text:
Modi (disambiguation)

Narendra Modi (born 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current prime minister of India since 2014.

Modi may also refer to:

People

 * Modi (surname), a surname in India, including a list of people with the name
 * Amedeo Modigliani (1884–1920), Italian painter and sculptor, nicknamed Modì
 * Modi Rosenfeld (born 1970), Israeli-American stand-up comedian and actor

Geography

 * Modi, Chania, a village in Western Crete, Greece
 * Modi, Thessaloniki, a village in Central Macedonia, Greece
 * Modi (Meteora), a rock in Meteora, Greece
 * Módi, an alternate rendering of Modhia, an island in the Ionian Sea
 * Minoan Modi, the site of a Minoan peak sanctuary in Eastern Crete, Greece
 * Ouro Modi, a commune in Mali
 * Modi Khola, a tributary of the Gandaki

Companies and organizations

 * ModiCorp, a media company
 * ModiLuft, an Indian airlines company
 * Modi Enterprises, an Indian group of companies

Other uses

 * Modi script, the historical script used in the Maratha empire
 * Modi (Unicode block), a unicode block for Modi scripts
 * Modi: Journey of a Common Man, an Indian web series about Narendra Modi
 * Móði, one of Thor's sons in Norse mythology
 * Modì, upcoming film about Amedeo Modigliani directed by Johnny Depp
 * Microsoft Office Document Imaging
 * Narendra Modi Stadium, a cricket stadium, the largest stadium in the world, in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

title: Modi (disambiguation)


text: Category:Hewlett-Packard people

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Hewlett-Packard people


text:
Heights High School

Heights High School, formerly John H. Reagan High School, is a senior high school located in the Houston Heights in Houston, Texas. It serves students in grades nine through twelve and is a part of the Houston Independent School District.

Heights High School is HISD's Magnet School of Computer Technology and offers the International Baccalaureate Programme (IB) Middle Years Program (till 10th grade) and twenty Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Students join one of the following academies: Computer Magnet Academy, Health Science Academy, Business Academy, Engineering Academy, or Transportation Academy. The principal of Heights High School is Wendy Hampton.

History
Houston Heights High School was first established for Heights residents in 1904, as an elementary through high school. Its initial site was lots 8-17 of Houston Heights Block 185, on what is now Milroy Park.

When the Heights joined the City of Houston in 1918, the building at the end of Heights Boulevard and 20th known today as Hamilton Middle School became the Senior High School, and the old location became a Junior High School. When the original building on Yale and 12th burned in 1924, a new location for the high school was picked in the block between Oxford and Arlington, 13th and 14th. The new school was named John H. Reagan High School and opened in 1926 with the student body and teachers marching down Heights Blvd from the old school building to the new high school on 13th Street. Reagan was built on the entirety of blocks 166 and 167.

The campus was designed by John Staub and William Ward Watkin, who were designers of the original campus of Rice University. Reagan was first established as an all-white high school.

Overcrowding at Reagan was relieved by Waltrip High School when Waltrip opened in 1959.

Reagan High was previously reserved for white children (Hispanics being categorized as white prior to 1970 ) but it desegregated by 1970. Its student body started to become increasingly Hispanic; by 1988 Reagan was mostly Hispanic. In 1997 a portion of the Reagan boundary was rezoned to Waltrip.

In 2006 Reagan began a renovation project. Set to end in the summer of 2007, the renovations to Reagan included the building of a new cafeteria, a new gymnasium complex, an additional academic building, a new vocational building, and a library.

Circa 2006 Connie Berger became the principal of Reagan. In 2009 Berger expected around 100 former private school students to enroll because the economic conditions persuaded families to send their children to public school instead of private school.

Around 2012, each year a total of 400 students transfer from Booker T. Washington High School to Reagan and Waltrip High School.

The HISD board voted to rename the school to Heights High School in 2016. In June 2016 a group of eight Houston area residents, including alumni and parents, sued HISD to get an injunction to prevent the name changes; they did so after HISD did not accept their ultimatum to stop the name changes. Wayne Dolcefino serves as their spokesperson. The case was rejected in court with prejudice.

Campus
In 2006 Reagan began a renovation project that included the building of a new cafeteria, a new gymnasium complex, an additional academic building, a new vocational building, and a library. The school now also has an auditorium, a teaching theater, dance rooms, technology rooms, a piano lab, a choir/band hall, and a library with computers where the students can do research. It also has a two-story parking garage, an auto shop, and large track and field.

In 2012 Richard Connelly of the Houston Press ranked Reagan as the sixth most architecturally beautiful high school campus in Greater Houston. Connelly said that a coworker told him that Reagan looked like Rydell High School in Grease.

Academic programs
Health and Science Academy: classes and shadowing at health care facilities; seniors can work entry level health positions in partnership with Ben Taub Hospital. Business Academy: classes and hands-on experience. Magnet Academy for Computer Technology: options include audio/video production, computer programming and digital media/web technology. The school’s A/V program is the only authorized Apple training center in the Houston area, giving students the opportunity to earn certification in Apple Final Cut Pro video editing software. Engineering and Design Academy – Students participate in VEX and FIRST Robotics, and have access to a NAO Humanoid Robot for programming, Markerbots 3D printers and an Arduino electronics lab. Transportation Academy – Students study in specialized labs designed for automotive mechanics and repair. The program is certified by NATEF and students compete in SkillsUSA competitions. International Baccalaureate – (IB) – In 2013, Reagan became an official IB World School offering the Middle Years Programme (from 6th to 10th grade) in partnership with Hogg Middle School.

Student body
In 2006 the school had 1,600 students. In 2016 it had 2,340 students.

Athletics
2014 was Heights High’s first year in the 6A Conference. The football team is cheered on by Bulldog Cheerleaders, the “redcoats”, and a marching band composed of about 140 students.

Neighborhoods served by the school
Heights High School takes students from most of the Houston Heights neighborhood, a small portion of Downtown Houston, the Fourth Ward, East Norhill, Woodland Heights, Brooke Smith, Magnolia Grove, Stude the Old Sixth Ward, The Historic 1st Ward, and a small portion of Midtown. Other parts of Houston northwest of downtown within the 610 Loop are zoned to Heights High as well. Originally, all of the Houston Heights was zoned to the school. In 1997, a small portion was rezoned to Waltrip.

The following Houston Housing Authority public housing complexes, all in the Fourth Ward, are zoned to Heights High: Historic Oaks of Allen Parkway Village, Historical Rental Initiative (30 single-family houses), and Victory Place.

Feeder patterns
Middle schools feeding into Heights High School include Gregory-Lincoln Education Center, Alexander Hamilton, and Hogg,

Elementary schools that feed indirectly into Heights through the above middle schools include Browning Field Harvard (partial) Crockett Gregory-Lincoln Education Center Helms Jefferson Ketelsen (partial) Love Memorial (partial), and Travis (partial).

Magnet students must follow the HISD Magnet application process and may apply from all HISD areas.

Notable alumni

 * Red Adair (Class of 1931), oil well firefighter
 * Mary Kay Ash (Class of 1934), founder of Mary Kay Cosmetics
 * Val Belcher (Class of 1972), former CFL All-Star
 * Dr. Denton Cooley (Class of 1937), heart surgeon
 * Wayne Graham (Class of 1954), professional baseball player Philadelphia Phillies, and New York Mets. Head Baseball Coach of the Rice University Owls
 * Richard Haynes (lawyer) (Class of 1945), criminal defense attorney
 * Larry Hovis (Class of 1954), actor, notably in long running TV sitcom, "Hogans' Heroes"
 * Raymond Knight (Class of 1940), U.S. Army Air Corps Medal of Honor recipient
 * Dan Rather (Class of 1950), journalist
 * Craig Reynolds (Class of 1971), professional baseball player for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Seattle Mariners, and Houston Astros
 * Martha Wong (Class of 1957), former Texas state representative
 * Gwendolyn Zepeda (Class of 1990), author

title: Heights High School


text:
Mixed oxide

In chemistry, a mixed oxide is a somewhat informal name for an oxide that contains cations of more than one chemical element or cations of a single element in several states of oxidation.

The term is usually applied to solid ionic compounds that contain the oxide anion O(2−) and two or more element cations. Typical examples are ilmenite (FeTiO3), a mixed oxide of iron (Fe(2+)) and titanium (Ti(4+)) cations, perovskite and garnet.The cations may be the same element in different ionization states: a notable example is magnetite Fe3O4, which is also known as ferrosoferric oxide, contains the cations Fe(2+) ("ferrous" iron) and Fe(3+) ("ferric" iron) in 1:2 ratio. Other notable examples include red lead Pb3O4, the ferrites, and the yttrium aluminum garnet Y3Al5O12, used in lasers.

