Related point: There is some content pre-existing content here around the science/physics of dynamical systems. One could argue that it adds context but the sources provided do not link it to Stoic/Nietzschean eternal return in any way Soothsayer79 (talk) 13:15, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Saw the article Eternal return (Eliade) and it is quite messed up in many ways, needs a complete rewrite imho. If you are implying we use that destination as a trash can for all seemingly unrelated content, then we are merely polluting Wikipedia. I think the aim here should be to arrive at a consolidated understanding, and not to resort to offloading if we cannot immediately connect ideas Soothsayer79 (talk) 13:22, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Also noticed that current cited sources for inclusion of Pythagoreanism really don't equate Pythagoras's idea of reoccuring events to eternal return in any way, unless its via the Stoics. While it is true that Nietzsche probably had an admiration for the Greek philosophers, we can merely suggest that he might have been influenced. As mentioned before there is similar scant suggestion in certain sources that Pythogoras was influenced by the Egyption concept of transmigration of the soul Soothsayer79 (talk) 14:38, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The topic is not scoped to the Stoic/Nietzschean concept of eternal return, but also how it has been interpreted, reworked and evolved. I agree with this, and I didn't mean to give the impression that I thought the scope was that narrow. The article follows the course of an idea – from Pythagoras to the Stoics, to Christianity, to Nietzsche, to Ouspensky, and to modern science – and every link in the chain is supported by sources that link the material in the same way. What I'm trying to get across to you is that it's not enough to say that you think your material adds context; you need to present reliable sources to show that academic scholarship draws the same connections that you are drawing in the article.I think you understand this because you keep raising concerns about the sourcing of the existing content. I'm sure this is well-intentioned, but it does gives the impression that you're trying to deflect from the fact that your own additions are insufficiently sourced. In any event, your complaints seem to be based on the assumption of a narrow "Stoic/Nietzschean" scope, so if we both agree that the scope is wider than this, we can move on. (I'll note, looking at it, that the Pythagoras section relies too heavily on primary sources and could certainly be improved, but the link to Stoicism is confirmed by the cite to Zeller in the next section.)Re: Eliade, of course I wasn't saying that we should use that article as a trash can. Eliade uses the phrase "eternal return" in a different way (hence the separate article), and it seems to me that a discussion of Hindu/Mayan/Egyptian cyclic symbolism might not be out of place there. I haven't looked at the article in detail, so if you disagree, that's fine.I'd recommend that you stop restoring your preferred version of the article. This is edit warring, and will possibly get you sanctioned if you continue. And furthermore, it won't accomplish anything. This is a collaborative project – your only chance of getting your edits to stick is to convince other editors of their value. You need to demonstrate, with sources, that the material you're adding is relevant to the subject. I'm not necessarily saying it isn't relevant, only that you haven't demonstrated it. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 17:40, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I undersatand - I am continuously citing sources for content that am adding to this article, please have a look again at the additions and tag as where you think its still needed. Of course I cannot keep doing this in one massive edit, especiually if certain wikizens are undoing it all at once without engaging in discussion. As I mentioned, I am not restoring this toi a preferred version, but incrementally adding content based on feedback received in this Talk page.
 * Case in point, having accepted the burden of proof, I have added reliable citations to works that suggest Pythogoras might have taken the idea of Metempsychosis/transmigration from ancient Egypt (although also have questionable sources that these came via the Orphic doctrine, so not included those bits). Therefore this necessitates establishing a connection to the theological Hindu/Mayan/Egyptian cyclic symbolism. Seems Pythogoras/Stoics didn't prophesize much beyond making the mental leap from transmigration of souls to repeatabilty of existence (both notions existed but it was a great feat nonetheless) but Nietzsche happily inherited those ideas Soothsayer79 (talk) 21:12, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Please review the updated defintion in the lead/first section, I think it improves on the earlier one. But happy to take suggestions on specific segments of it Soothsayer79 (talk) 21:49, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Because this is primarily abouts Nietzsche's concept using the term he coined, I think the flow of the article needs to improve to focus more on that aspect. On that line, I have moved some content out of the lead section. P. D. Ouspensky is still mentioned there and has his separate section after Nietzsche. I am thiniking of reworking that to a broader Post-Nietzsche section hoping Ouspensky can be accomodated therin. Good to get your views on this Soothsayer79 (talk) 21:58, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It is also becoming clear the many academics think this is an undeveloped concept compared to Nietzsches other contributions. I want to explore that a little more, and if I find sufficient/relevant content, also thinking of adding a Criticism/Critique section towards the end. There is scatterd comment throughout this article but am sensing more was said disputing the topic after Nietzsche than Nietzsche actually described about the Eternal Return Soothsayer79 (talk) 22:07, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I think I'm going to walk away from this for a few days and come back to it fresh. I'll just point out for now that the short citations you've added (Joost-Gaugier, Riedweg, Gregory) don't link to anything. Post-Nietzsche could definitely be expanded; there's probably a lot to be said about Gilles Deleuze in particular. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 22:46, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the useful feedback and the pointers, have upadated those links now. On a somewhat related note, here is some holiday reading, that I found quite interesting which perhaps hints at the general direction I find myself taking this article to: https://bigthink.com/thinking/eastern-philosophy/ Soothsayer79 (talk) 11:38, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Interesting discussion on possible links to theological and early greek ideas, but we must be careful here. There is value in knowing and listing similar notions, but is this topic specifically about nietzsches idea or the general idea that history repeats? Elder Cunningham (talk) 22:58, 6 March 2024 (UTC) Blocked sock. Nemov (talk) 03:09, 19 March 2024 (UTC) I've been thinking about this and looking through some sources, hoping we could reach a compromise, but the fact is I fundamentally don't believe this content belongs in the article. I think I've adequately explained why already, but just to put my objections on a policy basis I'll link you again to WP:SYNTH: Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any source. That, in my opinion, is what you're doing here; you're implying, and in some cases claiming directly, that the concept of eternal return originated somewhere other than ancient Greece, without having presented a single source that makes the same claim.I don't think that continued back-and-forth between the two of us will be productive, so unless any page watchers want to chip in, I suggest we take this to WP:OR/N for some outside input. Do you agree? Sojourner in the earth (talk) 19:52, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I am not convinced with your argument, you seem to be adamant to attribute its birth to the greeks, when sources clearly indicate the idea existed. As I stated before, please tag any specific content that you think does not have reputable references, and please avoid reverting to your own version - that does not help collaboration. Open to WP:OR/N to get external input on this matter. I've requested a third opinion WP:3O on this to move beyond the frequent reverts. This has also reverted a lot of other useful edits that do not concern the main point of disagreement

Soothsayer79 (talk) 23:18, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Third opinion
wants to offer a third opinion. To assist with the process, editors are requested to summarize the dispute in a short sentence below.

