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Removable partial denture

A removable partial denture (RPD) is a denture for a partially edentulous patient who desires to have replacement teeth for functional or aesthetic reasons and who cannot have a bridge (a fixed partial denture) for any reason, such as a lack of required teeth to serve as support for a bridge (i.e. distal abutments) or financial limitations.

This type of prosthesis is referred to as a removable partial denture because patients can remove and reinsert it when required without professional help. Conversely, a "fixed" prosthesis can and should be removed only by a dental professional.

The aim of an RPD is to restore masticatory function, speech, appearance and other anatomical features.

Usage
RPD may be used when there is a lack of required teeth to serve as support for a bridge (i.e. distal abutments) or financial limitations. A single-tooth RPD known as a "flipper tooth" may be used temporarily after a tooth is extracted, during the several months it takes to complete the placement of a dental implant and crown.

Advantages of using RPD include:

 * Reduced encroachment on existing teeth
 * Replacement of a greater number of missing teeth
 * Easily removed for cleaning and hygiene maintenance
 * Fairly simple to fix/replace the prosthesis if damaged
 * Modifications can be made to the prosthesis in some cases following additional tooth loss

Disadvantages of using RPD include:

 * Limited stability whilst in function
 * Significant coverage even in cases where few teeth require replacement in order to maximise retention
 * Visible components depending on teeth needing replacement
 * Potential risk to the health of remaining teeth due to plaque accumulation or trauma

Classification
The patient's oral condition is categorized based on the remaining dentition in a classification first proposed by Dr. Edward Kennedy in 1925. His classification consisted of four general outlines for partially edentulous arches that can present within a patient, which then could be treated with an RPD. When there is an edentulous space that is outside of the four classifications, it is termed a modification space. The use of this classification allows for easier communication between dental professionals, allows for easily visualization of the arch, and distinguishes a tooth-borne or tissue-supported RPD.

 * Class I (bilateral free ended partially edentulous)
 * Class II (unilateral free ended partially edentulous)
 * Class III (unilateral bounded partially edentulous)
 * Class IV (bilateral bounded anterior partially edentulous)

Kennedy Class I RPDs are fabricated for people who are missing some or all of their posterior teeth on both sides (left and right) in a single arch (either mandibular or maxillary), and there are no teeth posterior to the edentulous area. In other words, Class I RPDs clasp onto teeth that are more towards the front of the mouth, while replacing the missing posterior teeth on both sides with false denture teeth. The denture teeth are composed of either plastic or porcelain.

Class II RPDs are fabricated for people who are missing some or all of their posterior teeth on one side (left or right) in a single arch, and there are no teeth behind the edentulous area. Thus, Class II RPDs clasp onto teeth that are more towards the front of the mouth, as well as on teeth that are more towards the back of the mouth of the side on which teeth are not missing, while replacing the missing more-back-of-the-mouth teeth on one side with false denture teeth.

Class III RPDs are fabricated for people who are missing some teeth in such a way that the edentulous area has teeth remaining both posterior and anterior to it. Unlike Class I and Class II RPDs which are both tooth-and-tissue-borne (meaning they both clasp onto teeth, as well as rest on the posterior edentulous area for support), Class III RPDs are strictly tooth-borne, which means they only clasp onto teeth and do not need to rest on the tissue for added support. This makes Class III RPDs exceedingly more secure as per the three rules of removable prostheses that will be mentioned later, namely: support, stability and retention. (See the article on dentures for a more thorough review of these three fundamentals of removable prosthodontics.)

However, if the edentulous area described in the previous paragraph crosses the anterior midline (that is, at least both central incisors are missing), the RPD is classified as a Class IV RPD. By definition, a Kennedy Class IV RPD design will possess only one edentulous area.

Class I, II and III RPDs that have multiple edentulous areas in which replacement teeth are being placed are further classified with modification states that were defined by Oliver C. Applegate. Kennedy classification is governed by the most posterior edentulous area that is being restored. Thus if, for example, a maxillary arch is missing teeth #1, 3, 7-10 and 16, the RPD would be Kennedy Class III mod 1. It would not be Class I, because missing third molars are generally not restored in an RPD (although if they were, the classification would indeed be Class I), and it would not be Class IV, because modification spaces are not allowed for Kennedy Class IV.

The results of a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, showed that the occurrence of Kennedy Class III partial edentulism was 67.2% in the maxillary arch and 64.1% in the mandibular arch. Followed by Class II in both maxillary and mandibular arch with an average of 16.3% in maxillary arch and 14.8% in the mandibular arch. Based on these results, class III has the highest prevalence in younger group of patient (31– 40 years). Class I and class II have the highest incidence among older group of Patients (41–50 years).

Design
Prior to designing partial dentures a complete examination is undertaken to assess the condition of remaining teeth. This may involve radiographs, sensibility testing or other assessments. From this examination and assessment of occlusion (occlusal plane, drifting, tilting of teeth and surveyed articulated casts) the designing of partial dentures can begin. Information from previous dentures can be very useful in deciding which features to keep the same and which features of the design to change – in the hope of making an improvement.

Stages of partial denture design
A systematic design process should be followed:

 * The teeth to be replaced must be decided.
 * The soft tissue to be replaced (flange) is then drawn.
 * The major connector is selected from a list of options (the options available will depend on the above assessment).
 * Retentive features of the denture must be decided – these may include clasps, guide planes and indirect retention (often important in dentures involving Kennedy Class 1 and Class 2 saddles).
 * Supportive features are then decided – these prevent the denture sinking into the soft tissue; often the natural teeth can take some of the loading (rest seats and connector coverage).

However, this is not always possible. Support may thus be tooth-borne, mucosal borne or a combination of tooth and mucosal borne.

 * The denture should where possible have features that withstand horizontal movement (bracing) and the clasps should have appropriate reciprocation.
 * The denture base material (usually acrylic or cobalt-chromium) and materials of the various components must be selected.
 * The hygiene of the prosthesis must be appropriate trying where possible to minimise the soft tissues coverage.

The design should be reviewed and simplified removing unnecessary components.

Once the partial denture has been designed, the shade and mould of the replacement teeth can be selected. Within the design process (and prior to the master impression stage of denture construction), modifications may be suggested to teeth. This may be undertaken to create occlusal space for rest seats or to create undercuts for the placement of clasps (such as addition of composite resin) or to create guide planes for easier insertion and removal of the denture.

Components
Rather than lying entirely on the edentulous ridge like complete dentures, removable partial dentures possess clasps of cobalt-chrome or titanium metal or plastic that "clip" onto the remaining teeth, making the RPD more stable and retentive.

The parts of an RPD can be listed as follows (and are exemplified by the picture above):

 * Major connector (The thick metal "U" in the RPD image above is a lingual bar, a type of major connector)
 * Anterior-posterior palatal strap
 * Single palatal strap
 * U-shaped palatal connector (Horseshoe)
 * Lingual bar
 * Lingual plate
 * Minor connector (See the small struts protruding from the lingual bar at roughly 90 degree angles.)
 * Direct retainer (Examples are in the upper left of upper photo and lower right of lower photo; the clasp arms act to hug the teeth and keep the RPD in place. The metal clasp and rest immediately adjacent to the denture teeth is also a direct retainer.)
 * Indirect retainer (An example is the little metal piece coming off the "U" at a 90 degree angle near the top of the upper photo, which is a cingulum rest on a canine.)
 * Physical retainer (This is a mesh of metal that allows the pink base material to connect to the metal framework of the RPD. Some consider physical retainers their own component (making a total of seven), while others consider them within the indirect retainer category (thus making a total of six components.)
 * Base (the pink material, mimicking gingiva)
 * Teeth (plastic or porcelain formed in the shape of teeth)

Major connectors for upper teeth
There are many options for major connectors for removable upper partial dentures. The type of connector used will vary depending on the specific circumstances and the results of a comprehensive examination and discussion with the patient. Commonly used major connectors are outlined in the table below along with details of factors affecting the choice of using them.

Plate
Advantages of plates are that they are useful when several teeth are missing or there are multiple saddle. They also provide more retention, stability and support due to larger palatal coverage. Plates are useful when there are long distal extensions.

Disadvantages of plates are that they overs a lot of patients mouth so sometimes not well tolerated and also may affect phonetics. Plates can be problematic if there is a torus palatinus.

Palatal bar (Strap/Anterior-Posterior)
Advantages of these are their rigidity and minimal soft tissue coverage yet still having good resistance to deformation. A-P strap useful for Kennedy class I and II or if there is a torus. A-P strap gives greater distribution of stresses.

Disadvantages of these are that there is not much support due to less palatal coverage and also that is it bulky and so disliked by some patients.

U-shaped palatal bar (horseshoe connector)
Advantages of these are that they are useful in cases where we do not want to cover much of the palate e.g. if patient has a strong gag reflex, a large palatal torus or Kennedy class III.

Disadvantages of these are that they are flexible due to distal extensions which can have adverse effects on force transmission to abutment teeth. They can traumatic to the residual ridge.

Spoon denture
Advantages of these are that they are useful in small anterior saddles and are cheap to make.

Disadvantages of these are that they have large palatal coverage for a small saddle.

Palatal Strap/Bar (Single/Anterior, mid or Posterior)
Advantages of these are that single strap is useful for Kennedy class III and IV cases.

Disadvantage of these are that single strap requires careful placement  if there is a torus palatinus. They are generally inappropriate for Kennedy Class 1 or 2.

Major connectors for lower teeth
A major connector is the part of a partial denture that links components on one side of the arch with those on the other. It must be strong and rigid enough to provide a suitable skeleton to the prosthesis and located so as not to damage the gingival or movable tissues. Five types of major connectors are listed below:

Lingual bar
A lingual bar has a pear-shaped cross section tapering towards the gingival boundary. It should be positioned high enough so as to not irritate the lower movable tissue but low enough to allow for a substantial quantity of material to be used to ensure stiffness. At least 7mm of space is usually required. It sits on the soft tissue posteriorly to the dentition. Along with the lingual plate it is the most commonly used type of connector in the lower arch.

