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User:Jfdunphy

Jfdunphy earned an MBA in corporate finance from Fairleigh Dickinson University in 1990. Previously, he was a financial reporter for a McGraw-Hill news magazine on chemicals and pharmaceuticals for 15 years. Traded bonds, stocks, mutual funds, and runs own financial firm. Board-Certified Master Financial Professional by American Academy of Financial Management, effective March 21, 2005. Author: "Financial Planning for Senior Executives" ISBN 1-892359-02-2 (Mint Condition Graphics; 1995). Co-author of several computer-based learning disks on finance topics. Independent producer and host of internet radio show on taxes and personal finance "Richard's Shoebox" (Copyright; 2004) on VoiceAmerica.com (Phoenix, AZ), with listenership of 170,000 monthly. Life member VFW Post 7165 and American Legion Post 8 (Clifton, NJ), and Signal Corps Regimental Association. e-mail: jfdunphy@verizon.net, AIM: jfdunphy1@aim.com

title: User:Jfdunphy


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Kālua

Kālua is a traditional Hawaiian cooking method that utilizes an imu, a type of underground oven. The word "kālua" ("to cook in an underground oven" in the Hawaiian language) may also be used to describe the food cooked in this manner, such as kālua pig or kālua turkey, which are commonly served at lūʻau feasts. The word lūʻau is the Hawaiian name for the taro leaf, which, when young and small resembles cooked spinach after being steamed for a few hours. The traditional lūʻau was eaten on the floor over lauhala mats (leaves of the hala tree woven together).

Cooking method
Traditionally, a hardwood fire is built inside a pit large enough to contain the food to be cooked, the stones, and the vegetation used to cover the food. Stones are placed on top of the fire in the pit, taking around two to three hours to reach their maximum temperature. Most important is the selection of stones that contain very little moisture to avoid stones exploding from the steam generated by the heat. Once the stones have become extremely hot, they are spread out over the coals and the pit is lined with vegetation, such as banana trees, that have been pounded to make them pliable. A layer of ti leaves (Cordyline fruticosa) is then spread over the layer of pounded vegetation and the food to be cooked placed on top. The meat to be cooked is salted and, if cooking a whole pig, some hot stones are placed inside the body cavity to ensure the meat is fully cooked.

To maintain even heating and to retain the meat's natural moisture, the meat is covered with more layers of vegetation such as ti and banana leaves, then covered with a layer of soil at least several inches deep ensuring that no steam escapes. The layers of vegetation covering the food must extend past the edges of the pit to ensure the food is not contaminated by the soil it is buried under. The meat is then left to cook in the pit for several hours. When the meat is fully cooked, it is removed from the imu and shredded.

Modern variations
Modern adaptations to the traditional cooking method include the use of wet burlap material as a substitute for the vegetation or to reduce the amount of vegetation needed, and also the use of non-galvanized steel chicken wire or mesh wrapped around the food to aid in its removal when cooked. The characteristic flavor of kālua pig is imparted by the smoke from the hardwood but more importantly the use of ti leaves to wrap the meat. The flavor of the ti leaf is what differentiates kālua pig from other methods of cooking a whole hog slowly using a hardwood fire.

Kālua pig
Kālua pig is a main tourist attraction at many lūʻau, though it is sometimes made using a gas or electric stove with artificial mesquite or kiawe liquid smoke. Other tourist businesses use substitutes instead of vegetation or use an imu pao, an above ground variation of the imu. The term "kālua pork" has been used by Hawaiian cook Sam Choy to describe pork shoulder butt which is rubbed with sea salt, wrapped in ti leaves, and slowly cooked in an oven using liquid mesquite smoke rather than an imu.

The dish is similar to vuaka vavi in Fiji, as well as puaʻ a faunaʻ a in Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kālua


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Talk:List of rivers of North Carolina

Comments
Why does this article exist? This should be covered by categories. Jdorje 05:08, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of rivers of North Carolina


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Dermatophytosis

Dermatophytosis, also known as tinea and ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin (a dermatomycosis), that may affect skin, hair, and nails. Typically it results in a red, itchy, scaly, circular rash. Hair loss may occur in the area affected. Symptoms begin four to fourteen days after exposure. The types of dermatophytosis are typically named for area of the body that they affect. Multiple areas can be affected at a given time.

About 40 types of fungus can cause dermatophytosis. They are typically of the Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton type. Risk factors include using public showers, contact sports such as wrestling, excessive sweating, contact with animals, obesity, and poor immune function. Ringworm can spread from other animals or between people. Diagnosis is often based on the appearance and symptoms. It may be confirmed by either culturing or looking at a skin scraping under a microscope.

Prevention is by keeping the skin dry, not walking barefoot in public, and not sharing personal items. Treatment is typically with antifungal creams such as clotrimazole or miconazole. If the scalp is involved, antifungals by mouth such as fluconazole may be needed.

Dermatophytosis has spread globally, and up to 20% of the world's population may be infected by it at any given time. Infections of the groin are more common in males, while infections of the scalp and body occur equally in both sexes. Infections of the scalp are most common in children while infections of the groin are most common in the elderly. Descriptions of ringworm date back to ancient history.

Types
A number of different species of fungus are involved in dermatophytosis. Dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum are the most common causative agents. These fungi attack various parts of the body and lead to the conditions listed below. The Latin names are for the conditions (disease patterns), not the agents that cause them. The disease patterns below identify the type of fungus that causes them only in the cases listed:
 * Dermatophytosis
 * Tinea pedis (athlete's foot): fungal infection of the feet
 * Tinea unguium: fungal infection of the fingernails and toenails, and the nail bed
 * Tinea corporis: fungal infection of the arms, legs, and trunk
 * Tinea cruris (jock itch): fungal infection of the groin area
 * Tinea manuum: fungal infection of the hands and palm area
 * Tinea capitis: fungal infection of the scalp and hair
 * Tinea faciei (face fungus): fungal infection of the face
 * Tinea barbae: fungal infestation of facial hair
 * Other superficial mycoses (not classic ringworm, since not caused by dermatophytes)
 * Tinea versicolor: caused by Malassezia furfur
 * Tinea nigra: caused by Hortaea werneckii

Signs and symptoms
Infections on the body may give rise to typical enlarging raised red rings of ringworm. Infection on the skin of the feet may cause athlete's foot and in the groin, jock itch. Involvement of the nails is termed onychomycosis.

Animals including dogs and cats can also be affected by ringworm, and the disease can be transmitted between animals and humans, making it a zoonotic disease.

Specific signs can be:

 * red, scaly, itchy or raised patches
 * patches may be redder on outside edges or resemble a ring
 * patches that begin to ooze or develop a blister
 * bald patches may develop when the scalp is affected

Causes
Fungi thrive in moist, warm areas, such as locker rooms, tanning beds, swimming pools, and skin folds; accordingly, those that cause dermatophytosis may be spread by using exercise machines that have not been disinfected after use, or by sharing towels, clothing, footwear, or hairbrushes.

Diagnosis
Dermatophyte infections can be readily diagnosed based on the history, physical examination, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy.

Prevention
Advice often given includes:

 * Avoid sharing clothing, sports equipment, towels, or sheets.
 * Wash clothes in hot water with fungicidal soap after suspected exposure to ringworm.
 * Avoid walking barefoot; instead wear appropriate protective shoes in locker rooms and sandals at the beach.
 * Avoid touching pets with bald spots, as they are often carriers of the fungus.

Vaccination
no approved human vaccine exist against dermatophytosis. For horses, dogs and cats there is available an approved inactivated vaccine called Insol Dermatophyton (Boehringer Ingelheim) which provides time-limited protection against several trichophyton and microsporum fungal strains. With cattle, systemic vaccination has achieved effective control of ringworm. Since 1979 a Russian live vaccine (LFT 130) and later on a Czechoslovakian live vaccine against bovine ringworm has been used. In Scandinavian countries vaccination programmes against ringworm are used as a preventive measure to improve the hide quality. In Russia, fur-bearing animals (silver fox, foxes, polar foxes) and rabbits have also been treated with vaccines.

Treatment
Antifungal treatments include topical agents such as miconazole, terbinafine, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, or tolnaftate applied twice daily until symptoms resolve — usually within one or two weeks. Topical treatments should then be continued for a further 7 days after resolution of visible symptoms to prevent recurrence. The total duration of treatment is therefore generally two weeks, but may be as long as three.

In more severe cases or scalp ringworm, systemic treatment with oral medications (such as itraconazole, terbinafine, and ketoconazole) may be given.

To prevent spreading the infection, lesions should not be touched, and good hygiene maintained with washing of hands and the body.

Misdiagnosis and treatment of ringworm with a topical steroid, a standard treatment of the superficially similar pityriasis rosea, can result in tinea incognito, a condition where ringworm fungus grows without typical features, such as a distinctive raised border.

History
Dermatophytosis has been prevalent since before 1906, at which time ringworm was treated with compounds of mercury or sometimes sulfur or iodine. Hairy areas of skin were considered too difficult to treat, so the scalp was treated with X-rays and followed up with antifungal medication. Another treatment from around the same time was application of Araroba powder.

Terminology
The most common term for the infection, "ringworm", is a misnomer, since the condition is caused by fungi of several different species and not by parasitic worms.

Other animals
Ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum is a frequent clinical condition in cattle. Young animals are more frequently affected. The lesions are located on the head, neck, tail, and perineum. The typical lesion is a round, whitish crust. Multiple lesions may coalesce in "map-like" appearance.

Clinical dermatophytosis is also diagnosed in sheep, dogs, cats, and horses. Causative agents, besides Trichophyton verrucosum, are T. mentagrophytes, T. equinum, Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, and M. nanum.

