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Stupid Girl (Garbage song)

"Stupid Girl" is a song by American rock band Garbage from their self-titled debut studio album (1995). The song was written and produced by band members Duke Erikson, Shirley Manson, Steve Marker and Butch Vig. "Stupid Girl" features lyrics about a young woman's ambivalence and is a musical arrangement centered on a repetitive bassline and a drum sample from the Clash's 1980 song "Train in Vain".

The song was released by Almo Sounds in North America, and Mushroom Records worldwide, as the band's fourth international single in 1996. "Stupid Girl" became the band's highest-charting single in both the United States and the United Kingdom, with its performance on the charts driven by an innovative music video and remixes that gained massive airplay across the world. The success of "Stupid Girl" propelled sales of its parent album Garbage into the top 20 of the Billboard 200 and into the top 10 of the UK Albums Chart.

Reviews of the song were positive, with praise for the production. "Stupid Girl" was nominated for two Grammy Awards, Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group, as well as the Danish Grammy for Best Rock Song, an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song.

Production
"Stupid Girl" began as a rough demo around January 1994. It was recorded during informal studio sessions with Duke Erikson, Steve Marker and Butch Vig in Marker's home basement recording studio in Madison, Wisconsin, prior to Shirley Manson joining the group. The band had been jamming using an ADAT eight-track, AKAI samplers and a small drum kit. Vig took a loop from the drum introduction to the Clash's "Train in Vain" and added further percussion including a sample of "Orange Crush" by R.E.M. Later, Marker was asked to create a bassline like that of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Suzie Q", "something that's almost like a Motown feel." Erikson finished what became the song's core with a jangly guitar riff.

After Marker saw Manson's group Angelfish on MTV's 120 Minutes, the band invited her to Vig and Marker's Smart Studios to sing on a couple of songs, but after a "dreadful" first audition, she returned to Angelfish. Manson eventually returned to Smart for a successful second attempt, when she began to work on the basic forms of "Queer", "Vow" and "Stupid Girl".

Manson's lyrics for "Stupid Girl" became an "anthem for a girl who won't settle for less than what she wants." She later added, "["Stupid Girl" is] really about squandering potential, [it's] our version of Madonna's 'Express Yourself', but a little more subversive." Manson intended the song as a rebuke toward a friend's foolish behavior: "A lot of females still find it difficult to find their own voice in society. It's just that women have a different set of problems from men... make the most of your potential." Manson added that "Stupid Girl" was "a song of reproach to a lot of people we know", both male and female, and that "we could have called it 'Stupid Guy,' but we thought another song about a strident female dissing a guy would be tedious."

Garbage wanted to write a song that incorporated a thumping, repetitive bassline to act as a hook. Continuing to develop the demo throughout the recording process for what would eventually become the band's debut album, the group decided to add textures, guitars and keyboards to make "Stupid Girl" dynamic rather than the product of complicated chord changes. Marker and Vig then added in elements of ambient sound effects throughout the audio mix, including the "glitchy" sound of a broken DAT player used during the pre-chorus. Marker had been dubbing between audio tracks, resulting in scratchy feedback; he sampled the sound and tuned it to fit the song, unintentionally created by an alternative hook. When Manson recorded her first vocals for "Stupid Girl", the band realized that the song's key was too low, but instead of re-recording the guitars, Vig re-printed them through a pitch-change patch on an effects unit. Erikson commented that the effects are "just ear candy, but they contribute to the character of the song, make the listener think in a certain way about the song." Additional percussion on "Stupid Girl" was performed by Madison musician Pauli Ryan, while the bass guitar line was played on the record by Milwaukee session bassist Mike Kashou, both of whom performed on several other tracks on the album.

Reflecting on the success of the song in 2002, Vig admitted: "People still ask us who the 'Stupid Girl' is, and that's impossible to answer. The song is sort of meant to be a wake up call. It could be about an ex-girlfriend. It could be about a rock diva that we all know, it could be about your sister. It could also be called 'Stupid Boy'." Looking back, he also stated, "It's impossible to predict what will be a hit. But subconsciously, I knew the song was good when I kept playing the same rough mix over and over again on my car stereo for months."

Composition
"Stupid Girl" is a moderately fast alternative rock and electro-rock song with touches of electronica, set in common time. It is built on a I–IV change in F♯, with both chords, F♯7 and B7.

The tonal function of a dominant seventh chord is to resolve up a perfect fourth. In non-classical harmony, the chord is often used similarly, but especially in blues, funk, and early rock music, it is also commonly used for its color, which seems to mesh major and minor together with its major third, minor seventh and the dissonant interval between the two. When the F♯7 chord is played, it should traditionally resolve to a B major 7th chord, the M7 being the major 3rd of the tonic.

Instead, on the B note is another dominant seventh. Such chords are the basis of the twelve-bar blues, and are used in this way to give "Stupid Girl" a bluesy, rock-'n'-roll feel. The chord change is manipulated to emphasize the B's flatted seventh (a minor third from the tonic), giving the song a sulky mood. This chord change is used for the intro, verse, chorus and the instrumental sections, except for the pre-chorus, which is in the relative key of D♯ minor. Regardless of the chord progression, the song seems to fall somewhere between major and minor, and the use of four-note seventh chords (as opposed to "three-note" chords) help to form a rich atmosphere. "Stupid Girl" is mainly carried by this arrangement, along with the drum beats sampled from "Train in Vain".

In the intro, four bars set the rhythm, adorned by only a guitar pick-slide and audio effects. The verse adds Manson's vocals and a bass riff that uses flattened blue notes to give "Stupid Girl" a funky, unsettled feel. The eight-bar pre-chorus abruptly cuts in with minor chords, and sampled feedback replaces the bass, which drops out. This, coupled with Manson singing high in her vocal range, creates tension and enables the presence of the bass to be felt when it re-enters on the chorus. The guitar figures in the bridge include a phrase played low and rhythmic guitar stabs on the opposite side of the audio mix. In the chorus, Manson's main vocal is answered by an "aah-ah" of voice and guitar together. The word "girl" lands on a flattened bass note (A against the F♯ note, instead of A♯).

Release and promotion
"Stupid Girl" was first released in Australia and New Zealand on January 22, 1996, when White Label Records issued both CD and cassette versions backed with "Trip My Wire" (previously included on the "Queer" single in the UK) and remixes of "Queer" by Adrian Sherwood and Martin Gore. A week later, White Label issued a second CD featuring a cover version of the Jam's "Butterfly Collector" and a further two "Queer" mixes produced by Danny Saber and Rabbit in the Moon (also previously released in the UK). In July, White Label released a limited-edition EP titled Stupid Girl: The Remixes collecting the UK B-sides and remixes for the Australian market. BMG released "Stupid Girl" across Europe on February 28. The single was issued as a CD maxi backed with both "Butterfly Collector" and "Trip My Wire". When Garbage returned to tour Europe's rock festivals in August, BMG reissued "Stupid Girl" in France and Germany.

Mushroom Records sent "Stupid Girl" to radio stations in the United Kingdom a month in advance of its release, and it was A-listed at BBC Radio 1, Virgin and Capital. Mushroom issued "Stupid Girl" on March 11 as a double CD single set and limited-edition 7-inch vinyl packaged in two differing colors of cloth fabric, blue or red. The song was backed with "Driving Lesson", a new version of "Dog New Tricks" and a remix of "Stupid Girl" produced by Red Snapper on the first disc, with "Alien Sex Fiend" and two versions of "Stupid Girl" remixed by Dreadzone on the second. The vinyl was backed with the mix of "Dog New Tricks". The single was supported by Garbage's first UK tour, which began on March 19. In the midst of the tour, Garbage performed the single on Top of the Pops and a live showcase performance of "Stupid Girl" and "Only Happy When It Rains" on TFI Friday.

In North America, where "Only Happy When It Rains" had been the band's breakthrough single, Almo Sounds planned either "Stupid Girl" or a re-release of Garbage's debut single "Vow" to follow it up. On May 25, Almo sent "Stupid Girl" to alternative radio, while Garbage joined the Smashing Pumpkins' North American arena tour as the opening act through June and July. The tour was halted after Smashing Pumpkins keyboardist Jonathan Melvoin fatally overdosed, and the Smashing Pumpkins resumed without Garbage a month later. Almo reissued "Stupid Girl", with a remix produced by Todd Terry, to Top 40 radio. On July 9, Almo released "Stupid Girl" on CD and cassette single, backed with "Driving Lesson" and the Todd Terry version. Almo provided remixes of the song to nightclubs. On July 11, Garbage performed "Stupid Girl" on the Late Show with David Letterman, and in October performed the song at the VH1 Fashion Awards, which earned attention because of Manson's wardrobe malfunction. On August 6, Almo issued a 12-inch vinyl featuring "Driving Lesson" and remixes of "Stupid Girl" produced by Todd Terry, Danny Saber, Rabbit in the Moon and Jason Bentley.

