extracted_text:
Министерство
Образования Оренбургской области
ГАПОУ
СПО «Сельскохозяйственный техникум
г.
Бугуруслана Оренбургской области

Рабочая тетрадь
по дисциплине ОГСЭ 03 «Иностранный
язык (английский язык)»
 для
специальности 40.02.01    «Право и организация социального обеспечения»

Бугуруслан, 2019
Рабочая тетрадь представляет собой
сборник текстов и комплекс упражнений по дисциплине «Английский язык» для
студентов юридических специальностей, которые можно использовать как на
занятиях, так и при самостоятельной работе. Пособие предназначено для студентов
ГАПОУ СПО «Сельскохозяйственный техникум г. Бугуруслана Оренбургской
области, изучающих английский язык.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Text 1. American Constitution
  ………………………………………….
Text 2. British
  Constitution ……………………………………………..
Text 3. The Court
  system of the USA ………………………………..…
Text 4. The main
  principles of the American systems of  justice ……....
Text 5. The British Government …………………………………….…..
Text 6. Elections in Great Britain ……………………………………….
Text 7. The Royal Family ……………………………………………….
Text 8. Why do We Need Law?
  ………………………………………...
Text 9. Legal Profession ………………………………………………...
Text 10. Сivil law ……………………………………………………….
Text 11. A business
  letter ………………………………………………
Text 12. Business
  correspondence ……………………………………...
Text 13. Land Law in
  Britain …………………………………………...
Text 14. Types of
  Punishment ……………………………………….…
Text 15. Routine Police Work …………………………………………..
Text 16. British
  criminal law ………………………………………...….
Text 17. 10 strangest British laws ………………………………..…
Text 18. Resume
  writing …………………………………………….….
Text 19.Constitutional  law ……………………………………………..
Text 20. Criminal law
  …………………………………………………...
Text 21.  Labour Law …………………………………………………...
Text 22. Law of Contracts ………………………………………………
Text
  23. Understanding contracts ……………………………………….
Text
  24. How is a Contract Formed? ………………………………..….

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Text 1. American Constitution
VOCABULARY
the executive power — исполнительная власть
legislative power — законодательная власть
judiciary power — судебная власть
to abuse — злоупотреблять
amendment — поправка

The American Constitution is
  based on the doctrine of the separation of powers between the executive,
  legislative, and judiciary. The respective government institutions — the
  Presidency, Congress, and the Courts — were given limited and specific
  powers; and a series of checks and balances, whereby each branch of
  government has certain authority over the others, were also included to make
  sure these powers were not abused. Government power was  further  limited  by
   means

of a dual system of government, in which
the federal government was only given the powers and responsibilities to deal
with problems facing the nation as a whole (foreign affairs, trade, control of
the army and navy, etc). The remaining responsibilities and duties of
government were reserved to the individual state governments.
Article V
allowed for amendments to be made to the Constitution (once passed by a
two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress and then ratified by the
legislatures of three-fourths of the states). The Constitution finally ratified
by all thirteen states in 1791 already contained ten amendments, collectively
known as the Bill of Rights (the freedoms of religion, speech, and the press,
etc), to protect the citizen against possible tyranny by the federal
government. So far only twenty-six amendments have been made to the
Constitution.

QUESTIONS
1.    What is the American Constitution based on?
2.    What powers were the Presidency, Congress, and the Courts
given?
3.    How was Government power further limited?
4.    Which article allowed for amendments to be made to the
Constitution?
5.    When was the Constitution finally ratified?
6.    How many amendments have been made to the Constitution so
far?

Text 2. British Constitution

In England there is no one document or
  fundamental body of law that can be described as a "constitution".
  The absence of any such document or of any distinction between public and
  private law has led to the suggestion (perhaps first made by Alexis de Tocqueville)
  that there is no constitution in England. Certainly the English constitution
  has no existence apart from the ordinary law; it is indeed part of that very
  law. The Magna

Carta, the Petition of Right, the Habeas
Corpus Act, the Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement are the leading
enactments; but they are in no sense a constitutional code; and, without a host
of judicial decisions, other statutes of much less importance, and a mass of
custom and convention, these statutes would be unworkable.
The sources of English
constitutional law are statutes, judicial precedent, textbooks, law books, the
writings of historians and political theorists, the biographies and
autobiographies of statesmen, the columns of every serious newspaper, the
minutiae of every type of government record and publication. This is what is
meant by saying the English constitution is "unwritten": it is not
formally enacted; its rules have to be sought out in a dozen fields, not in any
one code.
Similarly, it is flexible, and
here the contrast is with a rigid constitution. There are no special safeguards
for constitutional rules; constitutional law can be changed, amended, or
abolished just like any rule of private law; there is no field in which
Parliament is forbidden to legislate; there are no fundamental or unalterable
ideologies and no procedures to prescribe delay or extra processes for
constitutional change.

Task
  1. See if you know the answers to the following questions on the text.
1.
  What is
  the characteristic feature of the British constitution?
2.
  What
  documents are the leading enactments of the British constitution?
3.
  What are
  the sources of the constitutional law in Great Britain?

4.
What does
the flexibility of the British constitution imply?

Task 2.  Finish the sentences and translate:

1
  The English constitution has no existence ….
2
  The sources of English constitutional  law  are...
3
  The English constitution is "unwritten": it is ….

4
Constitutional law can be ….

Text
3. The Court system of the USA

The American court system is
  complex. It functions as the part of the federal system of government. Each
  state runs its own court system, and two are identical. In addition, we have
  a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts coexist
  with state courts.

Individuals fall under the
jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state court and federal
courts. They can sue or be sued either system, depending mostly on what there
case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.
The federal courts are
organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the
district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of
appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to
a higher court. The court of appeal and the Supreme Court are appellate courts,
with few exceptions; they review cases that have been decided in lower courts.
Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these
courts are known as generalists.
There is a court system
composed of a federal judiciary and 50 state judiciaries in the USA. The
federal judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of the US and the System of
federal courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States. A
decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court. Congress
has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court and decide what
kind of cases it may hear. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only
two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries and those in which a
state is a party. All other cases reach the Court on appeal from lower courts.
The courts of appeals review decisions of the district court (trial courts with
federal jurisdiction) within their areas. They are also empowered to review
orders of the independent regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade
Commission, in cases where the internal review mechanisms of the agencies have
been exhausted and there still exists substantial disagreement over legal
points.
Below the courts of appeals are
the district courts. The 50 states are divided into 89 districts so that
litigants may have a trial within easy reach. From one to 27 judges sit in each
of the district courts. In addition to the federal courts of general
jurisdiction, it has been necessary from time to time to set up courts for
special purposes. These are known as “legislative” courts because they were
created by congressional action. Judges in these courts, like their peers in
other federal courts, are appointed for life terms by the President, with
Senate approval.
Task 1.  Finish the sentences and translate:
1. The … are divided into … so
that litigants may have a trial within easy reach.
2. Below the courts of appeals are
…
3. The American court system is ….
4. At the top is the …..
5. These are known as …. courts
because they were created by ….. action.
Text 4. The main
principles of the American systems of  justice

A fundamental value in the
  American system of justice is that the stability of the society depends upon
  the ability of the people to readily obtain access to the courts, because the
  court system is the mechanism recognized and accepted by all to peacefully
  resolve disputes.

Denying access to the courts
forces dispute resolution into other arenas and results in vigilantism and
violence.
Constitution and the
constitutions of all 50 states contain specific articles on the judicial
branch. The judicial systems of the United States are separate, coequal
branches of government that maintain autonomy through their own structures,
authorities, and rules. The principle of judicial independence, reflected in
the federal and state constitutions and in American legal and political
history, allows judges to make decisions based on the law and the facts of each
case, rather than on popular opinion or political considerations.
Each state and territory has
the authority to establish and operate its own court system. The structure of
state court systems varies from state to state. Some states have
"unified," or simplified, systems of only two or three levels, while
others have multiple levels of court for different types of cases. Judges are
selected by a variety of different methods in the states, including appointment
by governors, popular election, and selection by the legislature. Terms of
office for state judges range from four years to lifetime tenure.
An impartial, independent
judiciary is the guardian of individual rights in a democratic society. In
order for citizens to have faith in their court system, all people must have
access to the courts when necessary.
Real and meaningful access to
the courts is fundamental to the health and vitality of any democracy. It is
the shield used by citizens to protect themselves against tyranny, abuses, and
simple errors in judgment. Access to the courts is the lifeblood of the system
because from it flow all other rights. It helps preserve order when conflict
arises and keeps citizens actively participating in the proper use of their
collective power.

Task 1.  Finish the sentences and translate:
1.
Constitution and the constitutions of all …. contain
specific articles on the …
2.
….. has the authority to establish and operate its own
court system.
3.
Judges are selected by a variety of different methods in
the states, including appointment by …..
4.
Real and meaningful access to the courts is fundamental to
…..
5.     In order for citizens to have
faith in their court system, all people must have …

Text 5. The British Government

The legislative
  branch is in the hands of the Queen and the
  Parliament (which is the
  House of Lords and the
  House of Commons).
The executive
  branch is represented by the Government — the Cabinet headed
  by the Prime Minister. Her Majesty’s Government governs
  in the name of the Queen.
The legislative
  and the executive branches are combined by the Queen. In fact, the Parliament
  is controlled by the executive branch, as all the bills pass to the
  Parliament by the decision of the majority party.

Judicial system
  is represented by courts. So there is practicallyno
  separation of powers. The majority party has the real power in the country.
At the end of
  the election the Queen appoints the Prime Minister
  (PM). Normally the leader of the party who wins the election
  becomes the PM.
The office of
  the Prime Minister was introduced in 1720’s. The first PM was Robert Walpole.
The PM chooses
  about 20 Members of Parliament from his or her party to become the
  Cabinet of Ministers (or simply the Cabinet),
  they are called the Secretaries of State. The Ministers are almost always the
  members of the Commons, also a few are Lords. Cabinet meetings are held in
  private while the Parliament is sitting.
The British Parliament
  is of great significance in the political life of the country. It consists of
  two Houses (or Chambers): the
  House of Lords and the
  House of Commons.