The term is sometimes also applied to compounds of oxygen and two or more other elements, where some or all of the oxygen atoms are covalently bound into oxyanions. In sodium zincate Na2ZnO2, for example, the oxygens are bound to the zinc atoms forming zincate anions. (On the other hand, strontium titanate SrTiO3, despite its name, contains Ti(4+) cations and not the TiO3(2−) anion.)

Sometimes the term is applied loosely to solid solutions of metal oxides rather than chemical compounds, or to fine mixtures of two or more oxides.

Mixed oxide minerals are plentiful in nature. Synthetic mixed oxides are components of many ceramics with remarkable properties and important advanced technological applications, such as strong magnets, fine optics, lasers, semiconductors, piezoelectrics, superconductors, catalysts, refractories, gas mantles, nuclear fuels, and more. Piezoelectric mixed oxides, in particular, are extensively used in pressure and strain gauges, microphones, ultrasound transducers, micromanipulators, delay lines, etc.

title: Mixed oxide


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paranoid administrator

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Dmcdevit·t 00:16, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Paranoid administrator
Appears to be entirely POV original research — it appeared in whole cloth in a single edit. The Google test shows ~750 articles with the term paranoid administrator, but virtually all of them use the term as a standard English adjective-noun combination (e.g., "...a paranoid administrator..."), not as a compound noun. The external links do not serve as references for this term — they instead all point at ways to get around a "paranoid administrator". Full disclosure: I am a professional system administrator and would consider the tactics mentioned in the article "amateurish", not "paranoid". N.B.: this might be a case of WP:Bite; this appears to be the first substantive edit by.

TreyHarris 06:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Well, please hastily proceed to deletion then! But this is a case of the bites indeed. I did look up and read lengthy instructions on what not to post before deciding to put this definition, and found no trace of "original research" as a no-no. Prior to submitting a new article, there isn't much warning about that except on WP:NOT. May I suggest that "soapbox" is not a well-understood term in the meaning with which it is used?

I agree with the original research label, but not with the POV label. As a professional computer & networking security expert, it appears to me that the patterns described in the article are certainly well-spread and based on observation--even if "paranoid" may not exactly be the right term to sum it up. I grant you that this article is far from perfect, but professional systems administrators like you would certainly have been able to amend it. I think there is room for a consensus to build around this concept.

While I understand and respect that Wikipedia's opinion is different on this matter, for me an enclopedia's role, as was the Encyclopédie, is not only to bring consensual knowledge, but also to publish original works of reason. I'm a bit disappointed.

--
 * I think you've hit on one of the exact problems that led to WP:NOR. I think it's POV.  You don't.  But you coined the term the article is about, so how can anyone but you make the call?  Maybe giving you control of the article's content is an okay situation — until you go away for awhile, and then the article goes stale, or somebody else comes along and claims that they invented the term "paranoid administrator" and they know what it means....  Please don't take this personally: if others can't do the same research you can, then it's not something that can make a Wikipedia article. Perhaps someone can point you at a wiki for original works.  --TreyHarris 16:46, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, I'm not taking it personally. I understand the rationale behind the rule. Bob2000 18:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. First seemed to be a candidate for BJAODN, but turned to be mere original research. - Sikon 10:13, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Dcarrano 16:36, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, neither much original nor really research. I would call it drivel. Pavel Vozenilek 23:41, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pointless Robertbrockway 23:54, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Bensenville, Illinois

Sister Cities
Some random IP addresses are being persistent in removing the Sister City entry from the Bensenville page and the Zihuatanejo page. The Sister City information has been verified, and can be found on the official Village of Bensenville website. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LincolnLogs (talk • contribs) 19:58, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

flatliners
According to the wik article on the movie flatliners, Bensenville plays a small role in that movie. Should this be mentioned on the Bensenville page? 09:39, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Notable People
Two of your notable people are actually from neighboring Wood Dale, Illinois. Colin Brady is from Wood Dale and so is Jim Spivey. I saw the notability note so I figure there is someone out there who cares enough about that section I figured I'd give a heads up on the talk page before removing those names. If there is an issue, talk to me. Signed, User:Mpen320 (talk)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bensenville, Illinois


text: File:Jon and Martha Kent Superman movie.jpg


text:
Grand Funk (album)

Grand Funk (commonly known as The Red Album) is the second studio album by American rock band Grand Funk Railroad. It was released on December 29, 1969, by Capitol Records, just four months after their debut album On Time. Recorded at Cleveland Recording Company, the album was produced by Terry Knight and engineered by Ken Hamann. The album was certified gold by the RIAA, the first for the group. It includes a cover of the Animals' 1966 song "Inside Looking Out", which is still a staple of the band's live concerts.

Grand Funk was originally released by Capitol Records in LP, cassette, 8-track tape, and reel-to-reel configurations. The original reel-to-reel version (manufactured for Capitol/EMI by Ampex) contains edited versions of "Got This Thing on the Move", "Please Don't Worry", "Mr. Limousine Driver" and "Inside Looking Out", the harmonica solo has been deleted, not available elsewhere. The edits on these songs reduce the album's overall running time by approximately five minutes.

In 2002, Grand Funk was remastered on compact disc with bonus tracks and also released in a limited edition box set Trunk of Funk that contained the band's first four albums. The "trunk" has slots for twelve CDs to house the future release of the remaining eight albums that were released by Capitol Records. Also included is a pair of Shinin' On 3-D glasses, a guitar pick and a sticker reproducing a concert ticket.

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Mark Farner, except where noted.

Personnel

 * Mark Farner – guitars, keyboards, harmonica, lead vocals
 * Mel Schacher – bass
 * Don Brewer – drums, lead vocals

Charts
Album Singles

title: Grand Funk (album)


text:
Consumer Credit Act 1974

The Consumer Credit Act 1974 (c. 39) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that significantly reformed the law relating to consumer credit within the United Kingdom. The act remains in force, albeit heavily amended and partially replaced.

Prior to the Consumer Credit Act, legislation covering consumer credit was slapdash and focused on particular areas rather than consumer credit as a whole, such as moneylenders and hire-purchase agreements. Following the report of the Crowther Committee in 1971 it was decided that wide-ranging reform of consumer credit law was needed, and a bill to do this was introduced to Parliament. Despite its progress through Parliament being disrupted by a general election, the bill passed quickly through the legislative process thanks to support from both the government and the opposition, coming into law on 31 July 1974.

The Act introduced new protection for consumers and new regulation for bodies trading in consumer credit and related industries. Such traders were required to have full licenses, originally issued by the Office of Fair Trading, which may be suspended or revoked in the event of irregularities. The Act also regulates what may be taken as security, limits the ways in which credit organisations can advertise and gives the County Court the ability to intercede in the case of unfair or unjust credit agreements. It also gives additional rights to the debtor, including certain limited rights to cancel concluded agreements.

The Act has seen multiple amendments, both small and large. The Consumer Credit Act 2006 (an amending act) inserted many further provisions, which sought to further strengthen protection for consumers. The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 represented a more comprehensive overhaul of all financial regulation. An amending order made under that Act in 2013 removed large swathes of the Consumer Credit Act. Part 1 was repealed in its entirety, with oversight transferred from the Office of Fair Trading (now abolished) to the Financial Conduct Authority. Many substantive regulations were also removed, but in many cases these were (broadly speaking) restated in the Regulated Activities Order.

Early evolution of consumer protection
Consumer credit regulation was ignored by both Parliament and the courts for over 800 years, with the judges and Members of Parliament taking the attitude that there was no reason to interfere with fairly concluded contracts. The first piece of legislation to deal with consumer credit was the Bills of Sale Act 1854, which required bills of sale to be registered. This allowed the courts to intervene for the first time, since an unregistered bill of sale was void and could not be claimed by creditors. This act was followed by the Bills of Sale Act 1878 and the Bills of Sale Act (1878) Amendment Act 1882, which provided limited protection for debtors. Outside of these acts, however, little was done between 1854 and 1900, and moneylenders used this to their advantage, sometimes abusively; the report of the House of Commons Select Committee on Money-Lending in 1898 included testimony from one moneylender who admitted he charged 3,000% interest, while another had worked under 34 different aliases to avoid having notoriety associated with his name.

