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Talk:Amitābha

Good Question
In response to the below question, I have to simply say, I really don't know. I have no authority to answer this question, as I am but a layman, and not so well educated on the finer points of Buddhism as I'd like to be, but perhaps I can shed some possible light on this problem.

I suppose we may have a sort of vertical ladder mindset when it comes to placing Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in a sort of power structure. I believe that thinking in this dichotomy may be fundamentally wrong. There really is no difference between a Bodhisattva, a Buddha, and for that matter, a sentient being. At least, I come to this conclusion on based on my personal interpretation of the dharma.

Still, being that we live in the real world, we linguistically define and separate Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. I will address this matter in just a moment, but let me talk about that particular vow. If the vow does in fact say that Amitabha forestalls perfect enlightenment until all beings are saved in the Western paradise, then I can see where the paradox comes from. However, it's been a long time since I read the Amitabha sutras, and I can't remember if the vow was to build a place where people could easily reach enlightenment, or to actually enlighten everyone through those means. If it were the former, it could mean that he has fulfilled that vow. If it is in fact the latter, as you stated, then Amitabha would join the host of hundreds of other popular Bodhisattvas who have made similar vows. In my personal opinion, I think it may be the pure heart and intention behind making the vow, not neccessarily the completion of a certain task.

Now, for the fun part. I think if we look at the name Amitabha itself, the Sanskrit meaning something like boundless, infinite light - then I think the implication here is Buddhahood. In the Chinese name, the character "Fo" is present, meaning "Buddha". That character does not appear in the names of deities who are typically assigned the role of Bodhisattva, but it does also appear in the Chinese translations of Shakyamuni and Maitreya, who are Buddhas. Phew. Basically, I guess, there is no easy answer. Everything is, and is not, everything else. It's really quite Buddhistic, actually!Iluvchineselit 06:05, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Sex
Throughout the article there are numerous uses of "his" and "him" to refer to Amitābha but the Pure Land Buddhist monk that I know claimed she is neither male nor female, or both.

Why not a Bodhisattva
Why is Amitabha not regarded to be a Bodhisattva, since according to the article he promises not to achieve supreme perfect enlightenment until he has saved all sentient beings in his paradise. I thought that's by definition a Bodhisattva? Thanxs for answering gugganij 20:18, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The real reason that Amitabha is not regarded as a Bodhisattva is that the article's characterization of the 48 vows is wrong. According to the sutra, Amitabha has fulfilled all 48 vows, and accordingly has achieved supreme perfect enlightenment (anuttarasamyaksambodhi).  The text should read something like "until all beings can, by aspiration to be reborn there, achieve birth in his Pure Land". RandomCritic 03:24, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Amitabha and Mithraism
I removed the below comments (which were what were left after I edited out some POV and irrelevancies):
 * Some scholars have claimed a connection between the Iranian cult of Mithra and Buddha Amitabha. Richard C. Foltz, in "Religions of the Silk Road" claims that Amitabha "seems to be understood as the Iranian god of light, equated with the sun".

But even after editing, I can't see the relevance to the article, and I'm not even sure Foltz has been accurately quoted. The connection is in any case purely speculative, and it's not even clear what it means historically: did Mithra-worshipping Iranians accept Amitabha as a substitute for Mithra? Did they endow Amitabha with Mithra-like qualities? What is actually being claimed?

Leaving aside the question of whether it's fair to call Mithra a "solar deity", it is very clear that Amitabha is not one. It is true that the name Amitabha means "unlimited light", but the association between good deities, wisdom, and light is a common one, capable of being made independently by different peoples, and implies nothing about a historical relationship.

More to the point, there is no written or archaeological evidence to indicate that anything about Amitabha was borrowed from a non-Buddhist source; the initial evidences for belief in Amitabha come from within India. The name Amitabha is certainly not Iranian. The appearance of Amitabha follows other Buddhist iconography, and while that certainly may have some extra-Indian influences they are more likely Greek than Iranian. The functions of Amitabha are only intelligible in a Buddhist setting, and owe nothing to any type of Iranian religion. What, then, is left for Mithra to supply? RandomCritic 13:21, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

I wouldn't say that the connection between Amida and Persian religion is entirely unfounded. In fact, I was under the impression that this was an established accepted (if somewhat obscure) view. Writes Joseph Campbell:

“And of these [meditation Buddhas], by far the most popular and important is Amitabha, the Buddha of ‘immeasurable (a-mita) light (abha)’... who is produced purely of Buddhist thought, yet bears the marks of an ultimate derivation from Iran.” -The Masks of God Volume II, Oriental Mythology p.303

and,

“Obviously, a gentle purgatory [of Amida’s Pure Land] has here superseded the usual Indian image of spiritual progress by reincarnation, and were the date of the doctrine not so early, one could suppose that a Christian influence might have come into play. However, as things stand, the more plausible view is that the influence of Iran and the doctrine of Zoroaster... ‘It is not to be forgotten,’ states an excellent recent monograph on this subject,

that the first apostle to bring Amida worship to China was a Parthian prince, Ngan Che-Kao, and that the Kushana empire where Amida worship first arose was no less Iranian than Indian, no less Mazdaen than Buddhist. Ngan Che-Kao was an Arsacid who lived in China from 148 to 170 A.D. ... Furthermore, the work of translation sacred texts and of peddling and fashioning sacred images was in the second and third centuries AD carried on principally by Bactrian and Sogdian subjects of Yueh-chi. ... Hence, it is not in India proper that the factors contributing to the victory of Amida must be sought, but in the intermediate Chinese-Indian Zone, where the prevailing influence was of Iran. ... [siting Marie-Therese de Mallmann, Introduction a l’etude d’Avalokitec-vara (Paris: Civilization du Sud, 1948), pp 90-91]

“Dr. Marie-Therese de Mallmann, the author of this important study, has shown that the names Amitabha and Amitayus correspond to the usual characterizations of the Persian creator-god Ahura Mazda, as the lord both of light and unending time; furthermore, that throughout the broad domain of Persian religious influence (which, as we know, reached with the Roman army into Gaul and Britain), divine triads matching that of Amitabha seated between his two great standing Bodhisattvas appear at many sites.”

Ibid, pp 306-307

Now, this all seems to a be a scholarly and convincing argument, at least to me. I think a section on the link between Amida and Ahura Mazda (although with Mithras seems suspect), is well worth considering.

74.71.120.81 21:22, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Personally I don't buy it. Taken by itself, one could contrive a theory that the iconography matches gods and deities in other religions, but if you read the larger Mahayana canon, you'll see that Amida and the Pure Land are part of a bigger picture.  Also, don't forget that there is another Buddha related to the Sun and Light: Mahavairocana.  This is just some weak scholarship by someone who wants to try to unify all religions on the Asian continent, while ignoring the subtle details between them.  --Ph0kin (talk) 06:07, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Ikko Ikki
I think a mention of the Ikko Ikki monks would be an interesting and relevant tidbit of trivia.

