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Maryland Route 648

Maryland Route 648 (MD 648) is a collection of state highways in the U.S. state of Maryland. These nine highways are current or former sections of the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard between Annapolis and Baltimore via Glen Burnie. There are five signed mainline segments of MD 648 through Arnold, Severna Park, Pasadena, Glen Burnie, Ferndale, and Pumphrey in northern Anne Arundel County; Baltimore Highlands in southern Baltimore County; and the independent city of Baltimore. MD 648 mainly serves local traffic along its meandering route, with long-distance traffic intended to use the parallel and straighter MD 2 south of Glen Burnie and freeway-grade Interstate 97 (I-97), I-695, and MD 295 between Glen Burnie and Baltimore.

The Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard was constructed in the early to mid-1910s as the primary highway between Baltimore and Annapolis. The highway was specifically authorized by the Maryland General Assembly, which insisted the Maryland State Roads Commission complete the highway along its originally planned route instead of using what is now MD 2 north of Glen Burnie. The boulevard was designated parts of MD 2 and MD 3 in 1927; the latter number was replaced with U.S. Route 301 (US 301) in 1939. MD 648 was assigned to the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard south of Glen Burnie in the late 1930s after it was functionally replaced by MD 2's present course. In the late 1950s, after US 301 was moved to freeways from south of Glen Burnie to Baltimore, MD 648 was extended north from Glen Burnie into Baltimore. MD 648 has had few major changes since then, the most significant being relocations between Pasadena and Glen Burnie in the 1970s.

Route description
There are five mainline segments of MD 648.
 * MD 648A runs 2.09 mi from MD 450 just east of the Severn River at Annapolis to a dead end located just south of US 50 and US 301 near Arnold.
 * MD 648F has a length of 0.61 mi from a ramp from westbound US 50 and US 301 immediately to the north of MD 648A's terminus to MD 2 in Arnold.
 * MD 648D extends 4.18 mi between intersections with MD 2 in Arnold and Severna Park.
 * MD 648H runs 3.49 mi from MD 2 in Severna Park north to MD 177 in Pasadena.
 * MD 648E has a length of 11.15 mi from MD 177 in Pasadena north to MD 295 in the city of Baltimore.

Annapolis–Arnold
MD 648A begins at an intersection with MD 450 (Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard/Governor Ritchie Highway) just east of the Naval Academy Bridge that crosses the Severn River into the city of Annapolis. The state highway heads east and immediately intersects the access road for Jonas Green Park, which is unsigned MD 648AB. At the junction with MD 672 (Greenbury Point Road), which serves several facilities of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Naval Academy, MD 648 turns north and meets the west end of MD 179 (Saint Margarets Road). The state highway continues north through a forested residential area to its terminus at a dead end just south of US 50 and US 301, which run concurrently as Blue Star Memorial Highway. The westbound direction of the freeway has a right-in/right-out intersection with MD 648F directly opposite from the dead end of MD 648A. MD 648F heads west parallel to the freeway then turns north to a partial intersection with MD 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway). There is no access from northbound MD 648F to southbound MD 2.

Arnold–Severna Park
There are two county-maintained segments of Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard on the southbound and northbound sides, respectively, of MD 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway) through Arnold. MD 648D begins at an intersection with MD 2 in Arnold a short distance north of the second county highway loop. The state highway parallels the southbound direction of MD 2 and the Baltimore & Annapolis Trail, which the highway follows closely except close to its termini. On the northern end of Arnold, MD 648 and MD 2 approach closely; within this stretch there is a spur from MD 648 to southbound MD 2 and a spur from both directions of MD 2 to MD 648. The state highway leaves the vicinity of MD 2 then splits from the rail trail to its northern terminus at an oblique intersection with MD 2 within a commercial area in Severna Park.

Severna Park–Pasadena
MD 648H begins at an intersection with MD 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway) in Severna Park. The state highway heads east, crossing Cattail Creek before intersecting Asbury Drive, which is unsigned MD 648AA. MD 648 veers north through residential subdivisions in Pasadena. The state highway passes along the eastern edge of Waterford Park, where the highway crosses the Magothy River just downstream from its impoundment, Lake Waterford. Just north of the lake, Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard veers to the northwest as unsigned MD 915. MD 648 continues north as Waterford Road. The state highway crosses over MD 100 (Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway) with no access before reaching its northern terminus at MD 177 (Mountain Road).

Pasadena–Baltimore
MD 648E, which is the longest section of MD 648, is mostly located in Anne Arundel County; a small portion of the highway passes through the southeastern corner of Baltimore County before heading into Baltimore, where the highway is maintained by the Baltimore City Department of Transportation. MD 648 has freeway connections with MD 10 and I-97 in Glen Burnie, I-695 in Ferndale, and MD 295 in Baltimore. The state highway is a part of the National Highway System between I-97 and the entrance to the Glen Burnie station of MTA Maryland's Baltimore Light RailLink.

MD 648E begins at an intersection with MD 177 (Mountain Road) and Jumpers Hole Road at Lipins Corner near Pasadena, about 1 mi west of the intersection of MD 177 and MD 648H. This intersection is a short distance to the east of MD 177's partial interchanges with MD 10 and MD 100 (Paul T. Pitcher Highway) and the highway's western terminus at MD 2. MD 648 heads north as a three-lane road with center turn lane through residential subdivisions. The state highway expands to a five-lane road with center turn lane as it curves to the west, crosses Marley Creek, and intersects MD 270 (Furnace Branch Road); the south leg of that intersection is unsigned MD 648G, which is also named Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard. MD 648 temporarily becomes a four-lane divided highway through its partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 10 (Arundel Expressway).

MD 648 reduces to two lanes as it passes through a residential neighborhood in Glen Burnie, passing to the north of Glen Burnie High School. The state highway curves to the northwest through a commercial area in the center of the suburb where the highway intersects MD 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway) and MD 3 Business (Robert Crain Highway). MD 648 expands to a four-lane undivided highway at its intersection with Eighth Avenue and MD 176 (Dorsey Road), which heads west toward Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport. The state highway begins to parallel MTA Maryland's Baltimore Light RailLink and its southern terminal station, Cromwell / Glen Burnie station. North of the station, MD 648 becomes divided and has a folded diamond interchange with I-97.

MD 648 continues to parallel the transit line as a two-lane road north through Ferndale. The state highway passes the Ferndale station in the center of the community. MD 648 veers north away from the transit line at Hollins Ferry Road, then passes North County High School and crosses Cabin Branch. The state highway intersects Furnace Branch Road and the eastern end of MD 169 (Maple Road) prior to meeting I-695 (Baltimore Beltway) at a partial cloverleaf interchange. In the center of Pumphrey, MD 648 intersects MD 170, which heads northeast as Belle Grove Road and southwest as Camp Meade Road past the North Linthicum station on the light rail line. The state highway passes under the Baltimore Light RailLink tracks and begins to parallel them. MD 648 intersects MD 168 (Nursery Road) just west of the Nursery Road station shortly before the highway veers away from the transit line and crosses the Patapsco River.

MD 648 continues north as Old Annapolis Road, crossing under I-895 (Harbor Tunnel Thruway) with no access before passing through the suburb of Baltimore Highlands in the southeastern corner of Baltimore County. The state highway enters the city of Baltimore and its name changes to Annapolis Road shortly before intersecting Patapsco Avenue. MD 648 crosses over MD 295 (Baltimore–Washington Parkway) and under the Curtis Bay Branch of CSX's Baltimore Terminal Subdivision railroad line. The state highway intersects ramps to and from the southbound parkway as it passes to the east of Mount Auburn Cemetery. MD 648 has a pair of intersections with Waterview Avenue on both sides of an east–west segment to cross to the east side of MD 295. The state highway passes through the Westport neighborhood, where Wenburn Street and Manokin Street lead west to ramps with the northbound and southbound directions of the parkway, respectively. MD 648 meets a pair of rail lines at-grade, intersects Monroe Street, and passes under I-95 before crossing over Gwynns Falls. The state highway reaches its northern terminus at a right-in/right-out interchange with the ramp from northbound I-95 to northbound MD 295, which continues north as Russell Street toward Downtown Baltimore.

MD 648E is a part of the National Highway System as an intermodal connector from the entrance to the Cromwell Station / Glen Burnie light rail station to I-97 in Glen Burnie.

Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard constructed
In 1910, the Maryland General Assembly authorized funding for the construction of a boulevard between Annapolis and Baltimore. This boulevard, which would have a minimum road width of 16 ft, would begin in Annapolis, cross the Severn River, head northwest to Glen Burnie, and continue through Anne Arundel and Baltimore counties to the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O Railroad) in South Baltimore. The newly formed Maryland State Roads Commission was placed in charge of constructing the new Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard. The boulevard was constructed as a 16 ft wide macadam road from the Severn River north to Arnold and from Severna Park to Pasadena in 1910 and 1911. The sections between Arnold and Severna Park and from Pasadena to Glen Burnie were completed in 1912. The boulevard followed much of what is today MD 648, with the major difference being in Pasadena, where instead of following Waterford Road north to MD 177, the boulevard headed northwest along what are discontinuous segments of MD 915 to Lipins Corner.