 * Viewpoint by Sojourner in the earth: Okay, here's my perspective: Soothsayer79 is adding content to this article which states or implies that the idea of eternal return did not originate in ancient Greece, but evolved from Hindu/Buddhist beliefs such as samsara and the four ages of the world. None of the references they've added to the article support this claim, and they haven't been able to present any relevant sources when challenged. Per WP:BURDEN (see especially footnote b), I believe the burden is on Soothsayer79 to provide a source that justifies the inclusion of this information in the article. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 16:51, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Viewpoint by Soothsayer79: Think its important to take a neutral viewpoint here and to have references that reveal the core supporting ideas within Nietzsche's formulation existed in ancient cultures, albeit with varying levels of formalism. Citations for all such references (where similarities and links have been drawn by scholars) via Ancient-Egyptian-Thought/Hinduism/Buddhism have been provided and scholars generally agree that Nietzsche was influenced by a variety of sources, and that there is academic benefit in viewing eternal return in this light. Also Pythogaras, the idea of metempsychosis, his education in Egypt, his Orphic background merely demonstrate root ideas that existed at the time in and around the Athenians (citations provided for all such links). I understand that Philosophy is often considered polluted by the mention of theological reasoning, but whatever side you are on, its difficult to deny that Nietzsche drifted a little too close to a very prominent theological concept here. May I add that Sojourner in the earth (who is the original creator/owner of this article) is not challenging specific additions/citations, but choses to blank out any possible mention of pre-Greek influence, and other article improvements with it. Soothsayer79 (talk) 23:36, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Comment: I came here expressing interest in responding to the third opinion request. However I don't feel able or willing to resolve this properly and so I will relist the request and let someone else respond here. Thank you to both editors for your summaries and I'm sure they will be useful for whoever does provide the third opinion. IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 06:19, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Third opinion request has been relisted. IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 06:29, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your opinion. In response to request for sources, multiple sources for every content added here has been provided. I would ask reviewers/editors to read the speciific sources and include tags if further are needed. Multiple sources mentioned have stated that there are similarities between eternal return and the Buddhist concept of samsara for example Soothsayer79 (talk) 16:24, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Can I take this response to mean that you intend to disregard this third opinion and continue to force your content into the article? Sojourner in the earth (talk) 19:23, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I was hoping the third opinion would actually take the time to review the specific references and not merely restate the accusation. Nothing is forced here, all I ask is you challenge specific sections and citations provided. Soothsayer79 (talk) 21:43, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The onus is not on others to challenge your additions, but on you to justify your additions. My third opinion would have been much the same as Nemov's. IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 21:53, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That's a circular argument. By placing content with reputable references that contextualise, any new content can be justified provided it doesn't turn in to a trajectory. Stating that again asking for blanket justification, without actually reading already provided citations is really not helping progress this discussion Soothsayer79 (talk) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * We are indeed going round in circles here. You still seem not to understand that we are not challenging the parts but the whole. Unlike Nietzsche, I'm not a fan of repeating myself, but I don't know how to put it any clearer than I already did: I'm going to restore the pre-dispute version once again. There is now a sufficient consensus here that the onus is on you to convince us that your edits are appropriate, not the other way around. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 02:47, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I absolutely agree, lets do it that way. I have previously pointed out that there is nothing to link Nietzsches concept with classical antinquity (both greeks & stoics) so thats also WP:SYNTH without any references that can establish a strong relationship. So that we're not following double standards here, I will remove that content, until we can establish that it belongs in this article. Once you have added convincing evidence that Nietzshes concept was based on the ideas formalised by the greeks about Metempsychosis we can add it back with relevant citations. Please avoid original research Soothsayer79 (talk) 20:05, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Alright, I'll play along, just to demonstrate the kind of sources you should be providing for your content. I don't know why you're bringing up metempsychosis, there was nothing about that in the article until you put it in there. Anyway, here are three sources that explicitly link Nietzsche's eternal recurrence with classical antiquity.
 * John Sellars, Stoicism, p. 152: There are also a number of striking resonances between Nietzsche's own philosophy and Stoicism, although almost all of them need to be qualified carefully ... Nietzsche outlines a concept of eternal recurrence, although not necessarily as a cosmological doctrine. Michael Ure, "Nietzsche's Free Spirit Trilogy and Stoic Therapy", p. 76: Nietzsche develops a quintessential Stoic ethic, anchored in the complete affirmation of natural necessity, and he does so on the basis of Stoic physics and cosmology ... We can clearly see the convergence of cosmic Stoicism and Nietzsche's ethics in his own account of the affirmation of eternal recurrence.Eric Oger, "The eternal return as crucial test", pp. 1–2: Nietzsche as a classical philologist knew very well that a great number of versions of similar doctrines existed already in the antiquity: Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Plato and the Stoics among others. This is evident from his autobiography Ecce Homo: "The doctrine of 'eternal recurrence', that is to say of the unconditional and endlessly repeated circular course of all things – this doctrine of Zarathustra could possibly already have been taught by Heraclitus. At least the Stoa, which inherited almost all its fundamental ideas from Heraclitus, shows traces of it" (KSA VI: 313 [EH81]). And yet, he sometimes calls this doctrine new (KSA IV: 275; also KSB VI: 112). This could be because – in contrast to the philosophical speculations from the antiquity – he tried to provide a scientific argumentation for it.
 * The first of those sources was already in the article, the other two are literally the first two results I got from Google Scholar. That's how easy it should be to find sources to justify the basic structure of an article. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 21:31, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The last two references are certainly stronger than what was there before, and based on this we can certainly mention Stoics as a possible source, but it is still very incomplete.
 * When mentioning Stoic philosophy in this context, we are either talking about palingenesis or metempsychosis which are very similar terms (we should use the actual terms here, otherwise we risk misinterpretation). What was mentioned in that section in relation to eternal return, has a name (it certainly wasn't called eternal return at the time, but only similar as your sources clarify).
 * So if you are linking these as possible sources/inspiration for Nietzsche's concept, then why not go further? Do we want to stop at the Greeks to satisfy our western ego of originality/ingenuity, I certainly hope not.
 * The below Mind Journal article by Frederick Pollock clearly states an earlier link with the east
 * Marcus Aurelius and the Stoic Philosophy by Frederick Pollock, Vol. 4, No. 13 (1879), pp. 53...
 * There are more references in the article that also show(ed) the other viewpoint that Pythagoras could have been influenced by his time in Egypt. I think that also deserves to be included to maintain neutrality. Not restating that here, as the point is the same.
 * Secondly, the strongest argument for the inclusion of Buddhist thought is/was also included as a reference and comes from Richard Welbon, Guy (1975). The Buddhist nirvāna and its Western interpreters pp. 186–187
 * There is again a lot more information about Nietzsche's links to Buddhism, and not needed in this article as there a more generic topic Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy already in Wikipedia. However, mention is needed as its an important link
 * Your 3rd source, mentioning Nietzsche trying to provide a scientific argumentation for it needs further exploration here. Why was he trying to do this? If you try to contexualise that, you will need to provide the theological foundations on which this seemed to be based.
 * Your version of the article is somewhat incomplete and does not provide a holistic view needed to better understand the topic. Soothsayer79 (talk) 16:33, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Nietzsche didn't call it eternal return either, he called it Ewige Wiederkunft des Gleichen. This article is not about the phrase, it's about the concept. Nonetheless, it so happens in this case that reliable sources do consistently use the phrase "eternal return/recurrence" when talking about Stoic beliefs. I pointed this out above and gave you three examples: if you missed them, here they are again:  .With regard to the above extracts, no, I'm not linking these as possible sources/inspiration for Nietzsche's concept. I'm showing you why these two formulations of the idea belong in the same article, but the article does not revolve around Nietzsche. The article describes the history of an idea, and Nietzsche is a part of that history. Eastern religions may have inspired Nietzsche's philosophy, and therefore may, as I've already said, merit some discussion in the Nietzsche section of the article, but not in an independent section, and especially not in order to create the implication that the concept of eternal return originally came from the East, a claim for which you still have not been able to provide a single source.I no longer believe that you are arguing in good faith here, so I'm not inclined to engage with you any further. Please revert your POINTy removal of sourced content, or I'll escalate this to an admin noticeboard. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 17:22, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Please escalate this. I still believe you are arguing in good faith but ownership tendencies WP:OWN are preventing you from allowing other editors to improve this article beyond your version. You are refusing to review citations which go against your own views, which seems to be an extremely primitive way to collaborate. Soothsayer79 (talk) 17:35, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Seems like the admins aren't interested. Forget about it, I'm done. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 16:32, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Nietzsche didn't call it eternal return either, he called it Ewige Wiederkunft des Gleichen. This article is not about the phrase, it's about the concept. Nonetheless, it so happens in this case that reliable sources do consistently use the phrase "eternal return/recurrence" when talking about Stoic beliefs. I pointed this out above and gave you three examples: if you missed them, here they are again:  .With regard to the above extracts, no, I'm not linking these as possible sources/inspiration for Nietzsche's concept. I'm showing you why these two formulations of the idea belong in the same article, but the article does not revolve around Nietzsche. The article describes the history of an idea, and Nietzsche is a part of that history. Eastern religions may have inspired Nietzsche's philosophy, and therefore may, as I've already said, merit some discussion in the Nietzsche section of the article, but not in an independent section, and especially not in order to create the implication that the concept of eternal return originally came from the East, a claim for which you still have not been able to provide a single source.I no longer believe that you are arguing in good faith here, so I'm not inclined to engage with you any further. Please revert your POINTy removal of sourced content, or I'll escalate this to an admin noticeboard. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 17:22, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Please escalate this. I still believe you are arguing in good faith but ownership tendencies WP:OWN are preventing you from allowing other editors to improve this article beyond your version. You are refusing to review citations which go against your own views, which seems to be an extremely primitive way to collaborate. Soothsayer79 (talk) 17:35, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Seems like the admins aren't interested. Forget about it, I'm done. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 16:32, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

