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Indian Head cent

The Indian Head cent, also known as an Indian Head penny, was a one-cent coin ($0.01) produced by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1859 to 1909. It was designed by James Barton Longacre, the Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint.

From 1793 to 1857, the cent was a copper coin about the size of a half dollar. The discovery of gold in California caused a large inflation in prices. As gold became more abundant, the price of copper rose. Cent and half-cent manufacture was one of the only profit centers for the Mint and by 1850 it began looking for alternatives. In 1857, the Mint reduced the size of the cent and changed the composition to 12% nickel and 88% copper (copper-nickel), issuing a new design, the Flying Eagle cent. The new pieces were identical in diameter to modern cents, though thicker. This was the first use of copper-nickel for United States coins. The copper-nickel made them look brighter and they began to be called "White cent" or "Nicks".

In 1858, the Flying Eagle was replaced with the Indian head design. The Flying Eagle design caused production difficulties and the Mint soon looked to replace it. Mint Director James Ross Snowden selected the Indian Head design and chose a laurel wreath for the reverse, that was replaced in 1860 by an oak wreath with a shield. Cents were hoarded during the economic chaos of the American Civil War, when the metal nickel was in short supply. As Mint officials saw that privately issued bronze tokens were circulating, they induced Congress to pass the Coinage Act of 1864, authorizing a slimmer cent of bronze alloy.

In the postwar period, the cent became very popular and was struck in large numbers in most years. An exception was 1877, when a poor economy and little demand for cents created one of the rarest dates in the series. With the advent of coin-operated machines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, even more cents were produced, reaching 100 million for the first time in 1907. In 1909, the Indian Head cent was replaced by the Lincoln cent, designed by Victor D. Brenner.

Inception
The half-dollar-sized large cent was struck from 1793 to 1857. That coin was intended to contain close to a cent's worth of copper, as people expected coins to contain close to their face values in metal. Nevertheless, because of the constitutional clause making only gold and silver legal tender, the government would not accept copper cents for taxes or other payments. By the early 1850s, fluctuations in the price of copper led the Mint of the United States to seek alternatives, including reducing the size of the cent and experimenting with compositions other than pure copper. The result was the Flying Eagle cent, the same diameter as the later Lincoln cent but somewhat thicker and heavier, composed of 88% copper and 12% nickel. The Flying Eagle cent was struck in limited numbers as a pattern coin in 1856, then for circulation in 1857 and 1858.

The Flying Eagle cent was issued in exchange for worn Spanish colonial silver coins, which until then had circulated widely in the United States. These "small cents" were also issued in exchange for the copper coins they had replaced. By 1858, Mint authorities found the piece unsatisfactory in production. The high points on both sides of the coin (the eagle's head and the wreath) opposed each other, and it was difficult to get the design to be brought out fully in the tough copper-nickel alloy. Mint Engraver James B. Longacre, designer of the Flying Eagle cent, was instructed to develop alternative designs. He produced one, showing a slimmer eagle, which would not clash as much with the reverse wreath. Although that would have cured the production problem, the design was not liked. Mint Director James Ross Snowden suggested a head of Columbus as an obverse design, but Longacre felt the public would not approve of a historic figure on an American coin.

In 1858, the Mint tested new designs for the cent. Between 60 and 100 sets of twelve pattern coins were struck, consisting of the standard Flying Eagle obverse, a "scrawny eagle" pattern, and the Indian Head design, mated with four different wreaths for the reverse. Snowden made his choice of what design would be struck in 1859 from those patterns, and the sets were also sold to collectors. The Indian Head design was apparently prepared by April, as on the twelfth of that month, a Mr. Howard wrote to Snowden that "I have learned that a new pattern piece for the cent has been struck off at the Mint [with] a head resembling that of the five dollar piece and on the reverse a shield at the top of the olive and oak wreath", and asking to purchase a specimen. Other numismatists also sought pieces: R. Coulton Davis, a Philadelphia druggist with ties to the Mint, wrote to Snowden in June informing him of a favorable story in a Boston newspaper, and Augustus B. Sage wrote to the Mint Director the same month, asking for a specimen for himself, and one for the newly founded American Numismatic Society.

According to Walter Breen, Snowden most likely chose the combination of the Indian Head and the laurel wreath because it had the lowest relief of any of the options, and could be expected to strike well. On November 4, 1858, Snowden wrote to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb about the Indian Head design, and two days later wrote to Longacre, informing him that it was approved. Longacre was to prepare the necessary dies for production, which was to begin on January 1, 1859.

Design
Longacre advocated his Indian Head design in an August 21, 1858, letter to Snowden:

"From the copper shores of Lake Superior, to the silver mountains of Potosi from the Ojibwa to the Araucanian, the feathered tiara is as characteristic of the primitive races of our hemisphere, as the turban is of the Asiatic. Nor is there anything in its decorative character, repulsive to the association of Liberty ... It is more appropriate than the Phrygian cap, the emblem rather of the emancipated slave, than of the independent freeman, of those who are able to say 'we were never in bondage to any man'. I regard then this emblem of America as a proper and well defined portion of our national inheritance; and having now the opportunity of consecrating it as a memorial of Liberty, 'our Liberty', American Liberty; why not use it? One more graceful can scarcely be devised. We have only to determine that it shall be appropriate, and all the world outside of us cannot wrest it from us."

By numismatic legend, the facial features of the goddess Liberty on the obverse of the Indian Head cent were based on the features of Longacre's daughter Sarah; the tale runs that she was at the mint one day when she tried on the headdress of one of a number of Native Americans who were visiting, and her father sketched her. However, Sarah Longacre was 30 years old and married in 1858, not 12 as in the tale, and Longacre himself stated that the face was based on a statue of Crouching Venus in Philadelphia on loan from the Vatican. He did often sketch his elder daughter, and there are resemblances between the depictions of Sarah and the various representations of Liberty on his coins of the 1850s. These tales were apparently extant at the time, as Snowden, writing to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb in November 1858, denied that the coin was based "on any human features in the Longacre family". Lee F. McKenzie, in his 1991 article on Longacre, notes that any artist can be influenced by many things, but calls the story "essentially false".

Regardless of who posed for Longacre, the facial features of the "Indian" are essentially Caucasian, meaning that a Caucasian woman wears the headdress of a Native American man. Longacre had, in 1854, designed the three-dollar piece with a female with similar features (also supposedly based on the museum sculpture) but a more fanciful headdress, and adapted that design for the gold dollar. Officials were aware of this artistic license at the time of issue; Snowden, in his November 1858 letter to Cobb, characterizes the two earlier coins as "the artists at the Mint evidently not realizing the absurd incongruity of placing this most masculine attribute of the warrior brave on the head of a woman". Longacre would not be the last to juxtapose the features of a White woman with an Indian headdress reserved for men; Augustus Saint-Gaudens, for the Indian Head eagle (1907), produced a similar design. Later issues depict more accurate Indians, including Bela Lyon Pratt's Indian Head gold pieces (1908), the Buffalo nickel (1913) by James Earle Fraser, who worked from Native American models, and the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar (1926), designed by Fraser and his wife Laura.

Art historian Cornelius Vermeule had mixed emotions about the Indian Head cent: "Longacre enriched the mythology of American coinage in a pleasant if unpretentious fashion. Given his pattern half-dollar designs of 1859 as a yardstick, he could have done worse." In another comparison, Vermeule suggested, "far from a major creation aesthetically or iconographically, and far less attractive to the eye than the [flying eagle], the Indian head cent was at least to achieve the blessing of popular appeal. The coin became perhaps the most beloved and typically American of any piece great or small in the American series. Great art the coin was not, but it was one of the first products of the United States mints to achieve the common touch."

Redesign and surplus (1859–1861)
Production of the Indian Head cent for commerce began at the start of 1859. As issued for circulation, the pieces differ in some particulars from the pattern 1858 cent of similar design; Longacre sharpened some details. The pattern coin had the laurel leaves in the reverse wreath in bunches of five leaves; the issued 1859 cent has them in bunches of six. Cents dated 1858 with the adopted reverse (with six-leaf bunches) are known, were most likely struck in 1859, and are extremely rare.

In 1860, the reverse of the cent was changed to feature an oak wreath and a narrow shield; such reverses are also known on 1859-dated pieces struck as patterns. According to Richard Snow in his guidebook to Flying Eagle and Indian Head cents, this was not due to problems with the "Laurel Wreath" reverse design used in 1859, as full details survive on many extant pieces. Walter Breen, however, suggested that the feathers and curls on the obverse did not strike as well as they would later, and that "this may account for Snowden's decision to change the design again". David Lange, in his history of the Mint, states that it was to give the coin, quoting Snowden, "more National character". All 1859 cents and some from 1860 have the cutoff of Liberty's bust on the obverse end with a point; most 1860 cents and all later issues have it rounded.

