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Wilhelm Stekel

Wilhelm Stekel (18 March 1868 – 25 June 1940) was an Austrian physician and psychologist, who became one of Sigmund Freud's earliest followers, and was once described as "Freud's most distinguished pupil". According to Ernest Jones, "Stekel may be accorded the honour, together with Freud, of having founded the first psycho-analytic society". However, a phrase used by Freud in a letter to Stekel, "the Psychological Society founded by you", suggests that the initiative was entirely Stekel's. Jones also wrote of Stekel that he was "a naturally gifted psychologist with an unusual flair for detecting repressed material". Freud and Stekel later had a falling-out, with Freud announcing in November 1912 that "Stekel is going his own way". A letter from Freud to Stekel dated January 1924 indicates that the falling out was on interpersonal rather than theoretical grounds, and that at some point Freud developed a low opinion of his former associate. He wrote: "I...contradict your often repeated assertion that you were rejected by me on account of scientific differences. This sounds quite good in public but it doesn't correspond with the truth. It was exclusively your personal qualities—usually described as character and behavior—which made collaboration with you impossible for my friends and myself." Stekel's works are translated and published in many languages.

Early life
Stekel was born to Jewish parents in 1868 in Boiany (Yiddish Boyan), Bukovina, then an eastern province of the Austro-Hungarian empire, but now divided between Ukraine in the north and Romania in the south. His parents, who were of mixed Ashkenazi and Sephardic background, were relatively poor, a fact which restricted his life choices. However, the fact that he later used "Boyan" as one of his noms de plume seems to corroborate his own account of a happy childhood. His parents enrolled him into a Protestant school.

After an abortive apprenticeship to a shoemaker, he completed his education, matriculating in 1887. He then enlisted as a "one-year-volunteer" with the 9th Company, Prince Eugen's Imperial Infantry Regiment No 41 in Czernowitz [today's Chernivtsi, Ukraine]. Under this scheme he was not obliged to do his military service until 1890, after completing the first part of his medical studies. He was therefore free to enrol at the University of Vienna in 1887, and studied under the eminent sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Theodor Meynert, Emil Zuckerkandl, (whose son would later marry Stekel's daughter, Gertrude), Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke, Hermann Notnagel, and Max Kassowitz.

From 1886 to 1896 Freud was head of the neurological department at the "1st Public Institute for Sick Children" (otherwise known as the Kassowitz Institute) of which Kassowitz had been the director since 1882. As Stekel worked at this institute during the summer semester of 1891, it seems probable that he knew about Freud then, and possibly was also introduced to him by one of the founder members of the Wednesday Psychological Society, Max Kahane, who also worked there.

In 1890 Stekel completed the first six months of required military training, which he described as "the most disagreeable period of my life." No doubt in part because of this experience, in 1891 Stekel attended the International Pacifist Convention in Bern, funded by the well-known peace activist Berta von Suttner, and founded a University Pacifists Club supported not only by von Suttner, but also by Krafft-Ebing.

Nevertheless, he was in such financial straits that at the instigation of his family he applied for a military scholarship. This bound him to another six years of service in the army, and also prohibited him from marrying until his release in 1897. He managed, however, by intentionally failing an examination and using a loophole in the regulations, to gain his release in 1894.

Thereafter Stekel opened a successful doctor's practice, while as a sideline, following the example of his elder brother, the journalist Moritz Stekel, wrote articles and pamphlets covering issues around health and disease. In 1895 Stekel wrote an article, "Coitus in Childhood" which Freud cited in an article on "The Aetiology of Hysteria" in 1896. The same year Stekel cited Freud in an article on migraine, which, however, did not appear until 1897.

Career
Stekel wrote a book called Auto-erotism: A Psychiatric Study of Onanism and Neurosis, first published in English in 1950. He is also credited with coining the term paraphilia to replace perversion. He analysed, among others, the psychoanalysts Otto Gross and A. S. Neill, as well as Freud's first biographer, Fritz Wittels. In his 1924 Freud biography, Wittels expressed his admiration for Stekel, to whose school he at that time adhered. This annoyed Freud who wrote in the margin of the copy of the book Wittels sent him 'Zu viel Stekel,' (Too much Stekel). Much later, Wittels, who by then had returned to the Freudian fold, still praised Stekel's "strange ease in understanding" but commented, "The trouble with Stekel's analysis was that it almost invariably reached an impasse when the so-called negative transference grew stronger". Stekel's autobiography was published posthumously in English in 1950.

Theory of neurosis
Stekel made significant contributions to symbolism in dreams, "as successive editions of The Interpretation of Dreams attest, with their explicit acknowledgement of Freud's debt to Stekel": "the works of Wilhelm Stekel and others...since taught me to form a truer estimate of the extent and importance of symbolism in dreams".

Considering obsessional doubts, Stekel said, In anxiety the libido is transformed into organic and somatic symptoms; in doubt, the libido is transformed into intellectual symptoms. The more intellectual someone is, the greater will be the doubt component of the transformed forces. Doubt becomes pleasure sublimated as intellectual achievement.

Stekel wrote one of a set of three early "Psychoanalytic studies of psychical impotence" referred to approvingly by Freud: "Freud had written a preface to Stekel's book". Related to this may be Stekel's "elaboration of the idea that everyone, and in particular neurotics, has a peculiar form of sexual gratification which is alone adequate".

Freud credited Stekel as a potential forerunner when pondering the possibility that (for obsessional neurotics) "in the order of development hate is the precursor of love. This is perhaps the meaning of an assertion by Stekel (1911 [Die Sprache des Traumes], 536), which at the time I found incomprehensible, to the effect that hate and not love is the primary emotional relation between men". The same work is credited by Otto Fenichel as establishing 'the symbolic significance of right and left...right meaning correct and left meaning wrong '. Less flatteringly, Fenichel also associated it with "a comparatively large school of pseudo analysis which held that the patient should be 'bombarded' with 'deep interpretations,'" a backhanded tribute to the extent of Stekel's early following in the wake of his break with Freud.

Contributions to the theory of fetishism and of perversion
Stekel contrasted what he called "normal fetishes" from extreme interests: "They become pathological only when they have pushed the whole love object into the background and themselves appropriate the function of a love object, e.g., when a lover satisfies himself with the possession of a woman's shoe and considers the woman herself as secondary or even disturbing and superfluous” (p. 3). Stekel also deals differently than Freud with the problem of perversion. A lot of perversions are defense mechanisms (Schutzbauten) of the moral “self”; they represent hidden forms of asceticism. To Freud, the primal sexual venting meant health, while neuroses were created because of repressing sexual drives. Stekel, on the other hand, points out the significance of the repressed religious “self” in neuroses and indicates that apart from the repressed sexuality type, there is also a repressed morality type. This type is created in the conditions of sexual licentiousness while being opposed to doing it at the same time. In the latter instance, 'Stekel holds that fetichism is the patient's unconscious religion'. "Normal" fetishes for Stekel contributed more broadly to choice of lifestyle: thus "choice of vocation was actually an attempt to solve mental conflicts through the displacement of them", so that doctors for Stekel were "voyeurs who have transferred their original sexual current into the art of diagnosis".

Complaining of Freud's tendency to indiscretion, Ernest Jones wrote that he had told him "the nature of Stekel's sexual perversion, which he should not have and which I have never repeated to anyone". Stekel's "elaboration of the idea that everyone, and in particular every neurotic, has a peculiar form of sexual gratification which is alone adequate" may thus have been grounded in personal experience.

On sado-masochism, "Stekel has described the essence of the sadomasochistic act to be humiliation".

Freud's critique of Stekel's theory of the origin of phobias
In The Ego and the Id, Freud wrote of the "high-sounding phrase, 'every fear is ultimately the fear of death'"—associated with Stekel (1908)—that it "has hardly any meaning, and at any rate cannot be justified", evidence perhaps (as with psychic impotence and love/hate) of his continuing engagement with the thought of his former associate.

On technique
Stekel "was also an innovator in technique...devis[ing] a form of short-term therapy called active analysis which has much in common with some modern form of counselling and therapy".

On aesthetics
Stekel maintained that "in every child there slumbered a creative artist". In connection with the psychoanalytic examination of the roots of art, however, he emphasised that "...the Freudian interpretation, no matter how far it be carried, never offers even the rudest criterion of 'artistic' excellence...we are investigating only the impulse which drives people to create". Analyzing the dreams of artists and non-artists alike, Stekel pointed out that "at the level of symbol production the poet does not differ from the most prosaic soul...Is it not remarkable that the great poet Goethe and the unknown little woman...should have constructed such similar dreams?".

Personal life
Stekel was married twice and had two children. Stekel committed suicide in Kensington by taking an overdose of Aspirin "to end the pain of his prostate and the diabetic gangrene". He died at 34–37 Pembridge Gardens, Kensington, London W2, leaving a modest estate valued at £2,430. His remains were cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 29 June 1940. His ashes lie in section 3-V of the Garden of Remembrance but there is no memorial.

