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Progg

Progg was a left-wing and anti-commercial musical movement in Sweden that began in the late 1960s and became more widespread in the 1970s. Not to be confused with the English expressions "progressive music" or "prog rock," progg is a contraction of the Swedish word for musical progressivism, progressiv musik. While there were progg bands playing progressive rock, the progg movement encompassed many different musical genres.

The political progg movement culminated around the 1975 Eurovision Song Contest, which was held in Stockholm after ABBAs victory in Brighton the year before. It was expressed that "music can't be a contest" and an "alternative festival" was held in protest. Due to this debate, Sweden did not participate in the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest.

The progg movement was closely connected to similar movements in arts, theatre and design, as well as alternative lifestyles and left wing views. While being a political movement, some bands labelled as progg were nonetheless unaligned with any political agenda. The people playing and listening to this music came to be called proggare (literally "proggers") in Swedish.

History
Alternative bands began to form in the late 1960s, but the movement emerged in full in the summer of 1970. A big alternative music festival was held at the field Gärdet in Stockholm between June 12 and June 14. The festival was illegal, as a permission for it had not been obtained. The new independent record company Silence released a compilation record with music from the festival as their first record, and signed some of the bands that played, including Träd, Gräs och Stenar and Gudibrallan. In 1971 MNW was formed. During this decade the progg movement had a strong position in the musical landscape of Sweden.

At the end of the 1970s, however, the movement started to decline, as many of the bands disintegrated and the music forums were closed. The left wing ideals became less dominating among young people, and the rock and folk music also became less popular than new genres such as hard rock and electronic music.

The movement
Many musicians and people working with music in the end of the 1960s were against the commercialism of pop music. Notably, the record companies Silence and MNW were formed, and started to record and release this new music. They created a new distribution company, SAM-distribution, which distributed the records of the alternative record companies, and so called music forums, places where concerts could be held without a commercial middleman such as ordinary concert arrangers were created in many Swedish cities. In the middle of the 1970s around 75 music forums existed. The word that was generally used about the movement was musikrörelsen, which means the music movement.

The music
Progg did not have a uniform sound and featured a broad spectrum of musical styles. There were a wide range of artists as well, including Bo Hansson, Kebnekajse, Södra bergens balalaikor, Blå Tåget, Hoola Bandoola Band, Nationalteatern, Dag Vag, and Jan Hammarlund. Most lyrics were in Swedish, while English was the common language for other pop and rock in Sweden at the time.

The two big progg record companies had a somewhat different musical profile.

Opinions
The progg movement took a clear stance against capitalism and commercialism, but it was by no means a homogeneous movement. The political opinions ranged from everything from anarchism and communism to less clearly pronounced general left-wing opinions. The relations with the governing Social Democratic Party were not that good, which can be exemplified by the song "Sosse" ("Social Democrat") by Gudibrallan. Few people in the movement were members of any political party, though the communist parties the Swedish communist party and Communist Party of Sweden started their own record companies which joined the movement.

The United FNL groups were a strong movement in support of the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam, and progg bands often played at their demonstrations. Progg bands also played at other big demonstrations at the time, such as the protest that managed to stop the cutting down of the elms in the park Kungsträdgården in Stockholm, and the protests to stop the tennis matches against tennis players from the Pinochet-ruled Chile in Båstad 1975.

In 1977 the record company Silence moved their studio to the small village Koppom in the forests of the province of Värmland.

Legacy

Some of the artists from the progg movement have continued to play music and managed to remain popular over the years, for example Björn Afzelius, Mikael Wiehe, Totta Näslund and Peps Persson.

There has been a stereotypical image of progg as something out of date and spaced out from the 1970s. On the other hand, since the end of the 1990s, many progg bands have experienced some renaissance, with many old progg bands reuniting for concerts and new records, for example Träd, Gräs och Stenar and Samla Mammas Manna. Some bands, like Nationalteatern, still go on long tours in the 21st century performing their old songs for a new generation. Silence has re-released much of their catalogue from the 1970s on CD, and old LPs with progg music are sold at high prices.

There are new musicians who have references to the progg music, and are sometimes called nyprogg (new progg), for example Dungen, Hovet, Cirkus Miramar and Doktor Kosmos.

The film Together from 2000 is set in Sweden during the progg era and features much progg music.

The Swedish comics artist David Nessle created the character Den Maskerade Proggaren ("The Masked Progger") as a pastiche on both the progg movement and Silver Age superhero comics.

List of progg bands

 * Älgarnas Trädgård
 * Andra bullar
 * Arbete & Fritid
 * Atlas
 * Baby Grandmothers
 * Blå Tåget
 * Bo Hansson
 * Contact
 * Doktor Kosmos
 * Elda med höns
 * Eldkvarn
 * Eld Attack Krossa (EAK)
 * Ensamma hjärtan
 * Fläsket Brinner
 * Freedom Singers
 * Fria Proteatern
 * Gläns över sjö & strand
 * Gudibrallan
 * Gunder Hägg
 * Hansson & Karlsson
 * Harvester
 * Häxfeber
 * Hoola Bandoola Band
 * International Harvester
 * Kaipa
 * Kebnekajse
 * King George Discovery
 * Knutna Nävar
 * Kung Tung
 * Lift
 * Love Explosion
 * Låt tredje örat lyssna in & tredje benet stampa takten
 * Mecki Mark Men
 * Mobben
 * Motvind
 * Mörbyligan
 * Nationalteatern
 * NJA-gruppen
 * Norrbottens Järn
 * November
 * Nynningen
 * Pärson Sound
 * Philemon Arthur and the Dung
 * Ragnarök
 * Rekyl
 * Risken finns
 * Röda bönor
 * Röda kapellet
 * Röda Ropet
 * Samla Mammas Manna
 * Solen Skiner
 * Svenska Musikrörelsen
 * Södra Bergens Balalaikor
 * Trettioåriga Kriget
 * Träd, Gräs och Stenar
 * Turid
 * Vargavinter

title: Progg


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Opanas Slastion

Opanas Heorhiiovych Slastion (Опанас Георгійович Сластіон, December 2 1855 – September 24, 1933) was a Ukrainian graphic artist, painter, and ethnographer.

He was born in the port town of Berdiansk (now Ukraine) on the Berdyansk Gulf of the Sea of Azov. He studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg, Russia (where he was also known as Afanasy Slastyon), researched the Cossack documents in the archives of the Russian ministry of defense, and later worked as a teacher at the Arts and Crafts School (later renamed the State Ceramics Vocational School) in Myrhorod. A very gifted person, he perfected his talents in singing, bandura playing, ethnography, journalism, education, design, and architecture. Opanas Slastion was a true Ukrainian encyclopaedist.

Ukraine at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries
At the time Slastion was growing up, there were opportunities for some Ukrainians to have their talents recognized in the Imperial capital and in Western Europe. Many gifted Ukrainian performers joined court choirs and theatre, opera, and ballet troupes, and the Ukrainian artists were attracted to the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. In the 19th century among these Ukrainian artists was the famous poet and writer Taras Shevchenko, whose writings, etchings and paintings dedicated to Ukrainian ethnographic themes (genre scenes and portraits) greatly influenced Slastion, who became the first illustrator of Shevchenko's 'Kobzar' (the illustrations to "Haidamaky"). As a painter, Slastion is credited with depicting series of Cossack and kobzar portraits and scenes of Ukrainian country life.

Slastion and the kobzars
Slastion was one of the most active propagators of the artistry of the kobzars. Actually, he himself was the first outstanding sighted bandura player and tutor of modern times. Kobzar Ivan Kuchuhura-Kucherenko stayed with him in Myrhorod in order to refine his performance of dumy (sung epic poems) under the guidance of Slastion. Danylo Pika, one of the founders of the Poltava Bandurist Capella (who became its conductor), initially learned to play the bandura from Slastion in Myrhorod. Later in his life, in the early 1930s, Slastion designed the shape of the standard Kyiv bandura (the familiar modern shape of the instrument). Some other instruments of the bandura family (such as those made by Ivan Skliar, for example) were also modeled on Slastion's designs.

Slastion the ethnographer
Slastion was also a leading Ukrainian folklorist and ethnographer. In 1875, then a student at the Petersburg Academy of Arts and a budding folklorist, he spent his holidays in Ukraine and got the chance to know the artistry of the kobzar Nekhovaizub.

In 1876 P. Martynovych and his colleague Slastion travelled to Lokhvytsia and recorded the duma parody by kobzar Ivan Kravchenko. In 1887 Slastion made an engraving of kobzar P. Siroshtan. In 1905 he painted a portrait of kobzar Pavlo Hashchenko and noted that Hashchenko knew four dumy.

In 1902-1903 he was one of the initiators of the idea of the preservation of kobzar music by means of sound recording using recently invented phonograph.

In 1906 Slastion met the kobzar Zhovniansky, recorded his performances of dumy, and painted his portrait.

In 1908 in Yalta the technically savvy Slastion helped Lesia Ukrainka and her husband Klyment Kvitka make live recordings (on phonograph cylinders) of the dumy performed by the blind virtuoso Hnat Honcharenko (circa 1837 - circa 1917), as part of the major project of the preservation of kobzar music. These recordings were transcribed by Filaret Kolessa, who later published them in his collection Melodiyi ukrayins'kykh narodnykh dum (The Melodies of the Ukrainian Folk Dumas). It is known that Slastion corresponded with another well-known blind kobzar, Tereshko Parkhomenko (1872–1910). In 1909 Slastion made recordings of the repertoire of kobzar Hovtan, including the duma "The Widow and Her Three Sons".

Selections from Slastion's repertoire originally recorded on wax cylinders can be found on a record released as a dedication to Lesya Ukrainka.

