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Riverstone railway station

Riverstone railway station is a heritage-listed railway station serving the Sydney suburb of Riverstone in New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by the NSW Government Railways and William Weaver and built from 1883 to 1939. The station is located on the Richmond line, and is served by Sydney Trains T1 Western and T5 Cumberland line services. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
Two routes to Windsor were proposed in 1846 for the introduction of railways into the colony of New South Wales. The line was built as the first line to be operated as a horse-drawn tramway. In 1856 a petition for the establishment of a railway from the residents of Windsor and Richmond had been presented to the Government. In 1860 a grant of £57,000 was approved for a railway between Blacktown and Windsor. In the following year it was increased to £60,000 for a railway between Blacktown and Richmond.

The route of the railway line between Blacktown and Richmond was surveyed in 1862, with construction commencing late in that year. The engineer for the project was William Weaver (1828–1868), a former Colonial Architect of New South Wales. Contracts for earthworks, permanent ways and bridges were let from 1862 to William Randle & G. Gibbons on 11 December 1862. The contract was taken over by Messrs Iredale & McNamara on 28 September 1863.

The Richmond line opened on 29 November 1864 by Governor Sir John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar as a rural branch line in response to the area's success as a farming district and its location at the intersection of two stock routes. A pilot engine was run before all passenger trains for safety. The original stations were Riverstone, Mulgrave, Windsor and Richmond. An upgrade to the track took place in the late nineteenth century. A major upgrading of most stations on the line occurred in the 1880s.

The early decades of the 20th century brought further improvements and upgrades to the line. For example, the establishment of Richmond air-force base in 1925 resulted in increased use of the line. In 1938 congestion at Clarendon railway station caused by a Royal Australian Air Force air show resulted in extensive improvements. All stations were increased to 450 feet and additional facilities were installed at Richmond.

Riverstone station was located on the eastern side of the line with a track layout which included a short platform loop, and a siding for general goods and to serve the local sawmill. In addition to the brick platform, the station included a brick built combined waiting room, station office and living quarters constructed in 1864. In 1879 a siding known as Richards Siding was built to service the abattoirs.

Commencing in 1876, Engineer-in-Chief John Whitton undertook the major upgrading of the branch line. At Riverstone a new station, goods siding and shed, and station master's residence were completed between 1886 and 1889. The present brick platform building was constructed in 1889. From 1889 the original platform building was used as a parcels office and a post office. A c.1880s picture from the cover of Grantham Estate Purchasers' Companion and Guide, Boyd & King, Mitchell Library shows the Riverstone railway layout.

The general waiting room was originally divided into two, the main waiting room and the ladies waiting room. In 1946 it was partly converted into an office and was again altered in 1952. Both original waiting rooms had fireplaces, and a World War I Honour Roll hung over the main waiting room fireplace until the 1970s (when it was removed for restoration and then disappeared).

In 1919, a room was added to the original station building for the post office. By 1944, the post office had vacated the structure, but it continued to be used as a parcels office, with one room dedicated to the storage of bicycles. In recent years, parts of the structure have been removed.

A timber platform was erected on the loop line in 1939. The line to Riverstone was electrified in 1975 and the platform and small structure were renewed. In 2001, canopies were erected on both platforms.

The residence was built at the same time as the new station and replaced the former combined office/residence constructed in 1864. The new Station Master's residence conformed to a pattern that evolved in the 1880s which expressed the front elevation asymmetrically, with a verandah extending only halfway across the front and a projecting master bedroom. The design was consistent with other substantial brick residences in the 1880s. It was one of the last residences erected in brick in the 19th century following the arrival of Chief Commissioner, E. M. G. Eddy. The building has had later skillion-roof additions to the rear and side. Considerable internal alterations have also taken place to most rooms, except the bedrooms.

The signal box was a two-room c.1939 fibro and timber clad building located on the platform. In 1975, a crew amenities building was built at the Richmond end of the platform.

No buildings other than those on the platform and the 1889 residence survive.

The War Memorial (owned by Council) was built in 1919 and designed by George Cook, Manager of the Windsor Branch of E.L. Kingsley & Co., monumental masons, and built by E.L. Kingsley & Co. The memorial has continued to be updated with details of military officials engaged in subsequent campaigns. In many towns, war memorials have been placed in station forecourts and at times on platforms. This occurred because of the paucity of available public land on which memorials could be made. Railway stations were once an important and central component of town life and memorials therefore had a high level of visibility. Additionally, many railway men and women volunteered for service in World Wars I and II and their names would appear on the memorials. This is the case at Riverstone.

On 22 May 1975, Riverstone station became the terminus of the electrified line, with passengers changing to CPH and later 600/700 class railcars for the remainder of the journey to Richmond. On 17 August 1991, the line was electrified to Richmond.

Modifications and dates

 * 1878 – Ticket office erected.
 * 1879 – Toilet, signal box and goods siding built; the latter was at the eastern end of the platform
 * 1919 – a room was added to the original station building for the Post office
 * 26 July 1923 – Water tank capacity increased to 27kL.
 * 1939 – A timber platform was erected on the loop line and Interlocking installed with central operation and Down platform.
 * c.1939 – Fibro and timber clad, two room signal box located on the platform.
 * 1946 – The General Waiting Room was partly converted into an office and was again altered in 1952; platform and crossing loop extended to 152m long; a * water column provided on the Down side.
 * 18 Jan 1968 – "F" type lights & half-boom gates at Garfield Road level crossing
 * 1970s – Honour Roll removed from the main waiting room
 * 1975 – A crew amenities building was built at the Richmond end of the platform.
 * 1975 – The platform and small structure were renewed.
 * 2001 – canopies were erected on both platforms.

Platforms and services
Historically, Riverstone has been served by services operating from Sydney CBD/North Shore, branching off the Western Line at Blacktown. However, after a major timetable change for the Sydney Trains network on 26 November 2017, Cumberland line services started continuing out to Richmond, rather than terminating at Schofields, during the late night, taking over from the Richmond line at these times.

Transport links
Busways operates seven bus routes via Riverstone station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 671: to Windsor station via McGraths Hill
 * 734: to Blacktown station via Schofields and Stanhope Gardens
 * 741: to Maraylya via Scheyville
 * 742: to Rouse Hill
 * 746: to Box Hill
 * 747: Marsden Park to Rouse Hill

Riverstone station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N71: Richmond station to City (Town Hall)

Description
The station has a number of historically significant buildings:
 * Platform 1 Station Building – type 3, second-class (1889)
 * Signal Box – type P (1939)
 * Platform 1 Store and Shelter (c. 1939)
 * Parcels Office (1919)
 * Platform 2 Shelter – aluminium (c. 1980s)
 * Station master's residence (1883) (22 Garfield Rd – cnr. Riverstone Parade)

It also has a number of historically significant structures:
 * Platform 1 – roadside, brick faced (1860s-89)
 * Platform 2 – roadside, concrete block (c. 1980s)
 * Former Goods Yard
 * War memorial – (1919) (Council owned)
 * Signs – timber station name board (Council owned)

Platform 1 Station Building (1889)
The station building on Platform 1 is composed of a number of buildings. The first is a single storey, c. 1880s face brick symmetrical building with two flanking, parapeted wings, which includes a central waiting room with office on one side and the former ladies waiting room on the other, connecting to toilets in the eastern wing. The western wing is the former lamp room. The wings are linked to the main building by small, flat roofed rooms. The roadside elevation is fronted by an ogee profile timber and iron framed verandah between two projecting wings, while on the rail side there is a cast iron fluted column and metal framed awning with decorative brackets. The roadside faces the motor traffic forecourt which swings around the war memorial. Connected to the eastern end of the main building is a brick building under the same flat roof as the more modern shops that face the road behind it. This is linked to the previously free standing, original ticket office.

Internally, the building has been refurbished except for elements such as timber joinery for doors and windows, wall vents and the enclosed fireplace. Tiles in the waiting room, most ceilings and other items have been replaced.

Signal Box (1939)
On the western side of the main building are two detached buildings. The first is the signal box linked to the main building via a shallow roofed metal shelter. It is a fibro-sheet and weatherboard signal box with corrugated metal gabled roof and concrete base. It is a reasonably large box and an unusual building of later design. The original levers have been removed and only a new signalling board remains. The signal box was closed in 1999.

Platform 1 Store and Shelter (c. 1939)
The second detached building further to the west of the signal box is a store of similar construction. Further west again is an open passenger shelter with butterfly style corrugated metal awning supported on steel columns and beams. A central steel framed panelled partition divides the both sides of the shelter.

Parcels Office (1919)
External: The parcels office is a painted brick building with corrugated steel hipped roof featuring two segmental arched tall windows in the centre and two doors (one segmental arched original timber door with fanlight, and the other metal later door) on either side of the platform elevation. There are no other openings on the building. Windows are double-hung with multi-paned upper sash.

Platform 2 Shelter (c. 1980s)
This shelter is an aluminium framed structure with glass sides and colorbond gable roof extending as an awning on the platform side.

Station Master's Residence (c. 1889)
This is a large single storey c. 1889 brick Station Master's residence with hipped and pitched corrugated metal roof, a projecting bay and corrugated iron veranda at the front. The veranda is supported on slender timber chamfered posts. It has a later lean to addition in fibro to the side and a timber lean to at the rear. The building is face brick, partly painted and has two brick chimneys with dentilated and corbelled tops. The residence is currently vacant and reflects its recent conversion into a number of units. Most of its original internal elements including fireplace surrounds and ceilings have been removed and damaged. The original timber moulded window and door frames as well as some moulded timber skirting survive. Damaged paling timber fencing along the Riverstone Parade boundary of the property has recently been replaced by timber picket fence together with new timber paling fencing along the platform side of the boundary. The building fronts Garfield Road West and features metal standard railway fencing on this boundary.

It is a Type 7 (J3) residence. This is a moderately common type, as 13-15 examples exist. It is in poor condition, but is a robust structure. There are building code and disability access issues to be overcome for commercial reuse. However, it is in a prominent position and otherwise has good commercial reuse potential, particularly due to the large backyard.