Task 1: Match the sentences and translate them

1.     The legislative branch is in
2.     Judicial system is
3.     The legislative and the
  executive branches are combined by the Queen.
4.     Cabinet meetings are held in private
  while the Parliament is sitting.
5.
  The
  British Parliament is of

C -
  the hands of the Queen and the Parliament
A -
  represented by courts.
B -
  The legislative and the executive branches are combined by the Queen.
E -
  the Parliament is sitting.
D - great
  significance in the political life of the country.

Text 6. Elections in Great
Britain

The maximum life of the House
  of Commons has been restricted to five years since the Parliament Act 1911.
  The franchise (right to vote) became universal for men in the nineteenth
  century. Women's suffrage came in two stages (1918 and 1928).

For parliamentary elections the United
Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies of roughly equal population. The
average constituency contains about 60,000 registered votes. Any British
citizen from the age of 18 registered as an elector for the constituency elects
a single member to the House of Commons.
Voting is on the same day (usually on
Thursday) in all constituencies, and the voting stations are open from 7 in the
morning till 9 at night. Each voter has only one vote, if he knows that he will
be unable to vote, because he is ill or has moved away or must be away on
business, he may apply in advance to be allowed to send his vote by post.
Voting is not compulsory. But in the
autumn of each year every householder is obliged by law to enter on the
register of electors the name of every resident who is entitled to vote. Much
work is done to ensure that the register is complete and accurate. It's only
possible to vote at the polling station appropriate to one's address.
As in Britain the political scene is
dominated by the Conservatives and the Labour Party, in every constituency each
of these parties has a local organization whose first task is to choose the
candidate and which then helps him to conduct his local campaign. Any British
subject can be nominated as a candidate, there is no need to live in the area,
though peers, clergymen, lunatics and felons in prison are disqualified from
sitting in the House of Commons.
There are usually more than two candidates
for each seat. The candidate who wins the most votes is elected. This practice
is known as the majority electoral system.

Read and answer the following questions:
1. How often are elections held in Great Britain?
2. How many constituencies are there in the United Kingdom?
3. Are electors allowed to vote by post?
4. Is voting compulsory?
5. Who can be nominated a candidate at the
election?
6. What is the essence of the majority
electoral system?

Text 7. The Royal Family
Vocabulary:

heir — наследник
  abdication — отречение
  enthusiasm — увлечение
  to grow older — взрослеть
to make one's broadcast — выступать в радиопередаче
  duke — герцог
to crown — короновать
  welfare — благосостояние
  to signify — выражать

monarchy — монархия
feature — важная примета
  annual — годовой
widespread — распространенный
the Royal Navy — Королевский флот
  keen promoter — ярый защитник
  outspoken — откровенный, прямой
  controversial — противоречивый
  for short — сокращенно

At present the
  British royal family is headed by Queen Elizabeth. When the Queen was born on
  the 21st of April 1926, her grandfather, King George V, was on the throne and
  her uncle was his heir. The death of her grandfather and the abdication of
  her uncle brought her father to the throne as King George VI.

As a child she studied
constitutional history and law as well as art and music. In addition she
learned to ride and acquired her enthusiasm for horses. As she grew older she
began to take part in public life, making her first broadcast at the age of 14.
The marriage of the young
Princess Elizabeth to Philip, Duke of Edinburgh took place in November 1947.
She came to the throne after her father's death in 1952 and was crowned in
Westminster Abbey in June 1953.
Among Queen Elizabeth's many
duties are the regular visits she makes to foreign countries, and especially
those of the Commonwealth, whose interests and welfare are very important to
her. The Queen has allowed the BBC to make a documentary film about the every
day of the royal family. She also started the tradition of the
"walkabout", an informal feature of an otherwise formal royal visit,
when she walks among the public crowds and stops to talk to some people.
The annual Christmas broadcast
made by the Queen on radio and television has become a traditional and popular
feature of the season, and there were widespread celebrations and special
programmes of events in 1977 to mark her Silver Jubilee.
The Queen's husband, Duke of
Edinburgh, was born in 1926 and served in the Royal Navy. He takes a great deal
of interest in industry, in the achievements of young people (he founded Duke
of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in 1956) and in saving raise wild animals from
extinction.
The Queen's heir is Charles,
Prince of Wales, who was born in 1948, married Lady Diana Spencer and has two
children, Prince William and Prince Harry. The Prince of Wales is well-known as
a keen promoter of British interests.
In recent years he has become
outspoken on such controversial topics as modern architecture, violence in
films and on television, and the standard of English teaching in schools. His
wife Diana, Princess of Wales (often called in mass media Princess Di), won the
affection of many people by her modesty, shyness and beauty. Unfortunately, she
died in a car accident in August, 1997.
The Queen's other children are
Princess Anne (born in 1950), Prince Andrew (born in 1960) and Prince Edward
(born in 1964). Anne, Princess Royal, has acquired a reputation for being
arrogant, but in recent years has become quite popular with the general public.
The Queen is widely known for
her interest in horses and horse-racing. She is now president of the Save the
Children Fund, Chancellor of the University of London and carries out many
public engagements.
Prince Andrew, Duke of York,
served as a helicopter pilot in the Royal Navy. In 1986 he married Miss Sarah
Ferguson (Fergie, for short) and has two daughters.
Prince Edward is keen on the
theatre. This interest began while he was at university. He quit the Royal
Marines, and is now pursuing a career with a theatrical company.
The Queen Mother, the widow of
the late King George VI, celebrated her one hundred birthday in 2 000 and died
in 2002. The Queen's only sister, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, is
well-known for her charity work.

Questions:
1. By whom is the British royal family headed at present?
2. When was the Queen Elizabeth crowned?
3. What did the Queen Elizabeth study as a child?
4. What tradition did she start?
5. When was the Queen's husband born?
6. What does he take a great interest in?
7. Who did Prince Charles marry?
8. What are the names of the Queen's other children?

Text 8. Why do We Need Law?
Vocabulary
1. rules
imposed by morality and custom – правила,
предписанные моралью и обычаем
2. rules
made by the state or the courts – нормы,
создаваемые государством и судами
3. to control or alter our behaviour – управлять и вносить изменения в наше
поведение
4. to
safeguard our personal property and our lives – охранять нашу личную собственность и наши жизни
5. a
well-ordered society – высокоорганизованное общество
6. to ensure a
safe and peaceful society – обеспечивать безопасное и мирное существование
7. to punish
people without trial –наказывать людей без суда и следствия
8.
to respect individual rights – уважать права человека
9. to give effect to social policies
– оказывать влияние на социальную политику

Almost everything we do is
  governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs,
  for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by
  morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and
  should not do. However, some rules – those made by the state or the
  courts – are called “laws”.

Laws resemble morality because they are
designed to control or alter our behaviour. But unlike rules of morality, laws
are enforced by the courts; if you break a law – whether you like that
law or not – you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to
prison.
Why are some rules so special
that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In
short, what is the purpose of law?
If we did not live in a
structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would
simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since
individuals began to associate with other people – to live in society –
laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the
law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of
a twoway street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the
street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our
business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against
criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.
Even in a well-ordered society,
people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to
resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of
property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and
to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make
sure that the real owner's rights are respected.
We need law, then, to ensure a
safe and peaceful society in which individuals’ rights are respected. But we
expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary
laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial.
Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form
of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the
same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society
should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every
person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must
carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.
In our society, laws are not
only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to
social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are
injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who
otherwise might not be able to go to university.
Another goal of the law is
fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic
individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also
serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful
positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals.
However, despite the best
intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being
unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but
must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels
that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek
to change the law by lawful means.

Закончите
предложения в соответствии с текстом.
1.
Almost everything we do is governed by …
a) rules imposed by morality.
b) the courts.
c) some set of rules.
2. If
we didn’t live in a structured society with other people …
a) we would simply do as we please.
b) we would simply do with little regard
for others.
c) laws would not be necessary.
3.
Laws against criminal conduct help …
a) to protect our property.
b) to take advantage of other individuals.

c) to safeguard our personal property and
our lives.
4. We
turn to the law …
a) to resolve disputes peacefully.
b) to decide who is the real owner.
c) to force people to keep their promises.

5.
Another goal of the law is …
a) to protect certain basic individual
rights and freedoms.
b) fairness.
c) to provide for benefits.

Выразите
согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями
Model: a) I fully agree with the
statement.
b) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.
1. Not
everything we do is governed by some set of rules.
2. We
need rules that everyone must obey.
3.
Laws against criminal conduct don’t help to safeguard our personal property and
our lives.
4. In
a well-ordered society conflicts never arise.
5. It
is impossible to resolve disputes peacefully.
6. If
individual’s rights are respected it means that we live in a safe and peaceful
society.
7.
Totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws.
8.
Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order ensuring the society
operates in an orderly manner.
9.
Laws should be applied to every person in the society.
10. The only goal of the law is fairness.

Text 9. Legal Profession

Vocabulary
1. a
person learned in law – специалист в области права
2. an
individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law – человек, получивший государственную лицензию на ведение юридической практики
3. to do all the
legal work – заниматься всеми видами юридической работы
 4. solicitors and barristers – солиситоры и барристеры
5.
preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts – подготовка дел, которые должны слушаться в судах гражданской и уголовной юрисдикции
6. to
have rights of audience – иметь право выступать в суде
7. to
pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree – добиваться получения степени бакалавра или магистра права
8. a
series of advanced examinations – ряд экзаменов повышенной сложности
9. to
require extensive clinical training in a form of apprenticeships - требуют прохождение юридической практики широкого профиля в форме ученичества
10. legal
education around their chosen specialty – юридическое образование смежное с
выбранным направлением

A lawyer is a person learned in law. A
  lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or
  an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice
  of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and
  advisors on behalf of their clients.
The   role   of   the   lawyer   varies
  significantly

across
legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated in only the most general
terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice environment
and field of specialization.
In most countries there is only one legal profession. This
means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading
to the same legal qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal
work.
In England the system is different. Here the profession is
divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors
and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal
training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have
qualified, they usually do different types of legal work.
Many solicitors deal with a range of legal work: preparing
cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts; giving legal advice in the
field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the legal arrangements
for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and
employers; making wills.
Barristers are mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually
conduct cases in court. Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights
to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who
appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts.
The educational requirements to becoming a lawyer vary
greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty
of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college.
Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of
Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to
earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Besides it is often followed
by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional
coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly
the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. Most law schools are
part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the
United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a
J.D. (Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) as the practitioner's law degree (a
professional degree). However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. is
not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), a university
degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission of a full
dissertation based on original research.
The methods and quality of legal education vary widely.
Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of
apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on
highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to
actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).
In most common law countries lawyers have many options over
the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can always aspire
to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel,
judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician.
In most civil law countries,
lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen
specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully
defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be
severely constrained.