As an architect, Opanas Slastion was one of the founding fathers of the "Ukrainian Modern" style in architecture.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Opanas Slastion


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Talk:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force

Merge with Information and Communication Technologies for Development
These are the same thing, right? - Nabla 22:30:17, 2005-07-12 (UTC)

!?!?!? Is Physics the same as Albert Einstein? The UN ICT Task Force is a group of people - not even an organism, I dare say - whose aim is fostering ICT4D, which a policy. Two very different things, IMHO. ICTlogist 11:43 2005-07-25

So, I'll remove the merging proposal, ok? Too long since this thing started and this is sort of a stalemate not worth keeping it longer :) ICTlogist 10:43, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Citation tag
Removed (citation needed) tag from "Establishment" section. Agreed that citation would be needed when citing from a primary source. But, if the information in wikipedia itself is primary information from a participant in the initiative, it seems that a citation is expendable. Am I wrong? Phellmon 07:52, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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United Nations Office of Information Communications Technology
United Nations Office of Information Communications Technology is a broken link. Create a page on it? Or is it an outgrowth of this initiative? --JWB (talk) 04:01, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Created page. --JWB (talk) 05:42, 17 March 2023 (UTC)


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Chytridiomycosis

Chytridiomycosis is an infectious disease in amphibians, caused by the chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. Chytridiomycosis has been linked to dramatic population declines or extinctions of amphibian species in western North America, Central America, South America, eastern Australia, east Africa (Tanzania), and Dominica and Montserrat in the Caribbean. Much of the New World is also at risk of the disease arriving within the coming years. The fungus is capable of causing sporadic deaths in some amphibian populations and 100% mortality in others. No effective measure is known for control of the disease in wild populations. Various clinical signs are seen by individuals affected by the disease. A number of options are possible for controlling this disease-causing fungus, though none has proved to be feasible on a large scale. The disease has been proposed as a contributing factor to a global decline in amphibian populations that apparently has affected about 30% of the amphibian species of the world. Some research found evidence insufficient for linking chytrid fungi and chytridiomycosis to global amphibian declines, but more recent research establishes a connection and attributes the spread of the disease to its transmission through international trade routes into native ecosystems.

History
Whether chytridiomycosis is a new, emergent pathogen or an extant pathogen with recently increased virulence is unclear.

The disease in its epizootic form was first discovered in 1993 in dead and dying frogs in Queensland, Australia. It had been present in the country since at least 1978 and is widespread across Australia. It is also found in Africa, the Americas, Europe, New Zealand, and Oceania. In Australia, Panama, and New Zealand, the fungus seemed to have suddenly 'appeared' and expanded its range at the same time frog numbers declined. In the Americas, it originated in Venezuela in 1987, where it swept up the continent into Central America. It was also found in the lower part of Central America in 1987, where it spread down to meet the upward sweep from South America. However, it may simply be that the fungus occurs naturally and was only identified recently because it has become more virulent or more prevalent in the environment, or because host populations have become less resistant to the disease. The fungus has been detected in four areas of Australia—the east coast, Adelaide, south-west Western Australia and the Kimberley—and is probably present elsewhere. Lately, the genomes of 234 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis isolates were phylogenetically compared and the results strongly suggest that a lineage found in the Korean peninsula likely seeded the panzootic.

Among frogs, the oldest documented occurrence of Batrachochytrium is from a specimen of a Titicaca water frog collected in 1863, and among salamanders the oldest was a Japanese giant salamander collected in 1902. However, both these involved strains of the fungus that have not been implicated in mass-mortality events. A later instance of a Bd-infected amphibian was a specimen of an African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) collected in 1938, and this species also appears to be essentially unaffected by the disease, making it a suitable vector. The first well-documented method of human pregnancy testing, known as the frog test, involved this species, and as a result, large-scale international trade in living African clawed frogs began more than 60 years ago. If Batrachochytrium originated in Africa, the African clawed frog is thought to have been the vector of the initial spread out of the continent. The earliest documented case of the disease chytridiomycosis was an American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) collected in 1978.

Range
The geographic range of chytridiomycosis is difficult to ascertain. If it occurs, the disease is only present where the fungus B. dendrobatidis is present. However, the disease is not always present where the fungus is. Reasons for amphibian declines are often termed ‘enigmatic' because the cause is unknown. Why some areas are affected by the fungus while others are not is not fully understood. Oscillating factors such as climate, habitat suitability, and population density may be factors which cause the fungus to infect amphibians of a given area. Therefore, when considering the geographic range of chytridiomycosis, the range of B. dendrobatidis occurrence must be considered. The geographic range of B. dendrobatidis has recently been mapped, and spans much of the world. B. dendrobatidis has been detected in 56 of 82 countries, and in 516 of 1240 (42%) species using a data set of more than 36,000 individuals. It is widely distributed in the Americas, and detected sporadically in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Asia, for example, has only 2.35% prevalence.

The range suitable for B. dendrobatidis in the New World is vast. Regions with its highest suitability include habitats that contain the world's most diverse amphibian fauna. Areas at risk are the Sierra Madre Pine Oak Occidental Forest, the Sonoran and Sinaloan dry forest, the Veracruz moist forest, Central America east from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Caribbean Islands, the temperate forest in Chile and western Argentina south of 30°S, the Andes above 1000 m above sea level in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia, the Brazilian Atlantic forest, Uruguay, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina, as well as the southwestern and Madeira–Tapajós Amazonian rainforests.

Currently, the effects of chytridiomycosis are seen most readily in Central America, eastern Australia, South America, and western North America.

Climate change
A study suggests that changing global temperatures may be responsible for increased proliferation of chytridiomycosis. The rise in temperature has increased evaporation in certain forest environments that as a result has promoted cloud formation. Experts propose that increased cloud cover might actually be decreasing the daytime temperature by blocking the sun, while at night the cloud cover serves as insulation to raise the nighttime temperature from its normal range. The combination of decreased daytime temperature and increased nighttime temperatures may be providing optimal growth and reproduction for Chytrid fungus which has preferred temperature range between 63° and 77 °F (17° and 25 °C). The fungus dies at temperatures at and above 30 °C, which without the cloud cover from increased evaporation is more easily reached by the environment and can, therefore, more easily keep the fungus population in check.

Causative agents
Chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus B. dendrobatidis predominantly affects the outermost layers of skin containing keratin. When most species reach a B. dendrobatidis threshold of 10,000 zoospores, they are not able to breathe, hydrate, osmoregulate, or thermoregulate correctly. This is proven by blood samples that show a lack of certain electrolytes, such as sodium, magnesium, and potassium. B. dendrobatidis is currently known to have two life stages. The first is the asexual zoosporangial stage. When a host first contracts the disease, spores penetrate the skin and attach themselves using microtubule roots. The second stage takes place when the initial asexual zoosporangia produce motile zoospores. To disperse and infect epidermal cells, a wet surface is needed. A second species of Batrachochytrium, B. salamandrivorans, was discovered in 2013 and is known to cause chytridiomycosis in salamanders.

Disease transmission and progression
B. dendrobatidis, a waterborne pathogen, disperses zoospores into the environment. The zoospores use flagella for locomotion through water systems until they reach a new host and enter cutaneously. The B. dendrobatidis ' lifecycle continues until new zoospores are produced from the zoosporangium and exit to the environment or reinfect the same host. Once the host is infected with B. dendrobatidis, it can potentially develop chytridiomycosis, but not all infected hosts develop it. Other forms of transmission are currently unknown; however, chytridiomycosis is postulated to be transmitted through direct contact of hosts or through an intermediate host.

Much of how B. dendrobatidis is successfully transmitted from one host to the next is largely unknown. Once released into the aquatic environment, zoospores travel less than 2 cm within 24 hours before they encyst. The limited range of B. dendrobatidis zoospores suggest some unknown mechanism exists by which they transmit from one host to the next, which can involve the pet trade, and especially the American bullfrog. Abiotic factors such as temperature, pH level, and nutrient levels affect the success of B. dendrobatidis zoospores. The fungus zoospores can survive within a temperature range of 4-25 C and a pH range of 6–7.

Chytridiomycosis is believed to follow this course: zoospores first encounter amphibian skin and quickly give rise to sporangia, which produce new zoospores. The disease then progresses as these new zoospores reinfect the host. Morphological changes in amphibians infected with the fungus include a reddening of the ventral skin, convulsions with extension of hind limbs, accumulations of sloughed skin over the body, sloughing of the superficial epidermis of the feet and other areas, slight roughening of the surface with minute skin tags, and occasional small ulcers or hemorrhage. Behavioral changes can include lethargy, a failure to seek shelter, a failure to flee, a loss of righting reflex, and abnormal posture (e.g., sitting with the hind legs away from the body).

Besides amphibians Chytridiomycosis also infects crayfish (Procambarus alleni, P. clarkii, Orconectes virilis, and O. immunis) but not mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki).

Clinical signs
Amphibians infected with B. dendrobatidis have been known to show many different clinical signs. Perhaps the earliest sign of infection is anorexia, occurring as quickly as eight days after being exposed. Individuals infected are also commonly found in a lethargic state, characterized by slow movements, and refuse to move when stimulated. Excessive shedding of skin is seen in most frog species affected by B. dendrobatidis. These pieces of shed skin are described as opaque, gray-white, and tan. Some of these patches of skin are also found adhered to the skin of the amphibians. These signs of infection are often seen 12–15 days following exposure. The most typical symptom of chytridiomycosis is thickening of skin, which promptly leads to the death of the infected individuals because those individuals cannot take in the proper nutrients, release toxins, or, in some cases, breathe. Other common signs are reddening of the skin, convulsions, and a loss of righting reflex. A meta-analysis showed skin disruption, hormonal changes, and osmoregulation can occur with light infection, while higher pathogen loads are required to influence reproduction. In tadpoles, B. dendrobatidis affects the mouthparts, where keratin is present, leading to abnormal feeding behaviors or discoloration of the mouth.

Research and impact
The amphibian chytrid fungus appears to grow best between 17 and 25 C, and exposure of infected frogs to high temperatures can cure the frogs. In nature, the more time individual frogs were found at temperatures above 25 °C, the less likely they were to be infected by the amphibian chytrid. This may explain why chytridiomycosis-induced amphibian declines have occurred primarily at higher elevations and during cooler months. Naturally produced cutaneous peptides can inhibit the growth of B. dendrobatidis when the infected amphibians are around temperatures near 10 °C (50 °F), allowing species like the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) to clear the infection in about 15% of cases.

