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Voykovskaya (Moscow Metro)

Voykovskaya (Во́йковская) is a Moscow Metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya Line. It was opened on 31 December 1964 along with two neighbouring stations to the north, Vodny Stadion and Rechnoy Vokzal. Passengers may make out-of-station transfers to Baltiyskaya station on the Moscow Central Circle; however, the walk between stations can take more than 20 minutes.

It was built according to the standardized pillar-trispan design, which was widely used in the 1960s as a cost-saving measure. The station's architects were I. Petukhova and A. Fokina. The entrance of the station is under the M10 highway.

Name
The station is named in honor of Pyotr Voykov, a prominent Bolshevik and Soviet diplomat. Voykov was assassinated in 1927 by a White Russian monarchist; however, his reported involvement in the execution of the family of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II led Russian Orthodox Church groups to push to rename the station.

The city held a vote on its “Active Citizen” platform in November 2015 to consider a name change. By a vote of 53% to 35%, the residents decided to maintain the Voykovskaya name.

Baltiyskaya was originally slated to be named Voykovskaya; however, a similar vote on “Active Citizen” showed only 19% in favor of the name.

title: Voykovskaya (Moscow Metro)


text:
File talk:Map-Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ (Amsterdam, 1685).jpg

What do the various colors mean? -- Beland 01:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Kevin Mmahat

Kevin Paul Mmahat (Mama-Hat) (born November 9, 1964) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher.

Biography
Mmahat was born in Memphis, Tennessee and graduated from Tulane University, where he pitched for the Tulane Green Wave baseball team. He was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 31st round of the 1987 Major League Baseball Draft, and was traded to the New York Yankees a year later.

Mmahat made his MLB debut on September 9, 1989 and played in his final MLB game on October 1, 1989. In his MLB career, Mmahat pitched $7 2/3$ innings and attained an ERA of 12.91.

Personal life
He is married to the former Gina Tedesco with whom he has three children.

He owns and operates an exterior coating company called Mid South Coatings in New Orleans, Louisiana.

title: Kevin Mmahat


text: User talk:81.1.78.219

title: User talk:81.1.78.219


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Ful medames

Ful medames (فول مدمس, fūl midammis ; other spellings include ful mudammas and  foule mudammes, in Coptic: ⲫⲉⲗ phel or fel), or simply fūl, is a stew of cooked fava beans served with olive oil, cumin, and optionally with chopped parsley, garlic, onion, lemon juice, chili pepper and other vegetables, herbs, and spices. Ful medames is traditionally made in and served out of a large metal jug. It is notably a staple food in Egypt and is considered a national dish, especially in the northern cities of Cairo and Gizah. Fava beans can sometimes be also found in other cuisines in the Middle East, and Africa, though cooked differently.

Names and etymology
The name of this culinary dish is transcribed fūl medammis, ful medammes, foul mdammes, etc.

Some modern dictionaries suggest that its Coptic name is ⲫⲉⲗ phel or fel, but this is a term derived from Arabic (after the Arabization of Egypt).

Neither ancient Egypt nor Coptic languages and dialects used the Arabic word "ful"/"fūl" or a similar term, as suggested by the hypothesis of Adeeb B. Makar and the Monastery of Saint Mina. The ancient Egyptian name for beans is written in Egyptian hieroglyphs 𓅮𓏏𓈖, retranscribed swnw in Latin and سونو in Arabic, and pronounced "zonu" (زونو). The ancient Coptic name for ful may be "ⲃⲁⲩⲉ" (bauē).

History
Some writers have suggested that ful medames dated all the way back to Ancient Egypt.

Some evidence of the use of ful is a cache of 2,600 dried fava beans unearthed at a late Neolithic site on the outskirts of Nazareth.

This dish is mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud, indicating that it was used in the Horn of Africa and Middle Eastern countries since the fourth century. Although there are countless ways of embellishing fūl, the basic recipe remains the same. Once the fūl is cooked, it is salted and eaten plain or accompanied by vegetable oil, corn oil, butter, clarified butter, buffalo milk, béchamel sauce, cured beef (basturma), fried or boiled eggs, tomato sauce, garlic sauce, tahini, fresh lemon juice, chili peppers, or other ingredients.

In the Middle Ages, the making of fūl in Cairo was monopolized by the people living around the Princess Baths, a public bath in a tiny compound near today's public fountain of Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, a block north of the two elegant minarets of the Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad above the 11th century Bab Zuweila gate. During the day, bath attendants stoked the fires heating the qidras, which are huge pots of bath water. Wood was scarce, so garbage was used as fuel and eventually a dump grew around the baths. When the baths closed, the red embers of the fires continued to burn. To take advantage of these precious fires, huge qidras were filled with fava beans, and these cauldrons were kept simmering all night, and eventually all day too, in order to provide breakfast for Cairo's population. Cookshops throughout Cairo would send their minions to the Princess Baths to buy their wholesale fūl.

Fūl is prepared from the small, round bean known in Egypt as fūl ḥammām ("bath beans"). The beans are cooked until very soft. Other kinds of beans used by Egyptian cooks are fūl rūmī ("Roman", i.e. "European broad beans"), large kidney-shaped fava beans, and fūl baladī ("country beans", which are of middling size). Fūl nābit (Coptic: ⲫⲉⲗⲉⲧⲣⲏⲧ, Feletrat) are fava bean sprouts, fūl akhḍar ("green fūl") are fresh fava beans, and fūl madshūsh ("crushed fūl") are crushed fava beans.

Other countries
Ful medames was exported from Egypt to other parts of the Arab world, as well as other parts of Africa and Asia, but particularly to Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Morocco and Libya.

Middle East
Ful medames is a popular breakfast dish in Syria, especially Aleppo. The fava beans are left simmering in large copper jars throughout the night, to be served from the next morning on; the beans swim in tahini and olive oil, completed with a hint of red pepper paste (made from Aleppo pepper) over the top.

In Jordan, ful is made just like hummus in a form of a dip, usually made with tahini, garlic, tomato, lemon juice, ground cumin, olive oil, green peppers and salt.

Ful medames is consumed as part of the Lent diet by Christian communities in Arab countries.

Ful medames forms part of the Israeli breakfast popularized by kibbutzim in Israel.

Africa
In Somalia, fuul is a staple in breakfast food. It is often served with eggs, khubz/ceesh bread or the traditional Somali flatbread called laxoox/canjeero. It is very similar to the Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi variants of the dish, but usually spicier due to Somalis' use of the xawaash spice mixture (cumin, coriander, sage, peppercorn, fenugreek, turmeric, ginger, cardamom, cloves, nutmeg, and saffron).

In Morocco ful is known as bissara and consists of fava beans and split green peas (known locally as jabbana) boiled together with garlic and served with cumin and seasoning. It is particularly popular in the north of the country and is eaten during the cold winter months.

In Ethiopia and Eritrea, ful is one of the few dishes not eaten with a pancake-like bread called injera but is served with wheat flour bread. Places serving ful and the accompanying flour bread often provide a communal kitchen for patrons seeking to bake such types of breads since flour bread is not typical in the Ethiopian or Eritrean diet. The beans are topped, or mixed with, a combination of oil and berbere.

Other regions
In Malta, ful bit-tewm (beans with garlic) is usually associated with fasting during Lent and Good Friday. The beans are soaked in water overnight, cooked in oil with garlic and fresh or dried mint, then dressed with olive oil or vinegar before serving.

The meal has also travelled as far as Malaysia, in particular the state of Johore, and Singapore where it has been adapted into the local recipe kacang pool, which incorporates ghee in place of oil and minced meat. Kidney beans and baked beans are also added to give the dish more body.

Salad
Ful medames salad (سلطة فول مدمس) is an Arab breakfast mezze favorite, but it is also eaten as a hearty salad. It typically consists of fava beans, chopped tomatoes, onion, parsley, lemon juice, olive oil, pepper and salt.

title: Ful medames


text: User talk:69.231.8.23

title: User talk:69.231.8.23


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29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot

The 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1694. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot to become the 1st Battalion, the Worcestershire Regiment in 1881.

Formation in 1694 to end of the 18th Century
The regiment was formed on 16 February 1694 during the Nine Years War by Colonel Thomas Farrington as Thomas Farrington's Regiment of Foot. Disbanded after the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, it was reformed in 1702 when the War of the Spanish Succession began; while intended for the West Indies, a notoriously unhealthy posting, Farringdon's protests meant instead it joined Marlborough's army in Flanders in 1704.

Too late for the Blenheim campaign, it fought at the Battle of Ramillies in May 1706 and the siege of Ostend in June. Lord Mark Kerr became Colonel when Farringdon died in October 1712, but with the war winding down, it became part of the Gibraltar garrison. It remained there for the next 30 years, including the Siege of Gibraltar during the 1727-1729 Anglo-Spanish War.

During the 1740-1748 War of the Austrian Succession, it was based in British North America and helped capture the French North American stronghold of Louisbourg in October 1745. In 1746, 27 soldiers died in the Port-la-Joye Massacre, in part because they were unarmed. In response, officers were ordered to carry swords and side arms even off duty, leading to the nickname, the Ever Sworded.

The regiment remained in North America after the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned Louisbourg to France; in 1749, it helped establish the town of Halifax, Nova Scotia during Father Le Loutre's War. A significant organisational change occurred in 1751; previously, regiments were considered the property of their Colonel, changed names when transferred from one to another and were disbanded as soon as possible. As part of a package of reforms driven by the increasing professionalisation of the military, each regiment was now assigned a number, based on precedence or seniority in the Army list; Colonel Peregrine Hopson's Regiment became the 29th Regiment of Foot.

