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Jewish hat

The Jewish hat, also known as the Jewish cap, Judenhut (German) or Latin pileus cornutus ("horned skullcap"), was a cone-shaped pointed hat, often white or yellow, worn by Jews in Medieval Europe. Initially worn by choice, its wearing was enforced in some places in Europe after the 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran for adult male Jews to wear while outside a ghetto to distinguish them from others. Like the Phrygian cap that it often resembles, the hat may have originated in pre-Islamic Persia, as a similar hat was worn by Babylonian Jews.

Modern distinctive or characteristic Jewish forms of male headgear include the kippah (skullcap), shtreimel, spodik, kolpik, and kashkets; see also Hasidic clothing.

Shape
The shape of the hat is variable. Sometimes, especially in the thirteenth century, it is a soft Phrygian cap, but rather more common in the early period is a hat with a round circular brim—apparently stiff—curving round to a tapering top that ends in a point, called the "so-called oil-can type" by Sara Lipton. Smaller versions perching on top of the head are also seen. Sometimes a ring of some sort encircles the hat an inch or two over the top of the head. In the fourteenth century a ball or bobble appears at the top of the hat, and the tapering end becomes more of a stalk with a relatively constant width. The top of the hat becomes flatter, or rounded (as in the Codex Manesse picture). The materials used are unclear from art, and may have included metal and woven plant materials as well as stiffened textiles and leather.

By the end of the Middle Ages the hat is steadily replaced by a variety of headgear including exotic flared Eastern style hats, turbans and, from the fifteenth century, wide flat hats and large berets. In pictures of Biblical scenes these sometimes represent attempts to portray the contemporary dress of the time worn in the Holy Land, but all the same styles are to be seen in some images of contemporary European scenes. Where a distinctive pointed Jewish hat remains it has become much less defined in shape, and baggy. Loose turbans, wide flat hats, and berets, as well as new fur hat styles from the Pale of Settlement, remain associated with Jews up to the eighteenth century and beyond.

History

The origin of the hat is unclear, although it is often seen as ultimately evolving from the same origin as the mitre, perhaps from late Roman styles, which may themselves derive from the hats of ancient Persian clergy. Hats worn (by Pharaoh's advisors, among others) in the illustrations to the Old English Hexateuch, a manuscript of around 1030, have been seen as an early form, and they appear in the Mosan Stavelot Bible of 1097.

The first recorded instance of a “Jewish hat” or “Judenhut” was around the 11th century in the Flanders region. The wearing of these distinctive hats originate from European Christians who wore such hats before mandating that it become a symbol for European Jews. According to Sara Lipton, "The few surviving early medieval references to Jewish clothing likewise suggest that Jews dressed no differently from their Gentile neighbor".

In Europe, the Jewish hat was worn in France from the eleventh century, and Italy from the twelfth. The Gniezno Doors were probably made in Germany around 1175, and two Jewish merchants depicted on the doors wear them. Under Jewish law, observant Jews should keep their heads covered almost all the time, and indeed men of all religious groups tended to wear hats when outside in the Middle Ages to a much greater extent than today.

Unlike the yellow badge, the Jewish hat is often seen in illustrated Hebrew manuscripts, and was later included by German Jews in their seals and coats of arms, suggesting that at least initially it was regarded by European Jews as "an element of traditional garb, rather than an imposed discrimination". The hat is also worn in Christian pictures by figures such as Saint Joseph and sometimes Jesus (see below). However, once "made obligatory, the hat, hitherto deliberately different from hats worn by Christians, was viewed by Jews in a negative light". A provincial synod held in Breslau in 1267 said that since Jews had stopped wearing the pointed hats they used to wear, this would be made compulsory.

The Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 ruled that Jews and Muslims must be distinguishable by their dress (Latin "habitus"), the rationale given being: "In some provinces the dress of Jews and Saracens distinguishes them from Christians, but in others a degree of confusion has arisen, so that they cannot be recognised by any distinguishing marks. As a result, in error Christians have sexual intercourse with Jewish or Saracen women, and Jews and Saracens have intercourse with Christian women. In order that the crime of such an accursed mingling shall not in future have an excuse and an evasion under the pretext of error, we resolve that (Jews and Saracens) of both sexes in all Christian lands shall distinguish themselves publicly from other people by their dress. According to the testimony of scripture, such a precept was already made by Moses (Lev.19.19; Deut.22.5.11)".

Local regulations
However, not all European medieval monarchs followed these pontifical resolutions. King Andrew II of Hungary (1177–1235), ignored on several occasions demands from the Pope, which gained him excommunication twice. At that time many Jews were in royal service. The excommunications even forbade Andrew II from being present at his daughter Elisabeth of Hungary's canonization in Germany. The hat was mostly found north of the Alps, despite some of the earliest examples being seen in Italy, and was not found in Spain.

Additional rules were imposed by local rulers at various times. The council decision was confirmed by the Council of Vienne of 1311–12. In 1267 the hat was made compulsory in Vienna. A doctor was given a temporary dispensation from wearing it in Venice in 1528, at the request of various distinguished patients (at the time in Venice each profession had special clothing rules). Pope Paul IV ordered in 1555 that in the Papal States it must be a yellow, peaked hat, and from 1567 for twenty years it was compulsory in Lithuania, but by this period it is rarely seen in most of Europe.

As an outcome of the Jewish Emancipation its use was formally discontinued, although it had been declining long before that, and is not often seen after 1500; the various forms of the yellow badge were far more long-lasting. This was an alternative form of distinguishing mark, not found in Europe before 1215, and later reintroduced by the Nazis. It was probably more widely required by local laws, for example English legislation concentrated on the badge, which took the form of the two Tablets of the Law. In some pictures from all parts of the Middle Ages, rabbis or other Jewish leaders wear the Jewish hat when other Jews do not, which may reflect reality.

Such examples of this hat-wearing can be seen nearly 350 years after the Fourth Lateran Council. Regions divided into many states, such as Renaissance Italy and Germany, had local laws in this as in other fields, leading to difficulties for travellers who might not be aware of the local regulations. For example, in Italy a Leone Segele was arrested in Lodi for wearing a black hat, as was acceptable in his home city of Genoa, instead of a yellow one, required in Lodi. These dress codes became a normal part of what it meant to be a Jew living inside Catholic dominated European societies.

In a late addition to local rulings, the very strict and locally unpopular Counter Reformation Pope Paul IV ordered in 1555 that all Jews in Rome were required to wear the yellow hat "under the severest penalties." When he died, his statue, erected before the Campidoglio just months before, had a yellow hat placed on it (similar to the yellow hat Paul IV had forced Jews to wear in public). After a mock trial, the statue was decapitated. It was then thrown into the Tiber.

In art
The Jewish hat is frequently used in medieval art to denote Jews of the Biblical period. Often the Jews so shown are those shown in an unfavourable light by the story being depicted, such as the money-changers expelled by Jesus from the Temple (Matthew 21:12–17), but this is by no means always the case. The husband of Mary, Saint Joseph, is often shown wearing a Jewish hat, and Jesus himself may be shown wearing one, especially in depictions of the Meeting at Emmaus, where his disciples do not recognise him at first (Luke.24.13-32). Sometimes it is used to distinguish Jews from other peoples such as Egyptians or Philistines. It is often depicted in art from times and places where the hat does not seem to have actually been commonly worn by Jews, "as an external and largely arbitrary sign devised by Christian iconographers", one of a number of useful visual ways of identifying types of persons in medieval art. In notable contrast to forms of Jewish badge, the Jewish hat is often seen in Hebrew manuscript illuminations such as Haggadot made in medieval Europe (picture above). In the Birds' Head Haggadah (Germany, c. 1300), the figures wear the hat when sitting to eat the Passover Seder.

However, in Christian art the wearing of the hat can be sometimes be seen to express an attitude to those wearing it. In one extreme example in a manuscript of the Bible moralisée, an illustration shows the rod of Aaron, which has turned into a serpent, turning on the Pharaoh's magicians (Exodus, 7:10-12); Moses and Aaron do not wear the hat but the Egyptian magicians do, signifying not that they are Jews, but that they are like Jews, i.e. on the wrong side of the dispute. The paired roundel below shows two tonsured clerics confronting a group of hat-wearing Jews, and has a Latin caption explaining "Moses and Aaron signify good prelates who, in explaining the words of the Gospel, devour the false words of the Jews". In another scene showing the conversion of Jews and other non-Christians at the end of the world, a series of figures show different stages of removing their hats to signify the stages they have reached in their conversion, so that "the hat does not just identify Jews; it functions independently of its placement to signify infidelity and recalcitrant Jewishness". Other scenes in Christian art where some characters often wear it include the Circumcision of Christ and Saint Helena Finding the True Cross, where the medieval legend specified a Jewish character. The Jewish hat worn in reality was probably less pointy than is usually shown in art.

William III the Brave (1425–1482) of Meissen, minted a silver groschen known as the Judenkopf Groschen. Its obverse portrait shows a man with a pointed beard wearing a Judenhut, which the populace took as depicting a typical Jew.

Transfer
When the plague broke out in 1349, Jews were expelled from much of German-speaking Europe. The pointed hat which had formerly been used to depict Jews, now was also used for other outcasts. Naomi Lubrich claims that the pointed hat was transferred in iconography to criminals, pagans, and other non-Christian outsiders, in particular sorcerers and dwarfs. Among the examples are laws, for example in Hungary in 1421, according to which people convicted of sorcery were forced to put on a Jewish hat for public shaming.

Regulated dress for Jews in the Islamic world
For dhimmis to be clearly distinguishable from Muslims in public, Muslim rulers often prohibited dhimmis from wearing certain types of clothing, while forcing them to put on highly distinctive garments, usually of a bright colour. These included headgear, though this was not usually the primary element. At some times the regulated dress of Christians and Jews differed, at others it did not. As in Europe, the degree to which the recorded regulations were enforced is hard to assess, and probably varied greatly.