Tens of millions of Flying Eagle cents had been issued in exchange for the old American coppers and small Spanish silver. The Spanish silver was still flowing into the Mint in early 1859 and, at Snowden's urging, Congress on March 3 of that year extended the redemption of these foreign coins, legal tender in the US until 1857, for another two years. Neil Carothers, in his work on small-denomination currency, challenged this decision as unnecessary—deprived of legal tender status, the remaining Spanish silver would have been eliminated through sales to banks for their bullion. Those who brought the old coins to the Mint received cents for them, at first Flying Eagle, and then Indian Head. In the year following the renewal, some forty million Indian Head cents were issued, meaning nearly a hundred million copper-nickel cents had entered commerce since 1857. As the coin did not circulate in the South and West due to prejudice against base-metal money, they choked commerce. No one had to take them; no law made them legal tender. At Snowden's urging Congress in June 1860 ended the exchange. Nevertheless, as Snowden admitted in his annual report that year, there were too many cents in circulation. In October 1860, The Bankers' Magazine and Statistical Register reported that there were ten million cents in commerce in New York City above what was needed, and if anyone wished to order in bulk, they could be purchased at a discount.

Shortage and redesign (1862–1864)
The surplus of cents was relieved by the economic chaos engendered by the American Civil War, which began in 1861. At the end of that year, the banks stopped paying out gold, which thereafter commanded a premium over paper money. These greenbacks, beginning in the following year, were issued in large quantities by the federal government. Silver vanished from commerce in June 1862, as the price of that metal rose, leaving the cent the sole federal coin that had not entirely vanished from commerce through hoarding. The glut of cents had by then abated, as merchants had stored them away in quantity—one New York City floor collapsed beneath the load. There were other means of making change which passed in the emergency, from postage stamps to privately issued tokens, but the public demand was for the cent—the Philadelphia Mint struck record numbers, and set aside part of the production to be transmitted to other cities. Nevertheless, by July 1862, the cent, in quantity, could only be purchased at a premium of 4% in paper money in major cities in the East. The copper-nickel pieces were nicknamed "nickels", or "nicks". Presentation of coins in payment carried with it no obligation to make change in the same. Accordingly, with a small quantity of "nicks", a shopper could make purchases with exact change, without receiving such makeshifts as merchants' credit slips, that others might not accept at the stated value.

By 1863, The Bankers' Magazine reported that the premium for cents in Philadelphia had risen to 20%. Thereafter, the premium decreased as there was a flood of metal tokens issued by merchants, which were widely accepted. Other war expedients, such as fractional currency, lessened the demand for the cent by taking the place of missing silver coinage. Small quantities of cents circulated among them, though many were still hoarded.

Government officials saw that the public readily accepted the merchant tokens. Many of these tokens were made of bronze, and when, in 1863, they attempted to restore coins to circulation, the use of bronze coins, which would not contain their face values in metal, was considered. In his annual report submitted October 1, 1863, Lincoln Administration Mint Director James Pollock noted that "whilst people expect a full value in their gold and silver coins, they merely want the inferior [base metal] money for convenience in making exact payments". He observed that the private cent tokens had sometimes contained as little as a fifth of a cent in metal, yet had still circulated. He proposed that the copper-nickel cent be replaced with a bronze piece of the same size. Pollock also wanted to eliminate nickel as a coinage metal; its hard alloys destroyed dies and machinery. On December 8, Pollock wrote to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase, proposing a bronze cent and two-cent piece.

On March 2, 1864, Pollock wrote urgently to Chase, warning him that the Mint was running out of nickel and that demand for cents was at an all-time high. He also informed the Secretary that the United States Assay Commission, composed of citizens and officials who had met the previous month to test the nation's silver and gold coinage, had recommended the use of French bronze (95% copper with the remainder tin and zinc) as a coinage metal for the cent and a new two-cent piece. Three days later, Chase sent Pollock's December letter and draft legislation for bronze one- and two-cent pieces to Maine Senator William P. Fessenden, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. Fessenden took no immediate action, and on March 16, Pollock wrote again to Chase, warning that the Mint was going to run out of nickel, much of which was imported. Chase forwarded his letter to Fessenden. Legislation was finally introduced by New Hampshire Senator Daniel Clark on March 22; Pollock's letters were read and apparently influenced proceedings as the Senate passed the bill without debate.

The domestic supply of nickel was at that time produced by a mine at Gap, Pennsylvania, owned by industrialist Joseph Wharton. On March 19, Pollock wrote to Chase that they had no more nickel, nor was any available from overseas; "we are thus shut up to the home supply; from the works of Mr. Wharton". Opposed to the removal of nickel from the cent, Wharton published a pamphlet in April 1864 proposing coinage of one-, two-, three-, five-, and ten-cent pieces of an alloy of one part nickel to three of copper, doubling the percentage of nickel used in the cent. Despite Wharton's efforts, on April 20, a select committee of the House of Representatives endorsed the bill. It was opposed by Pennsylvania's Thaddeus Stevens, who represented the mining area from which Wharton extracted his nickel. Wharton had spent $200,000 to develop his mine and ore refinement machinery, Stevens related, and it was unfair to deprive him of the major use of his metal. "Shall we destroy all this property because by coining with another metal more money may be saved to the government?" Besides, he argued, the copper-nickel alloy for the cent had been approved by Congress, and the new metal, which he termed "brass", would show rust. He was rebutted by Iowa Congressman John A. Kasson, chairman of the House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures, who stated that the bronze alloy did not resemble brass, and he could not support the proposition that the government is bound to purchase from a supplier because he has spent money in anticipation of sales.

The legislation passed the House, and the Coinage Act of 1864 was signed by President Abraham Lincoln on April 22, 1864. The legislation made base metal coins legal tender for the first time: both cents and two-cent pieces were acceptable in quantities of up to ten. The government would not, however, redeem them in bulk. The act also outlawed the private one- and two-cent tokens, and later that year Congress abolished all such issues. The legislation did not allow for the redemption of the old copper-nickel cents; it had been drafted by Pollock, who was hoping that the seignorage income from issuing the new coins would help finance Mint operations, and he did not want it reduced by the recall of the old pieces. Wharton and his interests were appeased by the passage of a bill for a three-cent piece in 1865 and a five-cent piece in 1866, both of his proposed alloy, out of which the "nickel", as the latter coin has come to be known, is still struck. Despite this, Wharton and his nickel interests made repeated attempts to return nickel to the cent, each time failing, both as part of the deliberations over what became the Coinage Act of 1873, and in the early 1880s.

The copper-nickel cents from early in 1864 were generally bought up by speculators and did not circulate in large numbers. The Mint began producing bronze cents on May 13, three weeks after the passage of the Coinage Act, and they were released into circulation on May 20. Dies prepared for copper-nickel pieces were used to strike bronze. Sometime during 1864, Longacre sharpened his design for use in striking the softer bronze pieces, and also added his initial "L". It is not known when this was done; it may have been as early as May, with the new dies used alongside the old. These bronze pieces are often referred to as "1864-L" and "1864 No L". The "L" is known on 1863-dated pieces, in both metals, and on 1864-dated copper-nickel pieces—some of these issues, all extremely rare, were likely struck at a later date. The bronze cent was immediately accepted by the public, and heavy production of the issue soon alleviated the shortage of cents.

Later years (1865–1909)
In the postwar years, the heavy production of cents was scaled back, as hoarding ceased and some of the slack was taken up by other base-metal coins. Nevertheless, the various issues of small coins, at that time not redeemed by the government, caused another glut in commerce, which was not completely broken until the Act of March 3, 1871, allowed redemption of cents and other minor coins in lots of $20 or more. Pursuant to this act, over thirty million copper-nickel cents, of both the Indian Head and Flying Eagle designs, were redeemed; the Mint melted these for recoinage. Fifty-five million bronze cents were also sold to the government; beginning in 1874, the Mint re-issued these in response to commercial requests for cents, lowering the demand for new coins. Drops in the price of silver brought coins of that metal, hoarded for a decade or more, back into commerce, also decreasing demand. Between 1866 and 1878, production only occasionally exceeded ten million; the 1877 coin, with a circulation mintage of 852,500, is a scarcer date for the series. After 1881, there were few redemptions of bronze cents, due to high demand for the denomination, though copper-nickel cents continued to be redeemed and melted.

With the discontinuance of the two-cent piece and three-cent silver in 1873, the cent and the three-cent nickel were the sole survivors of the coins valued at less than five cents. The three-cent nickel, by this time, was unpopular because of its odd denomination and (with the return of silver coinage) its similarity in size to the dime. A three-cent postage rate had been one of the reasons why that denomination had begun, in the 1850s; in the early 1880s, the Post Office decreased the basic rate for letters to two cents. This change both increased demand for cents, and decreased the demand for the three-cent nickel, which was abolished in 1890. In most years of the 1880s, there were large issues of Indian Head cents. The exception was in the mid-1880s when poor economic times led to less demand for minor coins. No cents or five-cent nickels were minted after February 1885 until near the end of 1886. Production of undated dies into which the year of issue could be punched did continue, and during the hiatus in coin production, Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber modified the design, removing light outlines between the lettering on the obverse and the rest of the design, and making other changes. This led to two types for the 1886 Indian Head cent, which may be distinguished: on the Type I, the lowest feather on the obverse points between the I and the C in "AMERICA", while on the Type II it points between the C and the final A. Snow estimates that 14 million of the mintage of 17,654,290 were Type I, as were a majority of the 4,290 proof strikings.