Unrelated to the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard, the commission constructed a 14 to 18 ft wide macadam road from Glen Burnie to Brooklyn, which was then in Anne Arundel County. In Brooklyn, the new highway connected with the south end of the Light Street Bridge that crossed the Patapsco River into Baltimore. The first section of the highway between Glen Burnie and South Baltimore was an 18 ft wide macadam road that had been started in 1909, prior to the 1910 act. This highway was completed in 1911 from the Western Maryland Railway crossing in Westport, then part of Anne Arundel County, south to the English Consul Estate, which is now the community of Baltimore Highlands. With a road completed from Annapolis to Baltimore, the roads commission suggested that it should not be required to complete a road between Glen Burnie and South Baltimore. The commission asked the Maryland General Assembly to pass a bill releasing the commission from the responsibility of completing the highway from Glen Burnie to South Baltimore.

However, the Maryland General Assembly disagreed with the Maryland State Roads Commission and passed a bill in 1914 requiring the commission to finish the boulevard between Glen Burnie and South Baltimore. The Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard was constructed as a 16 ft wide concrete road from Glen Burnie to Pumphrey and from the Patapsco River to the English Consul Estate in 1914 and 1915. The northernmost part of the boulevard was constructed as a 60 ft wide street surfaced with asphalt, bricks, and granite blocks from Westport into the city, where the highway followed Russell Street, Bush Street, and Ridgely Street to the B&O Railroad crossing southwest of the present location of M&T Bank Stadium. The final section of the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard was completed in 1916 as a 16 ft wide concrete road from Pumphrey to the Patapsco River. This segment included a 24 ft wide, 14 ft high underpass of the Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway at Pumphrey completed the same year.

Improvements and redesignation
The entire length of the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard was widened to 22 ft with a pair of 3 ft wide concrete shoulders by 1927. The highway's bridge over Marley Creek was rebuilt from a width of 16 ft to 36 ft in 1926. When the Maryland State Roads Commission first assigned numbers to state highways in 1927, the boulevard from Annapolis to Glen Burnie was designated MD 2, and the highway from Glen Burnie to Baltimore via Pumphrey was designated MD 3. In 1930, a concrete cut-off was built in Glen Burnie that allowed MD 2 traffic to bypass the community's central intersection to the northeast. By 1933, Russell Street was extended south from Bush Street to Waterview Avenue in Baltimore. MD 3 was relocated onto Russell Street from Annapolis Road, bypassing the Westport neighborhood, by 1936.

In 1934, the Maryland State Roads Commission recommended expanding Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard to at least 30 ft in width for its entire length, with a width of 40 ft urged from MD 177 to MD 3 and on MD 2 from the center of Glen Burnie to Furnace Branch. The first portion of Governor Ritchie Highway was completed as a four-lane divided upgrade to existing MD 2 from the Baltimore city limit in Brooklyn Park to Furnace Branch in 1934 and 1935. Construction on the remainder of Governor Ritchie Highway began in 1936 and was completed south from Furnace Branch to the Severn River in 1938. All old segments of MD 2 were redesignated MD 648 by 1939. This includes the portion of Robert Crain Highway from Glen Burnie to Furnace Branch that is now the northern part of MD 3 Business. That same year, MD 3 was replaced by US 301 through Southern Maryland and along Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard from Glen Burnie to Baltimore.

During World War II, the Waterford Road section of MD 648 was built as MD 706 and the Pumphrey grade separation with the defunct WB&A Railway was dismantled and the road widened. In 1949, the portion of MD 648 on Robert Crain Highway was widened and resurfaced, shortly before it was replaced with US 301 Alternate, which ran concurrently with MD 2 from Furnace Branch into Baltimore. US 301 proper was widened to 24 ft from the Baltimore city limits to Pumphrey in 1950 and from Pumphrey to Glen Burnie in 1951. MD 648 was widened and resurfaced from US 301 in Glen Burnie south to MD 177 at Lipins Corner between 1954 and 1956. The Glen Burnie Bypass (now I-97) was completed in 1956. US 301 was moved from Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard to the Glen Burnie Bypass, the Expressway Connector that would become the Baltimore Beltway, and the Baltimore–Washington Expressway (now MD 295) into the city of Baltimore in 1957, two years before the US 301 was relocated to the Eastern Shore of Maryland and replaced with MD 3. MD 648 was then extended from Glen Burnie through Pumphrey to its crossing of the Baltimore–Washington Expressway just north of the Baltimore city limits.

MD 648 replaced MD 706 on Waterford Road when MD 100 was completed in 1971; the old segments of MD 648 became MD 915. MD 648 was relocated as a four-lane divided highway at Marley Creek, including a new bridge over the creek, when the highway's interchange with MD 10 was built in 1976. By 1977, MD 648 had been extended north in Baltimore to its present northern terminus. The highway was expanded to a divided highway at its interchange with I-695 when the bridge over the Interstate was replaced in 1989. The southern end of what is now MD 648H was relocated in Severna Park to cross Cattail Creek and have a perpendicular intersection with MD 2 in 1989; the old alignment along Asbury Drive became MD 648AA. By 1999, the portions of Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard between US 50 and MD 648D in Arnold had been transferred to county maintenance, and all segments of MD 648 existed as they do today.

Auxiliary routes

 * MD 648AB is the designation for the unnamed 0.10 mi access road to Jonas Green Park. The park features the southern end of the Baltimore & Annapolis Trail, a rail trail that follows the abandoned right-of-way of the Baltimore & Annapolis Railroad from Annapolis to Glen Burnie.
 * MD 648AA is the designation for Asbury Drive, a section of old alignment of MD 648 in Severna Park. The state highway runs 0.48 mi from Leelyn Drive near MD 2's intersection with MD 648D north to MD 648H.
 * MD 648G is the designation for Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard, a 0.05 mi service road in Glen Burnie. The highway heads south from the intersection of MD 648E and MD 270 to MD 648I (McGivney Way). In 2010, the section of MD 648G from MD 648I west to a dead end, which followed an old alignment of MD 648, was transferred to Anne Arundel County.
 * MD 648I is the designation for McGivney Way, a 0.13 mi section of old alignment that serves a Knights of Columbus hall at its eastern terminus, a dead end at Marley Creek. McGivney Way is named for Michael J. McGivney, the founder of the fraternal organization.

title: Maryland Route 648


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Linlithgowshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Linlithgowshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1708 to 1950. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post voting system. It was replaced in 1950 by an equivalent constituency named West Lothian.

Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Linlithgowshire.

History
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until 1950.

For the 1950 general election, the constituency was abolished and replaced by West Lothian.

Elections in the 1830s
Hope resigned, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1840s
Hope was appointed a commissioner of Greenwich Hospital, London, requiring a by-election.

Hope resigned after being appointed Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1850s
Dundas resigned upon his appointment as Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1910s
General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
 * Liberal: John Pratt
 * Unionist: James Kidd
 * Labour: (George Dallas ?)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Black Diamonds: Mountaintop Removal & The Fight for Coalfield Justice

Black Diamonds: Mountaintop Removal & The Fight for Coalfield Justice is a 2006 documentary film made and directed by filmmaker Chet Pancake. The narration in the film is by actress Lauren Graham. The film is about the impact of mountaintop removal mining on the mountains, environment, and people in the Appalachia area of West Virginia.

The film includes interviews of various people living in West Virginia, including Julia Bonds (a West Virginia organizer and activist, who received the 2003 Goldman Environmental Prize), Ken Hechler (an American politician and former West Virginia Secretary of State), and William Saxey (a former Director of West Virginia Division of Forestry). Interviews were conducted by the director, or Ann Pancake, and filmed using a digital-video camera.

Ann Pancake, an American fiction writer and essayist, also provided research and consulted in the making of the film. The film soundtrack is acoustical guitar music by Ben Chasny of the musical group Six Organs of Admittance.

Filming began in early 2000, and the completed documentary was released in 2006. The film cost approximately $50,000 to make, and was funded mostly by art grants and the director's money. Pancake did not have a budget to support a film crew.

The siblings Chet Pancake and Ann Pancake were born and raised in West Virginia, and they said this fact helped build trust with the local people they interviewed.

ISBN Info

 * DVD ISBN 1-59458-612-8
 * VHS ISBN 1-59458-611-X


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Talk:List of songs from The Wizard of Oz

Merge with Wizard of Oz? ~Cheryl
 * Done. --Moochocoogle 01:20, 31 August 2005 (UTC)


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West Lothian (UK Parliament constituency)

West Lothian was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1950 to 1983. Its area corresponds to the Council area of West Lothian. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post voting system.

The constituency is best known for its third and final MP, Tam Dalyell of the Labour Party, whose concerns about Scottish devolution were labelled "the West Lothian question".

History
West Lothian was created for the 1950 general election, partly replacing the previous Linlithgowshire constituency.