1 Найдите в
тексте английские эквиваленты, соответствующие следующим словосочетаниям.
1)
консультировать клиентов по вопросам права
2) выполнять все
виды юридической работы
3) солиситоры и
барристеры
4) сдавать
квалификационные экзамены
5) право
преподается на юридическом факультете
6)
университетский колледж, готовящий бакалавров
7) степень
магистра
8) добиваться
получения степени бакалавра
9) присвоить
ученую степень доктора юриспруденции (США)
10) защита
диссертации
11) научно-
исследовательская работа
12) учебная
практика
13) ученичество,
место начального практического обучения
14) штатный
юрисконсульт компании

2 Соотнесите
слова из двух колонок так, чтобы получились словосочетания из текста,
переведите их на русский язык и составьте с ними свои предложения.

1)
  to take
2)
  to deal with
3)
  to draw up
4)
  to make
5)
  to have
6)
  to go to
7)
  to engage in
8)
  to advise on
9)
  to depend on
10)
  on behalf of

a)
  the clients
b)
  the practice of law
c)
  the right of audience
d)
  court
e)
  the practice environment
f)
  legal matters
g)
  legal arrangements
h)
  contracts
i)
  legal advice
j) a
  range of legal work

3 Прочитайте
определения и соотнесите их со словами из рамки.

1.
  BACHELOR'S DEGREE (LLB)      2. MASTER’S DEGREE (LLM)    3. JURIS DOCTOR
  DEGREE (JD)    4. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PH.D)         5. SOLICITOR      6. BARRISTER       7. COMMON LAW      8. CIVIL LAW

1. Law
developed by judges through decisions of courts. ______________
2. The
degree awarded to an individual upon the successful completion of a law school.
____________
3. An
academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally
lasts for three or four years. _____________
4.
Lawyers who traditionally deal with any legal matter including conducting
proceedings in courts._____________
5. An
academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a
mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of
professional practice. ______________
6. A
legal system inspired by Roman law. _______________
7. A postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities.
______________
8. A
member of one of the two classes of lawyers found in many common law jurisdictions
with split legal profession specializing in courtroom advocacy, drafting legal
pleadings and giving expert legal opinions. ________________

Text 10. Сivil law

1. One important distinction
  made in English – speaking countries is between private, or civil, law and
  public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and
  public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one
  state and another.
The main categories of
  English civil law are:

Contracts: binding agreements
between people (or companies);
Torts: committed by one
individual against another individual’s person, property or reputation;
Trusts: whereby a person
administers property for another person’s benefit rather than his own Land Law;
Probate: for dealing with
property after the owner’s death;
Family Law.
2. Most countries make a rather
clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an
English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for
his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution.
But the victim of the crime pursues his claim for compensation in a civil, not
a criminal, action.
3. The standards of proof are
higher in a criminal action than in a civil one since the loser risks not only
financial penalties but also being sent to prison (or, in some countries,
executed). In English law the prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal
«beyond reasonable doubt»; but the plaintiff in a civil action is required to
prove his case «on the balance of probabilities». Thus, in a criminal case a
crime cannot be proven if the person or persons judging it doubt the guilt of
the suspect and have a reason (not just a feeling or intuition) for this doubt.
But in a civil case, the court will weigh all the evidence and decide what is
most probable.
4. Criminal and civil procedure
are different. Although some systems, including the English, allow a private
citizen to bring a criminal prosecution against another citizen, criminal actions
are nearly always started by the state. Civil actions, on the other hand, are
usually started by individuals.
5. In
Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most
cases, the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil
action is the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as
the defendant. A criminal case against a person called Ms. Sanchez would be
described as «The People vs. (= versus, or against) Sanchez» in the United
States and «R. (Regina, that is, the Queen) vs. Sanchez» in England. But a
civil action between Ms. Sanchez and a Mr. Smith would be «Sanchez vs. Smith»
if it was started by Sanchez, and «Smith vs. Sanchez» if it was started by Mr.
Smith.
6. Evidence from
a criminal trial is not necessarily admissable as evidence in a civil action
about the same matter. For example, the victim of a road accident does not
directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of
careless driving. He still has to prove his case in a civil action. In fact he
may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in
the criminal trial.
7. Once the
plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil
court is about the amount of money, or damages, which the defendant should pay
to the plaintiff.
8. Nevertheless there are many
points of contact between criminal and civil law. In most countries if the
loser of a civil case refuses to comply with the order made against him – for
example, to pay money to the winner of the action – the procedures for forcing
him to comply may result in a criminal prosecution. Disobeying any court may
constitute criminal conduct, and the disobedient loser of a civil action may
find he or she not only has to pay the damages originally ordered by the court,
but a criminal penalty as well.
9. Although the
guilty defendant in a criminal case will not automatically be found liable in a
civil action about the same matter, his chances of avoiding civil liability are
not good. This is because the standard of proof in the civil cases is lower
than it was in the criminal case. The plaintiff will therefore make sure any
information about a relevant criminal case is passed to the civil court.
10. It is also possible
in English law to bring a civil action against the police. Sometimes this is
done by someone who was mistreated when questioned by the police about a
criminal case.

1 Выпишите из
текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: обязательное соглашение; норма
доказательств; правонарушение; гражданское правонарушение; начать судебное
расследование; обвинение (сторона судебного процесса); подлежать преследованию;
истец; ответчик; доказать виновность; признать виновным; подчиняться предписанию;
возмещение убытков; уголовно наказуемое поведение.

2 Переведите
письменно абзацы 1, 2.

Text 11. A business letter

suitable -  подходящий, удобный
accommodation - азмещение устройство
Delaware - Делавер, штат на Атлантическом
  побережье США, столица штата Довер
NJ=New Jersey – Нью-Джерси – штат на Атлантическом побережье США,
  соседствующий со штатом Нью-Йорк, столица штата Трентон

New York City - Нью-Йорк, столица штата Нью-Йорк
truck - грузовик
major – главный, основной, крупнейший
total – общий, суммарный, крупнейший
extensive – обширный, пространный
Eastern
  Hemisphere –
  Восточное полушарие
although,
  though - хотя
competition – конкуренция, соревнование
fierce – острый, сильный
enormous - огромный
available – доступный, имеющийся в наличии
to
  set up = to found = to establish – основать, организовать, учреждать
to train – подготавливать, обучать
staff – персонал, штат
to await = to wait - ожидать
true – правдивый, искренний

Gentlemen:
I am pleased to report that we have found suitable
buildings for low cost industrial and office accommodation. The site is
Delaware Corporate Park in Trenton NJ.
Trenton is the State Capital of  New Jersey, with a
population of 110,000. It is mid-way between Philadelphia and New York City on
the banks of the Delaware River and also well-sited for communications by truck
or automobile with major markets in the USA and Canada.
Over 50% of  the total population of  both  the USA and
Canada are within 750 miles (over 130 million people) – the most extensive
consumer market in the Western Hemisphere. Although the competition here is
very fierce, the potential is enormous! Besides the state of  New Jersey offers
some tax advantages.  And grants are available for setting up a new plant and
training staff.
Awaiting your further instructions.
Truly yours, ….

1 Answer there questions:
1) Who do you think wrote this letter?
2) What assignment had he been given?
3) What place did he recommend?
4) What advantages of the place did he describe?

2  Complete  the sentences by using the
words from the text:
1) He found suitable buildings for low cost industrial and
office _____.
2) The site was Delaware Corporation Park in ______.
3) Trenton is the State Capital  of New Jersey, with
______.
4) It is mid-way between _____  and well-sited for _____.
5) It is the most extensive consumer market _____.
6) Although the competition here is very ___, the potential
______.
7) Besides the state of  NJ offered  some ______.
8) And grants are available for_____.

Text 12. Business correspondence
Vocabulary

essential

существенный,
  неотъемлемый

e-mail
  (email) = electronic mail

электронная почта, адрес электронной почты

to
  confirm

подтвердить

in
  writing

в письменном
  виде

to
  the point

по существу

occasions

случай, повод

on
  various occasions

по различным
  поводам

to
  be connected with smth

быть связанным
  с чем-либо

to
  establish

установить

to
  establish business relations

установить
  деловые отношения

miscellaneous

разный

miscellany

смесь, сборник

chairman

председатель

hospitality

гостеприимство

to
  extend  hospitality to smb

проявить
  гостеприимство к кому-либо

to
  look forward to smth

с нетерпением
  ожидать чего-либо

to
  appreciate

оценивать

to
  show smp round a building (pavilion, shop, plant)

показывать
  кому-либо здание (павильон, цех, завод)

faithfully

верно,
  добросовестно

yours
  faithfully

с совершенным
  почтением

Correspondence is an
  essential part of business. In spite of telephone, telex, telegraphic,
  faximile and e-mail communication, the writing of letters continues; in fact
  most telephoned and telegraphed communications have to be confirmed in
  writing.
Every  letter,   no   matter
  what kind it is, should be

laconic, precise, to the point and
positive.
Letters are written on various
occasions and on various subject matters. Many business letters are connected
with establishing business relations, doing business and various mis-cellaneous
questions.
Here is one of many business
letters:

24 October 2014
Mr
  Walter
  Drake

Chairman
The
  Drake and Sons Engineering Co.Ltd.,
Bristol,
  5,
England

Dear
  Sir,
I
  wish to thank you most warmly for your excellent hospitality extended to me
  during my visit to your company. The opportunity to meet you and your
  directors was something I had long looked forward to. I can only hope now
  that one day I may be able to receive a visit here from you. I very much
  appreciated your kindness and that of Mr James Frobisher in showing me round
  the new plant.
I
  thank you once again.

Yours
  faithfully,
John
  Gibbs
President
Metal
  Equipment Inc.

Answer
the following questions:
1)
What kinds of communication does the text mention?
2) Is
letter writing rather popular?
3) Do
you like writing letters?
4)
What rules should be observed when writing a letter?
5) It
what cases are business letters written?
6) Who
is John Gibbs?
7) To
whom did he write the letter?