George Boscawen replaced Hopson as Colonel in 1752 and his brother, Admiral Edward Boscawen presented him with 10 black youths taken in the 1759 Invasion of Guadeloupe. They were employed as regimental drummers, a tradition that continued until 1843. Together with the 14th Regiment of Foot, the 29th was posted to Boston in 1768. On 5 March 1770, members of the Grenadier company under Captain Thomas Preston were involved in the Boston Massacre, when five colonists died during a riot in front of the Boston customs house. The 29th was later dubbed the Vein Openers, for allegedly drawing first blood in the American Revolution.

Those involved were tried for murder, defended by John Adams, a future President of the United States; two soldiers, Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy were found guilty of manslaughter and branded on the thumb. Preston and the others were found not guilty and following the trial, the regiment moved to British-controlled Florida in 1771, then to England in 1773. During the American Revolutionary War in 1775, the Americans tried to capture Quebec City; they were forced to retreat but the 29th arrived in Quebec in June 1776 to reinforce British forces in what is now modern Canada. The Light and Grenadier companies were detached to join the 1777 Saratoga campaign, and fought at the Battle of Hubbardton on 7 July under Brigadier Simon Fraser. Following defeat in the Battles of Saratoga, these companies surrendered with the rest of Burgoyne's force in October 1777. The other eight remained in Canada, fighting in a number of raids and small battles along the Vermont and New York state frontiers.

On 31 August 1782, the unit was renamed the 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot by a royal warrant giving county titles to all regiments that did not already have a special title. This was an attempt to improve recruitment, but no depot was established in the county and recruits were liable to serve in any regiment.

The regiment returned to England after the Anglo-French War ended in 1783; in 1791, it was given the regimental march known as 'The Royal Windsor,' allegedly composed by Princess Augusta, with the help of Lord William Cathcart.

The French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792 and in 1794, members of the 29th took part in the British naval victory known as the Glorious First of June, serving as marines on HMS Brunswick and Ramillies. The regiment was awarded a naval crown for its participation in the battle, during which the Brunswick sank the French ship Le Vengeur du Peuple and disabled the Achille. At the end of December 1794, a battalion of 21 officers and 640 men, formed from those in the 29th who were not detached to warships, embarked on the troopship Maria for the Caribbean island of Grenada, where discontent would lead to an insurrection in the coming months, known as Fédon's Rebellion or the Brigand's War. On their return to England in July 1796, the battalion had been reduced by battle casualties and disease to 5 officers and 87 men. It later fought in a more conventional role at Alkmaar in October 1799, during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.

19th Century
In 1808, the 29th joined Wellington's army engaged in the 1807-1814 Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal. At Roliça on 17 August, it suffered heavy losses assaulting an entrenched French position, which was taken only after a prolonged defence; at Vimeiro four days later, it held off an attack by Brenier's Brigade, allowing two other British battalions to first regroup, then repulse the attack.

After the Battle of Grijó in May, it was engaged at Talavera in July; on 27th, with two other battalions, it attacked French positions on the hill called Cerro de Medellin. This was taken by the evening and then held throughout the next day, despite a series of French attacks and artillery bombardment; two French colours were captured in a bayonet charge that drove the French regiments from the field.

At the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811, it suffered heavy losses, including Ensigns Edward Furnace and Richard Vance killed saving the regimental colours. After this, it returned to England to refit and recruit more men. In 1814, the 29th returned to Nova Scotia during the War of 1812 but did not see action; it was recalled to Europe in 1815 to face Napoleon during the Hundred Days campaign but arrived shortly after the Battle of Waterloo.

Transferred to Bengal in 1842, during the First Anglo-Sikh War the regiment fought at the Battle of Ferozeshah in December 1845 and the Battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846. At Sobraon, two battalions of Indian Sepoys twice unsuccessfully assaulted the Sikh earthworks before finally breaking through on the third assault: the regiment's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Taylor was killed in the assault.

The regiment fought at the Battle of Chillianwala in January 1849 and the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. A large detachment from the regiment helped to keep the Grand Trunk Road open between Kabul and Bangladesh during the Indian Rebellion.

Amalgamations
In 1873 a practical system of recruiting areas based on counties was instituted. The 29th Sub-District, consisting of the counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire was created, with headquarters at Norton Barracks, three miles from the city of Worcester. The barracks became the depot for the regiment along with the 36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot and the militia of the two counties. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment became the 1st Battalion, the Worcestershire Regiment, while the 36th became the 2nd battalion.

Garter Star badge
The regimental badge of the regiment and later of the Worcestershire Regiment show the influence of the Coldstream Guards on the regiment. The Coldstream Guards and the 29th are the only two regiments to have the elongated star and garter of the Order of the Garter as their regimental badge with its motto "Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense" translated "Shame be to him who evil thinks" earning a third nickname The Guards of the Line.

Battle honours
Battle honours won by the regiment were:
 * Peninsula War: Roliça, Vimeiro, Talavera, Albuhera, Peninsula
 * First Anglo-Sikh War: Ferozeshah, Sobraon
 * Second Anglo-Sikh War: Chillianwala, Goojerat, Punjab
 * Ramillies (awarded to successor regiment, 1882)
 * Ushant (awarded to successor regiment, 1909)

Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:
 * 1694–1698: Lt-Gen. Thomas Farrington
 * regiment disbanded 1698
 * regiment reformed 1702
 * 1702–1712: Lt-Gen. Thomas Farrington
 * 1712–1725: Gen. Lord Mark Kerr
 * 1725–1731: Col. Henry Disney
 * 1731–1733: Gen. William Anne Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle, KG, KB
 * 1733–1739: Lt-Gen. George Reade
 * 1739–1748: Maj-Gen. Francis Fuller
 * 1748–1752: Maj-Gen. Peregrine Thomas Hopson

 * 29th Regiment of Foot - (1751)
 * 1752–1761: Lt-Gen. Hon. George Boscawen
 * 1761–1769: Lt-Gen. George Forbes, 4th Earl of Granard (Viscount Forbes)
 * 1769–1783: Lt-Gen. William Evelyn

 * 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot
 * 1783–1788: Lt-Gen. William Tryon
 * 1788–1792: Gen. Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington, GCH
 * 1792–1797: Gen. William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart, KT
 * 1797–1828: Gen. Gordon Forbes
 * 1828–1850: F.M. Sir John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford, GCB, GCH
 * 1850–1863: Gen. Sir Ulysses Burgh, 2nd Baron Downes, GCB
 * 1863–1868: Gen. Sir James Simpson, GCB
 * 1868–1881: Gen. John Longfield, CB

title: 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot


text:
Talk:Ful medames

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 September 2020 and 10 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Telestudent2020.

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A note
in deciding how to spell "ful medames", I did google searches for the following combinations:

Then, I summed the rows and columns, deciding that "ful" and "medames" are most common, even though the combination isn't. MisterSheik 01:59, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Speaking of which: Someone has changed the spelling to müdemmis, which is peculiar to Turkish pronunciation and orthography. I can't see how that could be justified for a dish that notably belongs to Arab cuisines, not Turkish. However we decide to spell it, the spelling needs to reflect the word in Arabic only. Let me go and correct that.

 * P.S. For what it's worth, the transcription in Wehr is based on Egyptian dialect: "mədammis." Also, it should be obvious why the spelling "foul" won't work in English. Johanna-Hypatia (talk) 19:09, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

Edited the article and essentially rewrote the second paragraph. The paragraph was poorly composed and the information (regarding the etymology of "ful medames") seemed to have been pulled out of nowhere. [unsigned comment]

I'm glad you put that table in the Talk page -- I'm not sure I would have been able to find the article otherwise. :-) The local restaurant spells it "foul mudamas", and Wikipedia's search function found this page due to your table. -- Phyzome (talk) 00:25, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

Falafel
Falafels are made out Chick Peas not fava beans. Abdullah Geelah 17:53, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually it depends. Most people seem to make homemade falafels with chickpeas, but at least over here restaurants usually serve fava bean falafel (which I find more tasty). DiamonDie (talk) 12:55, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Ta'meyya and felafel aren't the same thing. Ta'meyya is made with fuul, felafel with hummus. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.232.56.63 (talk) 20:59, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Picture
Can we find a picture that doesn't include incorrectly cooked eggs? These have a green layer surrounding the yolk because they have been incredibly overboiled. I can smell the sulfur from here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.241.140.140 (talk) 02:37, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Hello, there you go, two pictures of Ful from Haleb that I took. Anyone can use them as he/she wishes:

--Emir Ali Enç (talk) 01:26, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and carefull attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 16:51, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Herodotus citation
Since it runs so strongly counter to both earlier and later information, it would be particularly welcome to have a specific citation from Herodotus' writings to document his assertion that Egyptians neither grow nor willingly eat beans. --Haruo (talk) 22:56, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

Mashed or not?
I don't know anything about this topic, but as a curious reader following a link, the first thing that confronts me here is a contradiction. The description in the first sentence clearly says it is a dish of "mashed fava beans" but the image directly to the right is clearly of a dish full of intact beans. --Ericjs (talk) 02:31, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

Ok, coincidentally I'm back here again, as I just ordered the stuff, and was looking up the pronunciation, and the contradiction struck me again. What they served me was definitely not mashed, so I'm striking that adjective. --Ericjs (talk) 18:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Ethiopian Ful
Ethiopian fuul is normaly served with bread, not injera. I may be able to supply photos supporting this assertion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.67.45.123 (talk) 23:16, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

"Egyptian" has simply been replaced with "Somali"
Historical accounts seem to point toward an Egyptian origin. Please change this.