A lingual bar is more hygienic than a lingual plate but is difficult to add to if teeth are later extracted and require to be added to the denture.

Sublingual bar
A sublingual bar is similar to a lingual bar but is located on the floor of the mouth posteriorly and inferiorly to its usual location. They are used when the superior border of a lingual bar would be positioned too closely to the gingival border. They are contraindicated in patients with a high lingual frenum and in situations where they may interfere with tongue movements.

Lingual Plate
A lingual plate is a thin plate contoured to the lingual surfaces of the lower anterior teeth. A lingual plate is useful when there is insufficient space for a lingual bar which would result in irritation of the gingival boundary.

If the teeth are spaced out and the patient does not wish for visible metal to be seen then an interrupted lingual plate may be used where the material is cut away where it would be visible anteriorly.

A disadvantage of a lingual plate is that it covers a lot of gingival margins and is less hygienic than a lingual bar. It should be used with caution in those patients with a high caries rate. A major advantage is that is easier to add teeth to a denture with a lingual plate than a lingual bar connector. In addition, it is useful in providing some additional support for mobile lower anterior teeth.

Buccal bar
In rare cases where the inclination of the remaining anterior teeth is problematic and the use of a lingual connector inappropriate, a buccal bar can be considered.

Continuous clasp
A continuous clasp is sometimes used in addition to a lingual bar and rarely as a sole major connector. It involves a bar of material placed along the cingulum of the anterior dentition.

The continuous clasp has the added advantage of providing indirect retention when used in addition to a lingual bar. It may be used when a lingual plate is compromising aesthetics.

Support
Components that prevents displacement of the denture towards the tissues

If the denture solely rests on the remaining teeth, it is termed ‘tooth borne’, and if the denture lies solely on the mucoperiosteum, it is termed ‘mucosa borne’. In some cases where parts of the denture lies on periosteum and parts on the remaining teeth, it is called ‘tooth and mucosa borne’

‘Tooth borne’ dentures offer ideal tooth support, as the force is transmitted down the long axis of the tooth into the periodontal ligament. This will allow the dentures to feel like natural dentition, therefore feel more comfortable for the patient. The soft tissues are protected and resorption of the alveolar bone at the saddle areas is likely to be slow.

However, with ‘mucosa borne’ dentures. Force placed on these areas dissipates into the alveolar bone and will cause resorption over time. Dentures quickly begin to feel ill fitting as the shape of the alveolar ridge changes.

Tooth born/ tooth and mucosa borne
When choosing the teeth to support the denture, They must have the following qualities.

 * as close to the saddle as possible
 * healthy teeth
 * healthy periodontal status
 * large surface area of the roots

We place rests on the teeth for support.

Types of rests include:

Rests placed on teeth must be an adequate size and thickness to ensure the occlusal load is directed down the long axis of the tooth, without impinging on the patient's occlusion. A periodontally healthy tooth will be able to sustain its own load in addition to 1.5 similar teeth.
 * occlusal
 * cingulum
 * incisal

Mucosa borne
Dentures covering a larger area spreads the load, reducing the magnitude of force placed on the mucosa, reducing the rate of resorption.

Clasp design
Direct retainers may come in various designs:
 * Cast circumferential clasp (suprabulge)
 * Akers'
 * Half and half
 * Back-action
 * Ring clasp
 * Wrought wire clasp
 * Roach clasp (infrabulge)
 * I-bar
 * T-bar
 * Y-bar
 * 7-bar

Both cast circumferential and wrought wire clasps are supra bulge clasps, in that they engage an undercut on the tooth by originating coronal to the height of contour, while Roach clasps are infrabulge clasps and engage undercuts by approaching from the gingival.

In addition there are a couple of specific theories which include the clasp design:
 * RPI: mesial rest, distolingual guide plate, I-bar
 * The RPI design was made for clasping a bilateral free end extension. These clasps are unique because they have to take into account extra torque force due to being tissue borne (and not tooth borne) at the posterior.
 * Described by Kratochvil in 1963 and modified by Krol in 1973
 * Kratochvil designed the abutment tooth with a long rest (from the mesial marginal ridge to the distal pit), long guide plane, and a regular I-bar clasp.
 * Krol modified this design with a short occlusal rest, short guide plane (touching only from occlusal to middle third), and a mesial-shifted I-bar. The theory behind Krol's decision was to allow for movement of the partial denture without placing too much torque on the abutment tooth.
 * An illustration of the RPI design function
 * RPA: mesial rest, distolingual guide plate, Akers' clasp-style retentive arm
 * RPC: mesial rest, distolingual guide plate, other type of cast circumferential clasp
 * So named in response to the RPI Philosophy introduced by Kratochvil and Kroll

Indirect retention
Indirect retention is required to prevent displacement of saddles, such as free-end saddles or anterior saddle which is curved outside a straight line between the abutment teeth. Such indirect retention can only be achieved where both claps and rests work together to form lever system (Class III lever system) to retain the free part of denture.

title: Removable partial denture


text: Template:PD-UA-exempt

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:PD-UA-exempt


text: User:Sarasota

title: User:Sarasota


text:
Maurice Binder

Maurice Binder (December 4, 1918 – April 9, 1991) was an American film title designer best known for his work on 16 James Bond films, including the first, Dr. No (1962), and for Stanley Donen's films from 1958.

Early work
Binder was born in New York City, but he mostly worked in Britain from the 1950s. In 1951, Binder directed two short films in the obscure Meet Mister Baby series; these films were preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2015. He created his first film-title design for Stanley Donen's Indiscreet (1958). The James Bond producers first approached him after being impressed by his title designs for the Donen comedy film The Grass Is Greener (1960). Binder also provided sequences for Donen for Charade (1963) and Arabesque (1966), both accompanying music by Henry Mancini.

James Bond
Binder created the signature gun-barrel sequence for the opening titles of the first Bond film, Dr. No (1962). Binder originally planned to employ a camera sighted down the barrel of a .38-calibre gun, but this caused some problems. Unable to fit the lens of a standard camera far enough down the barrel to bring the entire gun barrel into focus, his assistant Trevor Bond created a pinhole camera to solve the problem, and the barrel became clear.

Binder described the genesis of the gun-barrel sequence in his last interview in 1991:

"That was something I did in a hurry, because I had to get to a meeting with the producers in twenty minutes. I just happened to have little white, price tag stickers and I thought I'd use them as gun shots across the screen. We'd have James Bond walk through and fire, at which point blood comes down onscreen. That was about a twenty-minute storyboard I did, and they said, "This looks great!""

At least one critic has also observed that the sequence recalls the gun fired at the audience at the end of The Great Train Robbery (1903). Binder is also known for featuring women dancing, jumping on trampolines and shooting weapons in his title sequences.

Binder was succeeded by Daniel Kleinman as the title designer for GoldenEye (1995). Prior to GoldenEye, the only James Bond films for which Binder did not create the opening title credits were From Russia with Love (1963) and Goldfinger (1964), both of which were designed by Robert Brownjohn.

Other sequences
Binder shot opening and closing sequences involving a mouse (an animal that did not appear in either the novel or the film) for The Mouse That Roared (1959), a sequence of monks filmed as a mosaic explaining the history of the golden bell in The Long Ships (1963) and a sequence of Spanish dancers in The Day the Fish Came Out (1967).

He designed the title sequence for Sodom and Gomorrah (1963) that featured an orgy. The sequence, originally planned to take one day, spanned three days of work.

Binder also was a producer of The Passage (1979) and a visual consultant on Dracula (1979) and Oxford Blues (1984).

Death
Binder died from lung cancer in London in 1991 at the age of 72.

James Bond

 * Dr. No (1962)
 * From Russia with Love — gun barrel sequence only (reused from Dr. No) (1963)
 * Goldfinger — gun barrel sequence only (reused from Dr. No) (1964)
 * Thunderball (1965)
 * You Only Live Twice (1967)
 * On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
 * Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
 * Live and Let Die (1973)
 * The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
 * The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
 * Moonraker (1979)
 * For Your Eyes Only (1981)
 * Octopussy (1983)
 * A View to a Kill (1985)
 * The Living Daylights (1987)
 * Licence to Kill (1989)

Selected other films

 * Indiscreet (1958)
 * The Mouse That Roared (1959)
 * Once More, with Feeling! (1960)
 * Purple Noon (1960)
 * The Grass Is Greener (1960)
 * Road to Hong Kong (1962)
 * Reach for Glory (1962)
 * Charade (1963)
 * Call Me Bwana (1963)
 * The Running Man (1963)
 * The Mouse on the Moon (1963)
 * The Long Ships (1963)
 * The 7th Dawn (1964)
 * The Chase (1966)
 * Caccia alla volpe (After the Fox) (1966)
 * Arabesque (1966)
 * Kaleidoscope (1966)
 * Bedazzled (1967)
 * Fathom (1967)
 * Billion Dollar Brain (1967)
 * Two for the Road (1967)
 * Barbarella (1968)
 * Battle of Britain (1969)
 * The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
 * Young Winston (1972)
 * Gold (1974)
 * The Tamarind Seed (1974)
 * Shout at the Devil (1976)
 * The Wild Geese (1978)
 * Dracula (1979)
 * The Sea Wolves (1980)
 * The Final Countdown (1980)
 * Green Ice (1981)
 * Max, Mon Amour (1986)
 * The Last Emperor (1987)
 * The Sheltering Sky (1990)

title: Maurice Binder


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Equitable conversion

Equitable conversion is a doctrine of the law of real property under which a purchaser of real property becomes the equitable owner of title to the property at the time he/she signs a contract binding him/her to purchase the land at a later date. The seller retains legal title of the property prior to the date of conveyance, but this land interest is considered personal property (a right to the payment of money, rather than a right to the property ). The risk of loss is then transferred to the buyer – if a house on the property burns down after the contract has been signed, but before the deed is conveyed, the buyer will nevertheless have to pay the agreed-upon purchase price for the land unless the seller in possession or deemed in possession has failed to protect it. Such issues can and should be avoided by parties by stipulating in the contract who will bear the loss in such occurrences. The above rule varies by jurisdiction, but is the general rule.