Text 13. Land Law in Britain.

Land law is a fascinating and challenging subject for land is
  vital for human life. In any society the use of land is of the utmost
  importance. Land law is about how people share land and it is made up of
  rules in statutes and cases; case law rules are divided into legal and
  equitable rules. Most   land  law   statutes  in Britain are dated 1925.

The
aim of the 1925 legislation was to make buying and selling land simpler to
revive the depressed market in land. "Land” means the physical land and
fixtures and includes any interest in land. It can be used by a number of
people in different ways: one can invest money in a plot, while two or more
live there.
Land can be shared consecutively people can enjoy the land one
after another. Each society develops its own attitude to land. These attitudes
are coloured by the kind of land (for example, desert or jungle) because this
determines the uses of it. In early English land law, the fundamental concept
was “seisin”. Then the concepts of ownership and possession took over. British
land law has been developing alongside the growth of capitalism and
city-living. More recently there has been an enormous increase in the ownership
of land by ordinary people. In the 1960s and 70s there were booming prices in
most areas of the country and a greater interest in the security of
“non-owners’". The falling market of the early 1990s produced the
situation favorable for the building societies and banks.

Задания к тексту:
1 Найдите в тексте и напишите английские эквиваленты данных
словосочетаний.
1. Правовые нормы
2. Прецедентное право
3. Право в недвижимости
4. Принцип права неограниченного обладания землей
5. Законодательство

2 Ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1. What
are the rules Land law is made of?
2. What is the aim of the 1925 legislation?

Text 14. Types of Punishment
1. to refrain
from – воздерживаться от чего-либо, удерживаться от чего-либо
2. to
submit t to – подчиняться
3. to
take into account – принять во внимание
4. the
prior criminal record – предыдущая судимость
5.
deliberate infliction of pain – умышленное причинение боли

There are several kinds of
  punishment available to the courts. Crimes are punished according to their
  seriousness. More serious crimes are given harsher penalties. In declaring a
  sentence a judge may take into account the following: prior criminal record,
  the age of the offender and other circumstances surrounding the crime,
  including cooperation with law

enforcement officers, the amount of loss
to victims, whether a weapon was used in the crime, the age or helplessness of
the victims.
Punishment may include:
–a fine
–term of imprisonment (time in jail or prison)
–probation or parole
–community service
For criminal offences FINES are
often used when the offence is not a very serious one and when the offender has
not been in trouble before.
For more serious crimes the
usual punishment is IMPRISONMENT. The length of sentences varies from a few
days to a lifetime. However, a life sentence may allow the prisoner to be
released after a suitably long period.
PROBATION is the suspension of
jail time. An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set
forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer.
Offenders are ordinarily required to refrain from subsequent possession of
firearms, and may be ordered to remain employed, live at a directed place, obey
the orders of the probation officer. Offenders on probation might be fitted with
an electronic tag (or monitor), which signals their whereabouts to officials.
PAROLE is the supervised
release of prisoners before the completion of their sentence in prison. They
may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. Conditions
of parole often include things such as obeying the law, avoiding contact with
the parolee’s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts
with a parole officer.
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT is a form
of physical punishment that involves the deliberate infliction of pain as
retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a
wrongdoer. This kind of punishment is still employed in Malaysia, Singapore,
Pakistan, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Courts may sentence offenders to be caned or
whipped. As well as corporal punishment, some Islamic countries such as Saudi
Arabia and Iran use other kinds of physical penalties such as amputation or
mutilation.( Телесные
наказания-это форма физического наказания, которая включает умышленное
причинение боли в качестве возмездия за правонарушение или с целью наказания
или исправления правонарушителя. Этот вид наказания по-прежнему применяется в
Замбии, Зимбабве, Малайзии, Сингапуре и Пакистане. Суды могут приговаривать
правонарушителей к избиению палками или плетью. Наряду с телесными наказаниями
некоторые исламские страны, такие, как Саудовская Аравия и Иран, применяют и
другие виды физических наказаний, такие, как ампутация конечностей или
нанесение увечий).
COMMUNITY SERVICE requires the offender
to do a certain amount of unpaid work usually for a social institution such as
a hospital.
RESTRICTING FREEDOM in the form
of house arrest as a new alternative type of punishment in the Russian
Federation has now been adopted in connection with coming into force of new
provisions in the Criminal and Criminal Correctional Codes.

Answer
the following questions:
1.
What does punishment for a crime depend on?
2.
What kinds of punishment do you know?
3. What does a judge take into account in declaring a sentence?
4. In
what cases are fines used for criminal offences?
5. How
does the length of sentences vary?
6.
What is the main idea of probation?
7.
What is a parole?
8.
What does community service require?

Text 15. Routine Police Work

routine – обычный, текущий; распорядок службы
available – доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении
estimate – оценка, смета
peace-keeping activity – деятельность по охране спокойствия
  (порядка)
to respond – отвечать, реагировать
to implicate - вовлекать
to mediate - посредничать
missing person – пропавший без вести
to scoop up – поднимать, убирать
manpower – рабочая сила, личный состав
call - вызов
to quiet - успокаивать
to evict – выселять, изгонять
to warn – предупреждать, предостерегать

law-breaker - правонарушитель
to contribute – содействовать, способствовать
maintenance – поддержание, сохранение
precinct – полицейский участок
squad car – оперативная машина
roll call – перекличка, оперативное совещание, планерка, развод
shift - смена
wanted - разыскиваемый
injury – вред, повреждение, рана, ушиб
damage – вред, повреждение, ущерб
hit-and-run – преступление, в результате которого водитель, сбивший
  человека, скрылся, не оказав помощи
to run over – переехать, задавить
disdain
  – презирать

As you know criminal investigation is the keystone of American
  police service, its law enforcement. But according to available estimates for
  some past period of time only one-third of police manpower resources dealt
  with crime and criminals, the other two-thirds of them – with non-law
  enforcement or so called «peace-keeping» activities.

The data collected show that the great majority
of incidents the police handled, arose when the police responded to citizens’ calls
for service. The police officer became implicated in a wide range of human
troubles many of which had little or nothing to do with criminal law
enforcement. He transported people to the hospital, wrote reports of auto
accidents, and arbitrated and mediated between disputants – neighbours,
husbands and wives, landlords and tenants, and businessmen and customers. He
took missing person reports, directed traffic, controlled crowds at fires,
wrote dogbite reports, and identified abandoned autos. He removed safety
hazards from the streets, quieted noisy parties, radios and television, evicted
a drunken person from a bar and occasionally scooped up a dead animal.
Policemen also spent much of their time with «juvenile troubles». So in the
line of his everyday duties a policeman directed, aided, informed, pacified,
warned, disciplined, etc. – in short, contributed to the maintenance of the
peace and order.
The officers usually began their shift after
roll call. The officers took their instructions from a radio dispatcher from
time to time.
Both the dispatchers in their radio calls and
the police officers in their records preferred to give the tersest description
of the incidents. They used such abbreviations as «B» and «E» (breaking or/and
entering), «family trouble» or «domestic», «silent alarm», «somebody
screaming», «a theft report», «a man down» (person lying in a public place,
cause unknown), «outside ringer» (burglar-alarm ringing), «the boys» (trouble
with juveniles) or «kids disturbing», P.I. (personal-injury automobile
accident), DK (drunk), PD (property damage automobile accident), H-and-R
(Hit-and-Run) and suchlike. We see they used some kind of police slang.
That is a very incomplete list of routine
police work that the officer performed over the period covered.

1  Translate the
following word-combinations:
- To deal with crime
and criminals
- To read about routine
police work
- To estimate the
operational situation
- Peace-keeping
activities
- The great majority of
incidents
- A wide range of human
troubles
- To write dogbite
reports
- Juvenile troubles
- To cruise in a squad
car
- To direct traffic
- Contemporary
precincts
- Roll call

2 Find the Russian equivalents given in column B:

A
1. roll
  call
2. stolen
  cars
3. dogbite
  reports
4.
  radio-equipped patrol car
5.
  criminal investigation
6. missing
  person reports
7. traffic
  violations
8.
  hit-and-run

B
1. радио-оборудованная патрульная машина
2. расследование уголовных преступлений
3. автодорожные правонарушения
4. угнанные машины
5. рапорта об укусах собак
6.развод (планерка)
7. рапорта о пропавших без вести
8. преступление, в результате которого, водитель, сбивший человека,
  скрылся, не оказав помощи

3  Find the sentences
corresponding to these:
1  Он принимал рапорта о пропавших без вести,
руководил дорожным движением, контролировал толпы на пожарах, писал рапорта об
укусах собак, и проводил опознание оставленных без присмотра машин.
2  И диспетчеры в своих радио вызовах, и
офицеры полиции в своих рапортах, предпочитали сжатое описание происшествий.
3  Обычно
полицейские начинают свою смену с развода.

4  Explain the following abbreviations:
«B»
and «E»; «family trouble», «silent alarm», «a man down», DK, PD, P.I., H-and-R.

5  Put the following sentences in accordance with the logic
of the text:
1 He took missing person reports, directed traffic,
controlled crowds at fires, wrote dogbite reports, and identified abandoned
autos.
2 The officer usually began their shift after roll call.
3 As you know criminal investigation is the keystone of
American police service, its law enforcement.
4
We see they used some kind of police slang.

6  Answer the
questions:
1 What percentage of police manpower resources dealt with
non-law enforcement activities according to available estimates?
2 And what percentage dealt with law enforcement
activities?
3 Did you read much about police peace-keeping activities
as their everyday mundane duties, i.e. about routine police work?
4 When did the majority of incidents the police handled
arise?
5 Did the police officer become implicated in a wide range
of human troubles?
6 What did the police officer have to do?
7 When did the officers usually begin their shift?
8 What did the officers do during motorpatrolling?
9 What room became the centre of the contemporary police
precinct?
10
What language did the police officers prefer to use in their operational work?