The station master's residence has had later skillion-roof additions to the rear and side. Considerable internal alterations have also taken place to most rooms, except the bedrooms.

Platform 1 (1860s-89)
The eastern platform is brick faced road side construction raised by five courses above the original 1860s sandstone topped platform. The sandstone topping extends from the precast concrete store building at the northern end to adjacent to the cottage/ticket office at the southern end of the station.

Platform 2 (c. 1980s)
On west side of the track is a concrete platform.

Former Goods Yard
The former goods yard has largely been demolished. The only remaining evidence is the rails and timber buffer. A small, recent brick and colorbond shed is also located on the site.

The corrugated iron per way shed and c.1889 goods shed were removed at an unknown date. This was a 21 x 14 side shed with no awning, a central pair of sliding doors and a window on each side with door and window at one end with separate flight of stairs. The platform extended from the doors to an extended platform to the north with sloped end. The building was simple corrugated iron clad with windows in small Victorian pattern panes. The barge boards were shaped and the eaves construction was elaborate for the use as goods shed indicating an early non-standard building.

The Gangers Hut was also removed at an unknown date. This was an excellent example of an early gangers hut located with a group of buildings, clad in corrugated iron.

War memorial
Designed by George Cook, manager of the Windsor Branch of E.L. Kingsley & Co., monumental masons, built by E.L. Kingsley & Co. A stone obelisk mounted on a stone base with curb, small gate and small shrubs around the base. The plaque is marble and two rifles are carved into the stone at the front. The entire monument is sited in a paved road island with bollards.

The war memorial has been updated with details of military officials engaged in subsequent campaigns.

Platform signs
The timber platform signs supported on timber posts are intact examples of early station signs that are rapidly diminishing.

Moveable heritage
The station retains a Seth Thomas Clock, which was in the process of being repaired and restored at the time of inspection in January 2009.

Potential archaeological features
There is a potential within the former goods yard for likely surviving elements that are not visible at this time.

Condition
As at 29 January 2015, the station buildings were reported to be in very good condition, both inside and outside. The station master's residence was in very poor condition, particularly internally. All interiors of the residence appear to have been damaged by fire and vandalism. The residence suffers significantly from rising damp possibly due to painting of external walls. It requires urgent repair and maintenance works.

The siding area on the southern side of the station may contain some archaeological remnants.

The station buildings are of high integrity and remain intact. The Station Master's residence has moderate integrity and has lost its intactness. The overall integrity of the station has been relatively reduced by the removal of the 1864 original station building.

Heritage listing
Riverstone Station is significant as part of the original construction phase of the Richmond line in the 1860s that provided access to the settlements on the Hawkesbury River and the markets of Sydney. The station probably influenced the establishment of the meatworks at Riverstone by Benjamin Richards in 1878 and it retains the complex of structures associated with the major upgrading works of the Richmond branch line that commenced during the 1880s by the Engineer-in-Chief, John Whitton. The 1889 station building retains much of its original detailing and is intact. The overall integrity of the station has been relatively reduced by the removal of the original 1860s station building, and only part of the early platform remains from this period. Notwithstanding, the station group is a key element in the townscape of Riverstone providing the interface between the railway line and the historic Riverstone Township subdivision of 1877.

The former Station Master's residence is significant as a representative example of a late-nineteenth century Station Master's residence constructed in brick. The construction of the building is associated with the former prominence of the railway in Riverstone, brought about by the development of the meatworks. The building is centrally located in the town of Riverstone, however, its landmark qualities have been significantly reduced by the later additions and modifications.

Riverstone railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Riverstone Station is historically significant as physical evidence of the original construction phase of the Richmond line in the 1860s that provided access to the settlements on the Hawkesbury River and the markets of Sydney. The station probably influenced the establishment of the meatworks at Riverstone by Benjamin Richards in 1878. The station retains the complex of 1880s structures associated with the major upgrading works of the Richmond branch line by the Engineer-in-Chief, John Whitton. The station group is a key element in the townscape of Riverstone providing the interface between the railway line and the historic Riverstone township subdivision of 1877.

The construction of the Station Master's residence (as part of a general upgrade) in the 1880s demonstrates the importance of the Riverstone goods and freight traffic to the New South Wales Government Railways.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The 1880s to 1940s upgrades of the station complex are good representative examples of railway civil engineering practice for their respective periods. The main 1889 station building is a good example of second class station buildings featuring typical characteristics of this design including symmetrical face brick main building flanked with two parapeted wings planned around a central waiting room.

The Station Master's residence was a good example of a government institutional residence in brick of the late nineteenth century, retaining original features such as window and door fenestration, verandah, and brick chimneys. However, later fibro and timber lean-to additions as well as removal of almost all internal finishes and decorative elements has reduced significantly its aesthetic and architectural quality.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The Riverstone Station has high research potential in providing evidence of a complex of station structures built in the 1860s through the late 1880s.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The station contains rare examples of mid 1860s railway civil engineering practice, namely the station platform (part).

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

Riverstone Station is a representative example of station layout of the late 19th century including station buildings, residence, parcels office and signal box; and has representative significance for demonstrating widespread 19th Century railway customs, activities and design in NSW.

title: Riverstone railway station


text: User talk:69.9.146.43

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.9.146.43


text:
User talk:Dosai

Welcome!

Hello Dosai, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~ — it produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! — mark ✎ 06:41, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Dosai


text: User talk:82.94.26.226

title: User talk:82.94.26.226


text:
Hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite (IMA name: hydroxylapatite ) (Hap, HAp, or HA) is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), often written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. It is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH− ion can be replaced by fluoride or chloride, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. Pure hydroxyapatite powder is white. Naturally occurring apatites can, however, also have brown, yellow, or green colorations, comparable to the discolorations of dental fluorosis.

Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, known as bone mineral. Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed. Hydroxyapatite crystals are also found in pathological calcifications such as those found in breast tumors, as well as calcifications within the pineal gland (and other structures of the brain) known as corpora arenacea or "brain sand".

Chemical synthesis
Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized via several methods, such as wet chemical deposition, biomimetic deposition, sol-gel route (wet-chemical precipitation) or electrodeposition. The hydroxyapatite nanocrystal suspension can be prepared by a wet chemical precipitation reaction following the reaction equation below:

10 Ca(OH)2 + 6 H3PO4 → Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 18 H2O

The ability to synthetically replicate hydroxyapatite has invaluable clinical implications, especially in dentistry. Each technique yields hydroxyapatite crystals of varied characteristics, such as size and shape. These variations have a marked effect on the biological and mechanical properties of the compound, and therefore these hydroxyapatite products have different clinical uses.

Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite
Calcium-deficient (non-stochiometric) hydroxyapatite, Ca_{10−x}(PO4)_{6−x}(HPO4)_{x}(OH)_{2−x} (where x is between 0 and 1) has a Ca/P ratio between 1.67 and 1.5. The Ca/P ratio is often used in the discussion of calcium phosphate phases. Stoichiometric apatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 has a Ca/P ratio of 10:6 normally expressed as 1.67. The non-stoichiometric phases have the hydroxyapatite structure with cation vacancies (Ca(2+)) and anion (OH−) vacancies. The sites occupied solely by phosphate anions in stoichiometric hydroxyapatite, are occupied by phosphate or hydrogen phosphate, HPO4(2−), anions. Preparation of these calcium-deficient phases can be prepared by precipitation from a mixture of calcium nitrate and diammonium phosphate with the desired Ca/P ratio, for example, to make a sample with a Ca/P ratio of 1.6:

 * 9.6 Ca(NO3)2 + 6 (NH4)2HPO4 → Ca9.6(PO4)5.6(HPO4)0.4(OH)1.6

Sintering these non-stoichiometric phases forms a solid phase which is an intimate mixture of tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite, termed biphasic calcium phosphate:

 * Ca_{10−x}(PO4)_{6−x}(HPO4)_{x}(OH)_{2−x} → (1 − x) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 3x Ca3(PO4)2

Mammals and humans
Hydroxylapatite is present in bones and teeth; bone is made primarily of HA crystals interspersed in a collagen matrix—65 to 70% of the mass of bone is HA. Similarly HA is 70 to 80% of the mass of dentin and enamel in teeth. In enamel, the matrix for HA is formed by amelogenins and enamelins instead of collagen.

Hydroxylapatite deposits in tendons around joints results in the medical condition calcific tendinitis.

Hydroxylapatite is a constituent of calcium phosphate kidney stones.

Remineralisation of tooth enamel
Remineralisation of tooth enamel involves the reintroduction of mineral ions into demineralised enamel. Hydroxyapatite is the main mineral component of enamel in teeth. During demineralisation, calcium and phosphorus ions are drawn out from the hydroxyapatite. The mineral ions introduced during remineralisation restore the structure of the hydroxyapatite crystals. If fluoride ions are present during the remineralisation, through water fluoridation or the use of fluoride-containing toothpaste, the stronger and more acid-resistant fluorapatite crystals are formed instead of the hydroxyapatite crystals.

Mantis shrimp
The clubbing appendages of the Odontodactylus scyllarus (peacock mantis shrimp) are made of an extremely dense form of the mineral which has a higher specific strength; this has led to its investigation for potential synthesis and engineering use. Their dactyl appendages have excellent impact resistance due to the impact region being composed of mainly crystalline hydroxyapatite, which offers significant hardness. A periodic layer underneath the impact layer composed of hydroxyapatite with lower calcium and phosphorus content (thus resulting in a much lower modulus) inhibits crack growth by forcing new cracks to change directions. This periodic layer also reduces the energy transferred across both layers due to the large difference in modulus, even reflecting some of the incident energy.

Use in dentistry
, the use of hydroxyapatite, or its synthetically manufactured form, nano-hydroxyapatite, is not yet common practice. Some studies suggest it is useful in counteracting dentine hypersensitivity, preventing sensitivity after teeth bleaching procedures and caries prevention. Avian eggshell hydroxyapatite can be a viable filler material in bone regeneration procedures in oral surgery.