Dermatophytosis may also be present in the holotype of the Cretaceous eutriconodont mammal Spinolestes, suggesting a Mesozoic origin for this disease.

Diagnosis
Ringworm in pets may often be asymptomatic, resulting in a carrier condition which infects other pets. In some cases, the disease only appears when the animal develops an immunodeficiency condition. Circular bare patches on the skin suggest the diagnosis, but no lesion is truly specific to the fungus. Similar patches may result from allergies, sarcoptic mange, and other conditions. Three species of fungi cause 95% of dermatophytosis in pets: these are Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Veterinarians have several tests to identify ringworm infection and identify the fungal species that cause it:

Woods test: This is an ultraviolet light with a magnifying lens. Only 50% of M. canis will show up as an apple-green fluorescence on hair shafts, under the UV light. The other fungi do not show. The fluorescent material is not the fungus itself (which does not fluoresce), but rather an excretory product of the fungus which sticks to hairs. Infected skin does not fluoresce.

Microscopic test: The veterinarian takes hairs from around the infected area and places them in a staining solution to view under the microscope. Fungal spores may be viewed directly on hair shafts. This technique identifies a fungal infection in about 40%–70% of the infections, but cannot identify the species of dermatophyte.

Culture test: This is the most effective, but also the most time-consuming, way to determine if ringworm is on a pet. In this test, the veterinarian collects hairs from the pet, or else collects fungal spores from the pet's hair with a toothbrush, or other instrument, and inoculates fungal media for culture. These cultures can be brushed with transparent tape and then read by the veterinarian using a microscope, or can be sent to a pathological lab. The three common types of fungi which commonly cause pet ringworm can be identified by their characteristic spores. These are different-appearing macroconidia in the two common species of Microspora, and typical microconidia in Trichophyton infections.

Identifying the species of fungi involved in pet infections can be helpful in controlling the source of infection. M. canis, despite its name, occurs more commonly in domestic cats, and 98% of cat infections are with this organism. It can also infect dogs and humans, however. T. mentagrophytes has a major reservoir in rodents, but can also infect pet rabbits, dogs, and horses. M. gypseum is a soil organism and is often contracted from gardens and other such places. Besides humans, it may infect rodents, dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and swine.

Pet animals
Treatment requires both systemic oral treatment with most of the same drugs used in humans—terbinafine, fluconazole, or itraconazole—as well as a topical "dip" therapy.

Because of the usually longer hair shafts in pets compared to those of humans, the area of infection and possibly all of the longer hair of the pet must be clipped to decrease the load of fungal spores clinging to the pet's hair shafts. However, close shaving is usually not done because nicking the skin facilitates further skin infection.

Twice-weekly bathing of the pet with diluted lime sulfur dip solution is effective in eradicating fungal spores. This must continue for 3 to 8 weeks.

Washing of household hard surfaces with 1:10 household sodium hypochlorite bleach solution is effective in killing spores, but it is too irritating to be used directly on hair and skin.

Pet hair must be rigorously removed from all household surfaces, and then the vacuum cleaner bag, and perhaps even the vacuum cleaner itself, discarded when this has been done repeatedly. Removal of all hair is important, since spores may survive 12 months or even as long as two years on hair clinging to surfaces.

Cattle
In bovines, an infestation is difficult to cure, as systemic treatment is uneconomical. Local treatment with iodine compounds is time-consuming, as it needs scraping of crusty lesions. Moreover, it must be carefully conducted using gloves, lest the worker become infested.

Epidemiology
Worldwide, superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes are estimated to infect around 20-25% of the population and it is thought that dermatophytes infect 10-15% of the population during their lifetime. The highest incidence of superficial mycoses result from dermatophytoses which are most prevalent in tropical regions. Onychomycosis, a common infection caused by dermatophytes, is found with varying prevalence rates in many countries. Tinea pedis + onychomycosis, Tinea corporis, Tinea capitis are the most common dermatophytosis found in humans across the world. Tinea capitis has a greater prevalence in children. The increasing prevalence of dermatophytes resulting in Tinea capitis has been causing epidemics throughout Europe and America. In pets, cats are the most affected by dermatophytosis. Pets are susceptible to dermatophytoses caused by Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton. For dermatophytosis in animals, risk factors depend on age, species, breed, underlying conditions, stress, grooming, and injuries.

Numerous studies have found Tinea capitis to be the most prevalent dermatophyte to infect children across the continent of Africa. Dermatophytosis has been found to be most prevalent in children ages 4 to 11, infecting more males than females. Low socioeconomic status was found to be a risk factor for Tinea capitis. Throughout Africa, dermatophytoses are common in hot- humid climates and with areas of overpopulation.

Chronicity is a common outcome for dermatophytosis in India. The prevalence of dermatophytosis in India is between 36.6 and 78.4% depending on the area, clinical subtype, and dermatophyte isolate. Individuals ages 21–40 years are most commonly affected.

A 2002 study looking at 445 samples of dermatophytes in patients in Goiânia, Brazil found the most prevalent type to be Trichophyton rubrum (49.4%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (30.8%), and Microsporum canis (12.6%).

A 2013 study looking at 5,175 samples of Tinea in patients in Tehran, Iran found the most prevalent type to be Tinea pedis (43.4%), followed by Tinea unguium. (21.3%), and Tinea cruris (20.7%).

title: Dermatophytosis


text:
Talk:Satay

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 April 2020 and 8 June 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jessicanastasia. Peer reviewers: Tang Weibin.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:42, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Airline Mention
is it really relevant to include mentions of which airlines serve this? --jonasaurus 05:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and removed the line, which went as follows: Like Malaysia Airlines, Singapore's national carrier, Singapore Airlines also serves satay in the First and Raffles Class as an appetizer.--jonasaurus 05:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, because Satay is difficult to prepare for inflight meals, and airlines who take the trouble to serve them indicate their importance to the image of the airlines and the respective cultures they represent. In addition, knowing that both MAS and SIA serves the dish only to first class passengers is also food for though.--Huaiwei 07:06, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

definition in first paragraph
You should define Satay first, then give an origin. What satay is shouldn't be hidden in the middle of the entry.

Former colonist Holland
Please explain what "former colonist Holland" means. Do you mean satay was popular in Holland back in Europe? Thanks. --Sengkang 04:00, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that it means satay is popular in the Netherlands/Holland, which is a former colonist of both Malaysia and Indonesia... According to the peanut butter article, their version of peanut butter pindakaas is more akin to satay sauce then peanut butter Nil Einne 00:45, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If satay is still popular in Holland now (I doubt so? or is it just its peanut butter, which tastes like satay sauce and is different from satay per se?), it may be more appropriate to just phrase the sentence as "Satay (also written saté) is a dish that may have originated in Sumatra or Java, Indonesia, but which is popular in many Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand as well as Holland." —Sengkang 02:52, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Satay is still very popular in the Netherlands, ever since it was introduced somewhere in the 1950's (through the colonies, yes). There are many Chinese-Indosian restaurants here, mostly like snack bars. Satay is sold as part of a meal, or as a snack (in regular supermarkets (in frozen packages) and snack bars as well). It consists usually of marinated pork or chicken meat, and (almost) always with a (more or less spicey) peanut sauce (which differs from the Dutch peanut butter - the sauce is spicier, usually a bit creamier and always much thinner). --Joann e B 11:36, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * @sengkang K i see others answered your question before me, hope it's clear now? I included that it's the former colonist as to explain why it is that popular in a country so out of line with the others mentioned. And please do not revert anonymous edits anymore without (giving) a reason, it is in conflict with wikipedia policy. --62.251.90.73 22:19, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I had advertently reverted it as it did not appear consistent with the notion of the Southeast Asian countries stated in the sentence. Thanks for the clarification. I've also reworded the sentence as appropriately as possible. —Sengkang 04:09, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

add a review link
any objection I add this link to the article?  219.74.59.96 01:37, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is a commercial link that is merely an adverstisement. Please see WP:EL. Please don't add it as it will be removed. Sorry. Merbabu 04:21, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Sorry I posted the wrong link it's a consumer's review of satay at alexandra market (Sites with other meaningful, relevant content that is not suitable for inclusion in an article, such as reviews and interviews.)219.74.59.96 01:37, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Satay=Triple Stacked?
I find the sentence "Some believe that satay was invented by Chinese immigrants who sold the skewered barbecue meat on the street. Their argument is that the word satay means "triple stacked" (三疊) in Amoy dialect, and indeed, satay is often made with three flat lozenges of meat" disturbing.

Why? Because sate is among my favorite cuisines (beside Soto), and I am always eager to try various kinds of regional sates in Indonesia. But I don't recall any sate with triple stack of meat. There usually more than 3 stacks of meat, if it was just 3 of them I would feel like I was being ripped off or something. I'm sure my fellow Indonesians would feel the same thing.

Oh, and "flat"? What kind of sate is that, with flattened meat? The only kind of sate I recall being flat is Sate Usus, which is skewered intestines, but never with meats.Matahari Pagi 06:52, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Satay is not invented by Chinese because the Chinese migrants are from Guangdong or Fujian provinces, which had no traditions of barbecues (even Cantonese barbecued foods like barbecued pork "char siew" are not made and served in skewers). It is considered in the Chinese world as invented in Southeast Asia without any ethnic Chinese input.  Perhaps it was the Chinese merchants who brought the dishes to the non-Malay world like Vietnam, Thailand, and Burma.  No Chinese cookbooks published in the 1980s or 90s raised that spectre. --JNZ 07:51, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * With all respect, Satay takes a slightly different form in Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia than it does in Indonesia. In these places, it does most often appear in the form of three lozenges of meat. InfernoXV 09:16, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Then it should be mentioned in the article that that the sentence applies only for Singaporean satay :) Matahari Pagi 04:30, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Um, no. Notice I said it applies to 'Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia'. InfernoXV 18:12, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Everywhere I go in Malaysia, satay has always been at least 4 pieces of meat. I've never seen a Chinese selling satay, or a Chinese food similar to satay (i.e. skewered barbecued meat). More importantly, the peanut sauce is the main identity of satay.