Remixes
In 1996, Mushroom released a white-label 12-inch vinyl to clubs featuring the Red Snapper and Dreadzone mixes in advance of the UK release of "Stupid Girl". The Red Snapper mix was later released in Europe on the B-side to "Only Happy When It Rains", while White Records released this mix along with the Dreadzone mixes on the Stupid Girl (The Remixes) extended play. Almo Sounds commissioned additional remixes from Danny Saber, Rabbit in the Moon, Jason Bentley and Todd Terry for the North American release of the single. One of Todd Terry's mixes was also serviced to Top 40 radio. Mushroom later released this version, along with the Danny Saber mix in the UK on the B-side of "Milk", while White included the Todd Terry mix on the bonus disc of the Garbage: Australian Tour Edition. In 1997, Mushroom released four Todd Terry mixes on a set of 12-inch vinyls (Stupid Girl Remixes) in the UK. An instrumental version of the Red Snapper mix was also included on the compilation album Big Beat Elite. In 2007, Todd Terry's radio mix was remastered and included on the Absolute Garbage bonus disc Garbage Mixes.

Danny Saber's remix brief for his version of "Stupid Girl" sought to create a version of the song for radio airplay on new wave/alternative rock stations. Garbage's management wanted Saber to retain the original's "Train in Vain" loop, as it had cost the band a significant amount to license. Saber opted for a Soft Cell/house music combination, incorporating the original vocal line, tempo, key and feedback. Saber created a new bassline for the remix, arranging the mix around it. Saber completed the remix in a single day, with one further day required to mix.

B-sides
Garbage recorded a number of tracks for the B-side of "Stupid Girl" in January 1996 during rehearsals for their first full-length concert tour. During the rehearsals, Garbage remixed their album track "Dog New Tricks", wrote and recorded "Driving Lesson" and "Alien Sex Fiend". The band also recorded the Vic Chesnutt song "Kick My Ass" for inclusion on the charity album Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation. Daniel Shulman plays bass on all four tracks. On October 14, 1998, Garbage partnered with Electronic Arts, AT&T and Broadcast.com to promote a live webcast from Garbage's headline show at Dallas Bronco Bowl by offering a free .a2b file format digital download of "Driving Lesson", which registered over 6,000 downloads.

Critical reception and legacy
"Stupid Girl" received an overwhelmingly positive response from music critics both upon the release of Garbage and upon its single release. Select's Ian Harrison called the song "Duran-like", describing it as "mighty doomy pop neatly tailored to enhance one's natural discontentment." Vox magazine's Craig McLean called it "malignant, dirty, devious, sneering pop", while Metal Hammer's Pippa Lang compared Manson's "ever-so-sexy, sibilant" vocals to Trent Reznor's. Kerrang! described "Stupid Girl" as "a classy piece of predatory pop perfection that wields an iron punch beneath it's [sic] velvet glove."

The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards, Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group, but lost to Tracy Chapman's "Give Me One Reason" and Dave Matthews Band's "So Much to Say", respectively. "Stupid Girl" was also nominated for a Danish Grammy for Best Rock Song, and for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song. In 1997, Broadcast Music, Inc. awarded "Stupid Girl" a Citation of Achievement for Best Pop Song, meaning it was among the year's most-performed songs. Erikson said the song was "a crowd favorite" that improves the set list's mood whenever it gets played, and Vig added that "we've played 'Stupid Girl' on stage more than a thousand times and I'm still not sick of it."

In 2005, "Stupid Girl" was featured in Curtis Hanson's film In Her Shoes, while later that year, Alexz Johnson recorded a cover version of the track for the soundtrack album Songs from Instant Star. In 2011, it was nominated for the final track listing on STV's Scotland's Greatest Album.

Commercial performance
"Stupid Girl" made its first chart appearance on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart in the week ending February 4, 1996, debuting at number 99 and peaking at number 47 on March 24, 1996. The single charted for two non-consecutive weeks on the New Zealand Top 40, peaking at number 32 in February. In Iceland, "Stupid Girl" debuted at number 18 in early April, and rose to number 4 the following week, where it remained for three weeks. In Spain, "Stupid Girl" peaked at number 40 on the airplay chart. In Ireland, "Stupid Girl" peaked at number 16. In France, "Stupid Girl" peaked at number 38 on the singles chart.

On March 4, 1996, "Stupid Girl" debuted at number 48 on the UK Airplay Chart. Two weeks later, the song debuted as the highest new entry on the UK Singles Chart at number four, becoming Garbage's highest-peaking single in the United Kingdom to date. In its second week, "Stupid Girl" dropped to number 10. On the airplay chart, "Stupid Girl" peaked at number five and spent the entire following month within the top 10. "Stupid Girl" spend seven weeks in the top 75 and sold 120,000 copies. In August 2007, the single re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 194, based on digital sales from Garbage's greatest hits album Absolute Garbage.

In North America, Almo Sounds serviced "Stupid Girl" to alternative radio on May 20, where after its first week on air it debuted on the Modern Rock Tracks chart at number 38. Two weeks later, it broke into the Modern Rock top 20 with an "Airpower" rating, meaning the song had registered over 900 plays for the first time on alternative radio. The song debuted at number 66 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. At the end of the month, "Stupid Girl" reached the top 10 on the Modern Rock chart, peaking at number two in August, and not leaving the top 10 until September. The remixes were featured on the Hot Dance Breakouts list, as "Stupid Girl" debuted at number 46 on the Hot 100.

By August, "Stupid Girl" continued to chart, debuting at number 68 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart, at number 47 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart and at number 46 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The remix album peaked at number 30 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart. In mid-August, "Stupid Girl" peaked at number 26 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and picked up enough mainstream rock airplay to spend two weeks at number 39 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. In early September, "Stupid Girl" became a crossover success on both alternate and contemporary hit radio, and it reached number 25 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart. Two weeks later, the song became Garbage's highest-peaking single on the Hot 100 when it reached number 24. It also peaked at number 33 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart and at number five on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. "Stupid Girl" continued to gain a larger crossover audience throughout October, debuting on the Adult Top 40. The song left the Modern Rock chart in mid-November after 25 weeks and remained on the Hot 100 for 20 weeks until the start of December.

Music video

The music video for "Stupid Girl" was filmed on January 16, 1996, in a Los Angeles warehouse by director Samuel Bayer. The four-hour shoot took place after filming the "Only Happy When It Rains" music video. The "Stupid Girl" video was given a smaller budget, as Almo Sounds believed that "Only Happy When It Rains" would be more commercially successful than "Stupid Girl". According to Manson, the other band members were drunk and exhausted after three days shooting the first video.

The "Stupid Girl" video debuted internationally on February 1, 1996, and in North America on May 5. MTV added the video the week of May 13 and certified "Stupid Girl" a Buzz Clip. It was the band's third consecutive video to be guaranteed heavy airplay on the network. VH1 added the video in early September and featured it in a Pop-Up Video episode.

The video for "Stupid Girl" is a performance piece inspired by the title sequence from David Fincher's 1995 film Seven. The clip was shot in a warehouse decorated with plexiglas sheets upon which the song's lyrics were written. Bayer cut the film into pieces and soaked it in his bath, applying deliberate fingerprints and abrasions to the footage before putting it back together by hand. "Film is generally treated like this pristine canvas", Bayer later explained, "If it's scratched, it's considered ruined. I wanted to add to the excitement of "Stupid Girl" with a really organic video, something that had a handmade quality." To accomplish this, Bayer showed some of the filmmaking process itself; Manson is shown behind a clapperboard and reels visibly spool past the frame, while penned marks, sprocket holes, spots and reference numbers are seen. At one point, the frame lurches, as if to suggest that the camera operator has lost control of the camera. Bayer's colorist made use of sepia, blues, greens and reds to suggest that each frame was individually hand-tinted. Vig would compliment the video for mirroring the band's sound: "some of it looked beautiful, some of it looked distorted, and kinda fucked up - and it sorta described some of our music visually." Bayer later re-edited a second version of the video, with alternative footage from the original shoot, for a remix version of "Stupid Girl" by Todd Terry.

The "Stupid Girl" video earned Garbage a nomination for Best New Artist in a Video at the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards, losing to Alanis Morissette's "Ironic".

The "Stupid Girl" video was first commercially released on VHS and Video-CD on 1996's Garbage Video, along with "making-of" outtake footage. A remastered version was later included on Garbage's 2007 greatest-hits DVD Absolute Garbage, and was made available as a digital download via online music services the same year. The video was officially uploaded to YouTube in November 2013.