Islamic scholars cited the Pact of Umar in which Christians supposedly took an obligation to "always dress in the same way wherever we may be, and… bind the zunar [wide belt] round our waists". Al-Nawawi required dhimmis to wear a piece of yellow cloth and a belt, as well as a metallic ring, inside public baths.

Regulations on dhimmi clothing varied frequently to please the whims of the ruler. Although the initiation of such regulations is usually attributed to Umar I, historical evidence suggests that it was the Abbasid caliphs who pioneered this practice. In 850 the caliph al‑Mutawakkil ordered Christians and Jews to wear both a sash called a zunnar and a distinctive kind of shawl or headscarf called a taylasin (the Christians had already been required to wear the sash). He also required them to wear small bells in public baths. In the eleventh century, the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim, whose various extreme decrees and actions are usually attributed to mental illness, ordered Christians to put on half-meter wooden crosses and Jews to wear wooden calves around their necks. In the late twelfth century, Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf ordered the Jews of the Maghreb to wear dark blue garments with long sleeves and saddle-like caps. His grandson Abdallah al-Adil made a concession after appeals from the Jews, relaxing the required clothing to yellow garments and turbans. In the sixteenth century, Jews of the Maghreb could only wear sandals made of rushes and black turbans or caps with an extra red piece of cloth.

Ottoman sultans continued to regulate the clothing of their non-Muslim subjects. In 1577, Murad III issued a firman forbidding Jews and Christians from wearing dresses, turbans, and sandals. In 1580, he changed his mind, restricting the previous prohibition to turbans and requiring dhimmis to wear black shoes; Jews and Christians also had to wear red and black hats, respectively. Observing in 1730 that some Muslims took to the habit of wearing caps similar to those of the Jews, Mahmud I ordered the hanging of the perpetrators. Mustafa III personally helped to enforce his decrees regarding clothes. In 1758, he was walking incognito in Istanbul and ordered the beheading of a Jew and an Armenian seen dressed in forbidden attire. The last Ottoman decree affirming the distinctive clothing for dhimmis was issued in 1837 by Mahmud II. Discriminatory clothing was not enforced in those Ottoman provinces where Christians were the majority, such as Greece and the Balkans.

title: Jewish hat


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sagal issak

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Sagal issak
Non-notable vanity. Complete text: Sagal is a woman  reknown for her incredible beauty, adventurous spirit and her endless love for her husband Remco Bovlb 04:04:28, 2005-07-13 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable vanity. —Cleared as filed. 06:01, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 08:41, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy nn vanity royblumy 21:46, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete rampant vanity, undoubtedly written by Sagal or Remco. --Etacar11 23:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - non-notable / vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  19:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User:Falcorian

title: User:Falcorian


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Talk:Saturn I SA-2

How on earth is 109,000L == 86,000kg? Surely it's meant to be 109,000kg? bblow u u budda pa

dubious - length of flight
Just as with SA-2 (Apollo), 2 minutes is too short of a time for the entire flight. This is probably time to peak altitude. Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 01:57, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * If you read the articles or the sources, you can see that the rocket (the two upper stages rather) were detonated two minutes into the flight. So nothing really "landed" after two minutes obviously, that's just when the flight was terminated. KimiNewt (talk) 13:57, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The info box gives a "landing" at April 25, 1962 14:02:37 UTC. That needs to be fixed then.  Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 14:40, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, there isn't any other option in the infobox, so it's either leaving it as landing and adding some note or just removing it, the mission duration is there anyway. Let the kids do some arithmetics, your call. KimiNewt (talk) 23:33, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * If there was no landing, I think it is misleading to say that there was a landing at that specific time. Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 23:37, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saturn I SA-2


text:
Talk:Sydneysider

moved this article to sydneysider as "sydneysider" gets by far the larger number of google hits vs. sydneyite (17,500 vs 894) and is the most common current use, and therefore should reside at sydneysider as per our naming conventions clarkk 04:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Sydneyite? Never heard the word
I've lived in Sydney for most of my 52 years and this Wikipedia article is, as far as I can recall, the first time I have ever heard the word 'Sydneyite'. As far as I know, Sydneysider is the only accepted term. (Alpheus 12:46, 6 November 2005 (UTC))

For what it's worth, I'm 15, I've lived in Sydney all my life and I've never heard the term Sydneyite, ever. M.C. Brown Shoes 04:47, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sydneysider


text: Template:User bn-2

title: Template:User bn-2


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Go For Wand

Go For Wand (April 6, 1987 – October 27, 1990) was a champion American thoroughbred racehorse.

Go For Wand was sired by Canadian Hall of Famer Deputy Minister, out of Obeah (winner of, among other races, the Blue Hen Stakes, and the Delaware Handicap twice). She was foaled and raised at Jane du Pont Lunger's Christiana Stables. As a two-year-old, she had a record of three-for-four before winning the 1989 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies. Her performances earned her the 1989 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Two-Year-Old Filly.

As a three-year-old, she was seven-for-nine and was voted the 1990 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three-Year-Old Filly. In 1990 at Belmont Park she ran against the Argentinian mare Bayakoa in the Breeders' Cup Distaff. Go For Wand was leading by a head at the sixteenth pole when she suffered an open fracture to her right cannon bone. She fell to the track and threw jockey Randy Romero to the ground before rising to limp on three legs. Track personnel caught her and got her to lie down, and she was immediately euthanized on the track. The next day, she was buried in the infield at Saratoga racetrack.

Like the death of Ruffian at the same track, the accident was shown by NBC on live television, and reminded viewers of that promising filly who was fatally injured on the track. Several veterinarians estimate that she broke her leg about twelve strides before she fell, which would mean that she suffered her catastrophic injury while passing the flagpole next to which Ruffian was buried.

In 1992, the Maskette Stakes, a Grade 1 handicap race for fillies and mares, was renamed the "Go For Wand Handicap" in her memory.

She is listed as #72 by Blood Horse on their list of top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century and in 1996 was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

As part of the "Thoroughbred Legends" series, in 2000, author Bill Heller published a book about the filly titled "Go For Wand." - Eclipse Press (ISBN 1-58150-046-7)

title: Go For Wand


text:
List of radio stations in Manitoba

The following is a list of radio stations in the Canadian province of Manitoba,.

title: List of radio stations in Manitoba


text:
Blast from Your Past

Blast from Your Past is a compilation album by English rock musician Ringo Starr, released on Apple Records in 1975. It is both Starr's first compilation LP and his final release under his contract with EMI. It was also the last album to be released on the Beatles' Apple label until it was revived in the 1990s.

The album provides an overview of Starr's most successful period as a solo artist. The songs include his RIAA gold-certified singles "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" and "You're Sixteen", and other international hits such as "Back Off Boogaloo" and "Only You". The album peaked at number 30 on the US Billboard pop LPs chart but failed to chart in the UK.

Content
Blast from Your Past provides an overview of Starr's musical achievements as a solo artist during the first half of the 1970s. The album compiles eight singles, one B-side, and one album track, all released between 1970 and 1975. All eight of the singles charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US; "Photograph" and "You're Sixteen" each hit number 1, while all of them but "Beaucoups of Blues" made the top ten. Five of the songs charted in the United Kingdom, where the non-album single "Back Off Boogaloo" was the highest placed, at number 2. "Early 1970" was the B-side to "It Don't Come Easy", another non-album single, and "I'm the Greatest" was taken from the album Ringo. "Oh My My", "Photograph" and "You're Sixteen" were taken from Ringo also, and "No No Song" and "Only You (And You Alone)" first appeared on Goodnight Vienna.

Release and reception
The album was released in the US on 20 November 1975, and 12 December in the UK. The latter was issued with a red Apple label. The sleeve for the album was designed by Roy Kohara. In the UK, Apple issued "Oh My My", backed with "No No Song", as a single on 9 January 1976, to promote the compilation and also because both of the songs had appeared there only as album tracks. As with John Lennon's recently released Apple compilation, Shaved Fish, the sales of Blast from Your Past were disappointing. The album failed to chart in the UK and peaked at number 30 in the US.

In his review for the NME, Bob Woffinden wrote that few observers would have expected Starr to have amassed enough hit songs for a greatest hits set five years after the Beatles' break-up, given that he had sung and written little during the band's career. Woffinden criticised the brevity of the album, however, and said that, since only four of the tracks had been significant chart successes in the UK, and many of the songs had not been issued as singles there, "why should [Starr] now consider an album of American 45s a going proposition in Britain?" Writing in their book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, Roy Carr and Tony Tyler also commented on its "short weight" nature, saying: "the tracks total no more than half-an-hour. Both sides together, that is."

Blast from Your Past was reissued in the US by Capitol Records in September 1981, while in the UK it was released by the budget label Music for Pleasure on 25 November 1981. The album was issued on compact disc in the UK on 26 May 1987 and in the US on 18 January 1988.

All the tracks from Blast from Your Past appear on Starr's 2007 career-spanning compilation album Photograph: The Very Best of Ringo Starr.

title: Blast from Your Past


text:
Talk:Blast from Your Past

Fair use rationale for Image:BlastPastRSCover.jpg
Image:BlastPastRSCover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 14:27, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blast from Your Past


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Somos' quadratic recurrence constant

In mathematics, Somos' quadratic recurrence constant, named after Michael Somos, is the number

 * $$\sigma = \sqrt {1 \sqrt {2 \sqrt{3 \cdots}}} =

1^{1/2}\;2^{1/4}\; 3^{1/8} \cdots.\,$$

This can be easily re-written into the far more quickly converging product representation

 * $$\sigma = \sigma^2/\sigma =

\left(\frac{2}{1} \right)^{1/2} \left(\frac{3}{2} \right)^{1/4} \left(\frac{4}{3} \right)^{1/8} \left(\frac{5}{4} \right)^{1/16} \cdots,$$

which can then be compactly represented in infinite product form by:

 * $$\sigma = \prod_{k=1}^{\infty} \left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^{\frac{1}{2^k}}.$$

The constant σ arises when studying the asymptotic behaviour of the sequence

 * $$g_0 = 1\, ; \,g_n = n g_{n-1}^2, \qquad n > 1,\,$$

with first few terms 1, 1, 2, 12, 576, 1658880, ... . This sequence can be shown to have asymptotic behaviour as follows:

 * $$g_n \sim \frac {\sigma^{2^n}}{n + 2 + O(\frac{1}{n})}. $$

Guillera and Sondow give a representation in terms of the derivative of the Lerch transcendent:

 * $$\ln \sigma = \frac{-1}{2} \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial s}\!\left( \frac{1}{2}, 0, 1 \right)$$

where ln is the natural logarithm and $$\Phi$$(z, s, q) is the Lerch transcendent.