Satay Originated From Malay, that is "Satai" or pronounced by Javanese as "Sate"
Actually, "satay" is Malay pure traditional food. It came from the "satai" word. In Javanese "ai" in "satai" often pronounced as "e"(ay).

One more thing, satay actually often has 4(four) flat lozenges of meat. Nevertheless, some hawkers in Indonesia prefer to sell 3(three) stacks of meat in one skewer(lidi). This is due to decrease the cost of producing "satay". So, there is nothing to compare with the chinese word.

I agree with ---JNZ 07:51, 9 August 2007 (UTC). "Satay" is not invented by chinese. Instead, satay entered the non-Malay cultures such as "kaya" jam, and "cendol".

In Malaysia, there has one kind of food which is 4(four)skewered and grilled before eat. It is like "otak-otak". It has 4(four) flat of sata in one skewer. This is the evidence that "satay" is always sell with 4(four)stacks of meat like "sata"(the Malay traditional food in Malaysia) Mr. Knows (talk) 05:38, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

There's no word "satai" in Malay language, the Malays also pronounce it sa-te. User JNZ is a chinese from New Zealand with minimal knowledge of Malay language, doubt your input carry any weight. The food sata is from Kelantan and Terengganu, and the similarity with satay is too superficial to be considered as "evidence". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.71.170.249 (talk) 08:29, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Satai is an adjustion to Malay phonotactics that didn't (doesn't?) allow 'e' and 'o' in coda. Hence any loanwords with them were diphthongized into 'ai' and 'au', respectively. Nevertheless, 'satai' is pronounced 'sate' until this day, which signals that it was a loan rather than native coinage. Masjawad99 (talk) 02:17, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

Pronunciation
A pronunciation guide at the intro would be nice... 90.240.242.224 (talk) 18:28, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * There is a pronunciation guide at the intro now . But it seems to me, that this is the pronunciation of an American from Texas? As far as I know it is pronounced [] by locals in Southeast Asia. --hdamm (talk)

 * The Malaysian and Indonesian pronunciation would be the "Texan" variant containing pretty much the same vowels as in the word "kaffee" in German. The variant [] would be the pronunciation in Thailand. Takeaway (talk) 11:08, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

It is almost exclusively pronounced as [saˈtɛ] in Javanese-speaking areas of Indonesian--where the dish originated. Masjawad99 (talk) 02:20, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

Inclusion of South African sosatie?
The 'sosatie' is one of South Africa's most well-known dishes. Essentially a satay (hence the name) that was brought to the country during the 1600s (when it was a Dutch outpost) by Batavians/Malayasians, who still make up a sizeable community and whose contributions to SA cuisine is undisputed.

Philippine Satay?
There is no proof that the BBQ kebab in the Philippines is based off of or in any way a variation of the Indonesian satay. If anything the Philippine BBQ is probably an American creation since it uses the English name "BBQ" rather than a Filipino name varaint such as "Satti" in Mindanao. There is also no recorded history of how the Philippine BBQ kebab even came into place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TheaxHendible (talk • contribs) 07:29, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Do you have professionally published mainstream academic or journalistic sources which counter those cited in the article? Or can you demonstrate that the sources already cited in the article do not meet our reliable sourcing guidelines? Ian.thomson (talk) 07:58, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
 * None of the sources currently in the article have anything supporting a relationship between satay/satti and BBQ. I've removed the paragraph about BBQ. --Paul_012 (talk) 08:44, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Ian.thomson (talk) 08:44, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

Additional Sources (the previous sources already make it clear how satti and barbecue are the same dish under different names):

Restoring. Just because the name is English doesn't mean it's American. Nothing in American cuisine resembles this dish.

What the Filipinos in Zamboanga call Satti is identical to what the rest of the Philippines call "barbecue" (or as spelled natively barbikyu), and it is just as ubiquitous in the Philippines as street food as in the rest of Southeast Asia. The only real main difference is that among Christian Filipinos, it is usually made from pork or chicken. It is also either usually just dipped into a common sauce holder after cooking (i.e. it's not served with sauce in a separate bowl) or isn't served with sauce at all, since it's usually eaten while standing (hence it's association with the ketupat).

It is not the western barbecue. It's simply called "barbecue" because it is the closest approximate dish in English and a more familiar word for English-speaking Filipinos. Bamboo skewers themselves (used in any dish) are called "barbecue sticks" in Philippine English, underlying how different the term "barbecue" is used in the Philippines in contrast to actual American barbecues (something most Filipinos are unaware of, as evidenced in the latter link).

Essentially, when Filipinos say "barbecue" we mean the satay - marinated small pieces of meat, skewered and grilled then usually brushed or dipped in a sauce. Western-style barbecues do exist in the Philippines and are arguably far more popular, but they are known under a very different Spanish-derived name: lechon -- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  17:42, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

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CNN source

 * The source you have provided is helpful and makes for good historical information for the prose in the section for Singapore on this article. But it also paints a picture of the dish no longer being ubiquitous as it once was in Singapore, unlike Malaysia or Indonesia where it originated, and in fact the location they referenced is the "last satay club" in the country. In other words, in the present day is a niche dish and not quite a dish associated with Singaporean cuisine as it exists today from a national or international perspective. Haleth (talk) 07:33, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Satti (food) into Satay
Appears to be the same topic (Satti/Satay) Spudlace (talk) 00:44, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Support merger to Satay. --Scudsvlad (talk) 14:50, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Merge Makes sense to me, especially because dishes with significant overlap make more sense in the greater context. It's helpful to readers unfamiliar with SE cuisines, and more interesting to people to are. Cheers, Estheim (talk) 06:50, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per above -- Lenticel ( talk ) 08:00, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Support --Heanor (talk) 09:14, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

March 2021
In 2003 this article is made to provide the information about satay, which is the Indonesian meat skewer, and according to the citation sources satay indeed originated from Indonesia. Thus, the short description should be remained the same, eventhough nowadays satay already became the associated cuisines among Southeast Asian nations. Thank you. Eiskrahablo (talk) 11:30, 15 March 2021 (UTC)
 * How or why the article was written in 2003 is irrelevant to the article as it exists today in 2021 and the issue beforehand. According to Austronesier, your idea of "summarizing" involves the "elimination of explicit mention of any countries other than Indonesia". This article is not about Satay in Indonesia. You also altered directly quoted text from the cited source, which is unacceptable per WP:V. So it's the same issue as in Talk:Ayam goreng from what I I see. Would be good to hear what the other editors think of your recent edits. Haleth (talk) 23:23, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

US President Jimmy Carter
"A popular misconception is that the term "satay" is a peanut sauce. Indeed, US President Jimmy Carter, whose personal wealth was founded on farming peanuts, famously changed his middle name to "Satay" in 1967 to honour the source of his fortune."

I don't contribute to wikipedia and I don't know how to edit or flag this, but this is unsourced and also the funniest claim i have ever seen on wikipedia. to whoever added this, thankyou, you are my hero. 180.150.80.138 (talk) 12:15, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Satay


text:
Oppido Lucano

Oppido Lucano (Oppidano: Òppete; Oppidum; Opinum) is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni of Acerenza, Cancellara, Genzano di Lucania, Irsina and Tolve.

Main sights

 * Church and Convent of St. Anthony
 * Rock church of St. Antuono
 * Norman castle, likely built in 1047-1051
 * Convent of Santa Maria del Gesù

People

 * Obadiah the Proselyte

title: Oppido Lucano


text:
Prairie Oyster

Prairie Oyster was a Canadian country music group from Toronto, Ontario. They were named Country Group or Duo of the year six times by both the Canadian Country Music Association (CCMA) and the Juno Awards. The band also won the Bud Country Fans' Choice Award from the CCMA in 1994. They have four No. 1 country singles in Canada, with an additional 12 singles reaching the Canadian Country Top 10. Eight of their albums have been certified gold or platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association, including the 1992 CCMA Album of the Year Everybody Knows.

While no formal announcement seems to have been made, the band is no longer touring nor are they maintaining their web site. Front-man Russell deCarle has been touring solo to promote a new album. Guitarist Keith Glass released his own solo album in 2013 and has been touring on his own as well as backing up other artists, such as Lynn Miles.

Biography
Prairie Oyster formed in 1974 in Toronto. As a trio, consisting of singer/bassist Russell deCarle (born 31 May 1954), guitarist Keith Glass (born 1952) and steel guitarist Dennis Delorme, they toured and performed on television, but did not record.

The band's name is taken from a slang term for bison, cattle, or sheep testicles. (See also the Wikipedia article on Rocky Mountain Oysters.)

They subsequently broke up in 1978.

In 1982, the band reunited, adding fiddler John P. Allen, keyboardist Joan Besen and drummer John Adames to the lineup. Bruce Moffat soon replaced Adames, and the group released its debut album, Oyster Tracks, in 1986 on Stony Plain Records. The album found its way to RCA Records executive Joe Galante, who signed the group after seeing them perform. RCA wanted the band to change their name, but they were already too well known. Prairie Oyster was named Country Group or Duo of the Year at the Juno Awards in 1986 and 1987.

Their first album for RCA, Different Kind of Fire, was released in 1990 in both Canada and the United States. On the success of the album, Prairie Oyster was named the CCMA Group or Duo of the Year in 1990 and 1991. They also won the Juno Award for Country Group or Duo of the Year in 1991. All four singles released reached the top 15 in Canada, including the top 5s "Goodbye, So Long, Hello," "I Don't Hurt Anymore" and "Something to Remember You By." The band didn't do as well in the United States however, with the highest-charting single peaking at No. 62. "Goodbye, So Long, Hello" was the CCMA Single of the Year in 1990. The following year, "Lonely You, Lonely Me" was named Song of the Year by the CCMA. In March 1991, the band received a nomination from the Academy of Country Music for Top New Group or Duo.