Dentine sensitivity
Nano-hydroxyapatite possesses bioactive components which can prompt the mineralisation process of teeth, remedying hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity of teeth is thought to be regulated by fluid within dentinal tubules. The movement of this fluid as a result of different stimuli is said to excite receptor cells in the pulp and trigger sensations of pain. The physical properties of the nano-hydroxyapatite can penetrate and seal the tubules, stopping the circulation of the fluid and therefore the sensations of pain from stimuli. Nano-hydroxyapatite would be preferred as it parallels the natural process of surface remineralisation.

In comparison to alternative treatments for dentine hypersensitivity relief, nano-hydroxyapatite containing treatment has been shown to perform better clinically. Nano-hydroxyapatite was proven to be better than other treatments at reducing sensitivity against evaporative stimuli, such as an air blast, and tactile stimuli, such as tapping the tooth with a dental instrument. However, no difference was seen between nano-hydroxyapatite and other treatments for cold stimuli. Hydroxylapatite has shown significant medium and long-term desensitizing effects on dentine hypersensitivity using evaporative stimuli and the visual analogue scale (alongside potassium nitrate, arginine, glutaraldehyde with hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyapatite, adhesive systems, glass ionomer cements and laser).

Co-agent for bleaching
Teeth bleaching agents release reactive oxygen species which can degrade enamel. To prevent this, nano-hydroxyapatite can be added to the bleaching solution to reduce the impact of the bleaching agent by blocking pores within the enamel. This reduces sensitivity after the bleaching process.

Caries prevention
Nano-hydroxyapatite possesses a remineralising effect on teeth and can be used to prevent damage from carious attacks. In the event of an acid attack by cariogenic bacteria, nano-hydroxyapatite particles can infiltrate pores on the tooth surface to form a protective layer. Furthermore, nano-hydroxyapatite may have the capacity to reverse damage from carious assaults by either directly replacing deteriorated surface minerals or acting as a binding agent for lost ions.

In some toothpaste hydroxyapatite can be found in the form of nanocrystals (as these are easily dissolved). In recent years, hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (nHA) have been used in toothpaste to combat dental hypersensitivity. They aid in the repair and remineralisation of the enamel, thus helping to prevent tooth sensitivity. Tooth enamel can become demineralised due to various factors, including acidic erosion and dental caries. If left untreated this can lead to the exposure of dentin and subsequent exposure of the dental pulp. In various studies the use of nano hydroxyapatite in toothpaste showed positive results in aiding the remineralisation of dental enamel. In addition to remineralisation, in vitro studies have shown that toothpastes containing nano-hydroxyapatite have the potential to reduce biofilm formation on both tooth enamel and resin-based composite surfaces.

As a dental material
Hydroxyapatite is widely used within dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery, due to its chemical similarity to hard tissue.

In the future, there are possibilities for using nano-hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering and repair. The main and most advantageous feature of nano-hydroxyapatite is its biocompatibility. It is chemically similar to naturally occurring hydroxyapatite and can mimic the structure and biological function of the structures found in the resident extracellular matrix. Therefore, it can be used as a scaffold for engineering tissues such as bone and cementum. It may be used to restore cleft lips and palates and refine existing practices such as preservation of alveolar bone after extraction for better implant placement.

Safety concerns
The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) issued an official opinion in 2021, where it considered whether the nanomaterial hydroxyapatite was safe when used in leave-on and rinse-off dermal and oral cosmetic products, taking into account reasonably foreseeable exposure conditions. It stated: "Having considered the data provided, and other relevant information available in scientific literature, the SCCS cannot conclude on the safety of the hydroxyapatite composed of rod–shaped nanoparticles for use in oral-care cosmetic products at the maximum concentrations and specifications given in this Opinion. This is because the available data/information is not sufficient to exclude concerns over the genotoxic potential of HAP-nano."

The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) reissued an updated opinion in 2023, where it cleared rod-shaped nano hydroxyapatite of concerns regarding genotoxicity, allowing consumer products to contain concentrations of nano hydroxyapatite as high as 10% for toothpastes and 0.465% for mouthwashes. However it warns of needle-shaped nano hydroxyapatite and of inhalation in spray products. It stated: "Based on the data provided, the SCCS considers hydroxyapatite (nano) safe when used at concentrations up to 10% in toothpaste, and up to 0.465% in mouthwash. This safety evaluation only applies to the hydroxyapatite (nano) with the following characteristics: – composed of rod-shaped particles of which at least 95.8% (in particle number) have an aspect ratio of less than 3, and the remaining 4.2% have an aspect ratio not exceeding 4.9; – the particles are not coated or surface modified."

Chromatography
Along with its medical applications, hydroxyapatite is also used in downstream applications under mixed-mode chromatography in polishing step. The ions present on the surface of hydroxyapatite make it an ideal candidate with unique selectivity, separation and purification of biomolecule mixtures. In mixed-mode chromatography, hydroxyapatite is used as the stationary phase in chromatography columns.

The combined presence of calcium ions (C- sites) and phosphate sites (P-sites) provide metal affinity and ion exchange properties respectively. The C-sites on the surface of the resin undergo metal affinity interactions with phosphate or carboxyl groups present on the biomolecules. Concurrently, these positively charged C-sites tend to repel positively charged functional groups (e.g., amino groups) on biomolecules. P-sites undergo cationic exchange with positively charged functional groups on biomolecules. They exhibit electrostatic repulsion with negatively charged functional groups on biomolecules. For the elution of molecules buffer with high concentration of phosphate and sodium chloride is used. The nature of different charged ions on the surface of hydroxyapatite provides the framework for unique selectivity and binding of biomolecules, facilitating robust separation of biomolecules.

Hydroxyapatite is available in different forms and in different sizes for the purpose of protein purification. The advantages of hydroxyapatite media are its high product stability and uniformity in various lots during its production. Generally, hydroxyapatite was used in the polishing step of monoclonal antibodies, isolation of endotoxin free plasmids, purification of enzymes and viral particles.

Use in archaeology
In archaeology, hydroxyapatite from human and animal remains can be analysed to reconstruct ancient diets, migrations and paleoclimate. The mineral fractions of bone and teeth act as a reservoir of trace elements, including carbon, oxygen and strontium. Stable isotope analysis of human and faunal hydroxyapatite can be used to indicate whether a diet was predominantly terrestrial or marine in nature (carbon, strontium); the geographical origin and migratory habits of an animal or human (oxygen, strontium) and to reconstruct past temperatures and climate shifts (oxygen). Post-depositional alteration of bone can contribute to the degradation of bone collagen, the protein required for stable isotope analysis.

Defluoridation
Hydroxylapatite is a potential adsorbent for the defluoridation of drinking water, as it forms fluorapatite in a three step process. Hydroxylapatite removes F− from the water to replace OH− forming fluorapatite. However, during the defluoridation process the hydroxyapatite dissolves, and increases the pH and phosphate ion concentration which makes the defluoridated water unfit for drinking. Recently, a ″calcium amended-hydroxyapatite″ defluoridation technique was suggested to overcome the phosphate leaching from hydroxyapatite. This technique can also affect fluorosis reversal by providing calcium-enriched alkaline drinking water to fluorosis affected areas.

title: Hydroxyapatite


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Talk:Suzuki Katana

May 2005
Zed1, how come you removed my mention of Hans Muth? Your claim that he did not design the Katana is a bold one. Please show your research because I am pretty certain that Muth was, if not the sole designer, then the head designer (in which case he would presumably get most of the kudos anyway). Refer the following: The latter seems to indicate that Muth was not the sole designer and may in fact just be a contributor to the design. At any rate, his name is indelibly linked to the Katana, whether sole designer or not, and I believe that this should be specifically mentioned in the article. If you mean that Muth did not design the bike mechanically but only the styling, I don't believe my original wording was misleading in this way. --Mintie 06:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * http://www.katanacentral.co.uk/history/targetdesign.asp
 * http://www.thegsresources.com/gs_history.htm
 * http://home.ama-cycle.org/forms/museum/classic/bike.asp?id=31

 * Hello Mintie

 * Hans Muth was not the designer that is a fact. He was also not the chief designer. He never put pen to paper and was rarely to be seen as the bikes were being designed. I was there. Hans Muth got the contract to design the bikes. Hans-Georg Kasten, Jan Fellstrom and several modellers including Karl-Heinz Abe, and Joachim Saaksmeier did the work. It ended in a legal dispute with the out come that either the name 'Target design' should be used in connection with the Katanas or the following 3 names: Hans Muth, Hans-Georg Kasten and Jan Fellstrom. To keep it short I have always restricted it to Target design but if you wish to add all 3 names please do so. However I cannot allow only his name to be mentioned. Hope you understand, I cannot be responsible for all that is written over the Katanas in the general press - do you believe everything you read! I would like this to be an unbiased account for histories sake. Hans Muth was also responsible for the later 750 updated model but whether he designed it I cannot say as Target design had nothing to do with that design. You can always check the facts with Hans-Georg Kasten at Target design.

 * You also say styling, well it was designed and not just 'styled' there is a big difference and a great deal of effort, emotion and thought went into its creation and maybe that is why it has stood the test of time.

 * Hi Zed1 - I presume it is you - may I suggest adding --~ at the end of your discussion so as to sign and date it? (Click the signature button above the editing field). I've also added colons at the beginning of your paragraphs for readability, hope you don't mind.

 * Anyway, I would be happy enough with leaving the designers as Target Design, since that's not under dispute. It would be helpful if you could provide any references to back up your claim, though. By the "later 750 updated model" I presume you mean the popup headlight 1984 design? Yes, it's also my understanding that this was a design by the in-house Suzuki team.

 * With reference to your comments about "styling" vs. "design", I hear you. I use the term "styling" for lack of a better one. I was trying to differentiate between designing an entire motorcycle (engine, frame, etc.) mechanically, and the work carried out by Target Design, which as I understand was predominantly to do with the styling and not the engine, suspension, frame, etc. I know that there is a lot of effort that goes into the styling of the motorcycle and that it is not just a matter of drawing shapes on paper. But it doesn't matter, it's just semantics anyway! :-) Cheers. --Mintie 07:15, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Mintie

Thanks for the tips re: editing

The problem with reference material is it is all based on what has already been written about the bikes, which is rarely ever totally correct...you only need to read a few articles to see conflicting statements even on the websites you have quoted...although they are better than some. Yes, I did mean the '84 stylised version of the original. I say 'stylised' because who needs a pop-up headlamp on a bike, (extra weight, extra costs). That is the difference between design and style.