The economic Panic of 1893 again caused a decrease in the number of cents produced, as coins accumulated in private hands were spent, creating a surplus. Aside from that, the final years of the series before its termination in 1909 were marked by large mintages, with 1907 topping the hundred million mark. A healthy economy in most years fueled demand, as did the increasing popularity of coin-operated machines, some of which could be found at penny arcades. By the early 20th century, the cent was accepted across the nation, but by law production of the cent was limited to the Philadelphia Mint. Treasury officials sought removal of this restriction, and for an increase in the annual appropriation to purchase base metals for production of the cent and nickel—the amount expended had remained the same since 1873, although demand for cents had greatly increased. By the Act of April 24, 1906, the Mint received permission to strike base metal coins at any mint, and the appropriation was quadrupled to $200,000. Small quantities of cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint in 1908 and 1909; the 1909-S cent, with a mintage of 309,000 pieces, is the lowest mintage of the series and commands a premium as a key date.

Replacement
Congress passed legislation in 1890 allowing the Mint to alter designs that had been in use for 25 years without the need for legislative authorization. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to his Secretary of the Treasury, Leslie Mortier Shaw, complaining that U.S. coinage lacked artistic merit, and enquiring if it would be possible to engage a private artist, such as sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, to prepare new coin designs. At Roosevelt's instructions, the Mint hired Saint-Gaudens to redesign the cent and the four gold pieces: the double eagle ($20), eagle ($10), half eagle ($5), and quarter eagle ($2.50). As the designs of those pieces had remained the same for 25 years, they could be changed without an act of Congress, as could the Indian Head cent.

Saint-Gaudens originally conceived a flying eagle design for the cent, but at Roosevelt's request, developed it for the $20 piece after learning that under the 1873 act, an eagle could not appear on the cent. Writer and friend Witter Bynner recalled that in January 1907, Saint-Gaudens was seriously ill with cancer, and was carried to his studio for ten minutes a day to critique the work of his assistants on current projects, including the cent. Saint-Gaudens died on August 3, 1907, without having submitted another design for the cent.

With the redesign of the four gold denominations completed by 1908, Roosevelt turned his attention to the cent. The centenary of the birth of assassinated president Abraham Lincoln would occur in February 1909, and large numbers of privately manufactured souvenirs were already being issued. Many citizens had written to the Treasury Department, proposing a Lincoln coin, and Roosevelt was interested in honoring his fellow Republican. This was a break with previous American numismatic tradition; before the Lincoln cent, no regularly circulating U.S. coin had featured an actual person (as opposed to idealized personifications, as of "liberty").

In late 1908, Roosevelt sat for sculptor Victor David Brenner, who was designing a medal for the Panama Canal Commission. It is uncertain how Brenner was selected to design the coin, but in January 1909, Mint Director Frank A. Leach hired him to design a Lincoln cent. This went into circulation later in 1909, putting an end to the Indian Head cent series.

Collecting
Indian Head cents were popular among coin collectors even in the half-century when they were produced; since then, with the growth of the hobby, interest has increased. The 1930s introduction of inexpensive coin albums to house the series and encourage collectors to seek a complete set came at a time when the bronze version of the Indian Head cent was still common in pocket change. They were not widely studied until the 1960s; numismatic writer Tom DeLorey, in his introduction to Snow's book, ascribes this to prejudice among numismatists who grew up with the Indian Head cent as a common circulation piece. He notes that the 1960 edition of R.S. Yeoman's A Guide Book of United States Coins (commonly, the Red Book) listed only four dates for which there were varieties, one of which, the overdate 1869/68 was in error, as the final digit was actually over another 9. The 2018 edition of the Red Book lists varieties for 12 dates.

Like most other denominations of U.S. coins, the 1873 may be found in two varieties, depending on the appearance of the final digit of the date: the "Close 3" or "Closed 3" is from early dies, but after Chief Coiner A. Loudon Snowden complained that the "3" looked too much like an "8", Chief Engraver William Barber modified his work to create the "Open 3". Some 1875 pieces have a dot appearing on the letter "N" in "ONE" on the reverse. This may have been a secret mark, added to catch a thief within the Philadelphia Mint.

The Indian Head cent was struck in large quantities and most dates remain inexpensive: Yeoman lists all dates from 1900 to 1908 from Philadelphia at $2 in Good-4 condition. The record holder for the denomination is a proof specimen of the 1864-L, of which there were an estimated 20 struck; it sold for $161,000 in 2012.

title: Indian Head cent


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Category talk:General relativity

Name changes, new categories
Hi all, I have been trying to improve the organization of these pages. No, I don't like the present top of this page either. I am trying stuff out and right now this is the best I can do. I feel that Category:Lorentzian manifolds is not really a parent of Category:General relativity nor vice versa, hence my playing around with "see also". Is there some Wikipedia convention is cases like this to make the two equally venerable but closely related categories parents of each other? If so, this might be a better solution.

Some of you might already have noticed that I have

 * gathered articles on various tests of gtr into a new subcategory, "Tests of general relativity",
 * gathered articles on various famous coordinate charts into a new subcategory, "Coordinate charts in general relativity",
 * gathered articles on various exact solutions into a new subcategory, "Exact solutions in general relativity", and renamed the article "Exact solutions of Einstein's field equations" to "Exact solutions in general relativity" (yes, the article has the same name as the category, but after thinking about it, I think this actually has advantages; after all, we have an article called "General relativity" and a category of the same name).

I also moved the "General relativity" category a subcategory of "Theories of gravitation", and made articles on related theories like "Einstein-Cartan gravity" belong to this category. So, gtr has been "demoted" to just another theory of gravitation, but it is so far the only one which has a category of its own, as befits its extraordinary interest and importance.

(Note: following someone's suggestion, I removed the redundant remarks about certain pages I want to delete.)

Is this a feature or a bug?
While doing the work described above, I noticed that under "Articles in this category", several articles are listed after an asterisk. I also see that "Event horizon" and "Gravitational lens" are listed at the end, after a curly brace. I suspect this might reflect some broken wikicode, but haven't figured out what is causing this.

 * See Template_talk:General_relativity --EMS | Talk 22:19, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Reversion of comment by Techguru
Hi, Techguru, thanks for your interest in these pages. Einstein said "everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler". I feel that the comment you added to the little introductory blurb on this category page, "simply put relativity is stating that time is relative to the observer", was too simple. Much too simple. That's why I removed it. By the way, you typed the first letter of your sentence immediately after the period of the preceding sentence, and you omitted (I think) a comma after "simply put", so in future edits you may want to be more careful about punctuation.---CH (talk) 18:13, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Intro is too big.
I think that the intro has gotten too big. The goal is to explain what this category is about, not to document GR itself. (After all, we have the general relativity article for that.) I would like to shorten it back to about 3 medium length sentences or perhaps 4 short sentences. However, I do not see a good way to do that just yet. (What I am considering doing is pruing everything starting with "In this theory ...". I notice that doing so removes some of my own verbage, but I guess that says something about the utility of that verbage.)  --EMS | Talk 19:03, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Recategorizations
Hi all, I think it is important to distinguish between
 * 1) concepts which belong to general relativity itself, such as
 * 2) *ADM energy
 * 3) *Birkhoff's theorem
 * 4) *Einstein field equation
 * 5) *Einstein-Hilbert action
 * 6) *Einstein tensor (defined more generally, but very closely associated with this theory)
 * 7) *Frame fields in general relativity (since on frames in gtr, not frames in Lorentzian manifolds)
 * 8) *Numerical relativity
 * 9) *Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems
 * 10) *Petrov classification
 * 11) *Regge calculus
 * 12) *Segre classification (sort of)
 * 13) *Weak-field approximation, plus billions and billions of forthcoming articles, e.g. on Initial value formulations and ADM formulation,
 * 14) concepts which involve Lorentzian manifolds, such as
 * 15) *Christoffel symbols
 * 16) *Asymptotically flat spacetime
 * 17) *Einstein notation
 * 18) *Geodesic deviation equation
 * 19) *Geodesic (general relativity) (needs to be renamed!)
 * 20) *Ricci decomposition
 * 21) *Spacetime symmetries
 * 22) *Spherically symmetric spacetime
 * 23) *Static spacetime
 * 24) *Stationary spacetime,plus some articles I've already moved to a new category.

Note that the new category Category:Lorentzian manifolds concerns concepts concerning Lorentzian manifolds (four dimensional psuedo-Riemannian manifolds with 1+3 signature), including their interpretation as spacetimes.