With effect from the 1983 general election, it became two different constituencies: Linlithgow and Livingston.


text: Category:Education in Toronto

title: Category:Education in Toronto


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Trade Adjustment Assistance

Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) is a federal program of the United States government to act as a way to reduce the damaging impact of imports felt by certain sectors of the U.S. economy. The current structure features four components of Trade Adjustment Assistance: for workers, firms, farmers, and communities. Each cabinet-level department was tasked with a different sector of the overall Trade Adjustment Assistance program. The program for workers is the largest, and is administered by the U.S. Department of Labor. The program for farmers is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the firms and communities programs are administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

A 2020 study found that counties with a history of successful petitions for trade adjustment assistance were less likely to support protectionism and were more likely to support Democratic candidates in the future.

History
Trade Adjustment Assistance consists of four programs authorized under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and defined further under the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. § 2341 et seq) (Trade Act). The original idea for a trade compensation program goes back to 1939. Later, it was proposed by President John F. Kennedy as part of the total package to open up free trade. President Kennedy said: "When considerations of national policy make it desirable to avoid higher tariffs, those injured by that competition should not be required to bear the full brunt of the impact. Rather, the burden of economic adjustment should be borne in part by the Federal Government."

For workers
Supporters argue that free trade offers widespread benefits among consumers, workers and firms in the U.S. in terms of lower prices, higher efficiency and quality, and more jobs. They claim that gains from negotiated trade deals are large and widely distributed across sectors. For example, in 2011 there were 9.7 million jobs supported by exports, nearly 15% more than in 2010. Benefits from free trade agreements (FTA) with Chile, Singapore, Australia, Morocco, and South Korea for the U.S. economy are estimated in $4 billion, $17 billion, $19 billion, $6 billion and $30 billion, respectively.

In order to achieve trade benefits, however, the U.S. economy must reallocate production factors between sectors. Thus, free trade also leads to costs associated with workers displaced by import competition and offshore outsourcing. According to the Department of Labor (DOL), displaced workers are defined as "persons 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished". The International Labour Organization (ILO) states that workers bore high adjustment costs such as unemployment, lower wage during transition, obsolescence of skills, training costs, and personal costs (e.g. mental suffering). These trade costs, albeit relatively smaller than the benefits, are highly concentrated by region, industry and worker demographics. For instance, some occupations, like teacher, have not experienced import competition while for shoe manufacturing occupations import competition has increased by 40 percentage points.

In general, manufacturing workers are most affected by import competition compare to workers in other sectors. Furthermore, while gains from trade require a long time to take full effect, costs are felt rapidly, particularly in less competitive sectors.

There is a strong correlation between import penetration and unemployment. Ebenstein et al. (2009) find that a 1 percentage point increase in import penetration leads to a 0.6 percentage point decrease in manufacturing employment in the U.S. resulting in a reduction of manufacturing jobs of almost 5%. According to a report by the Progressive Policy Institute, between 2007 and 2011, 1.3 million direct and indirect jobs were lost to increasing imports of goods and services. Similarly, Kletzer (2005) estimations suggest that industries facing high import competition account for 40% of manufacturing job losses. The Economic Policy Institute (EPI) estimates that by 2015 the overall U.S. trade deficit will correspond to the loss of additional 214,000 jobs.

Although trade-dislocated workers are not significantly different from workers displaced by other reasons, they present some slight differences. They tend to be older, less educated, more tenured and production-oriented, have higher earnings on the lost job and fewer transferable skills, and the prevalence on women is higher than for other displaced workers. These characteristics are associated with limited labor mobility and reemployment difficulties, especially for workers with obsolete skills who do not receive additional training, no matter the reason of displacement. Furthermore, asymmetric information in absence of good job-search skills and geographic mismatch lead to prolonged unemployment. Hence, trade-displaced workers face longer periods to find a new job and have low reemployment rates (63% during the last two decades according to Kletzer, 2005). Reemployment is particularly challenging for older workers. The DOL (2012) reports that in 2012 reemployment rates for workers ages 55 to 64 and 65 years and over were 47 and 24% respectively while the rate for those ages 20 to 54 was about 62%.

Once dislocated workers obtain a new job, they suffer significant wage reductions. About two thirds of dislocated workers have lower wages in the new job and one quarter of displaced workers from manufacturing who find a new full-time job suffer earning losses of 30% or more. The reason is that many workers find jobs in services sector where salaries are lower. Ebenstein et al. (2009) find that displaced workers from manufacturing who find a job in the services sector suffer a wage decline of between 6 and 22%. They conclude that a 1 percentage point increase in occupation-specific import competition is associated with a 0.25 percentage point decline in real wages.

Import competition impacts negatively not only dislocated workers but also their families and communities. Displaced workers fall behind in their mortgage payments and in providing health care to their families. Families must spend down assets to smooth consumption. There is evidence that displaced workers are in worse health after losing a job. According to a Report by the Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED), more than 46% of the jobless lack health insurance and 31% of workers without insurance do not see a doctor although sick. If the worker is able to be relocated in other job in other region the whole family is displaced and children are uprooted from their schools, increasing domestic tensions. The phenomenon of displaced workers has a broader impact because it also affects aggregate demand for goods and services and tax collections.

In brief, trade leads to an unequal redistribution of costs and benefits. The adjustment process impacts not only displaced workers but also the whole society and economy. Furthermore, labor reallocation from inefficient to competitive sectors aimed at realizing the benefits of trade can be impeded by several obstacles described above, prolonging the transition period and increasing the adjustment costs. In this framework, several scholars and policy-makers have argued that trade-related adjustment costs merit a policy response. The TAA has persisted for more than five decades showing ample political support. Having an assistance program targeted exclusively at trade-displaced workers enjoyed wide political support among Congressional representatives in the past because the program served to decrease political resistance to and workers' lobbying efforts against FTAs. As a 2012 Report by the Joint Economic Committee states: "TAA needs to remain an integral part of trade policy because it compensates those harmed by import competition without sacrificing the larger demonstrable benefits of trade."

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers
The Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration program, Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers, provides a variety of reemployment services including training and job-searching assistance and benefits to displaced workers who have lost their jobs or suffered a reduction of hours and wages as a result of increased imports or shifts in production outside the United States. The TAA program aims to help program participants obtain new jobs faster, ensuring they retain employment and earn wages comparable to their prior employment. Among the main benefits are: trade readjustment allowances (TRA) in addition to regular unemployment insurance (UI) up to 117 weeks of cash payments for all workers concurrently enrolled only in full-time training (workers must be enrolled in training 8 weeks after certification or 16 weeks after layoff, whichever is later, to receive TRA), and Reemployment Trade Adjustment Assistance (RTAA) or supplementary wages for workers age 50 and over, and earning less than $50,000 per year in reemployment. It provides a wage supplement equal to 50% of the difference between a worker's reemployment wage and wage at the worker's certified job with a maximum benefit of $10,000 over a period of up to two years (workers must be reemployed within 26 weeks). The TAA used to include a Health Coverage Tax Credit Program which will definitively expire at the end of 2013 and other tax credits related to health coverage will become available (e.g. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act). The program promotes retraining since workers receive the TRAs only if they participate in a full-time TAA training (or are under a waiver). The program is administered by the Department of Labor (DOL) in cooperation with the 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.

The Secretary of Labor was authorized to implement Trade Readjustment Assistance (TRA) and relocation allowances through cooperating state agencies. TRA are income support payments that were, at that time, paid in addition to an individual's regular unemployment compensation. The original program had no training or reemployment component. The program was rarely used until 1974, when it was expanded as part of the Trade Act of 1974. The Trade Act of 1974 established the training component of the program. In 1981, the program was sharply curtailed by the Congress at the request of the Reagan Administration. In 2002, the Trade Adjustment Assistance Reform Act (TAARA) expanded the program and it was combined with the trade adjustment program provided under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

The TAA has recently suffered several amendments. In 2009, the TAA program was expanded by the Trade and Globalization Adjustment Assistance Act (TGAAA) of 2009, which was part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. These benefits were extended through February 2011 by the Omnibus Trade Act of 2010. After that, the program reverted to the pre-expansion provisions under the TAARA of 2002. In October 2011, the Trade Adjustment Assistance Extension Act (TAAEA) of 2011 was signed into law, reinstating most of the benefits included in the TGAAA of 2009. The TAA was authorized through December 31, 2014 but with some modifications. The TAA operated under those provisions through December 31, 2013. During 2014, the TAA operated under the eligibility and benefit levels established by the TAARA of 2002.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms
The Department of Commerce program, Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, provides financial assistance to manufacturers and service firms affected by import competition. Sponsored by the Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration (EDA), this cost-sharing federal assistance program helps pay for projects that improve firms' competitiveness. EDA, through a national network of 11 Trade Adjustment Assistance Centers (TAACs), provides technical assistance on a cost-shared basis to U.S. manufacturing, production, and service firms in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms provides import impacted companies with professional guidance, business recovery plan development, and cost-sharing for outside consulting services. Eligibility is established along similar lines, with companies showing that there has been a recent decrease in sales and employment, in part due to customers shifting purchases away from the applicant and to imported goods. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 expanded eligibility to service firms as well as the traditional manufacturing companies that had been the sole focus of the program. This expansion for service firms and workers was scheduled to expire on December 31, 2010, and the program would revert to the pre-ARRA structure without a vote to extend the authorization.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers, created in 2002 by wide-ranging trade legislation (P.L. 107–210, Sec. 141), authorizes the expenditure of up to $90 million per year through FY2007. Under the program, certain agricultural producers can each receive payments of up to $10,000 per year if price declines for their commodity were at least partly caused by imports. To be eligible for such assistance, such producers must be members of certified groups and meet a number of criteria specified by the law. The program is administered by the Department of Agriculture.