Text 16. British criminal law

Harm - вред, ущерб; зло, обида
Conduct - поведение
to injure - повредить, оскорбить
to identify
  - устанавливать
  тождество, опознавать, устанавливать личность
theft - воровство, кража
assault - нападение
to punish - наказывать

penalty - наказание, штраф
convict - осужденный
sentence - приговор
to impose sentence - выносить приговор
felony - уголовное преступление, фелония
misdemeanor
  - проступок,
  преступление
prison - тюрьма
to imprison - заключать в тюрьму

Criminal law is
  the part of the law which is concerned with crimes. Criminal law may be
  defined by three basic elements. First, it prevents harm to society and its
  members. Second, it specifies what conduct is considered criminal. Third, it
  identifies prescribed sanctions for criminal conduct.

The first element, preventing
harm, implies that a central purpose of criminal law is to protect society from
various activities that might injure its members or social institutions.
Vandalism, murder, assault, robbery, theft of personal property are examples of
harms typically associated with violations of criminal law. Criminal law
provides social control for society.
The second element,
specification of what conduct, is criminal, refers to the particular act or
acts defined as illegal. Criminal law provides that every outlawed act is
separately detailed and described.
The third aspect of the
definition of criminal law involves prescriptions for punishment. Criminal law
presumes that one cannot be punished for committing a crime unless one has been
convicted of violating a law.
Crime is conduct that society
classifies as illegal, it is a violation of criminal law. To qualify as crime,
behavior must be specifically defined in the law, be enforced by some
political body and associated with prescribed penalties.
Usually, crimes are classified as either felonies or misdemeanors.
Often, the distinctions between them are made on the basis of the length of
sentence imposed for the crime. Felonies are most serious crimes and carry
lengthier sentences than misdemeanors, such as imprisonment in a state prison
for several years. Misdemeanors are less serious crimes for which fines and
shorter jail time may be imposed.

1 Add the
necessary words into the sentences.
1
Criminal law is …
2
The central purpose of criminal law is …
3
Crime is …
4
Crimes are classified as …
5  Felonies are
those crimes for which … may be imposed and for misdemeanours may be imposed …

2  Read these
sentences and find wrong statements.
1 Criminal law provides social control for society.
2 Crime is a legal conduct.
3 Felonies are less serious crimes than misdemeanours.
4 Theft of personal property is a violation of criminal
law.
5 There are no distinctions between felonies and
misdemeanours.
6 Death sentence may be imposed for felonies.
7 Criminal law does not provide punishment for outlawed
act.
8 The central purpose of criminal law is to protect society
and its members.

3. Give the Russian equivalents for the
following words and word-combinations.
1
Robber – a person who steals some things from a person or place.
2
Thief – a person who steals some things from a person or place secretly without
any kind of violence.
3
Shop-lifter – a person who steals food or clothes from the shops.
4
Pick-pocket – a person who steals money or purses out of people’s pockets in
all kinds of vehicles or in a crowded streets.
5
Kidnapper – a person who takes away children by violence to demand money for
them.
6
Murderer – a person who kills somebody.
7  Drug dealer – a
person who buys and sells drugs to other people illegally.

4. Put the words
given in Ex. 6. into the sentences.
1 A lot of money was stolen from the central bank by…
2 Last week the famous … took a box of precious things from
the jeweller’s shop.
3 … has broken the window of the expensive car and stolen
the tape-recorder.
4 Police arrested … selling drugs in a disco-club.
5 The rich man’s child was taken away by…
6 Police found … , who had killed three persons.
7 … stole all money
and credit cards from my friend’s pocket in the crowded bus.

5
Translate the following sentences.
1 Criminal law as well as other laws provides social
control for society.
2 Both the policeman and the criminal were armed well.
3 The Queen does not take part in politics, but the country
is governed in her name.
4 We could find him neither at the institute nor at home.
5 We will either be going to the theatre or the cinema.
6 Because of the Bill of Rights, police can not stop and
search or arrest a person without good reason, nor can they search anyone’s
home without clear cause and the permission of a court.
7 Trial courts listen to testimony, consider evidence and
decide the facts in disputed situations.
8 You must hurry or
you will be late.

6 Answer the
following questions.
1
What is criminal law concerned with?
2
What are the basic elements of criminal law?
3
What is the main purpose of criminal law?
4
What does criminal law provide?
5
What is crime?
6
What does criminal law presume?
7
How are crimes classified by the justice systems?
8
What is felony?
9 What is
misdemeanour?

Text 17. 10 strangest British laws
The great and the good have been making
laws in Britain for hundreds of years.
They’re pretty good about creating new
ones, but no so efficient at getting rid of the old ones we no longer need.
Which is why it is still against the law
to beat your doormat after 8am or to go to a fancy party dressed as a soldier.
OFFENCE 1
Carrying your shopping home
It is a crime to walk home from B&Q if
you’ve just bought a ladder or a plank of wood.

Section 54 of
  the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 makes it an offence to “roll or carry any
  cask, tub, hoop, or wheel, or any ladder, plank, pole, showboard, or placard,
  upon any footway, except for the purpose of loading or unloading any cart or
  carriage, or of crossing the footway”.
The law only
  applies in London. But be reassured that it’s OK to carry your shopping along
  the pavement – as long as you’re heading towards your car. Maximum fine?
  £500

OFFENCE 2

Flying a kite
It is that same
  Metropolitan Police Act 1839. It threatens a £500 fine for any person
  “who shall fly any kite or play at any game to the annoyance of the
  inhabitants or passengers, or who shall make or use any slide upon ice or
  snow in any street or other thoroughfare, to the common danger of the
  passengers”.
Which makes
  flying a kite on a snowy day twice as dodgy, of course.

OFFENCE 3

Wearing fancy dress
Been invited to
  a fancy-dress party? Make sure you don’t go as a sailor or a soldier. The
  Seamen’s and Soldiers’ False Characters Act 1906 prevents you from passing
  yourself off as a member of the armed forces.

The law states
  that a person is committing an offence if he or she “personates the holder of
  a certificate of service or discharge”. You could theoretically end up with a
  one-month prison sentence.
This law is still being enforced: in 2009,
  one poor man was arrested in London for dressing in a bearskin hat and a
  bright red tunic.

OFFENCE 4

Getting drunk in a pub
Everyone knows
  it’s against the law to be “drunk and disorderly”. You may also know that
  it’s illegal for a publican to serve you if you’re drunk.
But did you know
  that being drunk is illegal in itself? Even inside a pub?

Section 12 of
  the Licensing Act 1872 outlaws “every person found drunk in any highway or
  other public place, whether a building or not, or on any licensed premises”.
So, leave the house and drink more than three
  or four beers and you could be facing a £200 fine.

OFFENCE 5

Playing knock-down ginger
Do kids still
  play this game? If they don’t, that’s wise. Because ringing on someone’s
  doorbell and then running away also contravenes the Metropolitan Police Act
  1854.
It’s a crime to
  “wilfully and wantonly disturb any inhabitant by pulling or ringing any
  door-bell or knocking at any door without lawful excuse”. Maximum penalty: a
  £500 fine.

OFFENCE 6

Keeping pigs outside your house
If you're in the
  city, you need to watch where you keep your porky pals.
Under the Town
  Police Clauses Act 1847, anyone “who keeps any pigstye [sic] to the front of
  any street, not being shut out from such street by a sufficient wall or
  fence, or who keeps any swine in or near any street, so as to be a common
  nuisance” faces a fine of up to £1,000.

OFFENCE 7

Cleaning your doormat after 8am
It’s our old
  friend the Metropolitan Police Act 1854 again. Section 60, subsection 3 makes
  it an offence to beat your carpet in the street.
There is a
  partial dispensation for doormats, which may be beaten before 8am – though
  not after that time. It is also an offence to “lay any fish, offal, or
  rubbish... into any well, stream, or watercourse, pond, or reservoir for
  water” – which presumably forbids anglers from tossing back into the water
  anything that they have caught. Punishment? A fine of up to £500.

OFFENCE 8

Asking a stranger for parking money
You’ve parked
  the car and you don’t have any change for the ticket machine. Don’t dare ask
  anybody for a pound coin.

It may only be a
  quid. You may never have asked a stranger for money before - but it’s still
  begging under the Vagrancy Act 1824.
“Every person
  placing himself or herself in any public place, street, highway, court, or
  passage, to beg or gather alms…  shall be deemed an idle and disorderly
  person within the true intent and meaning of this Act.”
The punishment? Being sent to “the house of
  correction” for a month or less.

OFFENCE 9

Hailing a moving taxi
The London
  Hackney Carriages Act 1843 states even if a licensed taxi has its “for hire”
  light on, the driver is only allowed to seek trade when at a standstill.

According to
  section 33 of the Act: “Every driver of a hackney carriage who shall ply for
  hire elsewhere than at some standing or place appointed for that purpose”
  shall be committing an offence, for which the current maximum fine is
  £200.
So why are taxi
  drivers not being prosecuted every day of the year? And why, indeed, do they
  have that orange light?
Because the police have come to an
  understanding that a moving taxi with its “for hire” light shining brightly
  is not officially “plying for hire”. It is only when the taxi driver pulls
  over to the kerb and stops that he is deemed to be announcing that he is
  available. Hey presto!

OFFENCE 10

Handling salmon in suspicious circumstances
No, we don’t know what it
  means either.
But section 32 of the Salmon
  Act 1986, specifically outlaws “handling salmon in suspicious circumstances”.
  So please stop doing it.

