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502nd Infantry Regiment (United States)

The 502nd Infantry Regiment (502nd IR), previously titled the 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment (502nd PIR), is an infantry regiment of the United States Army. The regiment was established shortly after U.S. entry into World War II, and was assigned as a regiment of the 101st Airborne Division, "The Screaming Eagles", one of the most decorated formations of the U.S. Army. The regiment saw substantial action in the European Theater of World War II and was inactivated in 1945, shortly after the end of the war. Reactivating in a new form in 1956, the 502nd Infantry has served in the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, Iraq War, War in Afghanistan, and Operation Inherent Resolve in Iraq. Since 1974, the regiment has been classified as an Air Assault unit. Currently, its 1st and 2nd battalions are active. Both battalions are assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault).

World War II
The original 48-man Parachute Test Platoon was formed at Fort Benning, Georgia. Four parachute infantry battalions were planned to follow.

On 1 July 1941, the 502d Parachute Infantry Battalion was activated at Fort Benning under the command of Major George P. Howell, under orders dated 15 April. He'd been the former executive officer of the 501st Parachute Infantry Battalion (not to be confused with the later 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment). This new unit was initially composed of two skeleton companies sliced off from the 501st. The unit lacked everything from parachutes to small arms. This kept the 502d understrength until more men could be recruited at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Plans for the next two battalions (503d and 504th) had to be put on hold because there were no more men or equipment on hand at Benning.

The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and the German declaration of war on the U.S. on 11 December 1941, prompted an acceleration of every kind of military planning. On 30 January 1942, realizing a battalion was too small to conduct offensive operations and survive to fight again, the War Department hurriedly authorized the activation of four Army parachute regiments. A month later, on 2 March 1942, the 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) was activated from the assets of the 502nd Battalion. Each company (A, B and C) provided the nucleus of the three battalions. The 502nd became the only one of the four parachute infantry battalions to have an unbroken tie to the later regiment of the same number. Staying in command, Howell was promoted to colonel but left that same month to command Benning's parachute school. He passed command to his executive officer, Lieutenant colonel George Van Horn Moseley, Jr. who would command for the next two years.

In August 1942, following the activation of the 101st Airborne Division at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, the 502nd PIR moved from Fort Benning to join the rest of the division at Fort Bragg. The integration of a selected parachute unit into a partly draftee division that for the most part was not jump qualified led to problems, some of which could only be solved through training. Throughout the rest of 1942 and into 1943 the 502nd took part in the 101st's grueling training program, which consisted of individual, unit, and combined division training. During March 1943 the 502nd took part in a series of wargames across the Carolinas and then across Tennessee later that year.

On 4 September 1943 men of the 502nd boarded the SS Strathnaver bound for their new home in England. After breakdowns and saltwater contamination of the ship's drinking water, the regiment was stuck in St. John's, Newfoundland. On 4 October the SS John Ericsson picked them up, and they arrived in Liverpool on 18 October. They settled into quarters in the small villages of Chilton Foliat and Denford in Berkshire, England which would be their home for the next seven months. The Regiment's troopers continued their rigorous training which included 15–25 mi hikes and daily close combat exercises. Instructions were given on a wide variety of items ranging from first aid, map reading, chemical warfare and demolitions. Other training was held on the use of German weapons, since enemy dead were considered a source of emergency resupply. Company and battalion size parachute drops were rehearsed heavily. The largest of these rehearsals was a division combat drop in May, Exercise Eagle. It didn't go well with H Company dropped 9 mi short of the objective. High winds and rough landings injured over 400 paratroopers across the division, many of whom were then not available for the Normandy jump three weeks later.

Normandy
Flying out of RAF Membury and RAF Greenham Common in the first wave to depart, the 502nd PIR headed for Drop Zone (DZ) A. The unit's mission was to secure two northern causeways leading inland from Utah Beach and destroy a German battery of 122 mm howitzers near Saint-Martin-de-Varreville. Captain Frank Lillyman, officer in charge of the regiment's pathfinder platoon, was the first American jumper of the night – celebrated as the first American paratrooper to drop behind German lines in the Allied invasion of Normandy. He hit the ground at 00:15 on the 6th, his habitual jump cigar clenched in his teeth. The pathfinders soon learned they'd been misdropped, so they made no effort to get the rest of the regiment lost with them and left their radios and beacons turned off. Coming in unguided, the formations of C-47s broke up in a combination of low clouds and heavy enemy anti-aircraft fire. Some planeloads, including two sticks of A Company, were dropped over the English Channel and drowned. Consequently, most of Colonel Moseley's troops landed way off their designated DZs, up to 5 mi away. Colonel Moseley badly broke his leg and had to relinquish command to his executive officer, LTC John H. "Iron Mike" Michaelis.

1st Battalion, under LTC Patrick F. Cassidy, was the only battalion of the entire 101st to come down on target, and that through blind luck. 1st Battalion secured Saint Martin-de-Varreville by 06:30, sent a patrol under SSG Harrison C. Summers to seize a German barracks at Mésières, "WXYZ" objective and set up a thin line of defense from Foucarville to Beuzeville. 2nd Battalion, under LTC Steve Chappuis, moved inland from its drop zones. Meanwhile, the 3rd Battalion led by LTC Robert G. Cole was responsible for securing the two causeways coming inland from Utah Beach. Undaunted by the confusion, LTC Cole gradually collected whatever men he could find both from his unit and anyone else's (at one point including 1LT Dick Winters of E/506th). Cole eventually achieved his objective in time to secure the beach landing of the 4th Infantry Division.

LTC Cole was in the lead five days later as the 502nd was part of the division's effort to capture the town of Carentan. Moving the 3rd Battalion down the causeway toward the Ingouf farm under heavy German fire, LTC Cole ordered a bayonet charge. Capturing the objective, LTC Cole was nominated for the Medal of Honor. His executive officer, Major John Stopka, was nominated for the Distinguished Service Cross. On 29 June the 101st was relieved from VIII Corps and sent to Cherbourg Naval Base to relieve the 4th Infantry Division elements who had the German garrison pinned down in that seaport city. The 502nd returned to England shortly thereafter for refitting, earning a Presidential Unit Citation for the campaign.

The summer of refitting was punctuated by several planned combat jumps to capture objectives in front of the advancing Allied ground forces, yet every jump was cancelled as the tanks got there first.

Operation Market Garden
Operation Market Garden was a British plan that would be the first major daylight jump attempted since the German invasion of Crete four years before. Set for 17 September 1944, the airborne troops were to seize roads, bridges and the key communication cities of Eindhoven, Nijmegen and Arnhem, thus cutting the Netherlands in half and clearing a corridor for British armored and motorized columns all the way to the German border.

The 101st mission was to secure the 15 mi of highway stretching from Eindhoven north to Veghel. Under the command of Colonel Michaelis, the unit was to land in the Netherlands on DZ C, seize the small highway bridge over the Dommel river north of St. Oedenrode and the railroad and road bridges over the Wilhelmina Canal at Best. The 502nd was also given the mission of guarding DZs B & C for the subsequent glider landings. Shortly after 13:15 on the afternoon of 17 September 1944, after an uneventful daylight drop, the men of the 502nd gathered up and headed for their objectives. 1st Battalion went north to capture the little town of Sint-Oedenrode. 2nd Battalion secured the glider LZ. 3rd Battalion sent patrols through the Zonsche forest, trying to move toward the town of Best and the bridge. German resistance was tough in the vicinity of Best, but the 3rd Battalion spearheaded by Captain Robert Jones' H Company fought their way to within 100 yd of the bridge before the Germans blew it up. In fierce fighting around the bridge, Private first class Joe E. Mann, already hit twice, was killed when he threw himself on a German grenade to save the other soldiers in his foxhole. That same day, LTC Cole was shot and killed elsewhere in the Zonsche Forest. Cole died before formally receiving his Medal of Honor for the Carentan charge, while Private Mann would receive it posthumously. They were the only two members of the 101st to earn the nation's highest honor during World War II.

On 26 September, a German artillery shell hit a tree by the 502nd's Regimental CP. LTC Michaelis, 1st Battalion's LTC Cassidy, the regimental S2 and S3, the division G2 and G3, and the commander of the supporting 377th Artillery Battalion were all hit. Without a regimental XO, and with Cassidy and Cole both down, 2nd Battalion commander Steve Chappuis took command of the regiment. After securing their hard-won objectives, the men of the 502nd moved north with the rest of the 101st to take hold of defensive positions on 'The Island', southwest of Arnhem. It was here that the 101st would fight some of its toughest battles during its time in the Netherlands. Eventually they were withdrawn to Camp Mourmelon, France for rest and refit.

Battle of the Bulge
Just after dawn on 16 December 1944, the Germans launched a major offensive west through the Ardennes Forest. Their goal was the port city of Antwerp where they hoped to choke off the Allied supply lines. Almost the only American theater reserve were the two refitting airborne divisions. The 101st was ordered to the vitally important town of Bastogne, Belgium, the central road junction in the Ardennes. The 101st was jammed into trucks for an overnight rush to Bastogne on 18 December. They were soon surrounded along with elements of several armored and artillery outfits. The 502nd held positions on the north and northwest portion of the surrounded city. In an attack that took place on Christmas morning in the village of Hemroulle, numerous German tanks penetrated the line. Simultaneously farther north strong German infantry elements infiltrated the town of Champs. Two of the German tanks which drove north from Hemroulle attempted to bypass the regimental CP at the Rolle Chateau, only to be tracked down by bazooka and grenade-toting paratroops. Finally, on 26 December, the 4th Armored Division of Patton's Third Army broke through the encirclement to reinforce the defense.

On 14 January 1945, the 3rd Battalion lost another commander. LTC John Stopka and some of his troopers were advancing through the forest near Michamps, Belgium, along an elevated rail line when enemy tanks began advancing along the other side. Someone called in for air support and the planes strafed too close to the friendly positions, killing Stopka and 30 other paratroopers. Command of the 3rd Battalion was given to Major Cecil L. Simmons.