For workers
Workers must be directly impacted by imports or by a shift in production of their firm to any country with a free trade agreement with the United States or to beneficiary countries under the Andean Trade Preference, the African Growth and Opportunity, or by certain other shifts in production. Employees of upstream suppliers are eligible if the product supplied to the primary firm consists 20% of the production or sales of the secondary workers' firm, or their employer's loss of business with the primary firm contributed significantly to the secondary workers' separation from work.

Employees of downstream producers are eligible if they perform additional, value-added production processes for articles produced by primary firms, and the primary certification was based on an increase in imports or a shift in production to Canada or Mexico.

In order to receive the benefits displaced workers must fill a petition as a group to initiate the investigation to address the reasons of their layoff. Once the DOL finds that trade has contributed notably to the layoff, the group is certified but the individual worker must still apply for benefits at a local One-Stop Career Center.

Under the current law, as modified in 2009, workers in most service jobs (call center operators, for example) are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. In 2004, a group of computer experts displaced by overseas labor tried to apply for trade adjustment assistance but were rejected because computer software was not considered an "article" by the DOL. After a series of scathing decisions by the United States Court of International Trade criticizing the DOL's approach, the DOL revised its policies in April 2006 to extend trade adjustment assistance to more workers producing digital products such as software code. Nevertheless, the program under the TAARA of 2002 starting on January 1, 2014, does not include trade-displaced workers in services sectors.

For farmers
Farmers and ranchers adversely impacted by trade will be eligible to participate in a new program operated by the Department of Agriculture and are potentially eligible to receive training under TAA. They are not eligible for the Trade Readjustment Allowance.

For workers
There are several components of the overall cost of the program. The principal spending of the program is in reemployment services which are set to the annual funding levels of the Trade Act of 2002: $220 million for state grants (plus administrative allotments equal to 15% of each state's grant). The TRA income support and RTAA wage insurance program are uncapped entitlements. In FY 2011, the cost of TRA was $234,126,500 and the cost of RTAA was $43,227,212, based on the number of participants of each program in this year (25,689 and 1,133 participants respectively).

For workers
The TAA for workers have demonstrated overall low effectiveness so far which is reflected in the controversy to reauthorize the program before the 112th Congress.

First, the program is not very effective providing support during the transition because a significant portion of workers does not receive TRA. In FY2011 there were over 196,000 TAA participants and only around 46,000 received TRA. One reason is that the training enrollment deadline of 8/16 weeks seriously limits the ability of workers to enroll in training programs and receive the benefit. Moreover, even for those workers receiving TRA and UI, only a portion of the lost income is replaced. The program provides health insurance coverage but in the past it has not been very effective since participation in TAA was associated with decreased coverage in the period following job loss.

The effectiveness of the program in terms of fostering reemployment is very low too. Data on post-TAA outcomes for program exciters based on DOL estimations shows that the entered employment rate was 66% in 2011. The Mathematica Policy Research and SPR report finds that the TAA is not effective in terms of increasing employability. There is positive effect on the reemployment rate for participants but it is not statistically different from that for non-participants.

The effectiveness of the program in terms of mitigating earning losses in the new job is very low too as several studies report. Reynolds and Palatucci (2008) estimate that "participating in the TAA program causes a wage loss approximately 10 percentage points greater than if the displaced worker had chosen not to participate in the program." The report by Mathematica Policy Research and SPR states that TAA was estimated to have no effect on earnings and compared to a sample of UI claimants, TAA participants worked about the same number of weeks but had lower earnings.

Moreover, a 2007 GAO report shows that in FY 2006 only 5% or less of TAA participants received wage insurance. The program is ineffective closing the earning gap because in order to be eligible for wage insurance workers must find a job within 26 weeks after being laid off, which proved to be a very short period. Additionally, the program only replaces half of the losses.

Finally, the implementation of this program overlaps extensively with others such as Workforce Investment Act generating extra costs and duplicating administrative efforts. The process to allocate training funds is also problematic. States receive funds at the beginning of the fiscal year but it does not properly reflect the state's demand for training services. In addition, states do not receive funds for case management and lack flexibility to use the funds for training. Thus, states face challenges in providing services to workers properly.

For workers
Over last years, the TAA program has been subject to diverse critics due to its flawed performance and extremely high cost. The TAA was only extended to the end of 2014 and the last reauthorization process before the 112th Congress exposed a lack of consensus about the program. Several scholars from different institutions have proposed policy alternatives.

Integrated Adjustment Assistance Program
The Financial Services Forum, through its 2008 white paper "Succeeding in the Global Economy: An Adjustment Assistance Program for American Workers," proposes to combine the UI and TAA programs into a single integrated program for all displaced workers who qualify for UI no matter the reason of displacement The program includes: wage insurance, portability of health insurance (under the current program COBRA), and reemployment services such as assistance with geographic relocation and retraining. The wage insurance would cushion the cost of lower wages in the new job for workers age 45 and older. The program replaces 50% of workers' lost wages for up to two years, for up to $10,000 per year, for workers that hold the previous job for at least two years. Regarding retraining, workers would be able to deduct from their gross income, for tax purposes, the full cost of education and training expenses, and there will be no limitations in terms of area of training.

The estimated annual cost of the program is $22 billion. The Financial Services Forum proposes to replace the current tax system with a flat 1.2% tax on all earning at the state level, and a flat rate of 0.12% on all earnings at the federal level to pay for the program.

Wage insurance and subsidies for medical insurance program
Scholars at the Brookings Institution and the Institute for International Economics proposed a twofold program including a wage insurance and subsidy for medical insurance in addition to the UI program for eligible workers. On the one hand, the program covers workers displaced by any reason, not just trade, who suffer an earning loss after reemployment. Displaced workers defined as "workers displaced due to plant closing or relocation, elimination of position or shift, and insufficient work".

It would replace a portion between 30% and 70% of the difference between earnings on the old and new job. In order to be eligible, workers must have been employed full-time at their previous job for at least two years, and suffered a wage decrease that can be documented. The insurance would be paid only after workers found a new job and they will receive it for up to two years from the original date of job loss. Annual payments would be capped at $10,000 or $20,000 per year. The payments would be administered through state UI.

In addition, the program would also offer a health insurance subsidy for all full-time displaced workers, for up to 6 months, or until they found a new job (whichever is earlier). Workers would be limited to receiving the subsidy no more frequently than once during a certain period, probably 3 or 4 years, in order to prevent job churning.

In 2001, Robert Litan and Lori Kletzer estimated that about 20% of displaced workers reemployed full-time would have had at least 2 years' tenure on their previous job and suffered a wage loss in the new one. The program would cost from $2 to $5 billion per year. This cost is estimated with a national unemployment rate between 4.2% and 4.9%. In 2012, the average national unemployment rate was 8.9%. Consequently, the projected cost would be higher if the program would be implemented today.

title: Trade Adjustment Assistance


text:
HMS Scarborough (L25)

HMS Scarborough was a Hastings-class sloop sloop of the Royal Navy launched in 1930. She served in the Second World War, especially as a convoy escort in the North Atlantic.

Construction and commissioning
Scarborough was ordered on 26 February 1929 under the 1929 building programme and was laid down at the yards of Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson Ltd., Wallsend-on-Tyne on 28 May 1929. She was launched on 14 March 1930 and commissioned on 31 July 1930.

Pre-war
From 1931 onwards, Scarborough was part of the North America and West Indies Squadron stationed at Bermuda. The First World War hero, Augustus Agar V.C., was her captain in the early 1930s. Peacetime duties included showing the flag, especially in smaller ports of the Empire, those unlikely to be visited by large warships.

In the summer of 1931 she was in Newfoundland, then a British dominion, sometimes acting as a yacht to take the Governor around to visit smaller ports. She was on this duty again in 1933 and in 1934 took British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and his daughter up the west coast of Newfoundland to visit the Grenfell Mission at St. Anthony. While a part of the North America and West Indies Squadron in 1933 she visited Prince Edward Island in Canada. There, her then captain, Commander Oswald Cornwallis, his officers and petty officers were entertained by Canadian Senator Creelman MacArthur at his summer home on Foxley River. In her peacetime cruises she was painted in the foreign station colours of white with a buff funnel.