 * I do not. There already is a wikipedia article on that.  --Ph0kin (talk) 06:04, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Merge Articles
I propose to Merge the Articles and Amitayus, for reasons obvious, As the Articles itself says //He is frequently invoked in Tibet either as Buddha Amithaba - especially in the Powa practices or as Amitāyus - especially in practices relating to longevity and preventing an untimely death//. Hence Amitayus is nothing but a different Name of Amitbha Buddha Vinodh.vinodh (talk) 09:59, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Amitabha is considered the Nirmanakaya aspect of Buddha's Saññā while Amitayus is the Sambhogakaya aspect. . I'm removing your suggestion to merge these articles.Peaceful5 (talk) 08:50, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Please don't remove the tag until a clear consensus is achieved. Why would two articles be necessary, when Amitayus could be perfectly well covered in a paragraph or two here? Jpatokal (talk) 11:36, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It was promised that "Amitayus could be perfectly well covered in a paragraph or two here". But now we find no mention of Amitayus in this article, while Amitayus, not Amitabha, is one of the three Longevity Buddhas along with Sita Tara and Usnisavijaya. Could someone add in the article the character of relationship of Amitayus and Amitabha? When is he Amitabha and when is he Amitayus? Please excuse me if this question sounds illiterate. Gantuya eng (talk) 03:43, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

There is a difference between Amitayus and Amitabha, (in Tibetan Buddhism) Amitayus~the Buddha of Infinite Life and Amitabha~ the Buddha of Infinite Light are essentially identical, being reflective images of one another. Sutras in which Shakyamuni expounds the glories of Sukhavati, the Pure Lands, speak of the presiding Buddha sometimes as Amitabha and sometimes as Amitayus. When depicted as Amitayus he is depicted in fine clothes and jewels and as Amitabha in simple monk's clothing. They are also simply known as Amida in the Chinese and Japanese tradition. The image of the gold colored statue in the article is of Amitayus as he is wearing a 5 pointed crown, which is the easiest way to distinguish them. Amitayus is an emanation of Amitabha. Amitabha is the head of the Lotus family, where as Amitayus is not the head of the Lotus Family. David baronet (talk) 16:09, 9 March 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by David baronet (talk • contribs) 16:00, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

Anime Reference
I removed the Anime reference. Given the high profile of Amitabha in Chinese and Japanese culture it would be pointless to list every such reference, and the one given was not special in anyway. --Nio-guardian (talk) 08:46, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Academic validation of.....
Vipaśyanā Amitāyus Sūtra....??? --58.38.43.99 (talk) 03:22, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&newwindow=1&q=Vipasyana%20Amitayus%20Sutra%20Amitabha&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=ws
 * http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Vipa%C5%9Byan%C4%81+Amit%C4%81yus+S%C5%ABtra+Amit%C4%81bha&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

Minor typo
There is a minor typo for this entry:

"Dharmakāra" should be --> Dharmākara

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Mantras
In the mantra section, it states "The Sanskrit form of the mantra of Amitābha is ॐ अमिताभ ह्रीः (Devanagari: oṃ amitābha hrīḥ), which is pronounced in Japanese as Namu Amida Butsu ...".

While the recitation of the mantra "oṃ amitābha hrīḥ", "om ami dewa hrih", or "om amideva hrih" is often compared as a similar practice to nembutsu or nianfo, it is not strictly the same.

Nembutsu/Nianfo involves reciting "Namo Amitabha Buddha" in their respective languages, but "oṃ amitābha hrīḥ" or "om ami dewa hrih" is typically practiced in the context of Vajrayana, where it is a yidam practice (sometimes a phowa practice, depends on context) that involves generation as the deity Amitabha, rather than just praising Amitabha and taking refuge in him.

For example, in Tibetan, the closest equivalent to "Namo Amitabha Buddha" that I know of would be "öpakmé la chaktsal lo | འོད་དཔག་མེད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ" (English: "Amitabha, I prostrate/pay homage to you") instead of "om ami dewa hrih", though the former is not a common practice by itself (usually seen within prayers or sadhanas).

Even ignoring the Vajrayana practice of yidam generation, I think it makes sense to have the "Namo Amitabha Buddha" equivalents in Japanese and Chinese listed in the second paragraph, as "Namo Amida Butsu" and "Namo Amituofo" are directly the same 1:1 practice, just in different languages. 2603:9001:4D07:85D8:59C9:A775:8ED3:555F (talk) 21:15, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Please provide reliable citations for mantra translations, as there are variations within every language, and sources are necessary. For example, your Tibetan translation does not use the standard Wylie rendering method. This has nothing to do with the “Vajrayana practice of yidam generation,” it is standard citation practice for linguistic research. Jellocube27 (talk) 03:14, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

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Talk:Boeotia

Comments
I would like to see some discussion of the "proverbial dullness" of the Boeotians, on a separate page. The Boeotians and the Philistines have each made a lasting contribution to modern languages - in the latter case via the German romantics, and in the former case obviously with much deeper roots, but I have not managed to trace them by rummaging through the web. I know a relevant (and in itself important) quotation of Gauss in more or less modern times, and I have come across a reference by Horace, but I would like to see something from the Greek literature. Horace refers to the dense air of Boeotia, and I wonder if this corresponds to a stock phrase from Greek literature.

Why Thebes?
Why the reference to Thebes in the third paragraph? What does it have to do with Boeotia? Cottingham 18:12, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, I read further. Should the third paragraph be removed and/or consolidated with the sixth? Cottingham 18:15, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Spelling
Can someone tell me where the spelling Beotia comes from? I have seen the spellings Boiotia and Voiotia (though the latter is usually used with reference to the modern region) but never Beotia. Shim jb 11:28, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * A simplification of oe on the pattern of ae? Njál 15:51, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Map
One would be good. Njál 15:51, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It would indeed! Carl Turner 10:34, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * As of today, still would be good. :-) -- Writtenonsand 12:02, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

league cities
Shouldn't the 12 cities of the Boeotian League be listed somewhere here? john k 06:20, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Please slow down and copyedit
A bunch of material has just been added, but typos are frequent and no spaces are given after punctuation (see MOS:PUNCT. Think of those who will be going through and correcting this, please. The Cardiff Chestnut (talk) 13:07, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Certain parts of the recently added information, such as the section about Dionysius and Semele and the archaeology at Orchomenus and the Amphictyony, seem overly specialised for an overview article such as this one, which I think should just be kept for information pertaining to Boeotia as a whole. Dionysodorus (talk)

Legends
This article is rather incoherent and rambly, and I plan to rephrase it somewhat. In particular, the Legends section is highly unbalanced and unselective, and totally fails to provide the kind of general summary of mythology relating to Boeotia that it might be expected to - e.g. it doesn't even mention the myths of the Theban cycle. It does, however, provide detail on large areas of mythology that are of very little direct importance to Boeotia qua region. I therefore intend to edit this section, turn it into a helpful summary, and remove extraneous material elsewhere. Any suggestions/objections? Dionysodorus (talk) 11:55, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I have dealt with the Legends section, moving material to Zagreus, Persephone, Niobe, Graea. Other material is already present in the articles where it might be moved to. I have deleted the occasional bit of material that is either unsourced and dubious, or where it is not clear to me (as a person with a classics degree) what it was supposed to mean. Dionysodorus (talk) 15:57, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Also some "Legends" material went to Antiope (mother of Amphion). Additionally, I have removed the "Amphictyonic League" section and placed most of the material in Amphictyonic League. Dionysodorus (talk) 16:19, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

Albanian Element
How come there is not a single word regarding Albanian origin of the people who live in this region? Beotia since 13th century the population of this region was entirely of Albanian origin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.55.81.58 (talk) 19:02, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

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User talk:Kitesailor

Hi! Feel free to contact me here. Kitesailor 20:21, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

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Lego Alpha Team

Lego Alpha Team (stylized as LEGO Alpha Team) was a Lego theme that was released in 2001 and ended in 2005. It focused on a group of secret agents and their evil nemesis named Ogel.