Designers sometimes get involved with the concept design of a bike which can determine the engine type, location and frame structure. As a designer myself I hate the word Styling because it reduces our work to something superficial and only about appearances. Nothing could be further than the truth. Though I agree with you it is to a large extent semantics. Anyway good talking to you:) Adios--Zed1 10:43, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

PS well I thought Wikipedia would provide a great opportunity for me to write something I knew about. Sadly most of what I had carefully written was rewritten with many errors and finally my images were removed...How I am supposed to prove I have copyright I do not know. But it has finished my interest in Wikipedia and makes it clear to me that it is no better than any other encyclopedia!--Zed1 14:33, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

A free licensed photo or two would be nice
added a photo of an original Suzuki Katana 1100 (1984) 84.227.234.105 (talk) 16:14, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Renaming of Suzuki range wikis?
Please follow the discussion on talk:Suzuki GS series if you're interested. Thank you.--Cancun771 08:11, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Squished Photo
Looking at the photo on this article, it's readily apparent to me that the image has been shortened sideways and ended up squishing the picture. The bike certainly isn't that short, and a lot of the engine elements look severely distorted from what they are in real life. --71.231.131.200 (talk) 21:23, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Why the external link to a forum?
Please see External links normally to be avoided, the policy that external links to forums are normally not desirable. Any reason as to why http://katanazone.com/ should be an exception? Thanks.--Dbratland (talk) 00:03, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Last model year 2006?
Why does the article list 2006 as the last year when I have a 2007 Katana bought straight from a Suzuki dealer? Total Motorcycle also says there was a 2007 model. 68.179.255.175 (talk) 22:54, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Not all stock sells out in the year it is made. Some bikes are such slow sellers they're still around 2, 3, or more years after their model year. I wouldn't trust Total Motorcycle but if there's a good source for the final model year we could use that. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 21:15, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

Dubious
One source claims this was the fastest production motorcycle, however never does it appear at List of fastest production motorcycles nor can I find this backed up by other sources. — Brianhe (talk) 00:02, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

- The text makes clear that Suzuki made this claim, which is accurate. Whether the Katana was actually the fastest production model is another matter! Vintagent (talk) 21:01, 27 February 2015 (UTC)
 * So if the MV Agusta Monza (145 mph according to Roland Brown) went out of production in 1978, then the fastest new bike you could buy from 79-81 would have been the Laverta Jota, made 1976–1981, which means that using Brown alone as a source the Katana could have been tied for fastest at 140mph in 1980 and 1981. With the Jota gone by 1982, the Katna would be last bike standing, by default, until a number of faster bikes appeared in 1984. So we should actually update the list to reflect this, confusing as it is in tabular form.If Suzuki tested the bike at 140.1 mph, then it could crow that it beat the Jota, but that's just one example of why this sort of thing is not an exact science. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 21:11, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Tested speed in 1/2 mile was 140 mph in . Redlined in 5th it could have gone to 141, if there was enough room and it had the power, but we don't know that. Stock it couldn't have gone over 141. Yes, they quoted Proust there in the headline. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 21:43, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

E24 SXZ Katanas
The article has been modified to say that the the E24 SXZ Katanas got all the parts listed in E24 SXZ Parts book. Unfortunately, while the book may have been printed, unlike the E27 SXZ, the Aussie Katana SXZ are standard apart from the wheels. You may want to contact the Suzuki Katana Australia Owners Group to confirm. BTW all Katana GSX1100 have a 98 link 630 chain... Jellymen (talk) 03:38, 12 June 2018 (UTC)

Also the fenders, mounting mirrors and seat strap were common to all the 750/1100 Kats Jellymen (talk) 03:41, 12 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suzuki Katana


text:
Clunes, Victoria

Clunes is a town in Victoria, Australia, 36 kilometres north of Ballarat, in the Shire of Hepburn. At the 2016 census it had a population of 1,728.

Clunes is best known as the site of Victoria's first registered gold discovery in 1850 and its first gold strike in 1873, which lasted three months. A campus of Wesley College is based in Clunes and parts of the original Mad Max (1979) were filmed in the town, famously showcasing the Creswick Creek Bridge, in Clunes’s more regional farming area. Other films include “Ned Kelly” (2016) and Stan TV series “Bloom” (2018). The annual Clunes Booktown Festival began in 2007 and draws significant tourism to the area, with over 10 book shops around the town.

Pre-colonial
The Dja Dja Wurrung, an Aboriginal Australian people belonging to the Kulin nation, first inhabited the region which included Clunes. Most of their population was decimated in the twenty years after Scottish explorer Thomas Mitchell surveyed the land in 1836. This was due to the introduction of European occupation and diseases; for example, 6–10 tribesmen were killed in the 1839 Blood Hole massacre at the nearby Glengower station.

Mitchell probably encouraged his fellow clansmen to take up pastures which, on his travels, were bordered by a line dug into the earth by his drays. They included overlander Donald Cameron, who took up a 12000 ha run in mid-1839 and named it Clunes for his Scottish hometown, building a homestead in the 1850s. While Cameron was the first European settler, his run was soon bordered by those of other Scottish pastoralists.

Pastoral and gold rush
In March 1850, a party of four, including Cameron and his friend William Campbell MLA, found traces of gold on his station. The discovery initially was kept secret as it was feared that announcing it would be detrimental to the Clunes run.

In April 1851, German physicist George Hermann Bruhn arrived at Clunes while on a journey to examine the Colony of Victoria's mineral resources and was shown specimens of gold by Cameron. Bruhn spread the discovery across Australia and sent specimens to the Gold Discovery Committee on 30 June. After confirming the area was auriferous, James Esmond—who had been informed by Bruhn—and his co-worker James Pugh enlisted the help of sawyers Burns and Kelly; they obtained gold in quartz rocks near Clunes on 29 June. The Geelong Advertiser announced these findings on 7 July and the precise location of Esmond's discovery on 22 July.

William Campbell's announcement in Melbourne and Davies news item triggered the gold rush in Victoria. The township was established a few years later and subsequent gold mining predominantly driven by the Port Phillip and Colonial Mining Company which was mining the site of the discovery saw the town's population rising to well over 6,000 residents in the late 1880s.

Clunes post office opened as early as 1 October 1857 and in 1874 Clunes was connected to the Victorian railway network. Clunes station was opened in the same year.

In 1873 mine employers attempted to introduce Saturday afternoon and Sunday shifts. The miners refused to sign the new terms outlined in their contract renewals and went on a strike that lasted 3 months. Some days into the action the miners organised the Clunes Miners' Association and what were to become known as the Clunes riots, successfully resisting the use of Chinese labour from Creswick as strikebreakers.

From the 1850s through to 1893, when gold mining eventually came to an end, Clunes was an important gold production location in Victoria. Surrounded by grassland, meadows and pastures, the town has preserved many of its elegant historic buildings and is recognised as one of the architecturally most-intact gold towns in Victoria.

Twentieth century
The Clunes Magistrates' Court closed on 1 January 1983.

Booktown
The idea of transforming Clunes into a European-style booktown was first conceived and developed by Councillor Tim Hayes, Linda Newitt, Graeme Johnston and Tess Brady. Clunes held its first "Booktown for a Day" event on 20 May 2007. Over 50 booksellers from around Australia set up shop for the day in the town's heritage buildings. Renamed to "Back to Booktown" a year later and to "Clunes Booktown Festival" in 2012, was holding the event each year on the first weekend in May.

The event has won recognition and awards, including:
 * 2008: Hepburn Shire's Community Event of the Year
 * 21 January 2010: John Brumby, premier of Victoria, said during the Australia Day Luncheon: "In Victoria we even have our very own booktown. The regional community of Clunes in north-west Victoria sees its future as a cultural destination centred around literature. As well as their successful 'Back to Booktown' festival, just last month our Government helped launch the new Creative Clunes Community Bookshop."
 * 23 November 2010: Australian Civic Trust Award of Merit in the Human Category to "Back to Booktown", for its use of heritage buildings in a "respectful, as against destructive use"
 * 19 April 2012: Clunes given "International Book Town" status, by the International Organisation of Book Towns
 * 2013: Australia Day awards for Hepburn Shire's Community Event of the Year, to "Children's Booktown 2012'

Wesley College campus
Between 2000 and 2008, Clunes underwent a noticeable transformation and rejuvenation following the decision by Wesley College, Australia's largest co-educational private school, to establish a campus for Year 9 students in the town. Opened in 2000, about 80 students take up residency in the Wesley Clunes Residential Learning Village in the centre of town and become part of the local community for an eight-week period each term. Where they learn how to live in a shared house and how to live with others when they grow up.

Sport
The town's Australian rules football/netball team is the Clunes Magpies, competing in the Central Highlands Football League and Central Highlands Netball League.

Golfers play at the Clunes Golf Club on Golf Course Road.

Clunes has a cricket club playing in the Maryborough District Cricket Association.

Clunes has a lawn bowls club that competes in the Ballarat District Bowls Division.

Transport
Clunes railway station is located on the Mildura line.

When the state government announced the Victorian Transport Plan, along with V/Line services being extended to Maryborough, Clunes was not part of the plan (with the only stations being Creswick and Maryborough). However, as a result of protest by the town, the Government announced on 17 June 2010 that Clunes would be reopened and included on the line.