Etymology
Do we have a meaning or derivation of ful medames? I know ful or foul means beans, what does medames mean?Gymnophoria (talk) 20:26, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

Odd that it's not included in the article, which otherwise makes a couple of references to a cooking method, without explaining what that is. "‘Medames’ means buried in Egyptian." - "the beans were buried over gentle embers to slow cook." https://www.souschef.co.uk/blogs/the-bureau-of-taste/egyptian-breakfast-recipe-ful-medames https://www.wikihow.com/Make-Ful-Medames This is kind of important. It's a slow cooked dish, conveniently prepared the night before, commonly eaten for breakfast. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.124.116.101 (talk) 07:18, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ful medames


text:
User:Appman

Hi!

title: User:Appman


text:
Imants

Imants is a Latvian masculine given name, from the Livonian language: im meaning "miracle" added to and meaning "gift". The name is borne by more than 6,250 men in Latvia. Its nameday is celebrated on 1 July.

The name is one of the relatively few surviving Latvian names of indigenous origin from among the great number revived or introduced during the Latvian National Awakening of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

According to the Latvian calendar, the name day for Imants is July 1.

A female variant, "Imanta" was included in a 1915 calendar and first recorded in 1921. Variations of it, such as "Ima", "Imandra", "Imanda", and "Imulis" were also later in the 20th century, though the last two were only recorded once. The associated name day is August 19.

Individuals
The name Imants may refer to the following:

 * Imants Barušs, Canadian professor of psychology
 * Imants Bleidelis (born 1975), Latvian footballer
 * Imants Bodnieks (born 1941), Latvian racing cyclist
 * Imants Kalniņš (born 1941), Latvian composer
 * Imants Kokars (1921–2011), Latvian music pedagogue and conductor
 * Imants Lancmanis (born 1941), Latvian art historian
 * Imants Lešinskis (born 1935), KGB agent
 * Imants Lieģis (born 1955), Latvian ambassador
 * Imants Ozers (born 1960) Artist
 * Imants Priede (born 1948), British-Latvian zoologist, author and academic
 * Imants Sudmalis (1916–1944), Latvian communist and Soviet partisan
 * Imants Tillers (born 1950), Australian artist
 * Imants Zemzaris (born 1951), Latvian composer
 * Imants Ziedonis (born 1933), Latvian poet

title: Imants


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Big Fase 100

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:52, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Big Fase 100
This artist is not (yet) notable. The article contains practically no information of any value. Links to it could be placed with simple parentheticals that Big Fase is The Game's brother. I recommend that be done so that this article can be deleted. — HorsePunchKid → 龜 02:02, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Game (rapper). Almafeta 16:49, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no notability until he releases his own music. Dcarrano 22:02, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 02:35, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Until Big Fase 100 gets a biography and detailed information then I would include this as a part of Wikipedia. So therefore let it be gone. No need for it. LILVOKA- 12:33, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Keystone Corridor

The Keystone Corridor is a 349-mile (562 km) railroad corridor between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that consists of two rail lines: Amtrak and SEPTA's Philadelphia-to-Harrisburg main line, which hosts SEPTA's Paoli/Thorndale Line commuter rail service, and Amtrak's Keystone Service and Pennsylvanian inter-city trains; and the Norfolk Southern Pittsburgh Line. The corridor was originally the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Since 2006, the line has been one of the high-speed corridors designated by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The 24-mile section of track from Lancaster to Parkesburg permits trains of up to 110 mph, while the 19-mile section between Paoli and Philadelphia allows up to 90 mph.

Amtrak runs two intercity rail services along the Keystone Corridor: the Harrisburg-to-New York City Keystone Service and the Pittsburgh-to-New York City Pennsylvanian. SEPTA operates daily Paoli/Thorndale commuter rail service between Philadelphia and Thorndale on the Philadelphia-to-Harrisburg main line. The towns along this stretch form a socio-cultural region called the "Philadelphia Main Line".

The tracks from Pittsburgh to Harrisburg are owned and maintained by Norfolk Southern, which acquired them from Conrail. They include the Horseshoe Curve west of Altoona. The tracks between Harrisburg and Philadelphia are owned and maintained by Amtrak, and are the only part of the Keystone Corridor that is electrified. The tracks join the Northeast Corridor at Zoo Interlocking near the Philadelphia Zoo and 30th Street Station.

History
The right-of-way that would become the Keystone Corridor was mainly laid by two railroads. The tracks east of Dillerville, just west of Lancaster, were originally the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, part of the state-owned Main Line of Public Works. From Lancaster west to Harrisburg, the tracks were laid by the Harrisburg, Portsmouth, Mount Joy and Lancaster Railroad. Except for minor realignments, today's Keystone Corridor runs along the same path.

Both lines eventually became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad's (PRR) main line.

In 1915, the PRR electrified the line from Philadelphia's Broad Street Station to Paoli, then the west end of commuter service. Electrification west of Paoli to Harrisburg came in the 1930s, after the PRR completed electrifying its New York-Washington, D.C. section (the present-day Northeast Corridor). The total cost of electrification topped $200 million, which was financed by government-supported loans from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Public Works Administration.

Passenger service remained unprofitable, returned to profitability during World War II, and then slumped again. The PRR overhauled much of the right-of-way in the 1950s, but chose to keep paying a stable dividend rather than reinvest in infrastructure. The result was dilapidated stations, slow, disjointed track conditions, and antiquated rolling stock which frequently broke down.

In 1968, the PRR merged with the New York Central to become Penn Central, which declared bankruptcy in 1970. In 1976, Amtrak took ownership of the line between Philadelphia and Harrisburg while Conrail (the merger of Penn Central, the Reading Company, and several other Class I railroads) took ownership of the remaining part of the line and the many branches, both electrified and non-electrified, that the Penn Central had owned. Amtrak took over the express Harrisburg-New York intercity rail service in 1971, while Conrail, under SEPTA auspices, continued Harrisburg-Philadelphia commuter services. In 1983, SEPTA took over all commuter services and extended operations to Parkesburg (later truncated in 1996 to Downingtown, but later extended to Thorndale).

Penn Central made an agreement with the federal government to provide a high-speed service called the Metroliner, which upgraded the Northeast Corridor tracks between New York and Washington by 1969, but neglected other areas such as the Keystone Corridor, a lack of maintenance that continued after Amtrak's takeover in 1976. The Keystone Corridor eventually served as a "depository" for the problem-prone Metroliner electric multiple unit cars. Amtrak also used electric locomotive-hauled trains for Harrisburg-New York service. Before the introduction of Acela electric high-speed service over the Northeast Corridor, and after facing a shortage of electric locomotives (both E60 and AEM-7 models), Amtrak used GE Genesis diesel locomotives between Harrisburg and Philadelphia, with an engine change to an electric (usually AEM-7) locomotive at 30th Street Station. Due to the slower schedules combined with higher ticket prices and competition from SEPTA, ridership declined.

The line between Philadelphia and Lancaster was four tracks until the 1960s, when the PRR removed two of the tracks west of Paoli. The line is now two tracks from Paoli to Harrisburg, save for a three-track section between the Glen and Park interlockings, and a four-track section between the Downs and Thorn interlockings.

As of 2004, most of the track was limited to a maximum speed of 70 mph, except for a few 90 mile per hour (145 km/h)) sections between Downingtown and Lancaster. There are also curves which require slower speeds (especially in the section between Merion and Overbrook), and speed restrictions within interlocking limits.

High-speed corridor
In 1999, the Keystone Corridor was formally recognized as a "designated high speed corridor" by the FRA, as part of the TEA-21 transportation bill. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania will fund half of the project's costs, and Amtrak will fund the other half.

The goals of this project include: A summary appears in an FRA report.
 * 90-minute travel time between Harrisburg and Philadelphia on express trains
 * 105-minute travel time on normal trains
 * Raising track speed to 110 mph where possible
 * Increasing the number of daily round trips from 11 to 14
 * Replacing diesel trains with electric on Keystone Service

Construction on the USD $145 million project began on March 7, 2005, and was completed in Fall, 2006. Amtrak's press releases have summarized the improvements as:
 * Installation of 80 track miles (128 km) of new concrete ties
 * Installation of more than 40 new track switches
 * A new signal system between Lancaster and Harrisburg
 * Upgrade of 16 existing bridges and culverts
 * Upgrade of overhead electrical wires (catenary)
 * Upgrade of electrical substations to support use of electric locomotives.

The installation of concrete ties also included replacement of the old jointed rail with new continuous welded rail (136 RE), track surfacing, and alignment. Track surfacing is adjusting the vertical profile of the two rails, leveling the rails on straight track and introducing superelevation (banking) in curves. The 80 mi are broken down as:
 * 25 mi on track 4 from Park (Parkesburg) to Cork (Lancaster) interlockings
 * 25 mi on track 1 from Cork (Lancaster) to Park (Parkesburg) interlockings
 * 15 mi on track 3 from Paoli to Overbrook
 * 15 mi on track 2 from Overbrook to Paoli

Amtrak replaced the signal and communications system and rebuilt the overhead catenary wire and upgraded electrical substations to provide the power needed to operate several electric trains simultaneously on this line. Since October 2006, Amtrak, having sufficient Acela high-speed trainsets, started using electric push-pull trainsets for the first time since the mid-1990s. Using AEM7 locomotives and former Metroliner m.u. coaches modified into a push-pull cab-coach (with the locomotive "pulling" westbound trains and "pushing" eastbound), the electrified service is currently used on the Harrisburg-New York Keystone Service, while the Genesis diesel locomotives are still used for the Pittsburgh-New York Pennsylvanian service. As on the Northeast Corridor, Amtrak trains between Paoli and Overbrook use the high-speed inner rails for normal operations.

In March 2011, Pennsylvania received a $750,000 grant from the High-Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program to investigate extending high-speed electrified service from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh.

At-grade crossings with roads between Philadelphia and Harrisburg remained until 2014. In July 1999, PennDOT budgeted $9 million for this project to eliminate the three remaining crossings; however, these funds were later used for other projects. One of the crossings was in Elizabethtown and another in Mount Joy. The third, between Mount Joy and Lancaster, was blocked off using fencing and jersey barriers. Additional funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was used to complete the elimination of all at-grade crossings. The last was closed in 2014. Private crossings remain between Philadelphia and Harrisburg. There are still grade crossings between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh.