Although many declines have been credited to the fungus B. dendrobatidis—although likely prematurely so in many cases —some species resist the infection and some populations can survive with a low level of persistence of the disease. In addition, some species that seem to resist the infection may actually harbor a nonpathogenic form of B. dendrobatidis.

Some researchers contend the focus on chytridiomycosis has made amphibian conservation efforts dangerously myopic. A review of the data in the IUCN Red List found the threat of the disease was assumed in most cases, but no evidence shows, in fact, it is a threat. Conservation efforts in New Zealand continue to be focused on curing the critically endangered native Archey's frog, Leiopelma archeyi, of chytridiomycosis, though research has shown clearly that they are immune from infection by B. dendrobatidis and are dying in the wild of other still-to-be identified diseases. In Guatemala, several thousand tadpoles perished from an unidentified pathogen distinct from B. dendrobatidis.

A 2019 Science review assessed that chytridiomycosis was a factor in the decline of at least 501 amphibian species during the past 50 years, of which 90 species were confirmed or presumed to have gone extinct in the wild and another 124 had declined in numbers by more than 90%. The review characterized the overall toll as the "greatest recorded loss of biodiversity attributable to a disease". However, a follow-up study in Science found the 2019 study by Scheele et al. to be lacking in the necessary evidence to make these claims and found the conclusions could not be reproduced with the original study's data and methods. It remains unclear how many and which species have been impacted by chytridiomycosis, but there are good data for a limited number of species such as the mountain yellow-legged frog in the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Immunity
Due to the fungus' immense impact on amphibian populations, considerable research has been undertaken to devise methods to combat its proliferation in the wild. Among the most promising is the revelation that amphibians in colonies that survive the passage of the chytrid epidemic tend to carry higher levels of the bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum. This bacterium produces antifungal compounds, such as indole-3-carboxaldehyde and violacein, that inhibit the growth of B. dendrobatidis even at low concentrations. Similarly, the bacterium Lysobacter gummosus found on the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus), produces the compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol that is inhibitory to the growth of B. dendrobatidis. A 2021 research study found an even wider range of antifungal bacteria living on amphibians.

Understanding the interactions of microbial communities present on amphibians' skin with fungal species in the environment can reveal why certain amphibians, such as the frog Rana muscosa, are susceptible to the fatal effects of B. dendrobatidis and why others, such as the salamander Hemidactylium scutatum, are able to coexist with the fungus. As mentioned before, the antifungal bacterial species Janthinobacterium lividum, found on several amphibian species, has been shown to prevent the effects of the pathogen even when added to another amphibian that lacks the bacteria (B. dendrobatidis-susceptible amphibian species). Interactions between cutaneous microbiota and B. dendrobatidis can be altered to favor the resistance of the disease, as seen in past studies concerning the addition of the violacein-producing bacteria J. lividum to amphibians that lacked sufficient violacein, allowing them to inhibit infection. Although the exact concentration of violacein (antifungal metabolite produced by J. lividum) needed to inhibit the effects of B. dendrobatidis is not fully confirmed, violacein concentration can determine whether or not an amphibian will experience morbidity (or mortality) caused by B. dendrobatidis. The frog Rana muscosa, for example, has been found to have very low concentrations of violacein on its skin, yet the concentration is so small, it is unable to facilitate increased survivability of the frog; furthermore, J. lividum has not been found to be present on the skin of R. muscosa. This implies that the antifungal bacterium J. lividum (native to other amphibians' skin, such as Hemidactylium scutatum) is able to produce a sufficient amount of violacein to prevent infection by B. dendrobatidis and allow coexistence with the potentially deadly fungus.

One study has postulated that the water flea Daphnia magna eats the spores of the fungus.

Interactions with pesticides
The hypothesis that pesticide use has contributed to declining amphibian populations has been suggested several times in the literature. Interactions between pesticides and chytridiomycosis were examined in 2007, and sublethal exposure to the pesticide carbaryl (a cholinesterase inhibitor) was shown to increase susceptibility of foothill yellow-legged frogs (Rana boylii) to chytridiomycosis. In particular, the skin peptide defenses were significantly reduced after exposure to carbaryl, suggesting pesticides may inhibit this innate immune defence, and increase susceptibility to disease.

Evolution
Hints of emerging evolutionary resistance in a rebounding population of an afflicted frog species were reported from ecological study of an epizootically endangered stream-breeding frog Mixophyes fleayi reported from subtropical Australia. Rebound of frog species in Panama after decline are not associated with pathogen attenuation, but rather a host factor - whether an evolved genetic resistance to the fungus infection, or an otherwise acquired trait (such as a hypothetically protective microbial colonization) is yet to be identified.

Treatment options
The use of antifungals and heat-induced therapy has been suggested as a treatment of B. dendrobatidis. However, some of these antifungals may cause adverse skin effects on certain species of frogs, and although they are used to treat species that are infected by chytridiomycosis, the infection is never fully eradicated. A study done by Rollins-Smith and colleagues suggests that itraconazole is the antifungal of choice when it comes to treatment of Bd. This is favored in comparison to amphotericin B and chloramphenicol because of their toxicity—specifically chloramphenicol, as it is correlated with leukemia in toads. This becomes a difficult situation because without treatment, frogs will suffer from limb deformities and even death, but may also suffer skin abnormalities with treatment. "Treatment is not always 100% successful and not all amphibians tolerate treatment very well, therefore chytridiomycosis should always be treated with the advice of a veterinarian."

Individuals infected with B. dendrobatidis are bathed in itraconazole solutions, and within a few weeks, previously infected individuals test negative for B. dendrobatidis using PCR assays. Heat therapy is also used to neutralize B. dendrobatidis in infected individuals. Temperature-controlled laboratory experiments are used to increase the temperature of an individual past the optimal temperature range of B. dendrobatidis. Experiments, where the temperature is increased beyond the upper bound of the B. dendrobatidis optimal range of 25 to 30 °C, show its presence will dissipate within a few weeks and infected individuals return to normal. Formalin/malachite green has also been used to successfully treat individuals infected with chytridiomycosis. An Archey's frog was successfully cured of chytridiomycosis by applying chloramphenicol topically. However, the potential risks of using antifungal drugs on individuals are high.

Bioaugmentation is also considered as a possible treatment against B. dendrobatidis. The amphibian host and even the environment can be augmented with probiotic bacteria that express anti-fungal metabolites that can fight B. dendrobatidis. An example of probiotic application is in the species Rana muscosa in Sierra Nevada; individuals treated with the probiotic J. lividum exhibited greater survival and lower B. dendrobatidis loads compared to untreated controls. Similar results were obtained for the Beyşehir frog, an endemic frog species in Turkey (Pelophylax caralitanus).

title: Chytridiomycosis


text:
Battle of the Frigidus

The Battle of the Frigidus, also called the Battle of the Frigid River, was fought on 5 and 6 September 394 between the armies of the Roman emperor Theodosius the Great and the rebel augustus Eugenius ((r. 392 – 394)), in the eastern border of Roman Italy. Theodosius won the battle and defeated the usurpation of Eugenius and Arbogast, restoring unity to the Roman Empire. The battlefield, in the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum near the Julian Alps through which Theodosius's army had passed, was probably in the Vipava Valley – with the Frigidus River being the modern Vipava – or possibly in the valley of the Isonzo.

Timasius, the magister militum, commanded the Theodosian army with help from the magister utriusque militiae Stilicho. Arbogast, previously the magister militum under Theodosius's brother-in-law and senior co-emperor Valentinian II ((r. 375 – 392)), commanded Eugenius's forces. It was Arbogast who had engineered Eugenius's acclamation after Valentinian's mysterious death. With reinforcements from Theodosius's allies among the Goths led by Alaric and Gainas, and from Bacurius the Iberian, Theodosius's army defeated Eugenius's, and Eugenius was captured and executed. Arbogast killed himself after the battle. The fighting ended the third civil war of Theodosius's reign, after the two fought against Magnus Maximus ((r. 383 – 388)).

In ecclesiastical history, the battle was remembered as the last to involve an augustus who was a devotee of Roman paganism, though in fact Eugenius was not a pagan. The posthumous accusation of paganism was first levelled by Tyrannius Rufinus to enhance the reputation of Theodosius I, who was a vigorous promoter of Nicene Christianity and the state church of the Roman Empire. Church histories attributed Theodosius's victory at the Frigidus to divine intervention, and Rufinus equated its importance with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge won by Constantine the Great over Maxentius in 312.

Background
On 15 May 392, the western emperor, Valentinian II, was found dead at his residence in Vienne, Gaul. His magister militum, Arbogast, informed Theodosius, the eastern emperor and Valentinian's brother-in-law, that the young emperor had committed suicide. Tensions between the two-halves of the empire were heightened further that summer. Arbogast made several attempts to contact Theodosius, but apparently none got further than the ears of the Eastern praetorian prefect, or chief minister, Rufinus. The responses that Arbogast received from Rufinus were unhelpful. Theodosius himself was slowly coming to the belief that Valentinian had been murdered, in no small part because his wife Galla was convinced her brother's death was caused by treachery. For his part, Arbogast had few friends in the Eastern court, although his uncle Richomeres was chief commander of the eastern cavalry. As it appeared increasingly likely that whatever course Theodosius decided upon would be hostile towards Arbogast, the Frank decided to make the first move.

On 22 August, Arbogast elevated Eugenius, the Western imperial court's magister scrinii, or senior civil servant, to the throne of the Western Empire. Eugenius was a well-respected scholar of rhetoric, and a native Roman, making him a far more acceptable candidate for the purple than the Frankish commander. His accession was backed by the praetorian prefect of Italy, Nicomachus Flavianus. Some senators, notably Symmachus, were uneasy with this action. In addition there was the issue of Valentinian's death, which had never been resolved to his satisfaction. Furthermore, Eugenius had removed most of the high civil officers left by Theodosius when he had given the Western half of the empire to Valentinian, so that Theodosius had lost control of the Western Roman Empire. When a party of Western ambassadors arrived in Constantinople to request that Eugenius be acknowledged as the Western augustus, Theodosius was noncommittal, even if he received them with presents and vague promises. Whether he had already decided on an offensive against Eugenius and Arbogast at this point is unclear. In the end, however, after declaring his son Honorius, then eight years old, as the western augustus in January of 393, Theodosius finally resolved to invade the West.