As a result of this report the Moneylenders Act 1900 was passed, which required registration for moneylenders and allowed the courts to dissolve "unfair" moneylending agreements. This act had two main weaknesses, however; firstly, many of the debtors who would like to sue their moneylender to have the agreement cancelled were by definition poor, and could not afford legal representation. Secondly, the Act only focused on specific types of lenders; lending by a single moneylender was covered, lending by a bank was not. In 1927 a second Moneylenders Act was passed, which required licensing as well as registration and forbade moneylenders from employing agents, canvasses or sending out unsolicited advertisements. Unfortunately the 1900 and 1927 Acts also covered commercial transactions, and since people lending money in a commercial area were not excluded as banks were, a slight infraction could make a loan completely irrecoverable. This was partially solved with the passing of the Companies Act 1967, which allowed the Board of Trade to give individual moneylenders licenses saying that they were acting as banks, not moneylenders.

As a result of the restrictions on business caused by the Moneylenders Act 1927, the idea of hire-purchase developed. These were first regulated by the Hire-Purchase and Small Debt (Scotland) Act 1932, which only covered Scotland; England and Wales was first covered by the Hire-Purchase Act 1938, later amended by the Hire-Purchase Act 1954 and the Hire-Purchase Act 1964. The 1965 Act applied to all hire-purchase agreements worth less than £2,000 and when the hirer and buyer was not a corporation.

Crowther Committee
In 1965, the Crowther Committee was established to look at the state of consumer credit law in the United Kingdom. Chaired by Lord Crowther, the Committee began sitting in December that year and eventually extended their review to cover consumer credit generally rather than just the bills of sale and moneylending they had initially been concerned with, and their report was finally published in March 1971. The report discussed the economical, social and legal aspects of consumer credit, and concluded that the existing law was so confused and unsatisfactory that it was not worth amending. Instead, it recommended the complete repeal of all existing legislation and its replacement with two new acts: a Lending and Security Act, which would regulate legitimate business transactions, and a Consumer Sale and Loan Act which would regulate consumer credit and establish a licensed system for its use.

The reaction to the report from consumer and business organisations was overwhelmingly positive, but the government initially did nothing, since the Department of Trade and Industry wanted time to work out the particular details of any Acts. Their hand was eventually forced by Baroness Phillips a year later, who initiated a debate in the House of Lords on the matter. The government's official statement was that they were willing to accept almost all the recommendations made about consumer credit, they did not wish to legislate on lending and securities. In February 1973, they created a voluntary code which they expected those lending to observe. The code set out guidelines for loaning money to individuals and disclosing the cost of the loan.

In September 1973, the government issued a white paper titled Reform of the Law on Consumer Credit in which they indicated they were planning to implement almost all of the Crowther Committee's consumer credit recommendations. The only real differences were an increase in the limits for financial protection from £2,000 to £5,000 (due to the drop in value of money), and stronger protection for hirers under hire-purchase agreements.

Formation of the Act
The Act was first introduced to Parliament as the Consumer Credit Bill at the beginning of November 1973, and initially ran to 96 pages. It was given its second reading on 14 November, and was welcomed by both the government and opposition. By February 1974, it had passed through the Committee Stage, but its progress was cut short by a general election in the same month. Thanks to the support of the opposition to the original bill, this did not make a significant impact, and the new administration immediately reintroduced the bill in the House of Lords. It was passed on 31 July 1974, and immediately received royal assent. The final version of the act contained 193 sections and 5 schedules, much larger than the original 96 pages.

Provisions of the Act
The Act as passed was divided into 12 sections, and was "designed to provide a comprehensive code regulating the consumer credit and consumer hire fgb and almost every aspect of a credit granting operation".

Part I: Director General of Fair Trading
The office of Director General of Fair Trading was created by the Fair Trading Act 1973, with the Director appointed by the government for a five-year term. Consumer credit was not originally part of his duties (although the scope of his role did contain some elements of consumer credit) and the Crowther Committee had recommended the creation of a separate Consumer Credit Commissioner, something included in the original bill. When the bill was resurrected after the February 1974 general election, however, it was decided that the duties should instead be given to the Office of Fair Trading, and for this purpose a separate division (the Division of Consumer Credit) was set up within the OFT.

Section 1 of the Act gave the Director General of Fair Trading the duties of administering the licensing system set up by the Act, supervising the working and enforcement of the Act and any regulations made by it and, if appropriate, enforce the Act and regulations himself. The DGFT was also tasked with advising the government about social and commercial developments within the United Kingdom, and any actions taken to enforce the Act and its orders and regulations. Section 4 of the act required him to disseminate any appropriate information and advice about consumer credit to the people of the United Kingdom. This allowed him to educate the public about consumer credit, and was intended to be conducted through organisations such as the Citizens Advice Bureau. The Director's duties under this Act overlap slightly with those given by the Fair Trading Act, but were still an expansion over his original role. The Director General was tasked with issuing licenses, and under Section 35 of the Act, the Director was required to maintain a register containing all appropriate information related to licenses and applications for licenses. The register was created on 2 February 1976, and was kept at Chancery House in London. The Enterprise Act 2002 formally substituted the Office of Fair Trading for the Director General of Fair Trading for the purposes of this Act.

Part II: Credit agreements, hire agreements and linked transactions
Part II contains definitions for many types of agreements covered by the Act. There are three main types of agreement; regulated consumer credit agreements, regulated consumer hire agreements and partially regulated agreements.

Regulated agreements
A regulated consumer credit agreement is defined as an agreement between two parties, one of whom (the debtor) is an individual, and the other of whom (the creditor) is "any other person", in which the creditor provides the debtor with credit not exceeding £5,000 (this figure was subsequently increased to £25,000 and under the Consumer Credit Act 2006 there is no upper limit). An exception to this definition is so-called "exempt agreements", which are agreements made where the creditor is a land improvement company, a charity, a friendly society, a trade union, an insurance company or "a body corporate named or specifically referred to in any public general Act". The definition of "agreement" is given as any discussion which produces a legal relationship; a contract. As such the decision of courts as to whether an agreement constituted an "agreement" under the Act rests with English contract law, and is not discussed within the Act. In many cases this is largely academic, however, since unless one party tries to contest the existence of a contract any agreement can proceed regardless of its validity under contract law.

"Individual" is defined as including a partnership or other unincorporated body, but not corporations registered at Companies House or created by an Act of Parliament or Royal Charter, such as the BBC. The definition also excludes "corporations sole", such as certain government ministers and bishops. Under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965, industrial and provident societies are considered corporate bodies and thus excluded from the Act, but friendly societies and trade unions are unincorporated and thus qualify. In contrast, however, the definition of "person" includes both individuals and incorporated bodies.

A regulated consumer hire agreement is defined as an agreement between two bodies, one of whom (the hirer) is an individual, and the other of whom, (the owner) is a person, by which goods are loaned to the hirer for use without an option to purchase. The agreement must be "capable of subsisting" for longer than three months, not require the hirer to make payments of more than £5,000 total and not be an "exempt agreement". "Goods" are defined as chattels personal, with "capable of subsisting" simply meaning that the agreement does not restrict the time limit of use to less than three months. The agreement does not have to exceed three months, but the option to do so must be given by one party.

Partially regulated agreements
Partially regulated agreements are those consumer hire or consumer credit agreements which are not an exempt agreement but are exempt from certain provisions of the Act. What these provisions are depends on the type of agreement; small agreements, non-commercial agreements and contracts with a foreign element.

Small agreements are defined in Section 17 of the act as regulated consumer credit agreements where the credit does not exceed £30 and regulated consumer hire agreements which do not require the hirer to pay more than £30 in fees. This does not include hire-purchase or conditional sale agreements, which do not qualify regardless of the size of credit, secure transactions and transactions where the parties have attempted to break up a transaction into multiple smaller ones worth under £30 to avoid regulation. Small agreements are exempt from almost all of Part V of the act, although they remain controlled by Part IV.

The Act is primarily aimed at commercial and professional traders, and as a result excludes non-commercial agreements. Non-commercial agreements are defined by the Act as agreements where neither the creditor nor debtor are providing the transaction for business purposes in any way. Non-commercial agreements are exempt from Part V of the Act.

Contracts with a foreign element would not normally be mentioned in Acts of Parliament, which are deliberately constructed to avoid giving the law extraterritorial effect. In this case, however, the Act contains provisions for contracts with a foreign element, which due to the nature of commerce are common (a credit card issued in the United Kingdom, for example, which is used on holiday in France). As a result, Section 16(5) specifically excludes contracts "having a connection with a country outside the United Kingdom" from the Act.

Part III: Licensing of credit and hire businesses
The previous Acts on commercial credit provided no mechanism to regulate and enforce the rules, and the Consumer Credit Act's licensing system was the first major regulatory process within British consumer credit law. Licences are required to carry out a consumer credit or consumer hire business, with exceptions for local authorities and corporate bodies specified by an Act of Parliament. Part III of the Act was repealed in 2013, and since then these licences have been the responsibility of the Financial Conduct Authority. The policy of the Act continues, however, with the substance of Part III now taken into the Regulated Activities Order.