Finally,

 * $$\sigma = 1.661687949633594121296\dots\;$$.

title: Somos' quadratic recurrence constant


text:
Talk:Knapsack

Merge
See Talk:Backpack. --Smack (talk) 04:08, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knapsack


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It Isn't, It Wasn't, It Ain't Never Gonna Be

"It Isn't, It Wasn't, It Ain't Never Gonna Be" is a duet recorded between Aretha Franklin and Whitney Houston, and appeared on Franklin's 1989 album Through the Storm. The song was released on June 10, 1989, as the second single from the album by Arista Records.

The original album version was written by Albert Hammond and Diane Warren and produced by Narada Michael Walden, and the re-mixed version was produced by Teddy Riley. In the US, the single reached No. 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 5 on the R&B Singles chart. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at No. 29.

Critical reception
AllMusic editor William Ruhlmann retrospectively panned "It Isn't, It Wasn't, It Ain't Never Gonna Be", calling it "an embarrassing failure for both Franklin and the previously pop-perfect Whitney Houston."

Versions

 * Album Version – 5:37
 * Single Edit – 4:49
 * Single Remix/Teddy Riley Mix – 4:02
 * Extended Remix – 6:12
 * Hip Hop Remix – 4:57
 * House Radio Mix – 5:05
 * New Jack Swing Dub Mix – 6:20
 * After Hours Club Mix – 7:35
 * 1989 Vogue Dub Mix

Personnel

 * Aretha Franklin – lead vocals, vocal engineer
 * Whitney Houston – lead vocals
 * Walter "Baby Love" Afanasieff – co-producer, keyboards, synth bass, drum programming
 * Narada Michael Walden – producer, arrangements
 * Ren Klyce – Fairlight CMI programming
 * Karen "Kitty Beethoven" Brewington, Melisa Kary – backing vocals
 * Lincoln Clapp – engineer
 * David Frazer – engineer, mixing engineer
 * Dana Jon Chappelle – additional engineer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Akj

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Akj
Google search on name yeilds nothing as spelled, and very little as google suggest it be spelled. However thare are two groups under the second spelling and I know next to nothing about sikhism. So, Delete, but open to information. brenneman (t) (c) 04:08, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established, promo. JamesBurns 08:43, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn royblumy 21:45, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable / vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  19:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Akj


text:
Being Bobby Brown

Being Bobby Brown is an American reality television series that debuted on Bravo on June 30, 2005.

Premise
The series depicts the life of R&B singer Bobby Brown, his then-wife, pop/R&B superstar Whitney Houston, and their family. The program showcases the family's home time, along with shopping at the famed Harrod's of London (where they met with the owner Mohamed Al-Fayed), and vacationing in the Bahamas.

The program ran on Thursdays, but on occasion aired several times through the week. The series was extremely popular throughout its run and received the highest ratings ever for the Bravo network. The show also continued Houston's unbroken string of hit motion pictures and television projects. The highly rated show ran for only one season and ended after Houston stated she would not appear in a second season; thus, Bravo and Brown could not reach an agreement to continue the show.

Home media
A spokesperson for Bravo has told various news outlets that the series will be kept in the Bravo archives.

In popular culture
Houston popularized the phrase "Hell to the no" on the series and was nominated for a VH-1 "Big In '05 Award" for "Quote of the Year". This phrase also appeared on T-shirts. The Soup television series also featured Houston loudly shouting "Kiss my ass!" as a running gag, naming it its "Clip of the Year".

Reception
Entertainment Weekly gave the series a good review with a grade of "B" and commented on how relaxed the couple is with each other and the cameras filming their every move.

One reviewer, Barry Garron, however, wrote that Being Bobby Brown', the reality show spotlighting the R&B singer whose rap sheet might be longer than his catalog, is undoubtedly the most disgusting and execrable series ever to ooze its way onto television." Garron also noted that the show contained remarks regarding sexual and excretory functions.

Despite the so-called train-wreck nature of the show, the series was extremely popular, winning its time slot, and gave Bravo its highest ratings ever.

title: Being Bobby Brown


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Hyde Park Corner (shopping centre)

Hyde Park Corner is a shopping centre in Johannesburg, South Africa.

It is located in Hyde Park at the major intersection of Jan Smuts Avenue and William Nicol Drive. It was completed in November 1969 and built by Murray & Roberts Construction, now renamed Concor.

It was one of the first fully enclosed decentralised shopping centres in South Africa.

It houses permanent mosaic artworks by historically significant South African artists and hosts the yearly Rotary International Art Fair.

title: Hyde Park Corner (shopping centre)


text: Template:User bn-3

title: Template:User bn-3


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Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle

The Panzerkorps Feldherrnhalle was a German army corps (panzer corps) that fought on the Eastern Front during the Second World War. It was formed of Sturmabteilung (SA) members. Unlike the Waffen-SS, Feldherrenhalle operated under the Wehrmacht Heer.

History
The Panzerkorps Feldherrnhalle was formed on 27 November 1944 by redesignating IV. Armeekorps which had been destroyed on the Eastern Front in August during the Soviet Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive, Its corps units came from Sturm-Division "Rhodos" ("Assault division 'Rhodes'") and Panzer-Grenadier-Brigade 17. The corps was first deployed in Hungary in February 1945.

The panzerkorps surrendered to the US Army at the end of the war.

Orders of battle

 * Battle of Debrecen, Hungary, October 1944
 * As "60th Panzergrenadier-Division Feldherrnhalle"

 * Division Stab
 * Füsilier-Regiment Feldherrnhalle
 * Grenadier-Regiment Feldherrnhalle
 * Panzer-Abteilung Feldherrnhalle
 * Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung Feldherrnhalle
 * Artillerie Regiment Feldherrnhalle
 * FlaK-Bataillon Feldherrnhalle
 * Pionier-Bataillon Feldherrnhalle
 * Nachrichten-Kompanie Feldherrnhalle

 * Budapest, Hungary, February 1945
 * As Panzer-Division Feldherrnhalle 1

 * Division Stab
 * Panzer-Regiment Feldherrnhalle
 * Panzer-Battalion
 * Panzergrenadier-Battalion (half-track)
 * schwere Panzer-Abteilung Feldherrnhalle
 * Panzergrenadier-Regiment Feldherrnhalle
 * Panzerjäger-Abteilung Feldherrnhalle
 * Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung Feldherrnhalle
 * Pionier-Bataillon Feldherrnhalle
 * Artillerie-Regiment Feldherrnhalle
 * Nachrichten-Kompanie Feldherrnhalle

 * Operation Spring Awakening, Hungary, March 1945
 * As Panzerkorps Feldherrnhalle

 * Korps Stab
 * Korps-Füsilier-Regiment Feldherrnhalle
 * Schwere-Panzer-Abteilung Feldherrnhalle''
 * 404. Artillerie-Regiment
 * 404. Panzer-Pionier-Bataillon
 * 44. Panzer-Nachrichten-Bataillon
 * Panzer-Feldersatz-Regiment Feldherrnhalle
 * Panzer-Division Feldherrnhalle 1
 * Panzer-Division Feldherrnhalle 2

title: Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle


text:
Eldridge v British Columbia (AG)

Eldridge v British Columbia (AG), [1997] 3 SCR 624, is a leading decision by the Supreme Court of Canada that expanded the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms under section 32 of the Charter.

Each of the appellants in this case was born deaf; their preferred means of communication was sign language. They contended that the absence of interpreters impaired their ability to communicate with their doctors and other health care providers, and thus increased the risk of misdiagnosis and ineffective treatment. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that sign language interpreters must be provided in the delivery of medical services where doing so is necessary to ensure effective communication.

title: Eldridge v British Columbia (AG)


text:
Becton Regional High School

Becton Regional High School (formally Henry P. Becton Regional High School) is a four-year comprehensive public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from Carlstadt and East Rutherford, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the Carlstadt-East Rutherford Regional School District. Students from Maywood attend the school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Maywood Public Schools.

Becton Regional High School is accredited by the New Jersey Department of Education and has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools since 1938.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 771 students and 58.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.2:1. There were 134 students (17.4% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 32 (4.2% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

History
A fire in October 1966 destroyed half of the former East Rutherford High School.

The district was created with the passage of a referendum in June 1968.

The new high school was named in honor of Henry Becton, chairman of Becton, Dickinson and Company who donated part of the company's original East Rutherford property to be used as a site for the construction of the school. Constructed on a 2.6 acres site, the building was designed to accommodate an enrollment of 1,100 students and was completed at a cost of $4.3 million (equivalent to $ million in )

The building opened in September 1971 with 800 students in attendance.

Becton Regional HS has science labs, a two-floor media center and technology hub, and a gymnasium and weight facility. The building recently underwent a $28 million renovation, which included enhancements to its technology infrastructure, heating & cooling, and security system.

In March 2020, the Maywood Public Schools received approval from the New Jersey Department of Education to end the relationship it had established with the Hackensack Public Schools in 1969 to send students to Hackensack High School. Maywood will begin transitioning incoming ninth graders to Henry P. Becton Regional High School beginning in the 2020–21 school year. The transition would be complete after the final group of twelfth graders graduates from Hackensack High School at the end of the 2023–24 school year.