Campaign preparation
Over the following year and a half Theodosius marshalled his forces for the invasion. The Eastern armies had atrophied since the death of the Emperor Valens and most of his soldiers at the Battle of Adrianople. It fell upon the generals Flavius Stilicho and Timasius both to restore discipline to the legions and to bring them back up to strength through recruitment and conscription.

At the same time another of Theodosius's advisers, the eunuch Eutropius, was sent out from Constantinople to seek the advice and wisdom of an aged Christian monk in the Egyptian town of Lycopolis. According to the accounts of the meeting given by Claudian and Sozomen, the old monk prophesied that Theodosius would achieve a costly but decisive victory over Eugenius and Arbogast.

The Eastern army set out towards the west from Constantinople in May 394. The re-galvanized legions were bolstered by numerous barbarian auxiliaries including over 20,000 Visigoth federates and additional forces from Syria. Theodosius himself led the army; among his commanders were his own generals Stilicho and Timasius, the Visigoth chieftain Alaric, and a Caucasian Iberian named Bacurios Hiberios.

Their advance through Pannonia until the Julian Alps was unopposed, and Theodosius and his officers must have had suspicions about what lay ahead when they discovered that the eastern ends of the mountain passes were undefended. Arbogast had, based on his experiences fighting against the usurper Magnus Maximus in Gaul, decided that the best strategy was to keep his forces united to defend Italy itself, and to that end he went so far as to leave the Alpine passes unguarded. Arbogast's forces consisted mainly of his fellow Franks, Alemanni, and Gallo-Romans, plus his own Gothic auxiliaries.

Thanks to Arbogast's strategy of maintaining a single, relatively cohesive force, the Theodosian army passed unhindered through the Alps and descended towards the valley of the Frigidus River to the east of the Roman port of Aquileia. It was in this narrow, mountainous region that they came upon the Western army's encampment within the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum in the first days of September.

The battle
It is uncertain exactly where the battle took place. Though it has been claimed that the location of the battle should be sought in the Upper Isonzo Valley, it has mostly been placed somewhere in the Vipava Valley. Whereas the "Frigidus" has been usually considered to be the Vipava River or Hubelj Creek and the battle to take place near Vrhpolje, recent research suggests that it actually took place some kilometers away, between Col and Sanabor in the so called Door to Roman Italia.

Before the battle, Eugenius and Arbogast placed a statue of Jupiter on the edge of the battlefield, and had applied images of Hercules on the army banners. This way they hoped to repeat the victories of Rome in earlier days, when it had always relied on the old gods for support in battle. On the first day of battle the old gods seemed to be winning. Theodosius attacked almost immediately, having undertaken little to no prior reconnaissance of the field of battle. He committed his Gothic allies to action first, perhaps hoping to thin their ranks through attrition and lessen their potential threat to the Empire. The Eastern army's headlong attack resulted in heavy casualties but little gain: 10,000 of the Gothic auxiliaries are reported to have been slain, and the Georgian general Bacurius was among the dead.

Day's end saw Eugenius celebrating his troops' successful defense of their position while Arbogast sent out detachments to close off the mountain passes behind Theodosius's forces.

After a sleepless night, Theodosius was cheered by the news that the men Arbogast had sent to bottle him up in the valley intended to desert to his side. Buoyed by this favorable development, Theodosius' men attacked once again. This time nature was on their side as a fierce tempest—apparently the bora, a regular occurrence in the region—blew along the valley from the east. Other stories tell of Theodosius praying to God for a storm, which God subsequently granted.

The high winds blew clouds of dust into the faces of the Western troops (legend also says that the fierce winds even blew the Western troops' own arrows back at them). Buffeted by the winds, Arbogast's lines broke and Theodosius gained the decisive victory that the Egyptian monk had prophesied.

In the aftermath, Eugenius was captured and brought before the emperor. His pleas for mercy went unanswered and he was beheaded. Arbogast escaped the defeat and fled into the mountains, but after a few days' wandering, he concluded escape was impossible and committed suicide.

Religious character of the conflict
While the version of the battle in which a divine wind defeated the pagan enemies of Theodosius became popular in late antiquity, modern historians, most notably Alan Cameron, have disputed the reliability of this version of events. Cameron asserts that the idea that Eugenius and Arbogastes were pagans or supporters of pagans was created to justify Theodosius' campaign against them, and that other usurpers, such as Magnentius, were falsely branded as pagans after their defeat. The idea that Theodosius' enemies were pagans originates in the church historian Rufinus, and only the sources dependent on Rufinus mention this idea.

In addition, the earliest source to mention the decisive bora wind was Ambrose of Milan, but he states in his sermon on Psalm 36 that the wind blew before that battle, and demoralized Theodosius' enemy before any fighting began. This idea was probably picked up by the poet Claudian, who, in his fanciful and propagandistic poetry for the Theodosian family, moved the wind to the decisive moment of the battle. Claudian seems to have been making a classicizing allusion to Silius Italicus, whose account of the Battle of Cannae mentioned a similar wind blowing spears and weapons back. From Claudian's poetry, which was popular in both eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire, the idea of the bora wind deciding the battle spread. It fit well with the other idea that the battle was one between pagans and Christians: Theodosius, as the Christian emperor, was aided by God in the form of the wind.

Historian Michele Renee Salzman explains that "two newly relevant texts — John Chrysoston's Homily 6, adversus Catharos (PG 63: 491-92) and the Consultationes Zacchei et Apollonii, re-dated to the 390s, reinforce the view that religion was not the key ideological element in the events at the time". According to Maijastina Kahlos, Finnish historian and Docent of Latin language and Roman literature at the University of Helsinki, the notion of pagan aristocrats united in a "heroic and cultured resistance" who rose up against the ruthless advance of Christianity in a final battle near Frigidus in 394, is a romantic myth.

Aftermath
It had been a costly victory for Theodosius and a total loss for Eugenius. A contemporary Roman historian stated that since the Goths suffered the bulk of the casualties, Theodosius won two battles at Frigidus, one against Eugenius and the other against the Goths. A mere four months later he died, leaving the government in the hands of his young children Honorius and Arcadius.

However, the battle also accelerated the collapse of the Roman army in the west. The losses at the Battle of the Frigidus weakened the western legions. This downturn in the capabilities of the Roman soldiers meant an increasing reliance by the Empire on barbarian mercenaries employed as foederati, who often proved to be unreliable, or even treacherous.

title: Battle of the Frigidus


text:
William McKinnell

William Clarke McKinnell (September 29, 1873 – October 27, 1939 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1936.

Life
McKinnell was born in Northampton, England, the eldest son of William McKinnell and Catherine Perkins, in a family of 10 children. He was educated at Bedford Modern School from 1887 until 1889. He registered with the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain as an apprentice to his father, a Northampton chemist, but abandoned this pursuit to go to Canada in 1892. By 1894 he was homesteading in Melita, Manitoba but later moved to Teulon, Manitoba where he opened the town's first store, McKinnell and Wood General Store. In 1901, McKinnell married Christina Margaret Wood. He served as chair of the school board in Teulon, Manitoba from 1907 to 1921 and was appointed as chair of the Winnipeg Suburban Municipal Board in 1925.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1920 provincial election. Running as a Farmer candidate, he defeated Liberal incumbent Arthur Lobb by a single vote (978 to 977) in the Rockwood constituency. McKinnell served with the Independent-Farmer caucus in the parliament which followed.

He ran for re-election in the 1922 election as a candidate of the United Farmers of Manitoba (UFM), and was easily returned over candidates of the Liberal and Conservative parties. The UFM unexpectedly won a majority of seats in this election, and formed government as the Progressive Party. McKinnell served as a backbench supporter of John Bracken's government.

McKinnell was easily re-elected in the campaigns of 1927 and 1932. He was defeated in the 1936 election, losing to Conservative Mungo Lewis by 383 votes.

After retiring from politics, he worked as a supervisor of municipalities. McKinnell died at home in Winnipeg at the age of 66.

title: William McKinnell


text:
Talk:Timbs

Timbs, short for Timberlands, are those tough tan-colored work boots typically worn by construction workers. This shortened word of Timberlands "Timbs", made famous in hip hop and rap music throughout the 1990s, became a generic term in neighborhoods across the U.S.A. referring to tan and black leather and steel toe leather boots.

title: Talk:Timbs


text:
Category:Italian cardinals

Cardinals from Italy, the most senior members of the clergy of the Catholic Church, being second in precedence only to the Pope.

title: Category:Italian cardinals


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Colin White (ice hockey, born 1977)

Colin White (born December 12, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He previously played with the New Jersey Devils and the San Jose Sharks of the NHL.

Early life
White was born and raised in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia.

Playing career
White played Midget hockey for the Weeks Major Midget AAA in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, before being drafted 49th overall in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils.

In 1997, White won the Memorial Cup with the Hull Olympiques. During the 2000–2001 season, White put up 20 points, helping the Devils to the Stanley Cup finals.

During the 2007–2008 pre-season, White suffered a serious eye injury. During a team practice on September 19, "White was defending against two-on-one rushes when John Madden gave rookie Nicklas Bergfors the puck for a shot that deflected off White's stick and hit him in the nose and near the right eye." White was able to return to the lineup on November 21 to play in the Devils' 2–1 victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins. Despite still suffering from some blurred vision in his right eye, he was able to play over 17 minutes, blocked two shots, and was credited with six of the Devils' fifteen hits. White quickly returned to his regular spot in the Devils line-up, where he began wearing a protective visor on his helmet.

In the 2008–2009 season, White played 71 games, finishing the season with one goal, 17 assists and a +18 rating, one of his highest career offensive seasons.