 * You have had the opportunity to state your opinion. It's time to WP:DROPTHESTICK and accept the consensus. Thanks! Nemov (talk) 14:28, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I believe the third WP:3O process has failed here, simply because the primary dispute has not been understood by reviewers. Sojourner in the earth requested more citations to support the explicit mention of Eternal return among scholars that link to pre-Greek thought; that was the WP:ETIQ to agree on specific facts, and use that outcome to decide inclusion. So I am asking once again, have you as a third reviewer, actually looked at the provided citations that support the inclusion of eastern influences in to this topic? Are the cited sources reliable and why in your opinion are they not suitable for inclusion?
 * If you look at the discussion thread here, you will realise that Sojourner in the earth started out reviewing the specific references, asking for more relevant citations to support, and then when more were provided, suddenly decided that none of the updates should be included. The accusation of WP:OR/N was used but just thrown out there, without specifically highlighting which sentence/paragraph did not have a reliable citation. Appreciate your input, nut WP:3O reviewers have responsibilty to get into some level of details here to sufficiently determine if already provided justification in terms of citations are enough or more justification is needed, which I am ready to provide Soothsayer79 (talk) 14:33, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * So far at least 4 editors have disagreed with your position. You don't have to agree with the consensus, but when it's against you it's time to move on. Thanks! Nemov (talk) 21:41, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Change "tenant" to "tenet"
"One of core tenant..." should read "One of the core tenets of..." 189.129.111.91 (talk) 03:36, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Corrected thank you! Soothsayer79 (talk) 12:58, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eternal return


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Category:Mario (franchise)

Articles pertaining to Nintendo's official mascot Mario and all related things.

title: Category:Mario (franchise)


text:
Always Greener

Always Greener was an Australian television drama/comedy series that aired on the Seven Network which followed the fortunes of two families, one from the city and the other from the country, when they decide to switch homes and start a new direction in life for themselves. It ran from 2001 until 2003, when it was cancelled after declining ratings and concerns over the cost of production.

History
The name of the show stems from the phrase "The grass is always greener on the other side". Promotion of the show's premiere episode used the Travis song "Side", which features the phrase as part of the chorus. The show was broadcast overseas in New Zealand on TV ONE. In 2006 reruns started airing on TV2. The series has since been released on DVD.

The Southern Star Group owns the rights to distribute Always Greener internationally.

Premise
The series mainly revolved around the members of two families, the Taylors, who live in suburban Sydney, and the Todd family who live on a farm just outside the rural New South Wales town of Inverness. Each faced with problems of their own, John Taylor pays his sister Sandra Todd a Christmas visit to her farm. Joking that they should consider switching houses for a change in their life, the move becomes a reality when John discovers that his daughter Marissa is on drugs and Sandra can't pay the bills. Always Greener was noted for both dealing with serious issues as well as putting an often humorous touch to episodes. Fantasy sequences (such as a song and dance number when John mulls over having a vasectomy) were common and often added to the charm of the series.

The Taylor family

 * John Howard – John Taylor
 * Anne Tenney – Liz Taylor
 * Michala Banas – Marissa Taylor
 * Daniel Steven Bowden – Jason Taylor
 * Natasha Lee – Kimberley Taylor

The Todd family

 * Caitlin McDougall – Sandra Todd
 * Bree Walters – Pip Todd
 * Abe Forsythe – Campbell Todd

Other main characters

 * Scott Major – Tom Morgan
 * Andrew Clarke – Derek Unn
 * Merridy Eastman – Eileen Unn
 * Denise Roberts – Isabelle Turnbull
 * Georgie Shew – Katy Turnbull
 * Peter Corbett – Bert Adams
 * Bree Desborough – Shelley Southall
 * Clayton Watson – Mickey Steele
 * Grant Bowler – Greg Steele (Episodes 1–27)
 * Nathaniel Dean – Craig 'Patch' Porter (Episodes 9–50)
 * Steven Rooke – Nick Greenhill (Episodes 16–50)

Guests

 * Annie Byron as Lolly Hopkins (3 episodes)
 * Betty Lucas as Florence Holiday (5 episodes)
 * Bruce Spence as Rev Millburn (3 episodes)
 * Carmen Duncan as Antonia Jones (1 episode)
 * Eddie McGill as Eddie McGill (4 episodes)
 * James Smillie as Frank (1 episode)
 * Tim Campbell as Joe Farnell (3 episodes)
 * Michael Craig

Awards
Clayton Watson won the Australian Film Institute's award for "Best Actor in a Supporting or Guest Role in a Television Drama" for his work on Always Greener in 2002. The show was also nominated for an International Emmy Award in 2002 and Always Greener and its cast have been nominated for several Logies during its run.

Logie Awards

 * 2003 Nominee: Most Outstanding Drama Series
 * 2003 Nominee: Most Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series (John Howard)
 * 2002 Nominee: Most Outstanding Drama Series
 * 2002 Nominee: Most Popular New Female Talent (Michala Banas)

ASSG Australian Screen Sound Awards

 * 2003 Nominee: Best Achievement in Sound for a Television Drama ("Episode 50")

APRA-AGSC Screen Music Awards

 * 2002 Nominee: Best Music for a Television Series or Serial (Paul Healy and Trent Williamson)

Australian Film Institute Television Awards

 * 2002 Winner: Best Actor in a Supporting or Guest Role in a Television Drama (Clayton Watson)

International Emmy Awards

 * 2002 Nominee: Always Greener Series 1 – Episodes 1 & 3

Australian Writers' Guild Awards

 * 2002 Nominee: Television (Series): "The Good Woman's Guide To A Happy Home" (Sue Hore)

Cancellation
On 6 July 2003, Seven's Director of Programming and Production, Tim Worner announced the renewal of Always Greener saying: "Always Greener is an important program for Seven. We see it as a key franchise for us, a program we believe will continue to build in its third season." Then in September, the decision was reversed. News was broken to cast and crew as the first script meetings for the new series were already being held.

Rumours were that the cancellation was due to falling ratings. The show began with over 2 million viewers in 2001, but ratings never recovered from the disastrous decision to début the second season in the low rating Easter period of 2002 – Against stronger competition in both '60 Minutes' and 'Big Brother'. In 2002 the show moved from Sunday to Monday and then back to Sunday by 2003. Always Greener was rating around 1.0 million when cancelled. However, Seven cited "cost management" as the reason for dropping the series.

At the time, Worner was reported as saying that the decision was purely based on cost, because the 22 episodes were to cost $10 million, and he said that was far too much.

In late 2005 Seven aired reruns of the show in the early morning 9:30am timeslot and again in Seven's popular reruns timeslot at 12:00pm. Presently it airs sporadically on Universal Channel.

Home media
The first season of Always Greener have been released on DVD in Region 4 (Australia) format. The DVDs are distributed by Madman Entertainment under the label of VIA Vision Entertainment. A photo gallery is included in Season 1 (Vol. 2) and Season 1 (Complete).

title: Always Greener


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Hövelhof

Hövelhof is a municipality in the district Paderborn, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Since 14 March 2012, Hövelhof can use the official prefix Sennegemeinde (English: "Senne municipality").

Geography
Hövelhof is located in the Senne area, the eastern part of the Westfälische Bucht, approx. 10 km northwest of Paderborn. The eastern side of Hövelhof belongs to the Military Training Area Senne.

The municipality is rich of rivers. The Ems, whose springs are adjacent to the north in Stukenbrock, is the largest river that flows through Hövelhof. Smaller rivers are the Haustenbach, the Knochenbach, the Krollbach, the Schwarzwasserbach, the Furlbach, the Holtebach, and the Hallerbach. Hövelhof features a rare river situation: at the Krollbach bifurcation, the Krollbach separates into two rivers that lead to different streams.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Augustdorf
 * Bad Lippspringe
 * Delbrück
 * Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock
 * Verl

Division of the municipality

 * Klausheide
 * Staumühle
 * Espeln
 * Riege
 * Hövelriege
 * Hövelsenne (mostly vacated)

Description
Unusually for a village as small as Hövelhof, it is relatively self-contained—there are numerous supermarkets, restaurants, clothes shops, travel agencies, pubs and much more, meaning that the village could theoretically remain independent of the city of Paderborn. In fact, the only common feature of a full-fledged town that is missing from Hövelhof is a cinema, for which inhabitants do indeed need to venture into Paderborn City Center—approximately 15 km (10 mi) away. It also has five schools, its own fire brigade, and a library.