Text 18. Resume writing

Task 1.  Make a resume using this material

TOП-10 вoпpocoв для coбeceдoвaния нa aнглийckom языke и
пpиmepы oтвeтoв
нa них
1 Tell me about yourself — Pacckaжитe o ceбe
В этoй чacти нyжнo
  kopoтko пpeдcтaвить инфopmaцию
  co cвoeгo peзюme,
  вниmaниe
  akцeнтиpoвaть нa oбpaзoвaнии, личных kaчecтвaх,
  koтopыe пoнaдoбятcя в нoвoй
  paбoтe.
  Moжнo ckaзaть нeckoльko
  cлoв o
  cвoem хoбби, koтopoe
  нe иmeeт oтнoшeния
  k paбoтe.
Пpилaгaтeльныe,
  koтopыe пpeдлaгaeт aнглийckий для oпиcaния личнocти в этoй чacти coбeceдoвaния:

hard-working       paбoтящий,
  гoтoв k бoльшиm нaгpyзkam

gregarious  oбщитeльный,
  kommyниkaбeльный
goal-oriented       opиeнтиpoвaнный нa peзyльтaт
good listener        ymeeт cлyшaть,
  хopoший
  cлyшaтeль
good speaker       хopoший
  opaтop
flexible       гибkий

organized   opгaнизoвaнный
honest        чecтный
  ambitious         amбициoзный
a team-player       ymeeт лaдить в komaндe
a seasoned specialist      oпытный cпeциaлиcт
responsible oтвeтcтвeнный
dependable нaдeжный, чeлoвek,
  нa koтopoгo moжнo
  пoлoжитьcя

Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий
в camoпpeзeнтaции oб oпытe и oбpaзoвaнии:

I graduated in…   Я выпycтилcя…
I hold a master’s degree / bachelor’s
degree in…. from…        Я пoлyчил cтeпeнь maгиcтpa, бakaлaвpa…
I took a course from…  Я бpaл (бpaлa) kypc c….
 I took a training program at… Я бpaлa тpeнингoвyю пpoгpammy c…

Пpиmep oтвeтa нa вoпpoc:

I can describe myself as a responsible
  and hard-working person.
I have strong principles and try to
  follow them.
I am a good listener and speaker.
 I hold a master’s degree two years ago
  from psychology.
After working a few years with children
  I realized that I am a real team player and I have some organizational
  skills, which can help me in this position.
In my free time I enjoy singing and
  drawing, I am a little bit artistic person.
Я
  moгy oпиcaть ceбя
  kak oтвeтcтвeннyю и paбoтящyю личнocть.

У
  meня ecть чeтkиe пpинципы, koтopыm я вceгдa
  cтapaюcь cлeдoвaть.
Я
  ymeю cлyшaть и гoвopить нa ayдитopию.
Двa
  гoдa нaзaд я пoлyчил
  (пoлyчилa) cтeпeнь
  maгиcтpa пcихoлoгии.
Пocлe нeckoльkих лeт
  paбoты
  c дeтьmи я oтkpыл
  (a) в ceбe opгaнизaциoнныe cпocoбнocти,
  koтopыe
  moгyт пomoчь
  mнe в этoй
  paбoтe.

В cвoбoднoe вpemя я зaниmaюcь пeниem и pиcoвaниem: я нemнoгo твopчeckий чeлoвek.

2 What are your strengths? — Kakoвы Вaши cильныe cтopoны/дocтoинcтвa?
Диaлoг o cильных cтopoнaх вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния mнoгих ввoдит в нeдoymeниe – людяm тяжeлo ceбя хвaлить и пpeпoднocить в лyчшem cвeтe, иcпoльзyя aнглийckий языk. Нo нe cтoит бoятьcя этoгo вoпpoca: нyжнo pacckaзaть o тeх cвoих чepтaх, koтopыe пoзвoляют дeлaть paбoтy kaчecтвeннo.
Cлoвa, koтopыe пpeдлaгaeт aнглийckий
языk для иcпoльзoвaния:

to be broad-minded       иmeть шиpokий
  kpyгoзop
concsientious       дoбpocoвecтнocть
creative      твopчeckий
enthusiastic энтyзиacт

innovative  иннoвaтивный, быть нoвaтopom
personable пpeдcтaвитeльный
 focused on фokycиpoвaтьcя нa
problem-solver    лeгko
  peшaть
  paзныe пpoблemы

K этomy
вoпpocy
нyжнo пoдгoтoвитьcя зapaнee: нaпиcaть cпиcok
из 5 лyчших kaчecтв, нaпpoтив kaждoгo cдeлaть oтmeтky o тom, kak этo пomoгaeт paбoтe. Пepeд coбeceдoвaниem нyжнo вниmaтeльнo изyчить aнkeтy и пocтapaтьcя пoнять, kakиe иmeннo kaчecтвa нyжны для этoй пpoфeccии. Cлeдyeт тpeниpoвaтьcя, иcпoльзyя aнглийckий языk, pacckaзывaть o kaждoй хapakтepиcтиke.

3 What are your weaknesses? — Kakoвы Вaши cлaбыe cтopoны/нeдocтaтkи?
Цeль этoгo вoпpoca нa coбeceдoвaнии – пpoвepить, kak вeдeт ceбя kaндидaт в нecтaндapтных cитyaциях, kak oцeнивaeт ceбя, нackoльko aдekвaтнo aнaлизиpyeт cвoe пoвeдeниe и kak yвepeннo иcпoльзyeт aнглийckий. Нyжнo нaзвaть
2-4 чepты хapakтepa или пpивычkи, koтopыe kaндидaт cчитaeт cвoиmи cлaбыmи cтopoнamи.
Вapиaнты cлoвa для oтвeтa нa вoпpoc:

scrupulous ckpyпyлeзный
pedantic     пeдaнтичный
sure  yвepeнный

self-centered        эгoцeнтpичный
bad speaker плoхoй opaтop

Pacckaзывaя o нeдocтaтkaх в пpoцecce coбeceдoвaния, нyжнo пpeдcтaвлять их в хopoшem cвeтe, нaпpиmep:
My colleagues say that I’m too scrupulous,
but I know that it helps me do my job better. Moи koллeги гoвopят mнe, чтo я cлишkom ckpyпyлeзный, нo я знaю, чтo этo пomoгaeт mнe дeлaть moю paбoтy.
K этomy
вoпpocy
нyжнo гoтoвитьcя дoma нa пpoтяжeнии нeckoльkих днeй. Для этoгo cocтaвляют cпиcok нeгaтивных чepт хapakтepa и, иcпoльзyя aнглийckий языk, o kaждoй из них
pacckaзывaют c пoзитивнoй тoчkи зpeния.

4 Why should we hire you? — Пoчemy нam cлeдyeт выбpaть Вac?
Этoт вoпpoc нa coбeceдoвaнии зaдaют c цeлью пoлyчить apгymeнтиpoвaнный oтвeт o cильных cтopoнaх kaндидaтa. Пo cyти, oн дyблиpyeт вoпpoc нomep 3, нo в этoй фopmyлиpoвke oтвeт нa нeгo тpeбyeт бoлee чeтkoй apгymeнтaции и oбpaщeния k пpoшлomy oпытy paбoты.
Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий
в oтвeтe нa этoт вoпpoc вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния:
Based on what you’ve said and
from the research I’ve done, your company is looking for a person who has… and
can…   Ocнoвывaяcь нa тom, чтo вы ckaзaли и чтo я yзнaл (yзнaлa) o вaшeй komпaнии, вы ищeтe чeлoвeka, y koтopoгo ecть… и koтopый ymeeт…
I believe my experience aligns
well with that, and makes me a great fit.      Я вepю, чтo moй oпыт хopoшo cooтвeтcтвyeт пocтaвлeнныm тpeбoвaниem и дeлaeт meня
идeaльныm kaндидaтom.
I’ve exemplified this in the
past when I…    Я зaниmaлcя (зaниmaлacь) этиm в пpoшлom, koгдa…
I believe I can add great value
to this job, and I’d really like to continue to build upon my skills and grow
with your company. Я вepю, чтo я moгy дoбaвить цeннocть этoй paбoтe и mнe хoтeлocь бы
пpoдoлжить paзвивaть cвoи нaвыkи вmecтe c вaшeй komпaниeй.
I think that my experience in
this industry and my ability to…make me a good match for this position.     Я дymaю, moй oпыт в этoй индycтpии и moя cпocoбнocть k… дeлaeт meня пoдхoдящиm kaндидaтom нa этy дoлжнocть.
In my recent position, I… That
can helps me a lot.         Нa moeй пocлeднeй дoлжнocти я…Этo moжeт mнe пomoчь
нa нoвoй paбoтe.
Your company provides many
services that I have had experience with, in a variety of capacities Вaшa komпaния пpeдлaгaeт mнoгo ycлyг, c koтopыmи mнe пpихoдилocь иmeть
дeлo и mнoжecтвo вoзmoжнocтeй.
 I believe that my familiarity
with the industry would make me a good fit for this position.         Я вepю, чтo moя oпытнocть
в этoй cфepe cдeлaeт meня
пoдхoдящиm kaндидaтom для
этoй paбoты.
Для oтвeтa нyжнo пpakтиkoвaть ycтный aнглийckий: pacckaзывaть kopoтkиe pacckaзы нa этy тemy
ceбe пepeд зepkaлom или дpyзьяm, пpeдcтaвляя ceбя вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния.

5 Why are you leaving (have left) your
job? — Пoчemy Вы coбиpaeтecь yйти (yшли) co cвoeй paбoты?
При oтвeтe нa этoт вoпpoc вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния нyжнo пpeдocтaвить чecтнyю инфopmaцию o
пpичинaх, koтopыe зacтaвили иckaть нoвyю paбoтy.
Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий
для oбъяcнeния пpичин yхoдa c пpoшлoй paбoты:
I was laid off / fired /
discharded.     Meня yвoлили.
I was made redundant.  Я был (былa) yвoлeн (a) бeз yвaжитeльных пpичин.
The company had to cut…       Komпaнии
пpишлocь cokpaтить koличecтвo paбoтниkoв
 I resigned the previous post,
because…     Я yвoлилcя (yвoлилacь) c пpeдыдyщeй paбoты, пoтomy чтo…
I made a firm decision to find
a new job, because…       Я пpинял (пpинялa) нeлeгkoe peшeниe нaйти нoвyю paбoтy, пoтomy чтo…
Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий, чтoбы pacckaзaть o пpичинaх cmeны paбoты
в этoй чacти coбeceдoвaния:
 I would like to have a job
where I could evolve my professional skills.        Я бы хoтeл (хoтeлa) нaйти paбoтy, koтopaя дacт вoзmoжнocть paзвивaть
пpoфeccиoнaльныe нaвыkи.
I want to help to forge a
successful career.  Я хoчy пocтpoить ycпeшнyю kapьepy.
I didn’t like my precious work
conditions, because…     Mнe нe нpaвилиcь ycлoвия paбoты нa пpeдыдyщem mecтe, пoтomy чтo…

6 Why do you want this job? — Пoчemy Вam интepecнa этa вakaнcия?
Mнoгиe paбoтoдaтeли в oтвeтe нa этoт вoпpoc вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния хoтят ycлышaть нeckoльko хopoших cлoв o cвoeй komпaнии. Чтoбы oтвeтить нa нeгo, пepeд интepвью нyжнo пoчитaть в интepнeтe инфopmaцию o komпaнии, ee ycлyгaх, cильных cтopoнaх, koнkypeнтaх, пepeвecти ee нa aнглийckий языk и пoпpakтиkoвaтьcя в пepeckaзe.
Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий, чтoбы pacckaзaть o cвoих цeлях:
to become a profound specialist – cтaть выдaющиmcя cпeциaлиcтom
to put into practice – вoплoтить в peaльнocть /нa пpakтиke
to make use of knowledge – иcпoльзoвaть знaния
to make use of experience – иcпoльзoвaть oпыт
to grow both as a professional and as a
human – выpacти kak чeлoвek и пpoфeccиoнaл
to become the best in this sphere – cтaть лyчшиm в этoй cфepe
to learn something new – выyчить чтo-тo нoвoe
to be taught by best of the best – yчитьcя y лyчших
I’m sure this company will give me the
opportunity…(Я yвepeн(a), чтo этa komпaния дacт mнe вoзmoжнocть…)
 I’m confident that your company will
allow me…(Я yвepeн(a), чтo этa komпaния пoзвoлит mнe…)
I think it is a great possibility…(Я дymaю, этo хopoшaя вoзmoжнocть…)
Oтвeт вkлючaeт в ceбя двa acпekтa: нekoтopyю инфopmaцию o komпaнии, пoчemy oнa интepecнa и инфopmaцию o личных жeлaниях и amбициях, koтopыe kacaютcя бyдyщeгo paзвития в этoй komпaнии.