Effect of death of a party
If one of the parties dies after the contract for sale of the property has been executed, the doctrine will govern how that party's interest will pass to his heirs. For example, the seller wills his real property to his son, and his personal property to his daughter. If the seller dies after a contract for conveyance is signed by a buyer, the seller's interest in the land will be treated as personal property, and the proceeds of the sale will pass to his daughter. In most jurisdictions, the real property interest created by the contract will pass to the buyer's heirs, while the seller's personal property interest created by the contract will pass to the seller's estate.

The State of New York does not recognize equitable conversion. In New York, as long as the buyer is without fault, the risk of loss remains on the seller until the buyer takes title or possession.

Uniform Vendor and Purchaser Risk Act
A growing minority of States have adopted the Uniform Vendor and Purchaser Risk Act (UVPRA) in one form or another. The UVPRA bases the legal consequences of no-fault casualty loss on the right of possession of the property at the time the loss occurs. See Brush Grocery Kart v. Sure Fine Market, 47 P. 3d 680 (Colo. 2002). Generally, the provisions of the UVPRA can be modified or avoided in the Land Sale Contract.

The "Massachusetts Rule"
In Massachusetts and a handful of other states, the seller continues to bear the risk until the title is actually transferred to the buyer, unless there is an agreement to the contrary. See Brush Grocery Kart v. Sure Fine Market, 47 P. 3d 680 (Colo. 2002).

title: Equitable conversion


text: User talk:211.150.124.34

title: User talk:211.150.124.34


text:
User:CaptainFecehead

Professional vandal.
 * There's nothing professional about vandalizing a shared, commuinity wiki. I think it's time you took your leave. --InformationalAnarchist 04:21, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:CaptainFecehead


text:
Chapel of the Chimes (EP)

Chapel of the Chimes is a 2002 EP by Xiu Xiu. It features a cover of "Ceremony", originally by Joy Division. The title of the EP is a reference to the Chapel of the Chimes in Oakland, California, located north of San Jose, the band's city of origin.

Track listing

 * 1) "I Am the Center of Your World" – 3:00
 * 2) "Jennifer Lopez" (The Sweet Science Version) – 2:38
 * 3) "Ten-Thousand-Times-a-Minute" – 3:29
 * 4) "King Earth, King Earth" – 4:40
 * 5) "Ceremony" (Ian Curtis, Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris) – 4:29

Personnel

 * Jamie Stewart – vocals, piano, programming, guitar, harmonium
 * Lauren Andrews – mandolin, guitar, synthesizer, production
 * Yvonne Chen – bass, bells, synthesizer
 * Cory McCulloch - synthesizer, bass, switchblade, feedback

Additional personnel
 * Jherek Bischoff – upright bass
 * Korum Bischoff – drums
 * Zach Hill – bells, gongs
 * Jamie Peterson – snare drum
 * Kurt Stumbaugh - baritone sax
 * Zack Wentz - drums
 * Jorge Tapia - art, layout
 * Carl Saff - mastering
 * Mira O'Brian - artwork

title: Chapel of the Chimes (EP)


text:
Talk:Julius Peppers

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 22:27, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

I changed the opening sentence...
I took the liberty of changing the opening sentence, which at the time read, "Julius Frazier Peppers loves his cousin seppehr pepper very much(born January 18, 1980 in Wilson, North Carolina is a professional American football player. --DavidD4scnrt (talk) 10:11, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

We've got us some vandalism here, but I can't bring myself to fix it. Somebody else do it for me. 71.243.119.32 (talk) 21:01, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Personal info is wrong
If Julius is the youngest of three children, and his mother gave birth to him at the age of 17, then that must mean that she had the other two when she was in middle school?! This should be changed and referenced!!! --MississippiMagnolia (talk) 13:00, 05 December 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.19.144.39 (talk)

Footballfan90 (talk) 17:17, 6 August 2013 (UTC)== I added information about Julius Peppers. ==

I added that Julius Peppers was voted by the NFL players as the 10th best player in the NFL after the 2010 season. Here is my source. http://top100.nfl.com/

I added that Brian Urlacher thinks that Julius Peppers is the best football player he's ever seen, here is my source. http://deadspin.com/5611609/brian-urlacher-thinks-julius-peppers-is-the-best-player-hes-ever-seen — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.97.177.48 (talk) 15:40, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

Someone needs to change in the top right corner of Peppers profile under career highlights and awards that he won the defensive player of the month for 10/06 and not 11/08. I also added that Julius Peppers won 4 defensive player of the week awards, here is my source. http://www.chicagobears.com/team/player.asp?player_id=251 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.97.177.48 (talk) 19:59, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

I have created a better page for Julius Peppers with more information about his football career, players such as DeMarcus Ware have their career's broken into seasons, that is the way Peppers' page needs to be. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Footballfan90 (talk • contribs) 06:48, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Better now, at least you added sources, unlike the IP (I don't know if that's you or not). Also, not every player needs their careers split into individual seasons, look at Brian Urlacher (a Good Article): it's split into time periods of 2001-2005, 2005-2012, and retirement.  Zappa  O  Mati   14:05, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

That was me, sorry I didn't add any sources before. I just thought that Peppers' didn't have nearly enough information about his career in the article so I changed it. Your right about Brian Urlacher's article, it is a good one. I could have done Julius' like that I guess but I thought I'd use DeMarcus Ware's article as a reference. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Footballfan90 (talk • contribs) 17:06, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on Julius Peppers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140316123317/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d809a4c02/printable/peppers-comfortable-with-new-role-at-right-defensive-end to http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d809a4c02/printable/peppers-comfortable-with-new-role-at-right-defensive-end
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120130154410/http://www.nfl.com/videos/nfl-game-highlights/09000d5d815739ff/Peppers-INT to http://www.nfl.com/videos/nfl-game-highlights/09000d5d815739ff/Peppers-INT
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131107233321/http://www.nfl.com:80/videos/nfl-cant-miss-plays/09000d5d81b36546/Peppers-picks-the-Panthers to http://www.nfl.com/videos/nfl-cant-miss-plays/09000d5d81b36546/Peppers-picks-the-Panthers
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121106140002/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d81e07db6/article/steelers-polamalu-voted-aps-nfl-defensive-player-of-the-year to http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d81e07db6/article/steelers-polamalu-voted-aps-nfl-defensive-player-of-the-year

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External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Julius Peppers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Correction
Julius peppers you say he’s only player to be in final four and Super Bowl…….. what about Donovan McNabb? Rich Hutchins 2001:8A0:7D98:FD00:A5A0:32D9:9AE5:1A6D (talk) 18:20, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julius Peppers


text:
Hampton National Historic Site

Hampton National Historic Site, in the Hampton area north of Towson, Baltimore County, Maryland, preserves a remnant of a vast 18th-century estate, including a Georgian manor house, gardens, grounds, and the original stone slave quarters. The estate was owned by the Ridgely family for seven generations, from 1745 to 1948. The Hampton Mansion was the largest private home in America when it was completed in 1790 and today is considered to be one of the finest examples of Georgian architecture in the United States. Its furnishings, together with the estate's slave quarters and other preserved structures, provide insight into the life of late 18th-century and early 19th-century landowning aristocracy. In 1948, Hampton was the first site selected as a National Historical Site for its architectural significance by the U.S. National Park Service. The grounds were widely admired in the 19th century for their elaborate parterres or formal gardens, which have been restored to resemble their appearance during the 1820s. Several trees are more than 200 years old. In addition to the mansion and grounds, visitors may tour the overseer's house and slave quarters, one of the few plantations having its original slave quarters surviving to the present day.

18th century
The property was originally part of the Northampton land grant given to Col. Henry Darnall (c. 1645–1711), a relative of Lord Baltimore, in 1695. His heirs sold the land on April 2, 1745, to Col. Charles Ridgely (1702–72), a tobacco farmer and trader. The bill of sale records that the property included "... houses, tobacco houses (tobacco barns), stables, gardens, and orchards."

By the late 1750s, Hampton extended to more than 10000 acre and included an ironworks. His son, Capt. Charles Ridgely (1733–90), expanded the family business considerably to include gristmills, apple orchards, and stone quarries. During the American Revolutionary War, the ironworks was a significant source of income for the Ridgelys, producing cannons and ammunition for the Continental Army. In 1783, Capt. Ridgely began construction of the main house, Hampton Mansion. He said its concept was inspired by Castle Howard in England, owned by relatives of his mother. When it was completed in 1790, the Hampton Mansion was the largest private home in the United States.

When Capt. Ridgely died that same year, his nephew, Charles Carnan Ridgely (1760–1829), became the second master of Hampton. He had 10590 ft of irrigation pipes laid in 1799 from a nearby spring to provide water to the Mansion and the surrounding gardens, which he was extensively developing. Prominent artisans of the time were hired to design geometric formal gardens, which were planted on the Mansion's grounds between 1799 and 1801. An avid horseman, Charles Carnan also began raising Thoroughbred horses at Hampton, where he had a racetrack installed. A 1799 advertisement promoted the stud services of his racehorse, Grey Medley. Another of Ridgely's racehorses, Post Boy, won the Washington City Jockey Club cup.

19th century
Under Charles Carnan Ridgely, Hampton reached its peak of 25000 acre in the 1820s. The mansion overlooked a grand estate of orchards, ironworks, coal mining, marble quarries, mills, and mercantile interests. The vast farm produced corn, beef cattle, dairy products, hogs, and horses. More than 300 enslaved people worked the fields and served the household, making Hampton one of Maryland's largest slaveholding estates. Six parterres were designed on three terraced levels facing the mansion, planted with roses, peonies, and seasonal flowers. In 1820, an orangery was built on the grounds.

Charles Carnan Ridgely frequently entertained prominent guests in the Mansion's 51 ft. x 21 ft. (16 m by 6.4 m) Great Hall, such as Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Revolutionary War general, the Marquis de Lafayette. Charles Carnan served as governor of Maryland between 1816–19. When Governor Ridgely died in 1829, he freed Hampton's enslaved people in his will.