Overview
Lego Alpha Team was a Lego product line that was in production from March 2001 to December 2005. It centred on a group of secret agents who aimed to stop an evil character named Ogel from changing people into skeleton drones with mind controlling orbs. The backstory was driven by the Lego Alpha Team PC game and other published media. The name "Ogel" is the word "Lego" in reverse. The theme influenced the Lego Agents theme, which was released several years later in 2008.

Storyline
Alpha Team starts out as a basic top secret group, under the leadership of Dash Justice. In the original video game, Ogel has captured all of the Alpha Team agents with the exception of Dash, And has made evil orbs that can turn ordinary civilians into mindless drones to serve as his slaves. However, he is defeated by the newly reunited Alpha Team who break the power of the evil orbs to restore the drones back to normal. They capture Ogel and destroy the orb machine, but Ogel manages to escape.

The 2001 storyline is the exact same as the video game, However, the Alpha team agents are never captured, And each character has their own vehicle.

In the 2002 storyline, Ogel returns with more sinister looking drones. Ogel has re-engineered the evil orb so that it causes mutations and uses it to mutate sea creatures to serve him. Ogel's left hand is replaced by a transparent red hook that can still hold things. Alpha Team's helper, TeeVee (a television with legs and antennae) can now turn into a deep sea rover for small openings and scout around the sea embankment. In the webtoon, Into the Deep, Ogel's sinister plan for the mutant sea animals is destroyed when Dash reverses the orb factory controls, thus reverting all the sea animals back to normal. However, Ogel escapes again by detaching the cockpit on his Mutant Squid vehicle.

In the 2004 storyline, Alpha Team was revised. The Alpha Team symbol was changed, Crunch and Cam have been replaced by Diamond Tooth and Arrow (respectively), and Ogel has replaced his red hook with a transparent blue hook. Alpha Team has more tech and their vehicles have a new feature: they can initiate Alpha Mode, a feature that transforms one vehicle to another without disassembling and rebuilding. This time, Ogel's plan has gone from mind control to causing damage to the world. His plan is to freeze the world at his base in Antarctica with ice orbs to freeze time itself. The ice orbs are completely different from the evil orbs Ogel made earlier, as they no longer cause mutations/brainwashing, but instead freeze everything on touch. Alpha Team track him down to Antarctica. They race to Ogel's fortress in a desperate gamble to stop him from freezing time, Ogel ends up freezing almost all members of Alpha Team. However, Charge and TeeVee cannot be found in the iceboxes.

In the 2005 storyline, drones start to behave randomly and steal famous landmarks. Then Zed, a special agent of Alpha Team, arrives at Antarctica. He melts the ice around the other agents and sets off on his own mission. While the other agents are stopping Ogel's drones, Ogel appears in the Scorpion Orb Launcher, his own vehicle that can convert into the Viper Escape. Ogel and Zed battle. The Lego Magazine invited fans to write their own stories about who would win and what would happen next. The Lego Magazine didn't show the results, but it was assumed that Zed won the conflict and that the world was restored to normal.

Alpha Team

 * Dash Justice: The main protagonist of Alpha Team. Motion Expert and Team Leader. Very brave but quite cocky. Loves the seaside. Team Color: Black/Blue
 * Crunch: Explosives Expert. Team Color: Green
 * Radia: Lasers Expert. She controls the cockpit area in the Mobile Command Center. Extremely beautiful. Team Color: Purple/Pink
 * Charge: Electricity Expert. His gloves apparently allow him to fly with jets in them, as shown on the cover of the video game. Team Color: Blue/Red
 * Cam Attaway: Motors Expert and mechanic. Team Color: Red
 * Flex: Ropes expert. Team Color: Orange
 * Diamond Tooth: Mining Expert. Team Color: Green
 * Arrow: Alpha Team mechanic. Team Color: Yellow
 * Gearbox: All that is known about this agent is that he built the Tundra Tracker.
 * Zed: Special agent and the pilot of the Blizzard Blaster. Team color: Silver
 * Tee-Vee: Team's assistant. TeeVee, as the name suggests, was originally a Television with legs. He then became an underwater robot for Mission Deep Sea. In the final mission for Alpha Team, he was a fully functional android.

Ogel

 * Ogel: The ruthless villain of the series. He has been the main villain in each year of the series, constantly coming up with schemes to defeat Alpha Team. His first plot was to use Mind Control Orbs to turn regular people into mindless skeleton-like Drones. These Drones were reverted to normal when the Orbs were destroyed. Ogel returned the following year with a new plan to use mutated sea creatures to control the world's oceans. That plan was thwarted when Agent Dash reversed the controls to the Orb making machine. Ogel's underwater base was destroyed, but Ogel escaped before it exploded. His most recent plan for domination was freezing the world with new Ice Orbs that could freeze anything. His plan succeeded, but he was then stopped by special agent Zed in his Blizzard Blaster. He used to be in love with Radia. "Ogel" is LEGO spelled backwards. In an issue of the LEGO Club Magazine, it was explained that this was due to him representing the exact opposite of LEGO (LEGO is fun, Ogel hates fun, etc.). Ogel is a direct descendant of Vladek, a villain in the Knights Kingdom series. . Greg Farshtey, the writer of Bionicle, Lego Exo-Force, and Alpha Team, among others, has stated that he is his favorite non-Bionicle villain.
 * Skeleton Drones: Ogel's minions, who are people who have been affected by Mind Control Orbs. Their appearance changes numerous times during the series.
 * Super Ice Drone: A Skeleton Drone with a black head that pilots the Scorpion Orb Launcher.

Construction sets
According to Bricklink, The Lego Group released a total of 34 Lego sets and promotional polybags as part of Lego Alpha Team theme. The product line was eventually discontinued by the end of 2005.

Original
The theme's first main sets and promotional polybags was released from 2001 to 2002. The original toy sets were centred around Alpha Team attacking Ogel's base, which was a control centre on a floating island. The team used a variety of vehicles to attack Ogel's base, including the Alpha Team ATV and the Cruiser. Each vehicle displayed the Alpha Team logo, which was a globe with a red ring around it. Ogel's logo was a skull face, which appeared on his control centre and ship.

 * Ogel Command Striker (set number: 6771) was released on 1 March 2001. The set consists of 28 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included a Lego minifigure of Ogel.
 * Alpha Team Cruiser (set number: 6772) was released on 1 March 2001. The set consists of 56 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included a Lego minifigure of Radia.
 * Alpha Team Helicopter (set number: 6773) was released on 1 March 2001. The set consists of 78 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included a Lego minifigure of Dash.
 * Alpha Team ATV (set number: 6774) was released on 1 March 2001. The set consists of 132 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Flex and Cam.
 * Alpha Team Bomb Squad (set number: 6775) was released on 1 March 2001. The set consists of 190 pieces with 3 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Tee Vee, Crunch and Charge.
 * Ogel Control Center (set number: 6776) was released on 1 March 2001. The set consists of 411 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Ogel and two Drone Minion Commanders.

Mission Deep Sea
17 sets and promotional polybags was released from 2002 to 2003. The Mission Deep Sea sets were set beneath the ocean and focused on Ogel's underwater base. The toy sets also included aquatic vessels driven by Ogel, such as Mutant Squid and Mutant Killer Whale. Ogel's colour scheme of black and red was displayed on the base, mutant fish and Shark Sub, while the Alpha Team submersible vehicles were designed in yellow and black.