Stekel's autobiography was published posthumously, edited by his former personal assistant Emil Gutheil and his wife Hilda Binder Stekel. His widow died in 1969.

A biographical account of Stekel's life appeared in The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel (2007) by Jaap Bos and Leendert Groenendijk, which also includes his correspondence with Sigmund Freud. See also L. Mecacci, Freudian Slips: The Casualties of Psychoanalysis from the Wolf Man to Marilyn Monroe, Vagabond Voices 2009, pp. 101

In popular culture

 * He is referenced in the episodes 22 and 26 of Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex.
 * A quote attributed to Stekel ("The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause. The mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for one.") is referenced in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. Cited by a character in the novel as a statement of Stekel's, it has sometimes been attributed to Salinger and may indeed be his paraphrase of a statement by the German writer Otto Ludwig (1813–1865), which Stekel himself has quoted in his writings: "Das Höchste, wozu er sich erheben konnte, war, für etwas rühmlich zu sterben; jetzt erhebt er sich zu dem Größern, für etwas ruhmlos zu leben." Cf. Wilhelm Stekel.

Selected publications

 * Stekel W. (1908) Nervöse Angstzustände und ihre Behandlung. Fourth Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg.
 * Stekel W. (1911). Die Sprache des Traumes: Eine Darstellung der Symbolik und Deutung des Traumes in ihren Bezeihungen
 * Stekel W. (1911). Sexual Root of Kleptomania. J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology
 * Stekel W. (1917). Nietzsche und Wagner, eine sexualpsychologische Studie zur Psychogenese des Freundschaftsgefühles und des Freundschaftsverrates
 * Stekel W. (1921). The beloved ego, foundations of the new study of the psyche
 * Stekel W. (1921) The depths of the soul; psycho-analytical studies
 * Stekel W. (1922). Compulsion and Doubt (Zwang und Zweifel) Liveright
 * Stekel W. (1922). Disguises of love ; psycho-analytical sketches
 * Stekel W. (1922). The Homosexual Neuroses
 * Stekel W. (1922). Bi-sexual love; the homosexual neurosis (2003 reprint: Bisexual Love. Fredonia)
 * Stekel W. (1922). Sex and dreams; the language of dreams
 * Stekel W. (1923) Conditions of Nervous Anxiety and Their Treatment, Tr. Rosalie Gabler, Dood, Mead & Co. Reprinted (2014) by Routledge
 * Stekel W. (1926). Frigidity in women Vol. II. Grove Press
 * Stekel W., Boltz O.H. (1927). Impotence in the Male: The Psychic Disorders of Sexual Function in the Male. Boni and Liveright
 * Stekel W., Van Teslaar J.S. (1929). Peculiarities of Behavior: Wandering Mania, Dipsomania, Cleptomania, Pyromania and Allied Impulsive Disorders. H. Liveright
 * Stekel W. (1929). Sadism and Masochism: The Psychology of Hatred and Cruelty. Liveright
 * Stekel W. (1943). The Interpretation of Dreams: New Developments and Technique. Liveright
 * Stekel W., Gutheil E. (1950). The Autobiography of Wilhelm Stekel. Liveright
 * Stekel W., Boltz O.H. (1950). Technique of Analytical Psychotherapy. Live right
 * Stekel W. (1952). Disorders of the Instincts and the Emotions -- The Parapathaic Disorders, Vol. 1 and Sexual Aberrations -- The Phenomena of Fetishism in Relation to Sex, Volume 2. (Two volumes in one.) Liveright
 * Stekel W. (1952). Patterns of Psychosexual Infantilism Grove Press Books and Evergreen Books
 * Stekel W. (1961). Auto-erotism: a psychiatric study of masturbation and neurosis. Grove Press

title: Wilhelm Stekel


text: User talk:68.81.120.41

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.81.120.41


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File:Neil young eldorado-small.jpg

Fair use in Eldorado (EP)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Neil young eldorado-small.jpg


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Dhani Ram Chatrik

Dhani Ram Chatrik (4 October 1876 – 18 December 1954) was an Indian poet and typographer.

He is considered one of the pioneers of modern Punjabi poetry. He promoted Punjabi culture, language and publications through his life. In 1926, he became the President of Punjabi Sahit Sabha, a Punjabi Literary Society.

Early life
He was born in village Pasian-wala, district Sheikhupura (now in Pakistan). His father Pohu Lal, was an ordinary shopkeeper. His father moved to village Lopoke in search for work. His father taught him Gurmukhi and Urdu scripts. Dhaniram grew fond of calligraphy and went to Bombay to learn Gurmukhi typography. Though a Hindu by birth, he became an admirer of the Sikh faith after he came in contact with the major Punjabi poet of that era Bhai Vir Singh. After this meeting he felt inspired to write verses in the Punjabi Language.

Partial bibliography

 * Chatrik authored Fullan Di Tokri (1904)
 * Bharthri Hari Bikramajit (1905)
 * Nal Dmaayanti (1906)
 * Dharmvir (1912)
 * Chandanwari (1931)
 * Kesar Kiari (1940)
 * Nawan Jahan (1942)
 * Noor Jahan Badshahbeghum (1944)
 * Sufikhana (1950)

title: Dhani Ram Chatrik


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Talk:Ceremonial Duel

nice pictures....

DO NOT REMOVE THE IMAGES

The End
Will this be apart of the "Dawn of the Duels" series in english?

Yes, I do believe that they would show it the U.S.--Dil 04:12, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
I don't know how to do it myself, but could someone upload these pics to this page? Note that the site these pics are from does not allow direct linking, so you must copy the link and paste it into the Address window to view them.

Atem summons the God cards: http://yugiohpics.net/egypt/221/221x89.jpg

Magnet Force reverses Slifer's attacks: http://yugiohpics.net/egypt/222/222x93.jpg

Silent Magician attacks: http://yugiohpics.net/egypt/224/224x63.jpg

Atem is defeated: http://yugiohpics.net/egypt/224/224x68.jpg

The original site is here (http://yugiohpics.net/), for gathering copyright data and such. I know nothing about uploading images here, or Wiki's copyright laws and such, so anyone who could help with this would be very useful.

User 71.111.159.139
Somone block them. They've made tons of useless edits not only to this page, but to other Yugioh-related pages too. Just look at the edit histories and look at what they've added. Someone please block them.

English Names vs. Japanese Names
Should we revert all edits made to the names if someone attempts to change the english names to japanese, especially edits made by User:70.113.5.108 and Geg. Glenn Browne 09:19, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, as there are rules for these kind of things. Take a look at some of the other articles, like Battle City (Yu-Gi-Oh! story arc). The Wikipedia naming conventions state to use the most official English names, which, in this case, is the English Yu-Gi-Oh! manga. In that sense, the names "Jonouchi", "Anzu", and "Honda" are to be used in place of "Joey", "Téa", and "Tristan". Likewise, the same rules apply to the card names. Names like "Slifer" and "Dark Magician" are to be used in place of "Osiris" and "Black Magician", as those are the names used in the English manga as well as the actual Konami card game. Ask WhisperToMe if you want more information about this, as he's the one who basically set these rules for the Yu-Gi-Oh! articles. -The Splendiferous Gegiford 16:11, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ceremonial Duel


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Monomakh's Cap

Monomakh's Cap (шапка Мономаха), also called the Golden Cap (шапка Золотая), is a chief relic of the Muscovite Grand Princes and Russian Tsars. It is a symbol-crown of the Russian autocracy, and is the oldest of the crowns currently exhibited at the Imperial treasury section of the Kremlin Armoury. Monomakh's Cap is an early 14th-century gold filigree skullcap composed of eight sectors, elaborately ornamented with a scrolled gold overlay, inlaid with precious stones (ruby and emerald) and pearls, and trimmed with sable. The cap is surmounted by a simple gold cross with pearls at each of the extremities.

Origin
The main hypothesis sees the Cap as originating in ancient Moscow. One alternative account classifies it as of Central Asian origin (from the ethnological or cultural point of view); this has led some modern scholars to view the crown as a gift from Uzbeg Khan of the Golden Horde ((r. 1313 – 1341)) to his brother-in-law, Grand Prince of Moscow Ivan Kalita ((r. 1325 – 1340)) during Mongol-Tatar yoke era after the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' of 1223-1241. Boris Uspensky (1996) in particular argues that the Tatar headgear was originally used in coronation ceremonies to signify the Muscovite ruler's subordination to the khan. According to Sergey Solovyov (1879) "after the death of Ivan Kalita all Russian princes traveled to the Horde... and the Khan announced the eldest son of Kalita, Simeon, the Grand Prince of Vladimir".