Wartime modifications
Scarborough was disarmed and used as a survey ship on the East Indies Station where she arrived in May 1939. On the outbreak of the war in September 1939, she put into Colombo for a refit, where she was rearmed with one 4 in quick-firing high-angle gun, suitable against either surface or air targets. In late 1941 and 1942, she carried a 12-pounder (5 kg) quick-firing, high-angle anti-aircraft gun and gradually a number of 20 mm anti-aircraft guns were added. For anti-submarine work, Scarborough was given 15 depth charges in 1939, later increased to 40, then 80.

Convoy escort
Scarborough was nominated to serve in Home waters on completion of her refit, and after passing through the Red Sea and Mediterranean in December, she arrived at Plymouth in January. She was taken in hand for another refit, before being assigned to the Western Approaches Command. She was attached to the 1st Escort Division at Liverpool for convoy escort in February and deployed on her first patrol on 27 February in company with the destroyers HMS Vanoc (1917) and HMS Whirlwind (D30), and the sloop HMS Wellington (U65). They covered the passage of convoy OG-20F to Gibraltar, where Scarborough and Wellington arrived in early March. She deployed again with Wellington and the destroyers HMS Campbell (D60), HMS Volunteer (D71) and HMS Walker (D27) to escort convoy HG-23 back to Liverpool.

SC 7
She continued to escort convoys, through the Irish Sea in and out of Liverpool often in company with other sloops. By mid 1940 she was covering the North Western Approaches. She was soon engaged in escorting convoys bound to and from Canada and North America. In October she sailed to join the inward convoy SC 7, initially as the sole escort for the 35-ship convoy. The convoy had left Sydney, Nova Scotia on 4 October 1940 bound for Liverpool and other British ports. Although vulnerable to air attack, there was no aircraft protection in 1940 for Allied ships in the Atlantic Ocean after leaving coastal regions. A wolfpack of U-boats attacked the convoy and inflicted heavy losses, despite the arrival on 16 October of the sloop HMS Fowey (L15) and the corvette HMS Bluebell (K80) as reinforcements. Scarborough herself came under attack on 17 October by GS U-48 (1939) and on 18 October by GS U-38 (1938). The escorts were joined by HMS Leith (U36) and HMS Heartsease (K15), but the U-boats succeeded in sinking 20 merchantmen without loss.

Intercepting German ships and U-boats
Scarborough remained on convoy defence into 1941. In the spring of 1941, Scarborough intercepted and sank two German-crewed ex-Norwegian whalers that the GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISER Pinguin had captured in the South Atlantic and was sending to German-occupied Bordeaux with their valuable cargo of whale oil. Star XIX was of 360 tons displacement and Star XXIV was of 250 tons displacement.

In April 1941 Scarborough was escorting a convoy through the North Western Approaches when she, HMS Wolverine (D78) and HMS Arbutus (K86) detected and depth charged GS U-76 (1940), which was forced to the surface and then scuttled. In July Scarborough rescued 57 survivors from HMS Malvernian.

Scarborough was refitted in August 1941 and joined the 43rd Escort Group covering convoys between the UK and Freetown in October. She carried out these duties into 1942. On 16 April she was involved in a collision with HMS Bradford (H72). Scarborough was refitted again in July, which involved the fitting of a new Type 271 radar for surface warning.

North Africa
After completing the refit in October she was nominated to support the planned landings in North Africa (Operation Torch). She deployed out of Gibraltar escorting convoys for the rest of the year, moving to the western Mediterranean in January. She returned to the UK in February and was deployed with the 39th Escort Group. On 7 February 1943 Scarborough was part of the escort of Convoy MJS-7 when three of its merchant ships hit mines west of Gibraltar that had been laid by a German submarine on 1 and 2 February 1943. Empire Mordred sank taking 12 crew and 3 gunners down with her, but HMS Scarborough rescued the master, 41 crew and 13 gunners. She landed them safely in Liverpool. The rest of the year was spent escorting Atlantic convoys. Scarborough was transferred to the 15th Escort Group at based in Belfast in January 1944.

Normandy landings and reserve
In May she was assigned to support the Allied landings in Normandy on D Day in June 1944. Scarborough was to follow closely behind British minesweepers and Trinity House vessels which were making a path through the German minefields near the coast of Normandy. She dropped buoys to mark the clear path for the assault convoys. On 7 June she was re-deployed for duty as a control ship for Coastal Forces craft. She returned to Portsmouth in July and was then paid off at Hartlepool and reduced to the reserve. She spent the rest of the war laid up.

Postwar
After the end of the war Scarborough was placed on the disposal list and sold to BISCO on 3 June 1949. She was towed to Thornaby-on-Tees and arrived at the breakers yard on 3 July, where she was scrapped.

title: HMS Scarborough (L25)


text:
Talk:Herero and Nama genocide

The San genocide?
The introduction mentions the San as victims for the genocide, but this is not covered in the text nor is there any source given. Are there any reliable sources that confirm that the San were also persecuted like the Herero and Nama? If not, we should remove the reference. If there are sources I am willing to include them into the page, otherwise I will remove that part in around two weeks. ASchudak (talk) 08:33, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Removed - I found no source that referenced any genocidal treatment of the San by the Germans. The general statement in the article referred to "Herero, Nama and San", and was given seven references. One it known to me, some of the other were available online. I have not read these fully, but as far as my research goes, they cover the Herero and Nama, but there is nothing on the San. If San are mentioned at all, it is their treatment by the immigrating Herero in the century before, and that is not part of this article. So I removed the reference to a "San genocide" and would ask you to offer specific references to the San in reliable sources if you want this in the article. Thanks! ASchudak (talk) 07:45, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Researching Johannes Kruger I actually found a reference to a "San genocide" committed by Germany: Gordon, Robert J. (2009) "Hiding in Full View: The “Forgotten” Bushman Genocide - https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss1/4/
 * That, however, covers the era from 1912 to 1915, so is not part of this article. ASchudak (talk) 12:36, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

New research about the herero escape
Reading some publications such as: hans hilpisch "wo sind die herero geblieben?" 2019 - 2021 And rainer tröndle "gewisse ungewissheiten" 2012 , i came a cross some evidence that suggest that it can hardly be called a genocide. Such as: new estimates about the number of herero at the waterberg (12.000-15.000) and the number of herero overall (35000) and the geographical attributes given in the omaheke desert, namely that there is some water, the germans just didnt know about. According to the interpretation the herero escaped to british botswana or returned to their lands, while the germans in an attempt to whitewash their failure declared the desert closed off and threatened all herero that returned with death. As proof of the failure of this plan a blockade of a 250km desertstrip with approx. 1500 soldiers is declared as impossible. Also the timing of the escape and the order (around 2 weeks apart) is seen as evidence for its lack of real life value and as proof of the theatrics. The blue book of the british that lists german attrocities is cited as propaganda to reject the german vlaim to south west africa.

All un all it seems sound to me. 197.233.137.241 (talk) 11:12, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Move proposal: "Herero and Namaqua genocide" to "Herero and Nama genocide"
As the Nama people are best known as Nama than "Namaqua"; as the Nama people call themselves "Nama"; and as the German declaration addressing the genocide also refers to them as "Nama", never as "Namaqua" (https://www.dngev.de/images/stories/Startseite/joint-declaration_2021-05.pdf), I propose moving this article, from "Herero and Namaqua genocide" to "Herero and Nama genocide". Would anyone have a reason to oppose such a move? Thank you. Dan Palraz (talk) 11:16, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support: At the time of the genocide, "Namaqua" was quite common in written sources, all of which of course originated from colonial people. Today, all outsiders call the tribe Nama people, and the insiders call themselves Khoikhoin. As khoikhoin is not English but Khoekhoe language, "Nama" might be the logical choice. --Pgallert (talk) 18:08, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support Greenman (talk) 07:25, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. Makes sense for it to be "Nama" over "Namaqua". XTheBedrockX (talk) 16:44, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support: Per WP:NAMECHANGES, the new title is appropriate. XxTechnicianxX (talk) 21:25, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback. Made the change, since no one seems to oppose it. Dan Palraz (talk) 16:39, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Don't know who could also move the Category name, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide to "Herero and Nama genocide", but it probably should be done as well. Dan Palraz (talk) 16:42, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Crimes against humanity category removal
Crimes against humanity is a specific legal concept. In order to be included in the category, the event (s) must have been prosecuted as a crime against humanity, or at a bare minimum be described as such by most reliable sources. Most of the articles that were formerly in this category did not mention crimes against humanity at all, and the inclusion of the category was purely original research. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 07:49, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Herero and Nama genocide


text:
Farther Along (The Byrds album)

Farther Along is the eleventh album by the American rock band the Byrds and was released in November 1971 on Columbia Records. For the most part, the album was recorded and produced by the Byrds themselves in London, England, over the course of five work-intensive days in July 1971. It was quickly released as a reaction to the commercial failure of the Byrds' previous album, Byrdmaniax, and as an attempt to stem the criticism that album was receiving in the music press.

Byrdmaniax had featured a large amount of orchestration, which producer Terry Melcher had applied to the album, allegedly without the band's consent. The band were unhappy with this and Farther Along was intended as their answer to what they perceived as Melcher's over-production, as well as an attempt to prove that they themselves could produce an album that they regarded as superior to Byrdmaniax. Band biographer Johnny Rogan has suggested that the rapidity with which the Byrds planned and recorded Farther Along resulted in an LP that the band themselves were unhappy with and that failed to undo the damage to their reputation inflicted by Byrdmaniax.