Types of licence
There were two types of licence given – group licences and standard licences.

Group licences were issued by the Director General of Fair Trading to cover a group of people in those activities described in the licence. Group licences could be issued following an application, or simply voluntarily by the Director. Holders of a group licence do not have to apply individually and are not vetted individually, and holding a group licence does not prevent members from also applying for a standard licence. The group licences are intended for cases where individual screening is not in the public interest; for example, when bodies are so large and established that their reputation is without question and individual screening would take too much time. Bodies currently holding group licences include the Law Society of England and Wales and the Law Society of Northern Ireland, both professional associations of solicitors. The Director had the ability to exclude named individuals from group licences to prevent obvious abuse.

Standard licences were licences issued by the Director General to an individual. These could only be provided following an application, not at the Director General's discretion like a group licence, and covered certain activities in a fixed period. Initially there was no obligation to issue licences, but an amendment to the bill in Parliament means that the Director General is required to issue a licence on the application of any person, providing that person is a fit person to engage in such activities and the name he applies to be licensed under is not misleading or undesirable. The licence allows an individual or a partnership to trade under those names listed on the licence, and is divided into seven categories:
 * Category A: Consumer credit business
 * Category B: Consumer hire business
 * Category C: Credit brokerage
 * Category D: Debt-adjusting and counselling
 * Category E: Debt-collecting
 * Category F: Credit reference agencies

Holders of a licence were obliged to inform the Director General when there is a change made within the office of a corporate licensee, an unincorporated body or a partnership. This must be done within 21 days of the change occurring. Details of new licences were published in the Consumer Credit Bulletin, the weekly journal of the Office of Fair Trading. A licence lasted for 3 years beginning with the date specified on the licence, not the date of its issue. A person who engages in activities that require a licence when he does not have one commits a criminal offence. In addition, those agreements he makes are considered unenforceable unless the Director General directly intercedes. (This function is now performed by the Court, on application.)

A licence could be terminated on the death of the licensee, the licensee becoming bankrupt, the licensee becoming a patient under the Mental Health Act 1959, a bankruptcy deal under the Bankruptcy Act 1914 in which the licence is given to a trustee or a deal under the Deeds of Arrangement Act 1914 in which the licensee's licence is handed to a trustee. Such provisions covered both individual, unincorporated bodies and partnerships who are licence holders. These provisions did not cover corporate bodies, because following consultations the Government became aware that the liquidation and winding-up of a corporate body would pose problems with licensing, largely because the body continues to trade through a liquidator.

Part IV: Seeking business
The Act specifically controls the way in which traders and companies seek business. Prior to this individual aspects had been controlled — advertisement by moneylenders had been strictly regulated since the Moneylenders Act 1927 — but no other aspects of consumer credit were regulated at all. While this was acceptable for large and respectable institutions, the evolution of less reputable trading organisations necessitated some kind of regulation, and the Consumer Credit Act was the first statute to provide such controls for consumer credit organisations. It covers three main areas: advertising, canvassing and quotations and the display of information. No regulations have yet been made on quotations or the display of information.

Advertising
The advertising provisions apply to any advertisement published for the business carried out by the advertiser which indicates he is willing to provide credit or provide goods to be hired. "advertisement" is taken to mean any form of advertisement, including a publication, television or radio broadcast, the display of signs, labels or goods, the distribution of samples, circulars, catalogues or price lists or the exhibition of picture, models or films, or in "any other way". Previous legislation such as the Advertisements (Hire-Purchase) Act 1967 limited the definition of advertisement to visual advertisements and excluded oral communications and radio broadcasts, which are included by the Act. The test of whether an oral communication counts as an "advertisement" is whether or not the communication is made for drawing attention to the advertiser's business or for answering a specific enquiry without promoting the business. In R. v Delmayne [1970] 2 QB 170 the High Court of Justice decided that even replying to an enquiry can amount to an advertisement if framed in such a way that it is calculated to attract business.

Part IV only applies to "public" advertising published to promote a business — as such circulars given to employees advertising such terms would not be considered "advertisements". Advertisements are not regulated by the Act if the advertiser is not involved in a consumer credit business, consumer hire business or a business in which he provides credit to individuals.

Under Part IV, the Secretary of State can make regulations limiting the form and content of advertisements covered by the Act. The regulations can also specifically include certain terms or facts, and failing to follow them constitutes an offence. The intent of these regulations is to ensure that no advertisement contains misleading information, that advertisements provide the reader with a "reasonable picture" of the terms and conditions and that the reader is aware that the availability and terms of credit may be affected by factors such as the age and employment of the applicant.

Canvassing
The Crowther Committee recommended that doorstep canvassing for loans should be completely prohibited. The original provisions in the bill were indeed extremely stringent, and caused potential problems for other businesses, but were significantly amended and now only affect the canvassing they were intended to prevent. Canvassing is defined as a situation in which an individual (the canvasser) solicits the entry of another individual (the consumer) into an agreement based on his oral representations during a visit by the canvasser to "any place" for the purpose of making such representations. Exceptions to "any place" are places where business is carried out, either permanently or temporarily, by the creditor, owner, supplier, canvasser, employer of the canvasser or the consumer. There is no requirement that the oral solicitations take place in person - they can come over the telephone, or be trying to induce another individual to convince the consumer into entering an agreement.

Part V: Entry into credit or hire agreements
Part V of the Act deals with four elements of entering into a credit or hire agreement; pre-contract disclosure, the formalities of entry into a regulated agreement, cancellation of a regulated agreement and its consequences and withdrawal from a prospective regulated agreement and its consequences. In some cases, specific information must be disclosed before a contract is made, with the standard provision that contracts where this is not followed are unenforceable without an order from the courts.

Formalities
There are certain formalities for entry into a regulated agreement, mostly based on the documentation that must be provided. Under Section 60, the Secretary of State is required to make certain regulations covering the format that contracts must take. These regulations must ensure that the debtor is made aware of the rights and/or duties conferred on him by the agreement, the amount and rate of the total charge for credit, the protection and remedies available to him and "any other matters which, in the opinion of the secretary of state, it is desirable for him to know about in connection with the agreement". The Act allows the Director General of Fair Trading to waive certain requirements if it appears, on the application of a consumer credit business, that to enforce them would be impracticable.

Section 61 lays out the formalities required for a regulated agreement. The terms must be found in a signed and legible document, a copy of the unsigned agreement must be supplied to the debtor or hirer, a copy of the signed document must be supplied to the debtor or hirer and a notice advising the debtor or hirer of his rights of cancellation must be included with the signed and unsigned copies. The "signed and legible document" is described in Section 61 as a document which contains all the prescribed terms, other than implied terms, and is, when presented to the debtor or hirer for signature, in such a state that all its terms are legible. Such a document must be in the form "prescribed by regulations".

The regulations in question are the 1983 Regulations (Consumer Credit (Agreements) Regulations 1983 (SI 1983/1553)). These regulations laid down specific rules regarding certain "prescribed terms". For example, a regulated credit agreement had to contain prescribed information about the amount of credit, the length of any fixed term loan, the amount of monthly repayments and so on. If a lender failed to comply with the prescribed regulations then the agreement would not be "properly executed" under section 61 and could then be challenged as "irredeemably unenforceable" under section 127.

Withdrawals
Part V contains several provisions relating to the cancellation of a regulated agreement and the withdrawal from a prospective regulated agreement. These are similar to those found in the Hire-Purchase Act 1965, but cover all consumer credit and consumer hire agreements rather than the hire-purchase and instalment sale agreements previously covered. The withdrawal from a prospective agreement is found primarily at common law; a party may withdraw from a prospective agreement at any point before it becomes a contract without obligations. He can withdraw the prospective agreement by notice to the other party, with the Act allowing the creditor to use credit brokers as agents for this purpose.

The right to cancel a confirmed agreement was introduced by the Hire-Purchase Act 1964, mainly to frustrate doorstep salesmen who would take advantage of an unsuspecting person and force them to sign up to an agreement, normally with misrepresentations. In the Consumer Credit Act, the right of cancellation is covered in Section 67, which allows the debtor or hirer the right to cancel an agreement if there were false oral representations made to the debtor by somebody acting for the creditor. The cancellation may be enacted by serving a notice of writing given to the creditor or an agent of the creditor within six days of the agreement being made.

Part VI: Matters arising during currency of credit or hire agreements
Section 75 protects consumers who use a credit card to pay for goods valued between £100 and £30,000 where the goods are not delivered or do not match the description given of the goods, or where the condition or functionality of the goods has been misrepresented. This section provides for credit card issuers to be jointly and severally liable along with the supplier for compliance with the contract of supply.