In film

 * Many of the external scenes and some internal scenes in the 2003 film Ned Kelly, starring Heath Ledger, were shot in Clunes. The Old State Bank in Fraser Street was used for the internal scenes featuring the "Euroa" bank robbery.
 * Clunes also appears in the films Mad Max starring Mel Gibson, as the town the Toe Cutters gang arrive at to collect the Night Riders body, and the remake of the 1950s classic On the Beach. It also appears in the ABC television series' Queen Kat, Carmel & St Jude, Something in the Air and Halifax f.p..
 * Clunes was once closed off to the public for the TV show The Mole in 2001. The mission in that episode was to direct one of the contestants to pick up another contestant in a blacked-out car.
 * Tomorrow, When the War Began aired on ABC3 in early 2016.
 * Much of the series finale of the HBO show The Leftovers was filmed in Clunes.
 * The Picnic at Hanging Rock 2018 remake filmed exterior scenes in the Clunes main street.
 * The Stan series Bloom used Clunes as its central township.
 * Some scenes for the True History of the Kelly Gang
 * One short film shot in Clunes is Julius Avery's 13-minute movie Jerrycan. Jerrycan won the 2008 Jury Prize at the 61st Cannes Film Festival in France for short films, with its portrayal of restless teenagers in rural Victoria.

Notable residents or place of birth

 * Jean Beadle (1868–1942) – labour leader, feminist and social worker
 * Rivett Henry Bland (1811–1894) – manager of the Port Phillip and Colonial Gold Mining Company from 1852 and the Clunes Quartz Mining Company who oversaw the development and success of the mine.
 * Nancy Jobson (1880–1964) – headmistress
 * Robert (Bob) Lewis (1878–1947) – jockey
 * Sir John Longstaff (1861–1941) – artist
 * Harley Tarrant (1860–1949) – businessman
 * Daryl Jackson (b.1937) – prominent architect
 * Nick Hind (b.1994) – AFL player

title: Clunes, Victoria


text:
Fichtelite

Fichtelite is a rare white mineral found in fossilized wood from Bavaria. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. It is a cyclic hydrocarbon: dimethyl-isopropyl-perhydrophenanthrene, C19H34. It is very soft with a Mohs hardness of 1, the same as talc. Its specific gravity is very low at 1.032, just slightly denser than water.

It was first described in 1841 and named for the location, Fichtelgebirge, Bavaria, Germany. It has been reported from fossilized pine wood from a peat bog and in organic-rich modern marine sediments.

title: Fichtelite


text: User:Energy/Timebox

title: User:Energy/Timebox


text:
Yang Xianyi

Yang Xianyi (January 10, 1915 – November 23, 2009) was a Chinese literary translator, known for rendering many ancient and a few modern Chinese classics into English, including Dream of the Red Mansions.

Life and career
Born into a wealthy banking family in Tianjin, he was sent to Merton College, Oxford to study Classics in 1936. There he married Gladys Tayler. They had two daughters and a son, who committed suicide in 1979.

Yang and his wife returned to China in 1940, and began their decades long co-operation of introducing Chinese classics to the English-speaking world. Working for the Foreign Languages Press in Beijing, a government-funded publisher, the husband and wife team produced a number of quality translations. The works translated include classical Chinese poetry; such classic works as A Dream of the Red Mansions, The Scholars, Liu E's Mr. Decadent: Notes Taken in an Outing (老殘遊記), also known as The Travels of Lao Can, and some of Lu Xun's stories.

Yang was also the first one to render the Odyssey into Chinese (prose) from the ancient Greek original. He also translated Aristophanes's Ornithes, Virgil's Georgics, La chanson de Roland and Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion into Chinese.

He narrowly escaped being labeled a "rightist" in 1957-58 for his frank speaking. However, Yang and his wife Gladys were imprisoned for four years as "class enemies" in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. Gladys died in 1999.

He was also noted for writing doggerel. His autobiography, White Tiger, was published in 2003.

After Yang Xianyi died in 2009, his youngest sister, translator Yang Yi, compiled and edited a book including poetry translated by her late brother. In 2022, a new edition was released by Chinese Translation Publishing House, called Brother–Sister Translated Poems (兄妹译诗) or Translated Poems by Yang Xianyi and Yang Yi, featuring more than 100 of their favorite poems.

title: Yang Xianyi


text:
Creswick, Victoria

Creswick is a town in west-central Victoria, Australia, 18 kilometres north of Ballarat and 122 kilometres northwest of Melbourne, in the Shire of Hepburn. It is 430 metres above sea level. At the 2016 census, Creswick had a population of 3,170. Creswick was named after the Creswick family, the pioneer settlers of the region.

History

The area was inhabited by the Dja Dja Wurrung people before white settlement. The pioneer white settlers were Henry, Charles and John Creswick, three brothers who started a large sheep station in 1842.

Creswick is a former gold-mining town, established during the Victorian gold rushes in the 1850s. The Post Office opened on 1 September 1854 but was named Creswick's Creek until around 1857. The population reached a peak of 25,000 during the gold rush. Today, local industries include forestry, grazing and agriculture.

Creswick was the site of the New Australasian Gold Mine disaster on 12 December 1882, Australia's worst mining disaster in which 22 men drowned.

The Creswick Magistrates' Court closed on 1 January 1983, not having been visited by a Magistrate since 1976.

Creswick was used as a filming location for the 2004 American television miniseries adaptation of Stephen King's Salem's Lot, which starred Rob Lowe, Donald Sutherland, Rutger Hauer and James Cromwell. Most of the supporting cast were Australian actors.

The town today
The original Victorian School of Forestry was established in 1910 by the Department of Forestry. It was the first institution set up in Victoria to train and accredit young foresters. Now the campus is part of The University of Melbourne. The campus is situated in Water Street and houses the School of Forest & Ecosystem Science, a highly regarded research and teaching institution.

Creswick has three primary schools—two government and one Catholic: Creswick Primary School, Creswick North Primary School and St Augustine's Primary School respectively.

The town also has an aged care facility. John Curtin Aged Care was formerly the township's health care hospital, but was converted to a nursing home in 1998.

Attractions
It provides community support to its locals and its community. Creswick Men's Friendship opens on days, as needed by the community members. It primary running day is Tuesday but also opens on Thursdays for men if needs arise. On Wednesdays they are temporarily running a Woman's Group and its goal is to continue for the long term as needs continue. Creswick Men's Friendship Shed is in partnership with Creswick Hospital and Community Health Centre. It is a valuable part of community for resources information on health support. It currently operates at 15 Bridge Street Creswick. Beside the Park Lake house that was long standing used by the Men's Shed but council unwillingness to provide tangible maintenance made it unsafe and unusable to its Men's Shed Group and we had no option but to stop using the house it being in OHS disrepair. The current Creswick Men's Shed is on crown land and supported by its community, Creswick Hospital and Community Health Services and many volunteers. * The Creswick Bazaar is held on the third Saturday and Sunday of the month at the historic railway precinct in Raglan Street. The Bazaar features crafts by local people. The railway station, one of the best restored railway stations in Victoria, was restored by a group of volunteers. The railway goods shed hosts the Bazaar and other community events.
 * The Creswick Men's Friendship Shed. It is one of Australia's founding Men's Sheds. It has one of the longest running men's shed in Australia. It started in 2001 at the nurses quarters at Creswick Hospital. It moved to a shanty clad building and old unused house at Park Lake.
 * The Creswick Market is located at (Creswick Neighbourhood Centre ), Victoria Street, Creswick. Held the third Saturday of every month from 9am to 1pm, Creswick Market features: free live music; kids' entertainment and playground; beautiful gardens to relax in; freshly made delicacies and great coffee; hand-made arts, crafts, jewellery and clothes; homegrown fruit, vegetables and plants; over 90 specialist boutique sites.
 * The Creswick Woollen Mills, established in 1947, is the last remaining coloured spinning mill of its kind in Australia, still owned and run by the founder's family. It produces natural fibre products such as woollen blankets, throws and accessories. The mill is open seven days a week and operates a self-guided tour and shop.
 * The Creswick Museum is situated at two addresses. The museum in the old Creswick Town Hall is open weekends and public holidays from 11am until 3.30pm. The Research Centre, operating out of the former Infant Child Centre, is open Friday and Saturday 11am to 3.00pm.
 * Creswick has a range of singletrack trails suitable for both mountain biking and trail running. The Annual Brackenbury Mountain Bike Challenge in November attracts participants from across Australia. These trails have been identifies as a venue for Mountain biking during the 2026 Commonwealth Games held across Victoria.
 * The iridescent blue of Creswick's Blue Waters lake is a draw for photography enthusiasts. The former open cut mine is located within Creswick Regional park, off Melbourne Road and just minutes from the town centre.

Sport

 * The Creswick Bowling Club, which was originally situated in the middle of town, has since relocated to the Lindsay Park complex after several flooding incidents in late 2010 and early 2011, offers lawn bowling for women and men during the spring, summer and autumn months.
 * The town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Central Highlands Football League.
 * Golfers play at The RACV Resort on the Midland Highway. The Forest Resort is a multi-storied building that is used for vacationing and conferences. It also has a gymnasium, heated pool, spa, library and health spa on the top floor.
 * The Creswick Imperials cricket club play home games at Doug Lindsay recreational reserve. The A grade and A reserve teams play in the Maryborough & District Cricket Association whilst arguably their most popular team will compete in the Ballarat Cricket Association one day B grade competition for the 2016/17 season after having convincingly triumphed in the C grade in 2015/16.

Notable people
Creswick is the birthplace of the Lindsays, perhaps Australia's best known art family. Famous Lindsays (in birth order) were Percy Lindsay (landscape painter), Sir Lionel Lindsay (printmaker, painter and critic), Norman Lindsay (painter, sculptor and writer), Ruby Lindsay (illustrator) and Sir Daryl Lindsay (painter and arts administrator). Percy Lindsay painted many landscapes of the town and Norman Lindsay immortalised the town in his novel Redheap, a work that was banned for many years.

Other famous Creswickians include John Curtin, Australia's Prime Minister during World War II; Sir Alexander Peacock, a Victorian Premier; Sir Hayden Starke, a Justice of the High Court; and early trade unionists William Spence and David Temple, co-founders of the Australian Shearers' Union and Amalgamated Shearers' Union, which evolved into the Australian Workers' Union.

Transport
Creswick is located on the Midland Highway. Creswick railway station is served by V/Line train services to and from Maryborough, as well as buses from Ballarat operated by CDC Ballarat.

title: Creswick, Victoria


text:
Pyramid poker

Pyramid poker is a simplified version of pai gow poker, where instead of seven cards, three cards are dealt face down. It uses a standard 52-card deck without jokers. The hand rankings are just like in poker except that aces are always high. The dealer deals the player and himself 3 cards, which is arranged into a 2 card hand and a 1 card hand which should be smaller than the 2-card hand. There are no straights or flushes in the 2-card hand, and a higher ranked hand wins in both the hands.