 * Dash Jet Sub (set number: 1425) was released in 2002. The set consists of 22 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Dash.
 * Cam Wing Diver (set number: 1426) was released in 2002. The set consists of 21 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Cam.
 * Ogel Marine Slizer (set number: 1427) was released in 2002. The set consists of 21 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Ogel.
 * Dash The Diver (set number: 3391) was released in 2003. The set consists of 1 minifigure of Dash with a harpoon.
 * Ogel Mutant Ray (set number: 4788) was released on 15 February 2002. The set consists of 68 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of two Skeleton Drones.
 * AT Aquatic Mech (set number: 4789) was released in 2002. The set consists of 164 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Dash.
 * Alpha Team Robot Diver (4790) was released on 1 January 2002. The set consists of 32 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Charge.
 * Alpha Team Sub-Surface Scooter (set number: 4791) was released on 1 January 2002. The set consists of 43 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Flex.
 * Alpha Team Navigator and ROV (set number: 4792) was released on 1 January 2002. The set consists of 102 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Cam.
 * Ogel Shark Sub (set number: 4793) was released on 1 January 2002. The set consists of 111 pieces with 3 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of two Skeleton Drones and Drone Pilot.
 * Alpha Team Command Patrol (set number: 4794) was released on 1 January 2002. The set consists of 188 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Radia and Crunch.
 * Ogel Underwater Base and AT Sub (set number: 4795) was released on 1 January 2002. The set consists of 471 pieces with 4 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Dash, Ogel and two Skeleton Drones.
 * Ogel Mutant Squid (set number: 4796) was released on 1 January 2002. The set consists of 61 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Ogel.
 * Ogel Mutant Killer Whale (set number: 4797) was released in 2002. The set consists of 56 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Skeleton Drone.
 * Evil Ogel Attack (set number: 4798) was released on 1 September 2002. The set consists of 20 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Ogel.
 * Ogel Drone Octopus (set number: 4799) was released in 2002. The set consists of 17 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Skeleton Drone.
 * AT Jet Sub (set number: 4800) was released on 1 September 2002. The set consists of 23 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Dash.

Mission Deep Freeze
8 sets was released from 2004 to 2005. Mission Deep Freeze toy sets displayed more technical upgrades such as control panels, a new logo and new packaging. The storyline focused on Alpha Team's mission to find Ogel before he froze the world using ice orbs. His main base was a mountain fortress which was in the form of a skull.

 * Chill Speeder (set number: 4742) was released on 1 June 2004. The set consists of 57 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set can transform into Alpha Mode and included Lego minifigure of Flex.
 * Ice Blade (set number: 4743) was released on 1 June 2004. The set consists of 107 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set can transform into Alpha Mode and included Lego minifigure of Charge.
 * Tundra Tracker (set number: 4744) was released on 1 June 2004. The set consists of 137 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set can transform into Alpha Mode and included Lego minifigures of Diamond Tooth and Radia.
 * Blue Eagle versus Snow Crawler (set number: 4745) was released on 1 June 2004. The set consists of 255 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set can transform into Alpha Mode and included Lego minifigures of Dash and Ice Drone.
 * Mobile Command Center (set number: 4746) was released on 1 June 2004. The set consists of 420 pieces with 5 minifigures. The set can transform into Alpha Mode and included Lego minifigures of Charge, Radia, Tee-Vee, Ice Drone and Arrow.
 * Ogel's Mountain Fortress (set number: 4748) was released on 1 June 2004. The set consists of 431 pieces with 5 minifigures. The set can transform into Alpha Mode and included Lego minifigures of Dash, Ogel, Arrow and two Ice Drones.
 * Blizzard Blaster (set number: 4770) was released on 1 January 2005. The set consists of 1303 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set can transform into Alpha Mode and included Lego minifigures of Zed and Ice Drone.
 * Scorpion Orb Launcher (set number: 4774) was released on 1 January 2005. The set consists of 227 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set can transform into Alpha Mode and included Lego minifigures of Super Ice Drone and Flex.

Video game
A video game, Lego Alpha Team, was developed by Digital Domain and published by Lego Media in September 2000 for Microsoft Windows, with a Game Boy Color version developed by Climax Studios and published in November of the same year.

title: Lego Alpha Team


text:
Cabildo insular

A cabildo insular (island council) is the government and administration institution of each of the seven major islands in the Canary Islands archipelago: Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. The island of La Graciosa falls under the jurisdiction of the cabildo of Lanzarote.

The members of a cabildo are elected by direct universal suffrage by the Spanish citizens of each island. The membership is determined by party-list proportional representation. In Francoist Spain the members were appointed rather than elected.

Created under the Law of Cabildos of 1912, the cabildos insulares took over powers ascribed to the provincial councils. Cabildos exercise a level of authority between those of their province and their autonomous communities in matters of health, environment, culture, sports, industry, roads, drinking water and irrigation, hunting and fishing licensing, museums, beaches, public transportation and land organization. Cabildos can impose fuel taxes.

List of cabildos insulares
There are seven cabildos: El Hierro, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma, Lanzarote, and Tenerife.

title: Cabildo insular


text:
User:Thereverendeg/music

Yes it's coming eventually...

title: User:Thereverendeg/music


text:
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger

A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger designs. It is the most common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other large chemical processes, and is suited for higher-pressure applications. As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it. One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids. The set of tubes is called a tube bundle, and may be composed of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc.

Theory and application
Two fluids, of different starting temperatures, flow through the heat exchanger. One flows through the tubes (the tube side) and the other flows outside the tubes but inside the shell (the shell side). Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other through the tube walls, either from tube side to shell side or vice versa. The fluids can be either liquids or gases on either the shell or the tube side. In order to transfer heat efficiently, a large heat transfer area should be used, leading to the use of many tubes. In this way, waste heat can be put to use. This is an efficient way to conserve energy.

Heat exchangers with only one phase (liquid or gas) on each side can be called one-phase or single-phase heat exchangers. Two-phase heat exchangers can be used to heat a liquid to boil it into a gas (vapor), sometimes called boilers, or to cool the vapors and condense it into a liquid (called condensers), with the phase change usually occurring on the shell side. Boilers in steam engine locomotives are typically large, usually cylindrically-shaped shell-and-tube heat exchangers. In large power plants with steam-driven turbines, shell-and-tube surface condensers are used to condense the exhaust steam exiting the turbine into condensate water which is recycled back to be turned into steam in the steam generator.

They are also used in liquid-cooled chillers for transferring heat between the refrigerant and the water in both the evaporator and condenser, and in air-cooled chillers for only the evaporator.

Shell and tube heat exchanger design
There can be many variations on the shell-and tube-design. Typically, the ends of each tube are connected to plenums (sometimes called water boxes) through holes in tubesheets. The tubes may be straight or bent in the shape of a U, called U-tubes. In nuclear power plants called pressurized water reactors, large heat exchangers called steam generators are two-phase, shell-and-tube heat exchangers which typically have U-tubes. They are used to boil water recycled from a surface condenser into steam to drive a turbine to produce power. Most shell-and-tube heat exchangers are either 1, 2, or 4 pass designs on the tube side. This refers to the number of times the fluid in the tubes passes through the fluid in the shell. In a single pass heat exchanger, the fluid goes in one end of each tube and out the other. Surface condensers in power plants are often 1-pass straight-tube heat exchangers (see surface condenser for diagram). Two and four pass designs are common because the fluid can enter and exit on the same side. This makes construction much simpler. There are often baffles directing flow through the shell side so the fluid does not take a short cut through the shell side leaving ineffective low flow volumes. These are generally attached to the tube bundle rather than the shell in order that the bundle is still removable for maintenance.