The Hampton estate was split among various heirs, with his son, John Carnan Ridgely (1790–1867), inheriting the mansion and 4500 acre. The ironworks closed and thereafter the Ridgelys' income was primarily derived from farming, investments, and their stone quarries. John Carnan added plumbing, heating, and gas lighting to the mansion.

Eliza Ridgely (1803–67), John's wife and the subject of Thomas Sully's famous portrait, Lady with a Harp, purchased many artworks and furnishings for the mansion. She was a noted horticulturist and had successively larger and more elaborate gardens cultivated on the grounds, with a large variety of flowers and shrubs grown in the estate's greenhouses and tended by some of the 60 enslaved people purchased by John Carnan Ridgely. By the mid-19th century, the Hampton estate had one of the most extensive collections of citrus trees in the U.S., along with various exotic trees and plants gathered by Eliza Ridgely during her frequent travels to Europe and the Orient. In the warm months, the potted citrus plants were brought outside and arranged around the terraced gardens, then taken into the heated orangery during the winter. She had one section of the garden planted with colorful red, yellow, pink, and maroon coleus from Asia. In 1859, Hampton's fame for lavish style was such that the author of a book on landscaping wrote, "It has been truly said of Hampton that it expresses more grandeur than any other place in America".

In January 1861, shortly after the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, Charles Ridgely (the son of John Carnan and Eliza Ridgely) formed the pro-Confederate Baltimore County Horse Guards at Hampton with himself as captain of the militia unit that he described as "states' rights gentlemen." One of his militia's cavalry men, Lieut. John Merryman, was subsequently arrested by the Union Army and imprisoned in May 1861 on a charge of treason, sparking the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case, Ex parte Merryman. As the Civil War raged across the farmlands of Maryland and Pennsylvania at the Battle of Antietam (1862) and the Battle of Gettysburg (1863), the Ridgelys' Hampton estate remained untouched.

Although Maryland, as a border state, was exempted from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, the Maryland General Assembly eliminated slavery in 1864. With the end of slavery, Hampton began to decline. A number of the former enslaved people continued to work at Hampton as paid household servants but the Ridgelys had to hire other hands to work the farm. With the deaths of John and Eliza in 1867, their son Charles became the next master of Hampton. The mansion and the remaining 1000 acre were subsequently inherited upon Charles' death in 1872 by Captain John Ridgely (1851–1938). Prominent guests, including Theodore Roosevelt, continued to visit Hampton and enjoy its grounds.

20th century
As nearby Baltimore grew and local agriculture declined, the Ridgelys found it increasingly difficult to maintain the property. Five of the six parterres were removed and replanted as a grass lawn. Some income was generated by producing cider from the estate's apple orchards and operating a dairy. In 1929, Capt. John Ridgely and his son, John Ridgely Jr., formed the Hampton Development Corporation and sold some of the remaining 1000 acre of land. In 1938, John Ridgely, Jr. (1882–1959) became the sixth generation of the family to become master of Hampton. His company sold off large portions of the estate to a suburban housing development in the 1930s and 1940s, now known as the fashionable Hampton residential community. The Hampton Mansion remained in the Ridgely family until 1948, when John Ridgely Jr. moved to the smaller Farm House on the property and the Mansion was acquired by the Avalon Foundation (now part of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation). The seventh and last generation of Ridgelys to live at the mansion was his son, John Ridgely III (1911–90), who, after marrying Lillian Ketchum (1908–96) in the mid-1930s, continued to reside at the mansion with his wife until they both entered Army service during World War II.

The Hampton Mansion and remaining 43 acre of the Ridgely estate were designated a National Historic Site by the Secretary of the Interior on June 22, 1948—the first site to be so selected on the basis of its historical significance and "outstanding merit as an architectural monument". Hampton Mansion was opened to the public in May 1949 under the care of Preservation Maryland for the next thirty years (1949–79). Work also began in 1949 to restore four of the site's six 19th-century parterres. On October 15, 1966, Hampton was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In October 1979, it was acquired by the National Park Service (NPS), which has operated and managed the estate since. The NPS subsequently acquired additional acreage containing original Ridgely structures, bringing the park to its present 62.04 acre size. In 1998, the NPS stated its purpose for the historic site:

"... to preserve unimpaired the cultural resources of this rare, commercial, industrial, and agricultural estate in the historic Chesapeake region. National events and social change are revealed in the site's resources and the inter-relationships of the family and workers who lived and labored on the estate as it took shape and changed in the 18th and 19th centuries."

21st century
As part of the General Management Plan adopted by the NPS in 1998 for the estate's long-term planning and operation, the NPS began studying the mansion's security, safety, electrical systems, and environmental issues in 2000. Critical needs were identified, such as the lack of a fire suppression system and climate control. Conservators of the property's furnishings and paintings said that the need to stabilize temperature and humidity levels inside the mansion was "urgent due to unacceptable environmental stress". The NPS finalized plans in 2004, including an environmental impact assessment, for installation of a modern HVAC system and a concealed fire sprinkler system to protect the historic mansion and its irreplaceable contents from loss by fire.

Starting in January 2005, the mansion closed for almost three years as it underwent the major restoration project. As part of the 2005–07 renovations, the drawing room and two bedchambers were completely refurbished. The drawing room's furnishings were extensively researched to reflect accurately the Mansion in the 1830–60 period. The ornate cupola atop the mansion was restored, including the spherical ornament above the cupola, which was refinished in gold leaf. The Hampton Mansion re-opened to the public on November 30, 2007.

The Park Service's chief ranger for the Hampton National Historic Site said afterwards of the $3 million in renovations, "I don't think the mansion has ever looked better". "Preservation Maryland", a statewide preservation advocacy organization, conferred its Stewardship Award in 2007 on the Hampton National Historic Site for refurnishing the mansion's rooms with historical accuracy while unobtrusively installing the fire suppression and climate control systems.

National Park Service management
The remaining 62.04 acre estate, straddling Hampton Lane, is now managed by the National Park Service and open to the public, with ample free parking, a gift shop, and wheelchair accessibility at the mansion. Visitors are provided a guided tour of the mansion, where the original furnishings owned by the Ridgelys may be seen, along with the family's collection of oil paintings, silverware, and ceramics comprising some 7,000 objects. In addition to the mansion itself, visitors may view nine surviving original structures on the grounds built during the 18th to mid-19th century period:

 * Farm House – located 1900 ft north of the mansion and next to the slave quarters, a portion is believed to predate the Ridgelys' purchase of the property in 1745. The Ridgely family lived here while the mansion was being constructed in the 1780s. Thereafter, it was the residence of the farm manager or overseer. After John Ridgely Jr. and his wife Jane vacated the mansion in 1948, they lived here until their deaths.
 * Slave quarters – two preserved stone buildings adjacent to the Farm House, now provided with interpretive exhibits on enslaved life at Hampton. The stone came from the Ridgelys' own stone quarry. As the Associated Press reported in 2007: "The contrast between the bleak slave quarters ... and the mansion's beautifully appointed interior could not be more stark". Displayed is a newspaper advertisement by Charles Carnan Ridgely offering a reward for the return of a runaway slave, as well as a Christmas gift list kept from 1841 to 1854 by the daughter of John Carnan and Eliza for the slaves' children.
 * Dairy – built of stone before 1800
 * Mule barn – built of stone c. 1845
 * Long house/granary
 * Ash house, wooden log building, and dovecote

Self-guided tours may be made of the grounds during hours when the park is open to the public, including the farm, formal garden, family cemetery, and two stables built of stone for the Ridgely family's thoroughbred horses. A replica of the original orangery (built in 1824) may also be viewed (the original wooden orangery, which burned down in 1926, was reconstructed on the original foundations in 1976). One surviving 34 ft deep underground icehouse is visible near the mansion and is open to visitors. Among the surviving trees planted by the Ridgelys in the 1820s are a large tulip tree, a European Beech, and Catalpas. A prize Cedar of Lebanon, brought back from the Middle East as a seedling by Eliza Ridgely, is one of the largest in the U.S.

Numerous special events are scheduled throughout the year, such as chamber music concerts and harpsichord performances presented in the mansion's ornate Great Hall, milking demonstrations at the dairy by costumed milkmaids, carriage rides, hay harvesting by scythe, corn harvesting, blacksmithing demonstrations, and jousting reenactments. The Baltimore Sun reported that Hampton had 35,000 visitors in 2008.

The local community actively supports the site's preservation through a non-profit friends' group, "Historic Hampton," which has assisted the National Park Service in achieving historical accuracy and interpretive potential of the interiors, along with presentation of various activities. In May 2008, a $195,000 (~$ in ) challenge grant was announced by the National Park Service, matched by an equal amount to be raised by Historic Hampton, for further restoration of the mansion's interiors. The National Park Service also maintains an on-site archive of Ridgely family papers from 1750–1990 for researchers.

Closure of the Tea Room

When the Hampton estate first opened to the public in 1949, the mansion's kitchen was converted into a small restaurant. Known as the Tea Room, it was operated by a concessionaire for the next 50 years, serving lunches featuring Hampton Imperial Crab (backfin lump meat from the blue crab, baked and seasoned with spices) and other Chesapeake Bay seafood delicacies, served with a glass of sherry. A local newspaper columnist described the Tea Room as "offering gentility ... a fireplace nearly as big as a wall and mullioned windows with sills that are nearly 2 ft thick. The view is rolling lawns ..."

When the Tea Room was closed by the National Park Service on January 1, 1999, officials said they did so because of the potential fire hazard posed by operating a kitchen in the main park building and the possibility of insect or rodent damage to historic items in the mansion, as stated in the General Management Plan adopted by the NPS the previous year. While it "may be a pleasant place to enjoy a meal ... that is clearly less important than the need to preserve Hampton's buildings, objects and landscapes for future generations," the Park Service stated. Officials of Preservation Maryland said they were "disappointed" by the restaurant's closure, saying it helped attract visitors to the historic site. The former chairwoman of the Hampton women's committee—which raises money for various projects at Hampton—also criticized the decision. Since 2006, the women's group has renewed efforts to have the Tea Room reopened, saying it would draw more visitors and repeat business from locals to the park. A Park Service spokesman was quoted as saying in October, 2006, that "The mansion is not going to be the site of any food operation," but has made no further comment since then.

title: Hampton National Historic Site


text:
Quadragesima Sunday

Quadragesima Sunday (also known as Invocabit Sunday) is the first Sunday in Lent, occurring after Ash Wednesday.