Track listings

 * European CD single
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * 2) "Butterfly Collector" – 3:41
 * 3) "Trip My Wire" – 4:29

 * Australian CD1 and cassette single 1
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * 2) "Trip My Wire" – 4:29
 * 3) "Queer" (The Very Queer Dub Bin) – 5:12
 * 4) "Queer" (The Most Beautiful Woman in Town Mix) – 5:36

 * Australia CD2 and cassette single 2
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * 2) "Butterfly Collector" – 3:41
 * 3) "Queer" (F.T.F.O.I. Mix) – 7:17
 * 4) "Queer" (Danny Saber Mix) – 5:39

 * UK CD1
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * 2) "Driving Lesson" – 3:48
 * 3) "Dog New Tricks" (The Pal mix) – 4:02
 * 4) "Stupid Girl" (Red Snapper mix) – 7:37

 * UK CD2
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * 2) "Alien Sex Fiend" – 4:37
 * 3) "Stupid Girl" (Dreadzone dub version) – 6:08
 * 4) "Stupid Girl" (Dreadzone vocal mix) – 6:34

 * UK 7-inch single
 * A. "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * B. "Dog New Tricks" (The Pal mix) – 4:02

 * US CD and cassette single
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * 2) "Stupid Girl" (Tee's radio edit) – 3:49
 * 3) "Driving Lesson" – 3:48

 * US 12-inch single
 * A1. "Stupid Girl" (Todd Terry Freeze Club) – 5:53
 * A2. "Stupid Girl" (Todd Terry In House Dub) – 6:11
 * A3. "Stupid Girl" (Future Retro Mix) – 5:20
 * B1. "Stupid Girl" (Danny Saber Mix) – 4:23
 * B2. "Stupid Girl" (Shoegazer Mix) – 5:53
 * B3. "Driving Lesson" – 3:48

 * French CD single
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * 2) "Stupid Girl" (Dreadzone dub version) – 6:08
 * 3) "Dog New Tricks" (The Pal mix) – 4:02

 * German CD single
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" (Radio edit) – 3:44
 * 2) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19

 * Australian CD single (The Remixes)
 * 1) "Stupid Girl" (Dreadzone vocal mix) – 6:34
 * 2) "Stupid Girl" (Dreadzone dub version) – 6:08
 * 3) "Stupid Girl" (Red Snapper mix) – 7:37
 * 4) "Stupid Girl" – 4:19
 * 5) "Alien Sex Fiend" – 4:37

 * UK 12-inch single (Remixes)
 * A1. "Stupid Girl" (Todd Terry Freeze Club) – 5:53
 * A2. "Stupid Girl" (Todd Terry Bonus Beats) – 3:11
 * B1. "Stupid Girl" (Todd Terry In House Dub) – 6:11
 * B2. "Stupid Girl" (Todd Terry Capella) – 3:34

title: Stupid Girl (Garbage song)


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Guy Sigsworth

Allan Arthur Guy Sigsworth (born May 1960) is an English record producer and songwriter. During his career, he has worked with many artists, including Seal, Björk, Goldie, Madonna, Britney Spears, Kate Havnevik, Imogen Heap, Bebel Gilberto, Mozez, David Sylvian, Alanis Morissette, Eric Whitacre, Alison Moyet, and AURORA. He has also collaborated with many celebrated instrumental musicians, including Talvin Singh, Jon Hassell, and Lester Bowie. He is a member of the duo Frou Frou, with Imogen Heap.

Early life
Allan Arthur Guy Sigsworth was born in May 1960 and grew up in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, where he developed a youthful passion for early music, especially the 14th-century composer Guillaume de Machaut. His earliest musical heroes were the multi-instrumentalist David Munrow and the maverick field recordist and composer David Fanshawe. He was a pupil at Leeds Grammar School in the 1970s. He studied the harpsichord, first at summer schools at the Casa de Mateus in Portugal, and later for a year at the Utrechts Conservatorium in the Netherlands. He toured Europe playing harpsichord for the European Union Baroque Orchestra.

Sigsworth has worked with various engineers and programmers of distinction. During the late 1990s, he worked with Damian Taylor, who has since engineered, programmed, and performed live with Björk; in the early 2000s, he worked with Sean McGhee, who has since produced Temposhark; and most recently, he has worked extensively with Andy Page, who has previously worked with Sasha, BT, and Harry Gregson-Williams.

Seal
After returning to the UK, Sigsworth moved to London and made a sudden change of direction. He became fascinated with the burgeoning acid house sound, and immediately bought a Roland sampler and an Atari computer. He met musician Seal, co-writing four songs on his debut album: "Crazy", "The Beginning", "Wild", and "Violet", plus the B-side, "Sparkle". The album's producer, Trevor Horn, was the first pop record producer Sigsworth had ever met.

Bomb the Bass / Hector Zazou
Tim Simenon was also involved in work on Seal's song "Crazy", and Sigsworth soon became part of the regular production team of Simenon's band, Bomb the Bass, co-writing the UK No. 7 hit single "Winter in July". He also worked with Simenon on Hector Zazou's 1992 album Sahara Blue, performing alongside celebrated French actor Gérard Depardieu on the track "I'll Strangle You". Sigsworth subsequently contributed to Zazou's 1994 album Chansons des mers froides, accompanying Björk.

Talvin Singh
While working on sessions for Japanese drummer/producer Gota Yashiki, Sigsworth met virtuoso tabla player Talvin Singh. He subsequently played synthesizer and harpsichord for Singh's live shows, and later played and contributed remixes on Singh's debut album, OK.

"Survival Game"
In 1993, Sigsworth produced the benefit song "Survival Game" for the relief organization Menschen für Menschen in Ethiopia, founded by actor Karlheinz Böhm. The song was written by Mike Turtle and Dean Frederick. The track was later remixed by Paul Dakeyne and hit the charts in South America and Europe.

Björk
While working with Talvin Singh, Sigsworth met Björk, becoming keyboard player, and later music director, of her live band for two albums. Sigsworth brought his early music sensibility to Björk's live performances and recordings, adding harpsichord, clavichord, regal, and positive organ accompaniments to her music. His harpsichord can be heard on the song "Cover Me" from the album Post; the clavichord on the song "All Is Full of Love"; and organ on the "Unravel" from Homogenic. "Unravel" was Sigsworth's first co-written song with Björk. Sigsworth also played celesta on Björk's cover of Joni Mitchell's "The Boho Dance"; the celesta later became a feature on both Selmasongs (where he also contributed a string arrangement) and Vespertine, on which he co-wrote "Hidden Place", "An Echo, A Stain", "Sun in My Mouth", and "Harm of Will".

Imogen Heap
Sigsworth first met Imogen Heap in 1996 after a friend played him a demo of her song "Come Here Boy". He immediately fell in love with her distinctive voice. He was also amazed to hear that she shared his idiosyncratic love of melodies featuring wide, angular intervals—especially major 7ths and minor 9ths—which are not so common in pop. They wrote two songs together, "Getting Scared" and "Airplane", which Sigsworth produced for her debut album, I Megaphone. In return, Heap sang backing vocals on Sigsworth's band project with Alexander Nilere, Acacia.

G:MT
In 1999, Sigsworth scored the movie G:MT - Greenwich Mean Time, which included musical contributions from Imogen Heap, Talvin Singh, and free jazz virtuoso Lester Bowie.

Madonna
Sigsworth co-produced the 1998 Mandalay album Empathy, which attracted the attention of Madonna. This in turn led to him co-writing the song "What It Feels Like for a Girl" with Madonna and David Torn, for her 2000 album Music. Sigsworth also wrote the song "Nothing Fails" with Jem for Madonna's 2003 album American Life.

Frou Frou
One night in Mumbai, India, where he was producing a song for British artist Amar, Sigsworth composed a tune on his Yamaha QY20 pocket sequencer. As soon as he arrived back in London, he took it to Imogen Heap, and asked her to write a top line for it. It became "Flicks", their first song for what would become the Frou Frou album Details. Originally, there was no plan for Sigsworth and Heap to form a band. It was simply a matter of Sigsworth wanting to hear various song ideas properly realized. As Heap said: "Every month or so, Guy would phone me up and say 'I've got a new song, would you come in and sing it?', and then before we knew it, we'd already started the album."

As a linking concept for the emerging set of songs, Sigsworth suggested two ideas for the lyrics:
 * 1) They should feel like one half of a conversation rather than singer-on-a-soapbox declarations. Sigsworth's inspiration for this was the 1932 Jean Cocteau play La voix humaine (the entire text of the play consists of one side of a telephone conversation between a woman and her former lover. Her lover's words are never heard but are inferred from her words).
 * 2) The word "love" should be used as often as possible.

Sigsworth wrote the lyrics to the songs "Breathe In", "Only Got One", and "The Dumbing Down of Love", and co-wrote the lyrics to "Let Go", "It's Good to Be in Love", and "Psychobabble" on Details. Heap wrote the remaining lyrics, apart from "Maddening Shroud", which was texted by Alexander Nilere.

After eleven songs had been completed, Heap and Sigsworth set about finding a name for their collaborative effort. Sigsworth, a fan of all things French, came up with "Frou Frou", which Heap loved. The name comes from Rimbaud's 1870 poem "Ma Bohème", and is a French onomatopoeic word originally meaning the swishing noise made by skirts on dancing women. The album title, "Details", was a reference to the way the songs were constructed in the studio, by layering momentary details of sounds and performances to create a web of sound.