Prairie Oyster's third album, Everybody Knows, was released in 1991. The album featured four top 10 singles in Canada: "Did You Fall In Love with Me," "One Precious Love," "Will I Do (Till the Real Thing Comes Along)" and "Everybody Knows." Unfortunately, only one single charted in the U.S., "One Precious Love" (#51). Prairie Oyster won several CCMA Awards in 1992, including Album of the Year for Everybody Knows, Song of the Year for "Did You Fall In Love with Me," as well as their third straight win as Group or Duo of the Year. The Juno Awards also awarded them Country Group or Duo of the Year for the fourth time.

The band's fourth album, Only One Moon, was released in Canada on Arista Records in 1994. It would also go on to become their most successful. The first single, "Such a Lonely One," was also their first No. 1 in Canada. Two more singles released from the project also reached the top of the Canadian Country chart, "Don't Cry Little Angel" and the title track. Additional singles "Louisiette," "Black-Eyed Susan" and "Ancient History" all reached the top 10. They were named Group or Duo of the Year by the CCMA in 1994, 1995 and 1996, and won the Bud Country Fans' Choice Award in 1994. The Juno Awards also recognized Prairie Oyster as the Country Group or Duo of the Year in both 1995 and 1996.

Their fifth album, Blue Plate Special, was released in 1996. The first song released from the disc, "Unbelievable Love," reached No. 1. "One Way Track" was also a top 5, but follow-up singles peaked outside the top 10. Bohdan Hluszko replaced Bruce Moffat as the drummer on the album. The following year, Hluszko was fired from the band after coming out as transgender.

With the 1998 release of their sixth album, What Is This Country?, the group returned to the top 10 with the songs "Canadian Sunrise" (#5) and "Keep On Dreaming (#9). Charlie Cooley filled in as drummer for the band. Cooley is the father of Canadian actor Ryan Cooley.

The band released their first greatest hits album, String of Pearls: A Greatest Hits Collection, in 2000. The only song released from the project was "Man in the Moon," which had been re-recorded as a duet with folk singer-songwriter Jenny Whiteley.

Prairie Oyster re-surfaced in 2006 with the release of their latest album, One Kiss, on Open Road Recordings. So far the album has produced three singles, "Sweet Sweet Girl to Me" (written and originally recorded by Don Gibson), "Too Bad For Me," and a cover of Bob Dylan's "I Threw It All Away." The group continues to tour and perform at music festivals and clubs in Canada and the United States.

Prairie Oyster was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 2008.

In 2011 the band was presented with a SOCAN National Achievement Award.

The band is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.

Solo Projects
Russell deCarle currently tours and records with his solo group The Russell deCarle Trio, which play an eclectic mix of blues, jazz, country & western, Latin music, R&B and western swing. The current configuration of deCarle's band features him playing rhythm guitar instead of bass. In 2012, deCarle released his first studio album, "Under the Big Big Sky." The studio album was released by Universal Music. In 2015, one of deCarle's concerts was professionally recorded and later released as "Live At Loud Mouse Studios." Music critics have compared deCarle's solo recordings to other eclectic Country music and roots rock acts such as Chris Isaak, Willie Nelson, The Mavericks, Lyle Lovett, Raul Malo and Los Lobos.

Keith Glass currently performs with Canadian folk artist Lynn Miles and also with his group Keith Glass Band. In addition to working as a songwriter and producer, Glass is a music historian who wrote the liner notes for The Box Tops CD box set release entitled "The Original Albums 1967–69," which was released in January 2015 by Raven Records.

Discography

 * Albums
 * 1986 Oyster Tracks
 * 1990 Different Kind of Fire
 * 1991 Everybody Knows
 * 1994 Only One Moon
 * 1996 Blue Plate Special
 * 1998 What Is This Country?
 * 2000 String of Pearls: A Greatest Hits Collection
 * 2006 One Kiss

Solo discography

 * 2013 Bad Dog Keith Glass
 * 2012 Under The Big Big Sky Russell deCarle
 * 2015 Live at Loud Mouse Studios Russell deCarle
 * 2017 Alone in This Crowd Russell deCarle

Awards
Canadian Country Music Awards
 * 1990 Group or Duo of the Year
 * 1990 Single of the Year, "Goodbye, So Long, Hello"
 * 1991 Group or Duo of the Year
 * 1991 SOCAN Song of the Year, "Lonely You, Lonely Me"
 * 1992 Group or Duo of the Year
 * 1992 SOCAN Song of the Year, "Did You Fall In Love with Me"
 * 1992 Album of the Year, Everybody Knows
 * 1994 Bud Country Fans' Choice Award
 * 1994 Group or Duo of the Year
 * 1995 Group or Duo of the Year
 * 1996 Group or Duo of the Year

Juno Awards
 * 1986 Best Country Group or Duo
 * 1987 Best Country Group or Duo
 * 1991 Best Country Group or Duo
 * 1992 Best Country Group or Duo
 * 1995 Best Country Group or Duo
 * 1996 Best Country Group or Duo

SOCAN Awards
 * 2011 National Achievement Award

Nominations
Academy of Country Music
 * 1990 Top New Vocal Duo or Group

title: Prairie Oyster


text:
I-Cybie

i-Cybie (爱赛比) is a robotic pet that resembles a dog. It was manufactured by Silverlit Toys Manufactory Ltd Hong Kong from 2000 to 2006. i-Cybie was developed for commercial distribution by Tiger Electronics. Outrageous International Hong Kong distributed the electronic pet from 2005 to 2006. The i-Cybie robotic dog responds to sound, touch, movement, and voice commands. The toy robot can autonomously recharge its batteries using a special docking station. I-Cybie was the first mass-produced toy that used advanced voice recognition technology.

Features
i-Cybie has 16 built-in motors which allow 16 degrees of freedom. There are three CPU’s—the main Toshiba TMP91C815F for motion control and for mood calculation, a SunPlus Technology CPU used for audio playback, and an RSC 364 used for voice recognition and recording. i-Cybie is constructed using 1400 parts, and more than 90 feet of wire. The robot uses a suite of sensors to determine mood and behavior.
 * Dimensions
 * Height: 11 in
 * Width: 8 in
 * Length: 12 in
 * Weight: about 4 lbs
 * Light Sensor (nose)— for motion detection in "guard" mode.
 * Infrared Obstacle Detector (chest array)—for collision avoidance and edge detection. The chest array is also used to communicate with other toys (robo-chi, i-Cybie) and for receiving remote commands.
 * Touch Sensors (back button, head button, nose button)— influence the i-Cybie's moods and behavior.
 * Microphones (4)—three microphones are used to hear sharp sounds and one is used to discriminate voice. The robot can localize the direction of a sharp sound and move towards it. I-Cybies can recognize spoken commands and respond in a specific manner. Voice recognition features biometric authentication. Voice recognition is activated by the head contact sensor or by the remote control unit.
 * Orientation Sensor—the robot can detect whether it has fallen over. The orientation sensor also contributes to the robot's mood.
 * Encoders (12)- three per leg, position legs.
 * Dynamic Drive feedback-it can sense when its limbs are jammed and take action to free itself.
 * Light Sensor (back)— for use in mood and behavior calculations. The light sensor can also detect petting and can initiate behavior.

Basic Functions
i-Cybies can be programmed to respond to the voice commands of a specific user. Voice control is a form of speech recognition that is "speaker dependent". The RSC 300/364 microcontroller can process commands in any spoken language and features biometric authentication. There are 8 voice commands listed in the manual allowing the user to initiate 8 different behavior categories. In addition to voice, i-Cybies can hear sharp sounds and localize the general direction of the source. It can also count the number of hand claps given in clap command mode (play mode) and respond with the same number of barks. i-Cybie can also detected when it has fallen over and automatically stand back up. It has the ability to detect when it is in a confined space or if it has become snagged against an obstacle. i-Cybie can "see" movement when in guard mode (motion detection) using a light sensor in its nose and it can also detect ambient light levels and movement using a light sensor in its back. i-Cybie uses several gaits for walking and among its numerous actions it can sit, roll on its side, and stand on its head. Other features include edge detection (a special mode) and collision avoidance. i-Cybie can detect its battery charge and will shut down when battery power is low or if equipped with a Walk Up Charger and programmable cartridge it will automatically seek out its charger and recharge itself.

i-Cybie uses five states or "moods" to determine autonomous behavior: happy, sad, sleepy, sick, and hyper. Moods are calculated based upon the cumulative count of interactions derived from the sensors. Users can tell the current mood/state by eye color, posture and type of behavior (i.e. yawning when sleepy or peeing when sick). I-Cybie is advertised as developing or evolving according to the environment and user treatment.

i-Cybie accepts signals from an infrared remote control unit (RCU) and was designed to “communicate” with Silverlit's robo-chi toys by transmitting and receiving IR signals using its chest array. There are several modes that are specific to the remote including play, stay, and guard mode. The remote is also used for "training" the robotic toy's voice recognition feature and for setting the pause mode.