The term Quadragesima is derived from the Latin word for "fortieth", as there are exactly forty days from Quadragesima Sunday until Good Friday. However, like Quinquagesima, Sexagesima and Septuagesima, the numeral is more likely an approximation of how many days there are until Easter Sunday, in this case 42. While Quadragesima includes both Sundays and weekdays, the beginning of Lent was later changed to the preceding Wednesday, "Ash Wednesday", to get in forty weekdays.

'Invocabit' is the opening word of the introit for the day.

Quadragesima Sunday may occur as early as February 8 or as late as March 14.

In both the ordinary form of the Roman rite and common English parlance it is known as the First Sunday of Lent.

The buergbrennen festivities centred on a large bonfire are celebrated in the towns and villages of Luxembourg on the first Sunday of Lent to herald the coming of spring.

title: Quadragesima Sunday


text:
Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 582

Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor (BWV 582) is an organ piece by Johann Sebastian Bach. Presumably composed early in Bach's career, it is one of his most important and well-known works, and an important influence on 19th- and 20th-century passacaglias: Robert Schumann described the variations of the passacaglia as "intertwined so ingeniously that one can never cease to be amazed."

History
The autograph manuscript of BWV 582 is currently considered lost; the work, as is typical for pieces by Bach and his contemporaries, is known only through a number of copies. There is some evidence that the original was notated in organ tablature. It is not known precisely when Bach composed the work, but the available sources point to the period between 1706 and 1713. It is possible that BWV 582 was composed in Arnstadt soon after Bach's return from Lübeck (where he may have studied Buxtehude's ostinato works).

The first half of the passacaglia's ostinato, which also serves as the fugue's main subject, was most probably taken from a short work by the French composer André Raison, Christe: Trio en passacaille from Messe du deuxieme ton of the Premier livre d'orgue. It is possible that the second half of the ostinato was also taken from Raison, the bass line of Christe: Trio en chaconne of Messe du sixieme ton of the same publication is very similar. See Example 1 for Bach's and Raison's themes.

However, some scholars dispute Raison's influence. Bach's work shares some features with north German ostinato works, most notably Buxtehude's two chaconnes (BuxWV 159 and 160) and a passacaglia (BuxWV 161), and there is clear influence of Pachelbel's chaconnes in several variations and the overall structure.

Passacaglia
The passacaglia is in time, which is typical of the form. Bach's ostinato comprises eight bars, which is unusual but not unheard of: an ostinato of the same length is used, for example, in Johann Krieger's organ passacaglia. The opening of the piece, which consists of the ostinato stated in the pedal with no accompaniment from the manuals, is slightly more unusual, although this idea also occurs elsewhere, and may even have been used by Buxtehude.

There are 20 variations in BWV 582/1. The first begins with a typical C minor affekt, "a painful longing" according to Spitta, similar to the beginning of Buxtehude's Chaconne in C minor, BuxWV 159. Numerous attempts have been made to figure out an overarching symmetrical structure of the work, but scholars have yet to agree on a single interpretation. Particularly important attempts were made by Christoph Wolff and Siegfried Vogelsänger. Some scholars have speculated that there is a symbolic component to the structure of the work: for instance, Martin Radulescu argues that BWV 582/1 is "in the form of a cross".

There is agreement among most scholars that the Passacaglia builds up until its climax in variation twelve. This is followed by three quiet variations, forming a short intermezzo, and then the remaining five variations end the work.

Bach performer and scholar Marie-Claire Alain suggested that the 21 variations are broken down into 7 groups of 3 similar variations, each opening with a quotation from a Lutheran chorale, treated similarly to the Orgel-Büchlein written at a similar time:

 * Bars 8–12, the top part spells out the opening notes of "Nun komm' der Heiden Heiland"
 * Bars 24–48, a cantilena spells out "Von Gott will ich nicht lassen"
 * Bars 49–72, the scales are a reference to "Vom Himmel kam der Engel Schar"
 * Bars 72–96, recalling the "star" motif from "Herr Christ, der Ein'ge Gottes-Sohn"
 * Bars 96–120, ornamented figure similar to that in "Christ lag in Todesbanden" accompanies theme in the soprano then moving successively to alto and bass
 * Bars 144–168 "Ascending intervals in bass recall the Easter chorale "Erstanden ist der heil'ge Christ".

Alain also points out that the numbers (21 repetitions of the Passacaglia ground and 12 statements of the fugue subjects) are inversions.

Fugue
The passacaglia is followed, without break, by a double fugue. The first half of the passacaglia ostinato is used as the first subject; a transformed version of the second half is used as the second subject. Both are heard simultaneously in the beginning of the fugue. A countersubject enters immediately afterwards and is then used throughout the piece. When the three subjects appear simultaneously, they never do so in the same combination of voices twice; this therefore is a permutation fugue, possibly inspired by Johann Adam Reincken's works.

As the fugue progresses, Bach ventures into major keys (E♭ – relative to C minor – and B♭) and the time between the statements increases from 1–3 bars to 7–13.

Transcriptions
The passacaglia has been transcribed for orchestra by Leopold Stokowski, Ottorino Respighi, René Leibowitz, Eugene Ormandy, Sir Andrew Davis and Tomasz Golka and for piano by numerous composer/pianists including Eugen d'Albert, Georgy Catoire, Max Reger (in a version for 2 pianos), Fazıl Say, Krystian Zimerman, Émile Naoumoff and Awadagin Pratt. It has also been arranged for a brass quintet by Neil Balm and performed by The Canadian Brass. A transcription for viol consort was recorded by the UK group Fretwork in 2005. In 2006, the passacaglia was transcribed for handbells by Kevin McChesney and recorded by Cast of Bronze from Dallas, Texas. The passacaglia was also transcribed by Donald Hunsberger for the Eastman Wind Ensemble (symphonic wind ensemble) and for the Eastman Trombone Choir (trombone octet). In 2009, the work was transcribed for string quartet by Nicholas Kitchen for performance by the Borromeo String Quartet.

In 1993, the Passacaglia only (arranged by Bert Lams) was recorded by Robert Fripp's group The Robert Fripp String Quintet in the studio album The Bridge Between.

Guillermo Cides released his re-arrangement of Passacaglia for Chapman Stick and loop pedal on his album 'Primitivo' in 1998 and has performed this piece on stage on several occasions.

In Stokowski's orchestral transcription the whole of the coda is slow and fortissimo without the possibility of a final massive rallentando. He made six commercial recordings of it between 1928 and 1972.

Notable recordings

 * Leopold Stokowski (orchestration)
 * Philadelphia Orchestra, His Master's Voice D 1702 – D 1703 (1931)
 * International Festival Youth Orchestra, Cala Records CACD0551 (1969)
 * Isolde Ahlgrimm, Ammer pedal harpsichord (1937/1941), Philips, (1956)
 * E. Power Biggs, organ, Busch-Reisinger Museum, Harvard University (1958)
 * Helmut Walcha, organ at St. Laurenskerk in Alkmaar, Archiv Produktion, (1962)
 * Virgil Fox, organ, Bach Live at Fillmore East, Decca (1971) – live recording from the Heavy Organ concert series; Philharmonic Hall (later Avery Fisher Hall), Command Records (1963)
 * Michel Chapuis, organ at Church of Our Savior, Copenhagen, Valois, (1967)
 * Anthony Newman, pedal harpsichord, Columbia Masterworks (1968)
 * Karl Richter, organ Freiberg Cathedral, Große Silbermann-Orgel (recorded in 1978 – released in 1980)
 * Peter Hurford, Casavant Frères tracker organ, Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, Toronto, Canada (1984)
 * André Isoir, organ Basilika Weingarten, Calliope (1988) – including use of the 49 rank pedal mixture "la force" on the bottom pedal C throughout
 * Hans-André Stamm, on the Trost-Organ in Waltershausen, Germany
 * Ton Koopman, organ Basilika Ottobeuren, Novalis/Brilliant (1989)
 * Christopher Herrick, organ Stadtkirche Zofingen, Hyperion (1990)
 * Simon Preston, Sauer organ, St. Peter, Waltrop, Deutsche Grammophon (1991)
 * Marie-Claire Alain, organ Stiftskirche Grauhof, Erato (1994)
 * Ton Koopman, organ Grote Kerk, Maassluis, Teldec (1994)
 * Douglas Amrine, Colin Booth pedal harpsichord, Priory (1995)
 * Kevin Bowyer, Marcussen organ Saint Hans Church, Odense, Nimbus (1998)
 * William Porter, Paul Fritts organ Pacific Lutheran University, Loft Recordings (2000)
 * Michael Murray, The Great Organ At Methuen, Telarc (2002; orig. 1980)
 * Joseph Nolan, organ of Buckingham Palace ballroom, www.signumrecords.com (2007)
 * Bernard Foccroulle, Schnitger organ van de Martinikerk te Groningen, Ricercar (2008)
 * Ton Koopman, Tokyo Opera City Concert Hall Organ, Japan (2008)
 * Chicago Symphony Orchestra Brass, CSO Resound (2011)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brass monkey