7 What are your goals for the future?
Where do you see yourself in five years? — Kakoвы Вaши цeли нa бyдyщee? Гдe Вы
видитe ceбя чepeз 5 лeт?
Oтвeчaя нa этoт вoпpoc вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния нyжнo иcпoльзoвaть Future Perfect Tence, пoтomy чтo peчь идeт o coбытиях, koтopыe cтaнyт peaльныmи k kakomy-тo вpemeни. Aнглийckий языk иmeeт нeckoльko cтpykтyp для выpaжeния бyдyщeгo вpemeни: пpocтoe бyдyщee, be going to, пpocтoe нacтoящee. Toльko Future Perfect в koнтekcтe этoгo oтвeтa пoдхoдит лyчшe вceгo.
Tpи вcтyпитeльныe фpaзы для oтвeтa нa вoпpoc вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния:
By then I will have had…        K тomy вpemeни y meня бyдeт…
By then I would have liked to…         K тomy вpemeни я бы хoтeл (хoтeлa)…
By that time I would have preferred to…     K
тomy вpemeни mнe бы хoтeлocь…

Нe
pekomeндyeтcя pacckaзывaть пpo плaны, koтopыe kacaютcя личнoй жизни: плaниpoвaниe дeтeй, пepeeздa, cemeйныe дeлa.
В этoй чacти coбeceдoвaния нa aнглийckom нyжнo cфokycиpoвaтьcя нa пpoфeccиoнaльных цeлях и amбициях.
Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий
для pacckaзa o cвoих цeлях:
to be more productive    cтaть бoлee пpoдykтивныm (пpoдykтивнoй)
to achieve a higher position     пoлyчить пoвышeниe
to get more involved     cтaть бoлee вoвлeчeннoй (вoвлeчeнныm)
to build a career here     пocтpoить здecь kapьepy
to create a new product  coздaть нoвый пpoдykт
te become famous cтaть извecтныm (извecтнoй)
O бyдyщих плaнaх вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния нyжнo pacckaзывaть, иcпoльзyя aнглийckий тak, cлoвнo oни kacaютcя paбoты в этoй komпaнии, тo ecть cmoдeлиpoвaть cитyaцию, в koтopoй kaндидaт зaнял жeлaemyю дoлжнocть и зaниmaeтcя нe тoльko paзвитиem ceбя, нo и komпaнии, нa paбoтy в koтopoй oн пpeтeндyeт.

8 What are your salary expectations? —
Kakyю зapплaтy вы oжидaeтe пoлyчить?
Пo пoвoдy зapaбoтнoй плaты вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния moжнo oтвeтить нaзвaв koнkpeтнyю cymmy, apгymeнтиpoвaв ee cpeднeй плaтoй в этoй cфepe или пepeчнem oбязaннocтeй или ckaзaть oбщyю фpaзy o тom, чтo komпaния дoлжнa cama пpeдлaгaть okлaд:
I suppose according to the
responsibilities the best salary would be… Я пpeдпoлaгaю, чтo в cooтвeтcтвии c этиmи oбязaннocтяmи camoй лyчшe бyдeт cymma…
I think, you have to offer
salary which considered best in this sphere.  Я дymaю, вы
дoлжны пpeдлaгaть зapплaтy, koтopaя являeтcя koнkypeнтнoй в этoй cфepe.
Ecли чeлoвek, koтopый пpoхoдит coбeceдoвaниe нa aнглийckom, нe знaeт дaжe пpиблизитeльнoй cymmы зapплaты, oн moжeт ckaзaть:
«I can’t tell you it now
because I need more information about you work condition and responsibilities»
(Я нe moгy oтвeтить
нa этoт вoпpoc ceйчac, пoтomy чтo mнe нyжнo бoльшe инфopmaции oб ycлoвиях paбoты и oбязaннocти).
Жeлaтeльнo пepeд coбeceдoвaниem изyчить
cpeднюю зapплaтy в интepecyющeй cфepe и пoтpeниpoвaтьcя oзвyчивaть ee иcпoльзyя aнглийckий языk. Moжнo чepeз coциaльныe
ceти cвязaтьcя c
paбoтниkamи komпaнии и пoинтepecoвaтьcя их
cpeднeй зapплaтoй, чтoбы нa coбeceдoвaнии oзвyчить koнkpeтнyю
cymmy.

9 Tell me about an accomplishment you
are most proud of — Pacckaжитe o дocтижeнии, koтopoe вызывaeт y вac гopдocть
В этoй чacти coбeceдoвaния akцeнт нyжнo cmecтить нa пpoшлыe дocтижeния. Этo moгyт быть yдaчнo peaлизoвaнныe пpoekты, cтpaтeгии, meтoды yпpaвлeния, выyчeнныe языkи, ocвoeнныe нaвыkи. Cлeдyeт пoтpeниpoвaтьcя пиcaть и pacckaзывaть oб этom нa пpoтяжeнии нeckoльkих нeдeль дo coбeceдoвaния, иcпoльзyя aнглийckий языk.
Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий чтoбы pacckaзaть o cвoих знaниях:
I have one important skill…    У meня ecть вaжный нaвыk…
I had a great project…   У meня был чyдecный пpoekт…
 I
managed to challenge…       Mнe yдaлocь иcпpoбoвaть…
I gained some useful knowledge from…    Я пoлyчил (пoлyчилa) пoлeзныe знaния oт…
Moжнo pacckaзaть вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния o kakoй-тo интepecнoй вcтpeчe или oб oшибke в пpoшлom, koтopyю yдaлocь избeжaть или пocлe koтopoй изmeнилcя хoд mыcлeй и дeйcтвий.

10 Do you have any questions? — Вы хoтитe o чem-тo cпpocить?
Пocлe вceх ocнoвных вoпpocoв kaндидaтy нa зameщeниe пoзиции в koнцe coбeceдoвaния пpeдлaгaeтcя зaдaвaть cвoи вoпpocы, иcпoльзyя aнглийckий языk.
Пpиmepы:
Who with I will be working?   C kem я бyдy paбoтaть?
What are the responsibilities? Kakиmи бyдyт oбязaннocти?
Does the company offer…?     Пpeдлaгaeт ли komпaния…?
What would be the next step?  Kakoй бyдeт cлeдyющий
шaг?
Could you describe the ordinary
working day?     Нe moгли бы вы oпиcaть типичный paбoчий
дeнь нa этoй пoзиции?
В этoй чacти coбeceдoвaния нa aнглийckom нyжнo yзнaть вce, чтo нeoбхoдиmo для бyдyщeй paбoты: гpaфиk paбoчих и выхoдных днeй, нaличиe дoпoлнитeльных бoнycoв oт komпaнии, meдицинckoй cтpaхoвkи, нeoбхoдиmocти eздить в komaндиpoвkи и их длитeльнocть.
Пoлeзныe фpaзы для coбeceдoвaния
. Из-зa вoлнeния нe вceгдa yдaeтcя пoнять вoпpoc c пepвoгo paзa и пpaвильнo eгo интepпpeтиpoвaть. В тakom cлyчae нyжнo пoпpocить coбeceдниka пoвтopить ckaзaннoe c пomoщью тakих фpaз:
Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий, ecли вoпpoc нeпoнятeн:
Sorry, could you say it again, please? Пpocтитe, нe moгли бы вы ckaзaть eщe paз?
Could you repeat that you said please?       Извинитe, moжeтe ли вы
ckaзaть этo eщe paз?
Could you please repeat your question?      Нe moгли бы вы eщe paз пoвтopить cвoй вoпpoc?
Sorry, but I didn’t catch that.   Извинитe, нo я нe coвcem вac пoнял (пoнялa).

Camoe глaвнoe в тakих пpocьбaх вo вpemя coбeceдoвaния – иcпoльзoвaть бoлee вeжливoe «could» вmecтo «can».
Ecли нeт жeлaния пpocить o тom, чтoбы coбeceдниk пoвтopил
ckaзaннoe,
moжнo пoпpoбoвaть пepeфpaзиpoвaть ckaзaннoe:
Tell me please, what did you do
on your previous job?
Sorry, you want to know my
previous responsibilities?
Этo эффekтивнo тoльko в тom cлyчae, ecли oбщий cmыcл вoпpoca в koнтekcтe coбeceдoвaния пoнятeн и kaндидaт пpocтo хoчeт yтoчнить, пpaвильнo ли oн пoнял ckaзaннoe. Пo okoнчaнии
coбeceдoвaния пpoиcхoдит oбmeн oбщиmи вeжливыmи peплиkamи и пpoщaниe. Kaндидaт нa дoлжнocть moжeт пoинтepecoвaтьcя,
ckoльko emy oжидaть oтвeтa и в kakoй фopme.
Kak иcпoльзoвaть aнглийckий для зaвepшeния coбeceдoвaния:
I will sent a cover letter, resume and
other required application materials tomorrow.    Я oтпpaвлю вam coпpoвoдитeльнoe пиcьmo, peзюme и дpyгиe maтepиaлы зaвтpa.
I will call you.      Mы вam пepeзвoниm.
I will send you a letter.   Я oтпpaвлю вam пиcьmo.
 I will let you know.       Я дam вam знaть.
I will be waiting for your calling.      Бyдy oжидaть вaш звoнok.
Hope to see you again.  Нaдeюcь, yвидeть вac cнoвa.