History
The name of the municipality is derived from the name of the Hövelhof, a grange that was founded around the year 1000. The first official documentation of its name was in 1446. About 200 years latere, in 1645, the last owner died childless. Thus, the Hövelhof fell into the ownership of the local sovereign, the prince-bishop of Paderborn. Close to the farm, the hunting lodge was built in 1661; at the beginning of the 18th century, the first church was erect.

Culture
Hövelhof has two main festivals during the year. The first is the Schützenfest, a celebration of the St. Hubertus Hunters' Guild, which takes place on the hunting grounds. The second is the Hövelmarkt , a general village fair with not only market stalls, but also fairground rides and traditional German dances, complete with traditional music and costume.

Education
Hövelhof has ten kindergartens and four schools—two primary and two secondary schools.

Politics
The local government is dominated by the conservative CDU.

Coat of arms, seal, and banner
The coat of arms of Hövelhof shows historical and geographical symbols:

 * 1) The cross in the top field represented the bishop cross from the prince-bishops of Paderborn, who were the sovereigns since the Middle Ages up to 1803.
 * 2) The wave line symbolises the brooks and rivers, especially the river Ems.
 * 3) The hunting horn stands for the hunting castle, build by the prince-bishop Dietrich Adolf von der Recke in the year 1661.
 * 4) The green color stands for the wealth of forest and green areas.

The seal contains the coat of arms with the transcription ''Gemeinde Hövelhof Krs. Paderborn.'' The banner is striped lengthways with green and white and has the coat of arms in the upper third.

Notable persons

 * Heinz Stücke, world traveler and cyclist

Twin town
Hövelhof has a partnership with the French city Verrières-le-Buisson since 29 May 1971. The partnership consists of yearly meetups in either one of the two cities, student exchanges, and more. Hövelhof has also named a small park with a pond after Verrières-le-Buisson.

title: Hövelhof


text: File:Yourfuneralmytrial.jpg

title: File:Yourfuneralmytrial.jpg


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Bengal monitor

The Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis), also called the Indian monitor, is a species of monitor lizard distributed widely in the Indian subcontinent, as well as parts of Southeast Asia and West Asia.

Description
The Bengal monitor can reach 175 cm with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 75 cm and a tail of 100 cm. Males are generally larger than females. Heavy individuals may weigh nearly 7.2 kg. The populations of monitors in India and Sri Lanka differ in the scalation from those of Myanmar; these populations were once considered subspecies of the Bengal monitor, but are now considered two species within the V. bengalensis species complex. What was once the nominate subspecies, V. bengalensis, is found west of Myanmar, while the clouded monitor (V. nebulosus) is found to the east. Clouded monitors can be differentiated by the presence of a series of enlarged scales in the supraocular region. The number of ventral scales varies, decreasing from 108 in the west to 75 in the east (Java).

Young monitor lizards are more colourful than adults. Young have a series of dark crossbars on the neck, throat and back. The belly is white, banded with dark crossbars and are spotted with grey or yellow (particularly in the eastern part of the range). On the dorsal surface of young monitors, there are a series of yellow spots with dark transverse bars connecting them. As they mature, the ground colour becomes light brown or grey, and dark spots give them a speckled appearance. Clouded monitor hatchlings by comparison tend to have a series of backward-pointing, V-shaped bands on their necks.

Bengal monitors have external nostril openings (nares) that is slit-like and oriented near horizontal, and positions between the eye and the tip of the snout. The nares can be closed at will, especially to keep away debris or water. The scales of the skin are rougher in patches and on the sides, they have minute pits, especially well distributed in males. These scales with micropores have glandular structures in the underlying dermal tissue and produce a secretion which may be a pheromone-like substance. Like other monitors, Bengal monitors have a forked tongue similar to snakes. The function is mainly sensory, and is not very involved in the transport of food down the throat. Bengal monitors have fat deposits in the tail and body that serve them in conditions when prey are not easily available.

The lungs have spongy tissue unlike the sacs of other saurians. This allows for a greater rate of gas exchange and allows a faster metabolic rate and higher activity levels. Like all monitors, they have subpleurodont teeth, meaning the teeth are fused to the inside of the jaw bones. The teeth are placed one behind another, and there are replacement teeth behind and between each functional tooth (polyphyodont). The maxillary and dentary teeth are laterally compressed, sometimes with a slightly serrate cutting edge, while the premaxillary teeth are conical. There are 78 premaxillary teeth, 10 maxillary and 13 dentary teeth. Replacement teeth move forward and about four replacements happens each year for a tooth. While all monitor lizards are now placed in a clade called the Toxicofera which are known to possess venom gland, there are no reports of the effects of venom in Bengal monitors other than a very controversial case report of fatal renal failure as a result of envenomation from this species.

Distribution and habitat
The species ranges from Iran to Java, among the most widely distributed of monitor lizards as they are eurytopic and adaptable to a range of habitats. It is found in river valleys in eastern Iran, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma.

The closely related species, the clouded monitor, occurs in southern Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and the Sunda Islands. They have not been confirmed on Sumatra, and have been found to be absent from the Andaman Islands.

The species is mainly distributed through lower elevations below an altitude of 1500 metres, and is found both in dry semiarid desert habitats to moist forest. They are often found in agricultural areas.

Ecology and behaviour
Bengal monitors are usually solitary and usually found on the ground, although the young are often seen on trees. Clouded monitors by contrast have a greater propensity for tree climbing. Bengal and yellow monitors are sympatric but are partially separated by their habitat as Bengal monitors prefers forest over agricultural areas. Bengal monitors shelter in burrows they dig or crevices in rocks and buildings, whilst clouded monitors prefer tree hollows. Both species will make use of abandoned termite mounds. Bengal monitors are diurnal like other monitors, becoming active around 6 AM and bask in the morning sun. During winter in the colder parts of their range, they may take shelter and go through a period of reduced metabolic activity. They are not territorial, and may change their range seasonally in response to food availability.

They are usually shy and avoid humans. They have keen eyesight and can detect human movement nearly 250 m away. When caught, a few individuals may bite, but rarely do so.

Although they are found on agricultural land, they prefer forests with large trees. Generally, high ground cover with large trees are favorable areas.

Captives have been known to live for nearly 22 years. Predators of adults include pythons, mammalian predators and birds. A number of ectoparasites and endoparasites are recorded.

Breeding
Females may be able to retain sperm, and females held in confinement have been able to lay fertile eggs. Some species of monitor lizards such as the Nile monitor have additionally demonstrated to be capable of parthenogenesis. The main breeding season is June to September, but males begin to show combat behaviour by April. Females dig a nest hole in level ground or a vertical bank and lay the eggs inside, filling it up and using their snouts to compact the soil. The females often dig false nests nearby and shovel soil around the area. They sometimes make use of a termite mound to nest. A single clutch of about 20 eggs are laid. The eggs hatch in 168 to nearly as long as 254 days. About 40-80% of the eggs may hatch.

Locomotion
They are capable of rapid movement on the ground. Small individuals may climb trees to escape, but larger ones prefer to escape on the ground. They can climb well. On the ground, they sometimes stand on the hind legs to get a better view or when males fight other males. They can also swim well and can stay submerged for at least 17 minutes. They can use both trees and bushes for shelter.

Feeding
Bengal monitors tend to remain active the whole day. Large adults may ascend vertical tree trunks, where they sometimes stalk and capture roosting bats. The species is a generalist, and feeds on a varied diet of invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrate prey mostly consists of beetles and their larvae followed by orthopterans, but also maggots, caterpillars, centipedes, scorpions, crabs, crayfish, snails, termites, ants, and earwigs. Larger individuals in addition to invertebrates also eat a large amount of vertebrate prey, including toads and frogs and their eggs, fish, lizards, snakes, rats, squirrels, hares, musk shrews, and birds. Hares and rodents such as Lesser bandicoot rats are often caught by digging them out of their nests. Diet may differ based on season and locality, for example, they often forage for fish and aquatic insects in streams during the summer, and individuals in Andhra Pradesh eat mostly frogs and toads.