Many articles are misnamed, e.g. Gravitational singularity should probably be Curvature singularity, in which case it should perhaps be in the new category.

Some others are a bit iffy:

 * Geometrized unit system (I'd be inclined to keep it here)

Thoughts? ---CH (talk) 12:08, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category talk:General relativity


text:
Ullmann condensation

The Ullmann condensation or Ullmann-type reaction is the copper-promoted conversion of aryl halides to aryl ethers, aryl thioethers, aryl nitriles, and aryl amines. These reactions are examples of cross-coupling reactions.

Ullmann-type reactions are comparable to Buchwald–Hartwig reactions but usually require higher temperatures. Traditionally, these reactions require high-boiling, polar solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone, nitrobenzene, or dimethylformamide and high temperatures (often in excess of 210 °C) with stoichiometric amounts of copper. Aryl halides are required to be activated by electron-withdrawing groups. Traditional Ullmann style reactions used "activated" copper powder, e.g. prepared in situ by the reduction of copper sulfate by zinc metal in hot water. The methodology improved with the introduction of soluble copper catalysts supported by diamines and acetylacetonate ligands.

Ullmann ether synthesis: C-O coupling
Illustrative of the traditional Ullmann ether synthesis is the preparation of p-nitrophenyl phenyl ether from 4-chloronitrobenzene and phenol.
 * O2NC6H4Cl + C6H5OH  +  KOH  ->  O2NC6H4O\sC6H5  +  KCl  +  H2O

Copper is used as a catalyst, either in the form of the metal or copper salts. Modern arylations use soluble copper catalysts.

Goldberg reaction: C-N coupling
A traditional Goldberg reaction involves reaction of an aniline with an aryl halide. The coupling of 2-chlorobenzoic acid and aniline is illustrative:
 * C6H5NH2 + ClC6H4CO2H  +  KOH  ->  C6H5N(H)\sC6H4CO2H  +  KCl  +  H2O

A typical catalyst is formed from copper(I) iodide and phenanthroline. The reaction is an alternative to the Buchwald–Hartwig amination reaction.

Aryl iodides are more reactive arylating agents than are aryl chlorides, following the usual pattern. Electron-withdrawing groups on the aryl halide also accelerate the coupling.

Hurtley reaction: C-C coupling
The nucleophile can also be carbon including carbanions as well as cyanide. In the traditional Hurtley reaction, the carbon nucleophiles were derived from malonic ester and other dicarbonyl compounds:
 * Z2CH2 + BrC6H4CO2H  +  KOH  ->  Z2C(H)\sC6H4CO2H  +  KBr  +  H2O  (Z = CO2H)

More modern Cu-catalyzed C-C cross-couplings utilize soluble copper complexes containing phenanthroline ligands.

C–S coupling
The arylation of alkylthiolates proceeds by the intermediacy of cuprous thiolates.

Mechanism of Ullmann-type reactions
In the case of Ullmann-type reactions (aminations, etherifications, etc. of aryl halides), the conversions involve copper(I) alkoxide, copper(I) amides, copper(I) thiolates. The copper(I) reagent can be generated in situ from the aryl halide and copper metal. Even copper(II) sources are effective under some circumstances. A number of innovations have been developed with regards to copper reagents.

These copper(I) compounds subsequently react with the aryl halide in a net metathesis reaction:
 * Ar\sX + CuOR → Ar\sOR + CuX
 * Ar\sX + CuSR → Ar\sSR + CuX
 * Ar\sX + CuNHR → Ar\sNHR + CuX

In the case of C-N coupling, kinetic studies implicate oxidative addition reaction followed by reductive elimination from Cu(III) intermediates (L_{n} = one or more spectator ligands):
 * ROCuAr(X)L_{n} → RO\sAr + CuL_{n}

History
The Ullmann ether synthesis is named after its inventor, Fritz Ullmann. The corresponding Goldberg reaction, is named after Irma Goldberg. The Hurtley reaction, which involves C-C bond formation, is similarly named after its inventor.

title: Ullmann condensation


text:
Solid solution

A solid solution, a term popularly used for metals, is a homogeneous mixture of two different kinds of atoms in solid state and having a single crystal structure. Many examples can be found in metallurgy, geology, and solid-state chemistry. The word "solution" is used to describe the intimate mixing of components at the atomic level and distinguishes these homogeneous materials from physical mixtures of components. Two terms are mainly associated with solid solutions – solvents and solutes, depending on the relative abundance of the atomic species.

In general if two compounds are isostructural then a solid solution will exist between the end members (also known as parents). For example sodium chloride and potassium chloride have the same cubic crystal structure so it is possible to make a pure compound with any ratio of sodium to potassium (Na1-xKx)Cl by dissolving that ratio of NaCl and KCl in water and then evaporating the solution. A member of this family is sold under the brand name Lo Salt which is (Na0.33K0.66)Cl, hence it contains 66% less sodium than normal table salt (NaCl). The pure minerals are called halite and sylvite; a physical mixture of the two is referred to as sylvinite.

Because minerals are natural materials they are prone to large variations in composition. In many cases specimens are members for a solid solution family and geologists find it more helpful to discuss the composition of the family than an individual specimen. Olivine is described by the formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, which is equivalent to (Mg1−xFex)2SiO4. The ratio of magnesium to iron varies between the two endmembers of the solid solution series: forsterite (Mg-endmember: Mg2SiO4) and fayalite (Fe-endmember: Fe2SiO4) but the ratio in olivine is not normally defined. With increasingly complex compositions the geological notation becomes significantly easier to manage than the chemical notation.

Nomenclature
The IUPAC definition of a solid solution is a "solid in which components are compatible and form a unique phase".

The definition "crystal containing a second constituent which fits into and is distributed in the lattice of the host crystal" given in refs., is not general and, thus, is not recommended.

The expression is to be used to describe a solid phase containing more than one substance when, for convenience, one (or more) of the substances, called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, called solutes.

One or several of the components can be macromolecules. Some of the other components can then act as plasticizers, i.e., as molecularly dispersed substances that decrease the glass-transition temperature at which the amorphous phase of a polymer is converted between glassy and rubbery states.

In pharmaceutical preparations, the concept of solid solution is often applied to the case of mixtures of drug and polymer.

The number of drug molecules that do behave as solvent (plasticizer) of polymers is small.

Phase diagrams

On a phase diagram a solid solution is represented by an area, often labeled with the structure type, which covers the compositional and temperature/pressure ranges. Where the end members are not isostructural there are likely to be two solid solution ranges with different structures dictated by the parents. In this case the ranges may overlap and the materials in this region can have either structure, or there may be a miscibility gap in solid state indicating that attempts to generate materials with this composition will result in mixtures. In areas on a phase diagram which are not covered by a solid solution there may be line phases, these are compounds with a known crystal structure and set stoichiometry. Where the crystalline phase consists of two (non-charged) organic molecules the line phase is commonly known as a cocrystal. In metallurgy alloys with a set composition are referred to as intermetallic compounds. A solid solution is likely to exist when the two elements (generally metals) involved are close together on the periodic table, an intermetallic compound generally results when two metals involved are not near each other on the periodic table.

Details
The solute may incorporate into the solvent crystal lattice substitutionally, by replacing a solvent particle in the lattice, or interstitially, by fitting into the space between solvent particles. Both of these types of solid solution affect the properties of the material by distorting the crystal lattice and disrupting the physical and electrical homogeneity of the solvent material. Where the atomic radii of the solute atom is larger than the solvent atom it replaces the crystal structure (unit cell) often expands to accommodate it, this means that the composition of a material in a solid solution can be calculated from the unit cell volume a relationship known as Vegard's law.

Some mixtures will readily form solid solutions over a range of concentrations, while other mixtures will not form solid solutions at all. The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have:

a solid solution mixes with others to form a new solution
 * Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference)
 * Same crystal structure
 * Similar electronegativities
 * Similar valency

The phase diagram in the above diagram displays an alloy of two metals which forms a solid solution at all relative concentrations of the two species. In this case, the pure phase of each element is of the same crystal structure, and the similar properties of the two elements allow for unbiased substitution through the full range of relative concentrations. Solid solution of pseudo-binary systems in complex systems with three or more components may require a more involved representation of the phase diagram with more than one solvus curves drawn corresponding to different equilibrium chemical conditions.

Solid solutions have important commercial and industrial applications, as such mixtures often have superior properties to pure materials. Many metal alloys are solid solutions. Even small amounts of solute can affect the electrical and physical properties of the solvent.

The binary phase diagram in the above diagram shows the phases of a mixture of two substances in varying concentrations, $$A$$ and $$B$$. The region labeled "$$\alpha$$" is a solid solution, with $$B$$ acting as the solute in a matrix of $$A$$. On the other end of the concentration scale, the region labeled "$$\beta$$" is also a solid solution, with $$A$$ acting as the solute in a matrix of $$B$$. The large solid region in between the $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ solid solutions, labeled "$$\alpha$$ + $$\beta$$", is not a solid solution. Instead, an examination of the microstructure of a mixture in this range would reveal two phases—solid solution $$A$$-in-$$B$$ and solid solution $$B$$-in-$$A$$ would form separate phases, perhaps lamella or grains.