Originally this provision applied to payments for goods valued between £30 and £10,000. The limits were increased under the Consumer Credit (Increase of Monetary Limits) Order 1983, effective from 1 January 1984 (for the lower limit increase to £100) and 20 May 1985 (for the upper limit increase to £30,000).

Part VIII: Security
The Act was the first attempt by the Government of the United Kingdom to provide coherent rules relating to the taking of securities when dealing with consumer credit. Other than the Bills of Sale Acts there had been little law on securities before this, apart from a few provisions in the Hire-Purchase Acts. The Consumer Credit Act devoted an entire part of the Act to security, mostly between debtor and creditor, with third-party rights and regulations mostly governed by common law. The Act provides the form of securities, requires certain information and documents to be supplied, controls the enforcement of securities and provides certain circumstances in which securities can be considered void.

"Security" is defined by the Act to mean any form of mortgage, bond, indemnity, guarantee or other right provided by the debtor as "security" to the consumer credit or hire-purchase agreement being conducted with the creditor. This covers both "real" securities such as mortgages and personal securities such as bonds. The only requirement is that the security must be given at the request of the debtor. Any security must be expressed in writing, and in some cases are part of the original hire agreement. This is distinct from previous law, which required a written note of the agreement but allowed the agreement to be conducted orally.

Certain other formalities must be observed; under Section 105, a security is not considered properly executed unless a document is signed on or on behalf of the debtor. This document must conform to certain regulations; the terms must be legible when it is presented to be signed, it must give all the terms and conditions other than implied terms, a copy must also be presented and if the security is provided before the regulated agreement is made, a copy of the security agreement must be given to the debtor within seven days of the regulated agreement being made. If the formalities are not complied with the security agreement becomes unenforceable without a court order. The Act does not provide for any civil or criminal sanctions for creditors who enforce the agreement without a court order, however, but it may lead to the revocation or suspension of the creditor's license.

Part IX: Judicial control
Part IX gives the courts wide powers to re-open credit deals deemed extortionate and gives them control over regulated agreements. Section 189 establishes that "courts" means the county court; all problems are to be brought to the county court, although certain situations relating to extortionate credit agreements can be sent to the High Court.

Orders
The courts are allowed to issue enforcement orders for cases where the contract has been infringed upon, except in situations where the contract has not been signed or the terms are not set out in the contract, in which case they are permanently unenforceable. The courts are also prohibited from making enforcement orders where the owner or creditor did not give a copy of the agreement to the debtor or hirer before the contract commenced. Other than this the court is obliged to issue such orders. There are also situations in which orders can be made even when there has been no infringement. These are when the debtor or hirer has died, to recover protected goods without the consent of a debtor and to enforce a land mortgage.

The courts can also make "time orders" providing for either payment by the debtor of any sum owed to the creditor, remedying any breach of the agreement by the debtor other than non-payment of money or both. These orders are made at the discretion of the courts after an application for an enforcement order. The time orders can also cover statutory bailment in the case of hire-order or hire-purchase agreements. If the court feels that the property in dispute or acting as security is at risk of damage or deprecation, they can give protection orders preventing the use of the property. This re-enacts Section 35 of the Hire-Purchase Act 1965, which was repealed by the Consumer Credit Act.

Other orders are "special orders", covered by Section 133 of the Act. There are two types; return orders and transfer orders. Return orders are orders from the court requiring the return of goods covered by the agreement to the creditor. These orders may be immediate or subject to a delay, and may give the debtor the option to pay the goods value to the creditor if he does not return the goods in time. Transfer orders are orders transferring the creditor's ownership of certain goods to the debtor, ordering the payment of the rest of the goods to the creditor. This can only be done if the debtor pays an amount of money equal or more than one third of the value of the returned goods.

Credit bargains
The courts have long held equitable jurisdiction to set aside "harsh and unconscionable bargains", but prior to the Consumer Credit Act this was mainly used in cases where uninformed tradespeople have been selling goods at a loss, and was rarely used in the 20th century. The Moneylenders Act 1900 allowed the court to re-open a moneylending transaction if there was evidence that interest rates were "harsh and unconscionable or otherwise such that a court of equity would give relief", unless the moneylender could justify the rates. It was rarely used in the field of consumer credit because it was limited to those sorts of consumer transactions covered by the Moneylenders Act, and did not cover hire-purchase agreements or instalment sale agreements or loan transactions from people who were not moneylenders, such as banks.

The Consumer Credit Act provided guidelines for the court in determining whether a credit bargain is extortionate and extends the court’s jurisdiction in this area to cover all credit agreements. If the court does believe the bargain was extortionate, it can re-open the agreement and examine the terms of it. If they decide it is indeed extortionate, they can set aside the remaining money owed, order the creditor to give money to the debtor, alter the terms of the agreement or order the return of any security. This only covers consumer credit agreements, not hire agreements.

Definitions
An ancillary credit business is defined in Section 145 of the Act as any business that works in credit brokerage, debt adjusting, debt collecting, debt counselling or as a credit reference agency.

Credit brokers are people involved in negotiating deals between potential debtors looking for credit and creditors, normally in exchange for a commission. Under the Act, "credit broker" includes not only mortgage brokers and loan brokers but also car dealers, shops that introduce customers to financial houses for hire-purchase agreements and solicitors who negotiate advances for non-corporate clients. An exception to this is if introductions and negotiations are not made in the individual's capacity as an employee of a business.

Debt adjusting is when a company or individual negotiates with the creditor or owner in an agreement on behalf of the debtor to change the terms for the discharge of the debt, takes over the debt in exchange for payment by the debtor or engages in "any similar activity concerned with the liquidation of a debt". This is again a wide area; the base definition covers, for example, solicitors and accountants who act as negotiators for clients who owe money to a third party. There are certain exceptions; a solicitor negotiating for the settlement of his client's debts is not considered to be working as a debt adjuster thanks to Section 146 of the Act, which excludes "a solicitor engaging in contentious business" as defined in the Solicitors Act 1957.

Debt counselling is the giving of advice to debtors or hirers about the liquidation of debts under consumer credit or consumer hire agreements. This covers any debt counsellor, regardless of if it is free legal advice; as a result the Citizens Advice Bureau, for example, is considered a debt counsellor, although its advisers are covered by a group license. Debt collectors are covered by similar provisions, and are defined as anybody who takes steps to "procure payment of debts due" under consumer credit agreements and consumer hire agreements. Those who "purchase" debts and attempt to collect on them are covered by this definition.

Exceptions for these definitions are provided under Section 146 if the credit broker, debt adjuster, debt counsellor or debt collector is the creditor or owner under the credit agreement, the supplier under the agreement, a credit broker who has acquired the business of the supplier or somebody expressly excluded from certain definitions, such as a solicitor. The provisions for suppliers only come into effect when the credit is a loan, so that the supplier and creditor are different people. The exceptions do not include people who "buy" the roles above by purchasing the debts, such as professional debt buyers or financial houses.

Credit reference agencies are covered separately from other ancillary credit businesses, and are defined in Section 148 as individuals or companies which carry on a business "comprising the furnishing of persons with information relevant to the financial standard of individuals, being information collected by the agency for that purpose". This definition was the subject of much academic debate, because the holding of the license for a credit reference agency involves a duty to supply information on credit status which the company might prefer to keep confidential. There are exceptions; the information must be collected for the purpose of giving it to others, so the fact that a bank, for example, has that information, does not mean they need to obtain a license as a credit reference agency.

Licensing and other matters
Part III of the Act applies directly to ancillary credit businesses, who must obtain a license. As with standard credit agreements, agreements made by an unlicensed ancillary trader are only enforceable against the other party if the Director General of Fair Trading issues an order which applies to the agreement. Under Section 149, creditors have an onus to make sure that the credit brokers they obtain business from are duly licensed. Again, if the broker is unlicensed, the agreement between the debtor and creditor is only enforceable when the Director General makes an order saying so. These provisions came into effect on 1 July 1978.

Part IV of the Act also applies to ancillary credit businesses in relation to advertising, canvassing and quotations, as well as ways in which business can be sought. The Act also limited the brokerage fees that credit brokers can charge. Under Section 155, if the brokerage work does not lead to the client entering into an agreement with a creditor within 6 months of the work, the entire fee (minus the sum of £1) is refundable to the client. The Director General at the time indicated that those businesses which flouted Section 155 would be refused a license. These provisions came into force on 1 April 1977.