Cartridge
I-Cybies were originally sold with a "dummy" cartridge inserted in a programming port on the robot's right side. A fully programmable cartridge was included with the Silverlit Downloader and Walk Up Charger accessories which were sold separately (they were later bundled with the robot). The cartridge adds specific actions for navigation to the Walk Up Charger and a special charger approach routine. It can also be programmed with the Silverlit Downloader accessory to expand the robot's autonomous behavior with actions that are not part of i-Cybie's standard suite. With a programmable cartridge inserted i-Cybie can sense its battery charge and if it is low, the robot will autonomously locate its charger and dock. After charging the i-Cybie will back away from the charger and resume autonomous operation. Tiger Electronics programmable cartridges were populated with two 1 Mbit SST39vf010 chips with a total capacity of 256KB of flash ROM. The cartridge stores extra motion data and can be used to store additional audio files. (Late cartridges are populated with a single 2 Mbit SST39vf200 chip which will not program successfully in a standard Super iCybie). Late single chip carts can now be programmed by an updated SIC. A new CROMINST is available in the downloads of www.icybie.net16.net, which can be used to create a SIC which can program single chip carts, but the SIC MUST be an older style, dual-chip dog, as making a SIC from a single chip dog is as yet untested. In addition, a new walkup cart firmware was identified, indicating the newer single chip dogs may have a different firmware to the older i-cybie.

Custom personalities
Although i-Cybies were designed to be programmed to individual tastes, Silverlit and Hasbro (Tiger Electronics' parent company) provided little support for development of this feature beyond the release of the Downloader and associated Downloader software. Faced with this deficit, users developed their own tools for modifying the robot's behavior. A group of dedicated modders and hackers provided unofficial support for i-Cybie during its early years on the market. The result was that a number of software and hardware tools were created to allow users to manipulate i-Cybie's behavior.

YICT (Yanni Idolizes iCybie Tweeking) is a program based on the reverse-engineering efforts of a robot enthusiast known as "Aibopet" and is one of the user-developed tools designed to program a cartridge using either a Silverlit Downloader or a Super-i-Cybie. An exploration of the functions allowed in YICT has revealed details about i-Cybie's programming logic and action categories that are not part of the general documentation. YICT also allows users to add more actions to each mood and change the overall behavior. The YICT version 2.02 software contains a number of personalities for users to build upon (example: the Z/2 personality) and is a major source for early user group developed personalities.

Super-I-Cybie
It is possible to hack Tiger/Silverlit model i-Cybies and make them capable of writing directly to a programmable cartridge without the use of the downloader. This modified i-Cybie is called a "Super" i-Cybie (SIC) by its creator Aibopet. In general, the hack involves soldering a communications port to traces near the main CPU and installing a boot loader (CROMINST) that has been pre-loaded on a programmable cartridge. The one time process makes it possible for the robot to be programmed with a new personality and to serve as a programmer (downloader) for other i-Cybies. Users have noted that the Outrageous International i-Cybie cannot be hacked in this manner. A Super i-Cybie can also be completely reprogrammed in C language "from the ground up" with a user developed software development kit (ICSDK) to create new firmware.

Firmware and hardware
The i-Cybie firmware was designed by Micom tech HK on behalf of Tiger. Research by i-Cybie Fans has determined that Hasbro owns the firmware rights, having acquired Tiger. There appear to be three models of i-Cybie; 88011 (Tiger/Silverlit), 88012 (Silverlit) and 88013 (Outrageous/Silverlit). Each model displays minor differences in component arrangement and structural detail and there are several circuit board versions for each model. It is not generally known whether there is a noticeable difference in firmware between models based on these differences.

History
The Hong Kong based Toy Company Silverlit built the prototype i-Cybie and presented it at the 1999 American International Toy Fair in New York City. The early prototypes looked very similar to Sony’s ERS-110 in appearance but were meant to compete at a significantly lower consumer price. Tiger Electronics acquired the rights to distribute i-Cybie in 2000 and spent more than 2 million dollars to further develop the robot. Tiger subsequently redesigned the prototype i-Cybie to make it look more like a dog and less like the AIBO ERS 110. A team of programmers led by Andy Filo reprogrammed i-Cybie to walk, interact, and to exhibit lifelike characteristics. The electronic pet was first released in January 2001.

Originally i-Cybies were sold with a plug-in charger, a remote, a rechargeable 12 volt nickel metal cadmium battery and a “dummy” cartridge. In 2002 the Walk Up Charger and the Downloader, each sold with a programmable cartridge, were released as accessories. Daniel Kehoe optested the pilot voice recognition software prior to that year’s holiday season, and approved for mass distribution. The robotic toy was offered in two colors; metallic blue and metallic gold. In 2002 new shell options were offered including black, white, and transparent. The price point for i-Cybie was set at US$200, significantly less than the price for its chief robotic competitor at the time, the Sony AIBO ERS 111, then priced at more than US$1500. The i-Cybie robotic pet was set to be on the shelves in December 2000 in time for the seasonal increase in consumer spending. However, difficulties in development caused Tiger Electronics to postpone the initial release to early 2001. Soon after its debut consumers reported that an "error" in the original quick start manual instructed owners to charge the batteries ten hours. The time was not consistent with the recommended charge time for the charger (300ma) and the battery (800mah) released with the robot. The reported error allegedly resulted in some batteries being overcharged by users and rendered useless. Negative customer reviews may have effected some sales. Silverlit appears to have addressed this issue with the release of a "smart" battery charger accessory by 2002 and a higher capacity nickel metal hydride battery. Tiger Electronics discontinued support for i-Cybie soon after its release due to poor sales. Silverlit continued to support the robot and released new shell options, a Walk-Up Charger and Downloader as promised upgrades.

In 2004, a small California-based online store named Buy-Cybie.com (also later under the name Buy-Robot) distributed newly-manufactured i-Cybie dogs with minor improvements; namely including the Z-Cybie personality cartridge. i-Cybie dogs from this production run are nearly identical, the only notable differences being the lack of Tiger or Hasbro logos on the shipping box (replaced with only Silverlit logos) and a manual that no longer informs the user to charge the battery for 10 hours.

Outrageous International Hong Kong relaunched i-Cybie in 2005 with the promise of improved features and a rumor circulated among i-Cybie fan sites of a new furry "x-Cybie" shell option for 2006. Although some Outrageous i-Cybies were made, only a few were released with fur (flock) covering. In 2006 the product was listed as discontinued in Western markets but some Chinese websites still list new i-Cybie's available for sale in China. As of Spring 2014, Silverlit still offered support for the robot and carried the Walk Up Charger, Downloader and other accessories for i-Cybie at their international 3deshop website.

Throughout its production run i-Cybies were compared to Sony's Aibo entertainment robots. Although both devices share many features, in general AIBOs are more mechanically complex and they have a more powerful and versatile CPU. The AIBO series also use a vision system that is capable of tracking color and they possess a comparatively large suite of behavior that takes advantage of their vision abilities. Beyond its infrared collision avoidance, the i-Cybie does not have a vision system and its behavioral suite is comparatively limited. However, the i-Cybie pioneered features found in later robotic pets such as speech recognition and autonomous recharging.

Soon after i-Cybie's release a small user group community developed with the intent of enhancing i-Cybie's features. Although some success was made in creating tools to manipulate the toy robot's software, lack of official support and development led the community to eventually disband.

Education
Because of the low cost versus technological capabilities, i-Cybies have been used by universities to teach programming and robotics. Notable examples include the work of France Cadet, an artist and Associate Professor & Chair (Art & Technology department) at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Known for her robotic and bio-oriented multi-media installations, Cadet has featured i-Cybies in many of her art exhibits worldwide. Natalie Jeremijenko's Feral Dogs Project teaches students ecology at the University of California San Diego using i-Cybies modified with pollution sensors to seek out chemicals. Recently (prior to 2010) inventor Andy Filo was interviewed and commented "[i-Cybie] is still probably one of the most complex toys that was ever sold on the toy isle".

title: I-Cybie


text:
Digi International

Digi International, Inc. is an American Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology company with headquarters based in Hopkins, Minnesota. The company was founded in 1985 and went public as Digi International in 1989. The company initially offered intelligent ISA/PCI boards (the 'DigiBoard') with multiple asynchronous serial interfaces for PCs. Multiport serial boards are still sold, but the company focuses on embedded and external network (wired and wireless) communications as well as scalable USB products. The company's products also include radio modems and embedded modules based on LTE (4G) communications platforms.

Acquisition history
Since going public, Digi International has acquired a number of companies.
 * 2021 Digi acquired Ventus Holdings.
 * 2021 Digi acquired Ctek, a company specializing in remote monitoring and industrial controls.
 * 2021 Digi acquired Haxiot, a provider of wireless connection services.
 * 2019 Digi acquired Opengear.
 * 2018 Digi acquired Accelerated Concepts, a provider of secure, enterprise-grade, cellular (LTE) networking equipment for primary and backup connectivity.
 * 2017 Digi acquired TempAlert, a provider of temperature and task management for retail pharmacy, food service, and industrial applications.
 * 2017 Digi acquired SMART Temps, LLC, a provider of real-time food service temperature management for restaurant, grocery, education and hospital settings as well as real-time temperature management for healthcare.
 * 2016 Digi acquired FreshTemps, temperature monitoring and task management for the food industry.
 * 2015 Digi acquired Bluenica, Toronto-based company focused on temperature monitoring of perishable goods in the food industry.
 * 2012 Digi acquired  Etherios a Chicago-based salesforce.com Platinum Partner.
 * 2009 Digi acquired Mobiapps a fabless manufacturer of satellite modems on the Orbcomm satellite network.
 * 2008 Digi acquired Spectrum Design Solutions Inc. for $10 million, a design services company specializing in Wireless Design technologies.
 * 2008 Digi acquired a European manufacturer of cellular router products, Sarian Systems Ltd. for $30.5 million.
 * 2006 Digi acquired MaxStream, a company that specialized in wireless technology primarily for embedded electronics is purchased for $38.8M.
 * 2005 Digi acquired FS Forth-Systeme GmbH (Breisach, Germany) and Sistemas Embebidos S.A. (Logroño, Spain), manufacturers of embedded processor modules using Net Silicon and other processor platforms.
 * 2005 Digi acquires Rabbit Semiconductor a manufacturer of Z180 based silicon, embedded modules and Single Board Computers.
 * 2003 Digi acquired Embrace Networks a provider of EDP micro-client technology.
 * 2002 Digi acquired Net Silicon a fabless manufacturer of ARM-based microprocessors with a focus on networking.
 * 2001 Digi acquired Decision Europe a French company with its brand name Xcell Technology for the serial TCP/IP products and Remote Access Server.
 * 2000 Digi acquired Inside Out Networks, a manufacturer of USB connectivity solutions based in Austin, Texas. The company as a brand of Digi International functioned until 2006 when it was phased out, and all Inside Out products are now branded as Digi.
 * 1998 Digi acquired ITK International, Inc. (ITK), a Dortmund, Germany provider of open systems, remote access for small- and medium-sized businesses, including a Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP).
 * 1998 Digi acquired Central Data Corp, Champaign, IL.
 * 1991 Digi acquired Arnet Corp.