The album was released in 2002 on Universal Records. It was critically acclaimed, but did not achieve mass sales. "Breathe In" was released as the first single internationally, and reached number two on the Italian radio airplay charts, but follow-up singles "Must Be Dreaming" and "It's Good to Be in Love" were never commercially released in the UK. A video was also made for "The Dumbing Down of Love", directed by Joel Peissig (who later directed Heap's solo video "Hide and Seek"). After touring the record extensively across the United States, where the duo had established a cult fan base, Frou Frou disbanded in 2003.

Heap and Sigsworth temporarily reformed Frou Frou to record a cover version of "Holding Out for a Hero", originally recorded by Bonnie Tyler, for the Shrek 2 soundtrack. The duo were approached by the music director of the film, who had been a fan of their album. The resulting track is played during the end credits of the film. Frou Frou also experienced a resurgence in popularity in 2004, when Scrubs star Zach Braff chose album track "Let Go" for his independent film Garden State. Other Frou Frou tracks have been included on television series, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Roswell High.

Solo

 * STET (2019)

Acacia

 * Cradle (1997)

Frou Frou

 * Details (2002)
 * Off Cuts (EP, 2022)

As primary producer

 * Mandalay – Empathy (1998)
 * Baz – Psychedelic Love (2003)
 * Kate Havnevik – Melankton (2006)
 * Richard Walters – Pilot Lights EP (2007)
 * Temposhark – The Invisible Line (2007)
 * Alanis Morissette – Flavors of Entanglement (2008)
 * Kate Havnevik – Me (2009)
 * Diana Vickers – Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree (2010)
 * Kate Havnevik – You (2011)
 * Alanis Morissette – Havoc and Bright Lights (2012)
 * Hildegard Von Bingen, Stevie Wishart & Sinfonye – Hildegard (2012)
 * Alison Moyet – The Minutes (2013)
 * Kate Havnevik – Residue (2014)
 * Kate Havnevik – &i (2015)
 * Alison Moyet – Other (2017)
 * Jadu Heart – Melt Away (2019)
 * Kate Havnevik – Lightship (2022)

Remixes

 * Bomb the Bass – "The Air You Breathe (Real Mellow Mix)" (1991)
 * Lio – "L'Autre Joue (L'Autre Mix)" (1991)
 * Lio – "L'Autre Joue (Heaven Mix)" (1991)
 * Dali – "Daylight (One For My Baby Mix)" (1995)
 * Badmarsh & Shri – "Air I Breathe (Guy Sigsworth Remix)" (1998)
 * Talvin Singh – "Vikram the Vampire (Heavy Rotation Refixx)" (1999)
 * Talvin Singh – "OK (Heavy Rotation Refixx)" (1999)
 * Björk – "All is Full of Love (Guy Sigsworth Remix)" (1999)
 * David Sylvian – "Godman (Guy Sigsworth Remix)" (1999)
 * Aphrodite – "See Thru It (Frou Frou Edit)" (2002)
 * Bebel Gilberto – "O Caminho (Guy Sigsworth Mix)" (2005)
 * Mirah – "La Familia (Guy Sigsworth Remix)" (2006)
 * Diana Vickers – "Jumping Into Rivers (Frou Frou Central Mix)" (2010)
 * Alison Moyet – "Changeling (Guy Sigsworth Remix)" (2013)
 * Alison Moyet – "Right as Rain (Guy Sigsworth Remix)" (2013)
 * Amy Lee – "Love Exists (Guy Sigsworth Mix)" (2017)
 * Gia Margaret – "Solid Heart (Guy Sigsworth Remix)" (2021)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Guy Sigsworth


text:
Michael Sergio

Michael Sergio is an actor who parachuted into Shea Stadium during Game 6 of the 1986 World Series, wearing a sign proclaiming "Go Mets". Immediately arrested, Sergio spent a short time in jail because he would not reveal the name of the pilot who flew him over Queens that evening. Senator Al D'Amato later intervened on his behalf, and Sergio was released.

Career
Sergio portrayed Rick in the cult classic slasher film The House on Sorority Row (1983). He won a Daytime Emmy for directing the Ringling Bros. 1996 TV Circus Special and was nominated for an Emmy for Creating the Wizard of Oz on Ice. Sergio also wrote and directed the independent feature Under Hellgate Bridge (2000), featuring The Sopranos regulars Dominic Chianese, Vincent Pastore, and Frank Vincent.

title: Michael Sergio


text:
New York Court of Claims

The New York State Court of Claims is the court of the New York State Unified Court System which handles all claims against the State of New York and certain state agencies.

Judges
Judges of the Court of Claims are appointed by the Governor of New York and confirmed by the State Senate for a 9-year term. While there are Judges of the Court of Claims who handle only claims against the state, there are many Judges of the Court of Claims who are appointed to this post and then assigned to serve as an Acting Justice of the New York State Supreme Court, generally in the criminal term of the court. This is done to increase the number of trial judges in the state for felony crimes, as it can be easier for Legislators to vote to increase the number of Court of Claims judges than Supreme Court Justices in view of differences in the manner of selecting the judges.

History
Claims against the State of New York were originally heard and decided by the New York State Legislature. In 1874, a constitutional amendment was ratified which prohibited the Legislature from assessing claims against the State, and in 1876 the State Board of Audit (later renamed Board of Claims) was created to step in. In 1897, the Board of Claims was abolished and a Court of Claims, consisting of three judges, created instead. On July 31, 1911, the Court of Claims was abolished and the Board of Claims, consisting of three commissioners, was restored.

The present Court of Claims was re-established on January 28, 1915, to succeed the Board of Claims.

title: New York Court of Claims


text:
John Henry Balch

John Henry Balch (January 2, 1896 – October 15, 1980) was a United States Naval Reserve officer. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War I.

Education
Balch enlisted in the Navy in Kansas City, Missouri under an officers training program. Prior to his enlistment on May 26, 1917, he had been a student at Kansas State University. After the training program, he was assigned to the 3rd Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment and served in France during World War I.

Military service
Prior to the actions in which he was subsequently awarded the Medal of Honor, Balch was involved in the Battle of Belleau Wood where he was wounded. On October 5, 1918, he showed exceptional bravery by establishing an aid station under intense fire. Acting as a Pharmacist's Mate, he was credited with carrying wounded Marines to safety and thereby saving their lives.

On August 19, 1919, Balch received an honorable discharge as a Pharmacist's Mate First Class. One-month later he was presented the Medal of Honor by Rear Admiral F. B. Bassett at the YMCA in Chicago, Illinois.

In September 1942, Balch rejoined the Navy as a lieutenant and served stateside as well as Australia and the Philippines before eventually retiring on June 1, 1950 from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander and one of the most decorated sailors in US Navy history.

He is buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Pharmacist's Mate First Class, U.S. Navy. Place and date: Vierzy, France, and Somme-Py, France, July 19, and October 5, 1918. Entered service at: Kansas City, Mo. Born: January 2, 1896, Edgerton, Kansas

Citation: For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, with the 6th Regiment, U.S. Marines, in action at Vierzy, on 19 July 1918. Balch unhesitatingly and fearlessly exposed himself to terrific machinegun and high-explosive fire to succor the wounded as they fell in the attack, leaving his dressing station voluntarily and keeping up the work all day and late into the night unceasingly for 16 hours. Also in the action at Somme-Py on 5 October 1918, he exhibited exceptional bravery in establishing an advanced dressing station under heavy shellfire.

Other decorations and awards

 * Distinguished Service Cross (Interservice Award from US Army)

"...During the attack in the Bois-de-Belleau, Pharmacist's Mate Balch displayed conspicuous coolness under shell fire in evacuating wounded men. During the action near Vierzy, he worked unceasingly for sixteen hours, giving assistance to the wounded on a field torn by high explosive shells and covered by direct machine-gun fire. Near St. Etienne-aux-Arnes, he again gave proof of excellent judgment and courage in establishing an advance dressing station under violent shell and machine-gun fire, thereby saving many lives which would otherwise have been lost."

 * 3 Silver Stars (Interservice Award from US Army)

"...Pharmacist's Mate First Class Balch distinguished himself by gallantry in action while serving as a Corpsman attached to the Sixth Regiment (Marines), 2d Division, American Expeditionary Forces, in action at Bois de Belleau, France. He was conspicuous for his coolness and the value of his work under shell fire, evacuating wounded men at the risk of his life, during our attack upon the enemy on the night of 6 June 1918.

...in action near Somme-Py, France, 5 October 1918. Pharmacist's Mate First Class Balch displayed extraordinary heroism and bravery in using the best judgment in establishing an advanced aid station during the most intense shell fire, thereby enabling him and his fellow Corpsmen to take better care of the wounded and saving many of their lives.