Earlier studies
There have been earlier studies by the USDOT and FRA of the Keystone Corridor, and these studies contain proposals or speculations which might not be in the currently funded projects. Some of these ideas are below.

Amtrak service to Suburban Station, which is in Center City Philadelphia, ended in 1988. An early study says that PennDOT used Suburban Station as the Philadelphia endpoint for the 90-minute service to Harrisburg. Restoring service to Suburban Station may increase ridership but would require using the upper level of 30th Street Station and either scheduling trains to turn at Suburban Station or to continue through the Center City Commuter Tunnel with Amtrak trains turning around at Wayne Junction.

Bypassing 30th Street Station by using the New York-Pittsburgh Subway would allow trains to skip a time-consuming stop and reverse of directions at 30th Street Station and allow fast service between New York and Harrisburg. Historically, the PRR fast trains going to NY from the west would bypass 30th Street Station, and passengers for Philadelphia would change trains at North Philadelphia. One study suggested two daily electric-train round-trips between New York and Harrisburg with stops in North Philadelphia and Ardmore, a routing last used by Keystone trains in 1994.

Track reconfiguration between Zoo and Overbrook interlockings can increase track speeds which are usually 30 mph due to the need to take diverging routes through switches. Reducing the number of diverging moves and the use of 45 mph switches can increase speeds. Also, the reconfiguration can allow for the removal of the overhead bridge that the R6 Cynwyd trains use. Some other interlockings may be removed or reconfigured. With the reconfiguration near Zoo, the Overbrook interlocking can be removed and replaced with 4 through tracks. Bryn Mawr interlocking may have storage tracks added west of the station to allow R5 Bryn Mawr locals to turn without occupying an express track. Paoli interlocking may be removed if the four-track configuration were to continue west of the station. Paoli station may be reconfigured with high-level island platforms serving all four tracks, as part of a new Paoli transportation center. Frazer interlocking may be reconfigured for turning SEPTA trains and as the point where four tracks become two.

Electrification may be converted to use commercial 60 Hz AC power instead of the special 25 Hz single-phase AC currently in use, although this is doubtful due to the costs involved, lack of real benefits and dedicated 25 Hz hydro-electric capacity at the Safe Harbor Dam. The Safe Harbor Dam also generates electricity for the Northeast Corridor itself, the power going from the dam to the NEC (at Perryville, Maryland), via a 50 mi pylon network. Between Paoli and 30th Street Station, most of the overhead electric wire and other electrification system components date back to the original 1915 electrification, although the 1915 substations have been retired. West of Paoli the electrification dates from the late 1930s, and west of Downingtown the system is still controlled by the original 1939 power dispatching office in Harrisburg, utilizing electromechanical systems.

Construction progress
The four-track section between Overbrook and Paoli is numbered sequentially from the southernmost track (number 1 track) to the northernmost track (number 4 track).

Between March 7 and June 27, 2005, Amtrak worked on the number 4 track between Lancaster and Parkesburg, and from June 27 to September 2, 2005, they worked on number 1 track. A work gang with a track laying system (TLS) installed concrete crossties, new continuous welded rail, and new ballast, allowing for 110 mph. The track layout at Lancaster station was simplified so that trains no longer have to take a diverging route to access the station platforms. Because tracks 2 and 3 have been removed, tracks 1 and 4 are the only tracks in this section.

Between October 3, 2005, and mid-December, Amtrak worked on the number 2 track from Paoli to a point between Narberth and Merion stations. On March 20, 2006, Amtrak started working on the number 3 track, starting within Paoli interlocking and working east towards Overbrook. As of April 6, 2006, a track laying system (TLS) has completed work to approximately milepost 16.7. 110-mph service started on October 30, 2006, following completion of a $145 million upgrade of the 104-mile line. Push-pull express trains will cut journey time from the current two hours to 90 minutes. Local service will improve to 105 minutes. Three weekday and two weekend roundtrips will be added as well.

Services
The busiest part of the Keystone Corridor is the segment between Harrisburg and New York City, which sees multiple trains per day.

Amtrak
The following Amtrak rail lines serve Keystone Corridor stations:
 * Capitol Limited – to/from Chicago and Washington D.C. stops at Pittsburgh, the westernmost stop on the Pennsylvanian route.
 * Keystone Service – local service along the Northeast Corridor between New York and Philadelphia, and along the Keystone Corridor between Philadelphia and Harrisburg. Timings vary by day of the week in each direction, and some trains to/from Harrisburg terminate at and start from Philadelphia.
 * Pennsylvanian – between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia along the Keystone Corridor and between Philadelphia and New York on the Northeast Corridor.

Commuter rail
SEPTA Regional Rail operates commuter rail service on the Keystone Corridor between 30th Street Station and Thorndale as the Paoli/Thorndale Line service. Efforts to re-extend the line to Parkesburg and even to Atglen were under discussion by state Congressman Jim Gerlach, R-PA 6, and the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. On March 7, 2019, it was announced that SEPTA service would be extended back to Coatesville "in the near future", with a new Coatesville station to be built.

The Cynwyd Line service also uses the line between 30th Street Station and the Valley interlocking. The proposed Schuylkill Valley Metro service to Reading would have also used this line. There is also a proposal to shift the line to eliminate a deteriorating truss bridge.

A project to bring commuter rail service between Harrisburg and Lancaster called the Capital Red Rose Corridor proposed to bring rail service to South Central Pennsylvania. In 2011, after numerous proposals, the project was cancelled due to a lack of political will and funding.

SEPTA's capital budget for fiscal year 2006 financed an $80.594 million project with Amtrak to improve infrastructure along the line. SEPTA's effort to improve tracks 1 and 4 between Zoo and Paoli interlockings, included:
 * Installation of 85,000 concrete crossties, track surfacing, and alignment
 * Replacement of jointed rail with continuous welded rail
 * Upgraded signal and communication systems
 * Replacement of Bryn Mawr interlocking tracks
 * Reconfiguration and replacement of Paoli interlocking tracks
 * Improvements to pedestrian underpasses and ROW retaining walls

Freight service
Norfolk Southern operates overnight freight service between the western junction of the Trenton Cutoff (a former Penn Central electrified "through-freight" line) and just west of Parkesburg via trackage rights, mainly supplying the ArcelorMittal steel plate manufacturing plant in Coatesville. Norfolk Southern also operates Enola Yard, a major freight classification yard near Harrisburg. Two other electrified through-freight lines, the Atglen and Susquehanna Branch (a.k.a. the Low-Grade Line) and the Philadelphia and Thorndale Branch, were abandoned by Conrail before its purchase by Norfolk Southern, with NS still maintaining the Low-Grade Line due to the catenary poles servicing the Keystone Corridor between Lancaster and Middletown, while the former has been looked at by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission as a possible "Cross-County Metro" project connecting Thorndale with Trenton, New Jersey. Although there is electrified service on portions of the line all freight traffic is served using diesel locomotives.

Former services
The Broadway Limited, a train that operated between Chicago and New York, used the Keystone Corridor between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia and the Northeast Corridor between Philadelphia and New York. Originally a Pennsylvania Railroad train, this route was discontinued by Amtrak in 1995 but later restarted by the passenger rail company and renamed the Three Rivers. The Three Rivers was discontinued in 2005. (Amtrak's current Chicago-to-Washington, D.C. service, the Capitol Limited, uses the rail line west of Pittsburgh).

title: Keystone Corridor


text:
League of Electronic Musical Urban Robots

The League of Electronic Musical Urban Robots, or LEMUR, was a Brooklyn-based group of artists and technologists developing robotic musical instruments. Founded in 2000 by musician and engineer Eric Singer, LEMUR's philosophy was to build robotic instruments that play themselves. In LEMUR designs, the robots are the instruments.

LEMUR was supported in part by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, the New York State Council on the Arts (NYSCA), the Greenwall Foundation, the Jerome Foundation, Arts International and Harvestworks Digital Media Arts Center.

Other LEMUR members included Jeff Feddersen, Milena Iossifova, Bil Bowen, R. Luke DuBois, Leif Krinkle, Roberto Osorio-Goenaga, Bob Huott, Ajay Kapur, Rocío Barcia, Kevin Larke, David Bianciardi, Michelle Cherian, Michael Hearst, Brendan J. FitzGerald, Chad Redmon, Kate Chapman and Marius Schebella. LEMUR composers included Joshua Fried, Mari Kimura, Brendan Adamson, and Lee Ranaldo and They Might Be Giants.