title: Digi International


text: File:Ghost-screenshot.png

title: File:Ghost-screenshot.png


text:
Talk:Sonnenstein (Ohm Hills)

is this relevant? shouldn't this be deleted? I mean, what use could anybody ever have of this information. I might as well list this pond behind my house as having a depth of 2 meters and a diameter of 20 meters. I will move for deletion. --jonasaurus 05:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonnenstein (Ohm Hills)


text:
Steven T. Kuykendall

Steven T. Kuykendall (January 27, 1947 – January 22, 2021) was an American politician and Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 36th congressional district from 1999 to 2001 in the 106th Congress. He defeated Democrat Janice Hahn in the 1998 election with 49% of the vote. He was narrowly defeated for re-election in 2000 by his predecessor Jane Harman, who had relinquished her seat to run for Governor in 1998. Kuykendall was the only freshman congressman to be defeated for re-election in 2000.

Life and career
A resident of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, Kuykendall was born in McAlester, Oklahoma. He studied at Oklahoma City University and earned his MBA from San Diego State University. Kuykendall also served in the United States Marine Corps for two tours in the Vietnam War.

Political career
Prior to becoming a congressman in 1999, Kuykendall was a member of the California State Assembly between 1994 and 1998. He was elected to the Assembly by defeating incumbent Betty Karnette.

In 1998, he successfully waged a campaign for Congress and served in the 106th Congress from January 3, 1999, to January 3, 2001. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 2000. In the US House, Kuykendall served on the Armed Services, Science, and the Transportation and Infrastructure Committees.

Kuykendall ran again for the Assembly in 2004 but was unsuccessful. He also served on the Rancho Palos Verdes City Council from 1991 to 1994, holding the position of mayor in 1994. His political archives were donated to the California State University, Long Beach library.

In 2012, he ran for the newly created 47th congressional district. He placed third in the jungle primary and did not make the November runoff, which was won by Democrat Alan Lowenthal.

In January 2021, Kuykendall signed a letter calling on Republicans to impeach President Donald Trump after the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.

Death
He died of pulmonary fibrosis on January 22, 2021, in Long Beach, California at age 73.

title: Steven T. Kuykendall


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 17, 2005


text:
Talk:Valentyna Shevchenko (politician)

Biography
Шевченко Валентина Семенівна

Національний фонд соціального захисту матерів і дітей "Україна - дітям", почесний президент

БІОГРАФІЯ

Кандидат педагогічних наук, член Наглядової ради.

Народилась 12 березня 1935 р. у м. Кривий Ріг Дніпропетровської області.

Освіта вища, у 1960 р. закінчила Київський університет ім. Т.Шевченка. Кандидатська дисертація "Особливості пізнавальних інтересів підлітків та основні шляхи їх зміцнення в позакласній роботі" (Київський педагогічний інститут, 1972 р.).

З 1954 р. - старша піонервожата, вчитель, секретар Криворізького МК ЛКСМУ.

З 1960 р. - секретар Дзержинського РК КПУ м. Кривого Рогу.

З 1962 р. - секретар ЦК ЛКСМУ.

З 1969 р. - заступник міністра освіти УРСР.

З 1972 р. - голова президії Українського товариства дружби і культурних зв'язків із зарубіжними країнами.

З 1975 р. - заступник Голови, з 1985 р. по 05.1991 р. - голова Президії ВР УРСР.

Пенсіонерка з 1991 р.

Депутат ВР УРСР 9-11 скликань. Депутат ВР СРСР 11 скликання.

У 1989-1991 рр. - народний депутат СРСР від Київського сільського національно-територіального виборчого округу № 34, член ВР СРСР.

З 09.1997 р. - почесний президент Національного фонду соціального захисту матерів і дітей "Україна - дітям".

Член ЦК КПУ з 1976 р., член Політбюро ЦК КПУ з 1985 р., член ЦК КПРС з 1986 р.

 * This is the english Wiki, so if you want others to take part in the discussion, you might want to use Latin letters. --dllu 15:49, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Valentyna Shevchenko (politician)


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 17, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 17, 2005


text:
User:Neuroscientist/Notes

Notes to Self.

Terri Schiavo Talks: The SlimVirgin edits.
The posts that follow are duplicates of responses to important issues that arose during the editing of the Terri Schiavo article on July 11, 2005.

The SlimVirgin edits (on the Introduction)
The new contributor has asked a number of questions, edited a number of sections, and made a number of charges.

I would like to address some of them. I have made the assumption that SlimVirgin is a woman.

The Introduction
The edited paragraphs may be seen here:.

In justifying the changes, she wrote:
 * I added to the intro what the autopsy report said about PVS, about her brain size, and about her blindess, as these are the key points, and belong in the intro, in my view. I also added that one neurologist who examined her dissented and called her condition a "minimally conscious state," as that's needed for NPOV and accuracy.

 * [The autopsy report] speaks directly to the issues being debated, and it's the most up-to-date solid piece of information there is. It seems obtuse not to mention its key findings in the intro. Regardless of who has criticized the neurologist who diagnosed minimally conscious state, he did make that diagnosis, and you have no right to pretend it doesn't exist, no matter how strongly you disagree with it. A neurologist counts as a reputable source for WP in matters of neurology, particularly as he examined her. The way I introduced the information made it clear that his was the minority, dissenting view.

She has made similar points elsewhere. There are a number of problems with this.

Firstly — and without prejudice to the substance of her edits — she has a different belief about the purposes of an introduction than many of the regular editors here do. I understand the introduction to a work of non-fiction to be those opening sentences that offer a broad overview of the subject that is being dealt with. It is factual — but does not encumber the reader with factoids. It is informative - but is not stuffed with trivia. It is graceful and inviting — and it cannot be if it is struggling to be clear and concise. It tells the reader the various topics he may expect to read about — but it will not if it focuses on one or two topics alone.

If I were commissioned to write an article about the solar system, I will not litter its introduction entirely with references to Saturn and Jupiter. These are important subjects in their own right, and they are crucial to an essay on the solar system — no one disputes that. But if my introduction to the solar system spoke ponderously about the mass of Jupiter and the nature of Saturnian rings, it fails.

Exactly as SlimVirgin's version of the Schiavo introduction fails.

The regular editors have been trying to craft a good introduction for quite some time, and recently there has been much progress. Prior to recent versions, the introduction essentially told the whole story from beginning to end, and was therefore quite large. There was a recent move to make it clearer and more concise, yet fair and accurate. We essentially want to say, simply, that this is the story of a young lady who had a devastating brain injury, whose loved ones had disagreements over what to do after that, that these disagreements happened over issues of great significance to all of us (such as end-of-life care, guardianship of the incompetent, etc), that at its height the story involved the highest levels of the executive and judicial branches of government, and that finally, a decision was made, and the young lady died.

That she had multifocal cortical laminar necrosis was fine and all, and true, no doubt, but these are matters that properly belong in the body proper, not the introductory remarks of an article.

Or so we thought.

Neuropathology
Secondly, I find difficulty with the substance of some of SlimVirgin's claims. For example, she claims that "the key points" are the "size" [sic] of Schiavo's brain, and "[Schiavo's] blindness" [sic].

This is incorrect. These were interesting findings that were made post-mortem, certainly; lay individuals without any education in neurology, neuropathology or neuroscience jumped at them. However, they are far from "the key points." If we generously take SlimVirgin's meaning of this phrase to be "the most important findings of the autopsy," then she is badly mistaken about them. The critical findings of the autopsy were the pathological condition of her cerebral cortex, in particular the profound, total loss of large pyramidal neurons and accompanying multifocal laminar necrosis; the pattern of gradient antero-posterior loss of cortical neurons; the damage to the thalami bilaterally; and the total loss of Purkinje cells from her cerebellum. I would also regard the relative sparing of her lower brainstem as very important.

The mass of Schiavo's brain on the other hand is simply a crude indication of the extent of damage that her nervous system endured. It has little, if any, intrinsic discriminatory value as a clinico-pathologic feature. In fact, focus on this aside has actually been misleading: witness the uninformed but all too common riposte that many people who underwent epilepsy surgery as children have lighter brains. This is true, but of course it has absolutely nothing to do with the functional capability of an adult brain wrecked by an anoxic insult that destroyed very many specialized regions. But the confusion persists. SlimVirgin seems to have been misguided by a similar confusion.

In fact, the comments that SlimVirgin has made elsewhere conclusively indicate that she has an exceptionally poor understanding of elementary neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neuropathology. On the Talk page of Grace Note, she writes,
 * However, if you read my intro, I also added the brain size from the autopsy report. I did that in order to make it clear that any diagnosis of reversible minimal consciousness was unlikely to have been correct. In controversial articles like this, and particularly in the intros, the facts have to be allowed to speak for themselves in a subtle way.