...distinguished himself by gallantry in action while serving as a Corpsman attached to the Sixth Regiment (Marines), 2d Division, American Expeditionary Forces. Pharmacist's Mate First Class Balch displayed extraordinary heroism and bravery in action on 5 October 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France."

 * Navy Commendation Medal
 * Purple Heart
 * World War I Victory Medal
 * American Campaign Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
 * World War II Victory Medal

Foreign Decorations

 * French Croix de Guerre with Fourragère
 * Italian War Merit Cross: Croce al Merito di Guerra
 * Portuguese War Cross: Medalha da Cruz de Guerra

Legacy
On 21 July 2005, The Naval Health Clinic at Quantico, Virginia was renamed the John H. Balch Clinic.

In 2018 John Henry Balch became the subject of the short documentary John Henry Balch: Congressional Medal of Honor directed by Sreang "C" Hok, in collaboration with El Dorado Films and the Veteran Documentary Corps.

title: John Henry Balch


text:
Paveletskaya (Zamoskvoretskaya line)

Paveletskaya (Павелецкая) is a Moscow Metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya line, located in the Zamoskvorechye District, Central Administrative Okrug. The station has entrances to the Paveletsky rail terminal and the Garden ring. It was opened in 1943 and was designed by S.V. Lyashchenko and E.S. Demchenko. Paveletskaya features tall white marble pillars decorated with the hammer and sickle and a high, arched ceiling. The walls are faced with white marble.

Construction history
The long run between Teatralnaya (then Ploshchad Sverdlova, opened in 1938) and Avtozavodskaya was opened January 1, 1943. Work on Novokuznetskaya and Paveletskaya continued throughout 1943, and these two stations were opened 20 November 1943. Novokuznetskaya was commissioned as a completed station (most of its 1943 interiors surviving to date); Paveletskaya was built to a design by Alexey Dushkin as a temporary deep (33.5 meters underground) pylon station of London type - with two side platforms, but without a central hall.

Work on converting Paveletskaya to a fully functional station commenced in 1950; the station was reopened February 21, 1953. Fragments of original pylons were retained in the southern end of the station; the rest was expanded to a spacious column type hall of the same structure as Mayakovskaya. Bronze-coloured inserts with hammer and sickle motive, the sole example of figurative art in this station, were actually painted ceramic castings.

Accidents

 * On 20 April 1987, at 19:55 local time, fire erupted in a northbound train approaching Paveletskaya. The train reached Paveletskaya, all passengers disembarked safely (the sole injury was a subway worker hospitalized with smoke poisoning). However, the train burnt out completely, damaging the interiors in the southern end on the station. It had to be partially rebuilt again.
 * On 6 February 2004, at 08:40 local time, 40 passengers were killed in a terrorist attack on a train that left Avtozavodskaya for Paveletskaya.
 * On 15 January 2007, both Paveletskaya stations were evacuated due to a fire in the tunnel connecting them. No injuries were reported.

Transfers

 * Paveletskaya has two transfers to a station of the same name on the Koltsevaya line – either through tunnel, or through the common surface vestibule on the northern side of Garden Ring.
 * Southern exit directly connects to Paveletsky railway terminal which, in particular, provides express train service to Domodedovo International Airport.

title: Paveletskaya (Zamoskvoretskaya line)


text:
Faust (musician)

Bård Guldvik "Faust" Eithun (born 21 April 1974) is a Norwegian musician, best known as the drummer of black metal band Emperor and the main lyricist of blackened death metal band Zyklon. A prominent member of the early Norwegian black metal scene, Eithun was sentenced to 14 years in prison for murder and church arson in 1994. He was released in 2003 and has since continued performing as a drummer for Emperor, Djevel, Blood Tsunami, Aborym and Scum. Eithun won the Norwegian Spellemann Award in the Metal category with Djevel in 2022.

Early years
Eithun was born on 21 April 1974 in Hedmark. At age sixteen, he moved to Lillehammer and became the drummer of Thorns, then-known as Stigma Diabolicum. Eithun published the underground fanzine Orcustus in the early 1990s. In 1992, he moved to Oslo and started working in Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth's shop Helvete, having been pen-pals with the Mayhem guitarist since 1987. Eithun joined Emperor as a drummer that same year and became a part of the inner circle of the early Norwegian black metal scene.

Conviction and release
On 21 August 1992, while visiting his family in Lillehammer, Eithun stabbed Magne Andreassen, a gay man, to death after being sexually propositioned by him. According to Eithun, while walking home from a pub through the Olympic park, Andreassen drunkenly approached him and solicited him for sex. Eithun agreed to go with him to the nearby woods and stabbed Andreassen 37 times while also repeatedly stomping on the victim's head. Upon returning to Oslo the following day, he told Aarseth, Varg Vikernes, and a few other members of the black metal scene what he had done. Eithun, Aarseth and Vikernes later burned down Holmenkollen Chapel together. After Vikernes' murder of Aarseth in August 1993, Eithun was arrested and confessed to killing Andreassen on impulse. In early 1994, Emperor released their debut album, In the Nightside Eclipse. Later that year, Eithun was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment and subsequently left Emperor. He testified against Vikernes in the latter's murder and arson trial that same year. Although media had linked Eithun's murder to black metal and speculated that he was motivated by Satanism, fascism, or homophobia, he has later denied being a satanist and having racist, fascist or homophobic views in several interviews. Singer Gaahl, an openly gay member of the Norwegian black metal scene, stated that Eithun was the first person to send him a message of support when he came out.

In 2001, Eithun became the main lyricist of blackened death metal band Zyklon and also contributed lyrics to albums released by Sigh and Wurdulak. He joined the hardcore punk/black metal supergroup Scum with members of Emperor, Turbonegro and Mindgrinder the following year.

In 2003, Eithun was released from prison due to good behavior after serving nine years and four months. Of his incarceration, Eithun said: "It has taught me a lot about myself, my limits, my psyche and my will. I think it as a positive thing that I was removed from the black metal scene because I was heading towards a very destructive path." In later interviews, Eithun has expressed remorse for his actions in the 1990s and called them senseless.

Later career
Following his release, Eithun was interviewed for the black metal documentary Until the Light Takes Us, later released in 2008. Eithun was announced as Swedish extreme metal band Dissection's new drummer in 2003, but departed the band that same year due to ideological differences. Scum released their first album, Gospels for the Sick, in 2005. Eithun joined thrash metal Blood Tsunami and industrial black metal band Aborym that same year. He released his first album with Aborym as a member the following year, having previously contributed lyrics to the band. Blood Tsunami released their debut album, Thrash Metal, in 2007. Eithun joined punk/metal band Mongo Ninja in 2009 and released three albums with the band before their disbandment in 2012.

In 2013, Eithun returned to Emperor as drummer for the 20th anniversary tour of In the Nightside Eclipse in the summer of 2014, which included a performance at Wacken Open Air. He departed Aborym in 2014 after releasing three studio albums with the band. In 2017, Eithun was announced as the new drummer for black metal band Djevel. On 23 May 2021, Eithun appeared as a guest at Emperor's show at Notodden Theatre marking the 30th anniversary of their formation. In 2022, Djevel won the Norwegian Spellemann Award in the Metal category for the album Tanker som rir natten, released the previous year.

Education
While incarcerated, Eithun completed two bachelor degrees at the University of Oslo in the history of religions and the history of ideas, in addition to studying a year of E-business at a private school in Oslo.

With Emperor
Studio albums EPs
 * In the Nightside Eclipse (1994)

 * Wrath of the Tyrant (1992)
 * Emperor (1993)
 * As the Shadows Rise (1994)

Compilation albums

 * Emperial Vinyl Presentation (2001)
 * Scattered Ashes: A Decade of Emperial Wrath (2003)
 * Emperor: The Complete Works (2017)

With Scum
Studio albums

 * Gospels for the Sick (2005)

With Blood Tsunami
Studio albums

 * Thrash Metal (2007)
 * Grand Feast for Vultures (2009)
 * For Faen! (2013)
 * Grave Condition (2018)

EPs

 * Castle of Skulls (2009)

With Aborym
Studio albums

 * Generator (2006)
 * Psychogrotesque (2010)
 * Dirty (2013)

With Mongo Ninja
Studio albums

 * ...And the Wrist Is History (2009)
 * No Cunt for Old Men (2010)
 * Nocturnal Neanderthals (2011)

With Studfaust
EPs

 * Half Human, Half Dynamite / 1980's Ladies (2012)
 * Where the Underdogs Bark (2014)

With Djevel
Studio albums

 * Blant svarte graner (2018)
 * Ormer til armer, maane til hode (2019)
 * Tanker som rir natten (2021)
 * Naa skrider natten sort (2022)

EPs

 * Englene Som Falt Ned I Min Seng, Skal Jeg Sette Fri Med Brukne Vinger Og Torneglorier (2021)

In popular culture
Eithun was portrayed by Valter Skarsgård in the 2018 biographical horror-thriller film Lords of Chaos.

title: Faust (musician)


text:
Talk:Surrey School Board

NPOV
There's got to be more to the Surrey School Board than this. I understand, and agree with, the backlash against the school board, but let's also include information on the school board itself, e.g., its official website. —Markaci 2005-07-17 T 15:59:07 Z

Teen Pregnancy Rate?
This article (and the related Heather Stilwell article) talk of Surrey having the highest teen pregnancy rate in the province.