On February 2, 2010, for the first time in nearly four years, White fought Maple Leafs defensemen Dion Phaneuf for taking a run at teammate Zach Parise's head. Had White been hit near his previously injured eye during the fight, his career could have been in jeopardy. The following season, White fought with Bruno Gervais of the New York Islanders. White had previously hit P. A. Parenteau, which sparked the fight that ended with White fracturing Gervais' cheekbone.

White established himself as physical, defensive defenseman, often leading the Devils in penalty minutes to go with his relatively low offensive production. During his Devils tenure, White served several times as an alternate captain.

On August 1, 2011, White was placed on waivers by the New Jersey Devils along with Trent Hunter. He was then bought out from the final year of his contract on August 2 after clearing. On August 3, White was signed by the San Jose Sharks to a one-year, $1M contract.

On May 31, 2012, it was announced that White's jersey number 24 was to be retired by his junior team the Gatineau Olympiques, formerly the Hull Olympiques. He became the fifth player to have his jersey retired, joining the likes of Luc Robitaille and Jose Theodore, on November 8, 2012.

At the conclusion of the 2012–13 NHL lockout, after White accepted an invitation to the St. Louis Blues training camp, on January 18, 2013, the Blues announced that they had released White from his professional tryout.

Post-retirement
White is an ambassador for the New Jersey Devils' alumni association along with Bruce Driver, Ken Daneyko, Grant Marshall and Jim Dowd.

Personal life
White has three children.

title: Colin White (ice hockey, born 1977)


text: Category:Cardinals by nationality

title: Category:Cardinals by nationality


text: Template:Irish constitutions

title: Template:Irish constitutions


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Battle of Stromboli

The Battle of Stromboli, also known as the Second Battle of Stromboli or the Battle of Alicudi, took place on 8 January, 1676, during the Franco-Dutch War. The battle occurred between a French fleet of 20 ships under Abraham Duquesne and a combined fleet of 19 allied ships (18 Dutch and one Spanish ship) under Lieutenant-Admiral-General Michiel de Ruyter. It lasted eight hours and ended inconclusively. The fleets fought again several months later at the Battle of Augusta in April.

Background
At the end of the Franco-Spanish War, the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 provided for Louis XIV to marry Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain, who was to bring a substantial dowry to Louis and who renounced her right to inherit the Spanish throne. The dowry was never paid. On the death of Philip IV in September 1665, his infant son Charles II of Spain the child of Philip's second wife Mariana of Austria was proclaimed king. Mariana's nearest male relative, the Emperor Leopold might therefore have had a claim to the Spanish throne if Charles died childless, so Louis therefore claimed that, since Maria Theresa's dowry had not been paid, her renunciation was invalid, and under an obscure Netherlands law, that as child of Philip IV's she rather than Charles II should have inherited, and that Maria Theresa's rights "devolved" to him as her husband. The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in 1667 in the War of Devolution was initially very successful, with the ending of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch began discussions with England and Sweden on creating a diplomatic alliance to protect Spain against France. The subsequent the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle signed in May 1668 gave Louis XIV much less Spanish territory than he had expected, and his resentment of the Dutch intervention decided him to detach England and Sweden from their alliance with the Dutch and prepare for war against the United Netherlands.

France then invaded the United Netherlands in May 1672, initiating the Franco-Dutch War. Louis however refused a Dutch offer of very favourable peace terms made in June 1672, and the Dutch retreated behind the Dutch Water Line, a barrier of inundations, and prepared to resist the French by land and sea. In July 1674, the city of Messina in Sicily had revolted against Spanish rule and then asked for French protection. A small French squadron with a few troops and limited food supplies was sent to Messina in September 1674, but it withdrew before the year end in the face of a Spanish fleet of 22 ships and numerous galleys. A stronger French force of 20 ships, including nine ships of the line, and supply convoy managed to break through the Spanish blockade and defeat the more numerous Spanish fleet in a battle off the Lipari Islands on 11 February 1675, capturing one Spanish warship, and it brought the Spanish blockade of Messina to an end and provided considerable food supplies to the city. This battle is sometimes referred to as the First Battle of Stromboli.

The Spanish then asked for Dutch assistance. Michiel de Ruyter was sent to the Mediterranean with eighteen larger warships and a number of smaller vessels although, because Dutch resources had been strained by the continuing Franco-Dutch War, these were not fully manned and de Ruyter thought the force was insufficient. After waiting for two months on the Spanish coast for the supplies promised by the Spanish authorities and for a Spanish squadron to join him, de Ruyter sailed for Sicily at the year end with only one Spanish ship added to his fleet. This delay may have saved Messina, as its food supplies were short and, had de Ruyter not been delayed, the Dutch fleet may have prevented its reprovisioning. The news that de Ruyter was on his way prompted the French viceroy of Messina, firstly to send a force to attack Augusta by land and sea, as its capture would deny the Dutch a suitable harbour near Messina and, secondly, to send Duquesne to France to escort a convoy that would reprovision Messina.

At the time of de Ruyter arrival in Sicily in early January 1676, most of the larger French warships were absent from Messina with Duquesne, who was escorting the convoy to Sicily, and only the smaller ones remained at Messina under Lieutenant-Général Guillaume d'Alméras. However, de Ruyter was unable to attack Messina because of contrary winds and, on 7 January 1676, while cruising near the Lipari Islands, he encountered the French fleet led by Duquesne and the convoy it was escorting.

Battle
The French aimed to bring the convoy into Messina intact and to preserve their fleet as a fighting force whereas the Dutch wished to prevent the fleet and convoy reaching Messina or to do as much damage to them as possible. Although ship numbers on both sides were similar, the French fleet was more powerful, with 1,500 guns against 1,200 for the Dutch On 7 January, de Ruyter had held the weather gauge, but either he did not attack on that day, or Duquesne foiled his attack by remaining out of range. However, during the night the wind veered to a west-southwesterly direction and, as both fleets were heading almost due south, it now favoured the French. The wind had also strengthened overnight, so the Spanish galleys had taken refuge in the lee of the Lipari Islands: Duquesne therefore sent the convoy ahead and prepared to attack the Dutch. Each fleet comprised three squadrons with its commander in the centre. The French van was commanded by Marquis de Preuilly d'Humières, a chef d'escadre and the rear by Louis Gabaret, another chef d'escadre. The Dutch Third Squadron led the Dutch fleet, commanded by its Schout-bij-nacht, Nikolaas Verschoor, with Vice-Admiral Jan den Haan commanding the First squadron in the rear.

From about 9am, Duquesne's ships steered obliquely towards the Dutch fleet, a tactic that exposed them to Dutch broadside fire to which they could only respond with a few guns. De Ruyter's van and centre reacted by gradually giving way so that their French opponents could not get close to them and remained at a disadvantage, subject to full Dutch broadsides. The two French ships at the front of Preuilly d'Humières, van, Prudent and Parfait suffered most severely from heavy Dutch fire during their oblique approach, and both had to pull out of the line of battle, disordering the van, masking the fire of some if its ships and causing their commander in Saint Michel to be exposed to the simultaneous fire of several Dutch warships. Although Duquesne was wounded, he managed to restore order to the van and tried several times to break the Dutch line with the French van and centre, although de Ruyter's close linear formation, his manoeuvering and the weight of Dutch broadsides prevented this.

To the rear, some vessels in Gabaret's squadron were mishandled and ran into one another and the French rear as a whole failed to close with den Haan's ships. Den Haan's squadron, which had initially been a greater distance from Gabaret's squadron than the rest of the Dutch fleet was from its opponents, maintained a steady course instead of giving way, so a gap developed between it and de Ruyter's centre. However, as the wind had become very light during the day, the French could not exploit this gap. After about six hours of fighting, the two fleets were on parallel courses, sailing south-southwest in a very light breeze, and firing ceased in the van and centre, although it continued between the two rear squadrons for some hours longer. Three badly damaged Dutch ships were towed by Spanish galleys into Milazzo, and de Ruyter disengaged and took his fleet into Milazzo as well. He had successfully defended his inferior fleet in a tactically disadvantageous leeward position and inflicted significant damage on the French fleet.

Aftermath
Both sides had suffered significant damage to many ships and the Dutch Essen from Verschoor's Third Squadron sank the next day. However, the Dutch had inflicted more casualties on the French during their oblique approach. During the night, the wind strengthened, and Duquesne was joined by d'Alméras with eight ships from Messina, but the next day the Spanish squadron was sighted and Duquesne did not wish to fight an action against superior numbers in the Strait of Messina encumbered by a convoy, so he took his convoy right around Sicily, but succeeded in bringing it into Messina without further fighting. The combined Dutch-Spanish fleet sailed to Palermo for repairs, and there were no further fleet actions for several months.