After Muscovy  overcame the period of feudal fragmentation, and Ivan III of Moscow and Vladimir ((r. 1462 – 1505)) asserted his position as successor to the Roman emperors, there arose a legend that the cap had been presented by the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachus ((r. 1042 – 1055)) to his grandson Vladimir Monomakh, the traditional founder in 1108 of the city of Vladimir and patrilineal ancestor of Ivan III. In the early part of the 16th century The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir elaborated the legend, which reinforced the 15th-century claims for the "Moscow as the Third Rome" political theory.

The crown became known as "Monomakh's Cap", the term first recorded in a Muscovite document from 1518. However the fact that Constantine IX Monomachus died 50 years before the coronation of Vladimir Monomakh makes the attribution a mere legend. The first version of the orient origin of the Cap (Uzbeg Khan) was suggested by George Vernadsky. Vernadsky was pointing to an interesting fact that according to Paul Pelliot Özbäg can be interpreted as a freeman (maître de sa personne).

Professor M. G. Kramarovsky, who worked at the Hermitage Museum and was specifically interested in the origin of the cap, remarks that according to the technology of the headgear, the cap originated in the 14th or 15th century - either in the Volga cities or in Crimea, where the school of Golden Horde filigree had developed. According to Aleksandr Andreevich Spitsyn (1858-1931), possibly the cap was initially topped with the similar cross of the Jani Beg crown, however account of the German ambassador of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund von Herberstein (known for his Notes on Muscovite Affairs, published in 1549) does not support that view.

After Ivan the Terrible had himself crowned the first Russian Tsar with this headgear in 1547, the Polish king asked Ivan to explain the meaning of his new title. To that Ivan replied that whoever is crowned with Monomakh's Cap is traditionally called a tsar, because it was a gift from a tsar (i.e., Constantine IX) who had sent the Metropolitan of Ephesus to Kiev to crown Vladimir Monomakh with this cap. Ivan was presumably not aware that at the time of Constantine IX Monomachus' death, Vladimir Monomakh was only two years old and he was not the Kievan sovereign yet.

The Monomakh Cap was last used in the dual coronation of Ivan V and Peter I of Russia in 1682, though it was carried in the coronation procession thereafter. After Peter I (Peter the Great) assumed the title of emperor in 1721, a new western-style crown was fashioned and used in the coronation of the empress-consort Catherine in 1724.

title: Monomakh's Cap


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Fort Dodge Regional Airport

Fort Dodge Regional Airport is a city owned public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) north of the central business district of Fort Dodge, a city in Webster County, Iowa, United States. It is mostly used for general aviation, but is also served by one commercial airline United Airlines, a service that is subsidized by the federal government's Essential Air Service program at a cost of $3,892,174 (per year).

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025 categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport.

History
Mesaba Airlines, operating as Delta Connection, formerly had daily service to Minneapolis-St. Paul with a stop in Mason City. Effective June 10, 2010, the stop in Mason City ended and Fort Dodge had nonstop flights to Minneapolis-St. Paul.

Great Lakes Airlines announced began service from Fort Dodge to Minneapolis/St. Paul to replace service by Delta Connection effective April 10, 2012. Great Lakes service ended January 31, 2014.

Air Choice One announced it would begin service from Fort Dodge to Chicago O'Hare to replace service by Great Lakes Airlines on February 23, 2015.

SkyWest Airlines, operating as United Express, announced that it would begin service from Fort Dodge to Chicago O'Hare to replace service by Air Choice One on March 1, 2021.

Facilities and aircraft
Fort Dodge Regional Airport covers an area of 967 acres (391 ha) at an elevation of 1,156 feet (352 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 6/24 is 6,547 by 150 feet (1,996 x 46 m) and 12/30 is 5,301 by 100 feet (1,616 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending March 1, 2023, the airport had 10,598 aircraft operations, an average of 29 per day: 85% general aviation, 12% scheduled commercial, 2% air taxi and 1% military. In March 2023, there were 22 aircraft based at this airport: 19 single-engine, 2 multi-engine and 1 helicopter.

Cargo

 * Flight Express (Des Moines, Mason City) Cessna 210

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-2001-10682) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2005-6-13 (June 20, 2005): selecting Mesaba Aviation, Inc. d/b/a Northwest Airlink, an affiliate of Northwest Airlines, to provide subsidized Essential Air Service (EAS) for the two-year period beginning June 1, 2005, at an annual subsidy of $777,709 for Thief River Falls and a combined annual subsidy of $2,160,770 for Fort Dodge and Mason City.
 * Order 2007-6-3 (June 11, 2007): re-selecting Mesaba Aviation Inc., d/b/a Northwest Airlink, to continue to provide subsidized Essential Air Service (EAS) at Fort Dodge and Mason City, Iowa, and Thief River Falls, Minnesota, for the two-year period beginning June 1, 2007. Service will consist of 18 round trips per week at Fort Dodge and Mason City, routed Fort Dodge-Mason City-Minneapolis/St. Paul, at the combined annual subsidy rate of $21,113,865. Service at Thief River Falls will consist of 12 one-stop round trips per week to Minneapolis/St. Paul at the annual subsidy rate of $1,065,639. All service will be provided with 34-seat Saab 340 aircraft as Northwest Airlink.
 * Order 2009-4-20 (April 27, 2009): re-selecting Mesaba Aviation, Inc., d/b/a Delta Connection, to continue providing subsidized Essential Air Service (EAS) at Fort Dodge and Mason City, IA, and Thief River Falls, MN, for the two-year period beginning June 1, 2009, at the annual subsidy rates of $2,225,213 for Fort Dodge and Mason City, and $1,230,322 for Thief River Falls.
 * Order 2011-6-7 (June 8, 2011): re-selecting Mesaba Aviation, Inc., d/b/a Delta Connection, to provide Essential Air Service (EAS) at Fort Dodge and Mason City, Iowa, at annual subsidy rates of $1,910,995 and $1,017,545 at Mason City, respectively, for the five-month period June 1, 2011, through October 31, 2011.
 * Ninety Day Notice (July 15, 2011): of MESABA AVIATION, INC. and PINNACLE AIRLINES, INC. of termination of service at Fort Dodge, IA
 * Order 2011-11-30 (November 23, 2011): selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., to provide Essential Air Service (EAS) at six communities at the following annual subsidy rates: Brainerd, Minnesota, $959,865; Fort Dodge, $1,798,693; Iron Mountain, $1,707,841; Mason City, $1,174,468; Thief River Falls, Minnesota, $1,881,815; and Watertown, $1,710,324, for the two-year period beginning when Great Lakes inaugurates full EAS at all six communities
 * Great Lakes Airlines press release (January 27, 2014): Effective February 1, 2014, Great Lakes Airlines will be suspending service from Devils Lake and Jamestown, ND; Fort Dodge and Mason City, IA; Ironwood, MI; and Thief River Falls, MN due to the severe industry-wide pilot shortage and its relative acute impact on Great Lakes.
 * Order 2014-1-20 (January 31, 2014): requesting proposals from carriers interested in providing Essential Air Service (EAS) at Fort Dodge and/or Mason City, Iowa. The communities will be without air service effective February 1, 2014.
 * Order 2014-4-26 (April 24, 2014): directing interested persons to show cause as to why the Department should not terminate the eligibility ... under the Essential Air Service (EAS) program based on criteria passed by Congress in the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (Public Law No. 112-95). We find that Fort Dodge is within 175 miles of a large or medium hub, Omaha Airport-Eppley Airfield (OMA), a medium hub, and, thus, is subject to the 10-enplanement statutory criterion. We also find that during fiscal year 2013, Fort Dodge generated a total of 5,868 passengers (inbound plus outbound). Consistent with the methodology described above, that results in an average of 9.4 enplanements per day, below the 10-enplanement statutory criterion necessary to remain eligible in the EAS program.

title: Fort Dodge Regional Airport


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User:Gendreau

Current Wikipedia Projects
I'm currently working on gathering data for an entry about the USS Gendreau, a US Destroyer operational during World War II, with which I incidently share the same last name.

Short Biography
Born September 11, 1984 in Philadelphia, PA as Charles Andrew Gendreau. Andrew Gendreau grew up in Philadelphia, PA, Scotch Plains, NJ, Montclair, NJ, Morristown, NJ, and Short Hills, NJ.