Bengal monitors will also scavenge carrion, and sometimes congregate when feeding on large carcasses such as that of deer. In areas where livestock are common, they often seek out dung to forage for beetles and other insects.

Threats
The Bengal monitor has been assessed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2009; the wild population is decreasing as it is hunted for both consumption and medicinal purposes as well as for the skin. As it is adaptable to a range of habitats, the threat of habitat degradation is relatively less prominent and is superseded by the threat of agricultural pollution, as pesticides reduce the availability of prey. In Iran, it is also sometimes killed due to being seen as a dangerous threat.

The dried and dyed hemipenes of Bengal monitors, and less often yellow and water monitors, are frequently trafficked and illegally sold in India and online under the deceptive term 'Hatha Jodi', where it is claimed to be the root of a supposed rare Himalayan plant in order to fool buyers and retailers, and to disguise the trade from wildlife authorities. Sellers advertise 'Hatha Jodi' as having the tantric power to bring wealth, power and contentment. A pair of hemipenes may sell at a value of up to US$250. In India, the body oil of monitor lizards is sold for thousands of Indian rupees to residents in metropolitan cities as a treatment for rheumatism.

Conservation
The Bengal monitor is listed on Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and on Appendix I of CITES.

In culture
The lizard is known as bis-cobra in western India, Goyra in Rajasthan, guishaap or goshaap in Bangladesh and West Bengal, goh in both Punjab, India, Punjab, Pakistan and Bihar, as ghorpad in Maharashtra and as Thalagoya in Sri Lanka. Folk mythology across the region includes the idea that these lizards, though actually harmless, are venomous, and in Rajasthan, the locals believe that the lizards become venomous only during the rainy season. Monitor lizards are hunted, and their body fat, extracted by boiling, is used in a wide range of folk remedies.

In Sri Lanka, the Asian water monitor is considered venomous and dangerous when confronted, while the Bengal monitor (Thalagoya) is considered harmless and rather defenseless. Land monitor meat is considered edible (especially by indigenous Veddah and Rodiya people) while water monitor meat is not. Killing a land monitor is usually considered a cowardly act, and is frequently referred to folklore along with other harmless reptiles such as rat snakes (Garandiya).

A clan in Maharashtra called Ghorpade claims that the name is derived from a legendary founder Tanaji Malusare who supposedly scaled a fort wall using a monitor lizard tied to a rope.

The Bengal monitor's belly skin has traditionally been used in making the drum head for the kanjira (known as Dimadi in Maharashtra), a South Indian percussion instrument.

title: Bengal monitor


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 22, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/June 22, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/June 22, 2005


text:
User:Old joe

Old Joe has worked as a building services / Electrical engineer for about thirty years, in England, Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, Singapore.

title: User:Old joe


text:
Miskawayh

Ibn Miskawayh ( Muskūyah, 932–1030), (Arabic: مِسْكَوَيْه، أبو علي محمد بن أحمد بن يعقوب مسكويه الرازي) full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb Miskawayh al-Rāzī was a Persian chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran. As a Neoplatonist, his influence on Islamic philosophy is primarily in the area of ethics. He was the author of the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics entitled the Refinement of Character (تهذيب الأخلاق Tah dh īb al-A kh lāq), focusing on practical ethics, conduct, and the refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from the public realm, and contrasted the liberating nature of reason with the deception and temptation of nature. Miskawayh was a prominent figure in the intellectual and cultural life of his time.

Life
Miskawayh was born in Rey, then under Ziyarid control. Miskawayh may have been a Zoroastrian convert to Islam, but it seems more likely that it was one of his ancestors who converted. During his early career, he spent his life in Baghdad, where he served as the secretary of Muhallabi, the vizier of the Buyid emir Mu'izz al-Dawla. He was fluent enough in Middle Persian to have translated some pre-Islamic texts in that language into Arabic. After a long service to the Buyids of Iraq, Miskawayh moved to the court of Rukn al-Dawla, where he spent seven years working there with the Buyid vizier Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid. In 966, a group of ghazi marched towards the Library of Rey, but Miskawayh managed to save it. After the death of Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid in 970, Miskawayh continued to serve the latter's son, Abu'l-Fath. In 975, he, along with him, left for Baghdad.

He later worked as a secretary and librarian for a sequence of viziers, including 'Adud al-Dawla. Some contemporary sources associated him with the Brethren of Purity, claiming that some of his writings were used in the compilation of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity. Miskawayh died in 1030 at Ray, then under Kakuyid control.

Works

 * Al-Fawz al-Akbar (الفوز الأكبر) - 'The Greatest Victory' contains a Neoplatonic description of the evolution of the soul. The work states that creation begins with God, with the intellect being the first existence to emanate from him. A series of emanations from the intellect results in a chain of being, starting with minerals and proceeding through vegetables, animals, and humans, which results in a cyclic spiritual evolution back to the source of man's creation: God. The Indian Islamic scholar Muhammad Hamidullah compared Miskawayh's views to Darwinian evolutionary thought.
 * Tajārib al-Umam (كتاب تجارب الأمم) - 'Experiences of Nations' is one of the first eyewitness chronicles of contemporary events by a Muslim historian. Miskawayh, as an official under the Buyid vizier al-Muhallabi, had access to the internal happenings of the court. The chronicle is a universal history from the beginning of Islam, but it cuts off near the end of the reign of 'Adud al-Dawla.
 * Tahdhib al'Akhlaq wa Tathir al'Araq (تهذيب الأخلاق و تطهير الأعراق) - 'Refinement of Morals and Cleansing of Ethics' his major work in the field of philosophy treats principally the philosophy of ethics and was written for students.
 * Kitab al-Hikma al-Khalida (كتاب الحكمة الخالدة) - 'Book of Eternal Wisdom' is an Arabic translation from the Persian work Eternal Wisdom . One manuscript is titled Book of Literatures of the Arabs and Persians (كتاب آداب العرب والفرس).

title: Miskawayh


text:
User talk:Davidrstone

What is this with Gary Gray? He's not a famous rock star. The entry you made about him was just a cut&paste from his blog. Google knows nothing about him. There don't seem to ba any No record company web pages about him. No-one on eBay is selling his records.

Please give me some reason not to revert your additions: point me to web pages about him (By third parties, not his own blog pages, or pages by Davidrstone) Malcolm Farmer 07:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Davidrstone


text:
Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani

Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani was a Persian physician of the late 17th century. Hasani was a scholar who is known to have been working in the city of Qazvin in Persia in the year 1694 CE. The National Library of Medicine has in its collections a rare copy of a collection of five Arabic poems concerned with medicine, astronomy, arithmetic, calligraphy, and proper conduct. These five poems were collectively titled al-Khamsah al-Qazwiniyah (The Five Qazwini works). The copy at NLM was copied by a professional scribe for the author, whose stamps are in the volume, next to a statement that he corrected the volume in the year 1719–1720 CE. Thus we learn from this volume that Qiwan al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani was still working by 1719 CE.

title: Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani


text:
L3enc

Fraunhofer l3enc was the first public software able to encode pulse-code modulation (PCM) .wav files to the MP3 format. The first public version was released on July 13, 1994. This command-line tool was shareware and limited to 112 kbit/s. It was available for MS-DOS, Linux, Solaris, SunOS, NeXTstep and IRIX. A licence that allowed full use (encoding up to 320 kbit/s) cost 350 Deutsche Mark, or about $250 (US).

Since the release in September 1995 of Fraunhofer WinPlay3, the first real-time MP3 software player, people were able to store and play back MP3 files on PCs. For full playback quality (stereo) one would have needed to meet the minimum requirements of a 486DX4/100 processor.

By the end of 1997 l3enc stopped being developed in favour of its successor MP3enc. Development of MP3enc stopped in late 1998 to favour development of a parallel branch FhG had been developing for some time, called Fastenc. None of these programs are still marketed.

title: L3enc


text:
Browning wz. 1928

The Browning wz.1928 is a Polish version of the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. It was used as a light machine gun by the Polish Military and Polish Resistance Forces during World War II.