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP, unanimously apart from nom. -Splash 02:23, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Brass monkey
This is another urban legend. There are plenty of sources which adequately discredit this myth. Denni ☯ 04:22, 2005 July 21 (UTC)
 * Delete - just an urban legend. --InformationalAnarchist 04:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Urban legend, c'mon people. - Chairboy 04:27, 21 July 2005 (UTC) Changing vote to Keep following the complete rewrite of the article. Nice job. - Chairboy 00:20, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * While this seems deletable, there is a notable band Brass Monkey, of which Martin Carthy was a member. If I can find some good info I'll look into writing an article on them. -R. fiend 04:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, there is a page on Brass Monkey which it seems needs some cleanup. Redirect there, and clean that up. I'll help. -R. fiend 04:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, after rewrite. -R. fiend 15:13, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The rewrite seems to follow the etymology of the term and give an interesting and informative desription. Hamster Sandwich 09:49, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Brass Monkey. Keep rewritten article. Capitalistroadster 05:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * We don't need to redirect, the Wiki automagically fixes capatilisation in this case =) Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 06:05, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * That being said, delete. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 06:05, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, someone did a very serious rewrite that is absolutely amazing. Speedy keep now that it's been done. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 20:34, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Beastie Boys Delete Keep after rewrite. Dammit, now I've got that song in my head...  A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  20:53, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Haven't looked through the history of the page, but the referenced and informative article I read is very close to a model page on a folk etymology topic.  Suspect it's been revised deeply since proposal; as it stands now, can't figure why it's here.  Should also mention the cocktail, though.  Smerdis of Tlön 13:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The page has changed significantly, and the quality is much better now (at the time of initial vfd, it stated urban legend as fact), but the fact remains that it is a non-notable UL. A well written debunking of the non-notable is still non-notable.  An additional concern is that the article text is now very very similar to the Snopes article.  Not word for word, but not by much. - Chairboy 14:34, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep in changed from. DJ Clayworth 16:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Very strong keep. As mentioned above, perhaps this is a rewrite, but it is thoroughly researched and rather well written (aside from the odd typo). Themindset 17:15, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I think the piece of folk etomology debunked in this article is notable enough to merit inclusion. It was at one time a widely used phrase, and may still be encounterd in historical fiction among other places. DES 17:20, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I suspect if we delete the article, then a new (erroneous) copy will spring up again. It's obscure but probably marginally worth including; the phrase is not uncommon, and far better to have a sensible article explaining what it isn't rather than nothing. We have a page on The Whole Nine Yards, which discusses the folk etymologies; same concept, really. Shimgray 17:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, after rewrite by User:Jonathan de Boyne Pollard. —PrologFan {Talk} 20:45, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Marvelous rewrite. Xoloz 04:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- clear explanation of well-known phrase or expression, without being POV. Not suitable for dictionary; undoubtedly something people will look up.  Ought to be here. --SockpuppetSamuelson 07:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I always use the phrase 'Brass Monkey weather'. --Richhil 16:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Nick 09:43, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Now perfectly legitimate article questioning the myth. PatGallacher 00:08, 2005 July 24 (UTC)
 * Keep. The original nomination was sound, but the completely rewritten article is an example of Wikipedia's best.-gadfium 22:24, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Very nice re-write. =) Xaa 02:52, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Fachadepuinaagra

Se tu chipileño? --J.Alonso 04:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fachadepuinaagra


text:
Talk:Toshio Suzuki

It appears that this name may need to be disabmiguated to distinguish between the driver, and the president of Studio Ghibli. --Geoff Capp 04:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

I am going to write an article on toshio suzuki of studio ghibli as well as alter the studio ghibli page to be more accurate so i disambiguated this article. moved the existing one to toshio suzuki (formula one) amd linked the page in non unique personal names Discordance 15:46, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

I fixed all the links for the formula one suzuki, i havnt yet fixed the anime links because there isnt an article on that suzuki just yet Discordance 22:23, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toshio Suzuki


text:
Animax Entertainment

Animax Entertainment is an animation and interactive production studio producing content for all screens. Founded in 2001 by Dave Thomas, an actor, writer, and producer known for his Emmy award-winning work on SCTV, Animax's clients include Disney, ESPN, Warner Bros., National Geographic, Sesame Workshop, WWE and many others. Animax won a Sports Emmy Award in 2006 and was nominated again in 2007 for their work on ESPN.com's "Off-Mikes", based on Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg and their ESPN Radio show Mike and Mike in the Morning. The series was also selected as Adobe Systems' Site of the Day on June 20, 2006. In 2007 the company branched out into live-action production with the launch of a viral video series for Kodak and another for Carl's Jr. that gained "Immortal" status on Funny or Die.

Divisions
The main studio has won a number of awards in addition to the Emmy including multiple Webby Awards, multiple Summit Awards, and multiple Los Angeles Advertising Club Belding Bowls among others. In 2009 the company was added to the Inc. 500 list of fastest growing companies in America.

Animations
Animax produced Where's My Water?: Swampy's Underground Adventures in house for the Disney Channel as well as cutscenes for the game Where's My Water 2 from Disney Interactive.

The company's television properties include the Canadian animated sitcom Bob & Doug, a revival of their respective SCTV characters, and Popzilla for MTV.

In 2012, Animax animated three two-minute shorts for NBC's hit show Community. The shorts titled "Abed's Master Key," celebrated the return of Community to TV and were featured on the NBC website and Hulu.

Games
In 2007, Animax produced the first ever virtual world for girls for the maker of the Beanie Babies, Ty Inc for a new product line called Ty Girlz.

title: Animax Entertainment


text:
Template talk:Same-sex marriage in Canada

Reorganized
I reorganized this to put the articles on top and have it be an all-encompassing template for Gay rights vs solely SSM. Ardenn 20:31, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Is rainbow Canada flag better?
On April 11, 2006, NTK replaced the Canadian flag in this template with a rainbow version of the Canadian flag.

I find that the rainbow clashes with the red in the rest of the template. If the rainbow flag is kept, I think the colour scheme of the template needs to change.

Secondly, I suspect some patriotic or anti-gay people might find the rainbow Canadian flag offensive. It is sort of subverting the national flag, suggesting a taking over of the country, more or less like a Christian cross onthe flag would, or US flag colours. I don't think any LGBT group in Canada uses the rainbow Canadian flag as a symbol, and I suspect that there is a reason. Wuzzy 03:35, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I recall, but can't find, a controversy involving an activist who used the rainbow Canada flag. As I recall, the flag was criticised because it was unpatriotic and he ended up sort of apologizing. His credibility was damaged. Wuzzy 00:50, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think we should go back to the national flag. Some use the rainbow flag, but not that rainbow flag. Ardenn 03:38, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's cool, but I understand why people might have a problem with it. I don't think it's a subversion, it's obviously still the Canadian flag, I don't think patriots would have a good reason to take offence (which doesn't mean they won't). I mean it's just a little template, it's not like we're wrapping hockey players or Armed Forces members in it.--Anchoress 04:02, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Full disclosure, I made all these edits, and I am also a straight American, albeit a Canuckophile and an ally, so please do not be prejudiced! My original intention when editing the template was simply to replace the PNG version of the Canadian flag with the SVG version as I was getting rid of links to the redundant and low-res copy.  But while I was editing the template it occurred to me that it might be interesting to have an image that combines the "gay" theme with the "Canada" theme for a Canadian gay rights template, to make it a little more specific and interesting.  Incidentally I did not see here that someone had previously stuck the regular rainbow flag in the template.
 * I simply composed the Rainbow flag and Canada flag images from Wikipedia Commons with Gimp to make this image. There are two concerns, one that it clashes, and one that it might be offensive.  As to the first, I don't think the colors clash any more than the regular pride/rainbow flag (I have several gay friends in Toronto who I know use the rainbow flag, though I can't say whether or not it is less prevalent there).  However on some monitors it might be a little hard to see the outline of the maple leaf, especially at low brightness.  Perhaps as a compromise we could leave the leaf in red but keep the rainbow bars on the side?  I did a Google search for "gay canada flag"  and came up with several similar flags, including that idea.
 * As to the idea that it is offensive... that certainly was the opposite of my intention. I imagine anti-gay people are offended by the gay rights movement in general and in Canada in particular, I don't know why they need to be appeased in the Canadian Gay Rights template.  I don't see why it ought to be offensive to patriotic people either; to be offended by it smells of homophobia; it still retains the symbol of the flag which citizens ought to be proud of, and the idea that it is "defaced" by rainbow colors seems inseparable from the idea that there is something wrong with gay pride or gay rights—Anchoress makes a good point that nobody is offended by wrapping soldiers or hockey players with the flag.  If there was, for instance, a template for Christianity in America, I don't see why people would be offended by the Stars and Stripes with a fish or a cross superimposed somehow if that's what the template was about. NTK 04:51, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I made the change that I proposed above. Maybe this is better, because it is both easier on the eyes, I think, and addresses the aesthetic suggestion, and it also is somewhat less "flaggy" in that it maintains the regular red maple leaf of Canada between two rainbows, suggesting more of a "juxtaposition" of gay rights and Canada than a "superposition." Thoughts?
 * [[Image:Canada Pride flag.svg|300px|right]] By the way, I thought that the red in the rest of the template was hard on the eyes, especially with the blue link text foreground, before I changed the flag at all, which did not seem to make it any worse for me.  Perhaps the color of the template could be changed, even just the text to a better contrasting color. NTK 05:08, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I guess we could say that EGALE uses the rainbow Canadian flag...
 * (as does PFLAG Canada, Canadians for Equal Marriage and Equal Marriage for Same-sex Couples, though all of them use the maple leaf only, and only EGALE uses the rainbow colours. Wuzzy 08:51, 13 April 2006 (UTC)).
 * ...By "clash" in my first post, I did not mean that the rainbow colours clashed with each other, but rather that the rainbow clashed with the red cells of the template. The red cells only make visual sense when the flag is red and white. I agree that there is a problem with purple text being hard to read on a red background. I have not been able to find a way to change the colour of links. So, if one of them had to go, it would have to be the red background. I agree that the second version of the rainbow flag that ENK has done is better than his original design because the yellow band split the previous design, but the symbolic issue remains. Wuzzy 10:23, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * On aesthetic grounds, I prefer the elegant simplicity of the standard Canadian flag; I don't think it needs any improvement. Despite the fact that it appears on everything from boxer shorts to beer cans, it's preferable to leave it unaltered where possible.  Also, not all gay and lesbian people identify with the rainbow flag, while all Canadians, whether they like it or not, are represented by the Canadian flag.--Trystan 17:26, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I prefer the new flag, with the rainbow sides and red maple leaf in the centre. It fits better, and makes the page seem more relevent and on-topic (I guess what I'm trying to say is it really goes well with the subject). --Matt0401 19:04, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Ardenn: If you were going to revert the flag without further discussion or consensus, I wish you would have at least read my note below and replaced the .SVG image rather than the outdated/redundant .PNG image that should no longer used. Also, kudos to Circeus on the textcolor change, I think it is a big aesthetic and readability improvement. NTK 18:58, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * My apologies on that. I had meant to use the svg version, although I think that change is stupid. Ardenn 00:57, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