The 101st Airborne held a line along the Moder River for over a month as part of the Seventh Army. On 23 February, the 101st were relieved and returned to Mourmelon, France. They began a refit period while the leadership began planning for potential combat jumps in and around Berlin to end the war. There was also a ceremony in which General Eisenhower awarded the entire division the Presidential Unit Citation for gallantry in action during the fighting for Bastogne. This was the first time an entire division had been so honored. This was added to the one awarded to the 502nd for Normandy.

As the war in Europe was nearing its end, the 502nd moved to the Ruhr Pocket on 2 April to help in mop-up operations. Here the 502nd went on the line facing the Rhine River south of Düsseldorf. On 4 and 5 May, the 502nd followed the 506th into the securing of Hitler's private residence in the town of Berchtesgaden, home to many high-ranking Nazi Party officials and German military officers.

The 502nd spent the summer of 1945 on occupation duty near Mittersill, Austria. Returning to France in September, the soldiers continued waiting for transport to the U.S. for the promised victory parade down New York's Fifth Avenue. However the reduced peacetime Army only had room for one of the European Theater's four airborne divisions, and the 82nd was senior in terms of combat experience. The 101st Airborne Division was inactivated 30 November 1945 at Auxerre, France. Much of the unit property and records were burned, only nine boxes of the 502d's records making it to the States for eventual inclusion in the National Archives. For comparison, the 506th sent sixteen boxes.

Post-World War II
While on inactive status, the regiment was redesignated on 18 June 1948 as the 502d Airborne Infantry Regiment and allotted to the Regular Army on 25 June that same year. It was activated on 6 July 1948 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, as a training unit that was airborne in name only. It was inactivated on 1 April 1949. Shortly after the outbreak of the Korean War, it was again activated on 25 August 1950, again as a training unit at Camp Breckinridge, and then inactivated on 1 December 1953 at Camp Breckinridge following the truce declared in July. It was activated yet again as a training unit on 15 May 1954 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.

On 21 September 1956, the Army established the 101st again as a training unit by transferring its colors, then at a training command at Fort Jackson, SC, to Fort Campbell, KY. The departure of the 11th Airborne Division for NATO duty in West Germany meant that the Army needed another rapidly deployable unit to face Cold War contingencies. The reactivated 101st was formed using the assets of the 187th and 508th Airborne RCTs, plus volunteers from the inactivating 6th Infantry Division run through parachute school either at Fort Campbell or Fort Benning.

The division of 1956 was much different from the wartime pattern. There were tight military budgets for conventional forces in the Nuclear Age since the predominant belief was that battlefield nuclear weapons would be used early and often. This in turn made riflemen obsolete. This, combined with the fact the new 101st would be built from scratch, made the division a test of what was called a Pentomic, for "pentagonal atomic" division. The division was made up of five "battle groups", each one consisting of five companies (1 headquarters company, four rifle companies) plus a heavy mortar section. There was even a nuclear-armed rocket battery in Division Artillery. But there was only room for one "battle group" of each of the 101st's old regiments (327th, 501st, 502nd, and 506th, with the 187th coming in from the 11th). The lineage of the 502d was revived with the activation on 25 April 1957 of HHC, 1st Airborne Battle Group, 502d Infantry (bearing a lineage going back to Company A of the original 502nd PIB) as a unit within the 101st. As the rest of the Army converted to the Pentomic structure, the 2d Airborne Battle Group, 502nd Infantry was activated on 1 March 1957 in West Germany by reflagging existing elements of the 11th Airborne Division. Perpetuating the lineage of Company B, 502d PIB and thus the World War II 2d Battalion, it was inactivated on 1 July 1958 when the 11th itself was inactivated. Its personnel and equipment were reflagged to other unit designations under the 24th Infantry Division, which retained a partial Airborne capability with two battle groups (1-187th and 1-503d) before they rotated back to the United States to become part of the 82d Airborne Division. Their departure from the 24th was concurrent with the arrival of two non-airborne battle groups arriving from the United States.

By 1964, the Army had reached the conclusion that the Pentomic arrangement didn't work, and the 101st returned to a more recognizable structure. The Department of the Army announced that brigades would be the building blocks of the new style divisions. Consisting of three battalions with wartime attachments, they were similar to what used to be called a regiment or regimental combat team; however, the 502d found itself split. The HHC 2d Battalion (with the lineage of Co B/502PIR) was in 1st Brigade with two battalions of the 327th, and HHC 1st Battalion (with the lineage of Co A/502PIR) was in 2d Brigade with two battalions of the 501st.

Vietnam War
In April 1965 the 1st Brigade was deployed to South Vietnam to relieve the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Instead as the war expanded, both units stayed. The 2d Battalion, 502d Infantry quickly made a name for itself under the command of LTC Henry E. Emerson.

In June 1966 during Operation Hawthorne, Company C, 2d Battalion, 502d Infantry was conducting a mission to locate elements of the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 24th Regiment. Charlie Company made contact with what was estimated to be a battalion-sized enemy element. Under heavy enemy fire and unable to maneuver in any direction, CPT Bill Carpenter called for air strikes on top of his position in an attempt to force the enemy to withdraw. "We might as well take some of them with us", he radioed to the 2nd Battalion command post. The Napalm attack injured seven of Carpenter's men, but the PAVN ceased fire long enough to allow Company C to consolidate, reorganize and establish a position from which to defend and begin evacuation of wounded personnel. For their extraordinary heroism in destroying the PAVN and in evacuating the mass casualties, both Carpenter and 1st SGT Walter Sabalauski received the Distinguished Service Cross. The Fort Campbell Air Assault School was named in Sabalauski's honor. Another member of 2-502d was CPT Tommy Taylor, son of General Maxwell Taylor, who wanted to serve with his father's wartime command.

In 1967, Operation Eagle Thrust moved the rest of the division to South Vietnam aboard chartered airliners as part of the American buildup. At that time it was the largest single airlift in US military history. Unfortunately the orders for it found the remainder of the division on Fort Campbell not ready to enter the fight. It was a skeletal formation that had been drained of personnel to support the war effort. To bring it up to full strength prior to deployment, it was necessary to fill it with non-airborne-qualified personnel from other units in the Third Army area. The division effectively ceased being an airborne unit, although the official transformation to the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile) did not take place until mid-1968.

The 2d Battalion served almost seven years in South Vietnam. Fighting scattered actions under two different brigade headquarters from the Mekong River delta in the south to the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone up north, they earned 27 campaign streamers, six American and eight Vietnamese unit citations between them, including two Presidential Unit Citations earned by 2nd Battalion for An Khe and Dak To. The 1st Battalion fought in the A Shau Valley. Three 2d Battalion soldiers earned the Medal of Honor. Specialist Dale E. Wayrynen, Private First Class Milton A. Lee and Corporal Frank R. Fratellenico all have Fort Campbell landmarks named for them. In December 1971, after having drawn down in country, the 101st began returning home to Fort Campbell.

Post-Vietnam War
In order to move home in a more convenient fashion, the 101st largely drew down in South Vietnam, and it was a skeletal unit that came back. On 10 February 1972, the 1st Battalion, 502d Infantry returned to Fort Campbell with one officer, one warrant officer, and ten enlisted men, down from its wartime fill of nearly nine hundred officers and men. Most serviceable equipment had been left behind for the South Vietnamese military.

The division was officially welcomed home on 6 April 1972, and began the task of rebuilding itself. Division commander Major General John Cushman, a former 2d Brigade commander, stated with the end of the Vietnam War and of the draft, that the 101st was to be reconfigured as a combat-ready, all-volunteer force by May 1973.

If the 502d was going to rebuild, it would need to get out and train. In opportunistic fashion, much of that training came from other units' funding. In the summer of 1972, 1-502 departed to West Point, New York to support summer field training at the United States Military Academy. The next two summers found it New York bound again, supporting the Army Reserve's 187th Infantry Brigade (Separate).

This is not to say all was well on Fort Campbell in those years. There were equipment shortages, racial tensions, drug use, and drunken brawls. But the units built and grew. In 1980 1-502 formed the centerpiece of "Task Force Strike" and deployed to Egypt for Operation Operation BRIGHT STAR. This was a joint training exercise with Egyptian forces, culminating in a desert live fire exercise supported by low-level B-52 Stratofortress strikes; these aircraft having flown a long-duration mission from the continental US. Task Force Strike was the first American ground force in the region since World War II.

In February 1982, Task Force 1-502 deployed to Panama support of Operation "Kindle Liberty", intended to demonstrate U.S. ability and resolve to defend the Panama Canal in the light of spreading pro-Soviet/Cuban influence in Nicaragua and Central America. The task force deployed on C-5 Galaxy aircraft, 24 flights being enough to move 1-502 Infantry, a battery of 105 mm howitzers, a platoon of engineers, and an aviation package of UH-60 Black Hawk transport helicopters and AH-1S Cobra gunships to Howard Air Force Base in Panama. This marked the first deployment of the UH-60 helicopter to Panama.

Based on its previous Egypt and Panama deployment experiences, 1-502 deployed to Egypt again in September 1982. This time its mission was to enforce the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel by serving on the Sinai Peninsula as part of the Multinational Force and Observers.

Regimental realignment
May 1984 saw the first major realignment of the division since before Vietnam. The brigades regimentally aligned, with both 1st and 2d Battalions now coming under 2d Brigade, and 3d Battalion reactivating from the assets and personnel of 1-506 Infantry to complete the set. For the first time since Auxerre, France in 1945, the regiment's three battalions were together under one headquarters, even if the Army wouldn't truly consider it a regiment. At the division reunion that year, long-retired First Sergeant Dovholuk presented the blue silk World War II colors back to 2d Brigade commander John Herrling. They are still on display in the 2d Brigade headquarters.

Concurrent with the reflagging within the 101st, the 4th, 5th and 6th Battalions, 502d Infantry were activated within the Berlin Brigade by reflagging the existing 2d, 3d and 4th Battalions, 6th Infantry. This was part of a wider Army plan to regimentally pair units based within the United States with those stationed overseas for battalion rotational purposes. These three battalions, perpetuating the lineages of World War II Companies D, E and F, 502PIR, were neither airborne nor air assault. The rotation plan was found to be unworkable and was quietly abandoned.