Chosen after a competition between similar weapons, the BAR design was modified by FN Herstal to Polish requirements and then licence production was in Poland.

History
After Poland regained its independence in 1918, the Polish Army was equipped with all sorts of machine guns inherited from the armed forces of the partitioners, along with equipment from the French and British armies that equipped the Polish Blue Army during the Great War. The large variety of light machine guns used, as well as the fact that each of them used a different caliber, made troop training and logistics a difficult task.

After the Polish-Bolshevik War, in 1923 a competition was opened for a new, standard light machine gun for the Polish army that was to replace all previously used types of LMG. The competition ended without a winner and the following year the Polish Ministry of War purchased 12 specimens of the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, Lewis gun ("Lewis wz. 1923") and Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié each. Testing proved the superiority of the American construction, and during the 1925 competition, a Belgian FN-made Browning was chosen. Although extensive tests were continued, the Polish army ordered a series of Belgian-made BAR machine guns, modified to better suit the Polish needs. The modifications included changing the round from .30-06 Springfield to standard Polish 7.92×57mm Mauser), the construction of a bipod and mounting, and the iron sights (peephole changed to v-notch type). The barrel was lengthened for greater accuracy and a pistol grip was added for easier aiming. Apart from the 10,000 pieces ordered from Fabrique Nationale, Poland also bought a license to produce the weapon domestically. The first wz.28 LMGs were officially commissioned in 1927 and were officially named 7,92 mm rkm Browning wz. 1928, which is Polish for "7.92 mm hand-held machine gun of Browning mark 1928".

Due to serious flaws in license documentation purchased from Belgium, production in Poland was not started until 1930. Until 1939 approximately 14,000 pieces were built. Additional modifications were introduced during the production run. Among them was the replacement of the iron sights with a smaller version and reshaping the butt to a "fish tail" shape. There were also extensive works on spare, replaceable barrels for the weapon, which however were never completed due to the outbreak of World War II.

During the German-Soviet Invasion of Poland of 1939, the ''rkm wz. 1928'' was the standard LMG used by almost all Polish infantry and cavalry units. The German armed forces captured a number of Polish-made Browning guns and used them until the end of World War II under the designation of lMG 28 (p). A number were also seized by the Red Army and used during the war.

Variants
The RKM wz.28 was a basis for development of an aerial, flexible machine gun, designated karabin maszynowy obserwatora wz.37, used mainly by the Polish PZL.37 Łoś bombers.

Users

 * Republic of China:Supplied in small quantities by the Soviet Union in 1940
 * Kingdom of Greece
 * undefined: Captured in 1939
 * 🇵🇱 poland
 * undefined: Captured in 1939
 * Spanish Republic: Bought for Spanish Civil War
 * Spanish State: Captured from Republican side

title: Browning wz. 1928


text:
Kronan

Kronan may refer to:
 * Kronan (ship), a 17th-century Swedish warship sunk in the Baltic Sea
 * Krónan, an Icelandic supermarket chain
 * Kronan (bicycle), a Swedish bicycle brand
 * Kronan, a brand of snus produced by Swedish Match
 * Kronan (comics), an alien race in the Marvel Comics
 * Kronan, a fantasy hero of Spanish comic artist Jaime Brocal Remohi

title: Kronan


text:
Colin Heath

Colin Heath (born 31 December 1983) is an English former footballer who played as a striker or attacking midfielder for Cambridge United, Swindon Town, Chesterfield and Macclesfield Town and for Belgian club Royal Antwerp.

Career
Heath was born in Chesterfield, grew up in Birchover, and played for Darley Dale as a boy. He joined Leeds United's youth system as an 11-year-old, and moved to Manchester United at 14. He earned his professional contract at the end of 2000. He joined Royal Antwerp of the Belgian First Division on loan in January 2003; he played 13 league games in the 2003–04 season, but saved his goalscoring for friendly matches. He then joined Football League Two side Cambridge United on a month's loan in late 2004, and made his English first-team debut on 7 December in a 2–1 defeat at home to Scunthorpe United. He spent the first half of the 2005–06 season on loan to Swindon Town, but scored only once, against Yeovil Town in his home league debut, and struggled to maintain a first-team place.

He returned to Manchester United in January 2006 and was released, to join Chesterfield until the end of the season. He moved on to Macclesfield Town, linking up with former Manchester United colleague Tommy Lee, but was released by manager Paul Ince after just one season. In September 2007, after an extended trial with Chester City, he signed for Farsley Celtic of the Conference National. Heath struggled to hold down a first-team place due to the form of Damien Reeves. After a handful of appearances, including helping Farsley to reach the last 16 of the FA Trophy for the first time, he left the club.

Although no longer a professional, Heath still plays football in the Northern Counties East League Division 1 for Knaresborough Town. He is currently playing cricket for Heslington CC in York.

title: Colin Heath


text:
User:Jonathan.lovatt

Hi, my name is Jonathan Lovatt and I'm from Norwich - a city in the east of England.

title: User:Jonathan.lovatt


text:
Qumri

Abu Mansur al-Hasan ibn Nuh al-Qumri (also transliterated as “al-Qamari” and "al-Qumri") (fl. mid-10th century, died between 980 and 990) was a Persian court physician to the Samanid Prince al-Mansur, and was based in the city of Bukhara. Qumri is theorized to be Avicenna’s teacher.

Life
Little is known about al-Qumri’s life, however the thirteenth century biographer Ibn Abi Usaibia writes in History of the Physicians:"Abū Mansūr al-Hasan ibn Nūh al-Qamarī was the leading personage of his generation, celebrated as a fine physician who had praiseworthy methods and a thorough and wide knowledge of medical theory. He had, may God bless him, a good hand in treatment and was held in great esteem by the kings of his times. The Shaikh and Imam Shams al-Dīn `Abd al-Hamīd ibn `Isā from Khusroshah told me that the Grand Master Ibn Sīna had met this physician when he was very old. He used to attend his council and lessons and benefited from his medical knowledge. Abū Mansūr al-Hasan ibn Nūh al-Qamarī wrote the following books:""1) Wealth and Fate, a fine compendium in which he summarized all the maladies and their treatments in the most perfect and concise way.""2) A collection of citations from the works of those who practiced medicine, especially al-Rāzī.""3) The Causes of Maladies."Usaibia’s brief biography suggests that Avicenna would have directly attended lectures from al-Qumri, but upon comparing birth and death dates of the two, it seems that Avicenna may have heavily consulted his works in Bukhara.

Works
There are currently three known works attributed to Qumri, and one is presumed to be missing. It is theorized that he may have written more, but if he did these works are lost.

The Ghina Wa Muna, loosely translated as the “Book of Wealth and Wishes” is mentioned in Usaibia's biography. This work has approximately 220 folios and is divided in to three parts; “diseases from head to toe”, “external medicine”, and fevers/pharmacological recipes”. Ghina Was Muna is arranged in a formulaic manner suggesting that this manual would be used as a reference tool while working in the field rather than a theoretical work. Approximately 44 extant copies survive many of them are well preserved suggesting that many of them were library copies, with any working copies too far degraded to survive.

Many of the Ghina Wa Muna manuscripts are either not digitized or accessible in online catalogue entries. The chart below is a selection of digitized or accessible manuscripts: The al-Tanwir fi al-Istiliahat al-Tibbiyya (or al-Tanwir is translated as “Book of Illumination Regarding Medical Technical Terminology”) is a short book on medical terms and tools. This book is presumably designed to be a working reference book and is much shorter than the Ghina Wa Muna. There are approximately 14 extant manuscripts, and at least one critical edition. Like the Ghina Wa Muna, the al-Tanwir’s manuscripts are difficult to access online, and unfortunately a similar chart could not be made.

The Causes of Maladies is presumed missing.

title: Qumri


text: User talk:84.148.79.48

title: User talk:84.148.79.48


text: Wikipedia:POTD/June 24, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/June 24, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 24, 2005


text:
User talk:198.148.166.5

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions, especially what you did for John Palmer. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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Here are some other hints and tips:

 * I recommend that you get a username. You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikipedia, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and there are many benefits of having a username.  (If you edit without a username, your IP address is used to identify you instead.)
 * When using talk pages, please sign your name at the end of your messages by typing four tildes (~~). This will automatically produce your username (or IP address) and the date.