Awards, recognition and rankings
In 2018, the New Jersey Department of Education (NJDOE) recognized Henry P. Becton Regional High School as a model high school based on recent academic success and career-focused programs. The NJDOE stated, "Henry P. Becton Regional High School instituted a more flexible and diversified class schedule, a common lunch period, career-focused internship and dual enrollment programs and digital learning upgrades focused on innovation across the curriculum. As a result, their graduation rate increased over 13 percentage points over the past 4 years."

The school was the 202nd-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 150th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 150th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 138th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 145th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state.

Schooldigger.com ranked the school 193rd out of 376 public high schools statewide in its 2010 rankings (a decrease of 30 positions from the 2009 rank) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the language arts literacy and mathematics components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).

Location
The school is located on Paterson Avenue, near the border of Carlstadt, and near Route 17.

Extracurricular activities
The school mascot is the Wildcat, and its colors are maroon and white. The school's newspaper is the weekly Cat's Eye View, and the yearbook is The Tealeaf. The school also publishes Images, an annual art and literary magazine.

Recent school musicals and plays have included Grease which was performed in March 2017, Little Shop of Horrors in 2016, and A Tough Act to Follow in 2015. The school is slated to put on "Seussical: The Musical" in 2024.

Becton has clubs and activities for students, including Horticulture Club, Political Science Club, Gaming Club, cheerleading (football), marching band & music activities, Debate, Environmental Club, Girls Helping Girls, Italian & Spanish Honor Society, Key Club, Math League, National Honor Society, Robotics Club, Science Olympiad, Student Council, Theatre Arts Club/play, and yearbook.

Athletics
Becton offers the following competitive team and individual sports: cross country, football, girls' and boys' soccer, girls' and boys' tennis, volleyball, wrestling girls' and boys' basketball, bowling, softball, baseball, and boys' and girls' track.

The Henry P. Becton Wildcats participate in the North Jersey Interscholastic Conference, which comprises small-enrollment schools in Bergen, Hudson, Morris and Passaic counties, and was created following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 357 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group I for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 75 to 476 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group II North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 478 to 672 students.

The school participates as the host school / lead agency in joint girls soccer and boys tennis teams with Wallington High School. These co-op programs operate under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.

The football team won the NJSIAA North I Group I state sectional championship in 1974 (awarded by the NJSIAA) and 1993, and won the North II Group I title in 2003. The 1993 team finished the season with a 10–1 record after winning its first sectional playoff title with a 21–14 victory in the North I Group I championship game against Pompton Lakes High School. The team won the 2003 North II, Group I state sectional championship with a 24–0 win over Bogota High School in the tournament final. Becton has maintained a rivalry with Wallington High School since the two schools first played each other in 1973, which was listed by The Record as one of the best in Bergen and Passaic counties; through the 2017 season, Becton leads with a 15–5 record in games between the two schools.

The wrestling team won the North I Group I state sectional championship in 1996 The team won back-to-back league championships in 2008-09 and 2009–10. They also were the District 15 champions and Garfield tournament champions. The Wildcats were also voted the 2010 Bergen County Group I/II team of the year.

The 2002 baseball team won the North I, Group I state title, edging Weehawken High School 7–6 in the final game. The team won for the second consecutive year in 2003, defeating Waldwick High School 2–1 in the tournament final. The team made it a threepeat in 2004, with a 5–2 win in the title game against Verona High School.

The boys' cross country team won the 2003-2005 BCSL National titles and the 2005 Bergen County D title. The girls' cross country team won the 2005-07 BCSL National titles.

Since 2000, the bowling team has won the following titles:
 * BCSL National champions: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011
 * Bergen County Group 1-2: 2007
 * State sectional title, North I, Group I: 2012
 * State Group I champion: 2007

Controversy
In 1994, the school made efforts to allow a handicapped athlete to compete using a wheelchair in track events against able-bodied runners. The effort was rejected by a New Jersey judge who ruled against the district.

Administration
The school's principal and superintendent is Dario Sforza. His core school administration team includes the assistant principal.

Notable alumni

 * E. J. Barthel (born 1985), fullback who played for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League
 * Marc Rizzo (born 1977, class of 1995), lead guitarist of Brazilian Metal band Soulfly

title: Becton Regional High School


text:
Talk:Jewish hat

Untitled
Not sure if a different English term exists for this or not. If so, it should be merged/moved. -Tydaj 04:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Judenhut seems to be the most common name. Saintswithin 12:22, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

I changed "Jewish hat" to "Jew hat", a more precise translation of Judenhut, both grammatically and in register. Nasorenga 20:54, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

I changed it to "Jew's hat" for the same reasons! Really the article should be moved to "Jewish hat", as used by Norman Rose & Shreckenburg etc. Johnbod 18:42, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Painting
A Swedish painting of a Danish king holding a Swedish town for to ransom features a Jewish merchant wearing a Judenhut. Just in case anybody might find it interesting. Valentinian T / C 19:32, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks; I do find it interesting. Itzse 23:33, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Preserved Judenhuts?
Are Judenhuts known only from written descriptions and illuminated manuscripts, or are there any beaten-up old examples of actual Judenhuts in museums?--Pharos 16:03, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure I saw an example that has survived - I think from Italy - on the web, but have not been able to find it again. In general medieval clothes, especially of non-royals, are vanishingly rare. Johnbod 13:26, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Harun al-Rashid in 807
I have removed this bit, which had a fact tag, as though a belt and badge are referred to in several fairly good-quality online references, I can see no such references for the hat (apart from many that look to be derived from WP): "In 807 Harun al-Rashid ordered all Jews living as dhimmi under Muslim rule to wear yellow, pointed hats and yellow belts." Johnbod 15:04, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

"Jewish hat" or "Judenhut"
I think that, it was incorrect to rename this article to "Jewish hat". While "Jewish hat" is an exact translation of "Judenhut"; this article doesn't talk about a Jewish hat; it talks about a particular hat worn by Jews, which was then called the "Judenhut" and is of important historical interest. The new name waters down the historicity of this article.

I think with time someone will come along and think that this article deals with hats worn by Jews; and add here a few other ones (e.g. Hasidic hats); then someone will correctly rename this article to "Jewish hats"; which is totally not the objective of this article. Itzse 23:28, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It was only called "Judenhut" in German-speaking areas, when it was worn all over Europe and beyond. "Jewish hat" is the term used by the best modern sources. The lead para is clear enough - other Jewish hat types have their own articles. Johnbod 23:35, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * True, it originated in Germany, but although at first it literally meant "Jewish hat"; it subsequently took on a life of its own and was called by everybody, even by non-German speaking people as the "Judenhut".

 * In the late fifteenth century the ruler of Meissen; issued a groschen coin depicting a man (presumably a Jewish man), that circulated for about 30 years and it was and still is known as the "Judenkopf groshen". Even for English speaking historians (like me) "Judenhut" preserves its originality, and in my opinion "Jewish hat" should be its secondary name, only used for explanation. Itzse 00:07, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have any evidence it was called a "Judenhut" outside German lands at the time? It sounds unlikely to me. Most contemporary references are of course in Latin. Norman Roth & Schreckenberg use Jewish hat. Johnbod 00:13, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a fair question. That’s why I explained that the historical coin depicting a Jew wearing a Judenhut is called nowadays by all numismatics with its original name "Judenkopf groschen"; not "Jew" or "Jew head" "groschen". "Judenhut" might not be exactly the same, but I wanted to weigh in with some historical details that few have. I just don't have the time to go digging for the evidence which is very scarce; but hopefully the "Judenkopf groschen" which for that I have documentation that I can easily dig up is enough. I'm only expressing my opinion on something that very few have dabbled with. My point is that nowadays, the term "Jewish hat" is used only for translation of its meaning, not as its real name. I still am openminded enough and might be wrong; thanks. Itzse 00:31, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok. You'll see at the top, btw, I raised the matter here on Oct 9, & then waited until Oct 26 before moving it, with no comments in between. I think from your page you were on a break then? Glad somebody else is watching it anyway. Johnbod 01:34, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * You acted appropriately with ample time to hear any objections. I like to voice my opinion on things that matter to me, or I think I have some knowledge about; and did so when I noticed it. I'm not saying, it has to be so; but rather that this is the way I see it; and that if you or anyone else sees any merit in what I'm saying, then good; if not, then it's also ok.
 * I hope to upload a picture of the Judenkopf groschen as soon as I get it photographed; I think it might liven up this article. Itzse (talk) 18:29, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Antisemitism !?
I really fail to see why this comes under antisemitism.Surely thats ridiculous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.21.204.72 (talk) 21:43, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

cut
Unreferenced, & probably from a modern period: "There is also a rothwellish type of skullcap called the fidder. Rothwellish as in from the Israeli town of Rothwell(mayored by James Oliver). This fidder is made of sheep's wool and is water resistant." Johnbod (talk) 03:38, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

RfC
An RfC: Which descriptor, if any, can be added in front of Southern Poverty Law Center when referenced in other articles? has been posted at the Southern Poverty Law Center talk page. Your participation is welcomed. – MrX 16:51, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