And further,
 * Sure, when you know the person only has a half a brain, consciousness in any meaningful sense — what we would call a subjective experience or perception of I — becomes increasingly unlikely. But they didn't know she only had half a brain at the time. It was all guesswork, some of it educated and probably right, some of it less so.

Now, I’d like to put this very gently, but I do not know how else to accurately convey it except to say that this person has absolutely, totally, completely , no idea of what she’s talking about. This is an example of the worst in Wikipedia, when complete, arrant nonsense serves as the basis for editorial decisions.

Brain size, per se, has no direct correlation with consciousness. At all. As I’ve just mentioned, there are children walking around after hemispherectomies who’re perfectly conscious and self-aware, and whom you’d never think had so much as sore thumb wrong with them. Yet, a person can lose a tiny amount of brain in the right spot, and simply die.

If we imagine a hypothetical (and horridly bizarre) situation in which SlimVirgin demands a craniotomy and has me remove parts of her brain just to see what happens, I can cause her to become completely paralyzed on one side of the body by removing a portion of brain not much larger than a quarter; I can cause her to go blind by nicking 3cm³ worth of nerves; I can cause her to be incapable of balance and always walk like a drunk by snipping of some fibers at the back of her brain; I could render her comatose by destroying a small bit of brain just above her pons; and I could stop her heart from beating and her lungs breathing by removing just a couple of cm³ worth of her medulla oblongata. I could also remove much larger portions of her brain elsewhere, and she’d hardly feel a difference.

The brain is not like the liver, where every cell is exactly like every other cell. The brain is exquisitely complex — and the clinical manifestation of any damage that occurs depends on precisely where the damage occurred, how fast it occurred, what cells were involved, and sometimes how old the patient was when it happened.

So if SlimVirgin insists that specific details from the autopsy must be provided in the introduction, then she would have to include the following, which are far, far more "key" than a crude and passing indication of cerebral injury:

1. total loss of large pyramidal neurons throughout the cortex; 2. multifocal cortical laminar necrosis; 3. gradient antero-posterior loss of cortical neurons; 4. damage to the thalami bilaterally; 5. total loss of Purkinje cells from her cerebellum; and 6. relative sparing of her lower brainstem.

These are the set of findings that speak to Schiavo's neurological condition, and the diagnosis that was central to the entire Schiavo story. If an editor insists that the introduction must contain details of the autopsy — and these by necessity have to be the most crucial details — then I will insist that the above details are included, for if other, minor details are included in their place I can only conclude that bias and “POV editing” are at play.

Whoever has to fit that into a readable introduction has both my very best wishes and my heartfelt sympathies.

Does everyone now understand why some things are better said in the body of an article rather than in the introduction?

Cortical blindness
SlimVirgin is also wrong when she writes,"The pathologists found massive celebral[sic] atrophy with a brain weight[sic] of 615 grams, roughly half that[sic] of the expected weight, and cortical blindness, indicating she had been unable to see."

This is nonsense, of course. Dr. Nelson did not "find" cortical blindness. He found that Schiavo's visual cortex had been severely damaged, such that it was exceedingly unlikely that Schiavo was capable of sight. Cortical blindness is the clinical correlate of severe destruction of the visual cortex. One does not "find" cortical blindness in an autopsy. One either finds it in life through clinical examination, or deduces it in death upon finding a destroyed visual cortex.

To conclude this section :

1. There are a number of factual errors in SlimVirgin's writings on the neuropathology of the Schiavo case.

2. She makes a logical error of the form:
 * A. Details X and Y are true about a subject P.
 * B. Details X and Y are important about a subject P.
 * C. Therefore, details X and Y  must  be mentioned in an introduction to an article on subject P.

C unfortunately does not follow A and B, and she has yet to show us why it must — especially when
 * I. in truth, she is very wrong about the details themselves,
 * II. Subject P in our case (Schiavo) has important details n → ∞

~ Neuroscientist | T | C → 05:41, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

The SlimVirgin edits (on Hammesfahr)
The new contributor's version of the introduction includes a reference to Hammesfahr's contention that Schiavo was in the MCS prior to her death.

There seems to be a little confusion about Hammesfahr, so I'll just paint a quick picture (no references here, but they are widely available on the net and in the Talk archives).

1. Did Hammesfahr examine Schiavo?
 * Yes, he certainly did. He also videotaped his examination, and the video was available to Judge Greer to scrutinize.

2. Is Hammesfahr a "real" neurologist? (Does she imagine we imagine he's imaginary?)
 * He is a board-certified neurologist (yes, I know, unbelievable, but there you go). He is however not a member in good standing of the American Academy of Neurology, and is the only one of the eight neurologists who examined Schiavo who isn't.

3. Is this guy a quack?
 * Many in the neurological community have, for years — and well before his involvement in the Schiavo case — considered Hammesfahr to be, er, highly unorthodox. In private conversation the term charlatan is often bandied about (although some have no qualms even on national broadcasts). For years, he has been claiming to treat patients with a diverse variety of ailments with completely unscientific treatments, with no evidentiary basis in the literature. He has never formally published the results in peer-reviewed journals¹, although he has managed to successfully get published in the National Enquirer as well as a journal magazine called Lifelines on whose board of editors he sits (and whose address, I believe, is his). It must be a matter of some regret to him that these prestigious works have not garnered him the applause of the people he thinks of as his professional colleagues.
 * ¹ A search of the entire electronic bibliographic database of the US National Library of Medicine, which contains a record of virtually every biomedical paper ever written in any indexed peer-reviewed journal in the past 50 years, discloses not one single paper by Hammesfahr, on any subject. Not one single one.

4. Is he a Nobel laureate?
 * He has claimed, for many years, to be a "nominee" for the Noble Prize "in Medicine" (the title varies: sometimes it's "Nobel Peace Prize in Medicine," whatever that means - both titles are bogus). This is an enormous load of pure, unadulterated horseshit. Charlatanism in the truest sense. I have elaborated on this elsewhere; more details are easily found online.

5. Is he a practising neurologist?
 * Unfortunately, I believe he is, yes.

6. Is what he says trustworthy?
 * Now, this is less straightforward. Just because he's blatantly lied in the past, and appears to continue to deceive people, does not mean he always lies. All claims must be examined on judged on their merits. In re Schiavo, Judge Greer had complete access to this guy's examination, and he did an excellent job as a judge - he studied everything first hand to determine its veracity. From his judgement,

 * "Dr. Hammesfahr testified... he gave 105 commands... Mrs. Schindler gave an additional 6 commands... he asked her 61 questions and Mrs. Schindler, at his direction, asked her an additional 11 questions. [total 183]. The court saw few actions that could be considered responsive to either these commands or those questions. While Dr. Hammesfahr testified that she squeezed his finger on command, the video would not appear to support that and his reaction on the video likewise would not appear to support that testimony."

 * "...It is clear that this therapy (vasodilatation therapy) is not recognized in the medical community. ...What undermines his [Hammesfahr's] credibility is that he does not present to this court any evidence... he offered no names, no case studies, no videos, and no tests [sic] results to support his claim that he had success in all but one of them. If his therapy is as effective as he would lead this court to believe, it is inconceivable that he would not produce clinical results of these patients that he has treated. And surely the medical literature would be replete with this new, now patented, procedure. Yet, he has only published one article and that was in 1995 involving some 63 patients, 60% of whom were suffering from whiplash. (Note: I believe this to be a publication of the infamous Lifelines journal.)

 * "It is clear from the evidence that these therapies [hyperbaric oxygen and vasodilatation] are experimental insofar as the medical community is concerned with regard to patients like Terry [sic] Schiavo which is borne out by the total absence of supporting case studies or medical literature. ...The other doctors, by[sic] contrast, all testified there was no treatment available to improve her quality of life. They were also able to credibly testify that neither hyperbaric therapy nor vasodilatation therapy was an effective treatment for this sort of injury."

So there you go. The Judge decided he wasn't credible. Note that this is not the same as deciding that Hammesfahr had a valid point of view, but the others' view was more sound; this decision impeached the credibility of Hammersfahr's findings.

This issue is a lamentable part of the Schindler story. I will never understand how, with all that external funding and advice, they managed to pick him. (I have said before that I wished they'd chosen Cheshire or someone like him from the start; although I disagree with them, they deserved their day in court and this charlatan screwed up any hope they had).

Hammesfahr's credibility issues add a layer of difficulty for others (like us) who're trying to maintain a NPOV. If the disagreement was legitimate, then the solution is clear: include the legitimate "minority opinion," as SlimVirgin puts it, in the introduction. However,  no legitimate alternative diagnosis was made here : as Greer's example illustrates, Hammesfahr gave Schiavo something like 180+ commands, and she seemed to make some sort of response, that was not clearly non-reflexive, in a very small handful (IIRC from other sources, approx 5); with this and similar observations, Hammy said she was MCS.

Greer did not simply say that Hammesfhar had no evidentiary support for his methods in the literature. He threw out  the credibility  of Hammersfahr's  clinical observations , and since a diagnosis, PVS or MCS, rests on the integrity of those observations, Greer in effect has shown that no clinically sound, legitimate alternative diagnosis has ever been made.

Now, this is very different from finding that one clinician made observations that were legitimate and consistent with a suspicion of the MCS, but that since 7 other physicians didn't, and the MCS diagnosis requires reproducibility, then the opinion of the 7 is more likely to be true than the opinion of the one. That is not what happened in Schiavo: Greer found one physician's clinical observations to be not credible.

So I understand Fuel's and Duckecho's reticence to include reference to Hammesfahr in the introduction. They were not opposing divergent points of view in the introduction, and anyone who has been involved with this article for any length of time would know that they’ve supported versions of the introduction in the past that included many divergent PsOV. But they are opposed to this particular fellow, and as I’ve shown there are excellent, fair reasons to hold that view.