Implementation of the Act
Some elements of the Act came into force on 31 July 1974, the day it was passed, but many were left to be brought in later at the discretion of the government. This process was "painfully slow", with almost nothing apart from the licensing system being active in 1979. Section 141, which requires enforcement actions of a regulated credit or linked transaction to be pursued in the county court, came into force on 19 May 1985 through the statutory instrument "Consumer Credit Act 1974 (Commencement No. 8) Order 1983". The Act repealed the Hire-Purchase Act 1965, the Advertisements (Hire Purchase) Act 1967, the Moneylenders Act 1900, the Moneylenders Act 1927, the Pawnbrokers Act 1872 and the Pawnbrokers Act 1960. The Act was influential outside the United Kingdom, and was studied in both the United States and the Commonwealth of Nations. It formed the basis of a 1979 Directive on Consumer Credit of the European Union.

The Act did not go to the full extent suggested by the Crowther Committee's report, with protection only being available for consumers, not for the credit industry. The Act was widely supported by all sides of the political spectrum, and by academia. Arthur Rogerson compared it to the Law of Property Act 1925 in that, like the 1925 Act, it "represents fundamental rethinking of an area of great economic significance, which has resulted in the sweeping away of a chaos of obsolete rules, and the substitution for them of a simpler and better enforced body of law".

title: Consumer Credit Act 1974


text:
Elysian Park, Los Angeles

Elysian Park is a neighborhood in Central Los Angeles, California, United States. The city park, Elysian Park, and Dodger Stadium are within the neighborhood, as are an all-boys Catholic high school and an elementary school.

History
On August 2, 1769, the Portolá expedition (the first Europeans to see inland areas of California) camped close to the Los Angeles River near what is now the southeastern corner of the city park. California Historical Landmark #655 (Portolá Trail Campsite) is at the park's Meadow Road entrance.

Geography
According to the Mapping L.A. project of the Los Angeles Times, the Elysian Park neighborhood is flanked on the north and northeast by Elysian Valley, on the east by Lincoln Heights, on the southeast and south by Chinatown and on the southwest, west and northwest by Echo Park. Street and other boundaries are: the northern apex at Exit 138 of the Golden State Freeway, thence southeasterly along the freeway, southerly along the Los Angeles River, westerly along North Broadway, northwesterly along Stadium Way, Academy Road and northerly along Elysian Park Drive.

Demographics
The 2000 U.S. census of the Elysian Park neighborhood counted 2,530 residents in its 1.65 square miles, which includes all the city park land as well as Dodger Stadium—an average of 1,538 people per square mile, one of the lowest population densities in Los Angeles county. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 2,659. The median age for residents was 31, about average for Los Angeles; the percentage of residents aged 11 to 18 were among the county's highest.

The neighborhood was moderately ethnically diverse. The breakdown was Latinos, 47.6%; Asians, 43.4%; whites, 3.1%; blacks, 2.1%, and others, 3.7%. China (32.3%) and Mexico (27.3%) were the most common places of birth for the 54.4% of the residents who were born abroad, a high figure compared to rest of the city.

The median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $28,263, low for Los Angeles; a high percentage of households had an income of $20,000 or less. The average household size of 3.1 people was high for the city of Los Angeles. Renters occupied 81.9% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment owners 18.1%.

Education
Thirteen percent of the neighborhood residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, an average figure for the city.

The schools operating within the Elysian Park neighborhood borders are:

 * Cathedral High School, private, 1253 Bishops Road. It was founded by Archbishop John Joseph Cantwell as the first Los Angeles Archdiocesan high school for boys in fall 1925. The Christian Brothers have operated the school since its opening. It was designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument number 281 in 1984.
 * Solano Avenue Elementary School, LAUSD, 615 Solano Avenue. In 1955, the school, which then had 230 pupils, was honored as one of the 221 schools given a California Distinguished School award. The Los Angeles Times reported that:

At Solano Avenue Elementary School, things are done right. Parents chip in, teachers stick around for years, children learn, and the surrounding community claims it for their own. The campus is a thing of pride-no graffiti or trash problems here.
 * Principal John Stoll noted that nearly half the children began school speaking limited English, having been raised in Spanish or Cantonese-speaking homes. The school was "adopted" by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1980, and it was known for sending the student choir to Dodger Stadium to sing the National Anthem before a ballgame. It is a Solano tradition to hold culmination ceremonies at Dodger Stadium. The class of 2001, however, did not have this privilege.

Park
The park is one of largest in Los Angeles at 600 acre. It is also the city's oldest park, founded in 1886 by the Elysian Park Enabling Ordinance. It hosted shooting as well as the shooting part of the modern pentathlon event for the 1932 Summer Olympics. In 1964, the Citizens Committee to Save Elysian Park was founded to prevent the City of Los Angeles from constructing the Municipal Convention Center on 62 acre of park land.

In 1968, it hosted a hippie "Love-in."

Figueroa Street Tunnels
The Figueroa Street Tunnels take northbound State Route 110 (the Pasadena Freeway) through the park.

Solano Canyon
Solano Canyon is a canyon within Elysian Park and also the name of a residential district at the southern extremity of the Elysian Park neighborhood, directly north of the Los Angeles State Historic Park. The district is bisected near its southern tip by the Arroyo Seco Parkway, and it shares a border with Chinatown.

Solano Canyon was also an old name for a ravine in the Hollywood Hills that was later named Runyon Canyon.

title: Elysian Park, Los Angeles


text:
François Pérusse

François Pérusse (born October 8, 1960) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour. His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple (The Peoples' 2 Minutes).

Biography
Pérusse was born to Charlotte and Adélard Pérusse. At 12 he made his debut in local radio, and by age 17 he was playing as a bassist in bands with his older brother Marc.

Les 2 minutes du peuple first aired in August 1990 on CKOI-FM as part of the program Y'é trop d'bonne heure (It's Too Early). After a little over a year, a compilation of his best sketches and songs was released, L'Album du peuple – Tome 1 (The Album of the People – Volume 1), which has sold more than 80,000 copies. Pérusse released nine more "Albums du peuple" in the main series, plus two albums in France and a spinoff titled L'Album pirate (The Pirated Album). His fourth album, which he expected to be his last and which he called L'Album du peuple final – Tome 4 (The Final Album of the People – Volume 4), sold well, prompting him to continue making albums.

Les 2 minutes du peuple made its debut in France in autumn 1995 on Europe 2 radio, with Pérusse changing his accent and vocabulary to imitate European French. His work has been broadcast in Belgium since 1998 and in Switzerland since 2002. He moved into television on February 8, 1999 with Le JourNul de François Pérusse (The LameNews by François Pérusse), a satirical news program. Animated versions of his sketches "Le Spécial du peuple" ("The Special of the People") and "La Série du peuple" ("The Series of the People") aired on the TVA network. He has released a DVD, Le DVD du peuple (The DVD of the People), containing highlights of La Série du peuple and Le JourNul de François Pérusse.

New sketches in the Les 2 minutes du peuple series air on the FM network Énergie as part of C't'encore drôle (It's Still Funny, alternatively It Could Surprise You) broadcast across Quebec. In 2006, his JourNul characters returned in a talkshow style segment called On s'écoute parler (Listening to Ourselves Talking). A great Beatles fan, he was hired by the Cirque du Soleil to work on the show The Beatles: LOVE in Las Vegas.

He received three Ruban d'or from the Canadian Association of Broadcasters in the humour category.

In 2022, he had his first significant film role in his entire career, playing Alain Lamothe in the film Niagara.

Discography

 * 1991 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 1 (Quebec)
 * 1992 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 2 (Quebec)
 * 1994 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 3 (Quebec)
 * 1995 : L'Album du peuple final – Tome 4 (Quebec)
 * 1996 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 5 – La poursuite (Quebec)
 * 1997 : L'Album du peuple – Volume 1 (Made for France) (France and Quebec)
 * 2002 : L'Album du peuple – Volume 2 (Made for France) (France and Quebec)
 * 2002 : L'Album pirate (Quebec) – (Platinum)
 * 2003 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 6 (Quebec)
 * 2004 : Le DVD du peuple (Quebec and France)
 * 2007 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 7 (Quebec)
 * 2011 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 8 (Quebec)
 * 2013 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 9 (Quebec)
 * 2015 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 10 (Quebec)
 * 2017 : Best Ove! (Quebec)
 * 2020 : L'Album du peuple – Tome 11 (Quebec)

title: François Pérusse


text:
Contoocook

Contoocook may refer to a place name in New Hampshire, the United States:

 * The Contoocook River, a tributary of the Merrimack River
 * Contoocook, New Hampshire, a village in the town of Hopkinton, named for the river
 * Contoocook Railroad Bridge, oldest surviving covered railroad bridge
 * Contoocook Railroad Depot, restored railroad depot in Contoocook, New Hampshire
 * Contoocook Lake in Jaffrey and Rindge, New Hampshire, the source of the river
 * USS Contoocook (1864), a U.S. Navy vessel during the American Civil War

title: Contoocook


text:
Talk:Symbols of leadership

Problems
I see a problem with presidential symbols being a unique topic. Why are presidential symbols unique to the symbols of a prime minister or dictator? Tfine80 06:40, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I am just filling a request at WP:RA. Of course, since this is a Wiki, we can move the article. What title do you wish this article can be under? Zscout370 (Sound Off) 06:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Symbols of leadership? Zscout370 (Sound Off) 06:46, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
The whole article is heavily biased to criticise the use of symbolism within an environment. I can attempt to resolve that, but for the moment it is POV.ALR 21:33, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

POV?
I dont particularly think this is POV. It states fact in most cases. The only aspect is interpreting whether status symbols are that. Corner office is not a de-facto requirement of holding a senior position, but is indeed a perk. I am sure some big cheeses would disagree though :P An interesting point is that UK PMs do not seem to have any formal robes as such, but do get a massive house in the country and stay at an posh office (Number 10)

Development
I'm working on a redevelopment but at the moment there is a lot of repetition within the article. I'll move it to a sandbox to re-structure. It's probably better to talk about how various elements act as symbols, then articulate their use in various situations.ALR 19:58, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

/draft article

title: Talk:Symbols of leadership


text:
Talk:The Epoch Times

ET is conservative, not 'far-right'
First hyperlink shows neo-nazis marching. This is a highly misleading entry. If ET is far-right then NY Times is far-left, but of course they're painted as mainstream. ET is conservative, you could even say 'ultra conservative,' but what you've posted is a lie. Neither is it authoritarian--quite the opposite, if you've ever bothered to read its articles. Taking sides with the Chinese Communist Party, which actually is authoritarian, makes me wonder who runs this site and who they're placating to. This and other skewed articles is why I've quit contributing to Wikipedia, although I used to every year. Martyrw (talk) 16:35, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Did you see the two dozen references saying that the Epoch Times is far right? It's because of the outright falsehoods and conspiracy theories they peddle. They got even crazier in 2020: "...by 2020, it became a megaphone for the U.S.’s most extreme right-wing stories." Binksternet (talk) 20:00, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * That's a subjective response. I can cite just as many references stating how the NY Times gives falsehoods and is far left.  Wikipedia should rise to a level of objectivity not catering to preferred opinions.  I've followed ET for several years, and although I don't even come close to agreeing with everything they publish, the ET simply isn't 'far right' -- certainly not by Wikipedia's definition of far right, and they should at least be consistent with their own definitions.  The stance W takes on stuff like this alienates them from maybe 30-50% of the US population by labeling and name-calling, contributing to the ongoing polarization in this country. Martyrw (talk) 21:59, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Your 30 percent of the US population voted for Trump, who is a charlatan. These people are Fox zombies—not worth the trouble. Nobody has a solution for convincing this bloc of people who don't care about facts or logic. The polarization in the US has deepened because of Trump, Fox and Epoch Times, not because Wikipedia is skeptical and rigorously factual. In fact, the polarization started in 1994 with Newt Gringrich. The polarization has been driven by right-wing elements, especially the Christian right. This campaign has also eroded education in the US, making people more prone to believe nonsense such as what they read in the Epoch Times or see on Fox. Binksternet (talk) 22:24, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yet you believe all the quotes from far left sources. Just like the writer of this hit piece on ET. Chrshale (talk) 14:34, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This article is about The Epoch Times, not The New York Times; if you have constructive changes to propose to the Wikipedia article about The New York Times that are supported by reliable sources, feel free to suggest them at Talk:The New York Times. As mentioned in the FAQ at the top of this page, the far-right descriptor for The Epoch Times is amply and reliably sourced; see for the current list. Your suggestion that the article is "Taking sides with the Chinese Communist Party" because you do not like the fact that reliable sources describe The Epoch Times as far-right is a false dilemma; there are more than two "sides" in geopolitics, and moreover, this article reflects content published in reliable sources – it does not "take sides". This article does not mention authoritarianism, so it is unclear why your comment implies that the article is describing The Epoch Times as such. —  Newslinger   talk   03:08, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
 * How much is Falun Gong paying y'all to keep opening the same complaint on this talk page over and over again? Brusquedandelion (talk) 11:11, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well said. This entire entry is a hit piece and reads like it was written either by Beijing or the NYT. Take your pick. Chrshale (talk) 14:31, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, known collaborators the Beijing government and the New York Times. Please provide us with reliable sources that dispute referring to this... publication... as not far-right. Please note that far-right publications are conservative so sources calling it conservative don't actually conflict sources calling it far-right. Simonm223 (talk) 14:34, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The Epoch Times has a different political position depending on the region. In the United States, it is a Trumpist far-right media, but in Hong Kong, it is a pro-democracy camp, or radical liberal. In China, the pro-Chinese Communist Party is a far-right stance. ProKMT (talk) 10:27, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You got any reliable sources we can use? Polygnotus (talk) 10:45, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I doubt it. Simonm223 (talk) 10:57, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Same, but it is important to emphasize that, because Wikipedia is based on reliable sources, it is pointless to complain here. Email or call reliable sources and complain there, make sure they write what you want them to. Wikipedia will follow the reliable sources. Polygnotus (talk) 11:01, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * In the United States, the Epoch Times speaks for far-right populism, but in Hong Kong, it speaks for 民主派. (see List of newspapers in Hong Kong). Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong) is never far-right. ProKMT (talk) 11:59, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. Also Wikipedia is not a WP:RS. Simonm223 (talk) 12:08, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Per WP:TRUTH we need reliable sources to report something before we can decide to include it on Wikipedia. You can contact them by phone or email. Please let us know when a reliable source reports on this (e.g. the BBC, The Guardian et cetera). Thank you, Polygnotus (talk) 12:22, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It is interesting to see how the Chinese edition of The Epoch Times is discussed in the 2019 Andrew Junker's book Becoming Activists in Global China, at page 186: "The Chinese edition of The Epoch Times, which is often free and easily available in many major cities, stands out among overseas Chinese-language newspapers for its commitment to publishing watchdog, critical news from mainland China. For example, it claims to have been the ﬁrst media source to report the SARS cover-up in China in 2003. Over the years, the incentives of being supported through advertising and increasing readership have pushed the newspaper toward greater professionalization and to increasingly orient itself toward the needs and interests of its widest readership. Simply by increasing the plurality of voices in the diaspora Chinese-language public sphere, The Epoch Times is playing a progressive role, even though the community’s pariah status limits its impact. It is also conceivable that an organization like The Epoch Times could evolve into a more mainstream publication while retaining its critical independence and moral watchdog mission." Thank you. Path2space (talk) 23:46, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That is certainly not sufficient to change the lede though Junker's book might be due brief mention in the body of the article if it is not already there. Simonm223 (talk) 00:29, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * BTW, that source appears out of date compared to later research and reeks of early 2010s Western scholarship on Falun which frames it entirely on its conflict with the CCP. It was written before the big expose on Epoch's connection with far-right sources in 2019, and there are zero results in the book about its Trump connections. As for the claim of "professionalization", this is contradicted by Roose's 2020 NYT source which noted that ET's attempts to establish itself as a respectable source changed after Trump's election, in order to chase the conspiracy theorists' money. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.18.157.7 (talk) 00:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Further Discussion of Far-Right Label Source Removal Candidates
Based on the previous discussion of trimming sources and input from the protected edit request, I'd like to re-present the following sources as candidates for removal:

[16https://fortune.com/2020/08/07/this-moon-landing-video-is-fake/ ]: newsletter summarizes another article which does not apply the label "far-right"; additionally, Fortune magazine not listed as a perennial source for politics, reliability unknown

[7]https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ffjsb-2020-0040: specific to German publication and should be attributed as such

[9http://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/media/german-edition-of-falun-gong-affiliated-epoch-times-aligns-far-right ]: specific to German publication

[11https://newrepublic.com/article/155076/obscure-newspaper-fueling-far-right-europe ]: does not apply far-right label to TET, also specific to German publication

[12https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/02/guo-wengui-steve-bannon-hunter-biden-conspiracies-disinformation/ ]: wording--"Many of the most potent claims have roots with anti-CCP and far-right actors, including the Falun Gong-backed Epoch Times"--open to interpretation whether TET is anti-CCP, far-right, or both.