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Antisemitism Template
This article is historic, leave it alone. There is no established motive for wearing the hat. For all we know it could have actually been a privilege. And please tread carefully when finding a source. Any Jewish sources should be taken strictly as biased. This is entirely obvious. There is also an issue with the naming of this template. "Semitic" encompasses many other races or nationalities besides Jewish. Being "anti jewish" does not include all Semitic races. This is 100% indisputable fact. And also, to my understanding, Judaism is a religion and not a race. Leave this article alone, it is of historic nature and not political such as during the WWII era. Adding the antisemitic template here is actually vandalism. Thanks for your understanding. 76.169.78.241 (talk) 04:04, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I've reverted the removal of the template twice. Any assistance welcome if he tries it again. Johnbod (talk) 04:53, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I do suppose we should reach some type of agreement. I personally believe the hat is stylish and fashionable, and would be considered elite fashion for the era. I believe this is almost certainly true. Yes, I supposed we do think it looks stupid today, but the design of the hat is actually high-fashion for the era. Just because others, such as the Nazis have practiced similar behavior, and may have also misconstrued history for their own purposes, does not mean we should label everything as antisemitic. And the term of "antisemitic" itself is actually moronic, it's both ignorant and racist. Wouldn't you agree? 76.169.78.241 (talk) 20:07, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, the purpose listed to distinguish Jews and other races (not just the Jews) for preventing sexual intercourse or breeding with any specific race of people, most certainly does not denote any type of malicious intent. This was almost certainly considered normal practice for the era. 76.169.78.241 (talk) 20:11, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Is anybody really going to discuss this, or are you just here to revert me? Please stop. 76.169.78.241 (talk) 20:12, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I know bullsh** when I see it. Unfortunately this happens all too often. I don't even bother logging in or taking this place seriously anymore. Wikipedia does not actually adhere to any coherent form of neutrality or quality standards. 76.169.78.241 (talk) 20:22, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * You don't take us seriously, so we don't take you seriously. Carptrash (talk) 20:27, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, well, I'm not the one who is plastering garbage on the internet though. Please give your thoughts on the term "antisemitic" and its use here on Wikipedia. 76.169.78.241 (talk) 20:35, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * My thought is that the article "Jewish hat" is a good fit with "antisemiticism." Carptrash (talk) 20:47, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Indeed. 76.169.78.241 (talk) 20:49, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Well, it seems that we are finally in agreement then. Carry on! 76.169.78.241 (talk) 20:50, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

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A psychoanalytic view of Jewish obsession with hats
Is there any published psychoanalytic view about the Jewish obsession with hats? Like being a compensation for a lost prepuce (a private hat)? -- AnnaBruta (talk) 10:11, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Contrary to your edit summary restoring your question, you are not suggesting any improvements to the article, you're asking a general question related to its topic (and also apparently making derogatory stuff up, both the idea that there is a "Jewish obsession with hats" and a conjecture as to where such an unestablished obsession would come from). This is not what talk pages are for, and removing misuses of Wikipedia isn't censorship. Largoplazo (talk) 12:49, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

Taylasin
"A distinctive kind of shawl or headscarf". Is this cognate to the Hebrew word tallit, whose root is Aramaic T-L-L ? --ABehrens (talk) 15:29, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jewish hat


text: User talk:70.111.69.191

title: User talk:70.111.69.191


text:
Music Teachers National Association

Music Teachers National Association (MTNA) is an American nonprofit professional organization for the support, growth, and development of music-teaching professionals, with more than 17,000 members in 50 states, and more than 500 affiliated local and state organizations. MTNA offers a wide range of member resources, from leadership, teaching and personal health support, to insurance, financial and legal services. It also comprises two subsidiaries, the MTNA Professional Certification Program, and the MTNA Foundation Fund, which supports a variety of programs that include music competitions and commissioning of composers. MTNA was founded in 1876, and is registered as a 501(c)(3) organization in Ohio, with headquarters located in Cincinnati.

History
Music Teachers National Association is an American organization founded in 1876 by Theodore Presser, who was both a musician and publisher. MTNA is credited in helping to establish an international pitch scale in 1883 as well as promoting international copyright law and giving official recognition to the American composer. In 1967, MTNA approved the program for qualified teachers. MTNA is also known for commissioning compositions by American composers and presenting the annual Distinguished Composer of the Year Award. The association also holds annual competitions for young musicians at the local, state, and national level. Currently, the organization has approximately 17,000 members, including teachers, performers, and composers, and more than 500 affiliated local and state organizations.

MTNA's purpose is to advance the benefit of studying music and music making to society and to support the professionalism of music teachers. MTNA maintains two subsidiary programs: MTNA Professional Certification Program and the MTNA Foundation Fund. The Professional Certification Program exists to improve the quality of professionalism in applied music teaching and assists the public in identifying proficient music teachers in their communities. The MTNA Foundation Fund supports programs that financially assist teachers and students with educational objectives while supplying an opportunity for individual and corporate support of MTNA and its programs.

Awards and Special Programs
As an association of music teachers, MTNA's mission is to elevate the professional level and develop the standing of all its members. MTNA is responsible for disseminating many publications, including books, journals, and pamphlets that have greatly impacted the profession of teaching music. MTNA also perpetually seeks newly published music and other teaching materials to raise awareness among its members.

The Certification of Teachers
According to MTNA, "The National Certification Plan is one of the highest importance to the professional welfare of the music teacher, and it provides a means of measuring and recognizing his or her professional growth. It represents almost a century of consultation and deliberation on the part of America's musical leaders."

MTNA Forums
The independent music teachers forum of MTNA was the first established in 1972, at the MTNA Convention in Portland, Oregon. After this initial meeting, IMTF organized different committees on the local and state levels. Its purpose was "To investigate the role of the full time independent teacher in American society today: the problems, advantages, and practices of this group, with the goal of establishing a true profession in this decade."

Multiple forums now exist through MTNA. They provide an environment for open discussion and the expression of ideas. These forums meet annually at the MTNA conference. These forums include:

 * Arts Awareness & Advocacy
 * Collaborative Performance
 * College Faculty
 * Collegiate Chapters
 * Independent Teachers
 * Local Associations
 * Wellness

"Distinguished Composer of the Year" Award
First awarded in 1969, the terms of the Distinguished Composer of the Year Award state that an MTNA-affiliated state music teachers association could commission any composer of their choice to compose a work for their state convention. Recording and scores of these works could then be sent to the national headquarters in Cincinnati. From these commissions, one composer is selected each year by a panel of judges to receive the "Distinguished Composer Award," otherwise known as the "Composer of the Year" award.

Previous winners include:

 * Delvyn Case (2021)
 * Peter Van Zandt Lane (2020)
 * Bret Bohman (2019)
 * Benjamin Krause (2018)
 * Philip Schuessler (2017)
 * David Gompper (2016)
 * David von Kampen (2015)
 * Christos Tsitsaros (2014)
 * Michael-Thomas Foumai (2013)
 * Thomas Osborne (2012)
 * M. Shawn Hundley (2011)
 * Seth Custer (2010)
 * Pierre Jalbert (2009)
 * William Price (2008)
 * John McDonald (2007)
 * David Froom (2006)
 * Michael Djupstrom (2005)
 * Stefan Freund (2004)
 * Liduino Pitombeira (2003)
 * Timothy Hoekman (2002)
 * David Mullikin (2001)
 * Elisenda Fábregas (2000)
 * Laurence Bitensky (1999)
 * Erik Santos (1998)

National Conference
The MTNA National Conference, which is held annually, brings together the constituents of the MTNA membership. National competitions highlights the performances of students in all instrument areas, including composition. The national conferences also include master classes, technology and informational sessions, pedagogy sessions, and evening concerts. Members have the opportunity to participate in the national conference by submitting proposals and papers for presentation.

Divisions
During the Chicago convention of 1948, the MTNA Executive Committee established the divisional organizations. Each state was assigned to a particular division, even though the state in question, at the time, may not have had an organized chapter of the MTNA. The Current Divisions are as follows:

East Central Division

 * Illinois
 * Indiana
 * Michigan
 * Ohio
 * Wisconsin

Eastern Division

 * Connecticut
 * Delaware
 * District of Columbia
 * Maryland
 * Massachusetts
 * New Hampshire
 * New Jersey
 * New York
 * Pennsylvania
 * Rhode Island
 * Vermont
 * West Virginia

Northwest Division

 * Alaska
 * Idaho
 * Montana
 * Oregon
 * Washington
 * Wyoming

South Central Division

 * Arkansas
 * Louisiana
 * Oklahoma
 * Texas

Southern Division

 * Alabama
 * Florida
 * Georgia
 * Kentucky
 * Mississippi
 * North Carolina
 * South Carolina
 * Tennessee
 * Virginia

Southwest Division

 * Arizona
 * California
 * Hawaii
 * Nevada
 * New Mexico
 * Utah

West Central Division

 * Colorado
 * Iowa
 * Kansas
 * Minnesota
 * Missouri
 * Nebraska
 * North Dakota
 * South Dakota

State Associations
All fifty states and the District of Columbia have affiliations with MTNA. Forty-nine state (forty-eight states, and the District of Columbia) music teachers associations were established between 1876 and 1969. The final two states to be established were Maine in 1976 and Alaska in 1982.

title: Music Teachers National Association


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Corey Gunz

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Corey Gunz
Not yet notable brenneman (t) (c)  04:17, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable. --InformationalAnarchist 04:18, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 08:46, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn royblumy 21:45, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable / vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  19:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:HKT

Jayjg & Tshilo12
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard&oldid=18717197

User Jayjg removed a link to the HKT organisation on the HKT disambiguation page, only because his friend HKT is using a similar nickname on Wiki... (is it vandalism?)--Witkacy 22:37, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please take also a look on Tshilo12 reverts.--Witkacy 23:38, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