Where are the stats to back this up?

SD36 (Surrey) is the school district with the most kids in the province, passing Vancouver in the 90s; is this /pregnancy rate/ actually a /rate/ or just /raw numbers/? It stands to reason that a district with 60000 schoolkids is going to have more pregnant teens than one with 1000-2000 in the entire district.

title: Talk:Surrey School Board


text:
User talk:Could~enwiki

Hello, my name is Could, because I could do whatever I please.

Do not edit people's votes on VfD pages. James 22:13, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

You've been blocked from editing for fraudulently altering people's votes on VfD. — Trilobite (Talk) 22:13, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

lol

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Could. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Could~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Could~enwiki


text:
Talk:Deva (Hinduism)

Untitled
There is no way that Zeus is derived from the Latin dios. Fixed.

Untitled
Does devas mean shining beings?

Raj2004 15:59, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes, the article states this clearly.

False etymologies
I edited out this text:  possibly Greek "theos" and according to some, even English "demon", "devil". These words are not derived from the Indo-European root [d-y-w]. Anthony Appleyard 20:57, 25 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Greek theos is generally recognised to come from *dhesos.
 * English "devil" came via Latin from Greek dia-bolos = "accuser".
 * English "demon" came via Latin from Greek daimōn = "divine being".

ok, though i do believe Greek is a Indo-european language. but u are otherwise correct. tho ugh theres no way of ruling the theory out completely as of yet.

---Carl

 * What about Diva? Seems possibly related.  I'd be curious to hear from anyone with educated insight (no gut reaction opinions). -Anon  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.223.7.49 (talk) 04:10, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Diva is a feminine form of dio/dios. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.97.116.254 (talk) 17:46, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

Merge Deva (tribe)
I suggested the merge of Deva (tribe) to here. I am not well versed in the Hindu subjects. Reading the Deva (tribe) page and comparing it with this one makes it appear as if they are the same subject a "mythical tribe". Jeepday 02:27, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Already done! Real96 04:16, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Tuesday?
in Etymology row 8 there is the following: "Germanic Tiwaz (seen in English "Tuesday")"

Now im not sure but as i am swedish and also speak a germanic language (like english) i do think our day mean somewhat the same (swedish for tuesday is "Tisdag"). In Swedish this is generally perceived as originally meaning Tyr's Dag-(Day) as the Norse Asar (Aesir) god Tyr (the Norse god of Organized War/Warfare).

This is much likely as most days of the week in Norse languages is named after gods. like: "Onsdag" Odin's Day (Wednesday), "Torsdag" Thor's Day (Thursday), "Fredag" Frei's or Freia's day (Friday).

Though "Mondag" (Monday) is Moon's day, "Söndag" (Sunday) is Sun's day and Lördag (Saturday) is in norse The "Lögar" day which means the day of cleaning or washing.

That takes me to conclude Tuesday as Tyr's day and not the day of the "Tiwaz". but of course i might be wrong. feel free to comment further.

--Carl

I don't know much about the subject of this article (which is why I'm reading it) but I do know that there isn't much difference between the two. Tiwaz is Tyr's rune (for more go to this link Tiwaz rune). But yeah, it did evolve from tiwaz - Say 'Tiwes day' fast together and it sounds like a distorted pronunciation of Tuesday. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.203.45.171 (talk) 02:11, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Bhagavad Gita
The perspective shown on the B.G. is purely a Vaishnavite one. It should be a continuation of the previous paragraph.Domsta333 (talk) 10:26, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Edit the Title
The title of the article should be Deva rather than Deva (hinduism), because the Devas are not properly Hindu gods, unlike Shiva, Kali or Krishna, they are the gods of the Vedas, and are recognized by Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism as belonging to the older "Vedic" pantheon. The article can however explain their positions in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism under separate sub-headings. 122.164.29.165 (talk) 07:32, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Make article consistent with article on Asuras
This article on Deva (otherwise known as Sura) states that one group of devas are the Adityas, but the article on Asuras says that Adityas are the benevolent subgroup of Asuras. Note: sura and asura. The a- prefix indicates "not" as in clonal, aclonal; cephalic, acephalic; cellular, acellular; capsular, acapsular. So, to say that Adityas are one subgrouping of devas confuses the reader with the information at the Asuras article that states Adityas are a subgrouping of Asuras. I do not believe Adityas are subgroupings of both the Suras (devas) and the Asuras. It seems contradictory, but there are lots of contradictions in these South Asian tradtions/philosophies, so maybe I am wrong and there is some subtlety that I do not understand. 24.189.231.103 (talk) 14:52, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deva (Hinduism)


text:
User:Nightstallion/federal subjects of Russia

This page lists the federal subjects of Russia; currently, there are 83 of them. Furthermore, decided, likely, and possible mergers are listed at the end.

 * Image:Federal subjects of Russia (by type).png
 * Image:Republics of Russia.png
 * Image:Krais of Russia.png
 * Image:Oblasts of Russia.png
 * Image:Autonomous oblast of Russia.png
 * Image:Federal cities of Russia.png
 * Image:Autonomous districts of Russia.png
 * Image:Federal subjects of Russia (by number).png
 * Image:Economic regions of Russia.png
 * Image:Federal districts of Russia.png
 * Image:RussiaCentralNumbered.png
 * Image:RussiaFarEastNumbered.png
 * Image:RussiaSiberiaNumbered.png
 * Image:RussiaVolgaNumbered.png
 * three more missing

Respubliki (21)

 * [[Image:Flag of Adygea.svg|20px]] Respublika Adygeya
 * [[Image:Flag of Altai Republic.svg|20px]] Respublika Altay
 * [[Image:Flag of Bashkortostan.svg|20px]] Respublika Bashkortostan or Bashkiriya
 * [[Image:Flag of Buryatia.svg|20px]] Respublika Buryatiya
 * [[Image:Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_since_2004.svg|20px]] Chechenskaya Respublika
 * [[Image:Flag of Chuvashia.svg|20px]] Chuvashskaya Respublika (or Respublika Chuvashiya)
 * [[Image:Flag of Dagestan.svg|20px]] Respublika Dagestan
 * [[Image:Flag of Ingushetia.svg|20px]] Respublika Ingushetiya
 * [[Image:Flag of Kabardino-Balkaria.svg|20px]] Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika (or Respublika Kabardino-Balkariya)
 * [[Image:Flag of Kalmykia.svg|20px]] Respublika Kalmykiya
 * [[Image:Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia.svg|20px]] Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika (or Respublika Karachayevo-Cherkessiya)
 * [[Image:Flag of Karelia.svg|20px]] Respublika Kareliya
 * [[Image:Flag of Khakassia.svg|20px]] Respublika Khakasiya
 * [[Image:Flag of Komi.svg|20px]] Respublika Komi
 * [[Image:MariElFlag.png|20px]] Respublika Mariy El
 * [[Image:Flag of Mordovia.svg|20px]] Respublika Mordoviya
 * [[Image:Flag of Sakha.svg|20px]] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya)
 * [[Image:Flag of North Ossetia.svg|20px]] Respublika Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya
 * [[Image:Flag of Tatarstan.svg|20px]] Respublika Tatarstan
 * [[Image:Flag of Tuva.svg|20px]] Respublika Tyva
 * [[Image:Flag of Udmurtia.svg|20px]] Udmurtskaya Respublika (or Respublika Udmurtiya)

Kraya (9)

 * [[Image:Flag of Altai Krai.svg|20px]] Altaiskiy Kray
 * [[Image:Flag of Kamchatka Oblast.svg|20px]] Kamchatskiy Kray
 * [[Image:Flag of Khabarovsk Krai.svg|20px]] Khabarovskiy Kray
 * [[Image:Flag of Krasnodar Krai.svg|20px]] Krasnodarskiy Kray
 * [[Image:KrasnoyarskKray-Flag.svg|20px]] Krasnoyarskiy Kray
 * [[Image:Flag of Perm Krai.svg|20px]] Permskiy Kray
 * [[Image:Flag of Primorsky Krai.svg|20px]] Primorskiy Kray
 * [[Image:Flag of Stavropol Krai.svg|20px]] Stavropolskiy Kray
 * [[Image:Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg|20px]] Zabaykalskiy Kray

Oblasti (46)