On 12 December 1985, a chartered airliner carrying 248 members of Task Force 3-502 crashed and exploded after takeoff at Gander, Newfoundland, Canada. Mostly from HHC and Company A, they were on the final leg returning from six months of peacekeeping duty in the Sinai Peninsula between Egypt and Israel. The official Canadian government report said it was ice buildup on the wings that caused the crash, but other investigators have pointed to signs of an explosion and suggested everything from terrorism to smuggled souvenir ordnance instead. Whatever the reason, it is the deadliest single day in division history by some counts, outdoing both 6 June 1944 and Vietnam's Battle of Hamburger Hill. LTC Marvin Jeffcoat became the third of the five officers who had commanded 3–502 to that point to die in command. President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan attended an emotional memorial service on Fort Campbell. Memorials for the fallen were subsequently constructed at Gander Lake, Newfoundland, Canada; near Fort Campbell in Hopkinsville, Kentucky; and on post between Screaming Eagle and Normandy Boulevards.

Persian Gulf War
The "Strike" Brigade moved to Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Desert Shield in late summer 1990 to deter a possible Iraqi invasion. During Operation Desert Storm, the 2d Brigade and 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) cut the enemy's lines of communications, struck deep into the country, threatened a strike against the capital, and shut off any escape. On 24 February 1991, the "Strike" Brigade participated in the largest helicopter air assault in military history to establish FOB Cobra and FOB Viper with the final objective to cut off Iraqi forces on Highway 8 from moving west and supplies from Basrah. The brigade redeployed to Fort Campbell in March 1991.

Peacekeeping

In December 1990, 4-502d, was the first unit of U.S. Army Berlin to inactivate, moved to Fort Campbell and cased its colors, the personnel moving to other assignments in the division.

On 3 July 1991, soldiers of HHC and Company B, 6th Battalion, 502d Infantry (and elements of the 42d Engineer Co & FIST) became Task Force 6-502d, making the first deployment of the brigade's history, by deploying for Operation Provide Comfort II in Turkey. Upon return to Berlin, in October 1991, these soldiers were authorized wear of the Berlin Brigade SSI as a combat patch on their right shoulders, the only soldiers authorized do so.

On 6 July 1993, soldiers of Company C, 6th Battalion, 502d Infantry landed at Petrovec Airport close to Skopje, Macedonia. It was the first US Army unit to deploy to Macedonia and it was the last deployment of the BBDE outside of Berlin. The reinforced company (additional elements came from HHC Berlin Brigade; 42d Engineer Company; Company D (TOW), 6th Bn, 502d Infantry; FIST, 5th Bn, 502d Infantry; and the 287th Military Police Company) from the Berlin Brigade were to take part in the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) mission to monitor the Macedonia-Serb border. The operation was named "Able Sentry." Lt. Col. Walter Holton was the commander of the 315-member task force in Macedonia. It was under operational control of the UNPROFOR commander, Danish Brig. Gen. F. Saermark Thomsen. The Task Force returned to Berlin in January 1994.

On 4 July 1994, The 5th and 6th battalions drew down and were inactivated and relieved from assignment to U.S. Army Berlin.

In 1994, 502d soldiers from the 101st deployed to Panama in support of Operation Safe Passage the repatriation of Cuban refugees. In 1999, 3-502d Infantry deployed to Panama in support of JOTC (Jungle Operations Training Center), the infantry augmentation of U.S. forces during the draw down of United States military in Panama.

In 1999, Company A, 2-502d Infantry deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina as the Quick Reaction Force (QRF) for Stabilization Force 6 (SFOR6). This deployment fell under the command of the United Nations. The deployment did not conclude until 2000, after the new year's millennium celebration.

In 2001, 2-502d deployed to Kosovo and elements of 3-502d to the Republic of Macedonia, where they participated in a rotation as part of NATO's Kosovo Force.

Iraq War
The 502nd was called on again in 2003, when it headed the 101st's combat air assault into Iraq. Colonel Joe Anderson's brigade was selected to provide light infantry support to the 3d Infantry Division during the 2003 Iraq War. It returned a year later having fought in the key battles of Najaf, south Al Hillah, Karbala, and Mosul. It also completed the two longest air assaults in division history. While deployed, the 502d was instrumental in rebuilding the city of Mosul, Iraq. They formed a city council and held the first free elections in the country since the fall of the regime. Over the subsequent nine months, the regiment rebuilt the city's hospitals, schools and water system. It also built a regional police force that became the model for the rest of the country. Under the watchful eye of the soldiers from the 502d, former Iraqi military personnel were paid for their service and the new Iraqi Dinar was introduced. Above all, the regiment fostered a secure environment that allowed the citizens of Mosul to live in a free and safe city which became a beacon of hope throughout Iraq. Upon their redeployment to Fort Campbell, the 502d underwent transformation as part of the 2d Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division.

The newly formed 2d Brigade Combat Team deployed again to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in fall 2005 for 15 months. While deployed, the soldiers of the 502d continued to improve security conditions within their assigned area of operations and began to train Iraqi security forces within Southern Baghdad and the infamous area of Mahamudiyah, Lutafiyah and Yusifiyah. During their deployment, the Strike Brigade lost 67 soldiers with numerous wounded in combat operations in an area where over 4,200 IEDs were found during their tenure. In March 2006, five 502nd soldiers participated in the rape and murder of 14-year-old Abeer Qasim Hamza. Strike soldiers once again deployed for 13 months in late 2007 north of Baghdad where they continued to train Iraqi security forces while fighting the Jaish al-Mahdi paramilitary force.

On 31 August 2016, Clarksville Online reported U.S. soldiers from the 1st Battalion, 502d Infantry Regiment, Task Force Strike, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), took charge of a Ranger training program for qualified volunteers from Iraqi security forces at Camp Taji, Iraq. The Ranger training program, led by Company A, 1-502d, is designed to lay the foundation for an elite Iraqi unit.

War in Afghanistan
In 2010, the 2nd Brigade deployed to Kandahar Province, Afghanistan as part of the troop surge into the most unsecured areas. "Strike" Brigade successfully flushed out the Taliban fighters from the birthplace of the Taliban. Strike Brigade continued operations that had become the first American battalion to occupy areas within Zhari District of Kandhar Province. After relieving the 5th BCT, 2d Infantry Division in place, the Strike Brigade breached further into the "green zone," a fertile area that borders the northern bank of the Arghandab river, and held a strategic area of land Taliban fighters had been using for years.

One of the major operations during Strike Brigade's tour was Operation Dragon Strike. Operation Dragon Strike officially launched on 15 September 2010. After a couple of months of fighting, Operation Dragon Strike ended in a coalition victory. The mission of Operation Dragon Strike was to drive insurgent forces from the Arghandab district of the Kandahar Province.

Transformation
Following the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the regiment was transformed and refitted along with the rest of the division. At that time, the 3d Battalion was again inactivated and the 1st Squadron, 75th Cavalry activated in its place as the Strike Brigade's RSTA (Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition) Squadron. It also adopted 1st Battalion, 320th FAR (Field Artillery Regiment), the 526th BSB (Brigade Support Battalion, consisting of a number of logistical and maintenance personnel), and the 2d BCT's Special Troops Battalion. The STB, formed in part from personnel and equipment of the inactivating 311th Military Intelligence Battalion, was activated with four companies consisting of engineers, communications and signal, military intelligence, military police, and several other specialized and low-density military occupational specialties. These units were again deployed to Iraq in support of the 4th Infantry Division in September 2005.

3rd Battalion
The 3rd Battalion received the Army's Valorous Unit Award and Meritorious Unit Citation for the battles in Karbala against Saddam's insurgents attacking 3rd ID's supply lines.

"By direction of the Secretary of the Army, the Valorous Unit Award is awarded to:

3D BATTALION, 502D INFANTRY REGIMENT, 101ST AIRBORNE DIVISION

for extraordinary heroism in action:

During the period of 5 April 2003 to 6 April 2003, the 3d Battalion, 502d Infantry displayed extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Immediately upon approaching the outskirts of the city, the lead element of the task force came under intense rocket propelled grenade and machine gun fire from a prepared and determined enemy. Still separated from the city by nearly a kilometer of open ground, close air support was called in, followed by a devastatingly accurate combination of attack aviation, battalion mortar, and artillery fires. While still under withering fire, all elements of the battalion continued advancing toward the city. Through sound tactical execution and bold leadership, 3d Battalion, 502d Infantry fought its way into the city with undaunted courage, closing with and inflicting heavy casualties upon the fanatical Fedayeen Saddam with a fierce and indomitable fighting spirit. Overhead, Kiowa Warrior pilots from the 2d Battalion, 17th Cavalry displayed phenomenal courage and utter disregard for their own safety while observing and adjusting indirect fires, and placing their own fire on key enemy strong points, facilitating the advance of the task force within the city. Fierce fighting continued throughout the day, along with the treatment and evacuation of friendly casualties, but the intrepid acts of so many brave soldiers resulted in 3d Battalion, 502d Infantry inexorably closing in on their objective while destroying all enemy that lay in their path. The 3d Battalion, 502d Infantry valor, stamina, devotion to duty and professional excellence shown throughout this battle reflect great credit upon themselves, the 101st Airborne Division, and the United States Army."

Lineage

 * Constituted 14 June 1942 in the Army of the United States as the 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment

1st Battalion concurrently consolidated with the 502d Parachute Battalion (constituted 14 March 1941 in the Army of the United States and activated 1 July 1941 at Fort Benning, Georgia) and consolidated unit designated as the 1st Battalion, 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment.

Regiment (less 1st Battalion) activated 2 March 1942 at Fort Benning, Georgia.