Currently an Economics Major at the University of Maryland.

title: User:Gendreau


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FCB

FCB may refer to:

Banks

 * Fairfield County Bank, in the United States
 * Farm Credit Bank, part of the Farm Credit System in the United States
 * Florida Community Bank, in the United States
 * First Community Bank, in Kenya
 * First Consolidated Bank, in the Philippines

Football clubs

 * FC Baník Ostrava, Czech Republic
 * FC Barcelona, Spain
 * FC Barcelona Femení, women's section of the above
 * FC Basel, Switzerland
 * FC Bayern Munich, Germany
 * FC Bayern Munich, women's section of the above
 * FC Bendigo, Australia
 * 1. FC Bocholt, Germany
 * Club Brugge KV, Belgium
 * FK Budućnost Podgorica, Montenegro
 * FC Büsingen, Germany

Other uses

 * Fangchengbao, a Chinese automotive brand, a subsidiary of BYD Auto
 * FCB (advertising agency), an American advertising agency (Foote, Cone & Belding).
 * Fired clay brick
 * FCB group in the classification of bacteria
 * File Control Block
 * Fluocortin butyl, a synthetic glucocorticoid
 * Forms Control Buffer in a printer
 * Fort Collins Brewery, an American brewery
 * Frozen carbonated beverage
 * Farsi Contemporary Bible
 * Functional Cargo Block, a component of the Soviet TKS spacecraft

title: FCB


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Logan Heights, San Diego

Logan Heights is an urban neighborhood in central San Diego, California. It is bordered by Interstate 5 on the south and west, Interstate 15 on the east, and Imperial Avenue on the north. It is part of the Southeastern Planning Area.

History
In 1871, Congressman John A. Logan wrote legislation to provide federal land grants and subsidies for a transcontinental railroad ending in San Diego. A street laid in 1881 was named Logan Heights after him, and the name came to be applied to the general area. Plans for a railroad never successfully materialized, and the area was predominantly residential by the start of the 20th century, becoming one of San Diego's oldest communities. Its transformation began in 1910 with the influx of refugees of the Mexican Revolution, who soon became the majority ethnic group. For this reason, the southern part of the original Logan Heights neighborhood came to be called Barrio Logan.

Demographics
Logan Heights is home to one of the highest concentrations of Latinos in the City. Current demographics for the neighborhood are as follows: people of Hispanic/Latino heritage make up 87.6%, followed by African-Americans at 7.1%, then non-Hispanic Whites at 3.7%, Asian at 1.4%, and others at 0.1%

Governance
It is part of City Council District 8 and is represented by Councilwoman Vivian Moreno. The city is currently (2010) updating the community plan.

Culture
Barrio Logan is known as the home of Chicano Park. A new Logan Heights branch of the San Diego Public Library opened in 2007.

title: Logan Heights, San Diego


text:
W88

The W88 is an American thermonuclear warhead, with an estimated yield of 475 ktonTNT, and is small enough to fit on MIRVed missiles. The W88 was designed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the 1970s. In 1999, the director of Los Alamos who had presided over its design described it as "the most advanced U.S. nuclear warhead". As of 2021, the latest version is called the W88 ALT 370, the first unit of which came into production on 1 July, 2021, after 11 years of development. The Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) can be armed with up to eight W88 warheads (Mark 5 re-entry vehicle) or twelve 100 kt W76 warheads (Mark 4 re-entry vehicle), but it is limited to eight warheads under the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty.

History
Much of the work was done on the warhead by Los Alamos National Laboratory before the introduction of the Threshold Test Ban Treaty in 1976. A production run of 4000 to 5000 warheads was initially envisioned but production was halted after the November 1989 raid on the Rocky Flats Plant by the FBI. Consideration was given to restarting production but the program was terminated in January 1992. Final production was approximately 400 warheads.

Design revelations
Information about the W88 has implied that it is a variation of the standard Teller–Ulam design for thermonuclear weapons. In a thermonuclear weapon such as the W88, nuclear fission in the primary stage causes nuclear fusion in the secondary stage, which results in the main explosion. Although the weapon employs fusion in the secondary, most of the explosive yield comes from fission of nuclear material in the primary, secondary, and casing.

In 1999, the San Jose Mercury News reported that the W88 had an egg-shaped primary and a spherical secondary, which were together inside a radiation case known as the "peanut" for its shape. Four months later, The New York Times reported that in 1995 a supposed double agent from the People's Republic of China delivered information indicating that China knew these details about the W88 warhead as well, supposedly through espionage (this line of investigation eventually resulted in the abortive trial of Wen Ho Lee). If these stories are true, it would indicate a variation of the Teller-Ulam design which would allow for the miniaturization required for small MIRVed warheads.

The value of an egg-shaped primary lies apparently in the fact that a MIRV warhead is limited by the diameter of the primary—if an egg-shaped primary can be made to work properly, then the MIRV warhead can be made considerably smaller yet still deliver a high-yield explosion—a W88 warhead manages to yield up to 475 kt with a reentry vehicle length of approximately 60 inch and base diameter of 18 inch while the actual physics package is 35 inch long. By different estimates the warhead has been given weights of 175 kg, 180 kg, and 360 kg. The smaller warhead allows more of them to fit onto a single missile and improves basic flight properties such as speed and range.

The calculations for a nonspherical primary are apparently orders of magnitude more difficult than for a spherical primary. A spherically symmetric simulation is one-dimensional, while an axially symmetric simulation is two dimensional. Simulations typically divide up each dimension into discrete segments, so a one-dimensional simulation might involve only 100 points, while a similarly accurate two dimensional simulation would require 10,000. This would likely be the reason they would be desirable for a country like the People's Republic of China, which already developed its own nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, especially since they were no longer conducting nuclear testing which would provide valuable design information.

W-88 warhead detail.png

The weapon contains the material Fogbank. While its precise nature is classified, Fogbank is believed to be a foam or aerogel material used in the weapon's interstage.

title: W88


text:
W76

The W76 is an American thermonuclear warhead, designed for use on the UGM-96 Trident I submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and subsequently moved to the UGM-133 Trident II as Trident I was phased out of service. The first variant, the W76 mod 0 (W76-0) was manufactured from 1978 to 1987, and was gradually replaced by the W76 mod 1 (W76-1) between 2008 and 2018, completely replacing the Mod 0 in the active stockpile. In 2018 it was announced that some Mod 1 warheads would be converted to a new low-yield W76 mod 2 (W76-2) version. The first Mod 2 warheads were deployed in late 2019.

History
The warhead was initially manufactured from 1978 to 1987 and designed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. It was initially fitted to the Trident I SLBM system, but after the Rocky Flats plant where its successor the W88 was being made was shut down in 1989 after a production run of only 400 warheads, it was decided to transfer W76 warheads to Trident II.

A life extension program (LEP) for 800 warheads was approved by the US government in 2000, then later increased to 2,000. The purpose of the LEP was to extend service life by 20 years and add new safety features. Production on the W76-1 started in September 2008 and the National Nuclear Security Administration completed updating all W76-0 warheads to the W76-1 design in December 2018.

The 2018 Nuclear Posture Review announced that a new variant, the W76-2, would be manufactured. The W76-2 variant is described as a low-yield warhead, estimated at 5-7 kilotons of TNT equivalent. The National Nuclear Security Administration announced that it had started to manufacture the W76-2 in January 2019. Initial operating capability was expected in the final quarter of 2019, and manufacturing is expected to last through FY2024 at the Pantex Plant. According to FAS, the W76-2 warhead was first deployed with USS Tennessee (SSBN-734) during its late 2019 operational patrol. The US Department of Defense confirmed in February 2020 that W76-2 had been 'fielded'.

The warhead is currently the most numerous weapon in the US nuclear arsenal, having replaced the 50 kt W68 that was fitted to the Poseidon SLBM in that capacity.

The United Kingdom operates a nuclear weapon based on the W76 mod-1 design under the name "Holbrook".

Design
The W76-0 had a design yield of 100 kt while its replacement the W76-1 has a yield of 90 kt. The W76-2 has an estimated yield of 5 to 7 kt.

The W76-0 was fitted inside a Mk4 reentry vehicle (reentry body in US Navy parlance) while the W76-1 and -2 are fitted inside the new Mk4A reentry vehicle. Reentry vehicle and warhead weight is estimated to be approximately 95 kg.

During the W76-1 LEP, the warhead was fitted with a new MC4700 arming, fuzing and firing (AF&F) system, the so-called "super-fuze". The MC4700 AF&F system increases warhead kill probabilities against hard targets such as silos and bunkers. It achieves this by first calculating the range to the target outside of the atmosphere (i.e. before the atmosphere can alter the warhead's trajectory) and then continuously calculates its position on a line based on acceleration. If the contact fuze is actuated (such as falling short or striking on target) the warhead detonates, but if the fuze calculates it has overshot the target it detonates the warhead before it can leave the kill radius of the target (the kill radius is a sphere, not a circle). In comparison, a warhead without such a smart fuze would when overshooting a target, continue flying, leaving kill radius where detonating would destroy the target, and impact the ground which would actuate the impact fuze and detonate the warhead, outside the kill radius.

title: W76


text:
The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College

Walnut Hill College, formerly The Restaurant School, is a private college focused on fine dining and luxury hospitality that offers degrees in culinary arts, pastry arts, restaurant management, and hotel management. The campus is located in the University City section of Philadelphia.