Application
In the phase diagram, at three different concentrations, the material will be solid until its heated to its melting point, and then (after adding the heat of fusion) become liquid at that same temperature:

 * the unalloyed extreme left
 * the unalloyed extreme right
 * the dip in the center (the eutectic composition).

At other proportions, the material will enter a mushy or pasty phase until it warms up to being completely melted.

The mixture at the dip point of the diagram is called a eutectic alloy. Lead-tin mixtures formulated at that point (37/63 mixture) are useful when soldering electronic components, particularly if done manually, since the solid phase is quickly entered as the solder cools. In contrast, when lead-tin mixtures were used to solder seams in automobile bodies a pasty state enabled a shape to be formed with a wooden paddle or tool, so a 70–30 lead to tin ratio was used. (Lead is being removed from such applications owing to its toxicity and consequent difficulty in recycling devices and components that include lead.)

Exsolution
When a solid solution becomes unstable—due to a lower temperature, for example—exsolution occurs and the two phases separate into distinct microscopic to megascopic lamellae. This is mainly caused by difference in cation size. Cations which have a large difference in radii are not likely to readily substitute.

Alkali feldspar minerals for example, whose end members are albite, NaAlSi3O8 and microcline, KAlSi3O8. At high temperatures Na+ and K+ readily substitute for each other and so the minerals will form a solid solution, yet at low temperatures albite can only substitute a small amount of K+ and the same applies for Na+ in the microcline. This leads to exsolution where they will separate into two separate phases. In the case of the alkali feldspar minerals, thin white albite layers will alternate between typically pink microcline, resulting in a perthite texture.

title: Solid solution


text: User talk:204.245.188.69

title: User talk:204.245.188.69


text:
Socialist Party-1

The Socialist Party-1 (Partido Socialista-1) is a socialist political party in Bolivia.

History
The Socialist Party-One took part in the 1978, 1979, and 1980 general elections, running Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz and polled 00.43, 04.82 and 08.71 per cent of the vote, respectively. The party won five seats in National Congress in 1979 and eleven in 1980.

Some elements in the conservative military feared Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz's potential following as an opposition leader and he was killed during the Luis García Meza Tejada coup of 17 July 1980. His death left his Socialist Party-One – and Bolivian left-wing politics generally – in a greatly weakened condition.

In 1984 the Socialist Party-One absorbed the small ultra-left “Spartacus Revolutionary Movement” (Movimiento Revolucionario Espartaco, MRE), led by Dulfredo Rua.

The Socialist Party-One presented Ramiro Velasco Romero as its candidate in the 1985 elections, but he won only 02.58 per cent of the vote, coming sixth. The party won five seats in National Congress.

In the 1989 elections the Party presented Roger Cortez Hurtado and he won 2.8 per cent of the vote.

In 1993 the Socialist Party-One took part in an electoral coalition United Left backing Ramiro Velasco Romero, a leader of the PS-1. He won only 0.9 per cent of the vote.

There is also a dissident Socialist Party-One-Marcelo Quiroga, led by José María Palacios.

At the legislative elections in 2002, the party won 0.7% of the popular vote and one out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and no seats in the Senate.

title: Socialist Party-1


text:
Pachakuti Indigenous Movement

The Pachakuti Indigenous Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Indígena Pachakuti) was an indigenist political party in Bolivia founded in November 2000.

At the legislative elections in 2002, the party won 2.2% of the popular vote and 6 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and none out of 27 seats in the Senate. Its candidate at the presidential elections, Felipe Quispe, won 6.1% of the popular vote.

At the legislative elections in 2005, the party won 2.2% of the popular vote and no seats. Its candidate at the presidential elections, Felipe Quispe Huanca, won 2.2% of the popular vote.

title: Pachakuti Indigenous Movement


text:
Talk:Southeastern Anatolia Project

Archive1

Last edit
Duk was one step ahead of me so my last edit was basicaly a spelling imrpovement. No praragraph was introduced. Just a bunch of minor edits. -- Cat chi? 16:04, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

What are you trying to proove?
The flooding of historical sites are well known this is mentioned on the page. Flooding of villiges is also mentioned. Exactly what part of providing people water and power violates human rights? Next time when I ask you to discuss something in talk I want to see something in talk, you got that? Do not just revert me, its something I am sick of. -- Cat chi? 14:39, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

The project breaches UN agreements on hydroelectric projects because it can severely reduce the supply of water to Iraq and Syria, and these two countries have not consented to the scheme. Rivers that cross international boundaries are shared resources and should not be monopolised by the inhabitants of one country. Everyone has the right to drinking water.121.155.16.188 13:36, 8 June 2007 (UTC)pignut

 * Finally, a number of judicial questions needed clearing over the flooding of several historical sites as well as local residence. You cover it briefly, I cover it in more detail. Mine stays. PS. Its "prove", not "proove". - FrancisTyers 15:04, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, the bridge is yours captain. I am sick of dealing with this crap. -- Cat chi? 15:56, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Although sorced I realy dispute the factual acuracy of the Kurdish Human Rights Project report. A short peek at the cite will show the cite is less than neutral. What kind of a human rights organisation fail to condem both sides? -- Cat chi? 23:43, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * sounds like original research. re: What kind of a human rights organisation fail to condem both sides? — are you serious here?

 * — Davenbelle 10:00, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I was quoting the founder of the Turkish Human Rights Organisation who resigned his post recently noting "PKK takeing over the I.H.D." and used that quote. -- Cat chi? 13:06, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Plus why are you here? Stalking me around? -- Cat chi? 13:07, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Criticism section
As I have told davenbelle earlier on, the criticism section is not in accordance with wikipedias neutral point of view policy. It is biased and one sided. -- Cat out 19:16, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

I want to have your attention to the fact that the whole anatolia is settled begginning from the ancient times. As a person who traveled nearly %80 of it I assure you that you can hardly find a village without an ancient fountain or similar ancient ruins. But a country still needs hydroelectric power and it is nothing but simple logic to build the necessary dams on the greatest rivers. I think the cristism section is a bit biased and unrealistic. Thalion Hurin 19:18, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Hasankeyf is not related to Kurdish culture or Kurdish history.
Hasankeyf is not related to Kurdish Culture or Kurdish History. This is certainly not NPOV and must be removed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by BlueEyedCat (talk • contribs).

Biased Point of View
The claim that the construction of the Ilica Dam is aimed to destroy the Kurdish cultural treasures is not valid. It was published in the report of a clearly anti-state separatist organization, and aims to slander the importance of this project. Please take it off.Calcus 22:43, 5 March 2007 (UTC)calcus

Bertilvidet
Please read ref http://www.khrp.org/publish/p1999/99G.htm, and compare with my changes, then revert if you want to. deniz 20:47, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

First, the additional info I provided are deleted by these reverts. Second, the criticism in Ilısu part is (detailed version of what is) basically given in the first sentence of erasure of displaced people section:
 * The GAP has been criticized for the fact that damming the regional rivers will flood a significant portion of the historical Armenian and Kurdish homelands, effectively erasing the cultural and archaeological history of those displaced peoples.

Third, there are things that are not criticism in the Ilısu section. Fourth, references http://www.khrp.org/publish/p1999/99G.htm and http://www.dams.org/kbase/submissions/showsub.php?rec=SOC104 have the same text. The e-mail address of Kerim Yildiz is khrp AT khrp.demon.co.uk (see  ). They are the same references. The additional info I mentioned is also from these references, they are important as well, as they give a general information about the project. Fifth, the last section makes claims with no references, it is definitely disputed.

The title of last section should be changed imo, only the first sentence is about displaced people. Just criticism may be a better title. deniz 00:55, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Coolcat
It would be better to keep it there, at least some portion of it.

Did these criticisms pop up before the project or after the project?

Anyway, I guess you guys all knew about this (from Hasankeyf):

 * According to Bugday Association, based in Turkey itself, and which focuses solely on promoting environment-friendly lifestyle and politics, recent field research conducted jointly by Ms. Huriye Küpeli, the prefect of Hasankeyf, Swiss ambassador to Turkey and representatives of the consortium of contractors for the dam project, seem to indicate a suitable nearby spot for moving the historical heritage of Hasankeyf, an operation for which the Turkish Ministry of Culture pledges to provide 30 million euros.

deniz 18:05, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Separating the primary article from political debate
Such a politically charged subject must of course be discussed in terms of opposing viewpoints. This controversy however should not obscure the basic facts of the subject. If those facts are in question, all sides should get their say, outside of the primary section, in the 'controversy' section which many good articles have.