In order to win, both the hands of the player has to be higher than the dealer's hands. If only one hand is higher and the other loses, then the bet is a tie or push. The players loses his bet if the dealer wins both ways. All copies (equal face value) shall go to the dealer giving the advantage to the house.

There is also the "House Way" in this poker variant that adds more variety.

title: Pyramid poker


text:
Boucicaut

Boucicaut may refer to:

Persons

 * Jean I Le Maingre ( -1367), called "Boucicaut", Marshal of France
 * Jean II Le Maingre (1366-1421), son of Jean I, also called "Boucicaut", Marshal of France
 * Geoffrey Boucicaut, son of Jean I, governor of the Dauphiné from 1399 to 1407
 * Boucicaut Master, an anonymous French or Flemish miniaturist and illuminator
 * Aristide Boucicaut, creator of the French department store Le Bon Marché
 * Alexandre Boucicaut, a Haitian football (soccer) player

Other uses

 * Hôpital Boucicaut, a hospital in Paris
 * Boucicaut (Paris Métro), a station on line 8 of the Paris Métro

title: Boucicaut


text:
User:Evilphoenix/Lort

These are just some notes for me and my research on Lighting internships.

List of LORT Theatres
List from here.

 * ACT Theatre, Seattle, Washington.
 * internship information
 * unpaid internships year-round
 * 1) Resume
 * 2) Cover letter highlighting your interest in and prior experience with ACT Theatre
 * 3) Two letters of recommendation
 * 4) An analysis of a contemporary play
 * 5) Any additional writing samples you'd like to include.
 * Actors Theatre of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
 * Does not currently offer internships
 * Alabama Shakespeare Festival 	Montgomery, Alabama
 * job postings
 * Alley Theatre, Houston, Texas
 * No information available
 * Alliance Theatre Company], Atlanta, Georgia
 * job postings
 * internship posting
 * none currently available in production
 * American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California
 * internship
 * Deadline: April 15th
 * "Lighting Design interns assist the resident lighting designer in mounting each production. Full-time responsibilities include attending all production meetings, maintaining records necessary for the upkeep of the light plot and inventory, drafting designs for special effects, and assisting designers in the theater from focus calls to opening night. A good sense of leadership is required, as it will occasionally be necessary to act in the resident designer's absence. Interns must attend all technical and dress rehearsals for each production of the season. Interns must have a strong background and experience in theatrical lighting."
 * Repertory Theatre 	Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * affiliated with Harvard?
 * doesn't seem to have anything really.
 * Arden Theatre Company 	Philadelphia, Pennslyvania
 * Internships
 * no specific deadline
 * Arena Stage 	Washington, DC
 * internship information
 * "The selected applicant gains experience assisting the Master Electrician and Electricians in the implementation and maintenance of lighting designs and equipment. Applicants must have a basic knowledge of theatrical lighting and lighting equipment. "
 * March 1 – Summer Internship (Directing and technical production apprenticeships are not available during the summer.) April 1 – Fall and Season Internship October 1 – Winter/Spring Internship (Please call for a list of available apprenticeships.)
 * Arizona Theatre Company    Tucson/Phoenix, Arizona
 * internship information
 * "To Apply or to request additional information regarding our Professional Internship Program, mail resume and letter of interest to Arizona Theatre Company, Professional Internship Program, PO Box 1631, Tucson, AZ 85702."
 * Arkansas Repertory Theatre 	Little Rock, Akansas
 * Did not list and openings.
 * Asolo Theatre Company, Sarasota, FL
 * , but no lighting internships :-(
 * Barter Theatre], Abingdon, Virginia
 * employment listing
 * Internships: For information on internships, please contact Katy Brown, The Barter Players Artistic Director at 276/619-3327.
 * barterplayers@bartertheatre.com
 * Berkeley Repertory Theatre Berkeley, California
 * Berkshire Theatre Festival 	Stockbridge, MA
 * Capital Repertory Theatre, Albany,NY
 * Center Stage 	Baltimore, MD
 * Center Theatre Group 	Los Angeles, CA
 * The Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park 	Cincinnati, OH
 * City Theatre Company 	Pittsburgh, PA
 * Clarence Brown Theatre Company 	Knoxville, TN
 * The Cleveland Play House 	Cleveland, OH
 * Coconut Grove Playhouse 	Miami, FL
 * Court Theatre 	Chicago, IL
 * Dallas Theater Center 	Dallas, TX
 * Delaware Theatre Company 	Wilmington, DE
 * Denver Center Theatre Company 	Denver, CO
 * Florida Stage 	Manalapan, FL
 * Ford's Theatre 	Washington, DC
 * Geffen Playhouse 	Los Angeles, CA
 * George Street Playhouse 	New Brunswick, NJ
 * Georgia Shakespeare 	Atlanta, GA
 * See also:My Atlanta notes
 * Geva Theatre Center 	Rochester, NY
 * The Goodman Theatre 	Chicago, IL
 * Goodspeed Musicals 	East Haddam, CT
 * Great Lakes Theater Festival 	Cleveland, OH
 * The Guthrie Theater 	Minneapolis, MN
 * Hartford Stage Company 	Hartford, CT
 * Huntington Theatre Company 	Boston, MA
 * Indiana Repertory Theatre 	Indianapolis, IN
 * Intiman Theatre 	Seattle, WA
 * Kansas City Repertory Theatre 	Kansas City, MO
 * Laguna Playhouse 	Laguna Beach, CA
 * La Jolla Playhouse 	La Jolla, CA
 * Lincoln Center Theater 	New York, NY
 * Long Wharf Theatre 	New Haven, CT
 * Maltz Jupiter Theatre 	Jupiter, FL
 * Manhattan Theatre Club 	New York, NY
 * McCarter Theatre 	Princeton, NJ
 * Merrimack Repertory Theatre 	Lowell, MA
 * Milwaukee Repertory Theater 	Milwaukee, WI
 * Northlight Theatre 	Skokie, IL
 * The Old Globe 	San Diego, CA
 * Pasadena Playhouse 	Pasadena, CA
 * The People's Light and Theatre Company 	Malvern, PA
 * The Philadelphia Theatre Company 	Philadelphia, PA
 * Pittsburgh Public Theater 	Pittsburgh, PA
 * PlayMakers Repertory Company 	Chapel Hill, NC
 * Portland Center Stage 	Portland, OR
 * Portland Stage Company 	Portland, ME
 * Prince Music Theater 	Philadelphia, PA
 * The Repertory Theatre of St. Louis 	St. Louis, MO
 * Roundabout Theatre Company 	New York, NY
 * San Jose Repertory Theatre 	San Jose, CA
 * Seattle Repertory Theatre 	Seattle, WA
 * The Shakespeare Theatre 	Washington, DC
 * South Coast Repertory 	Costa Mesa, CA
 * Studio Arena Theatre 	Buffalo, NY
 * Syracuse Stage 	Syracuse, NY
 * Theatre For A New Audience 	New York, NY
 * TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, CA
 * Trinity Repertory Company Providence, RI
 * Virginia Stage Company 	Norfolk, VA
 * The Wilma Theater 	Philadelphia, PA
 * Yale Repertory Theatre

General

 * The Virginia Stage Company
 * Various Production openings, currently nice one for sound

 * TheatreWorks
 * However, don't seem to have lighting

 * The Shakespeare Theatre

 * San Jose Repertory Theatre
 * List of various whatevers, depending on availability

 * Roundabout Theatre Company
 * New York
 * Available on show-by-show basis

 * Repertory Theatre of St. Louis
 * looks like they post internships based on availability

March

 * [Seattle Repertory Theatre]
 * January 1 - March 15th
 * No Lighting?

May

 * [Wilma Theatre]
 * Production Fellow, all aspects
 * Deadline May 31

June

 * [The Trinity Repertory Company]
 * Deadline: June 1st

randomly, [some theatre Vectorworks plans]

title: User:Evilphoenix/Lort


text:
Port Douglas

Port Douglas is a coastal town and locality in the Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia, approximately 60 km north of Cairns.

In the, the locality of Port Douglas had a population of 3,650 people. The town's population can often double, however, with the influx of tourists during the peak tourism season from May to September.

The town is named in honour of a former Premier of Queensland, John Douglas. Port Douglas developed quickly based on the mining industry. Other parts of the area were established with timber cutting in the area surrounding the Daintree River and with settlement starting on lots around the Mossman River by 1880.

Previous names for the town included Terrigal, Island Point, Port Owen and Salisbury. The town is situated adjacent to two World Heritage areas, the Great Barrier Reef and the Daintree Rainforest.

Port Douglas was No. 3 on Australian Traveller magazine's list of 100 Best Towns in Australia.

History
The Port Douglas township was established in 1877 after the discovery of gold at Hodgkinson River by James Venture Mulligan. Port Douglas Post Office opened on 1 September 1877. It grew quickly, and at its peak Port Douglas had a population of 12,000 and 27 hotels. With the construction of the Mulligan Highway it serviced towns as far away as Herberton.

Port Douglas State School opened on 11 November 1879, but closed in 1962. It was reopened on 23 January 1989.

When the Kuranda Railway from Cairns to Kuranda was completed in 1891, the importance of Port Douglas dwindled along with its population. A cyclone in 1911 demolished or severely damaged all but seven residential buildings and 4 commercial buildings, including the Wharf buildings (rebuilt), the Courthouse (rebuilt), the Catholic church (rebuilt) and Chinese temple (not rebuilt).

The Port Douglas War Memorial was unveiled on 10 February 1923 by Mrs Tresize.

On 5 July 1943, a RAAF Vultee Vengeance (Serial Number A27-217) crash landed on the beach near Port Douglas.

At its nadir in 1960 the town, by then little more than a fishing village, had a population of 100.

In the late-1980s, tourism boomed in the region after investor Christopher Skase financed the construction of the Sheraton Mirage Port Douglas Resort.