Order of battle
France (Duquesne)

Avant-garde (Preuilly d'Humières)

 * Prudent 54 (Chevalier de La Fayette)
 * Parfait 60 (Monsieur de Chasteneuf)
 * Saint Michel 60 (Marquis de Preuilly d'Humières, chef d'escadre)
 * Fier 48 (Monsieur de Chabert)
 * Mignon 46 (Monsieur de Relingues)
 * Assuré 56 (Philippe Le Valois, Marquis de Villette-Mursay)

Corps de bataille (Duquesne)

 * Sage 54 (Marquis de Langeron)
 * Syrène 46 (Chevalier de Bèthune)
 * Pompeux 72 (Chevalier de Valbelle, chef d'escadre)
 * Saint Esprit 72 (Lt-general Abraham Du Quesne, commander-in-chief)
 * Sceptre 80 (Chevalier de Tourville)
 * Éclatant 60 (Monsieur de Coux)
 * Téméraire 54 (Chevalier de L'Hery)
 * Aimable 56 (Monsieur de La Barre)

Arriere-garde (Gabaret)

 * Vaillant 54 (Monsieur de Sptesme)
 * Apollon 52 (Chevalier de Forbin)
 * Grand 72 (Monsieur de Beaulieu)
 * Sans Pareil 70 (Louis Gabaret, chef d'escadre, captain Allain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon)
 * Aquilon 50 (Monsieur de Villeneuve-Ferrieres)
 * Magnifique 72 (Monsieur De La Gravier)

Attached fireships (names unknown)

 * fireship (Chevalier de Beauvoisis)
 * fireship (Chevalier de La Galissonière)
 * fireship (cpt. Champagne)
 * fireship (cpt. Honorat)
 * fireship (cpt. Despretz)
 * fireship (cpt. Serpaut)

Netherlands/Spain (Michiel de Ruyter)

First Squadron (De Haan)

 * Provincie van Utrecht 60 (Jan de Jong)
 * Vrijheid 50 (Adam van Brederode)
 * Gouda 76 (Vice-Admiral Jan de Haan)
 * Wakende Boei 46 (Cornelis Tijloos)
 * Edam 34 (Cornelis van der Zaan)
 * Kraanvogel 46 (Jacob Willemszoon Broeder)
 * Rouaan 8 (snow, Willem Knijf)
 * Roos 8 (snow, Juriaan Baak)
 * Sint Salvador 6 (fireship, Jan Janszoon Bont)
 * Zwarte Tas 4 (fireship, Jacob Stadtlander)
 * Witte Tas 4 (supply ship, Adriaan van Esch)

Second Squadron (De Ruyter)

 * Steenbergen 68 (Pieter van Middelandt)
 * Leeuwen 50 (Frans Willem, Graaf van Stierum)
 * Eendracht 76 (Lt-Admiral Michiel De Ruyter)
 * Stad en Lande 54 (Joris Andringa)
 * Zuiderhuis 46 (Pieter de Sitter)
 * Leiden 36 (Jan van Abkoude)
 * Tonijn 8 (snow, Philips Melkenbeek)
 * Kreeft 8 (snow, Wijbrand Barendszoon)
 * Salm 4 (fireship, Jan van Kampen)
 * Melkmeisje 4 (fireship, Arent Ruyghaver)

Third Squadron (Vershoor)

 * Oosterwijk 60 (Jacob Teding van Berkhout)
 * Harderwijk 46 (Mattheus Megang)
 * Spiegel 70 (Nikolaas Verschoor, killed)
 * Essen 50 (Gilles Schey) - Sunk on 9 June
 * Damiaten 34 (Isaac van Uitterwijk)
 * Groenwijf 36 (Jan Noirot)
 * Ter Goes 8 (snow, Abraham Wilmerdonk)
 * Prinsen Wapen 8 (snow, Hendrik Walop)
 * Jakob en Anna 4 (fireship, Dirk Klaaszoon Harney)
 * Nuestra Señora del Rosario 50 (Spanish. Capt. Mateo de Laya y Cabex)

The combined fleet was also accompanied by a number of Spanish galleys.

title: Battle of Stromboli


text:
Take Penacilin Now

Take Penacilin Now is a 2005 compilation album released on G7 Welcoming Committee Records. The compilation features almost every artist that has released material on the label. It features a new exclusive track from Propagandhi, unreleased tracks from Randy, The Weakerthans, Greg MacPherson, Submission Hold, Mico, Rhythm Activism, and Hiretsukan, and rare tracks from Warsawpack, Clann Zú, and Malefaction.

The title's misspelling of penicillin is intentional; it derives from the letter to the New York Post that accompanied the 2001 anthrax attacks in New York City and Washington, DC. The cover, an image of the envelope that was sent to Senator Tom Daschle, is taken from the same series of attacks.

Track listing

 * 1) Swallowing Shit, "If Assholes Could Fly, This Place Would Be an Airport"
 * 2) Warsawpack, "We Conquer"
 * 3) Clann Zú, "An Bád Dubh"
 * 4) Bakunin's Bum, "How Far Are You Willing To Go?"
 * 5) Consolidated, "Fractured Fairytales"
 * 6) Submission Hold, "Democratie"
 * 7) Greg MacPherson, "Southern Lites"
 * 8) Propagandhi, "Name and Address Withheld"
 * 9) Mico, "Halfway State"
 * 10) Randy, "Losing My Mind"
 * 11) ...But Alive, "Korrect"
 * 12) I Spy, "Just Between Friends"
 * 13) GFK, "Prison of Life"
 * 14) Malefaction, "Real Beauty Cannot Be Photographed"
 * 15) Che: Chapter 127, "The Choicelessness Parade"
 * 16) Rhythm Activism, "Down in the Mines"
 * 17) Hiretsukan, "Song for Willhelmina Vautrin"
 * 18) The (International) Noise Conspiracy, "Ever Felt Cheated?"
 * 19) The Weakerthans, "My Favourite Power Chords"

title: Take Penacilin Now


text:
Aria Air

Aria Air was an airline based in Bandar Abbas, Iran. It operated international and domestic passenger service. Officially, its main base was in Bandar Abbas, but the headquarter was located in Tehran.

History
The airline was established and started operations in 1999 as Aria Air Tour.

Fleet
The Aria Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft (as of January 2013):

 * 2 Fokker 50

Destinations

 * Iran
 * Kish
 * Bandar Abbas
 * Mashhad
 * Ahvaz
 * Bushehr
 * Shiraz
 * Lar

 * United Arab Emirates
 * Dubai
 * Sharjah

 * Syria
 * Damascus

 * Tajikistan
 * Dushanbe

Incidents

 * On 13 November 2000, an Aria Air Yakovlev aircraft was hijacked.
 * On 24 July 2009, Aria Air Flight 1525 an Ilyushin IL-62M, registered UP-I6208, crashed on landing at Mashhad International Airport, Mashhad, Iran, killing 16 people including the CEO Mehdi Dadpay. 136 of the passengers escaped any harm, but 19 of them were injured.

title: Aria Air


text:
1983 Copa Libertadores

The Copa Libertadores 1983 was won by Grêmio against Peñarol.

Draw
The champions and runners-up of each football association were drawn into the same group along with another football association's participating teams. Three clubs from Uruguay competed as Peñarol was champion of the 1982 Copa Libertadores. They entered the tournament in the Semifinals.

Tiebreaker

 * }
 * }

title: 1983 Copa Libertadores


text:
User:Volty

Hello
I'm Volty and my interests cover quite a few things. Pursuant to the slogan of the meanwhile faded Deja News - Share what you know, learn what you don't - I am contributing to Wikipedia while learning something new in the process.

de:User:Volty nl:User:Volty bar:User:Volty

title: User:Volty


text: Category:Breaking Benjamin albums

title: Category:Breaking Benjamin albums


text: File:Take penacilin now.jpg

title: File:Take penacilin now.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quick Facts About Slovakia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 05:12, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Quick Facts About Slovakia

 * Delete All of this data can be found at the main article for Slovakia. Forbsey 22:53, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. royblumy 00:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Though I haven't checked I'd be very surprised if any of this information weren't at Slovakia. -R. fiend 16:16, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Hammer Bro

Untitled

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. Hammer Brothers was the chosen name. violet/riga (t) 20:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:01, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Moving this page
Seems this page should be moved to either Hammer Brothers or Hammer Brother. There shouldn't be an abbreviation in an article title, so Hammer Bro. isn't good, nor is Hammer Bros.

Move to Hammer Brothers

 * 1) There are always two of them, and neither has a unique personality, so the article title should be pluralized. BrianSmithson 22:41, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Agreed. I can't remember ever hearing them referred to in the singular. – Seancdaug 14:14, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Thunderbrand 02:04, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) This one seems best. K1Bond007 03:02, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support - Yes, this should be done and the plural is the best choice.  Good call. Naha|(talk) 13:25, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Leave at Hammer Bro.
The Mario Bros. article is abbreviated so what are you talking about!?

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Reply to 4.224.231.209
Mario Bros. is capitalized because it is the exact name of a video game; "Hammer Bros. isn't a video game. –Llama man 00:30, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Voice actors
Is there any proof or source of Nozomu Sasaki and Kazuki Ogawa voicing Hammer Bro, because unlike Motoki Takagi, neither of them have been credited in any Mario games? Ultikar (talk) 13:59, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hammer Bro


text:
Karen Ramirez

Karen Ramirez (born 21 November 1971 in North London) is a British female dance music singer. At the age of six, Ramirez moved to Trinidad and Tobago and lived there for some time, before returning to London and entering university. In 1998, she had a No. 1 hit single on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart and a No. 8 hit on the UK Singles Chart with her cover version of Everything but the Girl's "I Didn't Know I Was Looking for Love", under the simpler title of "Looking for Love".

Her second album, entitled Bees in the Trees, was released exclusively on iTunes in May 2006.

Studio albums

 * Distant Dreams (20 July 1998), Manifesto - UK #45
 * Distant Dreams (Japan release) (1998), Manifesto/Mercury (three extra tracks: two versions of "Troubled Girl", the Spanish version and the Boris Dlugosch & Michael Lange elusive club mix, and "Fever")
 * Bees in the Trees (May 2006), self-released

Remix albums

 * Remixed Dreams (Japan only) (13 January 1999), Mercury

title: Karen Ramirez


text:
Prioninae

The Prioninae are a subfamily of Cerambycidae (long-horned beetles). They are typically large (25–70 mm) and usually brown or black. The males of a few genera sport large mandibles that are used in fights with other males, similar to stag beetles. These beetles are commonly nocturnal and are attracted to light. The majority of the Prioninae whose biology is known are borers whose larvae feed on rotting wood or roots.