The only reason you added it to the article in the first place was to harrass User:HKT; you even discussed it publicly beforehand. It's a dubious usage; the group may have been nicknamed "The Hakata Society", but "HKT" doesn't appear to have been used. Jayjg (talk) 23:42, 12 July 2005 (UTC) Oh, and here's where they first hatched their "amusing" little plot against User:HKT:. Jayjg (talk) 23:48, 12 July 2005 (UTC) The short name of that organisation is HKT/H-K-T, members were called "HKTisten (in German)/HKTists  "...The HKT, or Hakata, were German chauvinists, organized in 1894 for the purpose of eradicating the Polish elements in Poznan province. The leaders of the group were Hahnemann, Kennemann, and Tiedemann..."  See http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1909/national-question/ch02.htm   Ethnic conflicts in western Poland   "...Children became the peculiarly favored butt of the H. K. T. assaults. In schools they were flogged for speaking or praying in Polish..."  --Witkacy 00:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)   "German fears of losing Prussian Poland led to the establishment of the "Ostmarkenverein," (Eastern Marches Association) in 1892. Poles called it the H-K-T or "Hakata" (pron.Hahkahtah), because it was headed by three German landowners: Hanneman, Kennemann, and Tiedemann." http://raven.cc.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect6.htm (University of Kansas) --Witkacy 00:12, 13 July 2005 (UTC)   Witkacy, this is becoming absurd. You have yet to demonstrate that HKT is an acronym that belongs in the ENGLISH Wikipedia. Tomer TALK  00:33, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * In case you can't figure out what I'm talking about, review those sources -- they clarify for the non-German-speaker and non-historian what the acronym means. Including HKT here is analogous to including de:usw as USW. Tomer TALK 00:52, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Please note that it is a personal crusade against me started by Jayjg and TShilo12 since the Anti-Polonism voting (they are not really interested in the subject)--Witkacy 01:03, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There is nothing personal about this from my end (I'll let Jay speak for himself). I am interested only in improving WP. On the other hand, Witkacy has, on numerous occasions, engaged in making personal attacks as well as in making trollish reverts to previous (and inaccurate) versions of articles, is maintaining a page of what he apparently regards as "interesting" things said to, by, or about me elsewhere, meanwhile Jay has become involved because I asked him whether or not my nomination for VfD on Anti-Polonism were as horribly inappropriate as the completely unrelated (to my nomination) comments on that VfD page made it seem. My nomination apparently stirred up a hornets nest, and Witkacy, it appears, is chief hornet. At this point, I see no alternative but to request comment, not only on the activities of Witkacy, but also on User:TheUnforgiven, who has inserted himself (whether at Witkacy's request or otherwise I won't even bother to conjecture) into this ongoing dispute. Tomer TALK 01:09, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * On the other hand, Witkacy has, on numerous occasions, engaged in making personal attacks as well as in making trollish reverts to previous (and inaccurate) versions of articles.

 * I see you are trying to provoke me...:)--Witkacy 01:28, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * WP:AGF. Tomer TALK 02:42, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Talk:German Eastern Marches Society, User_talk:Witkacy...However it looks like Jayjg may be calming down because I have not run away scared by his bullying and attempts at censorship from his friends like this here: User_talk:TheUnforgiven. If I can help a guy out, why not? TheUnforgiven 01:59, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'm hoping you've calmed down and are desisting from your wildly inappropriate edits and Talk: comments. However, I'm not seeing much evidence of that. Jayjg (talk) 02:08, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * When you stop systematically harrassing random people for editing things related to your watchlist, then I will stop commenting on your rude and uncouth behaviour as described about your buddy User:TShilo12 here: Talk:German Eastern Marches Society. TheUnforgiven 02:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * WP:AGF, WP:Civility, WP:NPA. Tomer TALK 02:42, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Assume good faith is hardly what I would consider to be something you've followed. TheUnforgiven 04:24, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Polish sources for the H-K-T thing?
Witkacy, do you have Polish sources for the H-K-T thing? My assumption is that it was Społeczeństwo H-K-T, but I don't have sources at arm's reach. Would it be possible to add the Polish equivalent here as well as in the German Eastern Marches Society article? Tomer TALK 04:18, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * In Poland it's most commonly referred to as Hakata, but in fact it was referred to as H-K-T by the Germans themselves even back then. Check the google books for hakatisten or H-K-T to get the idea.  // Halibutt 00:58, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. In fact this is an instance of "H-K-T Society". The original, provocative, inaccurate problem edit read: "HKT is the short name for the Deutscher Ostmarkenverein." Note to all passersby: My user name has no relation to this society. :) HKT 01:33, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

HKT (Vietnamese Band)
Is there any pages about HKT (that Vietnamese band who is popularly known for stealing KPOP songs as their own)? Or do you guys want me to create the page myself? Tibbydibby (talk) 19:49, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

As far as I know, there aren't any Wiki pages about the group... But, if one was to be made, it should be by someone who isn't against the band, right? From your comment 'popularly known for stealing KPOP songs as their own' I can only assume that your page would be rather bias.

title: Talk:HKT


text:
Media 100

Media 100 is a manufacturer of video editing software and non-linear editing systems designed for professional cutting and editing. The editing systems can be used with AJA Video Systems, Blackmagic or matrox hardware or as software-only solution with Firewire support and run exclusively on Macs. The current released software version is Media 100 Suite Version 2.1.8 and runs on macOS 10.14.x (Mojave), macOS 10.13.4 (High Sierra), macOS 10.12 (Sierra), OS X 10.11 (El Capitan), OS X 10.10 (Yosemite), OS X 10.6.7 (Snow Leopard), 10.7.x (Lion), 10.8.x (Mountain Lion), 10.9.x (Mavericks) and 10.10.x (Yosemite).

In the past, the editing systems were nearly exclusively based on custom hardware boards (vincent601/P6000/HDX) to be placed into Apple Macintosh computers, but Microsoft Windows-based systems were available as well (iFinish, 844/X). Media 100 was established as a division of Marlboro, Massachusetts-based Data Translation, Inc. then spun off as an independent company in 1996. After absorbing or merging with several companies (Terran Interactive, Digital Origin, and Wired, Inc.) it entered bankruptcy proceedings, with its assets and employees acquired by Optibase in March 2004. It is owned by Boris FX, which acquired the company from Optibase in October 2005.

Legacy products

 * Media 100 for 68K and PowerPC Macintosh computers with NuBus slots. This system used two cards connected internally by a pair of short ribbon cables, and a breakout box with two cables, one connecting to an external port on each card. The highest software version supported is 2.6.2
 * "Vincent601", Media 100's first PCI version, released while the original NuBus model was still in production.
 * Media 100i based on the vincent601 or P6000 PCI boards, latest version: 7.5 for Mac OS 9.x, 8.2.3 for Mac OS X 10.4.x.
 * Media 100 ICE (an accelerator card for rendering certain effect plugins faster on Adobe After Effects, Avid, and Media 100's own systems)
 * iFinish (Windows version of Media 100i, based on the same hardware)
 * Media 100 qx (the i / iFinish without the software, for use with the Macintosh and Windows versions of Adobe Premiere)
 * 844/x (Windows-based real-time editing and compositing system)
 * HDx (Mac-based real-time editing and compositing system with realtime HD up-/downscaling)
 * Cleaner and PowerSuite (an ICE accelerated version of Cleaner) Cleaner was previously known as Media Cleaner Pro and Movie Cleaner Pro and was owned by Terran Interactive.  The Cleaner product line was subsequently sold to discreet/Autodesk.
 * Media 100 HD Suite (Digital-only HDTV and SDTV NLE system)
 * Media 100 HDe (Digital / Analog HDTV and SDTV NLE system)
 * Media 100 SDe (Digital / Analog SDTV NLE system)
 * Media 100 Producer (software-only version of Media 100 HD)
 * Media 100 Producer Suite (software-only version of Media 100 HD with bundled Boris RED 4 plugin for graphics, titles, effects and so forth)
 * Media 100 i Tune-Up (upgrade for the legacy Media100i SDTV NLE system),
 * Final Effects Complete (a collection of effect plugins for Adobe After Effects)
 * Media 100 Suite Version 1 (can be run with or without hardware; supported hardware: Media 100 HDx, Blackmagic, matrox and AJA Video Systems, Universal app runs on PPC as well as intel machines with Mac OS X 10.5.8 up to 10.6.7)

Current products

 * Media 100 Suite Version 2 (4k support, support for the Red Rocket accelerator, new motion editor, dropped support for PPC-based Macs, includes Boris RED 5 for titling/vector graphics)

title: Media 100


text:
Talk:British NVC community W13

Removed links that point to nowhere, made a UK related stub. Maybe consider finding a category or 2 for the page. (7/13/05)

title: Talk:British NVC community W13


text:
Operation Seagull

Operation Seagull was a British action during the Second World War to destroy several Nazi-controlled industrial targets including a smelter at Arendal, with the help of Kompani Linge agents from Norway.

On 10 February 1943 the Norwegian submarine HNOMS Uredd was transporting the six-man sabotage team to Bodø when she hit a minefield laid by the German minelayer Cobra and sank, killing all 34 crew and the six agents.

In 1986, King Olav V unveiled a memorial to those lost aboard the Uredd, located in Grensen.

Team

 * Lt. Per Getz
 * Sub-Lt. Tobias Skog
 * Sgt. Thorlief Daniel Grong
 * Cpl. Sverre Granlund (also served as a commando during Operation Musketoon)
 * Pte. Eivind Dahl Eriksen
 * Pte. Hans Rohde Hansen

title: Operation Seagull


text: User talk:69.232.60.131

title: User talk:69.232.60.131


text:
Elden Campbell

Elden Jerome Campbell (born July 23, 1968) is an American former professional basketball player who played as a power forward and center in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1990 to 2005. He spent his first nine years with the Los Angeles Lakers and the rest with various other teams.

Playing career
Campbell attended Morningside High School in Inglewood, California before playing college basketball at Clemson University. During his four years at Clemson, he averaged 15.3 points per game, 6.8 rebounds per game and 2.7 blocks. During a one-point loss in the 1990 NCAA Tournament to a Connecticut team, his college team defended a play that consisted of a full-court catch-and-shoot play by Tate George with one second on the clock. That same year, the Los Angeles Lakers drafted Campbell with the 27th pick in the 1990 NBA draft.

On March 10, 1999, Campbell was traded by the Lakers along with Eddie Jones to the Charlotte Hornets for Glen Rice, J. R. Reid and B. J. Armstrong.