 * Assigned 15 August 1942 to the 101st Airborne Division.
 * Inactivated 30 November 1945 in France
 * Re-designated 18 June 1948 as the 502d Airborne Infantry Regiment.
 * Allotted 25 June 1948 to the Regular Army
 * Activated 6 July 1948 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky
 * Inactivated 1 April 1949 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky
 * Activated 25 August 1950 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky
 * Inactivated 1 December 1953 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky
 * Activated 15 May 1954 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina
 * Relieved 25 April 1957 from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division; concurrently reorganized and re-designated as the 502d Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System.
 * Withdrawn 29 June 1984 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System

Campaign participation credit

 * World War II:
 * Normandy (with arrowhead)
 * Rhineland (with arrowhead)
 * Ardennes-Alsace
 * Central Europe
 * Vietnam:
 * 1) Defense
 * 2) Counteroffensive
 * 3) Counteroffensive, Phase II
 * 4) Counteroffensive, Phase III
 * 5) Tet Counteroffensive
 * 6) Counteroffensive, Phase IV
 * 7) Counteroffensive, Phase V
 * 8) Counteroffensive, Phase VI
 * 9) Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969
 * 10) Winter-Spring 1970
 * 11) Sanctuary Counteroffensive
 * 12) Counteroffensive, Phase VII
 * 13) Consolidation I
 * 14) Consolidation II
 * Southwest Asia:
 * 1) Defense of Saudi Arabia
 * 2) Liberation and Defense of Kuwait
 * Operation Iraqi Freedom
 * 1) OIF I (Invasion)
 * 2) OIF V Northwest Baghdad (troop surge)
 * 3) OIF 07-09
 * Operation Enduring Freedom
 * 1) OEF X Kandahar (troop surge)

Decorations

 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for NORMANDY
 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for BASTOGNE
 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for AN KHE
 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for DAK TO, VIETNAM 1966
 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for KANDAHAR (Operation Enduring Freedom 10–11)
 * Valorous Unit Award for QUANG THUONG DISTRICT
 * Valorous Unit Award for TUY HOA
 * Valorous Unit Award for NAM HOA DISTRICT
 * Valorous Unit Award for BA LONG DISTRICT
 * Valorous Unit Award for KARBALA (3rd Battalion)
 * Valorous Unit Award for KANDAHAR
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for VIETNAM 1965–1966
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for SOUTHWEST ASIA (1st Battalion only, U.S. Army General Order 1, 31 March 1996 section VIII)
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for AFGHANISTAN 2014
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for IRAQ 2017
 * Army Superior Unit Award for 1985 (3rd Battalion)
 * Army Superior Unit Award for 1993–1994 (5th & 6th Battalion's; Berlin Brigade)
 * Joint Meritorious Unit Award for 6th Battalion's participation in Operation Able Sentry in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in 1993–1994
 * French Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II for NORMANDY
 * Belgian Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm for BASTOGNE; cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action at Bastogne
 * Belgian Fourragere 1940; Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in France and Belgium

Notable soldiers

 * George Van Horn Moseley, Jr., original commander, on D-Day led the 502 PIR into Normandy
 * Robert G. Cole, commander of 3rd Battalion, 502nd PIR and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Joe E. Mann, Private First Class, 502nd PIR, Medal of Honor recipient
 * Colin Powell commanded 2d Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, which included elements of the 502d, and later became Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State under George W. Bush.
 * Harrison C. Summers, hero of D-Day
 * Thomas Lowell Tucker and Kristian Menchaca, two soldiers kidnapped and murdered during an attack on a roadside checkpoint on 18 June 2006, in Iraq's Triangle of Death.
 * Steven Dale Green, murderer and rapist of a 14-year-old girl in Iraq.
 * Noah Galloway, Purple Heart recipient and amputee who was on cover of Men's Health and Dancing with the Stars.

title: 502nd Infantry Regiment (United States)


text:
Encyclopedia Mythica

Encyclopedia Mythica is an online encyclopedia that seeks to cover folklore, mythology, and religion. This encyclopedia was founded in June 1995 as a small site with about 300 entries, and established with its own domain name in March 1996. As of May 2021, it features more than 11000 articles.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Encyclopedia Mythica


text: User talk:172.214.153.137

title: User talk:172.214.153.137


text:
Tail

The tail is the section at the rear end of certain kinds of animals' bodies; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. It is the part of the body that corresponds roughly to the sacrum and coccyx in mammals, reptiles, and birds. While tails are primarily a feature of vertebrates, some invertebrates including scorpions and springtails, as well as snails and slugs, have tail-like appendages that are sometimes referred to as tails. Tailed objects are sometimes referred to as "caudate" and the part of the body associated with or proximal to the tail are given the adjective "caudal".

Function

Animal tails are used in a variety of ways. They provide a source of locomotion for fish and some other forms of marine life. Many land animals use their tails to brush away flies and other biting insects. Most canines use their tails to communicate mood and intention. Some species, including cats and kangaroos, use their tails for balance; and some, such as monkeys and opossums, have prehensile tails, which are adapted to allow them to grasp tree branches.

Tails are also used for social signaling. Some deer species flash the white underside of their tails to warn other nearby deer of possible danger, beavers slap the water with their tails to indicate danger, and canids (including domestic dogs) indicate emotions through the positioning and movement of their tails. Some species' tails are armored, and some, such as those of scorpions, contain venom.

Some species of lizard can detach ("cast") their tails from their bodies. This can help them to escape predators, which are either distracted by the wriggling, detached tail or left with only the tail while the lizard flees. Tails cast in this manner generally grow back over time, though the replacement is typically darker in colour than the original and contains only cartilage, not bone. Various species of rat demonstrate a similar function with their tails, known as degloving, in which the outer layer is shed in order for the animal to escape from a predator.

Most birds' tails end in long feathers called rectrices. These feathers are used as a rudder, helping the bird steer and maneuver in flight; they also help the bird to balance while it is perched. In some species—such as birds of paradise, lyrebirds, and most notably peafowl—modified tail feathers play an important role in courtship displays. The extra-stiff tail feathers of other species, including woodpeckers and woodcreepers, allow them to brace themselves firmly against tree trunks.

The tails of grazing animals, such as horses, are used both to sweep away insects and positioned or moved in ways that indicate the animal's physical or emotional state.

Human tails
In humans, tail bud refers to the part of the embryo which develops into the end of the spine. However, this is not a tail. Infrequently, a child is born with a "soft tail", which contains no vertebrae, but only blood vessels, muscles, and nerves, but this is regarded as an abnormality rather than a vestigial true tail, even when such an appendage is located where the tail would be expected. Fewer than 40 cases have been reported of infants with "true tails" containing the caudal vertebrae, a result of atavism.

In 2024, scientists claimed to have found a genetic mutation that contributed to the loss of the tail in the common ancestor of humans and other apes.

Humans have a "tail bone" (the coccyx) attached to the pelvis; it comprises fused vertebrae, usually four, at the bottom of the vertebral column. It does not normally protrude externally - humans are an acaudal (or acaudate) species (i.e., tailless).

title: Tail


text:
Jean Adair

Jean Adair (born Violet McNaughton; June 13, 1873 – May 11, 1953 ) was a Canadian actress. She was also known as Jennet Adair.

Career
Born Violet McNaughton in Hamilton, Ontario, her work as Jennet Adair in vaudeville included performing as a "singing comedienne".

Adair received a scholarship for a dramatic school course, after which she acted for two years with stock theater companies. She moved from stock performances to replacing Irene Dunne in a production of Mother, and her New York debut came in September 1922 when she acted in It's a Boy at the Sam H. Harris Theatre.

In 1931, Adair appeared in the Summer stock cast at the Elitch Theatre.

She worked primarily on stage but also made several film appearances late in her career, most notably as Aunt Martha, one of Cary Grant's dotty old aunts in Arsenic and Old Lace, a role she originated on Broadway. Her final performance was as the beloved matriarch Rebecca Nurse in the original production of The Crucible. Like many stage actresses of her era, she also appeared in vaudeville.

Death
She died at Beth Israel Hospital in New York City on May 11, 1953, aged 79. She was cremated at Ferncliff Crematory in Hartsdale, New York. Her ashes were collected by playwright Howard Lindsay.

Broadway productions

 * It's a Boy! (1922-?)
 * The Jay Walker (1926)
 * Devils (1926)
 * The Good Fellow (1926)
 * Machinal (1928) (*with a young unknown Clark Gable)
 * That Ferguson Family (1928-9)
 * Scarlet Pages (1929)
 * Everything's Jake (1930)
 * Rock Me, Julie (1931)
 * Blessed Event (1932)
 * Best Years (1932)
 * Black Sheep (1932)
 * The Show Off (1932-3)
 * For Services Rendered (1933)
 * Murder at the Vanities (1933-4)
 * Broomsticks, Amen! (1934)
 * Picnic (1934-?)
 * Mid-West (1936-?)
 * Sun Kissed (1937-?)
 * On Borrowed Time (1938)
 * Morning's at Seven (1939–40)
 * Goodbye in the Night (1940)
 * Arsenic and Old Lace (1941-4)
 * Star-Spangled Family (1945)
 * The Next Half Hour (1945)
 * Detective Story (1949–50)
 * Bell, Book and Candle (1950-1)
 * The Crucible (1953)

title: Jean Adair


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches and Sects

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:07, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches and Sects
Either original research or a copyright violation, although I can't find the source online. Sarge Baldy 20:20, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please investigate it - it looks a little like a copyvio. — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete either way, essay/nonencyclopedic. Dcarrano 00:05, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete essay. JamesBurns 08:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Interesting, perhaps encyclopaedic, but almost certainly a copy violation (unless the author pops up very quickly and clears it incontrovertibly!) Peter Ellis 04:41, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research/POV fork of the various existing articles.     07:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Nostoc

N. Commune is supposed to be bioluminescent. I'll try to back that up somewhere else to. Remind me if I forget, or can someone else do some reasearch on that if they get a chance? Thanks - Taxman Talk 20:20, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

This article presents Nostoc as the answer to Star Jelly. How does it supposedly get up in the air to begin with? The article should be changed to present it as a hypothesis or expand on the vertical movement.

From Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides
Numerous medical studies in the past decade or so revealed that Nostoc contains a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds and phytochemicals that exert far-reaching nutraceutical and pharmacological effects, ranging from lowering cholesterol level, improving digestive efficiency, anti-inflammatory responses  , anti-viral activities , Einhibiting tumor/cancer growth , and possible anti-HIV activity. These compounds include polysaccharides, dietary fibers, proteins and essential amino acids, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and phycobiliproteins.