Genera
The following genera are recognised in the subfamily Prioninae:

 * Acalodegma
 * Acanthinodera
 * Acanthophorus
 * Acideres
 * Aegolipton
 * Aegosoma
 * Aerogrammus
 * Aesa
 * Afraustraloderes
 * Agrianome
 * Allaiocerus
 * Allomallodon
 * Anacolus
 * Analophus
 * Ancistrotus
 * Andinotrichoderes
 * Anoeme
 * Anomophysis
 * Anomotoma
 * Anoplotoma
 * Anthracocentrus
 * Aplagiognathus
 * Apocaulus
 * Apterocaulus
 * Arba
 * Archetypus
 * Archodontes
 * Archotoma
 * Atrocolus
 * Aulacopus
 * Aulacotoma
 * Bandar
 * Baralipton
 * Basitoxus
 * Bifidoprionus
 * Biribellus
 * Bouyerus
 * Bracheocentrus
 * Braderochus
 * Brephilydia
 * Cacodacnus
 * Cacosceles
 * Callergates
 * Callipogon
 * Callistoprionus
 * Calloctenus
 * Calocomus
 * Cantharocnemis
 * Cantharoctenus
 * Casiphia
 * Catypnes
 * Ceratocentrus
 * Chalcoprionus
 * Chalybophysis
 * Chariea
 * Charmallaspis
 * Chiasmetes
 * Chondrothus
 * Chorenta
 * Clesotrus
 * Closterus
 * Cnemoplites
 * Crossocnemis
 * Cryptipus
 * Cryptobelus
 * Ctenoscelis
 * Cubaecola
 * Curitiba
 * Cyanolipton
 * Cycloprionus
 * Dandamis
 * Delocheilus
 * Derancistrachroma
 * Derancistrus
 * Derelophis
 * Derobrachus
 * Dinoprionus
 * Diseoblax
 * Dorysthenes
 * Droserotoma
 * Drumontiana
 * Dysiatus
 * Eboraphyllus
 * Elaptoides
 * Elaptus
 * Elateropsis
 * Emphiesmenus
 * Enneaphyllus
 * Enoplocerus
 * Eotithoes
 * Episacus
 * Ergates
 * Erioderus
 * Erythraenus
 * Esmeralda
 * Ethioeme
 * Eudianodes
 * Eurynassa
 * Eurypoda
 * Flabellomorphus
 * Galileoana
 * Geoffmonteithia
 * Glyphosoma
 * Gnathonyx
 * Guedesia
 * Hagrides
 * Hastertia
 * Hephialtes
 * Hermerius
 * Hileolaspis
 * Hisarai
 * Holonotus
 * Homoeomyzo
 * Hoplideres
 * Hoplidosterus
 * Hovatoma
 * Hovorelus
 * Hovorodon
 * Howea
 * Hyleoza
 * Hystatoderes
 * Hystatus
 * Ialyssus
 * Insuetaspis
 * Jamwonus
 * Komiyasoma
 * Lachneophysis
 * Lasiogaster
 * Leiophysis
 * Leiotoma
 * Leontiprionus
 * Lobarthron
 * Logaeus
 * Lulua
 * Lundgrenosis
 * Macrodontia
 * Macrophysis
 * Macroprionus
 * Macrotoma
 * Mallaspis
 * Mallodon
 * Mallodonhoplus
 * Mallodonopsis
 * Mecosarthron
 * Megobaralipton
 * Megopis
 * Meroscelisus
 * Mesoprionus
 * Metaegosoma
 * Microarthron
 * Microphysis
 * Microplophorus
 * Miniprionus
 * Monocladum
 * Monodesmus
 * Motilon
 * Myzomorphus
 * Nannoprionus
 * Nataloma
 * Navosoma
 * Navosomopsis
 * Neoma
 * Neomallodon
 * Neosarmydus
 * Nepiodes
 * Nesopriona
 * Nicias
 * Nocalusa
 * Nothopleurus
 * Notophysis
 * Oceanomegopis
 * Ochroptera
 * Oideterus
 * Olethrius
 * Ommatomenus
 * Omotagus
 * Opisognathus
 * Oropyrodes
 * Orthomegas
 * Orthosoma
 * Osphryon
 * Otheostethus
 * Palaeomegopis
 * Parachorenta
 * Paradandamis
 * Paramacrotoma
 * Parastrongylaspis
 * Parelaptus
 * Parapsilotarsus
 * Paroplites
 * Phaolus
 * Phlyctenosis
 * Physopleurus
 * Piesacus
 * Pingblax
 * Pixodarus
 * Platygnathus
 * Plumiprionus
 * Poecilopyrodes
 * Poekilosoma
 * Pogonarthron
 * Polyarthron
 * Polylobarthron
 * Polyoza
 * Ponchelibius
 * Praemallaspis
 * Prionacalus
 * Prionapterus
 * Prinobius
 * Prionoblemma
 * Prionomma
 * Prionoplus
 * Prionotoma
 * Prionus
 * Priotyrannus
 * Prosternodes
 * Protorma
 * Psalidocoptus
 * Psalidognathus
 * Psalidosphryon
 * Psephactus
 * Pseudoplites
 * Pseudoprionus
 * Psilotarsus
 * Pyrodes
 * Quercivir
 * Remphan
 * Rhachicolus
 * Rhaesus
 * Rhaphipodus
 * Rhineimegopis
 * Rhipidocerus
 * Rhodocharis
 * Rodriguezius
 * Rugosophysis
 * Samolethrius
 * Sarifer
 * Sarmydus
 * Sarothrogastra
 * Scatopyrodes
 * Sceleocantha
 * Schizodontus
 * Seabria
 * Seticeros
 * Sobarus
 * Solenoptera
 * Sphenostethus
 * Spiloprionus
 * Spinimegopis
 * Stenodontes
 * Stictosomus
 * Stolidodere
 * Strongylaspis
 * Tagalog
 * Talupes
 * Teispes
 * Tereticus
 * Tersec
 * Titanus
 * Tithoes
 * Toxeutes
 * Tragosoma
 * Trichocnemis
 * Trichoderes
 * Trichophysis
 * Trichoprionus
 * Tropidoprion
 * Typoma
 * Ucai
 * Ulogastra
 * Unilaprionus
 * Utra
 * Vandewegheia
 * Vietetropis
 * Xanthonicias
 * Xaurus
 * Xixuthrus
 * Ziglipton
 * Zooblax

title: Prioninae


text:
User talk:Mfero

JFW | T@lk  22:42, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

PS Well done on bone marrow transplant. Shall we look for some good references to supplement the already very high quality of the article? There must be several good longitudinal studies on the long-term effects of BMT/HSCT. JFW | T@lk

Thank you!
Tnank you for your contribution to Universal health care. Your assistance is greatly valued.--Tom (talk) 22:51, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Edits
Greetings -

It's my understanding that edit disagreements are best discussed on the talk page of the site where the edits are occurring. Are you OK with that approach? If so I'll leave you a note on the Ghrelin talk page for your response. Thanks!

Regards -

IiKkEe (talk) 06:15, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

I'm sorry, I meant Platelets talk page. I'm editing two pages at once and got my wires crossed. I see you have been on WP for awhile - I assume you are familiar with the WP suggestion regarding editing disagreements: to follow "BRD" - Person A (that's you) is to be "Bold" and edit, if original author B (that's me) objects he "Reverts", then if you object to the reversion, a "Discussion" proceeds on the talk page. If there is no resolution, the tie is broken by an Administrator. Are you OK with those steps?

Regards-

IiKkEe (talk) 20:45, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

Reference Errors on 26 November
Hello, I'm ReferenceBot. I have automatically detected that an edit performed by you may have introduced errors in referencing. as follows: Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/RBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/RBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=ReferenceBot%20–%20&section=new report it to my operator]. Thanks, ReferenceBot (talk) 00:30, 27 November 2014 (UTC)
 * On the Hyponatremia page, [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=635486515 your edit] caused a duplicate page number error (help) . ([ Fix] | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:ReferenceBot/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F635486515%7CHyponatremia%5D%5D Ask for help])

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Mfero


text:
U.S. 500

U.S. 500 may refer to multiple races held at Michigan International Speedway:

 * 1996 U.S. 500, a CART series race held May 26, 1996, the same day as the 1996 Indianapolis 500
 * Michigan 500, a CART series race that was held under the title U.S. 500 from 1997 to 1999

title: U.S. 500


text:
Talk:Ecocentrism

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Comments
I'd like to add a note about Lupinacci's (2011) identification of anthropocentrism as a root cause of environmental degradation. Debbie Goss (talk) 23:55, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

From Deep ecology:

The statement, consistent with the nature of life on earth should be rephrased for accuracy. --Viriditas | Talk 01:34, 31 May 2005 (UTC) This could maybe go into a definition for ecocentrism? Muxxa 06:22, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Is there any difference between this and Biocentrism perhaphs they should be merged? --Salix alba (talk) 23:20, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if they should be merged, but their differences should be highlighted if they are to remain separate articles. Richard001 07:12, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Stan Rowe would strongly argue against merging biocentricism and ecocentricism. Basically he sees "the planetary ecological system in which organisms are encapsulated as parts, ... and all the associated protoplasmic bundles that 'biosphere' comprises have no separate reality except as wrong ideas implanted by a crude culture in infantile heads. How difficult it is to comprehend that the only unity with which people are in close touch is the Ecosphere, one of whose properties is the phenomenon called life. Life is not a property of complex protein molecules arranged in double helixes, nor of the ordered mixtures of substances that constitute protoplasm. Life is a property of the planet and of the ecological systems that it comprises. One-eyed biology, lacking depth perception, has misled by conceiving a world divided into the animate and the inanimate, the organic and the inorganic, the biotic and the abiotic, the living and the dead. The divisions are not only wrong, they are mischievous for they devalue essential parts of the Ecosphere. What would qualify as animate, organic, biotic and alive without beneficent sunlight, water, soil, and air? These components are as vital, as animated, as important, as the organisms whose life giving sustenance they are." Stephen Mikesell 23:24, 24 August 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Singing Coyote (talk • contribs)