Campbell's longest tenures were with the Lakers and the Hornets (in both Charlotte and New Orleans); he would also play with the Seattle SuperSonics and briefly for the New Jersey Nets, spending most of the final two seasons of his career as a member of the Detroit Pistons, being on roster in the 2004 NBA Championship team. During Campbell's tenure with the Pistons, perhaps his most important contribution was his defense against center Shaquille O'Neal in the two playoff series in which the Pistons engaged O'Neal's teams (against the Lakers in the 2004 NBA Finals and against the Miami Heat in the 2005 NBA Eastern Conference Finals); because of his enormous bulk and strength, he presented a unique challenge to O'Neal in the low post and was one of the few NBA players who could pose a serious physical challenge to O'Neal on defense.

Campbell's 15-year career comprised 1,044 games, of which he started 671, and 106 playoff games, of which he started 53. In 15 seasons, Campbell averaged 10.3 points per game, 5.9 rebounds per game and 1.5 blocks. He was especially known for his shot-blocking ability, with 1,602 career blocks; he is 34th all time in blocks. Notably, Campbell was the Los Angeles Lakers' leading scorer between 1990–91 and 1998–99. His nicknames were 'Easy', 'Big E', 'Big Homie' and 'The Janitor', which he received for his ability to clean up the boards.

Personal life
Campbell was arrested for drunk driving in California in 1995.

In 2014, Campbell sold his condominium in Marina del Rey for $770,000. He had originally purchased the home in 1994 for $270,000, making a profit of $500,000 with the sale.

title: Elden Campbell


text:
Talk:Tūrangawaewae

National marae???
The lead says that it is the national marae, how was this decided? is this true? Isn't Maoridom to disperse for this? Or is it the marae of the kingi movement? Cause that ain't nationwide. --222.154.123.120 10:19, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Wording has been changed now. Nurg 11:15, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

More general meaning of the word
I see here that Turangawaewae is a proper noun. It's also a common noun, meaning "a place to stand". (See for example Trevor W. Bentley, Images of Pakeha-Maori, p.196.) Aridd (talk) 11:17, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tūrangawaewae


text: Talk:Freeploaders

title: Talk:Freeploaders


text: Talk:Disraeli (1929 film)

title: Talk:Disraeli (1929 film)


text:
Thomas E. Baker

Thomas Eugene Baker is a constitutional law scholar, Professor of Law, and founding member of the Florida International University College of Law. With four decades of teaching experience, Baker has authored eighteen books, including two leading casebooks, has published more than 200 scholarly articles in leading law journals, and has received numerous teaching awards.

Education
Baker graduated from Florida State University (B.S., 1974, cum laude), double majoring in economics and political science, and from the University of Florida College of Law (J.D., 1977, high honors), where he was a board member of the Florida Law Review and a Moot Court board editor and supervisor. He graduated in the top 3 percent of his class and was inducted into the Order of the Coif Legal Honorary Society, the Phi Kappa Phi Honorary Society, and the Omicron Delta Kappa National Leadership Honorary Society.

Professional career
After clerking in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (1977–79), Baker worked at the Supreme Court of the United States as a Judicial Fellow (1985–86) and as acting administrative assistant to Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist (1986–87).

By appointment of the Chief Justice, Baker was a member of the Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (1990–95) for which he received a formal Commendation for Distinguished Service to the Federal Courts from the Judicial Conference of the United States.

Baker served on the board of editors of the Journal of Supreme Court History (1991–93), the legal policy advisory board of the Washington Legal Foundation (1998–2012), the board of directors of the American Judicature Society (2000–02), and the advisory committee of the Journal of Legal Education (2012–15).

Baker is a Fellow of the American Bar Foundation and of the American Academy of Appellate Lawyers, and is a Life Member of the American Law Institute. In 2018, Baker was presented with the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award for career longevity and demonstrated excellence in legal education.

Teaching career
From 1979 to 1998, Baker was a faculty member at Texas Tech University School of Law, where he held the Alvin R. Allison Distinguished Professorship and received multiple awards for his teaching and research.

In 1998, Baker accepted the position as Director of the Constitutional Law Center at Drake University Law School, where he also held the James Madison Chair in Constitutional Law endowed by Congress.

In 2002, Baker became a founding faculty member of the Florida International University College of Law, where he teaches constitutional law. He is a recipient of the FIU Top Scholar Award (2012), the first-ever Pioneer Award for commitment and dedication to students from the FIU Student Bar Association (2004), the FIU Book Author Award (2012), and the FIU Faculty Recognition Award (2010). In addition, students have recognized his work by honoring him four times with the Professor of the Year Award.

Baker has been a visiting professor at prominent law schools, including the Fredric G. Levin College of Law at the University of Florida (1994) and at the Marshall-Wythe School of Law at the College of William and Mary (2007). He has also taught American constitutional law as a Distinguished Fulbright Professor at the University of Athens in Greece.

Publications
The following is a selection of Baker’s writings.

Casebooks

 * First Amendment Law: Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion (LexisNexis 5th ed. 2022) (with Arthur D. Hellman, William D. Araiza, & Ashutosh Bhagwat).
 * Appellate Courts: Structures, Functions, Processes, and Personnel (LexisNexis 2d ed. 2006) (with Daniel J. Meador & Joan E. Steinman).

Selected books

 * Constitutional Analysis in a Nutshell (West Academic Publ’g 3d ed. 2019).
 * Skills & Values: Constitutional Law (LexisNexis 2013) (with William D. Araiza, Olympia R. Duhart & Steven I. Friedland).
 * A Primer on the Jurisdiction of the U.S. Courts of Appeals (Federal Judicial Center 3d ed. 2023).
 * At War with Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2006) (editor with John F. Stack Jr.).
 * Amicus Humoriae: An Anthology of Legal Humor (Carolina Academic Press 2003) (with Robert M. Jarvis & Andrew J. McClurg).
 * Can a Good Christian Be a Good Lawyer? Homilies, Witnesses, and Reflections (University of Notre Dame Press 1998) (editor with Timothy W. Floyd).

Selected articles

 * A Survey of the Literature on Federal Appellate Practice and Procedure, 18 FIU L. REV. ___ (forthcoming 2023).
 * A Primer on Supreme Court Practices and Procedures, A.B.A. PREVIEW OF SUPREME COURT CASES (2022).
 * Dehors the Record: A Correction of a Final Jeopardy Question, 14 FIU L. REV. 709 (2021).
 * A Modest Experiment in Pedagogy: Lessons on Comparative Constitutional Law, 6 FIU L. REV. 99-122 (2012).
 * Book Review: Jack M. Balkin & Reva B. Siegel, eds. The Constitution in 2020, 50 AMER. J. LEGAL HIST. 104-05 (2010).
 * Applied Freakonomics: Explaining the “Crisis of Volume,” 8 J. APP. PRAC. & PROC. 101-14 (2007).
 * Constitutional Theory in a Nutshell, 13 WM & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1 (2005).
 * Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in a Crisis: A Few Pages of History, 3 NEV. L. J. 23-28 (2002).
 * A Compendium of Clever and Amusing Law Review Writings—An Idiosyncratic Bibliography of Miscellany with In Kind Annotations Intended as a Humorous Diversion for the Gentle Reader, 51 DRAKE L. REV. 105 (2002).
 * A Case Study on the Importance of Settling the National Law: Why We Call the Supreme Court “Supreme,” 4 GREENBAG 2d 129-37 (Winter 2001).
 * The Supreme Nonet, 18 CONST. COMMENTARY 291-93 (2001) (review poem).
 * Towards a “More Perfect Union”—Some Thoughts on Amending the Constitution, 10 WIDENER J. PUB. L. 1 (2000).
 * Tyrannous Lex, 82 IOWA L. REV. 689 (1997).
 * A View to the Future of Judicial Federalism: “Neither Out Far Nor in Deep,” 45 CASE W. RES. L. REV. 705 (1995).
 * Intramural Reforms: How the U.S. Courts of Appeals Have Helped Themselves, 22 FLA. ST. UNIV. L. REV. 913-53 (1995).
 * Exercising the Amendment Power to Disapprove of Supreme Court Decisions: A Proposal for a “Republican Veto,” 22 HASTINGS CONST. L.Q. 325-57 (1995).
 * Imagining the Alternative Futures of the U.S. Courts of Appeals, 28 GA. L. REV. 913 (1994).
 * Taking Another Measure of the “Crisis of Volume” in the U.S. Courts of Appeals, 51 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 97-113 (1994) (with Denis J. Hauptly).
 * Why Congress Should Repeal the Federal Employers’ Liability Act of 1908, 28 HARV. J. ON LEGIS. 79 (1992).
 * The Impropriety of Expert Witness Testimony on the Law, 40 U. KAN. L. REV. 325-64 (1992).
 * Not Another Constitutional Law Course: A Proposal to Teach a Course on the Constitution, 76 IOWA L. REV. 739-61 (1991) (with James E. Viator).
 * A Course on the Constitution, 40 J. LEGAL EDUC. 530-32 (1990) (with James E. Viator).
 * Siskel and Ebert at the Supreme Court, 87 MICH. L. REV. 1472-1502 (1989).
 * The Need for a New National Court, 100 HARV. L. REV. 1400-1417 (1987) (with Douglas D. McFarland).
 * Thinking About Federal Jurisdiction—Of Serpents and Swallows, 17 ST. MARY'S L.J. 239 (1986).
 * Eighth Amendment Challenges to the Length of a Criminal Sentence: Following the Supreme Court “From Precedent to Precedent”, 27 ARIZ. L. REV. 25-74 (1985) (with Fletcher N. Baldwin, Jr.).
 * A Compendium of Proposals to Reform the United States Courts of Appeals, 37 U. FLA. L. REV. 225-95 (1985).
 * Dam Federal Jurisdiction!, 32 EMORY L.J. 3-87 (1983) (with Hon. James C. Hill).

title: Thomas E. Baker


text:
The Turning Point (1977 film)

The Turning Point is a 1977 American drama film centered on the world of ballet in New York City, written by Arthur Laurents and directed by Herbert Ross. It stars Shirley MacLaine and Anne Bancroft, along with Leslie Browne, Mikhail Baryshnikov, and Tom Skerritt. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The script is a fictionalized version of the real-life Brown family and the friendship between ballerinas Isabel Mirrow Brown (whose daughter, Leslie Browne, stars in the film) and Nora Kaye.