Let's have those less personally involved write the main article. Was this text copied from the official Project website? That's how it reads. I didn't even get through the first sentence without tripping over rhetoric. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.163.128.130 (talk) 17:06, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Where are the Kurds in this article?
Southeast Anatolia is Kurdistan, yet the single mention of Kurds in this article is to equate them to terrorists. There is a lot more to this than the PKK. The whole purpose of this project is the Turkification of Kurdistan, something that gets no mention at all. It equates to the Sinification of Manchuria (now completed) Tibet and East Turkestan (ongoing). Destroying a nation, a culture and an ethnic group under the pretense of beneficial development. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.51.185.47 (talk) 14:30, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Southeastern Anatolia Project


text:
Freedom and Justice Party

Freedom and Justice Party may refer to:

 * Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
 * Freedom and Justice (Lithuania)
 * Russian Party of Freedom and Justice
 * Party of Freedom and Justice (Stranka slobode i pravde), a political party in Serbia

title: Freedom and Justice Party


text:
User talk:68.22.157.31

July 2013
Hello, 68.22.157.31. We welcome your contributions to Wikipedia, but if you are affiliated with some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Innovis, you may have a conflict of interest or close connection to the subject.

All editors are required to comply with Wikipedia's neutral point of view content policy. People who are very close to a subject often have a distorted view of it, which may cause them to inadvertently edit in ways that make the article either too flattering or too disparaging. People with a close connection to a subject are not absolutely prohibited from editing about that subject, but they need to be especially careful about ensuring their edits are verified by reliable sources and writing with as little bias as possible.

If you are very close to a subject, here are some ways you can reduce the risk of problems:

 * Avoid or exercise great caution when editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with.
 * Be cautious about deletion discussions. Everyone is welcome to provide information about independent sources in deletion discussions, but avoid advocating for deletion of articles about your competitors.
 * Avoid linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam).
 * Exercise great caution so that you do not accidentally breach Wikipedia's content policies.

Please familiarize yourself with relevant content policies and guidelines, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, verifiability of information, and autobiographies.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have a conflict of interest, please see our frequently asked questions for organizations. Thank you. --Drm310 (talk) 13:08, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

June 2014
Hello, I'm JDDJS. Wikipedia is written by people who have a wide diversity of opinions, but we try hard to make sure articles have a neutral point of view. Your recent edit to Blended (film) seemed less than neutral to me, so I removed it for now. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. JDDJS (talk) 13:11, 12 June 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

title: User talk:68.22.157.31


text:
Earl Van Dyke

Earl Van Dyke (July 8, 1930 – September 18, 1992) was an American soul musician, most notable as the main keyboardist for Motown Records' in-house Funk Brothers band during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Career
Van Dyke, who was born in Detroit, Michigan, United States, was preceded as keyboardist and bandleader of the Funk Brothers by Joe Hunter. In the early 1960s, he also recorded as a jazz organist with saxophonists Fred Jackson and Ike Quebec for the Blue Note label.

Besides his work as the session keyboardist on Motown hits such as "Bernadette" by the Four Tops, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" by Marvin Gaye, "Where Did Our Love Go" by the Supremes, "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" and "Runaway Child, Running Wild" by the Temptations, "My Guy" by Mary Wells and "For Once in My Life" by Stevie Wonder, Van Dyke performed with a small band as an opening act for several Motown artists, and released instrumental singles and albums himself. Several of Van Dyke's recordings feature him playing keys over the original instrumental tracks for Motown hits; others are complete covers of Motown songs.

His 1967 hit "6 by 6" is a much-loved stomper on the Northern soul music scene. He was nicknamed "Big Funk", and "Chunk o Funk".

Van Dyke played the Steinway grand piano, the Hammond B-3 organ, the Wurlitzer electric piano, the Fender Rhodes, and the celeste and harpsichord. He played a toy piano for the introduction of the Temptations' hit, "It's Growing". His musical influences included Tommy Flanagan, Hank Jones, and Barry Harris.

Van Dyke died of prostate cancer in Detroit, Michigan, at the age of 62.

Singles

 * Soul (Motown) releases:
 * 1964: "Soul Stomp"
 * 1965: "All For You"*
 * 1965: "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)"*
 * 1965: "The Flick (Part II)"*
 * 1967: "6 By 6"**
 * 1969: "Run Away Child, Running Wild"

(*) billed as "Earl Van Dyke & the Soul Brothers" (the billed name of the Funk Brothers band was changed by Motown head Berry Gordy, as he disliked the connotation of the word "funk")

(**) billed as "Earl Van Dyke & the Motown Brass"

Albums

 * Soul (Motown) releases:
 * 1965: That Motown Sound (Earl Van Dyke & the Soul Brothers)
 * 1970: The Earl of Funk (Earl Van Dyke Live)

As sideman
With Fred Jackson With Ike Quebec
 * Hootin' 'n Tootin' (Blue Note, 1962)
 * The Complete Blue Note 45 Sessions (Blue Note, 1962)

title: Earl Van Dyke


text:
Inclusion and exclusion criteria

In a clinical trial, the investigators must specify inclusion and exclusion criteria for participation in the study.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria define the characteristics that prospective subjects must have if they are to be included in a study. Although there is some unclarity concerning the distinction between the two, the ICH E3 guideline on reporting clinical studies suggests that
 * Inclusion criteria concern properties of the target population, defining the population to which the study's results should be generalizable. Inclusion criteria may include factors such as type and stage of disease, the subject’s previous treatment history, age, sex, race, ethnicity.
 * Exclusion criteria concern properties of the study sample, defining reasons for which patients from the target population are to be excluded from the current study sample. Typical exclusion criteria are defined for either ethical reasons (e.g., children, pregnant women, patients with psychological illnesses, patients who are not able or willing to sign informed consent), to overcome practical issues related to the study itself (e.g., not being able to read, when questionnaires are used for assessment of outcomes), or to eliminate factors that may limit the interpretability of study results (e.g., comorbidities). Exclusion criteria may lead to biases in the study's results.

Exclusion criteria
Poorly Justified Reasons for Exclusion:
 * Any criteria unless the condition or intervention is specific to the criterion, or the criterion has a direct bearing on condition/intervention/results.

Strongly Justified Reasons for Exclusion:
 * Unable to provide informed consent
 * Placebo or intervention would be harmful
 * Lack of equipoise (intervention harmful)
 * Effect of intervention difficult to interpret

Potentially Justified Reasons for Exclusion
 * Individual may not adhere
 * Individual may not complete follow up
 * Individuals do not have reliable information

Example of inclusion and exclusion criteria
Coronary Heart Disease

Include criteria:
 * Minimum outcomes: coronary deaths & non-fatal myocardial infarction
 * Appropriate measures of Framingham variables (Age, sex, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, diabetes, smoking status, hypertension)
 * Cohort, nested case-control, cardiovascular trial follow-up study (or systematic review or meta-analysis of these study types) that measures a novel risk factor and estimates its predictive value after adjusting for Framingham variables

Exclude criteria: A lesser studied form of exclusion criteria involves an absence of racial, ethnic, or sexual diversity that results in clinical trials that do not reflect the US population. A recent systematic review of the literature of hearing loss in adults, while representative of the US population in terms of sex, does not adequately represent racial or ethnic diversity.
 * No data
 * Population or sub-population with known coronary disease or coronary disease equivalent (e.g., diabetes)
 * Does not include minimum outcomes
 * Does not measure Framingham variables appropriately
 * Wrong study design/article format

title: Inclusion and exclusion criteria


text: User talk:69.73.73.167

title: User talk:69.73.73.167


text:
Ashley Massaro

Ashley Marie Massaro (May 26, 1979 – May 16, 2019) was an American professional wrestler, reality television contestant and model. She was best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and for her appearance on Survivor: China.

Massaro made her debut in WWE after winning the WWE Raw Diva Search in 2005. She was first corporated into the Raw brand, where she had her first wrestling feud against Vince's Devils (a villainous female stable) while aligning herself with Trish Stratus to defeat the team. With Stratus, she was involved in another feud with the then-debuting Mickie James, who was obsessed with Stratus and jealous of Massaro's friendship with her, attacking and causing her to lose matches. Massaro was later drafted to SmackDown and became the valet for the WWE Tag Team Champions, Paul London and Brian Kendrick. Her most high-profile matches were a WWE Women's Championship match against Melina at WrestleMania 23 and a Playboy Bunnymania Lumberjill match at WrestleMania XXIV.

Massaro left WWE in July 2008. During her tenure in the company, she had appeared on the covers of several magazines, including the April 2007 issue of Playboy, and also made appearances on television and in music videos. In addition, she spent the last two years of her life working as a radio DJ for 94.3 The Shark.

Early life
Ashley M. Massaro was born in New York City on May 26, 1979. She was raised in Babylon, New York, where her brother, father, and uncle competed in amateur wrestling. She graduated in 1997 from John Glenn High School in Elwood, New York, and received a BSc in communication with a minor in business from the State University of New York at Albany.

Diva Search (2005)
Massaro initially found out about World Wrestling Entertainment's (WWE) 2005 Raw Diva Search when she met a WWE casting director during a swimsuit pageant. After beating the seven other chosen finalists, Massaro was declared the winner on the episode of Raw which aired on Monday, August 15, 2005. Her winnings included $250,000 and a one-year contract with WWE.