 * [[Image:Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg|20px]] Amurskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Arkhangelsk Oblast Flag.gif|20px]] Arkhangelskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Astrakhan Oblast.svg|20px]] Astrakhanskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Belgorod Oblast.svg|20px]] Belgorodskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Bryansk Oblast.svg|20px]] Bryanskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Chelyabinsk Oblast.svg|20px]] Chelyabinskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Irkutsk Oblast.svg|20px]] Irkutskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Ivanovo Oblast.svg|20px]] Ivanovskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Kaliningrad Oblast.svg|20px]] Kaliningradskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Kaluga Oblast.svg|20px]] Kaluzhskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Kemerovo oblast.svg|20px]] Kemerovskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Kirov Region.svg|20px]] Kirovskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Kostroma Oblast (2000-06).svg|20px]] Kostromskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Kurgan Oblast.svg|20px]] Kurganskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Kursk Oblast.svg|20px]] Kurskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Leningrad Oblast.svg|20px]] Leningradskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Lipetsk Oblast.svg|20px]] Lipetskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Magadan Oblast.svg|20px]] Magadanskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Moscow oblast.svg|20px]] Moskovskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Murmansk Oblast.svg|20px]] Murmanskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Nizhny Novgorod Region.svg|20px]] Nizhegorodskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Novgorod Oblast.svg|20px]] Novgorodskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Novosibirsk oblast.svg|20px]] Novosibirskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Omsk Oblast.svg|20px]] Omskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Orenburg Oblast.svg|20px]] Orenburgskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Oryol Oblast.svg|20px]] Orlovskaya Oblast
 * [[Image:Flag of Penza Oblast.svg|20px]] Penzenskaya Oblast
 * Pskovskaya Oblast
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Papiria gens

The gens Papiria was a patrician family at ancient Rome. According to tradition, the Papirii had already achieved prominence in the time of the kings, and the first Rex Sacrorum and Pontifex Maximus of the Republic were members of this gens. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus was the first of the Papirii to obtain the consulship in 444 BC. The patrician members of the family regularly occupied the highest offices of the Roman state down to the time of the Punic Wars. Their most famous member was Lucius Papirius Cursor, five times consul between 326 and 313 BC, who earned three triumphs during the Samnite Wars. Most of the Papirii who held office under the later Republic belonged to various plebeian branches of the family. Although the most illustrious Papirii flourished in the time of the Republic, a number of the family continued to hold high office during the first two centuries of the Empire.

Origin
Cicero described the history of the Papirii to his friend, Papirius Paetus, a plebeian member of the family, who was unaware of the patrician origin of the family. According to Cicero, the Papirii were one of the gentes minores, the lesser of two divisions made amongst the patrician gentes at Rome. The gentes maiores were the greatest or most noble patrician houses, while the rest of the patrician families made up the gentes minores. The precise distinction between the two divisions is not known, nor have any lists of the families belonging to each survived from antiquity. However, it has been suggested that the gentes maiores consisted, at least in part, of the families who came to Rome in the time of Romulus, while the gentes minores consisted of the patrician families that were enrolled after the destruction of Alba Longa, or under the Tarquins.

The original form of the nomen Papirius was Papisius, and all of the early Papirii would have been known by this name, although in later times they were always referred to as Papirii. A number of other ancient nomina experienced the same evolution; Fusius becoming Furius, Valesius becoming Valerius, and Vetusius becoming Veturius. Cicero writes that the first of the Papirii to adopt the "modern" spelling was Lucius Papirius Crassus, consul in BC 336.

Praenomina
The chief praenomina of the Papirii during the Republic were Lucius, Marcus, Gaius, Manius, and Spurius. The first three were the most common of all Roman names, while Manius and Spurius were much more distinctive. The only other praenomina found among the patrician Papirii are Tiberius, and perhaps Sextus or Publius, known from individual instances, but only Publius is known from the other members of the gens. The plebeian Papirii Carbones used primarily Gaius and Gnaeus; this last was a common name not found among the ancient patrician stirpes, but which was still used by the Papirii of imperial times.

Branches and cognomina
From at least the time of the early Republic, the Papirii are divided into a number of branches, or stirpes, distinguished by their surnames. Cicero lists the patrician cognomina of the Papirii as Crassus, Cursor, Maso, and Mugillanus, while the plebeian families included those of Carbo, Paetus, and Turdus.

The Papirii Mugillani were the first of these families to obtain the consulship. Their surname was derived from an ancient city of Latium known as Mugilla, the ancestral home of the Papirii. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Mugilla was conquered by Coriolanus after he was banished from Rome and went over to the Volsci. It must have been in the vicinity of the Volscian towns of Pollusca and Corioli, but it was evidently deserted at a very early date, as Pliny does not mention it among his list of former cities in Latium.

The Papirii Crassi appear almost simultaneously with the Mugillani, and remained a distinct family down to the Second Samnite War. Their surname, Crassus, which means "thick" or "fat", was common to a number of prominent gentes, including the Claudii and the Licinii.

Cursor, the surname of the third branch of the Papirii to achieve prominence, means "a runner", and was probably bestowed upon the dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor because of his speed. The Papirii Cursores appear in history from the early fourth century BC to the beginning of the third. The Cursores likely descended from the Mugillani, as Lucius Papirius Cursor, the dictator, is sometimes found with this cognomen. Friedrich Münzer writes that he was the first named Cursor, and his grandfather—the first with this name in the sources—actually bore the cognomen Mugillanus.

The surname Maso, sometimes spelled Masso, is derived from the Latin massa, a "mass" or "lump". The Papirii Masones were the last of the distinct patrician families of this gens, although some of the other Papirii were also patricians, including Lucius Papirius Praetextatus, censor in 272 BC. The Masones occur from the end of the fourth century BC down to the time of Cicero.

Among the plebeian branches of the Papiria gens, the most important was that surnamed Carbo, referring to a piece of coal or charcoal; metaphorically, something black, or of little value. The Papirii Carbones appear in the first half of the second century BC, and continued down to the time of Cicero.

Paetus, the surname of Cicero's plebeian friend, referred to a mild defect of vision, variously described as "blink-eyed", or "squinty". This common cognomen implied a lesser deficit than Strabo, "squinty", Luscus, "one-eyed", or Caecus, "blind", and could even be regarded as endearing; it was an epithet of Venus.

Cicero describes the Papirii Turdi as a plebeian family, although only one of them is mentioned in history: Gaius Papirius Turdus, tribune of the plebs in 177 BC. Their surname signified a thrush.

Members

 * Sextus Papirius, collected the leges regiae, the laws of the Roman kings, which came to be known as the Ius Papirianum, during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus.
 * Gaius Papirius, Pontifex Maximus in 509 BC, collected the religious ordinances of Numa Pompilius, which Ancus Marcius had carved on oaken tablets, and placed in the Roman Forum.
 * Manius Papirius, appointed the first Rex Sacrorum in 509 BC, in order to carry out the religious duties that had previously been performed by the king.
 * Lucius Papirius, a creditor, who accepted a boy, Gaius Publilius, as nexus, or collateral for his father's debt, in 326 BC. When his lustful advances toward the boy were rejected, Papirius caused the boy to be stripped and lashed; popular outrage led to the abolition of nexum by a law ironically named the lex Poetelia Papiria, after the consuls Gaius Poetelius Libo and Lucius Papirius Cursor.
 * Lucius Papirius L. f. M. n. Praetextatus, censor in 272 BC, died in office.
 * Gaius Papirius Turdus, tribune of the plebs in 177 BC, he and his colleague, Aulus Licinius Nerva, charged the proconsul Aulus Manlius Vulso with maladministration in Istria, but their attempt to recall him was thwarted by Quintus Aelius, another tribune.
 * Lucius Papirius, a contemporary of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, father of the Gracchi. Cicero considered Papirius among the finest orators of his age, and mentions a speech that Papirius gave in the senate on behalf of the people of Fregellae and the Latin colonies.
 * Papirius Potamo, a scriba and friend of Quintus Caecilius Niger, the quaestor of Verres, who became his employer when Caecilius left Sicily. Potamo became one of those through whom Verres worked his depredations upon the people, and was derided by Cicero for his role.
 * Lucius Papirius Paetus, a friend of Cicero, who describes him as a learned man, and an Epicurean. He possessed little knowledge of his family, and did not realize that the Papirii were of patrician origin.  In one letter, Cicero undertook to enlighten him, extolling the virtues of his patrician ancestors, whom he encouraged Paetus to emulate, while denigrating the follies of the plebeians.