Plot
DeeDee Rodgers leaves an eminent New York ballet company after becoming pregnant by Wayne, another dancer in the company. They marry and later move to Oklahoma City to run a dance studio. Emma Jacklin stays with the company and eventually becomes a prima ballerina and well-known figure in the ballet community.

While the company is on tour and performs a show in Oklahoma City, DeeDee and the family go to see the show and then have an after-party for the company at their home. The reunion stirs up old memories and sets the plot into motion.

At the party, DeeDee's daughter Emilia, an aspiring dancer who is also Emma's goddaughter, is invited to take class with the company the following day. Afterwards, Emilia is asked to join the company but she does not immediately accept the offer as she wants to think it over. DeeDee and Wayne decide that DeeDee should go to New York with Emilia, who is rather shy and does not make friends as easily as her younger sister. Meanwhile, their son, Ethan, gets a scholarship to the company's summer program while Wayne and their other daughter stay in Oklahoma City.

Once in New York, they rent several rooms in Carnegie Hall with Madame Dakharova, a ballet coach. Emilia soon starts a relationship with a Russian dancer in the company, Yuri. However, when she catches Yuri with another dancer, Caroline, the broken-hearted Emilia gets drunk in a bar before a performance, and Emma takes the situation at hand and cares for and helps Emilia complete the performance. This angers DeeDe who, because of a brief affair with the former conductor of the company, has causeed conflict between herself and Emilia. Meanwhile, Emma argues with Arnold, the choreographer, about giving her a better role in his new ballet, which he refuses and leads Emma to suggest Emilia for the role instead. DeeDee resents that Emma dotes on Emilia; after all, DeeDee chose family life over her career while Emma chose not to have children and to excel as a ballerina. DeeDee accuses Emma of telling her to get pregnant and have Wayne's baby so Emma could play the lead in ''Anna Karenina'.

Eventually, Emma and DeeDee get into a physical altercation on the rooftop of Carnegie Hall before finally settling their misunderstandings; DeeDee admits her jealousy of Emma's life, and Emma admits that she would have "done anything" to get the lead in "Anna Karenina."

Because of her stunning performance in Arnold's ballent, Emilia is given the lead in "Sleeping Beauty" alongside former love Yuri, and she and Yuri make up and agree to a professional partnership and nothing more. Deedee decides she is content with her life and the decision she made to leave professional ballet to have a family. Emma accepts that her performing days are numbered, and she must embrace a different role within the company. DeeDee and Emma step onto the stage and reminisce together.

Cast
A number of actresses were offered the roles of Emma and DeeDee, including Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly, and Doris Day.

Bancroft had no previous dance experience, while MacLaine had started her career as a dancer of ballet and other types. She appeared on Broadway performing in the musicals Me and Juliet and The Pajama Game.

The title "The Turning Point" is a double entendre, meaning a big change in a person's life and being on pointe.

Choreography for the film was done by Alvin Ailey and George Balanchine.

Background
Isabel Mirrow Brown and Nora Kaye were childhood friends. Their parents had immigrated from Russia around the same time and they lived in the same New York City brownstone building. Kaye was a few years older than Mirrow and encouraged her to train. Nora Kaye was in a relationship with Jerome Robbins in the early 1950s, but they never married, focusing on their careers instead. Robbins was also a known bisexual.

Isabel Mirrow danced with American Ballet Theatre from 1947 until 1953. Nora was with the company from its inception in 1939 until 1951, and later returned in a leadership role. Unlike in the film, Isabel did not get pregnant while she was with the company; however, during this time Isabel married fellow dancer Kelly Brown, who was widely sought after. Lucia Chase was the head of the company when Isabel and Nora were there.

Kaye continued to dance in New York with other companies and became a more prominent figure in the ballet world, while Isabel had stopped performing to marry and have children. Her first child, Leslie Browne, born in 1957, was Nora Kaye's goddaughter. Kaye went on to marry director Herbert Ross in 1959. The two couples were close friends, along with Arthur Laurents. Kelly Brown, Ross, Kaye, and Laurents all worked together in the Broadway musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale in 1962. In his autobiography, Laurents wrote that in the 1940s he had a sexual relationship with Nora Kaye.

In 1965, an opportunity to run a dance studio opened up, and Kelly Brown decided to move his family to Phoenix, Arizona (changed to Oklahoma City in the film). By this time he and his wife had aged out of performing. Isabel Mirrow Brown was not thrilled to leave her native New York for Arizona, and the move caused strain in their marriage. When their daughter Leslie auditioned and was accepted to train back in New York in the School of American Ballet (SAB), Isabel moved back to New York to watch over Leslie, who was still a teenager. The film depicts Isabel's experience entering back into the dance world after living in Phoenix and having four children (three in the film). In real life she eventually divorced Kelly Brown, who died in 1981 at age 52.

While in Arizona the Browns had kept in touch with their friends Nora and Herbert. Later in the mid 1970s, a script based on the Brown family was developed by Arthur Laurents. Ross directed the film and co-produced with his wife. Ross, Laurents, and Kaye never had children and took a special interest in Leslie Browne as she grew older.

The script was a fictionalized version of the Browns' life and the long friendship between Isabel and Nora. The fictional parts primarily concern the character Yuri, who was created as a love interest for Emilia. Originally, the ballerina Gelsey Kirkland, who was at the height of her fame at the time and dating Mikhail Baryshnikov (Yuri), was offered the role of Emilia. She rejected the role as she was dealing with substance abuse issues at the time and she "wanted no part of Hollywood". Ross then decided that Leslie Browne, who was nineteen at the time, would be able to portray a fictionalized version of herself in the film. In real life, Leslie had just joined ABT in 1976 and was experiencing the same things she portrayed on screen. Leslie had added an "e" to her last name as her stage name to sound more feminine after being mistaken as a man in a playbill.

The script changed the family name from Brown to Rodgers, and all the first names except for their son Ethan Brown. The real-life Ethan Brown later became a soloist with American Ballet Theatre, retiring from performing in 2004; he now teaches. In real life, the Browns had another son, Kelly Brown II, who danced as a child but did not train professionally like his siblings and later became a film producer. Their other daughter, Elizabeth Brown (born 1959), was also a dancer, unlike in the film, and was accepted into SAB a year after Leslie. Nora Kaye died of cancer in 1987 at age 67. After the film, Leslie Browne went on to become a principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre in New York City from 1986 until 1993 and now teaches ballet. Her mother Isabel continued to be associated with New York ballet and died in August 2014 at the age of 86.

Herbert Ross later directed two more dance-themed films, Nijinsky (1980) and Dancers (1987), both of which also feature Leslie Browne.

Arthur Laurents claimed an important subplot regarding Wayne's homosexuality in the original script was cut from the film by Herbert Ross and his wife. This was the reason why Wayne's character's development does not progress steadily throughout the film.

Reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film an "entertaining new movie, an old-fashioned backstage musical transplanted to the world of ballet by three people who not only know it but also love it, sentimental clichés and all." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety declared it "one of the best films of this era. It's that rare example of synergy in which every key element is excellent and the ensemble is an absolute triumph." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "In a movie year that will be remembered as the year of the science-fiction special effect, it is refreshing to see a film such as 'The Turning Point,' which offers another kind of excitement: the pleasure of following a story you can't easily anticipate." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times stated, "The performances by Bancroft and MacLaine are stunning, and both are at Academy Award level ... 'The Turning Point' is a handsome, thoughtful, well-spoken and emotionally holding piece of stylish entertainment." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called the film "enormously appealing" and "an authentic breakthrough-throwback: a vividly enacted depiction of the conflicts between strong, capable, conscious, willful women." Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote, "As a device, the turning point (like that synthetic summer when adolescent heroes grow into men) is so mechanical it's an exposed construction ... [Laurents] writes sodden, expository dialogue in which people are forever revealing truths to each other and then explaining those truths—'The Turning Point' comes with its own footnotes."

On Metacritic it has a score of 68% based on reviews from 10 critics.

Accolades
The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, but failed to win any of them. It shares the record with The Color Purple for receiving the most Oscar nominations without a single win.

Appearances in popular culture

 * In an episode of The Nanny, Fran references the film by saying: "This is like that movie The Turning Point, only they were dancers and one was the mother and they were old friends... [looks confused] I should really rent that again."
 * In the Judy Blume book Summer Sisters this film sparked a great discussion with the two main characters of the story, Vix and Caitlin, which showed how different the girls' priorities were.
 * In the episode of That '70s Show entitled "Fez Dates Donna", Eric, much to his delight, could not take Donna out to see the movie since Donna was pretending to be dating Fez.
 * In an episode of Beverly Hills, 90210 ("Pass/Not Pass"), Brenda (Shannen Doherty) and Andrea (Gabrielle Carteris) perform a scene from the film for their theater class.
 * In the opening episode of Bunheads, Sutton Foster responds to hearing her mother-in-law's life story by saying "How very Turning Point."
 * The film is mentioned in the final episode of Feud: Bette & Joan ("You Mean All This Time We Could Have Been Friends?"); while attending the 1978 Academy Awards ceremony, Bette Davis (Susan Sarandon) praises the film to a bartender who asks her which of that year's "Best Picture" nominees she hopes wins. Davis speaks positively of the film and its feminist themes and calls the film (and Bancroft/MacLaine's rooftop fight) "the story of her life".

title: The Turning Point (1977 film)


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title: User talk:70.245.170.132