This information is general to Nostoc but was placed in a variety or subspecies article. It can be put in this article.

--Blechnic (talk) 06:32, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * But there is a problem with determining the "correct" current name. Is this still considered a variety of the species Nostoc commune, or is it considered a species in its own right as Nostoc sphaeroides?  The Nostoc page currently lists it as a separate species, but the article is named as if it is only a variety.  I don't have good resources on current bacterial nomenclature. --EncycloPetey (talk) 18:03, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It's a bacterium. As a cyanobacteria there is probably no consensus on the name within the bacterial nomenclature, but there may be a consensus for its name in the plant nomenclature.  I don't bother with plant nomenclature for prokaryotic names, though.  The research is too fast right now to rely upon the codes.  I check algaebase.com which is not a good source for prokaryotes, but has spp. sphaeroides.   I found two peer-reviewed current journal article with this species/variety.  The 2008 is less reliable--as a nutrition journal--but it lists it as a variety.  The 2007 is an engineering journal and uses the species.  I included the first as a source on the Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides article to justify that article's name.  I'm not sure and it doesn't matter to me.  Someone wrote it as a variety, and I found one source sufficient to justify that name, and nothing sufficient to deny that name.  Should this be discussed there not here?  --Blechnic (talk) 20:45, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Usual procedure would discuss the issue at the affected page. However, starting the discussion here is more likely to attract useful comments. --EncycloPetey (talk) 01:30, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe it will also attract someone who can improve this sadly short article on an extensively researched species. Bacterial nomenclature is problematic, nobody has good resources on it, because there are none.  There are databases, the one I use for viral pathogens also lists bacteria, I think.  They're not necessarily accurate or current because bacterial nomenclature is not rigid like botanical (even for the species that are in the botanical codes) or animal nomenclature.  My thought was I couldn't find anything to confirm with authority that it should be the species, rather than the subspecies, so I bothered not to change someone else's choice.  I think too much time could be spent trying to fix something that can't be fixed.  It would be better to pool resources and get editors working on this article.--Blechnic (talk) 06:39, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Economic Importance
Nostoc colony are rich in nitrogenous substances and hence are used as food in China and Brazi.Nostoc colonies increase nitrogen contents of the soil and are often used as a fertilizer,to increase the crop productivity,such as in rice.Nostoc is capable of fixing nitrogen and grows very rapidly.Nostoc is used,because of these properties,in reclamation of usuar(alkaline and saline) and barren soil. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.169.54.151 (talk) 14:39, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

Reproduction
Nostoc reproduces vegetatively and asexually.sexual reproduction is absent.All the filaments of the colony reproduce simultaneously. Vegetative Reproduction Nostoc reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation.The large old colonies break into a number of small fragments owing to external mechanical forces.Each fragment develops into a new colony. Asexual Reproduction Nostoc reproduces asexually by the formation of hormogones,akinetes and heterocyts. Homogones They are small segments of the trichome consisting of a few cells.They seperate in the region of heterocyst because of the poor link of the heterocyst with the vegetative cells.Hormogones are formed due to the mechanical disturbances or due to the death and decay of vegetative cells.Hormogones is surrounded by its own mucilage sheath.Hormogones may develop within the colony or come out of the colony to form a new colony.Hormogones secrete mucilagenous sheath and develop heterocyst either at one end or both ends.The cells divide vegetatively forming new filaments. Akinetes(Arthrospores) These are the resting spores,formed in few species of nostoc,in unfavorable conditions.They are thick walled and slightly bigger than the vegetative cells.They store large amounts of food material.The shape of the akinete may differ.They are formed singly or in chains.On the return of the favorable condition,they germinate to form new colonies. Heterocyts They are generally vestigeal organs.But in a few species of nostoc the heterocyts functions as reproductive organ.Protoplast of the heterocyts divides forming small hormogones.The wall of the heterocyts generally breaks at the polar region liberating the hormogones.The hormogones develop intoa new filament,which later on forms a new colony.Heterocyts,at times forms a number of endospores.These are small,rounded and with or without a thick wall. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.169.54.151 (talk) 15:17, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

AlgaeBase
There's a handy database of all the algae species available online at http://www.algaebase.org/

Maybe worth including this as a link, possibly in the references. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shtanto (talk • contribs) 00:12, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Where do samples come from?
Might be a bit off-topic, but I have to ask. How would a scientist go about getting his/her hands on some Nostoc e.g. Nostoc Ellipsosporum? Can you get it via online mail order? How do people come by specimens for the lab? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shtanto (talk • contribs) 00:15, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Fossil range?
This taxon is missing a fossil range--does anyone know when this started cropping up in the fossil record, or is this unknown? Entelognathus (talk) 16:24, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nostoc


text:
Harvey's Brewery

Harvey's Brewery is a brewery in Lewes, East Sussex, England.

Harvey's estate includes 45 tied houses, mostly in Sussex, and three in London: Royal Oak, Southwark, The Cat's Back, Wandsworth and The Phoenix, Stockwell. It sells and distributes its main product, Sussex Best Bitter, to other pubs, off-licences and social clubs in south east England. John Harvey established the Bridge Wharf Brewery on its present site by the River Ouse, overlooking Cliffe Bridge.

History
In 1880, part of the original Georgian brewery was rebuilt: the tower and brew house visible for example from Cliffe Bridge. This is an example of a country brewery with a facade in a rustic neo-Gothic design of the Victorian era, a listed building at Grade II*. Behind it stands another half: the Georgian fermenting room, cellars and vat house. The fermenting room, brew house and cellars have not changed in layout and dimensions, although reinforced and their contents have evolved. The vat house was converted and expanded into the modern bottling process.

The current yeast strain was introduced in 1957 from Tadcaster Brewery, now John Smith's Brewery.

In 1984, a second brewing line was completed doubling production capacity from 25,000 to 50,000 barrels a year. The building for this plant has been added in front of the tower in a similar Gothic style, such as an arched ironwork window.

In 2016, after many years of keg beers being absent from the brewery's portfolio, a limited range of them was introduced. Also in 2016 the company made its first entry into the canned beer market with a range that included its flagship Sussex Best Bitter. Harvey's is an independent family company: Harvey & Son (Lewes) Ltd. The seventh generation of John Harvey's descendants are among directors.

Orthography
Although Harvey's Brewery had traditionally omitted an apostrophe from its name and products, the newly designed pump badge (since 2010) for its Sussex Best Bitter included one. Subsequently, individual beer badging omitted or included the apostrophe seemingly randomly. In August 2016 Harvey's launched new branding across the whole company. It was launched at the CAMRA Great British Beer Festival in that month and specifically ensured that an apostrophe was always included in every instance of the brewery's name on point of sale material, websites, glassware, advertising copy and paperwork.

At the same time a company strapline was introduced ‘We wunt be druv’ meaning 'we won't be driven'.

Beers
Harvey's produces cask-conditioned, kegged, canned and bottled ales. In the case of cask-conditioned and bottled ales there is a range which is always available ("all-year"), and then a selection of "seasonal" ales.

Awards
In 2005 and 2006, Harvey's Sussex Best Bitter won the Best Bitter category at the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) Great British Beer Festival.

title: Harvey's Brewery


text:
Talk:Grand Central–42nd Street station

Untitled
The Lexington Av line station (as well as GCT above) is not being air conditioned. They are being air cooled, which is a different process.

The article can stay the way it is unless you want to modify it.

--Allan 20:20, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone think the name of the article should be switched from 42nd Street-Grand Central to Grand Central-42nd Street? Usually, the name of a neighborhood or point of interest (except colleges or universities) usually comes before the name of the street. Besides, the R142 and R142A's announce it as Grand Central-42nd Street. --imdanumber1 21:53, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * A quick spot-check of the MTA website found inconsistent naming. It's 42nd Street–Grand Central in some places, Grand Central–42nd Street in others. However, the former is used on the MTA map, which is probably the piece of literature that customers encounter the most. Given that the map agrees with the current name, I see no reason to change it. Marc Shepherd 21:59, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

If you see the MTA map in PDF format, it Says Grand Central-42nd Street. I think we should go with what the PDF version says since it shows more information, such as bus and rail connections, etc. So I think it should be changed.--imdanumber1 15:05, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Pics
The first picture on top is of the 4,5,6 area, and its fine, but the second one (7 platform) below should be replaced by an updated one, because the platforms were reconstructed.

Spam blacklist
I commented out the Brennan Abandoned Stations link because it apparently trigeers the spam filter with the text " http://www.co ". Tinlinkin 07:57, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Fixed right after I posted this. Tinlinkin 07:58, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

LIRR at GCT
The infobox says that this station connects with the Long Island Rail Road at Grand Central Terminal but surely this won't occur until 2012 (at least) when the East Side Access project is completed. Boissière (talk) 19:38, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree, and I changed it. Marc Shepherd (talk) 18:37, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I hope you don't mind but I restored the "at Grand Central Terminal" bit which I thought was still pertinent. I have also removed a similar link to the LIRR on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line page. Boissière (talk) 10:42, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue (IND Eighth Avenue Line) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:31, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Excessive external links
Aren't there templates where many of the Google Map links can be added to in order to cut down on the excessive links? Or would this be resolved by converting them into additional reference links? -User:DanTD (talk) 15:10, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Grand Central–42nd Street station


text:
Johan Carl Christian Petersen

Johan Carl Christian Petersen (28 June 1813 – 24 June 1880) was a Danish seaman and interpreter who participated in several expeditions in Northern Canada and Greenland in search of the missing British explorer John Franklin.

Early life
Petersen was born in Copenhagen. At the age of about 20 he moved to Godhavn (now Qeqertarsuaq) in Greenland where he made a living as a carpenter and sailor. In 1841 he moved to Upernavik, at the time the most northern Danish colony in Greenland. There he married a Greenlandic Inuit woman and adopted their customs and way of living, in the process he became a quite skilled hunter, dog sledge driver, and observer.