LEMUR Instruments
Guitarbot modBots


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barðaströnd

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP: unanimously apart from nominator. -Splash 23:40, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Barðaströnd
Not sure what the historical significance is, perhaps this place is mentioned in the Icelandic Sagas but that's not explained here. Google search produced little info in English or in Icelandic. I suggest deletion unless someone can write a real article about this place. Gsd97jks 02:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: "The I Ching is a book." What more need be explained?  --  CABHAN   TALK   CONTRIBS  02:07, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, real place. Kappa 03:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, apparently all real places are notable now. --malathion talk 04:53, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I always lent to that school of thought, but is it policy/guideline/etc? brenneman (t) (c)  05:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No. And when push comes to shove even those who vote "Keep all X", for various values of X, turn out in fact to have notability criteria.  See Votes for deletion/Danmark (island) for an example of "keep all real places" voters voting to delete an article on a real place.  The decision on whether to keep an article on a place in practice has always depended from more than whether the place is merely real.  Uncle G 09:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article as created told us no more, and in fact somewhat less, than the redlink that stood in History of Iceland. I've supplied some context for the claim of historical significance and some links to pictures and maps. My translation is unsatisfactory, however. Weak keep. Uncle G 09:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you Uncle G for supplying more information. However, I've corrected the tourist attraction link - actually those attractions are within an hour or two of this place, not in it.  I'll try to find more info about this place and flesh out the article a bit... I may even have a photo having just been near there... but still, I'm not sure this valley is worth an entry when most of the towns around here, and the whole Vestfirðir region, aren't in Wikipedia yet. Gsd97jks 13:28, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How would removing this entry benefit wikipedia? Kappa 13:39, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep- I do agree with comments of Uncle G and others. Further, absence of articles on related places of more significance, in my opinion, should not be a ground for a delete. I do believe those places would also get at least a stub soon.--Bhadani 16:22, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, now that it's been expanded to a stub. - Mustafaa 17:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep perfectly legitimate article. PatGallacher 18:08, 2005 July 16 (UTC)
 * Keep. Place of historic interest in Iceland. Thanks for the rewrite Uncle G. Capitalistroadster 18:11, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Yes it's an actual place, although it's not an valley like stated in the article but a coast, strönd means coast. --Bjarki 00:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I said that my translation was unsatisfactory. ☺ Uncle G 01:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good work on this, and it's certainly a valid topic for an article. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:33, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Now that it's been expanded, I think that it deserves a chance. -- CABHAN   TALK   CONTRIBS  19:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Pavel Vozenilek 02:10, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Kugluktuk

Kugluktuk (Qurluqtuq, lit. '"the place of moving water"'; Inuktitut syllabics: ᖁᕐᓗᖅᑐᖅ; ), known as Coppermine until 1 January 1996, is a hamlet at the mouth of the Coppermine River in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, Canada, on Coronation Gulf, southwest of Victoria Island. It is Nunavut's westernmost community, near the border with the Northwest Territories.

The area's traditional language is Inuinnaqtun, which is written in the Latin alphabet, rather than the syllabics of the Inuktitut writing system. Like Cambridge Bay, Bathurst Inlet, and Umingmaktok, syllabics are rarely seen and are used mainly by the Government of Nunavut.

History
Prior to European contact, Dene travelled to the area and interacted acrimoniously with nearby Thule and Inuit, sometimes ending in deadly raids against each other (see Bloody Falls massacre). Between 1913 and 1916, anthropologist Diamond Jenness studied and recorded the traditional lifestyle of Inuit around Kugluktuk. The Hudson Bay Company established a trading post at this community in 1927 while the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCM)P built a police station in 1932. The former name of the community, Coppermine, was named after its namesake Coppermine River.

In 1982, a division plebiscite was held. About 80% of the population in what is now Nunavut voted in favour of division; Coppermine was one of only two communities to vote against it, Cambridge Bay was the other.

In 1996, a healing ceremony between Dene and Inuit took place to reconcile for historical grievances. The community also changed its name from Coppermine to Kugluktuk. In June 2004, a fuel line broke in the centre of Kugluktuk, spilling 2000 L of diesel fuel.

Demographics
As a census subdivision in the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Kugluktuk had a population of 1,382 living in 397 of its 438 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,491. With a land area of 538.99 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

As a designated place in the 2021 census, Kugluktuk had a population of 956 living in 265 of its 296 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,057. With a land area of 0.34 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Infrastructure
The community has been served by the Qiniq network since 2005. Qiniq is a fixed wireless service to homes and businesses, connecting to the outside world via a satellite backbone. The Qiniq network is designed and operated by SSi Canada. In 2017, the network was upgraded to 4G LTE technology, and 2G-GSM for mobile voice.

Education
Kugluktuk's two schools are Kugluktuk High School and Jimmy Hikok Ilihakvik.

Geography
Kugluktuk is on the shore of the Arctic Ocean. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the rocky and often barren Canadian Shield. The region has a subarctic climate, but barely so, with July having an average of 10.9 C. It has cold, dry winters, and moderate snowfall that is relatively high for its latitude. Trees do exist in the region due to microclimate, but they are dwarfed and extremely sparse.

Flora
Plant growth in the region during the summer includes small shrubs, grass, moss, lichens, blueberries, blackberries, cranberries, various flowers, and dwarf willow and birch trees.

Climate
Kugluktuk features a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfc); like most of mainland Nunavut; with wet summers and dry winters. It is in the transitional zone to a cold tundra climate (ET), but falls outside of it, since its warmest month of July surpasses the 10 C isotherm, averaging 10.9 C.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Kugluktuk was 34.9 C on 15 July 1989. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -50.0 C on 2 February 1968.

Notable people

 * Stacey Aglok MacDonald
 * Joe Allen Evyagotailak
 * Donald Havioyak
 * Lena Pedersen
 * John Sperry

title: Kugluktuk


text: User talk:69.170.186.201

title: User talk:69.170.186.201


text:
Talk:Grinnell College

Original research, greivance and dinner plates
This addition has become the topic of back-and-forth editing. It says "Despite the shockingly high tuition, its students eat without plates and bowls at mealtimes." The source is to an email the college issued to its students. As I explained on the editor's talk page, "It informs on a decision to substitute plates with disposable plates or the use of the trays (which I agree sucks, and is not an acceptable solution). The letter specifically gives Covid-19 complications as the reason for the decision. It doesn't mention affordability at all, and it certainly makes no comparison to tuition fees. What you are adding is clearly a bit of personally motivated snark." The statement is essentially original research combined with unsourced editorial opinion. signed, Willondon (talk) 20:04, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

Arithmetic
Am I missing some-thing? The text says, "Grinnell's combined tuition, room, board, and fees for the 2021–2022 academic year is $72,998. Tuition and fees are $54,648 and room and board are $14,350." Let's put it in pronumerals: Let E = Everything (i.e., total costs), T = Tuition, R = Room, B = Board, F = Fees. So, E=T+F+R+B=72,998; T+F=54,648; R+B=14,350. Thus, E=72,998=54,648+14,350=68,998 ! Why is there a $4,000 difference? Kdammers (talk) 17:59, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Probably the total was updated for 2021-2022 while older numbers were used for tuition+fees and room+board. I've updated all to the values for 2022-2023. Plantdrew (talk) 18:14, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Additions to Grinnell Student Dining Workers
I work for Grinnell College and would like an editor to review and add this if deemed appropriate. Thanks for your help.

After —
 * Specific text to be added or removed:

In 2016, Grinnell students founded the Union of Grinnell Student Dining Workers, or UGSDW, to represent student workers in the college's dining hall.[104] It was the first undergraduate student workers union at a private college in the United States. Add —

In December of 2021, union leaders approached President Anne F. Harris about expanding their bargaining unit to other student employees at the College. In January of 2022 President Harris and College Leadership agreed to a series of meetings with Union leaders in which together they negotiated a neutrality agreement to govern how an election could proceed. "

On Friday, March 4, 2021 the Board of Trustees ratified a neutrality agreement with UGSDW. The agreement outlines actions on both the side of UGSDW and the College that will “maintain a relationship throughout this process that is respectful to both parties and the College community as a whole.”

 * Reason for the change: Adding additional timelines and context to the actions otherwise included.
 * References supporting change: After student union victory, Grinnell College president expresses support for labor leaders UGSDW and College reach agreement that paves the way for union expansion

"The college then [remove "threatened" and replace with "planned"] to appeal that decision to national NLRB."
 * Specific Text to be added or removed:
 * Reason for change: Neutral point of view

We'd like to enter a request for a citation for the following — "Proskauer Rose is noted for being involved in other anti-union efforts, such as among technology workers at The New York Times."
 * Specific change requested:

Thank you for your consideration. Sarah at Grinnell (talk) 22:02, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Also cleaned up and made some additional edits to the GSDWU section. voorts (talk/contributions) 01:17, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

Lead blanking
Between a couple of editors over the last two years, the lead of this article no longer really says anything about it being a currently operating college. Someone removed all the information about the academic program, someone else removed all the information about money, and what we're left with is "This college is a landmark with famous alumni". It ought to leave readers with an impression that is closer to "This is a college with students (also, some history involving landmarks and famous alumni)". This is really not a great result, so I'm going to try to find some time to clean up some of this. WhatamIdoing (talk) 02:05, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