Academics
The college offers four majors: Culinary Arts, Restaurant Management, Pastry Arts, and Hotel Management. The majors are offered at the Associate's and Bachelor's degree levels.

All Culinary and Pastry students in the associate degree participate in a week-long gastronomic tour of France. Restaurant and Hotel Management students participate in a week-long hospitality tour that includes behind-the-scenes tours of Walt Disney World Resort and other central Florida resorts followed by a cruise to the Bahamas. Students who continue their studies towards a bachelor's degree participate in a week-long "Hospitality Tour" of England.

The school is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges, which is oriented toward vocational programs.


text:
National Eagle Scout Association

The National Eagle Scout Association (NESA, pronounced nee sah) is an organization of individuals who have earned the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America. NESA's stated objective is "to serve Eagle Scouts and, through them, the entire movement of Scouting."

Origins
The Knights of Dunamis was an honor society of Eagle Scouts founded in San Francisco on April 19, 1925, by Scout Executive Raymond O. Hanson. The Knights of Dunamis, named after the Greek word for "strength", served as a service organization for local Scout councils and also hosted occasional social events. To gain admittance to the Knights of Dunamis (KD), the Eagle Scout had to participate in a significant service project, in addition to the project the Scout had to perform to gain his Eagle Scout award. The Knights awarded a special honor of their own, named the Knights Eagle Award. For about forty years after its founding, the national leadership of the BSA had an ambivalent attitude toward the Knights. From a peak of 110 chapters, there were only 37 chapters by 1971. In 1972, the Knights of Dunamis was merged into the BSA and became the National Eagle Scout Association.

Programs
Membership is available on a five-year renewable or a lifetime basis to all Eagle Scouts. NESA cross-checks applications to ensure all applicants are Eagle Scouts. The Eagles' Call, known by its former names Eagle Scout Magazine and The Eagletter, is a quarterly magazine published by NESA that helps keep its members informed of NESA activities and functions.

Scholarships
NESA administers several scholarships for Eagle Scouts both academic and merit.

Academic scholarships are based on school and Scouting participation, academic performance, and financial need. Applicants must score a minimum of 1800 SAT or 28 ACT to apply. These include a varying number of $5,000 NESA scholarships and a varying number of Mabel and Lawrence S. Cooke scholarships. The Mabel and Lawrence S. Cooke scholarships are awarded annually and include four $25,000 scholarships (payable at $6,250 per year) and one $48,000 scholarship (up to $12,000 payable for four years), as well as a varying number of others.

NESA offers an additional academic scholarship called the $50,000 NESA STEM scholarship (up to $12,500 payable for four years) to an applicant who plans to major in any field relating to science, technology, engineering, or mathematics.

The second type of NESA scholarship is the merit scholarship. Merit scholarships are based on school and Scouting participation, and community service. These awards cover the $2,000 and $4,000 Bailey scholarships; the $2,500 Robert and Rebecca Palmer scholarships; and the $5,000 Hall/McElwain merit scholarships. Each BSA region reviews applications and awards a varying number of these scholarships to local Scouts.

NESA merit scholarship applicants must be Eagle Scouts graduating high school or undergraduate college students no farther than completion of the junior year. Recipients may receive the scholarship only once.

In 2018 NESA awarded approximately $750,000. in scholarships.

In addition, many of the Local Committees have smaller scholarship programs, and several specific scholarships are awarded by religious, civic/military groups and many colleges and universities. A complete list and application instructions can be found on NESA's website.

Awards
Shortly after the National Eagle Scout Association was established in 1972, it began to make available a NESA Scoutmaster Award. The award was presented to one Scoutmaster per BSA area each year. These Scoutmasters' records demonstrated proper use of Boy Scout advancement, and a significant number of their Boy Scouts attained the Eagle Scout rank. This award was discontinued on December 31, 1987.

The president of the Boy Scouts of America requested that NESA convert its award into a Scoutmaster Award of Merit that could be earned by all Scoutmasters. The award used a white knot for uniform wear. His rationale was that there is a need for recognizing Scoutmasters relatively early in their work in that position before they qualify for the Scouter's Key. This was discontinued in 2009 and replaced by the Unit Leader's Award of Merit no longer a NESA Award since it covers all of Scouting.

The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) was created in 1969 and is awarded to an Eagle Scout for distinguished service in his profession and to his community for at least 25 years after attaining the rank of Eagle Scout. Other requirements include significant accomplishment in one's career and a solid record of continued community volunteer involvement. After 48 years, a total of 2,218 DESAs have been awarded through the end of 2017.

In 2008, NESA introduced a knot recognizing those Eagle Scouts who are life members of NESA, it uses the standard Eagle Scout square knot emblem with a silver border. It is worn in place of the standard knot; both knots should not be worn at one time.

The Glenn A. and Melinda W. Adams National Eagle Scout Service Project of the Year Award (ESSPY) was created in 2010 to "recognize valuable service of an exceptional nature by a Scout to a religious institution, a school, community, or other entity." It is presented at council, regional, and national levels.

The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award (NOESA) was created in 2010 (and first awarded in 2011) to recognize Eagle Scouts who have demonstrated outstanding achievement at the local, state, or regional level. After 7 years, a total of 1,928 NOESAs have been awarded through the end of 2017.

The NESA Distinguished Service Award was created in 1976 "to recognize those who have given extraordinary leadership and service to NESA resulting in a significant impact on a national or regional level." 27 individuals received the award between 1976 and 1988 when it was discontinued. NESA reintroduced the award in July 2020 soliciting nominations for awards to be presented in 2021.

Council committees
Local NESA committees may be formed at the council level to promote social activities and service opportunities. Committees often conduct Eagle Scout and Distinguished Eagle Scout recognition events and Scouting Alumni outreach.

title: National Eagle Scout Association


text:
Sonbong-guyok

Sŏnbong-guyŏk, formerly called Unggi, is a subdivision of the North Korean city of Rason. It is located at the northeastern extreme of North Korea, bordering Russia and China. It lies on Unggi Bay, an extension of the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea). A uranium mine is allegedly located there, as is a 200 megawatt oil-fired power plant. The word Sonbong means "Vanguard" in Korean.

The Sonbong Revolutionary Site is dedicated to a visit by Kim Jong-suk in November 1945 "upholding the policy of building a new country advanced by President Kim Il Sung" after the liberation of Korea. It includes the Sonbong Revolutionary Museum, a monument to the historic site, and the house where she stayed.

Administrative divisions
Sŏnbong-guyŏk is divided into 10 tong (neighbourhoods) and 6 ri (villages):

 * Sanghyŏn-tong (상현동/上峴洞)
 * Chunghyŏn-tong (중현동/中峴洞)
 * Hahyŏn-tong (하현동/下峴洞)
 * Songp'yŏng-tong (송평동/松坪洞)
 * Tuman'gang-tong (두만강동/豆滿江洞)
 * Ungsang-tong (웅상동/雄尙洞)
 * Uam-tong (우암동/牛岩洞)
 * Paekhang-tong (백학동/白鶴洞)
 * Wŏnjŏng-tong (원정동/元汀洞)
 * Hayŏp'yŏng-tong (하여평동/下汝坪洞)
 * Kulp'o-ri (굴포리/屈浦里)
 * Pup'o-ri (부포리/鮒浦里)
 * Sahoe-ri (사회리/四會里)
 * Chosal-li (조산리/造山里)
 * Hahoe-ri (하회리/下檜里)
 * Hongŭi-ri (홍의리/洪儀里)

Climate
Sonbong has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with mild to warm, rainy summers and cold, long winters. Seasons are somewhat moderated by the presence of the Sea of Japan.

Transportation
Sonbong is North Korea's rail link to Russia. A rail bridge crosses the Tumen River between the border rail stations of Tumangang Workers' District, Sonbong, and Khasan, Russia. This connection lies on one of two proposed paths for linking South Korea by rail to the Trans-Siberian Railroad and the rest of Eurasia, the other being through Sinuiju. The rail link through Sonbong is lightly used, carrying only 10,000 passengers in 2005.

Sonbong is one terminus of the Hambuk Line railroad. It is also served by roads.