Exploration
He worked on William Penny's Expedition (1850–51), Elisha Kane's Second Grinnell Expedition (1853–1855) into Kane Basin, Francis Leopold McClintock Expedition (1857) and Isaac Israel Hayes North Pole Expedition (1860–61). He wrote two books about these expeditions.

On Kane's expedition he worked together with the young Inuit Hans Hendrik, for whom Hans Island was named.

Death
After these expeditions, Petersen moved back to Denmark and died in Copenhagen, at the age of 66. Johan Petersen Fjord in Greenland is named after him.

Writing

 * Erindringer fra Polarlandene optegnede af Carl Petersen, tolk ved Pennys og Kanes nordexpeditioner, 1850-55, Copenhagen, P.G. Philipsens Forlag, 1857.
 * Den sidste Franklin-expedition med "Fox", Capt. M'Clintock, Copenhagen, F. Wøldikes Forlagsboghandel, 1860.

title: Johan Carl Christian Petersen


text:
The Flag (album)

The Flag is a studio album by Rick James, released in 1986. It was his last album on the Gordy Records imprint of Motown Records. James considered The Flag to be a political album.

The album peaked at #95 on the Billboard Top 200.

Critical reception
People wrote that James's "strong, supple voice and superb arranging talents are wasted." The Los Angeles Times wrote that the album "is meant to be a return to the hard-core funk sound that established James, and while it’s a step in the right direction, it doesn’t stomp hard enough."

Track listing
All tracks composed by Rick James.

 * 1) "Freak Flag"
 * 2) "Forever and a Day"
 * 3) "Sweet and Sexy Thing"
 * 4) "Free To Be Me"
 * 5) "Save It For Me"
 * 6) "Freak Flag"
 * 7) "R U Experienced"
 * 8) "Funk in America / Silly Little Man"
 * 9) "Slow and Easy (Interlude)"
 * 10) "Slow and Easy"
 * 11) "Om Raga"
 * 12) "Painted Pictures"
 * 13) "Freak Flag"

2014 digital remaster bonus tracks
 * 1) "Sweet And Sexy Thing (12" Extended Mix)" - 9:06
 * 2) "Forever And A Day (12" Extended Mix)" - 7:37

2014 Complete Motown Albums bonus tracks
 * 1) "Sweet And Sexy Thing (12" Extended Mix)" - 9:06
 * 2) "Sweet And Sexy Thing (12" Instrumental)" - 8:08
 * 3) "Sweet And Sexy Thing (12" Version)" - 7:41
 * 4) "Forever And A Day (12" Extended Mix)" - 7:37
 * 5) "Forever And A Day (Instrumental)" - 7:34

title: The Flag (album)


text:
Paulo Autuori

Paulo Autuori de Mello (born 25 August 1956), known as Paulo Autuori, is a Brazilian football executive and coach. He is the current technical director of Coritiba.

Early life
A football fan since early childhood and a futsal player, Autuori had to give up his dream of becoming a professional footballer after contracting poliomyelitis in his teens. The disease left him with an atrophied leg and a permanent limp on his walk, which prevented him from playing. However, he did not give up his dream of being part of the footballing world, and decided to learn other aspects of the game, specifically becoming a manager.

Autuori graduated in Physical Education at Universidade Castelo Branco; and attended a Sport Admninstration course at PUC-RJ and a Soccer Coach Course at UERJ.

Coaching career
Autuori began his career as a fitness coach, working at Portuguesa-RJ, America-RJ, São Bento, Marília, Bonsuccesso and Botafogo before meeting Marinho Peres, who invited him as a part of his staff at Portuguese side Vitória de Guimarães in 1986. In 1987, he became manager of his own right, after being named at the helm of Nacional in the Segunda Divisão.

In 1989, after achieving promotion in his first year and a 10th-place finish in his second, Autuori returned to Vitória, now being appointed manager of the side. He left the club on 25 September 1990, after a 0–0 draw with Gil Vicente, and took over fellow top tier side Marítimo shortly after.

Autuori left the Leões do Almirante Reis in June 1993, but returned to the club in December, replacing compatriot Edinho. On 12 July 1995, shortly after leaving Marítimo, he returned to Botafogo as the head coach of the club, and led them to the 1995 Campeonato Brasileiro title.

On 26 December 1995, Autuori left Fogão and agreed to a contract with Benfica for the 1996–97 season. After officially taking over on 11 July 1996, he only lasted 23 matches before being sacked on 19 January 1997.

On 21 February 1997, Autuori was appointed Cruzeiro head coach, replacing Oscar Bernardi. In August, prior to the second leg of the 1997 Copa Libertadores finals, it was reported that he had agreed to a deal with Flamengo; after winning the title, he moved to the latter and led them to the 1997 Campeonato Brasileiro final stages.

On 12 March 1998, Autuori resigned from Flamengo, being replaced by Joel Santana, and returned to Botafogo fifteen days later. He left the latter on 26 September, and took over Internacional ahead of the 1999 season.

After resigning from Inter on 3 August 1999, Autuori replaced Émerson Leão at Santos twenty days later. On 24 November, however, he left the latter to return to Cruzeiro, but resigned from the club on 23 April 2000.

On 6 May 2000, Autuori returned to Portugal and Vitória, but resigned on 19 November following a 4–0 home loss to Benfica. On 3 July 2001, after a brief spell at Peruvian side Alianza Lima, he returned to Botafogo for a third spell, but also resigned on 13 October.

On 14 January 2002, Autuori returned to Peru after being appointed Sporting Cristal manager. On 6 January 2003, he was announced as the manager of the Peru national team.

Despite winning the opening match of the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (4–1 over Paraguay), Autuori left the nation on 25 April 2005, with the reasoning being that he declined to declare in front of a Congress, due to the Peru national team scandals. Four days later, he replaced Leão as head coach of São Paulo back in his home country.

Autuori won the 2005 Copa Libertadores and the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship with Tricolor, but left the club on 29 December 2005, after accepting an offer from Japanese club Kashima Antlers. He left Kashima on 1 December 2006, and agreed to return to Cruzeiro for his third spell at the club four days later.

Autuori resigned from Cruzeiro on 29 April 2007, after a 4–0 loss to rivals Atlético Mineiro in the first leg of the 2007 Campeonato Mineiro finals. He later moved to Qatar to manage Al-Rayyan, leaving the club in May 2009 after not renewing his contract.

On 14 May 2009, Autuori returned to his homeland after being announced as head coach of Grêmio. On 12 November, however, he left the club, and returned to Al-Rayyan nine days later; with the latter side, he resigned during the half-time of a match in February 2010, but opted to stay after a meeting afterwards.

On 27 August 2011, Autuori left Al-Rayyan to take over the Qatar under-23 team, replacing Frenchman Bernard Simondi. On 20 February 2012, despite failing to qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics, he was confirmed as manager of the Qatar national team. He was fired by the QFA on 15 January 2013, after his side failed to qualify for the knockout round of the 2013 Gulf Cup.

Shortly after leaving Qatar, Autuori was hired by Vasco da Gama as their head coach on 23 March 2013. He resigned on 9 July 2013, and returned to São Paulo two days later.

On 9 September 2013, Autuori was sacked by São Paulo after a 2–0 loss against Coritiba, a result that kept the club in relegation zone of the 2013 Série A, and was replaced by Muricy Ramalho. On 20 December, he was announced by Atlético Mineiro's president Alexandre Kalil as the new head coach of the club for the 2014 season.

Sacked by Galo on 24 April 2014, Autuori returned to Japan on 20 December, after being announced as manager of Cerezo Osaka. After departing the club on 17 November 2015, he was named Atlético Paranaense head coach on 7 March of the following year.

On 23 May 2017, Autuori became a director of football at Furacão, after the club appointed Eduardo Baptista as head coach. He left the club on 28 November 2017, as his contract was due to expire, and joined Fluminense in the following month, also as a director; he left the latter on 28 May 2018.

On 5 June 2018, Autuori was announced as the new Director of football in the Bulgarian champion Ludogorets Razgrad, but on the next day he was presented as the new manager of the team, since Dimitar Dimitrov wanted to leave the club. He stepped down from his position in October 2018, citing personal reasons.

On 2 November 2018, Autuori moved to Colombia and was appointed manager of Atlético Nacional. He resigned the following 24 May, before becoming a director of football at Santos in July 2019.

After leaving Peixe at the end of the 2019 season, Autuori returned to coaching duties on 13 February 2020, after being presented back at Botafogo. Sacked on 1 October, he returned to Athletico on 22 October; initially a technical director, he was later named head coach for the remainder of the season.

Back to his director role in February 2021, Autuori was an interim head coach in September 2021, after the departure of António Oliveira. On 24 February 2022, he was presented at Goiás as technical coordinator, but left on 24 March as head coach Bruno Pivetti was sacked.

On 26 March 2022, Autuori returned to Internacional, now as technical coordinator. He left the club on 3 October, after returning to Atlético Nacional as manager.

Autuori resigned from the Verdolagas on 6 July 2023, and returned to Cruzeiro on 4 August, as technical director. On 14 November, he was named head coach of the club until the end of the season, and managed to narrowly avoid relegation before returning to his previous role.

On 28 April 2024, after the sale of Ronaldo's shares of Cruzeiro's SAF, Autuori left the club. On 9 May, he joined Coritiba as technical director.

Honours

 * Botafogo
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1995

 * Cruzeiro
 * Campeonato Mineiro: 1997
 * Copa Libertadores: 1997

 * Alianza Lima
 * Primera División Peruana: 2001

 * Sporting Cristal
 * Primera División Peruana: 2002

 * São Paulo
 * Copa Libertadores: 2005
 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2005

 * Al Rayyan
 * Emir of Qatar Cup: 2010, 2011

 * Atlético Paranaense
 * Campeonato Paranaense: 2016

 * Ludogorets Razgrad
 * Bulgarian Supercup: 2018

 * Atlético Nacional
 * Superliga Colombiana: 2023

title: Paulo Autuori


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Necklet

A necklet is a type of decoration which is designed to be worn and displayed around a person's neck, rather than hung (draped) from the chest as is the standard practice for displaying most decorations.