 * As a side note: Someone downplayed the amount of real estate the College owns (or "manages", as the lead puts it).  Saying that they have significant real estate is not some sort of promotion.  You could with equal justice write "The College harmed the town's, county's and school district's property tax base by buying multiple square blocks of the adjacent real estate".  "Significant" in this context means a lot of property, and under Iowa law, each educational organization can claim up to 320 acres (half a square mile, about 100 blocks) tax free, as long as it's used for educational purposes.  Boasting about how much property they own is not really in their interests. WhatamIdoing (talk) 02:25, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @WhatamIdoing Unless there's a source that says it, the use of significant in this manner is editorial bias. See MOS:EDITORIAL, which prohibits such language. If it is truly significant, it should be demonstrated by facts without such an attribution. GuardianH (talk) 03:52, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Is the word significant really biased? Your first reason for removing it was that it was "puff"; now that I've explained that it is fair to understand it as the opposite of puff, you're saying that it's prohibited by Manual of Style/Words to watch (a guideline that not only doesn't discourage the use of that word, but which actually uses it in its own text).  I also notice that the word is used in about a quarter million articles, so other editors obviously think it can be a useful, encyclopedic word.
 * If you dislike the word significant, then what words would you use to very briefly summarize (because it's the lead) the extent of their real estate control, so that readers can see at a glance that is not a trivial amount? A quick search shows that the college directly owns at least 83 parcels in town, plus CERA.  For comparison against other large employers in the area, the City of Grinnell owns 50 and the hospital owns 10, and Jeld-Wen owns three large ones.  Thinking about it more geographically, there are probably something on the order of 500 blocks in town, and the main campus is about 35 blocks – so somewhere between 5% and 10% of the town. WhatamIdoing (talk) 17:14, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
 * MOS:EDITORIAL prohibits that which highlights something as particularly significant or certain without attributing that opinion. If it isn't in the source, a word like significant is imparting a viewpoint — that x plays a much larger role in something. If you have any doubts as to if it imparts bias, just think of it in the unattributed negative:
 * Grinnell College has the lowest endowment per student ratio in the United States, with students finding significant difficulty in acquiring funding.
 * Matriculants to Grinnell College have the most significant debt out of any other students in Iowa.
 * Grinnell College is the lowest-ranked liberal arts school in the Gazette of the United States, by a significant margin.
 * The fact that such and such number of articles use the word isn't really a reason to justify its inclusion (see WP:OTHER). To communicate the extent of their control of real estate, you let the facts speak for themselves; like I said, if it is truly significant, then the reader would know immediately based off of the facts. GuardianH (talk) 23:08, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that you have misunderstood MOS:EDITORIAL. MOS:EDITORIAL discourages editors from writing that the fact of their ownership is important.  That would sound like "It's really important to remember that they own a lot of property", or "Significantly, they own property".  It does not, however, prohibit using the word significant to mean "Reasonably large in number or amount" or "of a noticeably or measurably large amount" – which is what the article says.  As it is used in this article, the word significant is a more formal, encyclopedic way to say that they control "a lot of" property in a small town.
 * I disagree with your personal opinion that all readers "would know immediately based off of the facts", because an acre of some land is enormously valuable, and an acre some of other land is an albatross around your neck. But even if we imagined that people from all over the world, whether they're in the million-dollars-per-acre real estate market or a twenty-dollars-per-acre market, would immediately come to the same conclusion, I point out (again) that we are talking about a fraction of a single sentence in the lead.  There isn't room in this single phrase to provide all the facts, and therefore the reader will not, in what is only the fifth sentence, have any plausible chance to "know immediately based off of the facts", because the reader does not yet have those facts.  Your position might be fine at the end of the Grinnell College section (where the facts are provided), but it is not sensible when we're talking about a fraction of a sentence, at a point in the article in which the reader does not yet possess the necessary facts.
 * Finally, on a more general point, I suggest that you think about WP:NOTBURO and Policies and guidelines. Our written policies and guidelines are meant to describe the everyday practices accepted by experienced editors.  If we were to have a MOS guideline that decried the use of the word significant for any purpose, and editors accepted its use in 250,000 articles, then it would be the guideline, rather than the community's practices, that is wrong.  This view, by the way, is the long-standing, written policy.  Wikipedia is not some sort of game in which we mindlessly apply rules to the detriment of articles.  If trying to squelch every bit of possible puffery or simple summary out of an article would make the article worse, then that action violates two of our most fundamental policies.   WhatamIdoing (talk) 00:47, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

Notable alumni
After moving anything that wasn't already in the List of Grinnell College alumni over there (and removing it from this page), the following names were left in the article:

 * William A. Noyes
 * George Edward White
 * Sen Katayama
 * George A. Wilson
 * Oliver Buckley
 * Hallie Flanagan
 * Harry Hopkins
 * Joseph Welch
 * Gary Cooper
 * K. C. Wu
 * Morgan Taylor
 * Joseph Rosenfield
 * Clair Cameron Patterson
 * Robert Noyce
 * Herbie Hancock
 * Peter Coyote
 * Mary Sue Coleman
 * David Maxwell
 * Nordahl Brue
 * John Garang
 * Thomas Cech
 * Paul McCulley
 * Bernice King
 * Eric E. Whitaker
 * Christine Thornburn
 * Emily Bergl
 * Florin Cîțu
 * Kumail Nanjiani

I have removed most of them, thinking if there's ~100 names in the main list, then perhaps 10% or so should be in this list. (Years ago, I think we tried to keep the list to six or eight names.) I selected alumni this based on page views over the last several years (|Clair_Cameron_Patterson|Robert_Noyce|Mary_Sue_Coleman|John_Garang|Thomas_Cech|Paul_McCulley|Emily_Bergl|Florin_C%C3%AE%C8%9Bu|Kumail_Nanjiani example comparison, noting that it can only handle 10 names at a time, and it's easier to see the comparison on a log scale), rather than any personal preferences about whom to include. My thinking was that this would increase the likelihood of readers finding the names they're interested in. I've taken out a few iconic names (e.g., Harry Hopkins, Joseph Welch), and it feels like it overrepresents actors/entertainers, but it doesn't feel completely unreasonable. If anyone feels strongly about chaning a couple, I don't mind. As long as the list stays fairly short, then the exact number doesn't seem important to me. WhatamIdoing (talk) 05:35, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grinnell College


text:
User talk:Psufan2007

Properly marked spoilers are permitted on Wikipedia. — 131.230.133.185 02:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!
Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place — I sure do — and want to stay. Before getting too in-depth, you may want to read about the five pillars of Wikipedia. If you need help on how to title new articles check out the naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and the FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my user talk page. ---

Additional tips
Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * You may want to add yourself to the new user log.
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
 * If you're bored and want to find something to do, try the Random page button in the sidebar, or check out the Open Task message in the Community Portal.

Happy Wiki-ing.
— Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 02:45, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hello. Please remember to always provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy editing. --Localzuk (talk) 18:59, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Psufan2007


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Constitutional republic

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 07:11, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Constitutional republic
Wikipedia is not a soapbox. Denni ☯ 02:07, 2005 July 16 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly not an encyclopedia article.--Pharos 03:40, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly. — mendel ☎ 04:23, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I concur. --StoneColdCrazy 04:54, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hm, is this from the 2003 California recall election? Ballot statements of fringe candidates are non-encyclopedic. Oh ... original research, rant. -EDM 04:57, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Soapbox K1Bond007 06:39, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete james gibbon  13:54, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merge anything worth keeping into Republic. Pburka 16:11, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV essay. Kaibabsquirrel 20:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 23:03, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV essay. JamesBurns 02:36, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sokol (Moscow Metro)

Sokol (Со́кол, Falcon) is a Moscow Metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya Line. The station opened on 11 September 1938. Designed by K. Yakovlev, V. Polikarpova, and V. Andreev, it features a single row of pillars which flare upward into the arched ceiling, separated by circular coffers. Sokol is finished in a variety of materials, including white and gray Koyelga marble, onyx, granite, and white ceramic tile. The two entrances to the station are located on both sides of Leningradsky Prospekt. An additional exit to the underpass is available from the south end of the platform. Another entrance was cut in 2003 from the nearby Metro Market shopping center. It was the northwestern terminus of the line until 1964 when 3 northern stations were opened. A Zamoskvoretskaya Line depot is located near the station.

Name
The station is named after the Sokol cooperative settlement (built in the 1920s) that also gave name to the Sokol District.

Accidents
On 19 March 2006, a section of tunnel between Sokol and Voykovskaya stations collapsed and fell onto a metro train. It was reported that the accident was due to workers setting up an advertising billboard in the street above the tunnel. Despite a concrete slab piercing one of the carriages the accident did not cause any injuries.

title: Sokol (Moscow Metro)


text: User talk:85.164.100.163

title: User talk:85.164.100.163


text: File:Lollardmap.jpg

title: File:Lollardmap.jpg


text:
File:Corpus-girton-bump.jpg

A Corpus Christi boat bumps a Girton College boat in the fifth division of the 2005 Cambridge University May Bumps races.

title: File:Corpus-girton-bump.jpg


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Light aircraft manufacturers in the Czech Republic

Czechoslovakia had a significant history in producing aircraft, but the aeronautical industry was extremely influenced by several negative factors at the end of the 1980s. The collapse of the East European market, combined with the global recession reduced the production of all aircraft manufacturers.

Since 1990, many small private companies specializing mainly in the production of light sporting aircraft were founded. These firms are headed by very experienced engineers and workers, being former employees of big state owned aeronautical factories. By 2003, the Czech Republic became the third largest manufacturer of such planes in Europe (after France and Germany), with over 500 light aircraft produced yearly.

Incomplete list of manufacturers:
 * ATEC v.o.s.
 * BRM Aero
 * Czech Sport Aircraft
 * Dova Aircraft
 * Evektor-Aerotechnik
 * InterPlane Aircraft
 * Skyleader
 * TL-Ultralight
 * UL-Jih
 * Urban Air


text: Template talk:United States Courts of Appeals


text:
Gone Nutty

Gone Nutty (also known as Scrat's Missing Adventure) is a 2002 American animated short film directed by Carlos Saldanha for Blue Sky Studios. The short features the character Scrat from Ice Age, who is yet again having troubles with collecting his beloved acorn. It was debuted on November 26, 2002 on the Ice Age DVD and VHS. This film was shown in theaters with Garfield: The Movie in 2004. The film was nominated for the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.

Plot
After the events of the first film, Scrat after having found a new acorn, discovers a huge tree hollowed out and filled to the brim with acorns. There is one more empty spot in the middle of the acorns where Scrat tries to stuff the last acorn he brought with him (he first tries to put it in the same way he had done in the opening of the first film, but he seems to remember what would happen if he did, so he gently screws it in instead). However, it pops back out when his back is turned and after two more tries at getting it in place both of which end up with the same result, Scrat gets angry and stomps it into place, causing all the acorns to fall out of a large hole in the tree. The avalanche of acorns sends Scrat sliding down the side of a mountain. The acorns and Scrat then go into free fall.