"Ecocentrism does not even distinguish between animate life and inanimate matter or process." Without elaboration that's an absolutely absurd statement. Just by naming the categories they're already distinguishing them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.215.186.175 (talk) 05:41, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Added references as requested. Granitethighs (talk) 23:11, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Extended discussion with more (and more critical and analytic) material. Granitethighs (talk) 09:02, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Extended discussion. I have still to expand the subhead on ecocentrism and biocentrism and refine editing. Granitethighs (talk) 13:01, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Removal of infoboxes
I removed infobox writer and infobox philosopher since I feel that they were not appropriate in this article. The information contained in the infoboxes can be incomporated into the text of the article. If there is a strong need for having the backround of these people placed in the article a text box off to the right hand side might be an idea. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 20:07, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I put Aldo Leopold in because he is attributed with the articulation of most of the ideas discussed in the article. What would you suggest as an "appropriate" picture to enhance the topic of ecocentrism and brighten up the page? Not sure what the problem is ... Granitethighs (talk) 21:07, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The topic does not lend itself to having a picture so there is no need to put one in. If Commons had a picture of Leopold - but it does not - it would be suitable to add to the article with a caption mentioning his influence. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 22:48, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Philosophical criticisms
There are some very interesting philosophical criticisms of ecocentrism on the part of Pope Benedict XVI which were published in December 2009. They could perhaps be cited in an eventual criticisms and controversies section of the article. ADM (talk) 12:05, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the addition of well-articulated criticisms of ecocentrism would be excellent. The object of this article is not to "promote" a particular view but to express it as clearly as possible. Consideration of opposing or different views is, IMO, all part of that process. Please add these views. My only slight concern is that the article already includes discussion of other contrasting views, namely technocentrism etc., so a new section heading of criticisms and controversies seems a bit unnecessary, perhaps a different kind of heading would be better. Anyway - Wikipedia encourages you to edit away - please do.  Granitethighs   22:43, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Philosophy or science

 * The justification for ecocentrism usually consists in an ontological belief and subsequent ethical claim. The ontological belief denies that there are any existential divisions between human and non-human nature sufficient to claim that humans are either (a) the sole bearers of intrinsic value or (b) possess greater intrinsic value than non-human nature. Thus the subsequent ethical claim is for an equality of intrinsic value across human and non-human nature, or ‘biospherical egalitarianism’.

My understanding is that this is neither a belief nor an ethical claim, but a scientific fact based on the available evidence. Viriditas (talk) 08:28, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I, personally, like that. But you have most of humanity to convince.  Granitethighs  08:36, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I'll try and take this to the science refdesk in the next few days. Viriditas (talk) 08:37, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Effects of Economic Conditions on Ecocentric Views
The following was added to the main page:

''Amplified by the recent economic hardship that begun in 2007, business companies and firms have disproved the idea that ecocentrism is the foundation for environmental ethics. There are an increasing number of cases that exemplify the motivations of businesses and firms. The companies are driven to provide sustainable production processes and manufacture sustainable products, not for the sole reason of improving the environment, but rather because of the economic benefits and advantages of attracting consumers who have become consistently more conscious of climate issues.''

''Saqib Rahim, author of “More Companies Push Sustainability, but Usually Not for Climate Reasons – Study”, discusses how firms are participating in sustainable practices in order to “open new markets, attract employees and improve their reputations with the public”. Instead of focusing on environmentally-friendly initiatives because of a pure desire to improve the Earth, as in ecocentric views, the companies are more concerned with profits and sales. For example, segments such as the auto industry reported that eighty percent of the businesses had established that sustainability is essential in order to stay competitive in the market. ''

''“Products That Are Earth-and-Profit Friendly”, written by Sindya N. Bhanoo in the New York Times, also supports the movement toward anthropocentric motivations regarding sustainability and environmental initiatives, contradictory to ecocentric motivations. Socially, consumers have begun to have an increased awareness of climate and environmental issues as they have become widely publicized in the media. Consequently, the public has progressively become more “eco-friendly” and has created a large market that businesses are trying to capitalize on. In 2008, American consumers spent a total of 500 billion dollars on sustainable goods and services. Companies and firms are moving toward sustainability because of the potential to save millions of dollars, through processes such as using recyclable materials and reducing waste. The main objective of the companies is not to save the environment, but rather what activities would be most effective in reducing manufacturing costs and how can they better capture a larger market segment of the consumer base that is becoming more socially conscious of environmental issues.''

''Historical examples provide evidence that business sectors and industry segments are not ecocentric, but still maintain to participate in environmental ethics. Their prime motivation for sustainable practices is not ecocentrism and the drive to improve environmental conditions, but rather boost profit margins by adjusting to new social movements and reducing costs.''

 * There are several difficulties here.

Until these issues are addressed the above cannot be included in the article.  Granitethighs  03:25, 5 March 2011 (UTC)
 * This is an excessively long comment on a small aspect of the topic - it needs to be much more brief to keep the balance of the article, regardless of its content.
 * There are several totally unsubstantiated assertions like "Amplified by the recent economic hardship that begun in 2007, business companies and firms have disproved the idea that ecocentrism is the foundation for environmental ethics" and "Historical examples provide evidence that business sectors and industry segments are not ecocentric, but still maintain to participate in environmental ethics". These assertions need citations to back them up.
 * Regardless of the above Wikipedia is about a neutral point of view (NPOV). More explicitly "Assertions must be backed by sources and balanced with other views. A source must be verifiable and reliable. NPOV policy is premised on the idea that most secondary sources are not disinterested: a strong encyclopedia is not seeking to provide a disinterested view, but rather multiple views. Hence the slogan "Verifiability, not truth." What matters is not that a claim be true or factual, but rather that it be a verifiable fact that someone actually holds this view. We strive to include all significant views, giving each due weight, and putting each view in context.

No problem. I'll try to add some material to the article as soon as I can. Though, I am a busy person and cannot do any major work on wikipedia in the next day or two. But when I can I sure will. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mountainman420 (talk • contribs) 19:36, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

Manifesto for Earth
I wonder whether the section titled "A manifesto for Earth" should be taken out of this article and made into its own article. Certainly the authors of this book represent an ecocentric viewpoint. However, it appears that this section talks more about the book rather than solely talking about the concept of "ecocentrism". Is there anyway we could use this information as a further reference to points talked about earlier on in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mountainman420 (talk • contribs) 23:37, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Manifesto for Earth
I wonder whether the section titled "A manifesto for Earth" should be taken out of this article and made into its own article. Certainly the authors of this book represent an ecocentric viewpoint. However, it appears that this section talks more about the book rather than solely talking about the concept of "ecocentrism". Is there anyway we could use this information as a further reference to points talked about earlier on in the article? Mountainman420 (talk) 23:39, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

 * You make a good point. However, this is a very clear and direct statement of these author's views and also of what ecocentrism means. If it were moved elsewhere I think the strength of the discussion would be diminished. It could be edited to provide a summary of their core ideas but there would then be a serious possibility of misinterpreting or misrepresenting their views.  But I agree that there is potential for more in-depth critical and fully cited discussion of key points that exemplify ecocentrism: if you are aware of omitted literature or valuable discussion please add it.  Granitethighs   11:23, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

I have a few specific problems with the section titled "A manifesto for Earth". The first thing is that I think that the authors, Mosquin and Rowe, might perhaps come off as having a disproportionate influence on the dialogue of ecocentrism. Certainly Aldo Leopold and Arne Naess, who are traditionally credited as having been the lead philosophical/ethical articulators of the ecocentric worldview in the 20th century West, rightly deserve the emphasis they are given in the introductory sections of the article. However, we must realize that there have been thousands of articles, books, speeches, ect. given about ecocentrism and deep ecology from a whole spectrum of different academic fields. There are many influential proponents of the ecocentric worldview whose insights we might include in the article.

That being said, I realize that myself or anyone else is encouraged to dig through those sources and try to build on the content of the article even further. I hope to do this in the near future when I can squeeze enough time to work on it. Also, realizing that the editor who added the section on "manifesto for earth" put at least some effort into copying and pasting the content, I am not suggesting that we throw all of that effort and information into the waste basket.

I guess my primary concern with the section is that it is nowhere close to being encyclopedia style content. Beginning with a three sentence introductory, the section features a huge chunk of quotations from another source and then gives a numerical listing of briefly worded principles. All without being elaborated on or summarized in any way. I am not a style stickler who tries to cramp people's creative style, but this is an encyclopedia, isn't it?

I think that if this section is not significantly expanded and summarized or commented upon, then it should probably be deleted in whole. However, if it does get expanded, I would recommend creating an entirely new wikipedia article devoted to the content of that journal article, "A Manifesto for Earth". Then linking it back to the ecocentrism page.

P.S. I realize that there is an inherent possibility with any summarization or commentary of misrepresenting viewpoints. But is this really avoidable? Don't we need commentary in order to illustrate and further clarify the intentions of the original author? Mountainman420 (talk) 09:41, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

 * OK, as a way forward could I suggest that we follow your recommendation of creating an entirely new wikipedia article devoted to the content of the journal article "A Manifesto for Earth" linked back to the ecocentrism page. But please could I also ask that, following up on your comment "there have been thousands of articles, books, speeches, ect. given about ecocentrism and deep ecology from a whole spectrum of different academic fields" that you also increase the encyclopaedic value of the article by selecting just a few of these thousands of commentaries on ecocentrism and incorporate them into the discussion in an encyclopaedic way?  Granitethighs  22:46, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

No problem. I'll try to add some material to the article as soon as I can. Though, I am a busy person and cannot do any major work on wikipedia in the next day or two. But when I can I sure will.

Oh yeah, are you familiar with any other sources that review, comment, or talk about the article "manifesto for earth"? Mountainman420 (talk) 19:39, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

Critique of article
Should there be those two large quotes in the first section of the article? From my understanding, Wikipedia does not encourage copy and pasting large sections of text even if it is properly cited. A condensed summary of Stan Rowe's definition would suit the article better. In addition, citation #11 is from answers.com. I do not believe this is a credible source and therefor the claim cited from this source should be removed. Mchen8 (talk) 06:33, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

Critique of Article
The Rowe quotes are very long and can be cut down to a few sentences each. Also, cite # 11, which leads to Answers.com, is an unreliable source, due to the fact the answers found on there can be posted by just about anyone, don't have references themselves, and more often than not include opinions/biases. Although in this case, no biases were found. G.gospodinova (talk) 04:07, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ecocentrism


text:
Pusaka (DJ collaboration)

Pusaka is a collaboration of dance music producers and DJs Chris Cox of Thunderpuss and DJ Irene. In 2001, their song "You're the Worst Thing for Me", featuring vocals by Thea Austin, hit number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart.

title: Pusaka (DJ collaboration)