In the Middle Ages most order's insignias were worn on a collar – see livery collar. Later, in the 16th century the insignia of the French Order of the Holy Spirit were worn on a ribbon. When, in the late 17th century, orders were divided into several classes, the cross on a ribbon around the neck became the privilege of a commander. A decoration in that rank is usually awarded to high-ranking officials like brigadiers, consuls and secretaries of State.

A woman usually wears her commander's cross on a bow on the shoulder of her dress.

In chivalric orders like the Order of Malta or the Teutonic Order the insignia of the knights is worn hanging from a ribbon around the neck. The same is true of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

In the 19th century it was not unusual to wear a Grand Cross, normally hanging from a ribbon over the shoulder to the hip as on a necklet when this was considered more convenient or when another Grand Cross was worn.

Select list of badges suspended from neck riband
Some nations confer honors which are signified in the form of a badge which is worn suspended from a ribbon (also known as riband or ribband) around the neck, including:

title: Necklet


text: User talk:84.100.8.19

title: User talk:84.100.8.19


text:
Cloister vault

In architecture, a cloister vault (also called a pavilion vault ) is a vault with four concave surfaces (patches of cylinders) meeting at a point above the center of the vault.

It can be thought of as formed by two barrel vaults that cross at right angles to each other: the open space within the vault is the intersection of the space within the two barrel vaults, and the solid material that surrounds the vault is the union of the solid material surrounding the two barrel vaults. In this way it differs from a groin vault, which is also formed from two barrel vaults but in the opposite way: in a groin vault, the space is the union of the spaces of two barrel vaults, and the solid material is the intersection.

A cloister vault is a square domical vault, a kind of vault with a polygonal cross-section. Domical vaults can have other polygons as cross-sections (especially octagons) rather than being limited to squares.

Geometry
Any horizontal cross-section of a cloister vault is a square. This fact may be used to find the volume of the vault using Cavalieri's principle. Finding the volume in this way is often an exercise for first-year calculus students, and was solved long ago by Archimedes in Greece, Zu Chongzhi in China, and Piero della Francesca in Renaissance Italy; for more, see Steinmetz solid.

Assuming the intersecting barrel-vaults are semi-cylindrical, the volume of the vault is $$\frac{1}{3}s^3$$ where s is the length of the side of the square base.

title: Cloister vault


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Fresh From Florida 250

The Fresh From Florida 250 is the first race of the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series season at Daytona International Speedway and as of 2004 has been held under the lights. It is the Truck Series event of Speedweeks – the series of races leading up to the Daytona 500.

Winners of the event include Mike Wallace, Joe Ruttman, Robert Pressley, Rick Crawford, Carl Edwards, Bobby Hamilton, Mark Martin, Jack Sprague, Todd Bodine (twice), Timothy Peters, Michael Waltrip, John King, Johnny Sauter (three times), Kyle Busch, Tyler Reddick, Kaz Grala, Austin Hill, and Zane Smith (twice).

The Truck Series does not run restrictor plates, devices used by the Xfinity and Cup stock cars to reduce horsepower and slow the cars down at Daytona and Talladega. However, a "spacer plate", and aerodynamic disadvantages in the trucks compensate for the lack of a restrictor plate.

Nick Sanchez was the 2024 winner of the event.

History
The inaugural running of the race in 2000 featured one of the most horrific wrecks in NASCAR history. Just past the halfway point of the race, Kurt Busch's truck made contact with that of Rob Morgan, turning him into Geoff Bodine's truck, sending Bodine careening airborne into the wall and catch fence just past the start-finish line. Bodine's truck burst into flames and flipped at least 10 times before coming to a stop toward Turn 1, causing a major wreck involving 13 trucks. Despite having serious injuries, Bodine survived and raced again later that year in May at Richmond. Although this race was largely overshadowed by this wreck, it was truly exciting as Mike Wallace made the last lap pass on Andy Houston for the inaugural victory.

In 2001, Joe Ruttman was the first driver to win the race from the pole position. He also won the pole the year before. Rookie Ricky Hendrick finished in second.

Robert Pressley won the race in 2002 in his first Truck Series start.

The 2003 race featured a three-wide finish on the final lap between Rick Crawford, defending Daytona winner Robert Pressley, and that year's eventual champion Travis Kvapil where the margin of victory was 0.027 seconds.

In early 2004, it was announced that the race would move from Friday afternoon to Friday night and be run under the lights. Carl Edwards would go on to win the race and Travis Kvapil (in a Toyota) finished second. The race was Toyota's first truck race.

Kerry Earnhardt started from the pole in the 2005 race, but finished in 35th due to an accident. Bobby Hamilton won from the 36th starting position, the farthest starting position for a driver to win.

In 2007, another three-wide finish between Travis Kvapil, Johnny Benson, and Jack Sprague who won the race; the margin of victory was 0.031 seconds (second-closest finish). Sprague was the third driver to win from the pole.

The 2009 race was the first under the new series title sponsorship of Camping World and for race title sponsor NextEra Energy Resources. Todd Bodine won becoming the first driver to win back-to-back season opening truck races at the Daytona International Speedway; Kyle Busch finished second in both races. Also, Todd Bodine won the 2009 race without a sponsor. Six days after the race, fifth-place finisher Ron Hornaday Jr. was docked 25 points and owner DeLana Harvick was docked 25 owner points as a penalty for illegal shocks used in the race. Crew chief Rick Ren was placed on probation and fined $5,000 because of the violations.

The 2011 running was held on the tenth anniversary of Dale Earnhardt's death in the 2001 Daytona 500. Michael Waltrip, who won that infamous 500, pulled off a slingshot last lap pass on Elliott Sadler to win his first career Truck race in a No. 15 truck, the same number on his Cup car in the 2001 500, with his brother Darrell in the broadcast booth. The victory made Waltrip the 22nd driver to win in all of NASCAR's top three divisions. Although his truck failed post-race inspection because the right side of the spoiler had snapped, resulting in a penalty for his team, he kept the win as he was not running for Truck points.

18-year-old Kaz Grala scored his maiden Truck Series victory in the 2017 event, becoming the youngest race winner in Daytona history. Matt Crafton had been leading the race on the final lap before he turned by a spinning Ben Rhodes and sent into a flip.

In the 2019 race, only nine drivers finished the race, with many being involved in wrecks. Austin Hill survived the carnage to win his first career Truck race.

The 2020 edition saw Grant Enfinger win for the first time since Las Vegas in September 2018. Enfinger won in a three-wide photo finish in which he beat Jordan Anderson by 0.010 of a second with Codie Rohrbaugh in tow; the margin of victory made it the closest finish in the event's history. Natalie Decker broke Jennifer Jo Cobb's record as the highest finishing woman in a Truck Series event by finishing fifth; Cobb's best finish was sixth in the 2011 event. On lap 16, rookie Ty Majeski flipped onto his roof, sliding on it for several hundred feet on the banking before landing on its roof on the apron.

On August 16, 2020, the Truck Series ran a second race on the Daytona road course; the event replaced the June 12 Iowa Speedway race, which was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Known as the Sunoco 159, it was held as part of a doubleheader with the Cup Series' Go Bowling 235.

The 2023 event marked the first time that the event failed to go the 250-mile/100-lap distance. On and off again showers plagued the event on five different occasions with three red flags. After an hour-long rain delay with 74 laps completed, drivers got back to their trucks only for it to start raining again, causing them to come back down to pit road. With 79 laps completed, NASCAR called the race over with Zane Smith becoming just the second driver to win the event back-to-back (Todd Bodine was the first in 2008-2009). Of the 79 laps, only 38 were under green.

In 2024, Fresh From Florida (an initiative/campaign of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services) became the title sponsor of the race, replacing NextEra Energy Resources, which had been the title sponsor of the race since 2009. This ended NextEra's long 15 year run as the title sponsor of the race.

Past winners

 * 2006 was the race time and average speed record, even with overtime.
 * 2001, 2003, 2006, 2011–12, 2019–22, 2024: The race was extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish. The 2012 event took three attempts, and the 2019 running took two attempts at overtime.
 * 2010: Race postponed from Friday to Saturday due to rain.
 * 2023: Race shortened due to rain.

title: Fresh From Florida 250


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Hilda Strike

Hilda Gwendolyn Strike (later Sisson, September 1, 1910 – March 9, 1989) was a Canadian track athlete and Olympic medalist. She was born in Montreal and died in Ottawa.

Competing in the 1932 Summer Olympics, she won a silver medal in the 4×100 metre relay and a silver medal in the 100 metre losing to Stanisława Walasiewicz. At the end of the year, she was named Canada's outstanding female athlete of the year by The Canadian Press. In 1972, she was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.

When Walasiewicz was shot to death in 1980 during a store robbery, it was discovered that Walasiewicz had an intersex condition. Many subsequently argued that the gold medal should be given to Strike.

At the 1934 Empire Games she won the silver medal in the 100 yards event. She also was a member of the Canadian relay team which won the silver medal in the 110-220-110 yards relay competition.

title: Hilda Strike


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Von Maur

Von Maur, Inc. is an American department store chain based in Davenport, Iowa. Founded in 1872, the chain operates over 36 locations across the United States, primarily in the Midwest.

Beginnings
In 1872, German immigrant J. H. C. Petersen and his three sons opened a store in a 20 by storefront in downtown Davenport, Iowa. The store eventually expanded and moved into their flagship store, the Redstone Building at 2nd and Main Streets in Davenport. In 1916, J.H.C. Petersen's son, William D. Petersen, sold the family store to a partnership of R.H. Harned, C.J. von Maur, and Cable von Maur.

C.J. von Maur, who came from Austria, established the Boston Store (later renamed Harned & Von Maur) in downtown Davenport in 1887. Despite the common ownership, Petersen's and Harned & Von Maur continued to operate as separate stores for twelve years, even after C.J. von Maur died in 1926. On May 7, 1928, Harned & Von Maur merged with the Petersen's store in what is now known as the Redstone Building. The store was renamed Petersen Harned Von Maur, which was often shortened to "Petersen's". The von Maur family assumed complete ownership of the store after R.H. Harned died in 1937.