A short musical scene follows (to the tune of Tchaikovsky's Sleeping Beauty Waltz) with Scrat collecting acorns as he falls. Eventually Scrat collects and forms a CGI sphere with the acorns, but then (with Scrat on top of it) it tilts upside down so Scrat and the acorns finally land hard on the icy land down below. There is one lone acorn left in the atmosphere (presumably the one he was trying to stuff into the tree). Scrat, who is still stuck in the snow, is only able to free his arms before the acorn impacts right between his eyes with the force of a rifle bullet. The extreme force with which the acorn hits the ground causes a great big earthquake, which shapes the Earth's continents (probably Pangaea) into their present-day form, taking all the other acorns with them and trapping Scrat on the original spot from the center of the impact. When Scrat digs out the acorn that hit him, he finds it has been charred and thus crumbled into ash. In disappointment and defeat, he turns to the camera, then sighs and puts on the remaining acorn cap as a beret.

Voice cast

 * Chris Wedge as Scrat

title: Gone Nutty


text:
Chapingo

Chapingo is a small town located on the outskirts of the city of Texcoco, State of Mexico in central Mexico.

It is located at 19.48333°N, -98.88333°W, about 25 km east-northeast of Mexico City International Airport.

Chapingo is most notable as the location of Chapingo Autonomous University (Universidad Autónoma Chapingo). The UACh, as it is known, is the country's most prestigious center for agricultural studies. It was founded as the National School of Agriculture in Mexico City in 1854 and has been located on its current Chapingo campus since 1923.

It is very close, about 3 km from both the Colegio de Posgraduados (CP) postgraduate study centre and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Chapingo combines with these other leading centers to form an unofficial "national consortium for agricultural development".

In the surrounding area is located also a new urban development now close to the municipal seat, Texcoco, cradle of the prehispanic Acolhuan culture, whose greatest figure was King Nezahualcoyotl. This urban settlement comprises Chapingo, Huexotla, Unidad ISSSTE (residential area for staff of UACH) as well as Salitreria and Texcoco (pop. 150,000).

University of Chapingo holds students from all states of Mexico, through an admission process carried out every year. This process not only gives admission but awards full scholarships to all students selected. Students are divided into three categories, depending on their socioeconomical status, however, no fees are charged to any national student. On the other hand, it holds rooms and facilities to accommodate students in campus.

The Autonomous university was a locus of work of the Rockefeller Foundation's initial support for beginnings of the Green Revolution with Norman Borlaug, who did a series of research projects on wheat varieties in the mid-1940s. UAC remains an important center for research.

title: Chapingo


text: User:Hugh Manatee

title: User:Hugh Manatee


text:
Paul Rea

Paul V. Rea is an American radio, TV and web journalist, and media personality based in Clarkesville, Georgia.

Early life
Rea was born in Clarkesville, Georgia to Judy, a florist, and James M. Rea, an attorney. According to his mother, he wanted to be a DJ at an early age. When he was 6, Rea called a radio classifieds show, Dial and Deal on WIAF-AM, offering to sell his older sister. There were no takers. He also hosted the morning announcements at Habersham Central High School.

1980s
Rea began his career in 1983 at age 14 as an afternoon and weekend radio host and News Anchor for Clarkesville's WIAF. He was one of the station's youngest DJs.

After completing high school, Rea went on to attend the University of Georgia, where he majored in journalism. During his freshman year of college, Rea worked for both WGAU and WNGC as a DJ. Rea left the stations in 1988 to work for cross-town rival WBKZ, where he held the largely ceremonial title of Afternoon News Director.

Writing and reporting news was a fraction of Rea's job. He was mostly a Disc Jockey playing oldies records from the 1950s and 1960s. While working for the station, he scored one significant story for it. During the 1988 Democratic National Convention in Atlanta, actor Rob Lowe became involved in a sex scandal with a 16-year-old girl. Rea managed to get one of the few interviews with Hue Henry, the attorney who sued Lowe on behalf of the girl and her mother. In 1989 Rea returned to WNGC as the host of their All Night Request Show.

1990s
In 1991 Rea was promoted to music director and Midday Host at WNGC. His work on the popular Paul Rea Midday led to an offer to host an afternoon video music show on Athens TV station WNGM-TV. In 1992 he joined actress/model Eaddy Thomas (Eaddy Mays) to co-host a morning news show on WNGM.

When the show was canceled in 1994, Rea went back to radio at Magic 102.1 FM in Athens. He was reunited with Thomas and hosted a successful morning show for the station until leaving again for television news.

In 1997 he joined WNEG-TV the CBS affiliate in Toccoa, Georgia as a reporter and then as anchor of the Daybreak morning news show.

2000-present
He joined WSAV-TV in Savannah in 2000 as a photojournalist. During his year at the station, he began his investigation of the Tybee Bomb.

The nuclear weapon was lost near Tybee Island, Georgia in the 1950s. With the help of amateur bomb hunters, Rea discovered documents that showed the weapon might still be dangerous, due to a small quantity of plutonium believed to be inside. These reports were rejected by the United States Department of Defense but the United States Air Force reopened the investigation, first in 2001 and again in 2005. Both recent investigations maintain the weapon is lost and no danger to the public.

In the summer of 2000, Rea was attacked while covering a story in Coffee County, Georgia. The incident came to light in a November 2005 article on TV journalists in Georgia Trend magazine. The article, "Who's Who in TV News" by Jerry Grillo, ranked Rea as one of the top reporters in the state.

Grillo wrote: Though Rea almost certainly is the only person on Georgia Trend's Who's Who list of TV news people to have taped his own beating, his experience defines the pluck and tenacity of the TV journalist. While the magazine claims Rea's camera was rolling during the attack, the footage was never broadcast.

Rea returned to anchor, write and produce the morning show at WNEG-TV in 2001. He also produced the station's popular Georgia Journey segments, showcasing unique people and places in Northeast Georgia.

Rea returned to WSAV-TV in 2003 to oversee the station's Community Report, covering neighborhood issues such as crime, blight, policing issues, and poverty in Savannah. Special reports include Counting Cops, in which he showed the Savannah Metropolitan Police Department was seriously understaffed, and Houses From Hell, which drew attention to some of the city's worst dilapidated houses.

Rea left his position at WSAV-TV in 2008. In 2009 he began working as a Media and Messaging Consultant for government and corporate clients including the City of Savannah.

He was a news reader on Fox News Radio 810 WYZI in Royston, Georgia from 2010 to 2014.

On September 24, 2010, Rea debuted as the anchor of Newsnight on the Patriot, on WRWR-LD channel 38.1 in Warner Robins, Georgia. but this position was temporary. Behind the scenes, Rea was tasked with developing all programming for the fledgling station. During the six months of the station's launch, Rea oversaw the development of four original local programs, including a two-hour nightly local newscast. He helped transition two existing shows from radio to television.

In 2011 Rea returned to Savannah to provide media and messaging support to political clients in advance of that year's municipal elections. As of 2015, he returned to his hometown of Clarkesville, Georgia where he was a contributor to local news website nowhabersham.com.

title: Paul Rea


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Sati (Hindu goddess)

Sati (, सती,, lit. 'truthful' or 'virtuous'), also known as Dakshayani (Sanskrit: दाक्षायणी, IAST: Dākṣāyaṇī, lit. 'daughter of Daksha'), is the Hindu goddess of marital felicity and longevity, and is worshipped as an aspect of the mother goddess Shakti. Sati was the first wife of Shiva, the other being Parvati, who was Sati's reincarnation after her death.

The earliest mentions of Sati are found in the time of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, but details of her story appear in the Puranas. Legends describe Sati as the favourite child of Daksha, who marries Shiva against her father's wishes. Later, when Daksha organises a yajna (fire-sacrifice) in which he doesn't invite her and her husband, Sati goes to attend it, only to be humiliated by her father. She then immolates herself to protest against him, and uphold the honour of her husband. In Hinduism, both Sati and Parvati, successively play the role of bringing Shiva away from ascetic isolation into creative participation with the world.

Sati's story plays an important part in shaping the traditions of two of the most prominent sects of Hinduism — Shaivism and Shaktism. It is believed that after Sati's death, Shiva carried her body around the world. As he did so, her body parts fell to the ground at 51 different places. These places are now known as Shakti Pithas, and they are sacred to Hindus.

Etymology
The name "Satī" means "truthful", "virtuous" or "noble" in Sanskrit. The word is derived from the "sat" which means "truth".

She is known by various patronymics, though these names can be used for any of the daughters of Daksha. Some of these names include Dakshayani, Dakshakanya and Dakshaja.

History and textual background
According to scholars William J. Winkins and David R. Kinsley, the Vedic scriptures (2nd millennium BCE) do not mention Sati-Parvati but hint to two goddesses associated with Rudra — Rudrani and Ambika. In the Kena Upanishad, a goddess called Uma-Hemavati appears as a mediator between the gods and the Supreme Brahman. Both the archeological and the textual sources indicate that the first major appearances of Sati-Parvati were during the period of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata (1st millennium BCE).

The Mahabharata mentions the destruction of Daksha yajna, the birth of Kartikeya, defeat the Asura Taraka as well as some plays between Shiva and Uma (Parvati). Scholars believe that by the time of the Puranas (c. 4th - 13th century), legends of Sati and Parvati rose to prominence and these were adapted by Kalidasa in his epic poem Kumarasambhavam (c. 5th - 6th century). Some of the Puranas which narrate Sati's story are the Vayu Purana, the Skanda Purana, the Bhagavata Purana, the Kurma Purana, the Padma Purana, the Linga Purana, the Shiva Purana, and the Matsya Purana.

Birth and early life
Sati was the daughter of Daksha—A Prajapati (agent of creation) and the son of the creator god Brahma—and Prasuti—the daughter of Manu. In some alternate accounts found in the Shiva Purana, Matsya Purana and Kalika Purana, her mother is mention to be Asikni. Sati is often mentioned as the youngest and the most beloved daughter of Daksha. According to the Shakta (goddess-oriented) texts including Devi Bhagavata and the Mahabhagavata Purana, before her birth, Brahma advised Daksha to meditate upon the Great goddess and convince her to take an avatar as their daughter (Sati). The goddess agreed but warned that if he mistreated her, she would abandon her body.