More finds on a simple search:
 * Canadian Rainbow Flag magnet (same as the last version here)
 * more magnets, from a vancouver bookstore
 * actual flags like this one
 * identical lapel pins
 * similar stickers/decals
 * whole bunch of canadian pride flags including this one at a march in montreal (difficult angle to see)
 * canadian article on importance of the rainbow flag as a symbol

and many many more. in other words the rainbow flag seems to be, in canada as elsewhere, the most widely accepted gay rights symbol, and the "rainbows/maple leaf" flag as a national gay rights image is not my innovation. NTK 02:49, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * similar

 * I went to the SSM in Canada page and my first impression was that the rainbow Canadian flag was jarring (and too big; I reduced its size). The regular rainbow flag is much much more common in Canada and I don't see that any image of that sort is needed; I don't feel that it adds anything, and no similar image is used in the other SSM pages. Adking80 (talk) 11:22, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with this - for aesthetic purposes the official Canadian flag is best, and for idealistic reasons a rainbow Canadian flag serves to divide and not unify, and in the end, isn't that what this is all about? Although I applaud the inventiveness and creativity, I'd vote to return the flag to its original state or have another relevant picture (first couple married, etc).--Cpt ricard (talk) 04:59, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Should provincial/territorial flags be included in provincial/territorial articles?
On April 11, 2006, NTK removed the provincial/territorial flags from the top left corner of each article entitled "Same-sex marriage in ..." I tend to favour keeping the flags, but don't have a strong opinion. However, I think that it would be best to have a consensus first. Wuzzy 03:35, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the provincial/territorial flags should be put back. Ardenn 03:54, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * As to the third and completely separate issue of why I removed the provincial flags from all these articles. I feel more strongly that this should be an uncontroversial move.  First of all, left-aligned wraparound inline images should be avoided in general if possible.  There's already a template taking up the top-right-hand corner which is why it was left-aligned.  But the end result is that we have all these articles on "Same sex marriage in "X": province" and the first thing you see is a big picture of the provincial flag in the top left corner of the article.  It has nothing to do with same sex marriage—the main theme of these articles, it adds no content to the article, it could as easily be about "The cheeses of New Brunswick" or "Green Party activism in the Yukon Territory" as same-sex marriage.  If the flags could be worked in somewhere in a more relevant and aesthetic manner, it would make sense. NTK 04:51, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm going to be taking a wikibreak for a little while, so I probably will not be participating in this discussion further. That's okay because I think I've pretty much addressed all the reasons why I made the various changes—since they did not seem to have been previously discussed I went ahead and made them per WP:BOLD. So I'll be content to go along with whatever the outcome is. Just make sure before you revert any edits that you please check to see if the images you are adding have been superceded, which is the case with the .PNG Canada and Northwest Territory flags. By the way I did not mean to revert Ardenn's change, I was working centrally from the old NWT flag link and didn't realize it was the second time I had deleted it; if I had I would have gone to the talk page instead. NTK 15:50, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that the flags didn't really work well in the top left corner. If they were replaced, I would suggest the right side under the template, but I don't think they add much to the article.--Trystan 22:24, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I am against including the flags; they add nothing to the article, and make the formatting slightly uglier. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 14:32, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that this is now an official guideline in the manual of style at WP:FLAG. This may affect the template as it exists now also, I don't know. NTK (talk) 06:20, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Categorization
I'm not sure if this should be categorized in the subcategory Category:Canadian politics and government navigational boxes. --Usgnus 22:38, 12 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
All Else Failed (1995 album)

All Else Failed is the debut studio album by American metalcore band Zao. The album was later re-recorded and released as the identically titled All Else Failed in 2003.

This album on Steadfast Records has had three pressings in total, with different cover art for each pressing:
 * 1st press: 1996 (green artwork)
 * 2nd press: 1999 (brown artwork)
 * 3rd press: 2000 (black artwork)

The album was again re-released in 2018, through Steadfast Records, with new artwork and was remixed and remastered.

Critical reception
While not many reviews of their debut album were published, a select few are available.

Jesusfreakhideout.com's Steven Powless published a review of the album, giving it 2.5 stars out of 5. Despite his low-hung review, Powless states "Moreover, heart, I think, is really the driving force behind All Else Failed; it's the engine that makes it go. The raw emotion bleeding through every track rivals Where Blood and Fire Bring Rest in its intensity and makes this musically-somewhat-subpar effort much more satisfying than it could have been without it."

Credits

 * Zao
 * Shawn Jonas - Vocals
 * Roy Goudy - Guitar
 * Mic Cox - Bass
 * Jesse Smith - Drums

 * Production
 * Myk Porter - Producer
 * Barry Poynter - Producer
 * Ben Schigel - Engineer, Mixing, Mastering
 * Keith Konya - Design, Layout
 * Matt Traxler - Executive Producer, Photography
 * Steve Wayne - Photography
 * Danielle - Photography

title: All Else Failed (1995 album)


text:
FC Moscow

FC Moscow (Russian: Футбольный клуб Москва) was a Russian football club based in Moscow.

History
The creation of the team was first announced by the Moscow government on 1 March 2004. FC Moscow was formed on the base of FC Torpedo-Metallurg. The team played in the Russian Cup final in 2007.

Moscow's best result in Russian Premier League was a 4th position in 2007.

On 14 December 2007, Oleg Blokhin was announced as FC Moscow's new manager with Leonid Slutsky having left at the end of the 2007 season. In February 2010 the club withdrew from the Premier League after their owner and main sponsor, MMC Norilsk Nickel, withdrew funding. Their place in the league was taken by Alania Vladikavkaz. Subsequently, FC Moscow folded, ceasing to exist as a professional football club. They played in 2010 in the fourth level of the Russian football pyramid, the Amateur Football League, and after that season the team was dissolved altogether on 28 December. Soon after the club was reestablished and continue to compete in the Amateur Football League.

During the professional period, E. Streltsov Stadium, in Moscow was used as home ground.

European history
FC Moscow in its first appearance on the European arena reached the third round of 2006 Intertoto Cup and was eliminated by Hertha BSC Berlin. FC Moscow made their second appearance in Europe in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup, beating Legia Warsaw in the qualifying round.

Nicknames
Fans and journalists called FC Moskva The Citizens (Горожане). The colloquial nickname for the club is The Caps (Кепки), which refers to Moscow government ownership (former Moscow mayor Yuriy Luzhkov usually wears a cap).

Notable players
Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for FC Moscow/Torpedo-ZIL/Torpedo-Metallurg.

 * USSR/Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Dmitri Kuznetsov
 * 🇷🇺 Oleg Sergeyev
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Borodyuk
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Gorlukovich
 * Sergey Shustikov
 * 🇷🇺 Dmitri Khlestov
 * 🇷🇺 Roman Adamov
 * 🇷🇺 Dimitri Ananko
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksei Arifullin
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksei Berezutski
 * 🇷🇺 Vasili Berezutski
 * 🇷🇺 Pyotr Bystrov
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Filimonov
 * 🇷🇺 Dmitri Kirichenko
 * 🇷🇺 Oleg Kornaukhov
 * 🇷🇺 Oleg Kuzmin
 * 🇷🇺 Vladimir Lebed
 * 🇷🇺 Kirill Nababkin
 * 🇷🇺 Andrei Novosadov
 * 🇷🇺 Nikolai Pisarev
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Podpaly
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksei Rebko
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Ryazantsev
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Samedov
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Sheshukov
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Semak
 * 🇷🇺 Roman Shirokov
 * 🇷🇺 Dmitri Tarasov
 * Former Socialist Republic countries
 * 🇦🇲 Sargis Hovsepyan

 * 🇦🇲 Yervand Krbachyan
 * 🇦🇲 Andrey Movsisyan
 * 🇦🇿 Emin Agaev
 * 🇦🇿 Vyaçeslav Lıçkin
 * 🇦🇿 Narvik Sirkhayev
 * 🇧🇾 Anton Amelchenko
 * 🇧🇾 Barys Haravoy
 * 🇧🇾 Vladimir Korytko
 * 🇧🇾 Andrei Ostrovskiy
 * 🇧🇾 Syarhey Yaskovich
 * 🇧🇾 Yuri Zhevnov
 * Gia Grigalava
 * Mikheil Jishkariani
 * Alexander Rekhviashvili
 * 🇰🇿 Ruslan Baltiev
 * 🇰🇿 Evgeniy Lovchev
 * 🇲🇩 Alexandru Curtianu
 * 🇲🇩 Alexandru Epureanu
 * 🇲🇩 Stanislav Ivanov
 * 🇲🇩 Alexandru Popovici
 * 🇲🇩 Radu Rebeja
 * 🇹🇯 Oleg Shirinbekov
 * 🇺🇦 Yuri Moroz
 * 🇺🇦 Oleksandr Pomazun
 * 🇺🇿 Bakhtiyor Ashurmatov
 * 🇺🇿 Ulugbek Bakayev

 * Europe
 * 🇧🇦 Ricardo Baiano
 * 🇧🇦 Miro Katić
 * 🇧🇦 Branislav Krunić

 * 🇧🇦 Munever Rizvić
 * 🇨🇿 Roman Hubník
 * 🇱🇻 Vladimirs Koļesņičenko
 * 🇱🇻 Andris Vaņins
 * 🇱🇹 Edgaras Česnauskis
 * 🇱🇹 Ignas Dedura
 * 🇱🇹 Rolandas Džiaukštas
 * 🇱🇹 Tadas Gražiūnas
 * 🇱🇹 Saulius Mikalajūnas
 * 🇱🇹 Irmantas Stumbrys
 * 🇱🇹 Giedrius Žutautas
 * 🇲🇰 Goran Maznov
 * 🇵🇱 Damian Gorawski
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Jop
 * 🇷🇴 Pompiliu Stoica
 * 🇷🇸 Zvonimir Vukić
 * 🇸🇰 Martin Jakubko
 * 🇸🇮 Amir Karič
 * 🇸🇮 Branko Ilič
 * 🇸🇪 Jonas Wallerstedt

 * South America
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Barrientos
 * 🇦🇷 Héctor Bracamonte
 * 🇦🇷 Maxi López
 * 🇦🇷 Maximiliano Moralez

 * Africa
 * 🇨🇲 Jerry-Christian Tchuissé
 * 🇬🇭 Baba Adamu
 * 🇳🇬 Isaac Okoronkwo
 * 🇿🇦 Stanton Fredericks

Managers
''Information correct as of match played 29 November 2009. Only competitive matches are counted.'' P – Total of played matches W – Won matches D – Drawn matches L – Lost matches GS – Goal scored GA – Goals against %W – Percentage of matches won
 * Notes:

Nationality is indicated by the corresponding FIFA country code(s).

title: FC Moscow


text:
Haa Dhaalu Atoll

Haa Dhaalu Atoll is the code name based on the letters of the Maldivian alphabet commonly used to refer to the administrative division (known as "Atoll") officially known as South Thiladhunmathi Atoll (Maldivian: Thiladhunmathi Dhekunuburi) in the Maldives.