Upon release, the album only managed to reach number 152 on the Billboard Top LPs chart and failed to break into the UK Albums Chart altogether. A single taken from the album, "America's Great National Pastime", was released on November 29, 1971, but failed to chart in the United States or in the United Kingdom. Farther Along has the dubious honor of tying with Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde as the Byrds' album to have spent the least amount of time on the Billboard album chart. In addition, it was almost the lowest charting album of The Byrds' career in America, being beaten only by Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde, which charted at number 153.

Overview
Following the release of the Byrdmaniax album, the Byrds' producer and manager, Terry Melcher, resigned amid accusations of overdubbing strings, horns, and a gospel choir onto that album without the band's consent. The Byrds' annoyance over Melcher's additions to Byrdmaniax prompted them to try to rectify the situation by quickly recording a new album, this time produced by themselves. Despite a heavy touring schedule—resulting from the band being an in-demand fixture on the live concert circuit—the Byrds were eager to release another studio album as soon as possible.

Upon arriving in England for an appearance at the Lincoln Folk Festival on July 24, 1971, the Byrds booked into a London recording studio with engineer Mike Ross to record their next album. The band's decision to produce the album themselves was almost certainly an attempt to show Melcher that they could do a better job than he had done on Byrdmaniax. During five days of recording between July 22 and July 28, 1971, the Byrds recorded all eleven songs that would appear on Farther Along, with no other songs known to have been attempted by the band during the sessions. The tapes were then brought back to the U.S., where they were mixed by Eric Prestidge at Columbia Studios, Hollywood in August 1971, with the song "Bugler" receiving additional Mandolin and lead vocal overdubs from the band's lead guitarist, Clarence White.

Overall, Farther Along had a much less cluttered sound than its predecessor, as guitarist and band leader Roger McGuinn told journalist David Fricke in 2000: "It was as live as you can get in the studio. We didn't do a lot of overdubs, mostly just the vocals." Nonetheless, while the album succeeded in countering the over-production present on Byrdmaniax, the band themselves weren't particularly satisfied with the finished product. In a 1997 interview, bass player Skip Battin expressed his dissatisfaction with the album by saying "When we finished it, I didn't think we had anything, I thought the stuff was rotten - it didn't sound good, it was scattered and there was no unification." Drummer Gene Parsons concurred with Battin's assessment of the album, stating "I felt that Farther Along was a good album, but it was under produced. It was done really rapidly and it suffered in under production as a reaction to Byrdmaniax."

Music
The eleven tracks on Farther Along included two written by Battin and his songwriting partner, Kim Fowley. The first of these, "America's Great National Pastime", was a vaudeville-style novelty song that painted a whimsical picture of life in the US and drew humorous comparisons between the taste of Coca-Cola and cocaine. The second Battin–Fowley song, "Precious Kate", was a love song based on a real life incident and was, according to Battin, written in five minutes. Rather than being sung by Battin himself, as most of the Byrds' Battin and Fowley penned songs were, "Precious Kate" featured McGuinn on lead vocal. McGuinn himself contributed the song "Tiffany Queen", a rousing, Chuck Berry-influenced track with amusing, Dylanesque lyrics, inspired by his third wife Linda Gilbert.

The album also included the Larry Murray song "Bugler" which was sung by Clarence White and was regarded by most critics as the album's highlight, as well as one of White's best vocal performances. The moving tale of a boy and his dog, which turns tragic when the dog is killed in a road accident, took on a deeper meaning when White himself was killed by a drunken driver in 1973. "Bugler" was the third in a trio of Byrds' songs about canine companions, with the first being "Old Blue" on Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde and the second being "Fido" on Ballad of Easy Rider. White was also responsible for arranging the album's title track, the bluegrass standard "Farther Along", a song that had crossed-over to a rock audience in 1970 when it had appeared on The Flying Burrito Brothers' second album, Burrito Deluxe. The Byrds' recording of the song became more poignant in the years following its release, after "Farther Along" was sung by ex-Byrd Gram Parsons and then-current member of the Eagles, Bernie Leadon, at White's funeral in 1973.

The Byrds' drummer, Gene Parsons (no relation to Gram), contributed two songs to the album: "Get Down Your Line", a reflection on the need for self-improvement, and "B.B. Class Road", a lighthearted song about a road manager's life on tour with a rock band, co-written by the Byrds' roadie, Stuart "Dinky" Dawson. For many years it was assumed that the lead vocal on "B.B. Class Road" was sung by Dawson himself, but Parsons eventually revealed in the early 1990s that it was actually him singing on the track. Parsons went on to elucidate by stating "I wanted Dinky to sing this song but Dinky insisted that I do it. Until now, everyone thought he did. I tried to sing it with an excess of testosterone in the true spirit of rock 'n roll." Parsons further explained to the Byrds' biographer Johnny Rogan in 1997 "I was imitating and taking on a different persona. Stuart and I collaborated and it's me growling and howling out the vocal."

"Antique Sandy" was the result of a songwriting experiment between all four members of the Byrds and their percussionist/road manager Jimmi Seiter. The song's inspiration was Seiter's then girlfriend, who did indeed live in the woods in a house full of antiques, as the song's lyrics indicate. The Bob Rafkin-penned "Lazy Waters" featured a melodramatic lead vocal from Battin, which was enhanced during the song's refrain by the Byrds' trademark crystal clear harmonies. Despite being a cover, the song's wistful yearning for the simpler days of a bucolic childhood had personal significance for Battin, as he explained during a 1979 interview: "'Lazy Waters' was a serious song. I was living in the Mendocino woods and working on the road. I'd known the song a long time. It expressed my feelings about life in the country and life on the road." The band also elected to cover The Fiestas' 1959 hit single "So Fine" on the album, at the suggestion of Clarence White. The addition of "So Fine", along with other rock 'n' roll-influenced songs, such as "Tiffany Queen", "Get Down Your Line", and "B.B. Class Road", provided the album with a 1950s-flavored thematic unity. The final track on Farther Along was a Gene Parsons and Clarence White-penned bluegrass instrumental titled "Bristol Steam Convention Blues". The song had been inspired by Parsons' frustration and disappointment at having narrowly missed the Bristol Steam Convention during both of the Byrds' last two visits to England.

Release and reception
Farther Along was released on November 17, 1971 in the United States (catalogue item KC 30150) and January 21, 1972 in the United Kingdom (catalogue item S 64676), less than five months after Byrdmaniax. Although the album was issued in stereo commercially, there is some evidence to suggest that mono copies of the album (possibly radio station promos) were distributed in the UK. The album peaked at number 152 on the Billboard Top LPs chart, during a chart stay of seven weeks, but failed to break into the UK Albums Chart. In the U.S., the album was almost the lowest charting of the Byrds' career, being beaten only by Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde, which had charted at number 153 during 1969. A single taken from the album, "America's Great National Pastime" b/w "Farther Along", was released on November 29, 1971 but failed to chart in the United States or in the United Kingdom. The single's failure in the UK was due to its being withdrawn by CBS Records shortly after its release in January 1972.

Reaction to the album in the U.S. was more enthusiastic than it had been for Byrdmaniax but still wasn't wholly positive. Andy Mellen, reviewing the album in the Winnipeg Free Press in February 1972, wrote, "[While] not being anywhere the equal of Younger Than Yesterday or even Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde, it is an encouraging LP, offering some assurance that Roger McGuinn and friends still have their fingers on the pulse of what's happening musically in 1972." Ben Gerson commented on both the band and the album in the March 1972 issue of Rolling Stone magazine: "There is a programmatic certainty to their music at this point which at first glance happily signifies that a first-generation band has successfully remade itself, but, after repeated exposure disappoints one with its inflexibility." Gerson concluded his review of Farther Along by commenting "This is not an outstanding album, either by Byrds or contemporary standards, though, for at least a Byrds fan, it contains several seductive tunes and some exemplary musicianship. But beneath the old Byrds sound, and this new, quartered approach, there is a more fundamental commitment, and that is to survival." The question of the Byrds' continued existence was also echoed in a contemporary review by Bud Scoppa in the March 1972 edition of Rock magazine, in which he remarked: "The Byrds recognized their failure on Byrdmaniax, but placed the blame on the lavish production job rather than their own disunity. So what we have with Farther Along, evidently rushed out to rectify the problems caused by the last LP, is more disunity, but this time in a basic unadorned state."

In the UK, Farther Along received reasonable reviews in the music press, with many commentators expressing pleasure that the band had reverted to a simpler style of production. The January 29, 1972 edition of Melody Maker commented that it was "Good to hear the Byrds stretching their wings again" before concluding that "Byrdmaniax was the bad news - now for the good news." Caroline Boucher, writing in Disc magazine, awarded the album three stars out of four, while Lon Goddard's review in Record Mirror stated that the album showed the Byrds "slowly drifting away from the more apparent country influences that came to the fore with Sweetheart of the Rodeo and combining into a hybrid that features more of the approach utilised on their earlier albums."