Even as a child, Sati adored the tales of Shiva and grew up an ardent devotee. As she grew to womanhood, the idea of marrying anyone else, as intended by her father, became unfair to her. It is believed that Brahma intended to get Sati married to Shiva and bring him into worldly affairs.

Marriage

Sati is described to be very beautiful but the legends emphasize her penance and devotion, which won the heart of the ascetic Shiva. According to the legend, Sati left the luxuries of her father's palace and retired to a forest to devote herself to austerities of a hermetic life and the worship of Shiva. She was often tested by Shiva or his attendants. Finally, Shiva acceded to her wishes and consented to marry. Despite Daksha's unwillingness, the wedding was held in due course with Brahma serving as the priest. Sati moved with Shiva in Kailash. Tension between Shiva and Daksha further arises when Daksha starts to dislike Shiva because of Shiva's odd appearance and behaviour.

According to the Bhagavata Purana, Daksha arranged Sati's svayamvara (self-choice ceremony), where all except Shiva were invited. When Sati did not find Shiva, she threw a garland in the air to choose her husband. Shiva manifested there and it fell on him, thus they were married. In the 18th century Svathani Katha, when Shiva asked Sati's hand in marriage, Daksha refused, claiming him unsuitable. Vishnu aided Shiva by disguising him as a sannyasi and had him marry her. While many versions of the tale mention Daksha's objections to the marriage, the Shiva Purana does not mention any harsh opposition, though he starts to develop a deep hatred after the wedding.

Testing Rama's divinity
In a legend from the Shiva Purana, Sati and Shiva were once wandering the earth. They passed through the Dandaka forest, where they came across Rama, accompanied by Lakshmana, searching for his wife Sita after her abduction by Ravana. Observing Rama's lament, Shiva bowed before him, following which he blessed the former with victory and revealed himself before him. Overcome by maya, Sati asked her consort to whom he had bowed. Shiva informed her that Rama was a full incarnation of Vishnu. Seeing that she was unconvinced, Shiva encouraged her to test Rama's divinity for herself. Sati did so by assuming the guise of Sita and appearing before him. Rama laughed, seeing through the goddess's disguise, wondering why she had assumed his wife's form. Her doubts fading, Sati asked Rama how he was worthy of being saluted by Shiva. Rama explained to her his true identity and circumstance and spoke to her of his devotion to Shiva, after which she praised him and returned to her consort.

Daksha yajna and self-immolation
The most prominent legend associated with Sati is her self-immolation to protest against her father. The first text to mention Daksha Yajna is the Taittiriya Samhita and it later appears in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The narrative of Sati's self immolation appears in the Puranas, Tantra literature, and in Kalidasa's lyrical Kumarasambhava.

According to the most popular narrative, Daksha organized a yajna (sacrifice) to which all the deities, except Sati and Shiva, were invited. Wanting to visit her relatives, Sati sought to rationalize this omission and reasoned that as family, such formality was unnecessary. Shiva tried to stop her as he knew that Daksha would humiliate her, but when she was not convinced, he sent her with his gana attendants. Sati was received by her mother and her sisters, but Daksha was furious by her uninvited arrival and humiliated her and mocked Shiva. Wanting to break all ties with her father and uphold the honour of her husband, Sati self-immolated.

Deeply hurt by the death of his wife, Shiva performed the destructive Tandava dance. He created two ferocious deities — Virabhadra and Bhadrakali, who wreaked mayhem at the sacrificial place. Nearly all those present were felled overnight; Daksha was decapitated by Virabhadra. After that night, Shiva, who is considered the all-forgiving, restored the slain to life and granted them his blessings. Daksha was restored both to life and to kingship. His severed head was substituted with that of a goat.

There are varying accounts of this event. The Devi-Bhagavata Purana adds the reason behind Daksha's harsh behaviour. Shortly after Sati's marriage, Daksha polluted a sacred flower garland and as a result, he was cursed to hate his beloved daughter. At the sacrificial place, after Daksha discarded Sati's gifts and humiliated her, she used her cosmic powers and burnt her body. Some texts suggest that before Sati's death, Shakti promised that she will be reborn to a father who merits her respect and remarry Shiva. The Mahabhagavata Purana presents Sati as a fierce warrior. When Shiva prevented Sati from visiting the event, she transformed into the ten fearsome Mahavidya goddesses led by Kali, and surrounded him from the ten cardinal directions. Seeing his wife's powers, Shiva allowed her. Sati, transformed as Kali, went to the sacrifice and split herself into two entities — one real but invisible and another just Chhaya (shadow or clone). Chhaya Sati destroyed the sacred event by jumping into the sacrificial fire, while the "real" Sati is reborn as Parvati. The Brihaddharma Purana (c. 13th century) narrates the creation of the Mahavidyas but there is no mention of Sati splitting into two. She retains her calming nature after Shiva allowed her. The most drastic change in this text is the absence of the self-immolation of Sati. Instead, the text mentions that she cursed her father and quit her body in a Himalayan cave. The Kalika Purana does not mention Sati going to the event, instead it is found that Sati left her body using a yogic process, after her niece, Vijaya informed her about the yajna.

Formation of the Shakti Pithas
Another important legend associated with Sati is the formation of the Shakti Pithas. Shakti Pithas are shrines of the Mother Goddess, believed to have enshrined with the presence of Shakti due to the falling of body parts of the corpse of Sati. It is believed that an enraged Shiva performed the Tandava dance with Sati's charred body, which led her body to come apart and the pieces fell at different places on earth. In a more detailed narration found in some texts, Shiva, crazed with grief, roamed with Sati's corpse throughout the universe, causing universal imbalance. The divinities called upon the god Vishnu to restore Shiva to normalcy and calm. Vishnu used his Sudarshana Chakra (discus weapon) to dismember Sati's cadaver, following which Shiva regained his equanimity.

The legend ends with Sati's body being dismembered into many pieces which fell on earth at various places. Several different listings of these holy places, known as Shakti Pithas, are available; some of these places have become major centres of pilgrimage as they are held by the Goddess-oriented Shakta sect to be particularly holy. Besides main Shakti Pithas, some small peethas like Bindudham came into existence which are due to Sati's fallen blood drops.

Rebirth
A depressed Shiva returned to his ascetic world while Sati was reborn as Parvati, daughter of Himavat, king of the mountains and personification of the Himalayas, and his wife, Mena. Himavat appreciated Shiva ardently. Consequently, Parvati like Sati, won Shiva over by her penance and married him.

Legacy and worship
The legend of Daksha Yajna and Sati's self-immolation had immense significance in shaping the ancient Sanskrit literature and even had impact on the culture of India. It led to the development of the concept of Shakti Pithas and there by strengthening Shaktism. Many stories in Puranas took the Daksha yajna as the reason for its origin. It is an important incident in Shaivism resulting in the emergence of goddess Parvati in the place of Sati and making Shiva a grihastashrami (house holder) leading to the origin of Ganesha and Kartikeya.

Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam, a 27‑day yagnja ceremony, conducted in the serene hilly jungle location in North Kerala yearly commemorating the Daksha Yaga. It is believed that Sati Devi self immolated in this location and apparently this is the location of Daksha Yaga. The pooja and rituals were classified by Shri Sankaracharya.

title: Sati (Hindu goddess)


text:
The Bus

The Bus may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * The Bus (TV series), a reality television show format started in Netherlands
 * The Bus (video game), a bus simulation game by TML-Studios
 * "The Bus" (The Amazing World of Gumball), an episode of the television series The Amazing World of Gumball
 * "The Bus", an episode of the American television series Without A Trace
 * "The Bus", also an episode of the American television series M*A*S*H
 * The Bus, a comic strip by Paul Kirchner, originally published in Heavy Metal magazine
 * "The Bus", 1965 documentary by Haskell Wexler that follows a group of Freedom Riders

People

 * Jerome Bettis, former National Football League player nicknamed "The Bus"
 * Julian Savea New Zealand rugby player nicknamed "The Bus"
 * Va'aiga Tuigamala, rugby player nicknamed "The Bus"

Public transportation

 * TheBus (Honolulu) public transportation in Honolulu, Hawaii.
 * TheBus (Prince George's County) bus system serving Prince George's County, Maryland
 * TheBus (Hernando County, Florida)
 * TheBus public transportation operated by Cornwall Transit in Cornwall, Canada
 * The Bus public transportation system operated by the Marble Valley Regional Transit District in Rutland County, Vermont
 * The Bus (Stillwater), transit system in Stillwater, Oklahoma
 * The Bus (Springfield, MO), bus transit system in Springfield, Missouri

title: The Bus


text:
User:Seedsoflight

Hi! I began editing the Wikipedia on July 15th, 2005. I saw some gross errors written on the Thomas Jefferson page. Oddly enough, when I corrected them another user launched a revision war against me. I think Wikipedia life is going to be quite interesting.

title: User:Seedsoflight


text:
Talk:The Last Temptation (Alice Cooper album)

this should point also to The last temptation of christ because that one is also called simply 'The last temptation'. Actually, it's the proper title of that book.

Fight For Your Right
I was just listening to this again, and forgot just how much the verses of Lost In America sound like the Beastie Boys 'Fight For Your Right To Party'. And it's REALLY similar. Anyone remember if anything was made of this, legal action etc.? PolarisSLBM 18:55, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

To me it doesn't sound like "Fight For Your Right". The whole CD is very blues-orientated, though, as is (especially) "Lost In America". I don't even think that Alice wanted to refer to this song. 1stLtLombardi 15:03, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Alice Cooper - The Last Temptation.jpg
Image:Alice Cooper - The Last Temptation.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 18:56, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Alice Cooper - The Last Temptation.jpg
Image:Alice Cooper - The Last Temptation.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:54, 1 January 2008 (UTC)