If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or type   on this talk page and a user will help you as soon as possible. I will try to answer your questions as best as I can. Again, welcome, and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. ( talk→  BWilkins   ←track ) 08:43, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

August 2014
Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, talk pages are meant to be a record of a discussion; deleting or editing legitimate comments, as you did at Talk:Scientology as a business, is considered bad practice, even if you meant well. Even making spelling and grammatical corrections in others' comments is generally frowned upon, as it tends to irritate the users whose comments you are correcting. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Amortias (T)(C) 21:08, 27 August 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Speedy deletion nomination of Phil the Fluther's Ball

A tag has been placed on Phil the Fluther's Ball requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and it is not presently under discussion at Categories for discussion, or at disambiguation categories.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Pkbwcgs (talk) 20:38, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.148.166.5


text:
Rostam Gorgani

Rostam Gorgani was a mid-16th century Persian physician who lived in India.

Rostam Gorgani was the court physician of two of the rulers of the Deccan sultanates, Malik Ahmad Shah I (1490–1510) and Burhan Shah I (1510–1553), in the city of Ahmadnagar in the Deccan Plateau, India. His name indicates he was from Gorgan, Golestan, Iran.

He composed several medical treatises in Persian, the most extensive being the Zakhirai-Nizamshahi (Supplies of Nizamshah), his encyclopaedia of material medica which he compiled at the request of Sultan Nizam-Shah and named after him. Only two copies survive, one at the Manuscript Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, and the other at the National Library of Medicine of the United States.

title: Rostam Gorgani


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ryze

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:09, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Ryze
This was marked as {{db}} for being an "ad", but that does not quite qualify as speedy deletion. I abstain. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 07:58, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I speedied it as an ad falling under WP:CSD section 1.2.3. It exists only to provide the external link.  --Xcali 15:04, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just an ad. I disagree with Xcali that it qualifies as a speedy under §1.2.3 though, as it does have coherent content beyond the link itself.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:54, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Usually, an "ad" is not a speedy, but "spam" is.  This is the latter, I'd say.  It would have to be more verbose to be an ad. Geogre 18:44, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ryze


text:
List of torpedoes by name

The list of torpedoes by name includes all torpedoes operated in the past or present.

title: List of torpedoes by name


text:
User talk:Pouncival

Welcome
Hello Pouncival,

Welcome and enjoy Wikipedia. Your edits are much appreciated.

These links might help you with your contributions:
 * Tutorial
 * Manual of Style
 * Policies and Guidelines

For Wikipedia-wide involvement, visit the Communtiy Portal and the Village Pump.

Be sure to check out Australian resources, like The Australia Wikiportal, Australian Wikipedians' Notice Board, Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight, New Australian Articles and Australian stub articles. You can list yourself at Australian Wikipedians.

Also, assuming you're an Brisbanite, have you considered participating in WikiProject Brisbane? They need all the help we can get!

Again, welcome.--Cyberjunkie 07:58, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pouncival


text: File:Fromhertoeternity.jpg

title: File:Fromhertoeternity.jpg


text:
User:Kees at Hukseflux

Hukseflux, acronym for user Kees van den Bos. Engineer, Physics. Specialised in thermal sensors and meteorological sensors Director of Hukseflux Thermal Sensors link to Hukseflux Thermal Sensors Editor of Meteo-Technology website link to Meteo-Technology --Hukseflux 08:01, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Kees at Hukseflux


text:
User talk:SeeWhy

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * And lastly, please sign off with Four tides.

Mr Tan 08:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SeeWhy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vivek Gera

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:09, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Vivek Gera
Vanity. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 08:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:BIO. Kappa 08:12, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Kappa. Nateji77 08:39, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:13, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity. Delete, candidate for speedy deletion (short article with no context). - Mike Rosoft 09:19, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 11:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no evidence of encyclopedic content. Poli 17:32, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 20:10, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
List of Caulfield Grammar School people

Caulfield Grammar School and Malvern Memorial Grammar School (amalgamated with Caulfield in 1961), has had many notable students and staff. Alumni of the school are known as "Caulfield Grammarians" and are supported by the Caulfield Grammarians' Association.

Years of attendance are shown in brackets; MMGS denotes Malvern Memorial Grammar School. All persons listed were students, unless otherwise indicated.

A

 * Charles Abbott (1951–56) – VFL footballer; polo player; Dux of School (1956)
 * Dean Anderson (1980–85) – Australian Football League (AFL) footballer
 * Allan Ashbolt (1935–37) – actor, theatre critic, ABC broadcaster, foreign correspondent and journalist
 * David Astbury (2007–08) – AFL footballer

B

 * William Macmahon Ball AC (1916–17) – psychologist; diplomat; broadcaster
 * Ernest Judd Barnett (Staff 1888–1896) – second owner and principal of Caulfield Grammar School
 * Russell Basser (1972–77) – medical researcher; water polo player at the 1984 Summer Olympics
 * Sir John Clifford Valentine Behan (1894–95) – first Victorian Rhodes Scholar; warden, Trinity College of the University of Melbourne
 * Hamish Blake (1994–96) – member of comedic duo Hamish & Andy
 * Hugh Boyd DSO (1900–?) – VFL footballer with University
 * Jordan Brown (2009–2014) – Melbourne Victory soccer player
 * Tomas Bugg (2009–2011) – AFL footballer GWS and Melbourne
 * Martyn Arnold Buntine (1904–?) – Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club, educationalist
 * Walter Murray Buntine (Staff 1896–1931) – third owner and principal of Caulfield Grammar School

C

 * Phill Calvert (1969–75) – musician
 * George Cassidy (1917–1921) – VFL footballer (Melbourne)
 * Nick Cave (1971–75) – musician; author
 * Mark Chaffey (1990–95) – AFL footballer
 * Chris Christiansen (1921–22) – physicist; engineer
 * Michael Clyne (1950–56) – linguist
 * Ken Coghill (1959–62) – former Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
 * James Connor (2008–10) – diver
 * Noel Counihan (1928) – social realist painter
 * Finlay Crisp (1929) – academic
 * Claude Terrell Crowl (1903–1905) – VFL footballer, died during landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915
 * Penny Cula-Reid (2000–05) – AFL Women's footballer
 * Alexander Charles Cumming (1895–97) – analytical, physical, and industrial chemist; academic; Doctor of Science (1906), industrial chemist

D

 * Irving Davidson (1943–?) – VFL footballer with St Kilda, and VFA footballer with Brighton
 * Brett Deledio (2005) – AFL footballer
 * Alex Denney (1939–1942) – VFL footballer with Collingwood
 * Peter McCallum Dowding (1948–56) – former Premier of Western Australia
 * Peter Hogarth Doyle AO OBE (Mil.) (1925–2007) – Rear-Admiral, Royal Australian Navy

E

 * Hans Ebeling MBE (1919–22) – Australian Test Cricketer
 * Robert Eddy (2004–05) – AFL footballer
 * Austin Burton Edwards (1916–27) – geologist; academic; Dux of school 1926
 * Ron Evans AM (1951–56) – Victorian Football League (VFL) footballer; AFL Chairman; businessman

F

 * Sir James Alexander Forrest (1920–22) – lawyer; businessman
 * Matthew Foschini (2003–08) – football player
 * Robert Fowler OBE (Mil.) (1900–02) – obstetrician; gynaecologist; surgeon; soldier

G

 * Richard Horace Maconchie "Dick" Gibbs MC (1908–1911) – VFL footballer, medical student, soldier, died in action in World War I
 * Herbert Marcus Glasscock (1916–1918) – VFL footballer
 * Brendon Goddard (2001–03) – AFL footballer
 * Robert Cuthbert Grieve VC (1899–1957) – World War I veteran; Victoria Cross recipient
 * Philip Lewis Griffiths KC (1894–?) – jurist
 * Geoff Grover (1949–1960) – Australian rules footballer with St Kilda and Port Melbourne (VFA State Representative, ANFC Carnival 1966)

H

 * Mick Harvey (1969–75) – musician, Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
 * Edward George Honey (1895–?) – journalist; suggested the idea of a moment of silence to remember the World War I Armistice Treaty
 * Mack Horton (2000–14) – swimmer and 2016 Summer Olympics gold medalist
 * John Martin Hull (staff) – theologian; editor of British Journal of Religious Education
 * Herbert Humphreys Hunter (1896–99) – VFL footballer, dentist, killed in action at Gallipoli Cove on 8 May 1915