In more recent years, Mark Deming of the Allmusic website has described the album's contents as a "well-crafted set" and compared it to Byrdmaniax by stating "It's certainly a significant improvement, but something short of a triumphant return; the band sounds a bit tired in spots, as if they were starting to run out of gas." In his 2000 review for The Austin Chronicle, Raoul Hernandez gave the album a rating of three and a half stars out of five, commenting "its authentic Dylan and the Band feel solidifies its status as further blueprint of today's roots-rock revival." Rolling Stone senior editor David Fricke described the album favorably in 2000 as "a warm, fine record: a rustic, intimate surprise still rarely appreciated for its quiet nobility and winning performances."

Post-release
Following the release of the album, the Byrds continued to tour the U.S. and Europe throughout 1972, but no new LP or single release was forthcoming and ultimately, Farther Along would turn out to be the last studio album by the McGuinn, White, Parsons, and Battin line-up of the band. The Byrds did, however, record a handful of new songs during 1972 but these remained unreleased at the time. Included among these new songs were versions of David Wiffen's "Lost My Drivin' Wheel" and McGuinn's own "Born to Rock and Roll", recorded on January 12 and April 18, 1972 respectively. "Born to Rock and Roll" was intended for a proposed single release, most likely with "Lost My Drivin' Wheel" as the B-side, but ultimately the single failed to materialize. According to McGuinn, the January 12, 1972 session that produced "Lost My Drivin' Wheel" saw the guitarist being backed, not by the Byrds, but by hired studio musicians. However, since McGuinn was contracted to Columbia Records as a member of the band and not as a solo artist, the studio documentation for this session lists "Lost My Drivin' Wheel" as a Byrds' recording.

In July 1972, Gene Parsons was fired from the group and replaced by session drummer John Guerin, although Guerin was never officially a fully fledged member of the Byrds and instead worked for a standard session musician's rate. Following Parsons' dismissal, a further three songs ("Draggin'", "I'm So Restless", and "Bag Full of Money") were taped by the band at Wally Heider's Studio 3 in Hollywood during July 1972. Ultimately, the five songs recorded by the Byrds throughout 1972 would all be re-recorded for McGuinn's debut solo album, Roger McGuinn, with the exception of "Born to Rock and Roll", which was re-recorded for the Byrds' 1973 reunion album, Byrds. McGuinn did, however, re-record the song for his 1975 solo album, Roger McGuinn & Band.

In January 1973, the band taped a cover version of "Roll Over Beethoven" and a re-recording of their signature song, Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man", for the soundtrack to Banjoman, an Earl Scruggs tribute film in which they also starred. Bass player Skip Battin was fired soon after and in late February 1973, McGuinn finally disbanded the latter-day line-up of the Byrds in order to facilitate a reunion of the five original members of the group. The Byrds' reunion was centered around the release of a comeback album in March 1973 and featured McGuinn, along with original band members David Crosby, Gene Clark, Chris Hillman, and Michael Clarke.

Farther Along was remastered at 20-bit resolution as part of the Columbia/Legacy Byrds series. It was reissued in an expanded form on February 22, 2000 with the addition of three bonus tracks. These bonus tracks were all taken from the Byrds' early to mid-1972 studio sessions and included "Lost My Drivin' Wheel", "Born to Rock and Roll" and "Bag Full of Money". The remastered reissue also includes, as a hidden track, an alternate version of "Bristol Steam Convention Blues".

Side 1

 * 1) "Tiffany Queen" (Roger McGuinn) – 2:40
 * 2) "Get Down Your Line" (Gene Parsons) – 3:26
 * 3) "Farther Along" (Traditional; arranged by Clarence White) – 2:57
 * 4) "B.B. Class Road" (Gene Parsons, Stuart Dawson) – 2:16
 * 5) "Bugler" (Larry Murray) – 3:06

Side 2

 * 1) "America's Great National Pastime" (Skip Battin, Kim Fowley) – 2:57
 * 2) "Antique Sandy" (Roger McGuinn, Skip Battin, Gene Parsons, Clarence White, Jimmi Seiter) – 2:13
 * 3) "Precious Kate" (Skip Battin, Kim Fowley) – 2:59
 * 4) "So Fine" (Johnny Otis) – 2:36
 * 5) "Lazy Waters" (Bob Rafkin) – 3:32
 * 6) "Bristol Steam Convention Blues" (Gene Parsons, Clarence White) – 2:39

2000 CD reissue bonus tracks
1. "Lost My Drivin' Wheel" (David Wiffen) – 4:56

2. "Born to Rock and Roll" (Roger McGuinn) - 2:59

3. "Bag Full of Money" (Roger McGuinn, Jacques Levy) - 5:58
 * Note: this song ends at 3:18; at 3:29 begins "Bristol Steam Convention Blues" [Alternate Version] (Gene Parsons, Clarence White)

Personnel
Sources for this section are as follows:

The Byrds
 * Roger McGuinn – guitar, vocals
 * Clarence White – guitar, mandolin, vocals
 * Skip Battin – electric bass, piano, vocals
 * Gene Parsons – drums, guitar, harmonica, pedal steel guitar, banjo, vocals

Note: Bonus track 12 is a recording not by the Byrds, but by Roger McGuinn and a group of unknown studio musicians. Bonus track 13 features the regular band line-up plus Charles Lloyd (saxophone), an unknown musician (synthesizer), and a number of unnamed female backing singers. Bonus track 14 features McGuinn, White and Battin, along with John Guerin (drums), Buddy Emmons (pedal steel guitar), and an unknown musician (piano).

Single release

 * 1) "America's Great National Pastime" b/w "Farther Along"    (Columbia 45514)     November 29, 1971

title: Farther Along (The Byrds album)


text:
Talk:LoDo, Denver

Article's Accuracy and Scope Improved
While I did not initiate this article, and am not in a position of authority to discuss redirection choices, I can say with confidence that this article has now been updated, corrected, and expanded. Hopefully, this will satisfy the concerns of the posting below, which we partially shared. Thanks from LoDo District, Inc.

Inappropriate Redirect, Confusion Between Downtown Denver and LoDo
I would strongly suggest that the Downtown Denver article should not redirect to the LoDo article, but that this should be reversed. LoDo is just one part of Downtown Denver, though many who do not live downtown refer to them synonymously. This does not change the fact that Downtown is larger than LoDo.

Those who know Downtown Denver well, including residents of Downtown, will tell you that LoDo refers to the just the lower area of Downtown from Larimer St or Lawrence St to Wynkoop St, between Spear Blvd and 23rd St. Further, the bounds given for LoDo in this article are in fact the bounds of all of Downtown Denver and the bounds of LoDo lie inside of them. The LoDo article should redirect to the Downtown Denver article where LoDo is one section of the article. Again, those familiar with downtown will explain that upper downtown (near Broadway) is very distinct from LoDo and the area between Lawrence and California is really more of a midtown or theatre district, but again distinct from LoDo.

This article looks like it was created by someone who lives in Littleton and knows Downtown Denver only as the place where the "LoDo" bars are located. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.224.11.131 (talk) 18:08, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * If that's the case, I think that we should merge LoDo, Denver into Downtown Denver.  Evan S  • talk | sign here 19:34, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

LoDo Section Expansion
Hey all, I decided to expand the LoDo section, so it is no longer a stub. If you have anything you would like to add, please do so. I would like to find out some population data on the neighborhood, but I couldn't find any. Most of the history section came from. Vertigo700 18:10, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned references in LoDo, Denver
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of LoDo, Denver's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "nris": From National Register of Historic Places:  From Union Station (Denver, Colorado):  From Cheesman Park, Denver:  From Oxford Hotel (Denver, Colorado):  From Baker, Denver:  From Washington Park, Denver:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 19:27, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

Wynkoop Brewing Company
The section states "The Wynkoop Brewing Company, a brewpub founded in 1988 by Colorado's 42nd Governor John Hickenlooper with partners Russell Schehrer, Mark Schiffler, and Jerry Williams,", and references a small portion of an unsourced article from the Denver Post which states: "The brewery, founded in 1988 by Mayor John Hickenlooper".

However, research into the Colorado Secretary of States' business database shows that the The Wynkoop Brewing Company was registered under d.b.a. |1450 WYNKOOP, LTD., which was registered as a partnership of Dana H Crawford and Union Station Development Company. The Officers and Directors of Union Station Development Company are registered as Dana Crawford, Charles Callaway and John M Cogswell.

Nowhere are John Hickenlooper with partners Russell Schehrer, Mark Schiffler, and Jerry Williams listed in the Articles of Organization, or Certificates.

Heavyflo (talk) 20:29, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

Added incorrect information in talk section above. Removed disputed tag in article. Wynkoop Brewing was originally registered as Pony Express Brewing Company.