Countercurrent heat exchangers are most efficient because they allow the highest log mean temperature difference between the hot and cold streams. Many companies however do not use two pass heat exchangers with a u-tube because they can break easily in addition to being more expensive to build. Often multiple heat exchangers can be used to simulate the countercurrent flow of a single large exchanger.

Selection of tube material
To be able to transfer heat well, the tube material should have good thermal conductivity. Because heat is transferred from a hot to a cold side through the tubes, there is a temperature difference through the width of the tubes. Because of the tendency of the tube material to thermally expand differently at various temperatures, thermal stresses occur during operation. This is in addition to any stress from high pressures from the fluids themselves. The tube material also should be compatible with both the shell-and-tube side fluids for long periods under the operating conditions (temperatures, pressures, pH, etc.) to minimize deterioration such as corrosion. All of these requirements call for careful selection of strong, thermally-conductive, corrosion-resistant, high quality tube materials, typically metals, including aluminium, copper alloy, stainless steel, carbon steel, non-ferrous copper alloy, Inconel, nickel, Hastelloy and titanium. Fluoropolymers such as Perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) and Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) are also used to produce the tubing material due to their high resistance to extreme temperatures. Poor choice of tube material could result in a leak through a tube between the shell-and-tube sides causing fluid cross-contamination and possibly loss of pressure.

Applications and uses
The simple design of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger makes it an ideal cooling solution for a wide variety of applications. One of the most common applications is the cooling of hydraulic fluid and oil in engines, transmissions and hydraulic power packs. With the right choice of materials they can also be used to cool or heat other mediums, such as swimming pool water or charge air. There are many advantages to shell-and-tube technology over plates

 * One of the big advantages of using a shell-and-tube heat exchanger is that they are often easy to service, particularly with models where a floating tube bundle is available. (where the tube plates are not welded to the outer shell).
 * The cylindrical design of the housing is extremely resistant to pressure and allows all ranges of pressure applications

Overpressure protection
In shell-and-tube heat exchangers there is a potential for a tube to rupture and for high pressure (HP) fluid to enter and over-pressurise the low pressure (LP) side of the heat exchanger. The usual configuration of exchangers is for the HP fluid to be in the tubes and for LP water, cooling or heating media to be on the shell side. There is a risk that a tube rupture could compromise the integrity of the shell and the release flammable gas or liquid, with a risk to people and financial loss. The shell of an exchanger must be protected against over-pressure by rupture discs or relief valves. The opening time of protection devices has been found to be critical for exchanger protection. Such devices are fitted directly on the shell of the exchanger and discharge into a relief system.

Overview
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are integral components in thermal engineering, primarily used for efficient heat transfer. The design and arrangement of the tubes within these exchangers are fundamental to their operation and effectiveness. The precise design and specification of tubes in shell and tube heat exchangers underscore the complexities of thermal engineering. Each design aspect, from material selection to tube arrangement and fluid flow, plays a vital role in the exchanger's performance, showcasing the intricacies and precision required in this field.

Specification and Standards
Tubes in these exchangers, often termed as condenser tubes, are distinct from typical water tubing. They adhere to the Birmingham Wire Gage (BWG) standard, which dictates specific dimensions such as the outside diameter. For example, a 1-inch tube according to BWG will have an exact outside diameter of 1 inch. Detailed specifications are available in specialized references.

Materials
The tubes are made from a variety of materials, each chosen based on specific system requirements including thermal conductivity, strength, and corrosion resistance.

Tube Arrangement
The arrangement of tubes is a crucial design aspect. They are positioned in holes drilled in tube sheets, with the spacing between holes - known as tube pitch - being a key factor for both structural integrity and efficiency. Tubes are typically organized in square or triangular patterns, and specific layouts are detailed in engineering references.

Tube Counts
Tube count refers to the maximum number of tubes that can fit within a shell of a specific diameter without weakening the tube sheet. This aspect is crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and efficiency of the heat exchanger. Information on tube counts for various shell sizes can be found in specialized literature.

Fluid Flow
In shell and tube heat exchangers, there are two distinct fluid streams for heat transfer. The tube fluid circulates inside the tubes, while the shell fluid flows around them, guided by baffles. The movement of the shell fluid, whether it is side-to-side or up-and-down, and the number of passes it makes over the tubes, are controlled by segmental baffles, essential for maximizing heat transfer efficiency. These aspects are elaborated in dedicated references.

Design and construction standards

 * Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA), 10th edition, 2019
 * EN 13445-3 "Unfired Pressure Vessels - Part 3: Design", Section 13 (2012)
 * ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Part UHX

title: Shell-and-tube heat exchanger


text:
Khassonké people

The Khassonké (CAH-KES-SON-QUE) are an ethnic group of Mali's Kayes Region. Descendants of the Fula and Malinké Khasso kingdoms, they speak the Khassonke/Xaasongaxango language, a Manding language similar to Bambara.

Their traditional musical instruments are the dundunba (a big cylindrical drum with two skins), the jingò (a small cylindrical drum with two skins), the tantanwò (a small drum), the tamandinwo (an aisselle drum), as well as lutes and harps and hunters' whistles.

title: Khassonké people


text: Category:Eastern Orthodox archbishops

title: Category:Eastern Orthodox archbishops


text:
User talk:159.53.46.141

January 2009
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March 2009
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April 2009
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June 2009
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October 2009
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November 2009
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April 2010
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September 2010
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December 2010
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Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry
Your edits here are clearly in violation of policies at No original research and Edit warring. Please stop or you will be blocked. Jweiss11 (talk) 20:02, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

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December 2011
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Your recent edits
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January 2012
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Allegro Development Corporation
Please read and acquaint yourself with the policy described at WP:Edit warring. You are jeopardizing your editing privilege by continuing to revert the article to your preferred version without discussion. Please make your next edit to the article talk page to determine the consensus for your changes. Regards  Tide  rolls  19:46, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

July 2014
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Please comment on Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals) Media Viewer RfC
You are being notified because you have participated in previous discussions on the same topic. Alsee (talk) 20:41, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

December 2014
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December 2015
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title: User talk:159.53.46.141


text: Category:Eastern Orthodox archbishops by diocese


text:
Westham Island Bridge

The Westham Island Bridge, which is a single-lane, wood-deck truss bridge over Canoe Pass near the mouth of the Fraser River, connects Westham Island with the Delta mainland, in Metro Vancouver.

Original ferry
In 1882, the British Union (BU) and the British American (BA) canneries opened at Canoe Pass. Sufficient school age children existed to justify the erection of a schoolhouse and opening of a school in the 1883/84 year. Largely catering to non-resident cannery workers, Paul Swenson operated a ferry for 15 years, but received no government subsidy. The precise period is unclear, but the mid-1880s to early 1900s seems most likely. The BA operated a ferry during the following years. However, island farmers made other shipping arrangements, because the ferry did not transport livestock.