[15 https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/12/21254184/how-plandemic-went-viral-facebook-youtube ]: The Verge is not what you would call a political heavy-hitter-- "There is broad consensus that The Verge is a reliable source for use in articles relating to technology, science, and automobiles"

Oddly similar wording between [4https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503630611-003/html ] and [10 ]https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/09/technology/plandemic-judy-mikovitz-coronavirus-disinformation.html: "she has become a darling of far-right publications like The Epoch Times and The Gateway Pundit" vs. "she became the darling of far-right publications like The Epoch Times and Gateway Pundit". Recommend keeping one or the other. ClifV (talk) 20:54, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Tried to keep the formatting/numbering accurate as it corresponds to the article, apologies for any misnumbers. ClifV (talk) 04:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * You have some fundamental misunderstandings of sourcing policy on display here. Lack of mention at Reliable sources/Perennial sources does not mean 'reliability unknown' - read the whole page there for details, particularly the section 'What if my source is not here?'. I am also not convinced that hair-splitting different languages editions would invalidate sources, or that 'similar wording' is some sort of problem to be corrected. MrOllie (talk) 12:31, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

Political Alignment Labeling Edit Request Followup
In regards to previous protected edit request and associated list of sources--

First, some established points:
 * Reliable sources are cited on the page that describe The Epoch Times as both conservative or far-right
 * Far-right is a subclass of conservative; that an entity is labeled as conservative does not preclude it from also being far-right

Second, some points on which I'd like to establish consensus: ClifV (talk) 05:30, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) Given that far-right is a subclass of conservative, the application of the conservative label does not automatically imply the applicability of far-right
 * 2) The sources applying the label are knowledgeable and authoritative in their selection, with the result that "conservative" and "far-right" are not interchangeable when citing a source that applies the former but declines to specify the latter

 * Consensus doesn't exist in a vacuum. All sources are judged in context, and you've already made it clear that your goal is to undermine consensus to call this outlet far-right. Wikipedia isn't a platform for PR or advocacy, and similarly (as I suspect you have already been told) Wikipedia isn't for righting great wrongs. These transparent debate-class tactics are not persuasive, to put it mildly. Grayfell (talk) 06:20, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't feel like doing all the sock striking, but FYI: ClifV was blocked as sock of Ijeffsc. The IPs are almost certainly the same person, and Bbb23 has asked to be pinged if they return to editing. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 17:19, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 June 2024
Need to remove 'far-right' reference about Epoch Times. This is disinformation. If truly far-right, then references should be required. Otherwise, this is propaganda. 75.26.146.82 (talk) 23:01, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Please see the FAQ at the top of the page. This is a frequently-discussed subject and edit requests are meant to be for uncontroversial changes. Egsan Bacon (talk) 23:08, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Epoch Times


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Denim&Co.

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Tony Sidaway (unsuitable use of user page) --Tony Sidaway Talk 11:57, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

User:Denim&Co.
User page used for advertising. User has edited Big Bonanza Silver Day and is presumably identical to User:69.172.243.1 who created that page. Both have also edited QVC. Uppland 06:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, clearly not what a userpage is for. - Mgm|(talk) 10:04, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a userpage should be unique to the user, and changed only by the user. Would you like your Swedish links taken away? Denim&Co.
 * You are welcome to nominate my userpage for deletion. Do you think you will be able to convince anyone I am abusing the space by filling it with advertising? Uppland 05:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising. --Carnildo 23:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, what does a user's profile matter to you? Tell me. Denim&Co.
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 04:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm a little worried about the extent of notability of subject of the user's edits. But that's not what I'm here for. This is a userpage, for Pete's sake. Let's not waste our time here. --User:Merovingian (t) (c) 10:23, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - used for free advertising - Skysmith 09:14, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but this is a userpage, not an ad space.Gateman1997 00:22, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Normally however I am against messing with userpages as they are the user's business. However this user has been contibuting nothing but ads. Gateman1997 00:22, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * See Resolving disputes for the correct way to handle user behavior disputes. Gazpacho 03:08, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If there were a dispute that might be helpful ;)Gateman1997 17:37, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Regardless, we don't discipline users by removing their user pages. See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/User talk:HistoryBuffEr/Archived-Sermons. Gazpacho
 * Who is diciplining? The consensus so far has been "keep".Gateman1997 21:10, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I misread the vote. My comments were intended for people who have voted delete, and the nominator. Gazpacho
 * Keep, VfD has traditionally allowed users broad discretion over their own pages. Gazpacho 01:28, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. At least there is no ambiguity where this person's agenda is concerned. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 04:59, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. Eclipsed 09:57, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete. It's advertising, and as such, I don't feel it belongs in the wikipedia. On the other hand, it is his user page. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:18, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep: Though it may be an advert, users have discretion over the content of their pages. If someone has any issue, that should go to Request for comment, not a VfD. --Ragib 02:53, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. Advertising. --OntarioQuizzer 05:25, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
P11D

Form P11D (Expenses and Benefits) is a tax form filed by United Kingdom employers for each director and for each employee and sent to the tax office with which their PAYE scheme is registered. P11Ds are used to report benefits provided and expense payments made to employees by employers that are not put through the payroll. The employees are also given a copy, should they need it for a self-assessment tax return.

This is not to be confused with form P11 (Deductions Working Sheet), which is for tracking deductions made by PAYE.

A similar form P9D (Expenses payments and income from which tax cannot be deducted) used to exist for employees earning less than £8500 per year, but that was abolished in April 2016.

Content
There are currently 14 sections of the P11D:

 * A Assets Transferred
 * B Payments made on behalf of the employee
 * C Credit Cards and vouchers
 * D Living Accommodation
 * E Mileage Allowances
 * F Cars and car fuel
 * G Company Vans
 * H Beneficial Loans
 * I Medical Health
 * J Qualifying relocation expenses payments and benefits
 * K Services supplied
 * L Assets placed at the employee's disposal
 * M Other items (including subscriptions and professional fees)
 * N Expenses payments made to, or on behalf of, the employee

To calculate the amount that an employee will have to pay tax on, the employer has to calculate a cash equivalent of the provided benefit/expense. Most cash equivalents are straight forward being the amount the employer pays for the provision of a service less any amount the employee reimburses to their employer. However, there are some quite complicated areas of UK benefits legislation that have to be interpreted to arrive at a cash equivalent e.g. Company cars, Beneficial loans etc.

Filing requirements
Employers' obligations are to calculate these cash equivalents and report these details to employees and HMRC by 6 July following the end of a tax year (ending 5 April). It is estimated that 5 million P11Ds are submitted to HMRC annually. The most popular method of submission remains hard copies however there is a significant growing proportion that submit via the File by Internet route using XML.

There is the potential for substantial penalties to be imposed if P11D returns are not completed or are incorrectly returned. Therefore, most larger employers tend to utilise software to improve the accuracy of their data.

title: P11D


text:
Closer to Home

Closer to Home is the third studio album by American rock band Grand Funk Railroad. The album was released on June 15, 1970, by Capitol Records. Recorded at Cleveland Recording Company, the album was produced by Terry Knight. This album reached RIAA gold record status in 1970, making it the group's third gold record in one year. The album's inside artwork shows a live photo of the band performing at Madison Square Garden in February 1970.

In 2002 Closer to Home was remastered on compact disc with bonus tracks and also released in a limited-edition box set Trunk of Funk that contained the band's first four albums. The "trunk" has slots for twelve CDs to house the future release of the remaining eight albums that were released by Capitol. Also included is a pair of "Shinin' On" 3-D glasses, guitar pick and a sticker reproducing a concert ticket.

Track listing
All songs written by Mark Farner.

Personnel

 * Mark Farner – guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Mel Schacher – bass guitar
 * Don Brewer – drums, vocals

Charts
Album Singles

title: Closer to Home


text:
Talk:Anarchism in the United States

Incompleteness
Anarcho-capitalism isn’t included in an entry that misleads readers into thinking that it is a general coverage of anarchism in the US. If the entry’s purpose is to only discuss particular ideological tendencies, this should be reflected in the title. Jaqo (talk) 11:54, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

Who was the American labor movement before anarcho-syndicalism?
???. Nonsense! They, the anarchists,built the American Labor movement. At the time anarchism might have been 1/3 of popular politics. That’s not to say everyone identified as anarchists per se, but the beautiful ideas are undeniably anarchistic.Both anarchism and ‘labor’ died from state repression and murder. 2601:801:400:9430:B010:9426:4F63:C96C (talk) 12:36, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Unsourced
Moving unsourced text here in case someone has a secondary source to use:
 * In the 1980s anarchism became linked with squatting and social centers such as ABC No Rio and C-Squat in New York City. The Institute for Anarchist Studies is a non-profit organization founded by Chuck W. Morse following the anarchist-communist school of thought, in 1996 to assist anarchist writers and further develop the theoretical aspects of the anarchist movement.

czar 03:23, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anarchism in the United States