Heavyflo (talk) 00:27, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:LoDo, Denver


text:
List of chemotherapeutic agents

This is a list of chemotherapeutic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents or cytostatic drugs, that are known to be of use in chemotherapy for cancer. This list is organized by type of agent, although the subsections are not necessarily definitive and are subject to revision. Each drug is listed once (at present), though it might fall in more than one subsection. A full alphabetical listing is included after the categorical listing.

The agents in this list are often combined into chemotherapy agent for polychemotherapy (combination chemotherapy). For example, the CHOP regimen consists of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone.

Besides chemotherapy, medical oncology (pharmacotherapy for cancer) includes several noncytotoxic classes of therapy, such as hormonal therapy and targeted therapy (biologic therapy). Those agents are described in the relevant articles.

Alkylating agents

 * Altretamine
 * Bendamustine
 * Busulfan
 * Carboquone
 * Carmustine
 * Chlorambucil
 * Chlormethine
 * Chlorozotocin
 * Cyclophosphamide
 * Dacarbazine
 * Fotemustine
 * Ifosfamide
 * Lomustine
 * Melphalan
 * Melphalan flufenamide
 * Mitobronitol
 * Nimustine
 * Nitrosoureas
 * Pipobroman
 * Ranimustine
 * Semustine
 * Streptozotocin
 * Temozolomide
 * Thiotepa
 * Treosulfan
 * Triaziquone
 * Triethylenemelamine
 * Trofosfamide
 * Uramustine

Anthracyclines

 * Aclarubicin
 * Daunorubicin
 * Doxorubicin
 * Epirubicin
 * Idarubicin
 * Mitoxantrone
 * Pirarubicin
 * Valrubicin
 * Zorubicin

Cytoskeletal disruptors (taxanes)

 * Abraxane
 * Cabazitaxel
 * Docetaxel
 * Larotaxel
 * Paclitaxel
 * Taxotere
 * Tesetaxel

Epothilones

 * Ixabepilone

Histone deacetylase inhibitors

 * Entinostat
 * Romidepsin
 * Vorinostat
 * Zabadinostat

Inhibitors of topoisomerase I

 * Belotecan
 * Camptothecin
 * Exatecan
 * Gimatecan
 * Irinotecan
 * Topotecan

Inhibitors of topoisomerase II

 * Etoposide
 * Teniposide
 * Tafluposide

Kinase inhibitors

 * Bortezomib
 * Erlotinib
 * Gefitinib
 * Imatinib
 * Vemurafenib
 * Vismodegib

Nucleotide analogs and precursor analogs

 * Azacitidine
 * Azathioprine
 * Capecitabine
 * Cladribine
 * Clofarabine
 * Cytarabine
 * Decitabine
 * Doxifluridine
 * Fludarabine
 * Fluorouracil
 * Gemcitabine
 * Hydroxyurea
 * Mercaptopurine
 * Methotrexate
 * Nelarabine
 * Pemetrexed
 * Tioguanine (formerly Thioguanine)

Peptide antibiotics

 * Actinomycin
 * Bleomycin

Platinum-based agents

 * Carboplatin
 * Cisplatin
 * Dicycloplatin
 * Oxaliplatin
 * Nedaplatin
 * Satraplatin

Retinoids

 * Alitretinoin
 * Bexarotene
 * Tretinoin

Vinca alkaloids and derivatives

 * Vinblastine
 * Vincristine
 * Vindesine
 * Vinorelbine

Full alphabetical listing

 * Abraxane
 * Actinomycin
 * Alitretinoin
 * All-trans retinoic acid
 * Altretamine
 * Azacitidine
 * Azathioprine
 * Belotecan
 * Bendamustine
 * Bexarotene
 * Bleomycin
 * Bortezomib
 * Busulfan
 * Cabazitaxel
 * Camptothecin
 * Carboplatin
 * Carboquone
 * Carmustine
 * Capecitabine
 * Cisplatin
 * Chlorambucil
 * Chlormethine
 * Chlorozotocin
 * Cladribine
 * Clofarabine
 * Cyclophosphamide
 * Cytarabine
 * Dacarbazine
 * Daunorubicin
 * Decitabine
 * Docetaxel
 * Doxifluridine
 * Doxorubicin
 * Epirubicin
 * Epothilone
 * Erlotinib
 * Etoposide
 * Exatecan
 * Fludarabine
 * Fluorouracil
 * Fotemustine
 * Gefitinib
 * Gemcitabine
 * Gimatecan
 * Hydroxyurea
 * Idarubicin
 * Ifosfamide
 * Imatinib
 * Irinotecan
 * Ixabepilone
 * Larotaxel
 * Lomustine
 * Melphalan
 * Melphalan flufenamide
 * Mercaptopurine
 * Methotrexate
 * Mitobronitol
 * Mitomycin C
 * Mitoxantrone
 * Nelarabine
 * Nimustine
 * Nitrosoureas
 * Oxaliplatin
 * Paclitaxel
 * Pemetrexed
 * Pipobroman
 * Ranimustine
 * Romidepsin
 * Semustine
 * Streptozotocin
 * Tafluposide
 * Taxotere
 * Temozolomide
 * Tesetaxel
 * Teniposide
 * Thiotepa
 * Tioguanine
 * Topotecan
 * Treosulfan
 * Tretinoin
 * Triaziquone
 * Triethylenemelamine
 * Valrubicin
 * Vemurafenib
 * Vinblastine
 * Vincristine
 * Vindesine
 * Vinorelbine
 * Vismodegib
 * Vorinostat

Comprehensive table
Chemotherapie

title: List of chemotherapeutic agents


text: File:FartherAlongCover.jpg

title: File:FartherAlongCover.jpg


text:
Harmonichord

A harmonichord is a kind of upright piano in which the strings are set in vibration not by the blow of the hammer but by indirectly transmitted friction.

Description
The harmonichord, one of the many attempts to fuse the piano and violin, was invented by Johann Gottfried Kaufmann and Johann Friedrich Kaufmann (father and son) in Saxony at the beginning of the 19th century, when the craze for new and ingenious musical instruments was at its height.

The case was of the variety known as giraffe. The space under the keyboard was enclosed, a knee-hold being left in which were two pedals used to set in rotation a large wooden cylinder fixed just behind the keyboard over the levers, and covered with a roll-top similar to those of modern office desks. The cylinder (in some specimens covered with chamois leather) tapered towards the treble-end. When a key was depressed, a little tongue of wood, one end of which stopped the string, was pressed against the revolving cylinder, and the vibrations produced by friction were transmitted to the string and reinforced as in the piano and violin by the soundboard. The adjustment of the parts and the velocity of the cylinder required delicacy and great nicety, for if the little wooden tongues rested too lightly upon the cylinder or the strings, harmonics were produced, and the note jumped to the octave or twelfth. Sometimes when chords were played the touch became so heavy that two performers were required, as in the early medieval organistrum, the prototype of the harmonichord. Carl Maria von Weber must have had some opinion of the possibilities of the harmonichord, which in tone resembled the glass harmonica, since he composed a concerto with orchestral accompaniment for the instrument.

title: Harmonichord


text:
User talk:John Eden

Very nice station images! LoopZilla 18:10:09, 2005-07-10 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion of London Greenpeace
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'''Hi, I just created the page on London Greenpeace. It is not about a club. It is a political organisation. I can't see it as tagged for deletion (I wanted to add a ). If you think the article is unsuitable for wikipedia please tell me why (perhaps it is more appropriate to have this discussion on the London Greenpeace page). I'm assuming that the 'mark for deletion' was automatically generated. Thanks! Ezra (talk) 06:58, 25 February 2008 (UTC)'''

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2nd AFD for New Lettrist International
FYI - You previously participated in an AFD on New Lettrist International; it has been renominated a second time (AFD. --Lquilter (talk) 08:40, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

hi John dont know enough about Wiki yet but I do know a lot about Spiral Tribe. Wanna chat? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rogerraver (talk • contribs) 03:19, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Some Bizzare record label log.jpg
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Speedy deletion of Vagina Dentata Organ
A tag has been placed on Vagina Dentata Organ requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, "See also" section, book reference, category tag, template tag, interwiki link, rephrasing of the title, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. DMcMPO11AAUK/Talk/Contribs 07:32, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * once the speedy has been removed, don't put on a "hangon" tag--it simply lists the article for deletion again. Just find some good 3rd party independent reliable published sources, print or online (but not blogs or press releases), and add them. DGG (talk) 19:14, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Saxon Studio International
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Proposed deletion of The Mob (American punk band)

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Nomination of Doc Scott for deletion
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Nomination of Saxon Studio International for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:John Eden


text: Talk:Click fraud

title: Talk:Click fraud


text: Template:Sonoma County, California

title: Template:Sonoma County, California


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Victoria Ortiz

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Victoria Ortiz
Yet another vanity page. Joyous (talk) 18:11, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. So completely non-notable that it's hardly worth the time to vote to delete.  Fur Expert 18:40, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; nn, vanity. Jaxl 18:41, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — n-n/vanity — RJH 18:45, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as sockpuppet stated, its not worth anyone's time, and should be taken care of speedily -mysekurity 19:55, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete clearly vanity. --Etacar11 02:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 03:06, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.