Original bridge
The reopening of the school for the 1909 year indicates a reversal of a dip in student numbers, probably reflecting an increase in the island general population. This may have been a factor in choosing the bridge over ferry option. The design comprised three 63 ft king trusses, a 103 ft howe truss, a 123 ft howe truss, and a 140 ft steel swing span. The bridge opened to traffic in December 1909, but the official opening was March 1910. Efforts to prevent scouring ultimately proved unsuccessful. By 1922, the structure was condemned as unstable, and a ferry was temporarily reintroduced.

Beyond the ongoing maintenance, the first major rebuild was in 1924/25, when a 100 ft and a 120 ft howe truss and three piers were replaced. Two of the piers comprised a cluster of 75 110 ft wooden piles. Pile trestle and steel I-beams replaced three king trusses in 1937/38.

The bridge tender (operator) received a new cabin and housing improvements in 1942/43. A temporary ferry service operated from March 1951, while the whole bridge was rebuilt except for the steel swing span.

In August 1969, a tug pulling a barge took out a 160 ft howe truss. A barge ferry provided service until a bailey bridge was floated into place five days later. In 1971/72, a Callender-Hamilton steel span with timber decking replaced the bailey bridge.

In the late 1990s, a wooden fence was added along both sides of the bridge.

Major rehabilitation in 2019 required brief closures. Only one superstructure span continues to be of wood construction, although its beams have been replaced over the years. The planks forming the decking for the whole bridge have been replaced on a regular basis. The 325 m structure has undergone extensive refitting and alterations over the years.

Operation

TransLink, the regional transportation authority, has owned the bridge since 1999. A contractor maintains and operates the crossing. The load limit is 50 tons on TransLink's oldest and narrowest bridge, and one of few containing wood components in Metro Vancouver. The swing span is opened about seven or eight times a day to allow the passage mainly of fishing boats but also some pleasure craft. Mainroads Contracting, the franchise holder, operates the span. Marine traffic must call the bridge operator 40 minutes in advance on VHF channel 74.

The bridge was manually swivelled by lifting a steel plate in the deck of the bridge and inserting a 10 ft bar into a capstan, and slowly walking around it to open or close the span. The longest tender, who remained 31 years, had lost an arm in World War I. Although the bridge still has this manual capacity, an electric motor has superseded this function.

Importance
The bridge, which is the only land connection between Westham Island and the Delta mainland, provides access to the agricultural enterprises and the George C. Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary.

The iconic structure is an occasional site location for film and TV productions. One of the memorable ones was an episode of the X-Files TV series, "Kill Switch".

title: Westham Island Bridge


text:
Malfeasance in office

Malfeasance in office is any unlawful conduct that is often grounds for a just cause removal of an elected official by statute or recall election, or even additionally a crime. Malfeasance in office contrasts with "misfeasance in office", which is the commission of a lawful act, done in an official capacity, that improperly causes harm; and "nonfeasance in office", which is the failure to perform an official duty.

An exact definition of malfeasance in office is difficult: many highly regarded secondary sources (such as books and commentaries) compete over its established elements based on reported cases. This confusion has arisen from the courts where no single consensus definition has arisen from the relatively few reported appeal-level cases involving malfeasance in office.

England and Wales
Under English law, misconduct in public office is a criminal offence at common law that dates back to the 13th century.

The offence carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. It is confined to those who are public office holders, and is committed when the office holder acts (or neglects to act) in a way that constitutes a breach of the duties of that office. Case law has established a broad definition of "public office holder" for this purpose that does not depend on the person holding a formal "office" as such, nor on being paid out of the public purse, though a government employee is more likely to be found to fall into the definition.

The Crown Prosecution Service guidelines on this offence say that the elements of the offence are when:
 * 1) a public officer acting as such
 * 2) wilfully neglects to perform their duty and/or wilfully misconducts themself
 * 3) to such a degree as to amount to an abuse of the public's trust in the office holder
 * 4) without reasonable excuse or justification.

The similarly-named misfeasance in public office is a tort. In the House of Lords judgement on the BCCI case, it was held that this had three essential elements:
 * 1) The defendant must be a public officer;
 * 2) The defendant must have been exercising his power as a public officer;
 * 3) The defendant is either exercising targeted malice or exceeding his powers.

United States
The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals summarized a number of the definitions of malfeasance in office applied by various appellate courts in the United States.

"Malfeasance has been defined by appellate courts in other jurisdictions as a wrongful act which the actor has no legal right to do; as any wrongful conduct which affects, interrupts or interferes with the performance of official duty; as an act for which there is no authority or warrant of law; as an act which a person ought not to do; as an act which is wholly wrongful and unlawful; as that which an officer has no authority to do and is positively wrong or unlawful; and as the unjust performance of some act which the party performing it has no right, or has contracted not, to do."

The court then went on to use yet another definition, "malfeasance is the doing of an act which an officer had no legal right to do at all and that when an officer, through ignorance, inattention, or malice, does that which they have no legal right to do at all, or acts without any authority whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores, or abuses their powers, they are guilty of malfeasance."

Nevertheless, a few "elements" can be distilled from those cases. First, malfeasance in office requires an affirmative act or omission. Second, the act must have been done in an official capacity—under the color of office. Finally, that that act somehow interferes with the performance of official duties—though some debate remains about "whose official" duties.

In addition, jurisdictions differ greatly over whether intent or knowledge is necessary. As noted above, many courts will find malfeasance in office where there is "ignorance, inattention, or malice", which implies no intent or knowledge is required.

title: Malfeasance in office


text:
J. L. Hunter "Red" Rountree

J. L. Hunter "Red" Rountree (December 16, 1911 in Brownwood, Texas – October 12, 2004 in Springfield, Missouri) was an American folk hero who was believed to have been the world's oldest active bank robber. On August 12, 2003, Rountree walked into the First American Bank (now Citibank N.A.) in Abilene, Texas, to hand a large envelope to the teller marked "robbery." Moments later, Rountree sped off in a 1996 Buick Regal with $2,000.00 in small bills. He was arrested shortly thereafter when a witness wrote down his car license plate number.

The robbery at First American Bank was his third in five years. Rountree's first robbery took place in 1998 when at the age of 86, he held up SouthTrust Bank in Biloxi, Mississippi. He was arrested shortly afterward and was later convicted. Rountree was sentenced to three years probation. His second robbery was at Nations Bank in Pensacola, Florida. He was again caught and convicted, this time receiving a sentence of three years in prison. Rountree's third and final heist earned the then 91-year-old man 12 years in federal prison. He died at US Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri on October 12, 2004.

Rountree claimed the loss of a considerable fortune, including the Rountree Machinery Company, was the motivation for his crimes. He believed a Corpus Christi, Texas bank was responsible for his personal bankruptcy.

A documentary based on the story of Rountree, This Is Not A Robbery was an official selection for the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival in New York City. The film was directed by Lucas Jansen and Adam Kurland.

title: J. L. Hunter "Red" Rountree


text:
Talk:WCET (TV)

Untitled
This article needs considerable cleanup and expansion. Also, on the surface of it I highly doubt that WCET is owned by PBS. To the best of my knowledge, there are no PBS O&O (owned and operated) stations. -- SwissCelt 20:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

WCET is neither owned nor operated by PBS or the Corporation for Public Broadcasting: it is run by the Greater Cincinnati Television Educational Foundation. (See the bottom of .) – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs, blog) 02:46, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:WCET (TV)


text:
Coquito

Coquito (lit. 'little coconut') is a traditional Christmas drink that originated in Puerto Rico. The coconut-based alcoholic beverage is similar to eggnog, and is sometimes referred to as Puerto Rican Eggnog (though incorrectly, as coquito does not call for eggs). The mixed drink is made with Puerto Rican rum, coconut milk, cream of coconut, sweetened condensed milk, vanilla, nutmeg, clove, and cinnamon.