There is a seaport and a wharf at Sonbong Port.

title: Sonbong-guyok


text:
Talk:DNA (disambiguation)

Removed from disambiguation page with reasons

 * DNA (game), a game played with icehouse pieces
 * no article or article reference; please re-add when article is available
 * dnaA, dnaB, dnaC, dnaG, the genes
 * redudant with protein links as they both go to the same pages at this time — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ceyockey (talk • contribs) 19:28, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

DNA and .NET
They are not the same. DNA is a dead technology superceded by .NET, not a synonym for the .NET Framework. - Sikon 08:38, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Is the modification I've made to address this acceptable? Courtland 13:44, August 7, 2005 (UTC)

DNA = National Association if Dyslexics? That has to be a joke!!!Mglovesfun 02:21, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I've heard that used as a joke and can find no such Assosciation-I'll remove it if no one can find any proof it exists.GiollaUidir 12:36, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

"" and ""
The usage of and  is under discussion, see Talk:DNA_(Little_Mix_album) -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 04:09, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Gilera DNA (motorbike)
The Gilera DNA ("DNA 50", "DNA 125" and "DNA 180") -a moped/motorbike/scooter manufactured by Gilera from 1996 to 2009- is missing. '' Have a nice day, Nickh ²+, -- 37.160.93.2 ( talk ) 21:46, 19 February 2019 (UTC). ''

title: Talk:DNA (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Rapture TV

Comments
Where did that info about the magnetic tapes come from? --Timmywimmy 19:16, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Responded on your talk page, as you posted to mine. Article needs a rewrite (I wrote most of it, so I can say that with impunity), which I'll do after I've mailed Wouter to see whats going on now.... That line is unlikely to stay, so you can remove it now if you want. --Kiand 20:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

I was wondering if you are planning on updating this page any time soon? The channel has been relaunched and two of the anime series' featured are Wolf's Rain and Fullmetal Alchemist (just incase your didn't know). I would try, but I'm new at this and wasn't sure of your plans...
 * Its your TV channel (quite literally!), so edit away. If you could clean up the history section between "UBM starts it" and "it goes off air in 2004" whenever you have time it'd be excellent. I'll do something about the anime mention now though. --Kiand 20:07, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Just to point out, I don't think the above is the same "Tartan" (as in David) who owns Rapture. The Tartan above is called Laura!

Definately not! I was wondering what the quite literally meant *was confused*. Tartan 20:21, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops. The MD of Rapture has used the nick Tartan online for quite some time, so I really assumed it was him. --Kiand 20:43, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Well, you learn something new everyday... Tartan 20:47, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have a feeling that Rapture TV didn't do very well because of its position. I hardly knew it was there because of the haphazard arrangement of channels within the surrounding region of 115 to 200. And when I did find it, I thought it was one of those religious channels. Wolf ODonnell 14:30, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * When it failed, spectacularly, it was on #458, although on the last collapse, its position was blamed. Its still not great, but the owners claimed (on their forum, can be found if anyone wants the reference) that viewing figures increased heavily when they moved from 288 to 193. --Kiand 14:35, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rapture.png
Image:Rapture.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:36, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rapture TV


text:
User:Tpower/Sandbox

Barntown
Barntown is a parish of County Wexford

The remains of a Norman castle exist tear the village of Barntown. This was built by the Roche Family and was used as a watchtower and storehouse for Ferrycarrig Castle

St Alphonsus Church is the main church of the parish, designed by Augustus Welby Pugin, it was built in 1848 by the Very Rev Patrick Murphy.

Barntown was joined with the parish of Glynn to found the Glynn Barntown GAA club in 1885.

title: User:Tpower/Sandbox


text:
User:XX55XX

I have a speciality with some history articles, but mostly I have expertise with video game articles.

Articles created:

 * Medieval 2: Total War
 * Mourning (game)
 * Precursors
 * Prey (computer game)

Significant contributions to these articles:

 * Rome: Total War
 * The Phantom (game system)
 * Infinium Labs
 * Braddock expedition
 * S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl
 * Stellar Stone

User boxes:

title: User:XX55XX


text:
User talk:FFriedel

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Introduction
So when creating articles be sure to do it in the form given name surname, like Frederic Friedel, not Friedel, Frederic. Then no renaming is needed. It is good first examine what kind of articles exist already and learn how to submit Your own. Remember to read the links above, also Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not, so you don't submit articles that are not proper for Wikipedia. If You have any questions, just use my discussion page, best wishes, feydey 19:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Also You don't have to worry how people are going to find Your articles (ie. search for and find Friedel or Boytsun), it is done with Wikipedia internal search and also eventually Google indexes the created page too. feydey 19:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:Boytsun01.jpg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 14:06, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:FFriedel


text: Category:National basketball teams

title: Category:National basketball teams


text:
Gag bit

The gag bit is a type of bit for a horse with sliding cheekpieces of rolled leather or chord that run through the bit rings, providing leverage that pulls the bit up into the corners of the horse's mouth. It is considered a severe bit used to provide more braking power. Some styles of gag bit are integral to a special bridle, known as a gag bridle; others are used with a standard bridle. Inside the horse's mouth, the gag bit may be jointed like a snaffle bit or smooth like a Mullen mouth bit.

Usage
The gag bit works on the horse's lips and poll simultaneously. The pressure on the lips tends to make the horse raise its head, which is useful for a horse that tends to lean on the bit. Gag bits are used mainly for horses that are strong pullers or for horses that need retraining. Gag bits are most commonly seen in polo, eventing (especially for cross-country), show jumping, and hacking, mainly for increased control at times where a horse may be excited or try to run off with the rider.

They can also be used to help elevate a horse that is heavy on its front end.

They are not permitted at any level of dressage (only snaffles are permitted in dressage), since dressage riders are trying to get the horse to come down onto the bit, and want to encourage the horse to accept contact. Additionally, the horse is supposed to be completely submissive in dressage, and a gag bit gives the impression that it is not. Gags are also never seen in the hunter arena, again because riders wish to portray that the horse is an easy ride, and because the ideal is a long, relaxed frame with the neck stretched out, rather than a high neck.

Gag bits are also occasionally seen in western-style competition, usually in the form of a sliding mouthpiece on a shanked curb-style bit (similar to the American gag).

The gag bit normally is used with two sets of reins; one on the bit ring that does not apply gag leverage, and the other on the small ring attached to the cord or rolled leather strap of the gag bridle cheekpiece. This allows for the bit to be used as a normal snaffle, with gag action used only when needed. Polo players, who must ride with the reins in one hand and cannot make instant fine adjustments, often use a gag bit with draw reins.

Types

 * Gag snaffle
 * Similar in shape to a snaffle, with a mouthpiece and a ring on either side. Each bit ring has two holes: one on the top and one on the bottom. Gag cheekpieces, made of rounded leather or of rope, are run through these holes. The end on these cheekpieces, after passing through both holes, have a metal ring to which the reins are attached. When rein pressure is applied, the bit slides upward and rotates slightly in the mouth. Severity is determined by the ring size: the larger the rings, the more severe the gag. The gag snaffle includes the Balding gag, which has a loose-ring design, and Cheltenham gags which have an eggbutt design. A "gag snaffle" is not a snaffle bit, although it can be adjusted to act like one if the rider only attaches a rein to the bit rings and not to the sliding gag cheekpieces.

 * Dutch gag
 * Also known as the Continental, Three/Four-ring or Pessoa gag. Similar to the elevator, except the cheekpieces consist of stacked rings. There is usually only one ring above the mouthpiece, to which the cheekpiece is attached. The ring below that is attached straight to the mouthpiece, and acts similarly to a snaffle. The lower ring(s), of which there are usually two, are for a second rein to be attached, and they provide the gag action. The lower the second rein is placed on the stack, the more "leverage" (raising of the mouthpiece up along the cheekpiece) is applied. Dutch gags are useful because they provide options for the severity of the bit. The bridle cheek pieces are attached to the top rings to produce pressure.the lower the reins are fitted, the stronger the leverage action on the horses mouth.

 * American gag or elevator
 * Has the shape of an "H". It has one ring on the upper shank, to attach the cheekpiece of the bridle. There is a lower shank, for the gag rein, and a middle loop to which it is possible to attach a snaffle rein. The mouthpiece has the ability to slide up the curved sides of the bit as the reins are taken up, putting pressure on the corners of the mouth and encouraging the horse to raise his head. Unlike the Dutch gag, the American gag does not offer options for the height the reins may be attached. The American Gag bit applies pressure to the poll of a horse's head, to gain greater control of the horse. Using this bit for greater control should only be used as a last resort.