The music video for Kylie Minogue's 1988 single "It's No Secret" was filmed in Port Douglas.

In November 1996 United States President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton chose the town as their only holiday stop on their historic visit to Australia. When dining at a local restaurant they witnessed a couple's wedding certificate.

On a return visit on 11 September 2001, Bill Clinton was again dining at a local restaurant, when he was advised of the September 11 attacks. He returned to the United States the following day.

On 4 September 2006, television personality and conservationist Steve Irwin died at Batt Reef, off Port Douglas, after a stingray barb pierced his chest during filming of a documentary called The Ocean's Deadliest. Irwin was filmed snorkelling directly above the stingray when it lashed him with its tail, killing him almost immediately. The event was widely reported in Australia and overseas.

Although historically and currently Port Douglas is with the local government area of Shire of Douglas, between 2008 and 2013, it was within the Cairns Region following a local government amalgamation which was subsequently reversed following a vote by residents of the area.

Port Douglas was a popular location to view the 14 November 2012 solar eclipse at 6:38 am (local time). Thousands travelled to Port Douglas to see the phenomenon.

Demographics
At the, the locality of Port Douglas had a population of 3,205 people.

In the, the locality of Port Douglas had a population of 3,504 people.

In the, the locality of Port Douglas had a population of 3,650 people.

Heritage listings
Port Douglas has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * FDA Carstens Memorial, Macrossan Street
 * St Mary's by the Sea, Wharf Street
 * Port Douglas Wharf, 6 Dixie Street
 * Port Douglas Court House Museum, 25 Wharf Street

Demographics
In the, the locality of Port Douglas had a population of 3,504 people.

In the, the locality of Port Douglas had a population of 3,650 people. 51.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 6.7% and New Zealand 4.1%. 69.9% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion, so described 46.7% and not stated 16.3%.

Climate
Port Douglas has a tropical monsoon climate according to the Köppen climate classification (Am), with hot summers and warm winters, with heavy rainfall primarily from January–March, the wettest month of the year typically being February. The average temperature of the sea ranges from 23.7 C in July to 29.5 C in January.

Environmental challenges
Port Douglas is susceptible to extreme weather events such as cyclones and floods. These events can have immediate and severe impacts on critical infrastructure, including water supply systems. In the end of 2023, they experienced a critical water supply issues following a cyclone.

Education
Port Douglas State School is a government primary (Preparatory to Year 6) school for boys and girls at Endeavour Street (-16.5242°N, 145.4612°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 281 students with 20 teachers (17 full-time equivalent) and 12 non-teaching staff (8 full-time equivalent).

For secondary school, Port Douglas is within the catchment of Mossman State High School.

Amenities
The Port Douglas Community Hall houses the Port Douglas Library, 11–29 Mowbray Street, operated by the Douglas Shire Council. The Library opened in 2010. Another branch library is located in Mossman.

The Port Douglas branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the CWA Hall at 8 Blake Street.

St Mary's Catholic Church is at 2 Endeavour Street. It is within the Mossman-Port Douglas Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns.

Events
The annual Port Douglas Carnivale is held in May and runs for 10 days over two weekends, beginning with a parade attracting over 10,000 people.

In October Porttoberfest (a play on Oktoberfest) is held.

The Great Barrier Reef Marathon Festival is also held during October.

Every May The Port Douglas Yacht Club hold their annual Regatta in May. Port Douglas Race Week attracts yachts from all along the Eastern Seaboard and provide views for visitors from Four Mile Beach.

Attractions
Kitesurfing is common at the southern end of Four Mile Beach, particularly during the winter months when trade winds blow from the South.

Port Douglas is near the Great Barrier Reef. Numerous companies run daily trips from the marina to the outer reef and the Low Isles for scuba diving and snorkelling. Port Douglas is also well known for its many restaurants, walks, golf courses, and five star resorts.

Near the centre of town is a wildlife park that displays crocodiles, tree-kangaroos, cassowaries, koalas, quolls, flying foxes and other native animals.

title: Port Douglas


text:
Beechworth

Beechworth is a well-preserved historical town located in the north-east of Victoria, Australia, famous for its major growth during the gold rush days of the mid-1850s. At the, Beechworth had a population of 3,290.

Beechworth's many historical buildings are well preserved and the town has re-invented itself and evolved into a popular tourist destination and growing wine-producing centre.

History
Beechworth Parish and Township plans were prepared, named and certified by George D. Smythe after he had left the family estate near Liverpool in 1828, then again near Launceston, Tasmania, in 1838.

Originally used for grazing by the settler David Reid, the area was also sometimes known as Mayday Hills until 1853. The Post Office opened on 1 May 1853 as Spring Creek and was renamed Beechworth on 1 January 1854.

One Indigenous name for the area of unknown origin and language is Baarmutha.

Gold
Between 1852 and 1857, Beechworth was a gold-producing region and centre of government; however, its power, wealth and influence were short-lived. According to Carole Woods, an early party of prospectors retrieved a pan of gold from the area weighing 14 lb. Another lucky party cleared some 50 lb of gold in a week. And so began a rush into this remote region. During the first election campaign in 1855, one candidate, Daniel Cameron, rode a horse shod with solid gold horseshoes. The extravagance of this event is still commemorated as the logo for Beechworth is a golden horseshoe.

At the time, Beechworth was far removed from the centre of colonial administration in Melbourne both in distance and time taken to travel. The local debates around the potential railway into Beechworth encompassed a broad gauge option or a narrow gauge  system, between Wangaratta and Beechworth and these debates and options appeared in the Ovens and Murray Advertiser newspaper. Ironically, in the 1890s a narrow gauge system did eventuate nearby, running from Wangaratta to Whitfield. Finally a broad gauge railway arrived at Beechworth in September 1876, but by that stage the town and its gold production was waning. The rail line was closed in 1977 and dismantled, after 101 years of service.

During its boom times, Beechworth town boasted a range of industries including, a tannery, jewellers, boot makers, a brewery, blacksmiths, livestock sale yards. It had schools, a convent, hotels, a prison with imposing stone walls, a hospital, a mental hospital, court house, police barracks, stage coach companies and a powder magazine. In its golden days, men and women arrived from the United States, United Kingdom and China. At its peak, Beechworth town had over 3,100 residents. Surrounding areas and mining camps sprang up as thousands of miners rushed into areas such as Spring Creek, Reedy Creek, Silver Creek, the Nine Mile Creek and the Woolshed increasing the population on the Ovens to around 22,000. The Chinese were not allowed to live in Beechworth town and resided on the outskirts. Numerous controls, regulations and licence checks were enforced on the Chinese miners (see: Woods; also McWaters; also O'Brien; and Cronin). Beechworth Cemetery has a large preserved section of early Chinese miners/pioneers. The presence of the Chinese goldminers around Beechworth and throughout Victoria's north-eastern region created social unrest and these are recorded in O'Brien's; Woods'; and Cronin's works below.

Recent years
The Beechworth Magistrates' Court closed on 1 January 1990.

Notable figures
Like many Australian country towns associated with the early goldfields, Beechworth had its share of colourful characters and villains. Among the infamous during the 1870s was the one-time Livery Stable owner, later the 'Dog Officer', at some other time the 'Pound Officer' and another time shire revenue officer, John Phelan. Phelan was a continual litigant, correspondent to the newspapers and advertiser. His official and officious escapades were mockingly reported in the local paper.

Robert O'Hara Burke
Robert O'Hara Burke, leader of the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition was stationed in Beechworth as Senior Inspector of Police from 1854 to 1857. Policeman John Sadleir, one of the Kelly Gang pursuers, was also stationed in Beechworth during its early days.(Harvey)

The Burke Museum is located in Loch Street and holds primary materials on Beechworth and the surrounding district's past. Source materials include newspapers, photos, artefacts, clothing, paintings, exhibitions, published local histories and unpublished theses on the district and displays dating back to the gold discoveries, early Chinese miners and workings of the 1850s.

Sir Isaac Isaacs
Isaac Isaacs was Australia's first native-born Governor-General, appointed in 1931. The Isaacs family moved from Yackandandah to Beechworth in 1867 to help their son to gain a better quality education, first enrolling him in the Common school then in the Beechworth Grammar School. He became dux in his first year. In his second year he was employed part-time as an assistant teacher at the school, and took up after school tutoring of fellow students. In September 1870, when Isaacs was just 15 years old, he passed his examination as a pupil teacher and taught at the school from then until 1873. Isaacs was next employed as an assistant teacher at the Beechworth State School, the successor to the Common school.

From 1875 Isaacs moved to Melbourne for work and to undertake law studies. His connection to Beechworth was re-established when he was elected as the member for Bogong in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from May 1892 until May 1893 and between June 1893 and May 1901. Isaacs further represented Beechworth and surrounding areas when he was elected to the first Federal Parliament in 1901 to the seat of Indi. He served until 1906 when he was appointed to the High Court.

His little-known brother John Alfred Isaacs was also a lawyer and represented Ovens, the local electorate, from 1894 to 1902, but died insolvent and embroiled in matrimonial problems.

Ned Kelly
The outlaw Ned Kelly had many links to Beechworth – he spent time in HM Prison Beechworth and fought a famous boxing bout with Isaiah "Wild" Wright in the back of a local hotel. Aaron Sherritt and Joe Byrne of the Kelly Gang came from the Woolshed goldmining camp, outside of Beechworth town. It was in Beechworth gaol that twenty-one men, suspected Kelly Gang supporters, relatives and other sympathisers were held without trial or evidence for over three months, by the Chief Commissioner of Police Captain Standish, under the Outlawry Act.

George B. Kerferd
George B. Kerferd (1836–1889), a longtime resident of Beechworth, became a Premier of Victoria and was a major participant in ensuring Beechworth had a railway connection to Melbourne.

John Buckley Castieau
Castieau (1831–1885) was the Prison Governor at Beechworth from 1856 to 1869. The prison, famous for its huge granite walls was known as "Castieau's castle". As the Governor of the Melbourne gaol in 1880 he was an official witness to the hanging of Ned Kelly. His diaries were later published (2004) as The Difficulties of My Position. In this book a drawing from the Australian Sketcher, 14 August 1880 shows Castieau sitting with Ned Kelly during his remand (p. 278) and also a photo of his signature as one of the witnesses to the Kelly hanging (p. viii). Castieau was an early member of Melbourne's Garrick Club.