History
Coquito was originally found in Puerto Rico, and drinks similar to coquito are found throughout the Caribbean. There is no definitive evidence of who first created coquito. The drink was inspired by the British/American Eggnog and the Spanish made their own version of eggnog and combined it with the coconut milk and local rum, creating coquito. The variations are very similar to what they considered the original recipe: milk and sugar. Although this was seen as the original ingredient, Puerto Rico altered it by adding coconut.

The recipe has 5 main ingredients but is not limited to these:
 * Evaporated milk
 * Coconut milk
 * Coconut cream
 * Puerto Rican rum
 * Sweetened condensed milk.

The Puerto Rican mixed drink resembles eggnog and is usually served after dinner in a shot glass. Some prepare the drink with eggs. The drink is known to be sweet and strong (with rum).

Many families have their own variations of the recipe that are passed down through generations. The drink will be seen as early as Thanksgiving and as late as Día de los Reyes. That being said the drink makes its main appearance during the Christmas season.

Coquito has become much more popular recently. Some supermarkets and grocery stores sell pre-made bottles of coquito. Along with being in stores, there are competitions like Coquito Masters, which is an annual competition at the Museo del Barrio in New York City.

Jimmy Fallon is reportedly a fan, and has mentioned the drink occasionally in episodes of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. David Begnaud, regularly associated to Puerto Rico by his coverage of Hurricane Maria and other events on the island, famously served the hosts and staff of CBS This Morning with several bottles of coquito on the show's 2021 New Year's Eve broadcast.

Variations
There are many variations of coquito based on location and family traditions. Although all these variations are unique in their own way, they all have one thing in common, and that generally is rum, although some prefer to make it with another alcohol such as the Spanish liqueur 43. Some recipes include egg yolks, similar to eggnog, alternatively called ponche de coco literally coconut punch also known as ponche de Coquíto.

Other flavorings can be added. Star anise, pistachio milk, oat milk, coffee, nutella, masala chai, cream cheese, banana, and strawberries are most popular.

Coquito de calabaza made for Thanksgiving with pumpkin pie spice and pumpkin purée.

Coquito de piña colada blends Puerto Rico's national drink with its national holiday drink. The basic coquito recipe is blended with pineapple juice, maraschino cherries, lime zest, heavy cream, and bitters.

In Arecibo, coquito made with lemon zest, honey, vanilla, and ginger with no spices was once popular. The honey replaced sweetened condensed milk.

Pitorro rum ranges from 80 to 100 proof. Pittorro is also used to make coquito. In this case, coquito made with pittorro is served in shot glasses sprinkled with cinnamon and nutmeg.

Preparation
Depending on the ingredient of choice, coquito can be prepared over the stovetop or in a blender. Gently cooking the ingredients thickens the drink, keeps it from separating, and gives it a longer shelf life. This method usually contains eggs. Rum, vanilla, and other extracts are added after it cools. Adding all ingredients with ground spices to the blender makes a fast alternative with no eggs. This usually results in the drink separating after a few minutes and the fat from the coconut solidifying, causing a chunky coquito with lumps. Coquito is poured into glass bottles with one or two cinnamon sticks. After coquito is prepared and chilled for a few hours it is ready to be served but best made two weeks or more in advance for full flavor.

Events
El Museo del Barrio in New York City hosts an annual coquito tasting contest called Coquito Masters on Three Kings Day in January. The competition was first established in 2002 and continues each year.

Other
Coquito de guayaba is a drink made in Puerto Rico for the holidays. The drink is made from guava paste cooked with cream cheese, evaporated milk, condensed milk, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, and vanilla; rum is added once cooled. Coconut milk, coconut cream, and egg yolks can also be added.

title: Coquito


text:
User talk:Kess

Loveless
Hello there, I saw that you added "Loveless" in List of anime a few months ago. I've started an article on the Loveless anime, perhaps you would like to take a look and - why not - contribute something that you find necessary. Please take a look at the Loveless (anime) article and let me know what you think. Thanks in advance. --dionyziz 20:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC).

Invitation and Recommendations for writing articles on Hindi Wikipedia
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Recommendations:
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 * 7) English should be used sparingly, only when required; i.e., if the corresponding शुद्ध हिन्दी word is too "difficult and not generally encountered", or if it is a proper name of non-Indian person/place/terminology/title, or if the user is highly unsure of the proper translation. It is recommended (but not required) for English-to-Hindi translation while writing articles, the Shabdkosh online dictionary should be used. For each English word, that alternative should be used which is generally encountered in everyday spoken Hindi, and also fits well into the context. Use of intelligent guesses for newly encountered words is also allowed, and so are translations encountered in Hindi-dubbed TV documentaries, Hollywood films, Hindi-translated books, etc. e.g., दमपिशाच for en:Dementor (used in dubbed HP films).
 * 8) If used, it is recommended to use the English words within the articles using the English (Roman) alphabets rather than devanagari (or better, the devanagari transliteration should be used in the sentence, followed by the English word in Roman alphabet in parentheses). Such words should be italicized and not put in quotation marks. Preferably, there should be an in-page interwiki link (like :en:) on the word to the English wikipedia. If the word comes as an integral part of a sentence, so as not to break the continuity, the en: prefix should be hidden by writing the word again after the pipe sign (piped link). Thus, recommended:  Whence,
 * 9) *हैरी पॉटर ने Pensieve के अन्दर Little Hangleton गाँव में लॉर्ड वोल्डेमॉर्ट की माँ Merope Gaunt को देखा
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 * 13) * 1.
 * 14) * 2.
 * 15) * 3. phonological transcription
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 * 21) For the following English vowels met, mate, mat, transcribe as मॅट (short vowel), मेट (not मेइट), मैट (not मॅट, as popular in Marathi). However in contemporary Hindi and here, it is acceptable to use ए instead of ऍ. Thus: अमेरिका is more popular than अमॅरिका. For cot, coat, caught, transcribe as कॉट, कोट, कॉट (not कौट). Transcribe English /t/ and /d/ as ट and ड.
 * 22) Use half-न before त, थ, द, ध, न, instead of anuswaar अं. Use half-म before प, फ, ब, भ, म. Use the anuswaar before all the rest of the consonants (not half-ङ, ञ, ण). If the मात्रा is not above the alphabet, use chandra-bindu, but only for nasalization. Thus: अन्दर, not अंदर ; अन्त, not अंत ; हिन्दी, not हिंदी ; सम्भव, not संभव ; पंचमी, not पञ्चमी ; अंडा, not अण्डा ; कंठ, not कण्ठ ; लैंड, not लैण्ड ; आँख, not आंख. However, both forms are acceptable in contemporary Hindi as well as here; the prec. are just recommendations.
 * 23) When proceded by another vowel, use the pure vowels instead of य (unless the य is clearly articulated while pronouncing). Thus : जाएँ, not जायें (not जावें) ; आएगा, not आयेगा . However, both forms are acceptable in contemporary Hindi as well as here.
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For more information/suggestions/criticisms, please contact any one of the administrators of Hindi wiki here, preferably en:User:Magicalsaumy.