 * Half-ring or Duncan gag
 * A particularly severe type of gag. Similar to the snaffle gag, except it has a half ring. The ring ends have holes, through which the cheekpieces run. Unlike the snaffle gag, however, there is no connection between these two holes to the outside of the bit, so only the gag rein can be used (if two were used, the snaffle rein would have to attach to the rounded cheekpieces).

title: Gag bit


text:
Talk:Belz (Hasidic dynasty)

Plagiarism?
I just noted the reference which someone added to this page on July 24, and which jdfwolff deleted the same day. It seems that most of the Wikipedia entry was lifted from this article on HasidicNews.com! Exact wording was repeated in the History, Controversy, and Belz Today sections. When I first read the Wikipedia article, I wondered why the Controversy was mentioned so briefly and out of context, and now I see why: the whole section was simply lifted verbatim from this HasidicNews.com article. What do we do now?Yoninah 19:19, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Remove it, or rewrite it in a shorter form with mentioning the source. It is a copyvio. JFW | T@lk  21:47, 25 July 2005 (UTC

 * Okay, I condensed the sections and took the emphasis off the controversy (although this matter is still mentioned). Now, could anyone familiar with the current Belzer Rebbe put in a word about his personality or reputation?Yoninah 12:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Split the history sections?
Would it perhaps be a good idea to divide up some of the history sections and place them as additional background in each of the rebbe's biographies? In particular, discussing Aharon's wartime escapades seems more appropriate for his own page rather than a page on Belz Hasidism. Ditto for some of the modern-day Belz/Satmar wars which seems to have more to do with Yissachar Dov Rokeach than Belz, per se, although obviously the two bleed into each other.

I'm happy to do it if someone gives me the go-ahead. User:ShalomShlomo 01:57, 02 December 2005

Go ahead? Naa... Welcome!

 * Hey ShalomShlomo: Around here you don't need any "go ahead" as along as you have read the official welcome, so here goes, I am putting it here so that you can read the "official" Wikipedia guidelines for writing and editind articles:

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! IZAK 10:34, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
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Belz dynastic succession
Should Mordechai of Bilgorai be in this section, seeing as how he was not actually a rebbe? ShalomShlomo 02:13, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Palestine versus Eretz Yisrael
84.9.49.114- Considering that at the time of the Belzer's immigration to E.Y., the region was still legally known as the British Mandate of Palestine, I think that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as such. British Eretz Yisrael makes no sense. Are we going to start changing various other biographies to refer to the land before WWI as "Ottoman Eretz Yisrael"? ShalomShlomo 05:59, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't read anything into it; it was my mistake. Please make the change as you see fit. Yoninah 21:01, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem, Yoninah, just trying to get/keep things consistent. ShalomShlomo 04:42, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Famous curse: there is a story that when Joseph Kennedy just before WWII used his influence as the U.S. Ambassador to the UK to prevent Jews in German held territories being granted visas (and safety) to the US, the Rebbe cursed him and his entire family for his actions - many believe that the problems of the family (down to the drunk driving accident of Patrick Kennedy) all date to that curse - does anyone have a source for that and want to place that in the story?Incorrect 01:24, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

The Bach and Belz
hello everyone

Since the Bach was Rabbi in the city of Belz before rabbi Sholom Rokeach (the sar sholom), the minhagim of the belzer chassidus in many cases are according to the pesaqim of the bach- such as having the sefrei torah laying flat in the ark instead of standing up.

Wikicide 19:46, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Maaseh Rokeach
shouldn't he be mentioned somewhere?- its the belzer dynasty, and even if he wasnt rebbe in the town of belz the dynasty does bging with him...Wikicide 19:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Famous 1944 Belzer rebbe speech
I wonder (or do I?) why this article completely ignore the famous 1944 speech where the Belzer rebbe advised Jews to stay in Hungary since they would not be harmed by the Nazis. I think this is too important a point to miss in an article about Belz. I would like to hear opinions before adding this to the article.Danielcohn 22:15, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

What's a good reference for that? I've heard rumors that the text has been expunged in many places. Vonfraginoff 13:48, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

The Belz World Center
I don't believe it is the largest shul in the world (albeit it's huge— I have seen it). Please provide evidence.--Redaktor 05:51, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

depends on how you define shul, and on how you define large, etc... "larges" doesn't usualy mean much of anything, anyone can claim it if you twist the definitions in your favor. (i remember once commenting that temple beit immanuel can't qualify as the largest jewish house of worship in the world because, after all, they don't even have sabbath prayers on Saturday.)85.65.175.90 (talk) 13:45, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

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"Hasidut"
There is a wiki article Hasidut but that doesn't help - what exactly does it mean here?--2607:FEA8:D5DF:F3D9:C87:9B39:6009:E606 (talk) 19:30, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * A Hasidut is a Chassidic group. Belz is a Chassidic group, led by a Rebbe. Yoninah (talk) 19:39, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * thank you! Since you're here, is HaMidrash under the photo of the Great Synagogue a typo?--2607:FEA8:D5DF:F3D9:C87:9B39:6009:E606 (talk) 20:03, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

'historically Crown of the Kingdom of Poland"
The way I read that sentence, it seemed as if the town of Belz was the CKP. Perhaps it could be written "the region historically known as the CKP" --2607:FEA8:D5DF:F3D9:A4CD:8FEC:A8DA:65F5 (talk) 16:20, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

names in lede
Hello, the names in the lede are confusing. Why is the last name Rokeach used twice and then dropped? Only later do you discover that they are Rokeach as well. --2607:FEA8:D5DF:F3D9:A4CD:8FEC:A8DA:65F5 (talk) 17:45, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belz (Hasidic dynasty)


text:
Talk:MythAdventures

Hapless?
Skeeve "hapless"? - he ends up one of the most respected magicians in the dimensions, confident in himself and his abilities (within reason), and wealthy. N0YKG 19:19, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hapless just means unlucky, and that certainly describes Skeeve... 71.131.209.170 11:47, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well Skeeve starts out that way and he still has no clue about Bunny Private Donut 02:53, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Needed
Feel free to append to this list, or delete when adding content brain (talk) 16:28, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * we use "demons" and "dimensions" but need to define them, since both these phrases mean something unusual within this series
 * the list of dimensions should have source books listed or at least be reference-tagged
 * explanations of the puns may be in order
 * → Added to many of them. --Thnidu (talk) 23:47, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Myth television show?
Wandered across page at The Hollywood Reporter website saying one project Jim Henson Co. was working on was a TV drama show based on the Robert Asprin's Myth series. Include in article, or not notable enough? --EarthFurst (talk) 23:50, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Delete reference to Glory Road?
Glory Road does have a baby dragon, a wild baby dragon. The book says that he "squealed", "making wheepling noises" and "Koo-werp? Keet!". As for traveling through dimensions, there are only three that they went through. Hackwrench (talk) 02:17, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Anyone more familiar with the series than I care to add it to this list?
Types of mythological or fantastic beings in contemporary fiction is a page of, well, fantasy series (movie, TV, written, whatever) and the assorted mythological and/or fantastic critters they contain. This series would qualify. Anyone care to add it? Tamtrible (talk) 01:02, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:MythAdventures


text: User talk:83.79.170.148

title: User talk:83.79.170.148


text:
Talk:List of WWE Hardcore Champions

Minor points
Davey Boy won both titles under the moniker British Bulldog, are there really no sources on this? Also, just for the record, Crash declared the 24/7 rules on 2nd March during a SmackDown interview with Lilian Garcia. Tony2Times (talk) 18:07, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Well WWE's history list him as Davey Boy and I haven't found a source for when Holly announced the rule or if he did announce the rule at all. Just that the rule was used.-- Will C  23:27, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah I see that's what the WWE history lists him as I just wondered if there's no other third party sources which list him as Bulldog because I watched the episode he came back plus the PPV results of that month has him listed as Bulldog. It's most bizarre he's there as Smith as I thought he only used that in WCW. In fact they even play off his name because Boss Man at the time was involved in the horrible feud with Al Snow over his dog which is why Bulldog wins it from BossMan and gives it to Snow. Weird. I also just watched that episode of SmackDown today so I thought I would chuck it in case there's somewhere verifiable with an archive of episode reviews you could use, it's not needed just something extra if it's out there. Tony2Times (talk) 23:51, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll look around and see if I find anything.-- Will C  00:27, 7 August 2009 (UTC)
 * As I say it's not essential information, I just thought having the exact date might make it easier. Also, not intending to throw even more archived sources around but the episode synopsis lists him as the Bulldog with no mention of Smith, though obviously he was often referred to as that. Tony2Times (talk) 00:59, 7 August 2009 (UTC)
 * WWE Encyclopedia lists both reigns as British Bulldog. Wwehurricane1 (talk) 05:09, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Road Dogg's reign
Didn't Road Dogg vacate the title on the 8th February 1999 RAW IS WAR?

so that makes his reign 55 days — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jerichoholic-NL (talk • contribs) 21:32, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

Co-Champs
i think we should add Edge and Foleys reign as hardcore champs because they were announced as co champions. we could put a note saying that the reign is not recognized by the wwe as the title was officially retired. but they were declared champions and were announced that way and they held the belt so i think we should put that in there as honorary or something like that. Black Dragon 14:50, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

"Head" was hard core champion
i dont know if this should count but Al Snow's partner in crime "head" was the hardcore champion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPD-3VLqBJg or at least have a note when Al Snow was the champ when this happened. 82.17.190.1 (talk) 13:32, 19 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of WWE Hardcore Champions


text:
Alfred FitzRoy, 8th Duke of Grafton

Alfred William Maitland FitzRoy, 8th Duke of Grafton (3 March 1850 – 10 January 1930), styled Lord Alfred FitzRoy between 1882 and 1912 and Earl of Euston between 1912 and 1918, was the second son of Augustus FitzRoy, 7th Duke of Grafton and his wife Anna Balfour, daughter of James Balfour (-1845) and aunt of Arthur Balfour. His elder brother and heir to the dukedom Henry James FitzRoy, Earl of Euston died in 1912, before their father's death. He was a lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards, and deputy lieutenant for Suffolk

He married, firstly, Margaret Rose Smith (1855–1913), on 27 April 1875 and had three children:
 * Lady Lillian Rose FitzRoy (1876–1960), married Charles Robertson; no issue.
 * Lady Mary Margaret FitzRoy (1877–1966); died unmarried.
 * William Henry Alfred FitzRoy, Viscount Ipswich (1884–1918); married Auriol Brougham and had issue. Son John FitzRoy, 9th Duke of Grafton, and two daughters: Margaret Jane, who married Maj. Gen. Sir John Nelson, and Mary-Rose. He fought in World War I and was killed in an aeroplane accident on 23 April 1918.