Papirii Mugillani et Cursores

 * Lucius Papirius Mugillanus, was elected consul suffectus in 444 BC, the year in which the first college of consular tribunes was obliged to resign due to a fault in the auspices. The following year, he was one of the first censors, together with Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, his colleague in the consulship.
 * Lucius Papirius L. f. Mugillanus, consul in 427 BC, and consular tribune in 422. As interrex for holding the comitia in 420 BC, he authored a law permitting the election of plebeian quaestors.  He was censor in 418.
 * Marcus Papirius Mugillanus, consular tribune in 418 and 416 BC, and perhaps consul in 411.
 * Lucius Papirius Mugillanus, consular tribune in 382, 380, and 376 BC.
 * Lucius Papirius (Mugillanus), censor in 393 BC, and consular tribune in 387 and 385.
 * Spurius Papirius L. f. (Mugillanus), father of the dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor.
 * Lucius Papirius Sp. f. L. n. Cursor, was appointed magister equitum by his cousin, the dictator Lucius Papirius Crassus, in 340 BC. He was consul in 326, the first year of the Second Samnite War, and was nominated dictator the following year, in which he earned a triumph.  Consul again in 320 and 319, he earned a second triumph.  He was consul twice more, in 315 and 313, and dictator for a second time in 310, following which he received a third triumph.
 * Lucius Papirius L. f. S. n. Cursor, consul in 293 BC, during the Third Samnite War, together with his colleague, Spurius Carvilius Maximus, won several important victories and celebrated a triumph. The two were elected again in 272, during an insurrection in southern Italy, and obtained a second triumph over the Samnites, Lucani, and Bruttii.  During his first consulship, Papirius is said to have erected the first public sundial at Rome.

Papirii Crassi

 * Manius Papirius Crassus, consul in 441 BC.
 * Lucius Papirius Crassus, consul in 436 BC, carried on the war against Veii and Falerii. As the enemy refused to engage, Papirius and his colleague laid waste to the countryside around those cities.  Papirius was censor in 430.
 * Gaius Papirius Crassus, consul in 430 BC. He and his colleague anticipated a popular law planned by the tribunes of the plebs, and passed it themselves.
 * Lucius Papirius Crassus, grandfather of the consular tribune of 336 and 330 BC.
 * Gaius Papirius Crassus, consular tribune in 384 BC.
 * Spurius Papirius C. f. Crassus, consular tribune in 382 BC, fought successfully against the armies of Velitrae and Praeneste.
 * Tiberius Papirius Crassus, consular tribune in 380 BC.
 * Marcus Papirius Crassus, grandfather of the consul of 318 BC.
 * Lucius Papirius L. f. Crassus, father of the consular tribune of 336 and 330 BC. Some authorities describe a Lucius Papirius Crassus of this generation as consular tribune in 382 and 376 BC, but that Papirius was probably one of the Mugillani.
 * Lucius Papirius S. f. C. n. Crassus, consular tribune in 368 BC.
 * Lucus Papirius M. f. Crassus, father of the censor of 318 BC.
 * Lucius Papirius L. f. L. n Crassus, nominated dictator in 340 BC, to carry on the war against Antium. He was consul in 336, and fought against the Ausones at Cales.  Consul for the second time in 330 BC, he defeated Vitruvius Flaccus of Privernum.  In 325, he was praefectus urbi.
 * Marcus Papirius L. f. L. n. Crassus, appointed dictator in 332 BC, amid panic over a Gallic invasion; but the rumoured invasion never materialized.
 * Lucius Papirius L. f. M. n., censor in 318 BC.

Papirii Masones

 * Lucius Papirius Maso, aedile circa 312 BC.
 * Gaius Papirius L. f. Maso, father of the consul of 231 BC.
 * Gaius Papirius C. f. L. n. Maso, consul in 231 BC, defeated the Corsicans, and used the spoils of war to dedicate a temple of Fontus. Refused a triumph by the senate, he became the first victorious general to celebrate one outside the city of Rome, which he did on the Alban mount.  Maso was a pontifex, and was known for wearing a wreath of myrtle rather than one of laurel.
 * Gaius Papirius Maso, according to Livy, one of the triumviri appointed in 218 BC to establish colonies at Placentia and Cremona in Cisalpine Gaul.
 * Gaius Papirius L. f. Maso, one of the decemviri sacris faciundis, who died in 213 BC. He might perhaps be the same as the triumvir of 218.
 * Lucius Papirius Maso, praetor urbanus in 176 BC, was perhaps the same as the Lucius Papirius, who when praetor, established that a child born within thirteen months of its possible conception could be recognized among a man's heirs.
 * Marcus Papirius Maso, the brother of Aelius Ligur, one of the tribunes of the plebs in 58 BC, who opposed Cicero's recall from exile. According to Cicero, Maso disinherited his brother for his stance.  He may be the same as the eques Marcus Papirius who was a friend of Pompeius, and was slain by Publius Clodius Pulcher during his fatal encounter with Titus Annius Milo along the Appian Way.
 * Gaius Papirius Maso, accused of repetundae by Titus Coponius of Tibur. He was condemned, and Coponius rewarded with Roman citizenship.

Papirii Carbones

 * Gaius Papirius Carbo, praetor in 168 BC, received the province of Sardinia, but the senate asked him to remain at Rome, and oversee a number of judicial claims.
 * Gaius Papirius C. f. Carbo, a friend and ally of the Gracchi. As tribune of the plebs in 131 BC, he passed two important reforms.  He was accused of having murdered Scipio Aemilianus, but after the death of Gaius Gracchus, Carbo was elected consul for 120.  He suddenly distanced himself from the policies of his former friends, and having alienated both sides, was left vulnerable to an accusation the following year.  He took his own life rather than be condemned.
 * Gnaeus Papirius C. f. Carbo, consul in 113 BC, was sent against the Cimbri, who had entered Italy and Illyricum. He was defeated, and subsequently accused by Marcus Antonius.  Like his brother, he took his own life rather than face condemnation.
 * Marcus Papirius C. f. Carbo, praetor circa 114 BC, was accused of corruption in Sicily, and condemned.
 * Gnaeus Papirius Cn. f. C. n. Carbo, a partisan of Marius and Cinna, was consul in 85, 84 and 82 BC, fought unsuccessfully against Sulla and was put to death by Pompeius.
 * Gaius Papirius C. f. C. n. Carbo Arvina, tribune of the plebs in 90 BC, described by Cicero as a distinguished and persuasive orator, and the only Papirius Carbo to be a good citizen. He was murdered at the senate house in 82 BC by the praetor Damasippus, a partisan of the younger Marius.
 * Gaius Papirius (Cn. or M. f.) C. n. Carbo, tribune of the plebs in 89 BC, succeeded in passing a law providing for grants of citizenship to certain allies. Despite his family connection to the consul Gnaeus, Gaius joined the party of Sulla, and was murdered while besieging Volaterrae in 80 BC.
 * Gnaeus Papirius (M. f.?) C. n. Carbo, brother of Gaius, the tribune in 89 BC, was an acquaintance of Cicero, who described him as a scoundrel. Manutius and Shackleton Bailey rejected his identity with the consul of 85 BC.
 * Gaius Papirius Carbo, described by Cicero as the son of Rubria, and one of his friends, although he appears to have said this ironically.
 * Gaius Papirius C. f. Carbo, a military tribune and quaestor pro praetore in the early Augustan period, was a senator by 31 BC. His wife was Antullia.

Papirii of imperial times

 * Papirius Fabianus, an orator and philosopher in the time of the elder Seneca. He was a prolific writer, admired by the younger Seneca and Pliny the Elder.
 * Papirius, a centurion, who had assisted in the murder of Lucius Clodius Macer in AD 68, was despatched by Gaius Licinius Mucianus to assassinate Calpurnius Piso Galerianus, the proconsul of Africa, in AD 70. Piso was warned in time to intercept Papirius, whom he questioned, and put to death.
 * Papirius Fronto, a jurist who probably lived during the early second century. He is frequently cited by Marcian.
 * Papirius Justus, a jurist who lived during the latter part of the second century. He collected the various constitutions issued by the emperors, and a number of fragments relating to the constitutions of Marcus Aurelius are preserved in the Digest.
 * Gaius Papirius C. f. Masso, served as military tribune, plebeian aedile, quaesitor judex, and curator frumenti. He was married twice; his first wife was Ofania Quarta, and his second Statia Quinta.
 * Papirius Rufus, procurator in Dacia.
 * Gnaeus Papirius Aelianus, governor of Dacia from AD 132 to 133, and Britain circa 145 to 147.
 * Gnaeus Papirius Aelianus, consul suffectus in AD 157.
 * Gnaeus Papirius Aelianus, consul in AD 184.
 * Papirius Dionysius, praefectus annonae in the time of Commodus. In AD 190, he intentionally worsened a grain shortage at Rome in order to bring about the downfall of the praetorian prefect Marcus Aurelius Cleander.  His victory was short-lived, as he was one of the prominent men whom Commodus had murdered shortly thereafter.
 * Marcus Papirius Candidus, a senator, and patronus of the colony at Canusium in AD 223.
 * Saint Papirius, better known as Papylus, an early Christian physician, said to have been put to death together with his sister, Agathonice, and others at Pergamum, about AD 166. His feast day is April 13.

title: Papiria gens


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title: Category:Ukrainian cyclists


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