Sir Albert Edward (Bert) Chadwick
Born in 1897, died in 1983. Sportsman, businessman and sports administrator.

Alfred William Foster
Born in 1886, died in 1962. Judge.

Climate
At the southernmost end of the South West Slopes, Beechworth has a cool climate much of the year. On account of its western longitude, summer warmth is inconsistent, often punctuated by cold fronts and cool changes (unlike in north-eastern Victoria proper where summers are relatively stable). Beechworth's climate is thus more reminiscent of that in central Victoria. As one of the higher towns in the state, snowfall can be expected each year, sometimes falling in moderate to heavy amounts.

Rainfall records are found as early as 1858, but temperature readings did not commence until 1908.

Newspapers
In its golden heyday Beechworth boasted two influential newspapers: The Ovens and Murray Advertiser and The Constitution and Mining Intelligencer. These papers engaged in fierce competition and for a while were daily issues. The papers circulated far and wide throughout the district and the colony of Victoria.(O'Brien) Both papers represented the views of their respective readerships sometimes to the exclusion of all others.(O'Brien) Even today, these old papers are an important historical research tool as most editions from the early 1850 survive and are micro-filmed and are available at the Burke Museum and most state and national libraries throughout Australia. These two local papers provide rich primary sources for many historians of Beechworth and its surrounds, plus the Kelly Gang historians.(See: Woods (1985); McMahon (2000); Lane (1978); McQuilton (1979); Jones (1995); McWaters (2002); O'Brien (2005); and Wild & McMahon (2006))

The Ovens and Murray Advertiser still survives as a local paper.

Tourism
Beechworth is a popular tourist destination. Attractions include Ned Kelly-themed displays at the old court house and the Ned Kelly Weekend, a recreation of the Kelly legend. It commemorates the anniversary of the outlaw's committal hearing held in the historic Beechworth Courthouse from August 6 to 11, 1880. Other popular draws to the area are its many annual festivals, including the famous Golden Horseshoes Festival Easter Parade through the centre of town, the Burke Museum, Forests Commission museum, waterfalls, Gun Powder Magazine, Newtown Bridge (Stone Bridge), Tail Race (Mining Race), Spring Creek Water Falls, Spring Creek Gorge, Beechworth Lunatic Asylum ghost tours, lakes, historic buildings, goldfields, walks, the Beechworth Bakery, Beechworth Honey, brewery, the lolly shop and night tours, restaurants and wineries. The town is one end point of the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail.

The music video for famous singer/actor Jason Donovan's 1989 hit "Too Many Broken Hearts" was filmed in Beechworth.

Sport
The town has an Australian Rules football team (Beechworth Football Club) competing in the Tallangatta & District Football League.

Golfers play at the Beechworth Golf Club on Balaclava Road. A dedicated cross-country and downhill mountain biking track, the Beechworth Mountain Bike Park, is maintained by the Beechworth Chain Gang Mountain Bike Club. Beechworth skate park is located close to the Beechworth pool. It has three bowls: one big, one medium and one small. Beechworth also has a swimming complex consisting of three pools of varying sizes for babies, kids and adults. The adult pool is about 25 metres long. It has five lanes and it is not very deep. It has an electric barbecue and also has a canteen with cold drinks and snacks.

The Beechworth Wanderers Cricket Club currently play in the Wangaratta & District Cricket Association and have teams in A., A Reserve, B & C Grade, plus Under 16's, 14's and 12's.

Books on Beechworth
Considering the present nature of the town, a surprising range and variety of books exist on Beechworth town, its adjoining goldfield camps, its surrounds and its heady goldfield days. These include numerous histories, a treasure of local histories, theses, material on bushrangers, police, Chinese, riots, the coming and going of the railway and novels set in the district.

Histories

 * Griffiths, Tom. Beechworth: An Australian Country Town and its Past, Greenhouse, North Melbourne, 1987. (solid research piece on a post-gold boom town and its re-invention)
 * McQuilton, John. The Kelly Outbreak 1878–1880, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1979. (wonderful insight into the Kelly Outbreak in NE Victoria and its geographical causes)
 * O'Brien, Antony. Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields: The 1859 Election, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2005. (a solid, controversial piece with good insights into the social conflicts which emerged on the Ovens goldfield during an election year)
 * Shea, Peter, M (2010)Champagne From Six To Six (A short social history of Recreations and Entertainments at the Beechworth and Ovens goldfields 1852–1877) Conn: Eloquent Press Illus, 189pp (informative first hand accounts of cultural activity on the Beechworth and Ovens Goldfields)
 * Woods, Carole. Beechworth: A Titan's Field, Hargreen, North Melbourne, 1985. (a wide-ranging solid research piece on Beechworth from its earliest days 1830s to the late 19th century)
 * Williams, Jennifer. Listen to what they say, 2005. (a comprehensive oral history of the town from the early 20th century to the modern era)
 * Cronin, Kathryn. Colonial Casualties: Chinese in Early Victoria, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1997, (encompasses the Chinese miners of Northeastern Victoria)

Local histories

 * Clarke, Stan. How Old is Your Grandma, Beechworth, 1987. (on the district's freemasons)
 * Hanson, Anne. A White Handkerchief, Beechworth, 2010 (the story of Elizabeth Scott, the first woman hanged in Victoria and tried at the Beechworth Courthouse)
 * Harvey, R. C. Background to Beechworth: From 1852, Albury, 1952. (plus subsequent editions)
 * Hawley, G. & Davidson, R. Beechworth Sketchbook, Rigby, Adelaide, 1972.
 * Hyndman, Ian. Beechworth Cemetery – A stroll through history, Bethel Publications, Beechworth, 1988.
 * Hyndman, Ian. History of Beechworth, Bethel Publications, Beechworth.
 * Lane, Leo. History of the Parish of Beechworth 1854–1978, Parish of Beechworth, 1978. (on the Catholics of the district)
 * McMahon, D. M. The Golden Gum Tree: Hiram Allen Crawford, 1832–1916, Brisbane, 2000. (on an American pioneer in the district, who operated a stage coach company)
 * McMahon, H. Denise. & Wild, Christine G., American Fever Australian Gold ( Americans and Canadians involved in Northeast Victoria's Gold Rush), Middle Park, Qld. 2008
 * McWaters, Viviene. Beechworth's Little Canton, Albury, 2002 (on the Chinese goldminers at Spring Creek)
 * Shennan, M. Rosalyn. The 1855 Ovens Election and the Gold Horseshoes, Noble Park, 1990. (on an election event in 1855)
 * Shennan, M. Rosalyn. A Biographical Dictionary of the Pioneers of the Ovens and Townsmen of Beechworth, Noble Park, 1990. (A valuable resource tool for goldfields family researchers)
 * Williams, David. Gold and Granite Grandeur: Living History of Beechworth, Stanley and Eldorado, 1994. (fine drawings of the buildings, churches and forest trees of the area)
 * Wild, Christine, G. & McMahon, Denise, H. Old News Today: Tales of the Upper Murray: newspaper snippets from 1876–1900, McClure, Wodonga, 2006 (local newspaper cuttings 1876–1900 with hundreds of family names and events)

Unpublished theses

 * O'Brien, Antony. Awaiting Ned Kelly: Rural Malaise in North-eastern Victoria 1872–73, B.A. (Hons), 1999 (sighted in Burke Museum).
 * McCullough, J. Beechworth After the Gold Rush: A study of its development to 1956, B.A. (Hons), Dept of Geography, Melbourne University, 1971.
 * Shea, Peter, M; (1994) Leisure as a Basis of Culture Selected Social Formations Beechworth 1852–1877) Master of Arts (Hon.), Monash University, Thesis Copy Donated by Author to Burke Museum 1996

Biography

 * Brown, Max. Australian Son, 1948 (plus subsequent editions) (Social insights and contemporary 1940s photos of Beechworth and its immediate surrounds)
 * Finnane, Mark. (Ed.), The Difficulties of My Position, The Diaries of Prison Governor John Buckley Castieau 1855–1884, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 2004. (insight into Beechworth's colonial society in the 1850s, '60s and '70s) ISBN 0-642-10793-9
 * Sadleir, John. Recollections of a Victorian Police Officer, 1913. (includes an insight into the land turmoils surrounding the Kelly Gang)
 * Gee, Margaret. A Long Way from Silver Creek, 2000. (a moving account of growing up in post-war Beechworth)
 * Jones, Ian. Ned Kelly a Short Life, Lothian, Port Melbourne, 1995. (a definitive account of the Kelly story)
 * Jones, Ian. The Friendship that destroyed Ned Kelly: Joe Byrne and Aaron Sherritt, Lothian, Port Melbourne, 1992.
 * Kenneally, J.J. The Inner History of the Kelly Gang, 1929 (plus many subsequent editions) (This work gives insights into the Beechworth locale, the Beechworth court sessions and colonial policing)

Novels set in part around Beechworth

 * O'Brien, Antony. Bye-Bye Dolly Gray, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2006.
 * Courtenay, Bryce. Four Fires (2001).

Food

 * O'Toole, Tom. Secrets of the Beechworth Bakery, Bas, Melbourne, 2001.

Rail

 * Larsen, Wal. The MayDay Hills Railway, Wal Larsen, Bright, 1976.

Chinese goldminers in the region

 * Kaufman, R. J. The Chinese on the Upper Ovens Goldfields: 1855–1920, LRGM, Bright, 1997. ISBN 0-646-34017-4
 * Groom, Jocelyn. Chinese Pioneers of the King Valley, Centre for Continuing Education, Wangaratta, 2001. ISBN 0-909760-23-3
 * Talbot, Diann. The Buckland Valley Goldfield, Specialty Press, Albury, 2004 ISBN 0-9757170-0-6
 * O'Brien, Antony. Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, Vic., 2005 (cited above) Chapter 3.

title: Beechworth