The 8th Duke married, secondly, Susanna Mary McTaggart-Stewart (1878–1961), on 8 January 1916 and had two daughters:

 * Lady Elfrida Marie Susanna FitzRoy (1919–1920)
 * Lady Cecilia Blanche Genevieve FitzRoy (1922–1974), married the life peer Lord Howard of Henderskelfe and had issue.

On 15 March 1920, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Suffolk.

The Duke died in 1930 and was succeeded by his grandson, John, Earl of Euston.

title: Alfred FitzRoy, 8th Duke of Grafton


text:
Mason City Municipal Airport

Mason City Municipal Airport is located six miles west of downtown Mason City, in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, United States. It is in the northern part of Lake Township, just east of the city of Clear Lake. It is used for general aviation and has airline service subsidized through the Essential Air Service (EAS) program.

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025 categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport.

History
On February 2, 1942 Mason City decided to build a new airport and purchased 312 acres several miles west of the city. The new Mason City Municipal Airport saw its first official landing on March 29, 1945. The airport had two paved runways, associated taxiways, and a small ramp area. A remodeled farmhouse was used as the first terminal during the dedication on June 22, 1946.

Airline flights began in 1946, on Mid-Continent; successor Braniff left in 1959. Ozark started in 1955 and pulled out in 1983. They now have daily flights to and from Chicago (KORD) through Skywest by United Airlines on CRJ-200's.

Musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, along with pilot Roger Peterson, died in a plane crash after taking off from Mason City Municipal Airport in the early morning hours of February 3, 1959, after a concert at the Surf Ballroom in nearby Clear Lake. This event is not commemorated anywhere on the airport grounds; a private monument is near the crash site.

Facilities
The airport covers 1,103 acres (446 ha) at an elevation of 1,214 feet (370 m). It has two asphalt runways: 18/36 is 6,501 by 150 feet (1,982 x 46 m) and 12/30 is 5,502 by 150 feet (1,677 x 46 m).

In the year ending June 30, 2020 the airport had 33,600 aircraft operations, an average of 92 per day: 90% general aviation, 10% air taxi and less than 1% military. In April 2022, there were 51 aircraft based at this airport: 46 single-engine, 2 multi-engine, 2 jet and 1 helicopter.

North Iowa Air Service (NIAS) is a full service Field Based Operation (FBO) That includes full service fueling, a restaurant, flight planning, pilots lounge, kitchen, internet workspace, restrooms, showers, Wi-Fi, aircraft parking, aircraft rentals, courtesy cars, limo service, oxygen, pilot supplies, rental cars, hangar space, maintenance, along with Charter Flights, lavatory service, de-icing,

Federal grants
In 2005 the airport was awarded a $4,559,986 federal grant to rehabilitate a runway and relocate a localizer out of a runway safety area.

In 2007 the airport received a $1 million federal grant to help purchase a perimeter fence around its runways.

In 2009 the airport commission received a $820,916 federal grant to rehabilitate the airport's parking lot and for a Master Abstract Title Opinion study for the airport.

In 2010 the airport received $24,463 in federal funding for runway incursion markings.

A 2011 federal grant provided $115,865 for apron rehabilitation.

In 2012 the airport received a federal grant of $886,604 for the rehabilitation of its parking lot pavement.

A 2013 federal grant paid for $540,000 of snow removal equipment for the airport.

In 2014 the airport was awarded $601,317 in federal grants for improvements to its infrastructure.

In 2021 the airport was awarded over $1,215,000 in federal grants for a new terminal to accommodate incoming airline traffic for Mason City Municipal Airport. https://www.kglonews.com/faa-awards-1-215-million-grant-to-mason-city-airport-for-terminal-building-project/

Airline and destinations
SkyWest Airlines, operating as United Express, started service from Mason City to Chicago O'Hare International Airport on March 1, 2021. Earlier, Mason City had airline service on Air Choice One, Great Lakes Airlines and Mesaba Airlines.

Incidents

 * On August 22, 1954 Braniff Airlines Flight 4630, a Douglas DC-3, crashed south of Mason City Municipal Airport after departing Waterloo Regional Airport in nearby Waterloo. The aircraft crashed after entering a thunderstorm at a low altitude. 12 of 19 passengers died.
 * In the early morning hours of February 3, 1959 (also known as 'the day the music died'), following a concert at the Surf Ballroom in nearby Clear Lake, musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, along with pilot Roger Peterson, died after the Beechcraft Bonanza they were flying in crashed after taking off from the Mason City Municipal Airport.

Ground transportation
Mason City Municipal Airport is served by Jefferson Lines intercity buses. The local transit agency Mason City Transit does not serve the airport.

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-2001-10684) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2005-6-13 (June 20, 2005): selecting Mesaba Aviation, Inc. d/b/a Northwest Airlink, an affiliate of Northwest Airlines, to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) for the two-year period beginning June 1, 2005, at an annual subsidy of $777,709 for Thief River Falls and a combined annual subsidy of $2,160,770 for Fort Dodge and Mason City.
 * Order 2007-6-3 (June 11, 2007): re-selecting Mesaba Aviation Inc., d/b/a Northwest Airlink (Mesaba), to continue to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at Fort Dodge and Mason City, Iowa, and Thief River Falls, Minnesota, for the two-year period beginning June 1, 2007. Service will consist of 18 round trips per week at Fort Dodge and Mason City, routed Fort Dodge-Mason City-Minneapolis/St. Paul, at the combined annual subsidy rate of $21,113,865. Service at Thief River Falls will consist of 12 one-stop round trips per week to Minneapolis/St. Paul at the annual subsidy rate of $1,065,639. All service will be provided with 34-seat Saab 340 aircraft as Northwest Airlink.
 * Order 2009-4-20 (April 27, 2009): re-selecting Mesaba Aviation, Inc., d/b/a Delta Connection (Mesaba), to continue providing subsidized essential air service (EAS) at Fort Dodge and Mason City, IA, and Thief River Falls, MN, for the two-year period beginning June 1, 2009, at the annual subsidy rates of $2,225,213 for Fort Dodge and Mason City, and $1,230,322 for Thief River Falls.
 * Order 2011-6-7 (June 8, 2011): re-selecting Mesaba Aviation, Inc., d/b/a Delta Connection (Mesaba), to provide essential air service (EAS) at Fort Dodge and Mason City, Iowa, at annual subsidy rates of $1,910,995 and $1,017,545 at Mason City, respectively, for the five-month period June 1, 2011, through October 31, 2011.
 * Order 2011-11-30 (November 23, 2011): selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., to provide essential air service (EAS) at six communities at the following annual subsidy rates: Brainerd, Minnesota, $959,865; Fort Dodge, $1,798,693; Iron Mountain, $1,707,841; Mason City, $1,174,468; Thief River Falls, Minnesota, $1,881,815; and Watertown, $1,710,324, for the two-year period beginning when Great Lakes inaugurates full EAS at all six communities
 * Great Lakes Airlines press release (January 27, 2014): Effective February 1, 2014, Great Lakes Airlines will be suspending service from Devils Lake and Jamestown, ND; Fort Dodge and Mason City, IA; Ironwood, MI; and Thief River Falls, MN due to the severe industry-wide pilot shortage and its relative acute impact on Great Lakes.
 * Order 2014-1-20 (January 31, 2014): requesting proposals from carriers interested in providing Essential Air Service (EAS) at Fort Dodge and/or Mason City, Iowa. The communities will be without air service effective February 1, 2014.

title: Mason City Municipal Airport