J

 * Paul Jennings AM (1956–60) – author
 * Nick Jewell (1988–95) – Victorian cricketer; AFL footballer
 * Murray Johnstone (1931–1942) – VFL footballer (St Kilda)
 * Chris Judd (1996–2001) – AFL footballer; Brownlow Medallist (2004, 2010)

K

 * Peter Karmel AC CBE (1929–39) – economist; academic
 * Norman Kaye (Staff 1958–1977) – actor; musician
 * Andrew Kellaway (1988–93) – AFL footballer
 * Charles Kellaway MC (1900–?) – scientist
 * Duncan Kellaway (1985–90) – AFL footballer
 * Steve Kons (1977–82) – Tasmanian politician; former Deputy Premier of Tasmania
 * Alice Kunek – professional basketball player

L

 * Hugh Gemmell Lamb-Smith (Staff; 1913–1951) – Australian educator who, as a member of the Second Field Ambulance, landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915
 * John Landy AC CVO MBE (MMGS 1935–44) – Olympic athlete; former Governor of Victoria
 * Frank Langley (1896–?) – VFL footballer with Melbourne, VFL state representative 1903, 1904
 * Henry Thomas Langley (1892–95) – Church of England clergyman, army chaplain, Dean of Melbourne (1942)
 * Jason Lea (1952–58) – Managing Director, Darrell Lea Chocolates; Chairman, Family Business Association
 * Thomas Leather (1926–26) — VFL footballer with North Melbourne, and a Victoria Sheffield Shield cricketer who played in four "unofficial" Tests against India in the Australian "First Class" team that toured Ceylon and India in 1935–36
 * Dylan Lewis (1985–90) – television personality

M

 * Tamsyn Manou (1994–96) – Olympic athlete
 * Gordon Mathison (1896–1900) – Medical researcher, died in the Battle of Gallipoli
 * Noel Maughan (1949–54) – Victorian State politician
 * Stuart Maxfield (1984–89) – AFL footballer
 * George Arnot Maxwell KC (staff) – barrister; Member of the Australian House of Representatives
 * Campbell McComas AM (1964–65) – humorist; writer; actor
 * Liam McIntyre (1987–1999) – actor
 * John William "Mick" McLaren (1943–1953) – Australian rules footballer with St Kilda
 * David McMillan (1970–72) – convicted drug dealer
 * Peter McPhee AM (1961–65) – academic
 * Andrew McQualter (2002–04) – AFL footballer
 * Rod Menzies (1957–63) – entrepreneur
 * Agnes Milowka (1994–99) – technical diver, underwater photographer, author, and cave explorer
 * David Morgan AO (MMGS 1952–?) – former CEO of the Westpac Banking Corporation
 * Shona Morgan (1997–2005) – Olympic gymnast
 * John Morrison AM (Staff ?1950–1963) – author; ALS Gold Medal 1963, Patrick White Literary Award 1986
 * Sir Alister Murdoch KBE CB (1922–28) – Royal Australian Air Force officer

N

 * Stephen Newport (1981–83) – AFL footballer with Melbourne and St Kilda
 * Stephen Newton AO (Staff 1993–2011) – principal of Caulfield Grammar School
 * Nikolai Nikolaeff (1996–2000) – Australian actor currently starring in Sea Patrol

O

 * William Matthew O'Halloran (student 1950–1953; member of staff 1958–1959; 1963–1966) – Victorian cricketer, and VAFA footballer
 * Jenna O'Hea (2005–06) – professional basketball player
 * James Ryan O'Neill (born Leigh Anthony Bridgart in 1947) – convicted murderer and suspected serial killer

P

 * Barry Patten (1941–43) – corporate architect
 * Pete Pearson (1877–1929) – elephant hunter and game ranger
 * Tracy Pew (1972–75) – musician, bass player in The Birthday Party
 * Bruce Pie (1916–17) – Melbourne footballer; businessman; Queensland politician
 * Neil Pope (?–1967) – former Victorian State politician
 * Trevor Ashmore Pyman (1924–34) – member of the Australian Delegation to form the United Nations

R

 * Josh Rachele (2020-2021)– AFL footballer
 * Roger Rayson (1947–57) – Victorian cricketer
 * Stanley Simpson Reid (1886–?) – Fitzroy VFA and VFL footballer; minister; soldier; one of the first VFL footballers to die in active service (the Anglo-Boer War, 1901)
 * John Robinson (1902–1911) – VFL Footballer; recipient of the Distinguished Conduct Medal (1917)
 * Michael Roe (1939–48) – historian
 * John Rombotis – AFL footballer with Fitzroy, Port Adelaide, and Richmond
 * Kenneth G. Ross (1951–58) – playwright; Hollywood scriptwriter
 * Jack Ross – AFL footballer
 * Bruce Rowland (1947–58) – composer
 * Barry Rowlings (staff) – VFL footballer

S

 * John Schultz (1951–55) – VFL footballer, 1960 Brownlow Medallist
 * Robert Schultz (1956–1961) – VFL footballer
 * Paul Seedsman (2005–2010) – AFL footballer
 * Will Setterfield (2014-2016)– AFL football
 * David Shallcross (1966–77) – chemistry professor
 * Dylan Shiel (2010–2011) – AFL footballer
 * Marcus Siegel (1988–1990) – founder and CEO of internationally renowned fashion brand Threadheads
 * Neville Sillitoe (staff) – athletics coach
 * Colin Hall Simpson CBE (Mil.) MC (1911) – pharmacist; Army officer; organiser The Association (1947–1952)
 * Callum Sinclair (2001–2007) – AFL footballer
 * Christopher Skase (1961–67) – controversial Australian businessman; fugitive
 * David Smith KCVO AO (MMGS 1940–?) – official Secretary to five Australian Governors-General from 1973 to 1990
 * Will Sparks (2006–2010) – Melbourne bounce producer and DJ
 * Percival William Stephenson – former Bishop of Nelson
 * Allan Stone (1958–60) – Australian tennis player and tennis commentator
 * Brooke Stratton (2007–11) – long jumper
 * Kristy Stratton – AFLW footballer
 * Andrew Strauss OBE (1985–86) – English Test cricketer
 * Alan Bishop Stretton AO CBE (1930–1932) – former senior Australian Army officer, VFL footballer, and Australian of the Year (1975)

T

 * Melissa Tapper (2005–07) – table tennis player
 * Herbert Taylor (1902) – accountant; company director; political party organiser
 * Jim Taylor (1948) – VFL footballer
 * Lindsay Thompson AO CMG (1929–41) – former Premier of Victoria
 * Murray Thompson (1963–72) – Victorian State politician; VFL footballer
 * Frank Timson MBE (Mil.) (1916–22) – soldier; businessman; Member of the Australian House of Representatives
 * John Twycross (?–1929) – soldier; banker
 * John William Twycross (1881–1888) – Australian photographer

W

 * Andrew Wailes (1976–1988) – Music Director and Chief Conductor of the Royal Melbourne Philharmonic Choir and Orchestra, musician, performer
 * Matthew Wales (1976–85) – convicted murderer
 * Andrew Walker (2004) – AFL footballer
 * Fred Walker (1899) – entrepreneur, developer of Vegemite
 * Ron Walker AC CBE (1944–54) – businessman; former Lord Mayor of Melbourne
 * Andrew Walsh AM (1967–72) – festival director
 * Geoff Walsh AO (1967–70) – political advisor; diplomat
 * Nick Watson (2022-2023)-AFL Footballer
 * Richard Cameron Wardill (1886–1888) – VFA and VFL footballer with Melbourne
 * Alfred Joseph Watson (1917–19) – athlete who represented Australia in the 1928 and 1936 Olympic Games and the 1938 Empire Games
 * James Webster (1931–40) – former Australian Senator
 * Richard F. Wicks (1944–1945) – VFL footballer with St Kilda and Stawell Gift finalist (ran fourth) in 1958

Z

 * Jack Ziebell (2007-2008)– AFL footballer

title: List of Caulfield Grammar School people


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 26, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/June 26, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/June 26, 2005