This page can also be found here. Thank you,

Cygnus_hansa 02:19, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

New article

 * An offering for Śiva.

regards – Fred 11:45, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Santalum album

Thank you
Kess, thank you very much for your extensive contribution of Kanji/Kana/Romaji/Seiyū info to Terra e.... That was one sorely needed edit ^_^. --Darkbane 16:05, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And a thank you to yourself as well, I see you've brought along some information as well! ^.^ And, looking for manga/anime info is a good way of practising the little Japanese I know. Kess 16:22, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Rofl, I realized just now when browsing the anime portal that you originally requested this article at Category_talk:Anime/to_do, and I created it without knowing about your request, only a couple of days later... talk about coincidence -- Darkbane  talk 12:47, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Unrubricized, unsigned comment of high peculiarity
SCTI Please do not delete content from articles on Wikipedia. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use Sandbox for test edits. Scti 03:42, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Firstly, please sign comments on userpages. I took the liberty to add it above.
 * Secondly, could you be so nice to please tell me what vandalism I’ve been doing? I cannot figure it out on my own, especially since no edits of mine seem to have been reverted, as you say.
 * Greets, Kess 06:27, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

I got some similar strange mess from scti I do not think that he is real administor his user page is farly new. The Tramp 10:33, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

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text: Category:Fairfield University

title: Category:Fairfield University


text:
RK 95 TP

The RK 95 TP (from Finnish Rynnäkkökivääri 95 taittoperä, 'Assault Rifle 95 folding stock'), officially 7.62 RK 95 TP and commercially known as the M95, is a 7.62×39mm Finnish assault rifle adopted in relatively small numbers by the Finnish Defence Forces in the 1990s.

The RK 95 TP originally featured many improvements including a fire control selector and a muzzle device that enabled the firing of rifle grenades, the attachment of a suppressor, or bayonet.

History
The rifle was developed in the late 1980s in response to a requirement to replace the 7.62mm RK 62 service rifle. Between 1988 and 1990, the SAKO company developed the M90 prototype, which was a substantially upgraded variant of the RK 62. Changes to the original design included the fire control and safety selector, whose lever was transferred to the left side of the receiver housing, the cocking handle cut-out in the bolt carrier assembly was covered with a strip of metal.

The cocking handle itself was placed at an upward angle (enhancing left-handed reloading), the rear sight assembly was installed on a sliding tangent with 150 and 300 m range adjustments and the rifle was equipped with a folding tubular stock with a latch modeled on the locking solution employed in the SIG SG 540 rifle. The M90 was also equipped with a multifunction muzzle device and manual gas valve, enabling the use of rifle grenades.

Some advertisements released in Finland in the 1990s suggested that SAKO was going to produce the M90 in 5.56 NATO caliber. However, this type was never produced.

Two prototypes were developed by SAKO, known as the RK 92, were delivered to the FDF for combat trials.

After undergoing further testing and implementing several changes (among them, the selector mechanism was reverted to the familiar RK 62 configuration) the rifle was introduced into service with the Finnish Army as the 7.62 RK 95 TP. Deliveries to the Finnish started in 1995 and ended at 1997 with further orders ceasing in 1998. The first RK 95 with the serial number 960,001 was presented by SAKO representatives to the Military Museum in Helsinki, which is on display.

Prior to the adoption of the RK 95, several Chinese and East German-based AKs were purchased by Finland to easily arm mobilized Finnish soldiers in the 90s.

In 2015, the RK 95 is supplemented by the FN SCAR-L, which is used by Finnish special forces units.

On April 18, 2023, it was reported that Sako made several RK 95s in a gold finish for export to the UAE in the late 1990s for the Amiri Guard.

Operating mechanism
The RK 95 TP is a select-fire, gas-operated firearm using the Kalashnikov-pattern operating system with a long stroke gas piston rod coupled to the bolt carrier as in the AK rifle. The rotating bolt locks into battery via two locking lugs.

Features
The weapon's spring extractor is installed inside the bolt head and enclosed in one of the locking lugs while the ejector is a fixed protrusion of the internal bolt carrier guide rail. The firearm uses a hammer-type firing mechanism and a trigger group that enables semi-automatic and fully automatic firing modes. The fire selector switch, which is also the manual safety toggle, can occupy one of three positions: the top "safe" setting (the trigger and bolt carrier are both disabled mechanically), the middle setting (marked with three dot symbols) produces continuous fire and the bottom setting (single dot) activates a disconnector for single fire mode.

The weapon's barrel has a multipurpose muzzle attachment, which performs the role of a muzzle brake, flash suppressor and a mounting base for launching rifle grenades. The gas block incorporates a manually adjustable gas regulator that isolates and disconnects the gas system in the closed position and a lug at its base—used to attach a blade bayonet (i.e. KCB-type bayonet).

The RK 95 TP has a plastic-coated tubular metal shoulder stock that folds to the right side and features an internal compartment used to store a cleaning rod. Both the forward handguard and pistol grip are made of a lightweight synthetic.

For maintenance the weapon is field stripped into the following components: the receiver and barrel, bolt carrier, bolt, return mechanism, gas tube, receiver cover and magazine.

Feeding
The RK 95 TP is chambered for the intermediate 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge, due to its reliability in cold and harsh weather/terrain conditions. The rifle feeds from curved box magazines made of an impact-resistant polymer (empty weight: 0.16 kg), with a 30-round capacity of double-stacked cartridges. These magazines are also interchangeable with standard AK-47/AKM magazines.

Sights
The rifle comes with adjustable iron sights, consisting of a forward post and an L-shaped dual-aperture rear flip sight with settings for firing at ranges of 150 and 300 m. The front sight, corrected for windage and elevation, is mounted in a semi-shrouded post on top of the gas block, and the rear sight—on the receiver top cover.

For operation in low-level lighting conditions the rifle uses subdued self-luminous tritium gas vials, installed in a separate folding post attached to the base of the front sight and deployed manually, and in the rear sight assembly in a fixed notch sight, exposed by rotating the rear sight arm 180° forward around its pivot axis.

Additionally the rifle can be adapted to use various optical sights (e.g. the Trijicon ACOG or night vision equipment such as the Patria VV 2000 passive night sight), through the use of a receiver-mounted side-rail. A detachable cheek riser is employed when using optics.

Accessories
The rifle can be used with a barrel-mounted bipod or a 40 mm underslung grenade launcher attachment. A railed gas block attachment was also developed for the weapon and is used to mount tactical accessories. It can also use a mounted suppressor.

M92S
A civilian 7.62mm-caliber semi-automatic variant was manufactured and marketed as the M92S. This was marketed to civilians, as well as for law enforcement sales. One way to tell this apart from the RK 95 TP is the absence of an automatic sear axis.

M95S
The M95S is a semi-auto variant of the RK 95 TP.

M95 (5.56 NATO)
An export variant of the rifle was also produced, modified to use the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge with the SS109 bullet, fed from plastic 30-round curved magazines. The barrel has four right-hand grooves with a rifling twist rate of 185 mm (1:7 in), and has a muzzle velocity of 920 m/s using standard ammunition.

Small numbers of this variant were made in order to show to clients for potential contracts that call for the purchase of the RK 95 TP in 5.56 NATO caliber in trade shows and arms conventions.

Users

 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines- Philippine Army Captured several units from Communist insurgents. Transferred to Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit
 * 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates

title: RK 95 TP