Having said that, I would now like to enter a defense — of SlimVirgin.

SlimVirgin on Hammesfahr: a defense
We must bear in mind the version of the introduction SlimVirgin happened upon. In part, it went like this:

 * (December 3, 1963–March 31, 2005), was a St. Petersburg, Florida woman whose medical circumstances and attendant legal battles led to landmark court decisions, historic legislative initiatives, and intense media attention.

 * On February 25, 1990, Schiavo (pronounced SHY-voh, International Phonetic Alphabet: ) suffered severe brain damage from cerebral hypoxia, after experiencing cardiac arrest from an undetermined cause. She briefly lapsed into a coma, then passed into an irreversible persistent vegetative state (PVS) as determined by more than a half dozen neurologists, and so remained the last 15 years of her life.

It is easy to see why some contend this violates the NPOV. The sentence in bold goes to quite a bit of effort to enter into details, but seems to present details that are "in favor" only of one side of the dispute.

I can understand SlimVirgin's attack on the introduction (in a way I cannot with some of her other editing efforts). She was trying to introduce what she perceives to be the NPOV - and it is a view that will likely be shared by many, many others.

Now, objection to SlimVirgin's editing of the introduction has thus far centered mainly on its undesirability from a literary and stylistic standpoint. I concur with this criticism, as my first post above will make clear. However, by that same standard, I suggest that the version she came upon was really not much better.

Seriously guys, don't you think this is clunky?
 * She briefly lapsed into a coma, then passed into an irreversible persistent vegetative state (PVS) as determined by more than a half dozen neurologists, and so remained the last 15 years of her life.

It does exactly what we say we've been trying to avoid. It has detail that is best dealt with in the body of the article. It has unnecessary numbers. How is numbering the neurologists different from numbering the brain mass? If you feel mention of Purkinje fibers is out of place in the introduction, why is mention of the number of neurologists relevant?

A proposed solution
I think there is a way out of this. Ann and I demonstrated it a few days ago, as a matter of fact.

 We can all find a way to agree on a version of an article, without agreeing on our reasons for it .

I am going to ask Fuel and Duck and Ghost and Proto and every one of the other regular editors to agree to work on creating a better introduction. A few days ago, there was a version of the sentence now under dispute that had been chiseled from the hard stone of many arguments, and had come to stand the test of time (for a Wiki). It avoided the "POV issue" by simply being simple, and not getting into numbers or unnecessary detail. I really like that sentence for my own reasons. Ann likes it for hers. Duck and Fuel and some others may prefer another version, but I think they can live with that one, and maybe even like it. A bit.

If I'm reading SlimVirgin's attack on the intro correctly, she moved because she perceived the introduction to violate the NPOV. Most of her assumptions were wrong. But not all of them. If we move around a fair objection by writing a sentence that cannot be seen as biased, I sincerely believe she will lay down her sword.

Please consider this:
 * Despite heroic resuscitative measures, she suffered severe brain damage from the ensuing cerebral hypoxia, briefly lapsed into a coma, and spent the remaining 15 years of her life in a condition diagnosed as an irreversible persistent vegetative state (PVS).

What say thee?

~ Neuroscientist | T | C → 05:41, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

The SlimVirgin edits: Actions & Intentions
I have addressed in the preceding posts the SlimVirgin edits to the introduction.

It is possible to go through each further edit in turn, methodically, and to show that they are in some instances excellent, and in others woefully ill-informed, or weak.

I do not have the time to do this.

I will address only some issues in this post, and mainly confine the following questions and remarks to certain events that I do not yet fully understand.

We have lost one exceptionally valuable, bold, hardworking editor in this absurd flare-up. I hope there aren't anymore blocks, including of the new contributor (can admins nevertheless get blocked?). There are however a few observations to be made about this incident.

Firstly, I would like to say that I think SlimVirgin was well within her rights to edit the page in the manner she did. Wiki policy is slanted toward encouraging bold editing, and the nature of the Wiki is such that edits are to be expected — they are inevitable.

However, I do not think the manner SlimVirgin went about this was wise, nor fruitful. The same page that promotes boldness also says:

 * But please note: be bold in updating pages does not mean that you should make large changes or deletions to long articles on complex, controversial subjects with long histories, such as Israeli-Palestinian conflict or Abortion. In many such cases, the text as you find it has come into being after long and arduous negotiations between Wikipedians of diverse backgrounds and points of view. An incautious edit to such an article can be akin to stirring up a hornet's nest, and other users who are involved in the page may react angrily. Even so, the editing of glaring grammatical errors is welcome.

 * If you encounter an article on a controversial subject that you would like to edit, it's a good idea to first read the article in its entirety, read the comments on the talk page, and view the Page history to get a sense of how the article came into being and what its current status is.

 * If you are an experienced Wikipedian, you will probably have a good sense of which edits will be accepted, and which should be discussed first.
 * (all emphases mine)

Now, some background first. User:SlimVirgin is not new to Wikipedia. If the boast on her user page is to be believed (and I see no reason it shouldn't be), she is in fact an extremely experienced Wikipedian, with some 12,000 edits to her name. A look at the subjects she's been involved with discloses wide experience with a slew of highly controversial articles.

She is also an administrator.

At the time SlimVirgin edited the Schiavo article, she was perfectly aware of its controversial nature.

She was perfectly aware that it was so controversial it was in an ongoing Mediation. In fact, just before she began her work on Schiavo, she was involved in adjudicating a dispute between two regular Schiavo editors over, of all things, a revert war.

She then came over, and did this.

Now, I completely and totally agree with SlimVirgin that that picture gives the misleading impression that more words were changed than was really the case, because of paragraph movements. However, I also think it's absurd to suggest this wasn't in fact a  major  edit. In an article like Terri Schiavo, where almost every single sentence and paragraph has been passionately argued over, waltzing in and rewriting the entire introduction is itself a major edit — especially since even a cursory look at the Talk page and archives would have disclosed it was actually undergoing active editing and discussion at the time.

It was not in any way wrong to go right ahead and edit, but would it not have been more sensible (and courteous) to simply join the discussion first? Rewriting the entire introduction that other editors have worked on is not a minor edit. No one should have to tell a 12,000-edit veteran this.

But even so, I know that this was not what provoked the revert war. When SlimVirgin had completed editing the introduction, Duckecho was online, and he posted a bemused remark on my Talk page. It was a parenthetical afterthought:
 * (by the way, take a look at the intro edit made just a few minutes ago. It'll make you want to cry.) Duckecho (Talk) 16:25, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

I seriously doubt he was going to revert it, especially since random Wikipedians have even in recent days made "drive-by" changes to the introduction that he found absolutely silly, but nevertheless didn't even touch.

But then SlimVirgin did something rather extraordinary. She "locked" the page with a "Major Edit" tag (irony) for 1 hour, 31 minutes, while she went through the page "copy editing."

This was incredible.

Many of the changes were minor, and involved removing embedded notes within the article. However, fantastically, even as she removed embedded notes — and she has since decried their use on the Talk page — she actually placed many embedded notes into the article herself. What gives?

Worse, her notes, criticisms, and suggestions — and some of them, I thought, were excellent — could more easily, more clearly, and more effectively been placed in Talk. Why did she go through her extraordinary “copy edit,” instead of simply setting up a nice post in Talk enumerating her concerns? We could all have had a jolly good go at them, accepted the excellent suggestions, talked about the rest, and referred the genuinely disputed to the mediation page. It would have been swell. What happened?

I do not know, and faced with the standing of this individual on Wikipedia, I’m unable to explain it.

One reason that occurred to me was simply principle. That is to say, she was determined to push the principle that Wiki is open to bold editing, no matter how controversial the article. Fair enough. However, when the very wise Proto suggested a very similar action to posting in Talk, she readily agreed. This is mystifying — was this really so inapparent a solution on July 11?

SlimVirgin claims the "copy edits" she made were all free of error (of both fact and grammar), with the implication that they should simply have been accepted. After one of the first reverts, she said "you are reintroducing all the errors." Leaving aside the hubris it must take to say that, the claim of course was simply untrue. I have already shown that her assumptions of fact in her version of the introduction are riddled with error; further, there are constructions of hers that are most aptly described with one of her favored phrases: "awkward English."

But the problems are not limited to the introduction. Many of the further edits are problematic (and, as I’ve also repeatedly said, others are very good — if she’d done this smartly, she’d have gotten support not only from me and many of the others, but probably also from Duck and Fuel).

I have already said I have no time at the moment to write out a response to each and every one of her edits. If fellow editors would like my thoughts, I may be able to get back to this later in the week, but this is unlikely. This episode has taken a lot out of my enthusiasm for Wikipedia.

My final impressions here are that this User demonstrated very, very,  very  poor judgment by doing what she did. She had a right to do it, but there are some things which are very dumb to do, even when one has the right to do them. A simple post on Talk, a simple gesture of courtesy to the regular editors, could have prevented this whole mess. Now there is ill-feeling between her and the two editors who reverted her, and at least one of them — an excellent, bold, intelligent, and hardworking editor — is blocked.

He was blocked for some of his actions which are indefensible, yes.

But great responsibility falls on the shoulders of the 12,000-edit administrator who doesn’t seem to have learned the corollary to the Wiki call to be bold: do not be reckless. ~ Neuroscientist | T | C → 05:52, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Neuroscientist/Notes


text:
File:FIF-Quantity Is Job 1.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Five Iron Frenzy EP Quantity Is Job 1.

Licensing
Source

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text:
User:Jd4508

Jd4508 is a native of Washington, DC and is currently a student at Middlebury College.

title: User:Jd4508