The administrative division consists of the southern section of natural Thiladhunmathi Atoll (which is shared with North Thiladhunmathi (Haa Alifu) Atoll) and Makunudhoo or Maamakunudhoo Atoll (Malcolm Atoll in the Admiralty Charts) with its large reef.

The capital of the administrative division is Kulhudhuffushi.

History
Thiladhunmathi Atoll was divided into northern and southern divisions on 21 May 1958, thus creating the South Thiladhunmathi Atoll administrative division. The northern part of the atoll became North Thiladhunmati Atoll.

The capital of South Thiladhunmathi Atoll was Nolhivaranfaru before it was moved to Kulhudhuffushi on May 6, 1992.

Transport
South Thiladhunmathi is linked by air with the Maldivian capital of Malé as there are two airports in the atoll. one in Hanimaadhoo, (which is an international airport) and a domestic airport in Kulhudhuffushi. As well as dhoani's are used for transportation of cargo and people between Malé.

title: Haa Dhaalu Atoll


text:
David Alexander

David Alexander may refer to:

Entertainers

 * David Alexander (director) (1914–1983), American television director
 * Dave Alexander (blues musician) (1938–2012), American West Coast blues pianist & bassist
 * David M. Alexander (born 1945), American writer
 * Dave Alexander (musician) (1947–1975), American bassist for Iggy Pop & The Stooges
 * David Alexander (singer) (1929–1995), Welsh singer and entertainer

Politicians

 * David W. Alexander (1812–1887), Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
 * David Lindo Alexander (1842–1922), British lawyer and Jewish community leader
 * David Alexander (Tennessee politician) (born 1952), American state legislator in Tennessee
 * David Alexander (Scottish politician) (born 1958), Scottish leader of Falkirk local authority, Scotland
 * David J. Alexander (born 1981), member of the Connecticut House of Representatives

Sportsmen

 * David Alexander (footballer) (1869–1941), Scottish footballer
 * David Alexander (American football) (born 1964), American former NFL player
 * David Alexander (rugby league) (born 1968), Australian former NSWRL/ARL player

Others

 * David Alexander (college president) (1932–2010), American academic, president of Pomona College and US National Secretary to the Rhodes Trust
 * David Alexander (Royal Marines officer) (1926–2017), British Royal Marines officer
 * David T. Alexander (born 1947), Canadian painter

title: David Alexander


text:
User talk:Sarasota

Leave a message.

Ringling Image
Just wanted to compliment you on the nice image of the Ringling estate. Please consider adding other images of places around town, if you have any. I'd wager you have material that would help beautify the state or county articles too. Even if not, thank you again. Flawiki 23:33, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sarasota


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Hero of Ukraine/archive1

Hero of Ukraine
Giving myself a break from the Sybian and GNAA articles, I created this article in a span of a few hours. I am trying to see if this article, like its cousin Hero of Belarus, is worthy enough for being a Featured article. Granted, I do not know how many people were given this title, or what grades, but I listed some examples I found via Google. (Though, most people I found were atheletes, like Vatili Klitcho). Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:28, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I also thank User:Irpen for helping me on this one. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:45, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Boring. The article as a whole looks OK, but I don't think it qualifies in its present form for a Features article. Incidentally, I was very bored while reading it. Nothing like that happened to me with features articles. "Regulations" section is too dense and I stopped reading the article closely in the middle of it. I'll try to provide more specific comments in Talk:Hero of Ukraine. Sashazlv 04:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I created it in a few hours, so I know there is some clean-up I need to perform. Also, I cannot wait to hear your comments at the talk page. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 05:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems fine overall; I don't think it really needs kicking up a knotch -- it's usually the stories of the medal winners that are more interesting anyway. Please add one or two appropriate categories. I know there are cat.'s for medals and such. Thanks. — RJH 14:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I will add a few categories. There has been a few things on the talk page I need to fix, but my skills in Ukrainian are not that great. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 17:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have a feeling you like medals :) Looks good, but I'd like to see more on history/Example recipients. As this is fairly new medal, I guess we can't have as much history as Virtuti Militari, but perhaps a complete list of receipients would be in our reach? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 12:31, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I am working with Sashazlv right now on the history and the legal statutes. There is not much history, since I have no clue when it was first awarded and I also have no clue on every single person who has been given the title. I was told of two people last night, but as I told Sashazlv, everything related to Leonid Kuchma was erased from the Ukrainian Presidential website. And yes, I do like medals :). Zscout370 (Sound Off) 17:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Sashazlv has been looking up people who have been awarded the title. I think he found everyone in 2005, and I think he is still working on 2004. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 17:06, 23 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Sunchild First Nation

The Sunchild First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Alberta, Canada part of Treaty 6, signed on May 25, 1944, under the leadership of Chief Louis Sunchild. The First Nation has one reserve, Sunchild 202. The reserve, 52.18 km2 in size, is located approximately 60 km northwest of Rocky Mountain House. It shares the western border of the O'Chiese First Nation.

As of March 11, 2013, the Sunchild First Nation is led by Chief Jonathan Frencheater and councillors Paul Bigchild, Edgar Bigchild, Clint McHugh, Lisa Daychief and Edwin Frencheater. The Chief and Council oversee approximately 1300 members( 1,209 in 2008 census), with approximately 75% living on the Nation. The community is served by the Sunchild First Nation's administrative office, Sunchild First Nation School, Sunchild health centre, Sunchild convenience store, a community head-start program, volunteer fire department, community corrections and a RCMP remote office.

The Sunchild First Nation is home of the Sunchild Bison Cheerleading team, Canada's first and only First Nation Cheerleading program on a reserve.

title: Sunchild First Nation


text:
Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender

Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender is a point-and-click graphic adventure game developed and published by MicroProse in November of 1992. The game is the first graphical adventure game developed by MicroProse, Return of the Phantom and Dragonsphere being the other ones. It was developed using the MicroProse Adventure Development system, and made use of 256-colour graphics. Tommo purchased the rights to this game and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015.

Plot
The bumbling bachelor, Rex Nebular, has been hired by Colonel Stone to retrieve a vase that holds some sentimental value for 75,000 galactars. Rex agrees and sets out for the last known location of the vase.

Rex discovers that the planet where the vase was last known to reside has vanished, but his ship's sensors still detect a planetary mass and gravitational field, invisible to the naked eye. Suddenly a large warship decloaks behind him, and fires. His ship is badly damaged and is sent crash landing on the strange planet, seemingly inhabited by women only. Decades ago, a vicious war between the sexes erupted on the planet. In the end, the females wiped out the male population with bio-weapons. As a result, the females were no longer able to become pregnant, so they had no way of continuing their species. They invented a machine that would allow them to alter their sex for short periods of time. This machine became known as the Cosmic Gender Bender (or the Gender Bender for short).

The populace of the planet is divided into two classes, Keepers and (breeding) Stock. The Keepers are technologically advanced and reside underground, where they monitor the Stock. The Stock reside above ground and have a primitive culture. Their only purpose is to be impregnated by a gender bent Keeper in order to repopulate the planet.

Gameplay
The game is divided into three difficulty levels. Higher difficulties have more puzzles and more death encounters. The left mouse button is used for selecting options and performing actions and the right mouse button is used to look at things (an alternative to selecting the 'look' option and selecting where). Some actions like sitting on a chair are automatically performed with just a left click. To get from one room to another the mouse pointer changes to a 'GO' icon where travel is possible. To get from one place to another, Rex will need to make use of teleporters correctly entering the code.

There are 10 different options, two of which are used to interact with people and seven of which are used to interact with objects. Items that are picked up have their own sub-options, most of which the protagonist Rex would not actually do (such as disassembling his binoculars). The player must also take care to prevent Rex getting killed which can happen in many places. Although Rex can die, the game has unlimited chances and the Rex's last safe position will be restored after death.

For the artwork, MicroProse customised their own image processing tools for 3D-rendering allowing for smooth animation with lossless quality and minimal disk space usage.

Reception
Computer Gaming World opined that Rex Nebular had "impressive" sound, graphics, and rotoscoped animation. While the magazine called the plot "nothing new", it described the game as "a solid move into the adventure gaming genre [with] the same attention to detail that has won MicroProse raves in other products", and a good first attempt at competing with LucasArts and Sierra On-Line.

Reviews

 * Pelit (June 1992)
 * PC Joker (December 1992)
 * Power Play (December 1992)


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Kilik

Kilik may refer to:

 * Kilik (Air Gear), a character in the Air Gear anime/manga series
 * Kilik (Soul Calibur), a character in the Soulcalibur video game series
 * Kilik Pass, a mountain pass between China and Pakistan

title: Kilik