Feud with Vince's Devils and Mickie James (2005–2006)
A week later on the August 22, 2005, episode of Raw, Candice Michelle and Torrie Wilson attacked Massaro after pretending to welcome her to the brand. Massaro's storyline feud with Wilson and Michelle continued over the next couple weeks, as the duo, along with their enforcer Victoria (dubbed as the "Skankateers" by commentator Jim Ross), made things difficult for Massaro. Massaro made her in-ring debut on the August 29 episode of Raw, in a losing effort to Victoria. On the September 5 episode of Raw, Massaro was defeated by Wilson due to interference from Victoria and Candice. Massaro evened the score on the September 12 episode of Raw when she brought out the returning Trish Stratus (who then turned face), and the duo proceeded to attack them. On the September 18 episode of Raw, The pair defeated the trio—who became known as the Ladies in Pink (and later Vince's Devils). This led to a tag team match at Unforgiven, where the team of Stratus and Massaro defeated Wilson and Victoria. The following night on Raw, Massaro accompanied Trish where she defeated Wilson. After the match, The duo were attacked by The Vince Devils. The feud continued into WWE Homecoming, where Stratus and Massaro defeated Wilson, Candice, and Victoria in the first ever three on two Bra and Panties match by stripping all three of their opponents. Massaro continued to wrestle matches through the rest of 2005 and was involved in the annual Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for her first shot at the WWE Women's Championship. Massaro eliminated Candice Michelle before being eliminated by Victoria.

On January 8, 2006, at New Year's Revolution, Massaro won the first ever Bra and Panties Gauntlet match by being the final wrestler left still wearing her clothes. Following WWE tradition, to please the fans, she removed them herself before making her exit. Through the early part of this year, Massaro became the victim of a series of attacks from Mickie James. At Royal Rumble on January 29, James defeated Massaro with then Women's Champion, Trish Stratus, as the special guest referee. Massaro got her revenge one week later by pinning James in the rematch on Raw. On the February 20 episode of Raw, however, Massaro suffered a fractured left fibula while being eliminated from the Women's Battle Royal, and her feud with James was cut short. She underwent surgery to insert a five-inch metal plate and eight screws into her leg. During her recovery, Massaro still occasionally appeared on Raw as part of the Stratus/James feud, albeit in a non-active role. Massaro returned on the March 20 episode of Raw, being kidnapped by James to lure Stratus in to saving her but James was successful and attacked Stratus.

SmackDown! (2006–2007)
Three months later after being once again absent, she returned to television on June 2, this time on SmackDown!, as a special guest commentator during a match between Kristal Marshall and Jillian Hall. On the edition of June 9 of SmackDown!, Massaro defeated Marshall, Hall and Michelle McCool in a bikini contest. On July 21 in SmackDown!, she won her debut match with the brand, in which she teamed up with Jillian Hall to defeat McCool and Marshall. Two days later at The Great American Bash event, Massaro won a fatal four-way bra and panties match in which she defeated Hall, McCool and Marshall. On the edition of August 4 of SmackDown!, Massaro broke a knuckle on her right hand in a match against Marshall, this made her be out of action for four weeks.

She came back on September 8, teaming with Paul London and Brian Kendrick to defeat Idol Stevens, KC James and Michelle McCool in a Six-Person Mixed Tag Team match. Following the victory, Massaro became the valet for London and Kendrick, accompanying them to the ring for their matches on SmackDown! and pay-per-views. On the October 27 episode of SmackDown!, Massaro participated in a "Trick or Treat Battle Royal" which was won by Kristal. On December 17, 2006 at a SmackDown! roster only exclusive pay-per-view by the name of Armageddon Massaro competed in a ''4-Way SmackDown! women's'' Santa's little helpers Lingerie contest against Layla El, Kristal Marshall and Jillian Hall but the contest ended in a draw due to everyone winning via Santa's choice. On the December 22 episode of SmackDown!, Massaro teamed up with Layla in a winning effort defeating Jillian Hall and Kristal in a tag-team match. On the January 5 episode of SmackDown!, Massaro competed against Hall in a winning effort. On the January 26 episode of SmackDown!, Massaro teamed up with London and Kendrick in a losing effort to the MNM (Mercury & Nitro & Melina) in a six-person mixed-tag-team match. During the February 16, 2007 episode of SmackDown!, Massaro unveiled her Playboy cover. Surrounding the release of the magazine, Massaro engaged in a feud with Jillian Hall, who was envious of the attention Massaro received due to the Playboy cover. At No Way Out, Massaro won the first ever Diva Invitational by removing her top to reveal her breasts which were covered with Playboy bunny pasties.

Massaro also began a feud with then WWE Women's Champion, Raw's Melina, who was angry over the publicity Massaro had been receiving because of the cover. On the March 9 episode of SmackDown!, the rivalry was taken to the next level when a catfight broke out on the inaugural edition of Miz TV. On the March 16 episode of SmackDown!, Ashley teamed up with London and Kendrick in a losing effort to MNM in a six-person mixed-tag-team match. On the March 23 episode of SmackDown!, Massaro would get a catfight after Melina attempted to make an interference during Kendrick and Paul's match with MNM. On the March 26 episode of Raw, Massaro teamed up with Torrie Wilson and Candice Michelle in a winning effort defeating Melina, Hall and Victoria. At WrestleMania 23, Massaro unsuccessfully challenged Melina for the WWE Women's Championship in a LumberJill match to retain her title.

After WrestleMania, Massaro continued as a valet for WWE Tag Team Champions Paul London and Brian Kendrick. In storyline, on the April 13 episode of SmackDown!, Massaro was attacked by Jillian Hall. In reality, Massaro had loosened a screw in her ankle, which had been inserted the previous year after she legitimately fractured her tibia and fibula while in a battle royal. Massaro returned on the June 1, 2007, episode of SmackDown!, helping McCool defeat Hall after she distracted her. This return was short-lived when on the edition of June 8 of SmackDown!, Massaro was suspended indefinitely after accidentally spilling Vince McMahon's coffee on him. In reality, Massaro was taking time off to participate on the show Survivor.

Various storylines (2008)
Massaro returned on January 7, 2008 to the Raw brand, winning a Lingerie Pillow Fight against Maria, Jillian Hall, Melina, and Mickie James. On the January 14 episode of Raw, Massaro teamed up with Mickie James and Maria in a losing effort to the team of Beth Phoenix, Jillian Hall, and Melina in a 6 person-tag-team match. Massaro began a storyline with Maria and Santino Marella on the January 21, 2008 episode of Raw, attempting to convince Maria to pose for Playboy but was interrupted by Marella. At the Royal Rumble pay-per-view, Massaro again attempted to convince Maria by telling her that Hugh Hefner wanted her to pose for Playboy before Maria could answer Marella interrupted and objected to the proposal. Massaro would then beat down Marella's surprise Big Dick Johnson when he attempted to perform a striptease. At the No Way Out pay-per-view, Massaro would appear with Maria in a segment at the Playboy Mansion. On the March 24, 2008, episode of Raw, Massaro interfered in the match between Maria and Melina. After the match, Santino Marella came down to the ring, so Jerry "The King" Lawler (who was tired of Marella's actions over previous weeks) knocked Santino out of the ring. Which set up the six-person mixed-tag-team match, in which they lost to Marella, Melina and Phoenix. On March 30, 2008, Massaro replaced Candice Michelle, who was out with an injury, in the Playboy Bunnymania Lumberjack match at WrestleMania XXIV teaming up with Maria, losing to Beth Phoenix and Melina after the interference from Marella.

On the April 14 episode of Raw, Massaro teamed up with Maria in a losing effort to the team of Melina and Hall in a tag-team match. Massaro also participated in a 12 wrestler Tag Team match at Backlash, where Phoenix pinned her to get the win for her team. On the April 28 episode of Raw, Massaro competed in her last match by teaming up with Michelle McCool, Cherry, Kelly Kelly, Maria and James in a winning effort defeating Layla, Melina, Phoenix, Natalya, Hall and Victoria. Massaro was released from her WWE contract on July 9, 2008. A week prior to her release, she announced that she had asked to be let go from her contract due to her daughter being sick.

Independent circuit (2017)
In September 2017, Massaro made a brief return to professional wrestling by managing in Zero1 Professional Wrestling USA with former WWE Diva Jillian Hall.

Survivor
Massaro was a contestant on CBS's Survivor: China, which was the fifteenth season of the show, in 2007. Massaro approached the WWE with the idea of doing the show, and after going through the casting process, she found out she made the show ten days before she had to leave for China to film. Prior to the experience, Massaro had never been camping before, so to train for the show she had to get used to being out in nature. She was assigned to the Zhan Hu tribe in the first episode and quickly began quarreling with fellow contestant Dave Cruser. In the second episode, Massaro was voted off after six days with a 6–1 vote.