1970s–1980s
In the company's centennial year of 1972, Petersen Harned Von Maur opened its first branch store at Duck Creek Plaza in Bettendorf, Iowa. Another branch store opened at SouthPark Mall in Moline, Illinois, in 1974. In 1976, Petersen's opened its first store outside the Quad Cities area at Valley West Mall in West Des Moines, Iowa. The company continued to open new stores in shopping malls throughout Iowa and Illinois during the late 1970s and 1980s; along the way it acquired two former Killian's department stores in Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Iowa, in 1981. As the company shifted its focus to malls, the Petersen Harned Von Maur flagship store in downtown Davenport closed in 1986. The Redstone Building is now home to the River Music Experience.

Petersen Harned Von Maur shortened its name to Von Maur in 1989 to reflect the von Maur family's management of the company. One year later, it moved its corporate headquarters and executive offices from the Redstone Building to a 200000 sqft building on Brady Street (near the interchange with Interstate 80) in Davenport. The company distributes all of its merchandise from this building using its own fleet of semi-trucks. It also has its own credit union and credit department as well as a print shop.

In 1989, Von Maur purchased stores vacated by Carson Pirie Scott at Hickory Point Mall in Forsyth and College Hills Mall in Normal.

1990s–2000s
Von Maur successfully entered the Chicago market in 1994 with a 207000 sqft flagship store at Yorktown Center in Lombard, Illinois. Von Maur currently has 7 stores in Illinois, more than any other state. From there, the company expanded its geographic reach into Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, and Nebraska during the late 1990s and early 2000s while closing stores in Bettendorf, Iowa and Muscatine, Iowa, during this period. In 2004 Von Maur expanded into Michigan by taking over two mall locations of the defunct Jacobson's chain (The Briarwood Mall in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Laurel Park Place in Livonia, Michigan). In late 2005 it opened a store at Polaris Fashion Place in Columbus, Ohio, the 23rd store in the chain. On January 31, 2007, Von Maur closed its store at Westdale Mall in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, which brought the store count down to 22.

On December 5, 2007, the Von Maur location in Westroads Mall in Omaha, Nebraska, was the site of a mass shooting when a mentally ill teenager entered the store with an assault rifle, killing 8 and injuring six more before killing himself.

On Saturday, September 13, 2008, Von Maur opened its 23rd store, a 140000 sqft store in Phase II of The Greene, a project of Steiner Associates in Dayton, OH.

The 24th store at the Corbin Park Lifestyle Center in Overland Park, Kansas, had its soft opening on Monday, November 3, 2008, and the grand opening on Saturday, November 8, 2008.

2010s–present
Today, the privately held company remains under the leadership of the Von Maur family, including co-chairmen Charles R. von Maur and Richard B. von Maur, as well as president James D. von Maur. Von Maur offers free gift wrapping year-round as well as free shipping year-round. Von Maur caters to the typical middle-class consumer. In the past five years, the chain has expanded out of its Midwestern home territory to open stores in Georgia, Alabama, New York, and Oklahoma.

September 18, 2010 marked Von Maur's entrance into the St. Louis, Missouri market as the anchor of The Meadows shopping center in Lake St. Louis.

On November 11, 2010, Von Maur announced the chain would open its first store in the Southeast in the Atlanta suburb of Alpharetta. The regional flagship store would convert a former location previously occupied by Lord & Taylor, then Belk, at the North Point Mall into a much larger anchor. The store opened in early November 2011.

In March 2011, it was reported Von Maur would enter the Wisconsin market with a store in the Milwaukee area at a new lifestyle shopping center in Brookfield named The Corners. The proposed store was to have been combined with a three-story parking structure and had been predicted to open in the fall of 2014, but numerous project delays occurred. Von Maur's 32nd location, it opened on April 8, 2017.

In September 2011, Von Maur announced that it would open a store in Coralville, Iowa at Iowa River Landing, replacing the chain's Iowa City store, previously located at Sycamore Mall.

In November 2011, it was announced that Von Maur would enter New York State with its first store at Eastview Mall, outside Rochester, replacing a Bon-Ton store. Von Maur's first northeast location opened on October 26, 2013.

Von Maur announced in early January 2012 they would be opening their second Atlanta area store at the soon-to-be shuttered Bloomingdale's location at Perimeter Mall in north suburban Dunwoody, while the company's president said that he would like to have four or five stores in the market during this time. The three-story, 240000 ft2 store opened on November 10, 2012.

On November 2, 2013, the chain opened its first store in Alabama, at the Riverchase Galleria in the Birmingham suburb of Hoover. The store is located in the space first occupied by Macy's, then Proffitt's, and later Belk.

On February 27, 2013, it was announced that Von Maur would be opening a new location in Oklahoma City as the fourth anchor store at Quail Springs Mall, replacing Sears. The 155000 ft2 facility opened on October 18, 2014 and marked the 30th location for Von Maur.

In September 2016, Von Maur would open their third Georgia store in a former Nordstrom location at the Mall of Georgia in Buford, Georgia.

In March 2016, the company announced that it would open a second store in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. The two-story, 140,000-square foot store at Rosedale Center opened on October 13, 2018, joining the existing store at Eden Prairie Center.

In February 2017, It was announced that the longstanding Sears store at Woodland Mall in the Grand Rapids suburb of Kentwood, Michigan, would close and will reopen as Von Maur in 2019 along with other additions to the mall.

In February 2018, the company announced it would open a store at the Jordan Creek Town Center in West Des Moines, Iowa. That store opened in 2022 and replaced the Valley West location.

In August 2022, the company announced it would open a store at South Hills Village in suburban Pittsburgh, the first store in the state of Pennsylvania.

title: Von Maur


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Photo album

A photographic album or photo album, is a series of photographic prints collected by an individual person or family in the form of a book. Some book-form photo albums have compartments which the photos may be slipped into; other albums have heavy paper with an abrasive surface covered with clear plastic sheets, on which surface photos can be put. Older style albums often were simply books of heavy paper on which photos could be glued to or attached to with adhesive corners or pages.

History
The oldest photograph albums in the collection of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. are from the 1850s. Early family photo albums were often displayed in the home. "Families who could only afford a couple of pictures would put them into an album, to which other family members would add theirs."

Coffee table books / photo-books
Coffee table books get their name from the intended purpose of being placed on a coffee table for the entertainment of guests. Coffee table books are photo-books, and come in various sizes from very small to very large. They are printed books with soft and thin pages like normal books. A coffee table book is typically larger and is bound in a hard cover, whereas a smaller photo book is normally bound in a soft cover. The print quality of photo books varies from photographic paper prints to inkjet prints on normal paper.

Digital photo books
Digital photo books have digitally printed pages as opposed to albums that consist of traditional photos. Both flush-mount albums as well as coffee table books are printed digitally. The photos of flush mount albums are printed on photographic paper, which is comparable to the quality of traditionally developed photos. Coffee table books, on the other hand, are printed with inkjet on ordinary paper and are therefore of a lower quality. Digital printing gives the album designer a vast number of design possibilities, for example magazine-style or montage albums are only possible with digital printing.

Digital photo books are increasingly popular because they allow anyone with a digital camera to create coffee table books of their photos. Also, it is often considered easier to print photos onto pages directly, rather than position and secure individual prints onto the pages of a traditional album. Aesthetically, digital photo books seem neater and more professional than albums. This has led to their growing popularity among both professional and amateur photographers. Digital photo book printing companies have used the internet to make designing and producing photo books very easy for the general consumer.

Flush mount albums
Flush mount albums have hard covers with thick, unbending pages. They consist of photographic prints that were dry-mounted on cardboard. The covers are mostly made of leather, leatherette or glass. The photos lie completely flat and extend across the whole page. Flush mount albums are usually designed in magazine-style. They are most often used for special occasions such as weddings and anniversaries due to the fact that they are produced at a higher quality and are more expensive to produce than coffee table books.

Magazine-style albums / montage albums
The term magazine-style refers to the design style inspired by fashion magazines, but the style can differ greatly between albums dependent on the designer. The layout is usually referred to as digital montage, hence the alternative name montage albums. The layout is designed on the computer, utilizing custom- or template- generated images.

Storybook albums
Storybook albums narrate a story, like the story of a wedding day or a vacation from beginning to end. If they are digitally printed the designer can use images as well as text, graphics and color for the narration of the story.

Scrapbooking albums
Scrapbooking albums are blank photo albums where people can stick photo prints, clippings, tickets, and even small mementos. Scrapbooking is then an activity documenting a period of time like a baby's first year, holiday, or time at university. People decorate their scrapbooking albums with drawings, text and calligraphy, stickers, or stamps.

Homemade decorative albums
Homemade decorative albums can easily be made at home. The items needed to make this type of album may already be a part of the home office supplies. Items consist of: binder folders, clear sheet protectors or picture sleeves, fabric of choice, and a hot glue gun. Some may choose to use stuffing to give a fluff to the album. This type of album is simple to make; and allows the crafter to explore their creative side, while adding a personal touch.

Matted album
Matted albums are albums with recessed frames, in which each photo is hand-mounted. The photos are digitally or traditionally printed and can also be changed also after completion of the album.

Self-mount album
Self-mount albums are the most common form of a traditional album. They contain manually mounted digital or traditional photos that can be rearranged. Self-mount albums are easy to produce and can be used for any occasion.

Software
There are many software programs available to organize images in folders or albums. These programs generally allow for sorting and ordering of different images, tagging the images, and viewing them in slideshows or printing them. These programs commonly allow the user to perform basic edits such as cropping, red-eye removal, and some basic "one touch" enhancements for color and lighting. Some online albums have introduced techniques of separating special effects from the original picture so that the picture is not edited - effects are applied when displayed without destroying the original picture.

There are also many other, lay-up software programs available for making photo-books. These are generally offered free as a design tool but require the user to pay for the production of their printed photobook. These programs are generally not specifically designed for photo editing, more for the express purpose of creating a book that will eventually be printed and bound into a photo-book. These programs are generally provided by the company that print and bind the photobooks. Therefore, the home printing function is generally not available.

title: Photo album