Modeling and acting
Massaro competed in Miss Hawaiian Tropic pageants and was crowned Miss Hawaiian Tropic USA in 2002 and Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada in August 2004. Massaro appeared in FHM, Stuff, Maxim, and on the cover of Playboy after joining WWE, though she had previously posed for Playboy in 2003 and 2004. Massaro tried out for Playboy scouts when they were searching for models for the 50th Anniversary Playmate Hunt. She appeared in the accompanying pictorial in the December 2003. In addition, she appeared in both Femme Fatales and Flex magazines. Massaro also hosted several E! channel Wild On! episodes and appeared on Breaking Bonaduce as Danny Bonaduce's personal trainer. Massaro guest starred on an episode of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition alongside WWE wrestlers John Cena and Batista. In addition, she appeared in campaign ads for both Hawaiian Tropic and Yamaha.

In February 2007, Massaro and Glenn "Kane" Jacobs filmed an episode of the CW's Smallville that aired on March 22, 2007. In April 2007, Massaro also appeared as a guest on Fuse TV's show The Sauce. On April 20, 2007, Massaro and several other female wrestlers filmed Timbaland's video, "Throw It on Me" featuring the Hives. In 2008, she appeared in Rev Theory's video for "Hell Yeah."

Video games
Massaro appeared in two WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 and returned in WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009.

Radio
On June 30, 2018, Massaro began working as a radio DJ for Long Island station WWSK-FM / 94.3 The Shark where she originally worked the Saturday portion from 10 am to 3 pm. Shortly before her death in May 2019, she was promoted to hosting the station's evening program on Wednesday nights.

Personal life
Massaro had one child, a daughter. When her daughter became sick in mid-2008, Massaro asked for early release from WWE to care for her. On May 22, 2019, after Massaro's death, several former WWE female wrestlers who were Massaro's coworkers, grouped as "The Squared Circle Sisters", opened a crowdfunding campaign on GoFundMe in order to create a college fund for her daughter, setting a goal of $100,000.

On November 21, 2020, Massaro's younger brother, Ronnie Massaro, was murdered after being stabbed in New York City at the age of 39. He was buried in the same cemetery as her, the St. James Episcopal.

Massaro had several tattoos, including a black and pink nautical star on the back of both of her elbows, a pink and red dragon surrounding kanji lettering that translates to "Trust No One" going down the right side of her torso, symbols on the small of her lower back, and a butterfly on her right hip. She also had several piercings, including a Monroe and snakebites.

WWE lawsuit and sexual assault allegation
In November 2016, Massaro joined a class action lawsuit against WWE, litigated by Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against them, alleging that the company concealed risks of injury that caused them neurological damage. Massaro also alleged that she was sexually assaulted at a US military base during a WWE tour of Kuwait by a man posing as a doctor, and that WWE apologized but persuaded her to not report it to the appropriate authorities as they did not want it to affect the company's relationship with the military. The lawsuit was dismissed in late 2018.

After her death, WWE said they had received an email from Massaro in October 2018 in which she expressed regret for having taken part in the lawsuit. An affidavit by Massaro describing the sexual abuse allegations in detail was subsequently released by the law firm that represented her after her death. WWE later said executives there were not informed of the allegations described in the affidavit.

Despite previous denials from WWE about having knowledge of her allegation, in February 2024 an attorney representing former WWE Head of Talent Relations John Laurinaitis stated that: "most upper level management at sometime became aware of the allegations and ensured all proper WWE protocols were followed, including privacy for the alleged victim." That month, Vice News reported that the Naval Criminal Investigative Service had investigated Massaro's allegations from June 2019 to January 2020, although no further information about the investigation is known at this time. A further report by Vice News revealed that Massaro had accused WWE promoter Vince McMahon of "preying on female WWE wrestlers" and that she believed he had tried to sabotage her career after she rejected an advance from him.

Death
On May 15, 2019, Massaro finished replying to fan mail, but did not show up for work at WWSK-FM later that night, prompting another DJ to fill in for her. At 5:23 a.m. the next morning, paramedics responded to a rescue call and discovered Massaro unresponsive at her home in Smithtown, New York. When they arrived at the hospital, she was pronounced dead.

On May 19 at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view event, WWE acknowledged Massaro's death by projecting a graphic of her at the start of the show. Visitation for Massaro was held that day and the next at the Branch Funeral Home in Smithtown. On May 21, she was buried at the Saint James Episcopal Church Cemetery in St. James, New York.

At the time of her death some news outlets, all citing the website TMZ, stated Massaro's death as a suicide. Others, including CNN and The Nation, did not. The Suffolk County medical examiner's office did not release an official cause of death, citing a New York state privacy law that allows withholding information that "would constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy". In September 2021, a USA Today article stated that she had died by suicide, and wrote that her death (along with the suicides of wrestlers Hana Kimura and Daffney in the succeeding two years) had spurred a conversation about mental health in the professional wrestling industry.

Massaro had taken part in a suicide prevention music video by her WWSK co-worker Brian Orlando, who had recorded a song with Brandon B. Brown, Vinnie Dombroski, and Kevin Martin. Following her death, Orlando scrapped plans to release the video. With her family's blessing, it was released in July 2020.

Beauty pageant

 * Hawaiian Tropic
 * Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada (2004)
 * Miss Hawaiian Tropic USA (2002)

Professional wrestling

 * World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWE Diva Search (2005)

title: Ashley Massaro


text:
Talk:Donkey Kong (1981 video game)

Requested move 17 April 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved to Donkey Kong (arcade game).  Arbitrarily0  ( talk ) 19:38, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Donkey Kong (video game) → Donkey Kong (arcade game) – or. The current title is insufficiently precise to clearly identify what it is about. The whole Donkey Kong franchise is a video game franchise, and it includes various video games that are branded as Donkey Kong games, so having "(video game)" in the title provides very little disambiguation from the other topics. See also Donkey Kong (about the video game franchise), Donkey Kong (disambiguation), List of Donkey Kong video games, Donkey Kong (Game & Watch), Donkey Kong (1994 video game), etc. — BarrelProof (talk) 19:19, 17 April 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose move. Only two games are solely titled Donkey Kong, and the 1994 game is a loose remake of this one.  O.N.R.  (talk) 05:54, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PDAB. 162 etc. (talk) 16:06, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support The original rationale for the move in 2006 was that this was a series article of a sort, which is no longer true. There is now a Donkey Kong article. This one is just about the arcade game. It should be disambiguated that way and moved back to its original disambiguation. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 09:05, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support for clarity; there is absolutely no reason to tolerate any ambiguity in a disambiguator, especially when an unambiguous one is available. Red   Slash  21:11, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support move to Donkey Kong (arcade game) - the article comments about how the game is played on arcade controls. Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 21:30, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

Bonus life
In the game play section it states that a bonus life is gained at 7,000 points. There are many conflicting sources on this topic as this can be changed by adjusting the DIP switches on the PCB. While bonus life at 7,000 points is the setting used for most speed run and world record attempts it may not be the default setting. Perhaps consider conducting further research to determine default DIP switch settings and adjust numerical values throughout article to reflect the default settings as needed? 128.210.107.81 (talk) 21:27, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Release days of the arcade version
Why is only the year but not the exact release date (day and month) shown of some of the arcade versions of the game? Have you tried using search databases but could not come up with something or has someone been editing disruptively and deleted release date information? 81.233.172.120 (talk) 14:45, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

"Donkey Kong (video game" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donkey_Kong_(video_game&redirect=no Donkey Kong (video game] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 07:36, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 21 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Killarnee (talk) 07:49, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

Donkey Kong (arcade game) → Donkey Kong (1981 video game) – WP:NCVGDAB states disambiguation of video games by year should be done first before disambiguation by platform. There are only two official video games that bear "Donkey Kong", this game and Donkey Kong (1994 video game), and that game's article is already done that way.

It should be noted that while Donkey Kong (1981) first came out on arcades, it was not the only platform, nor is it the most known version. There were at least 11 different ports at the time (Atari 2600, Intellivision, ColecoVision, NES, Commodore 64, Apple II, IBM PC, TI-99/4A, Atari 8-bit computers, Amstrad CPC, Atari 7800). The NES version is worth mentioning, as it's re-released more than the arcade version, appearing on Classic NES Series on Game Boy Advance and all three of Virtual Console, Wii, Wii U and Nintendo 3DS. By comparison, the arcade version did not have a standalone re-release until it was included in the Arcade Archives series on Nintendo Switch in 2018. This can be observed in the article itself, which covers many different versions of Donkey Kong. Emiya Mulzomdao (talk) 03:28, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Support per nom, the article already covers non-arcade releases so the title should be updated to reflect the scope. HappyWith (talk) 08:55, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 12:30, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donkey Kong (1981 video game)


text:
Talk:Coastal Stream

This page was recently nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Coastal Stream for the archived deletion debate. -- Francs2000 | Talk 20:39, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coastal Stream