Text 19.Constitutional  law

A constitution
  is the political and ideological structure within which a system of laws
  operates. Most countries have a formal written Constitution describing how
  laws are to be made and enforced.
One of the reasons for having
  special constitutional laws is to prevent governments from becoming too
  powerful and from interfering too much in the lives of individuals. As a
  check upon  over  powerful  government

most modern constitutions
  have adopted the principle of separation of powers, developed in the 18th
  century by the French political philosopher Montesquieu.
Montesquieu
  argued that the functions of the state could be divided into policy
  formulation and direction (executive), lawmaking (legislative), and
  interpretation and application of the law(judicial).To stop governments from
  becoming too powerful these functions should be carried out by separate
  institutions, and there should be a balance between them. In the United
  States, for example, the president (executive) is elected by the people and
  attempts to carry out his policy promises through a presidential office of
  advisers. The Constitution gives him many important powers, such as control
  of the armed forces and appointment of Supreme Court justices, but many of
  his decisions and all new legislation must be approved by a majority in
  Congress (legislature), which is also elected by the people. Many presidents
  have had important policies blocked by Congress. The Supreme Court
  (judiciary) has the task of interpreting laws which have been disputed in
  lower courts, and of deciding whether a law passed by Congress or by one of
  the individual states is in keeping with the Constitution.
4 As well as defining the
  powers of government, most constitutions describe the fundamental rights of
  citizens. These usually include general declarations about freedom and
  equality. Among these rights are the freedom of religion, speech, and the
  press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the
  government to correct wrongs.

Britain is unusual because its
constitution is not found in a formal written document. Instead, the
constitutional rights of citizens and the powers of government are found in
various case-law rulings, statutes, and even in traditions.

One area to
  consideris the ease with which an individual may obtain restitution for a
  wrong a public body has committed against him. In English law, the principle
  of judicial review enables a court to overturn a decision made by a
  government ministry that acted illegally or irrationally or beyond its
  authorized powers.

One important area to consider
is the treatment of citizens suspected of crimes. Is innocence presumed unless
guilt can be proven? (Yes in Japan and the Philippines, but sometimes no in
Taiwan and Malaysia.) How long can the police hold a suspect before they must
bring him before a court of law? (Twenty-four hours in Norway, three days and
sometimes longer in Finland). Is a suspect entitled to free legal aid and
choice of lawyer if he has no money? (Both in New Zealand, only the first in
Austria.) Can the police search a private house without first obtaining a court
warrant? (Illegal in Argentina, Peru and Paraguay but occasionally done in the
first two, and very regularly done in the third.) Are trials open to the
public? (Yes in Tanzania and Botswana, often not in Nigeria and Zaire). Many of
these freedoms are so important that they may also be considered in the
category of human rights.

Выпишите
из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

принцип
  разделения полномочий
исполнительный
законодательный

судебный
выполнять

конституционные права
граждан

 Text 20. Criminal law
Learn
the words to the text:

1.
  to approve [ ’pru:v] одобрять
2.
  to define [di'fain] определять
3.
  to apply [ 'plai] punishment применять наказание
4.
  to protect [pr 'tekt] охранять, защищать
5. a
  citizen ['sitizn] гражданин
6.
  an oncroachment [ in’krout∫m nt] посягательство
7. to combat
  [’k mb t ] crime бороться с преступностью
8.
  to strengthen ['streŋθn] укреплять
9.
  to maintain [men'tein] поддержать
10.
  persuasion [p 'sweiƷ n] убеждать
11.
  like как
12.
  obligatory [əb'ligətəri] обязательный
13.
  to consist of состоять из

14.
  as well as также
15.
  corpus delicti [ ’kכ:pəs diliktai] состав преступления
16.
  have committed совершил
17.
  to enact [in kt] a law принять закон
18. to amend a
  law внести поправку в закон
19.
  a code кодекс
20.
  grounds [graundz] основание
21.
  scope [skoup ] сфера
22.
  complicity [k m'plisiti] соучастие
23.
  to set forth [ fƆ:Ɵ] выдвигать
24.
  to list перечислять
25.
  release [ri'li:s] освобождение
26.
  a penalty [ 'pen lti] наказание

1.   Criminal law is a system of
  legal rules approved by higher organs of state power and defining the general
  principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and the
  punishment applied to criminal.
2. The task of criminal law is to
  protect the social and state system, existing law and order against criminal
  encroachments.

The state combats crime and other
antisocial acts above all by persuasion and by extensive educational work.
3.
Combating
crime, criminal law helps to strengthen the state.
4.   Criminal laws, like all other
of the state, are obligatory for all citizens. Criminal laws determine general
principles of combating crime as well the corpus delicti of crimes and the
punishment applied to persons who have committed these crimes.
5.   Only the highest organ of state
power may enact criminal laws. No other organ has the right to approve or amend
criminal laws.
6.   Criminal law usually takes the
form of a criminal code, which consists of a general and a special part.
7.   The General Part determines the
general principles of criminal responsibility, for each crime. It defines the
grounds for criminal responsibility, the scope of criminal law, the general (
main) elements of a crime, the responsibility for a completed or incompleted
crime, and for complicity in crime, it sets forth the purposes of punishment,
lists penalties, establishes the procedure of their application, release from
punishment and so on.
8.   The Special Part defines the
types of crime and prescribes the penalties.

Задание 1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова с
интернациональным корнем, переведите их по догадке ( они похожи на
соответствующие им русские слова) :
a system, legal, a from, element,
procedure, a person.

Задание 2. Прочитайте вслух следующие
словосочетания, каждому из них в правой колонке подберите соответствующий
перевод:

1.
  general principles
2.
  legal rules [ru:laz]
3.
  criminal responsibility
4.
  individual [indi'vidjual]
5.
  higher organs [’haiə]
6.
  State power
7.
  Public [’p blik] property
8. A
  special [’spe∫Əl] part
9.
  Law and order [’:dƏ]

основные
  принципы
уголовная
  ответственность
общие принципы
правовые нормы
высшие органы
государственная
  власть
общественное
  имущество
особенная часть
закон и порядок

Задание 3. Прочитайте предложение, переведите их,
подобрав из значений, данных в скобках , значение подчеркнутых слов:
1.
A
criminal act is an act approved by a higher organ of state
power. ( акт, закон);
2.
A crime is
antisocial act directed (направленный) in the final count (в конечном счёте) against social relations. (действие, поступок);
3.
The
Constitution states : “ Judges are subject to the law”. (штат);
4.
There are
50 states in the USA. (государство);
5.
Russia is a
large states. (
гласить. утверждать);
6.
Criminal
laws help to protect the person and his rights against criminal encroachments.
( уголовный, преступный);
7.
A criminal is
the person who actual commits the crime. ( преступник);
8.
Criminal laws ,
like all other laws of the state, are equally obligatory for all citizens. ( право, закон);
9.
Each crime
consists of a number (несколько) of individual elements.
(отдельный, индивидуальный);
10.
Individual often feel isolated (одиноко) in society. ( отдельное лицо, человек);
11.
Today the
USA is one of the greatest powers of the world. (власть);
12.
Legislative powers is
vested ( облечён) in Congress, consisting of
the Senate and the House of Representatives. (держава);
13. The US President has thepower of
veto (вето). (право, полномочия).

Задание 4.
Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
1.
What is criminal law ?
2.
What is the
task of criminal law?
3.
What are
the ways of combating crime?
4.
Are
criminal laws obligatory to all citizens?
5.
What is a
criminal law?
6.
What organs
may enact laws?
7.
What form
does criminal law take?
8.
What does
the General Part of criminal law establish and define?
9.
What does
the Special Part define?

Text 21.  Labour Law
Vocabulary

legal
  rights — законные права
trade
  union — профсоюз
branches
  of law — отрасли права
conditions of work — условия труда
social security
  — социальная защита, обеспечение
disability
  insurance — страховка на случай нетрудоспособности

welfare —
  благосостояние
provisions —
  положения, условия
to negotiate an
  agreement — договариваться об условиях
favourable —
  благоприятный
restrictions —
  ограничение
grievance —
  жалоба, трудовой конфликт
dismissal — увольнение, отставка

Labour Law is the body of
  laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights
  of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. As such it
  mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions and employers.
  Out of all different branches of law, this one deals with the terms

and conditions of work, and disputes
regarding employment of labour. This is a set of rulings and regulations that
govern the relationship and terms between employers and employees.
In its most comprehensive sense
the term includes social security and disability insurance as well. In addition
to the individual contractual relationships growing out of the traditional
employment situation, labour law deals with the statutory requirements and
collective relationships that are increasingly important in mass-production
societies, the legal relationships between organized economic interests and the
state, and the various rights and obligations related to some types of social
services.
The basic subject matter of
labour law can be considered under nine broad heads: employment; individual
employment relationships; wages and remuneration; conditions of work; health,
safety, and welfare; social security; trade unions and industrial relations;
the administration of labour law; and special provisions for particular
occupational or other groups. There are special rules about the employment of
children and young people.
Your rights at work will depend
on:
·
your statutory rights
and
·
your contract
of employment.
Statutory rights are legal
rights based on laws passed by Parliament.
Nearly all workers, regardless
of the number of hours per week they work, have certain legal rights.
The contract of employment is
the agreement made between the employer and the employee. This could be in the
form of a written agreement or what has been agreed verbally between them. In
addition, the contract of employment will also include "custom and
practice" agreements. These are how things are usually done in the
workplace, for example, if the employer always gives the employees a day's
holiday in August. Even though this is not mentioned in the written contract
this will form part of the contract of employment as it is usual practice. If
the written contract says one thing, but in practice all the employees have
been doing something else with the employer's knowledge and agreement, the
"custom and practice" would form the contract rather than the written
statement.
A trade union may have
negotiated an agreement with an employer about conditions at work. The
negotiated agreement will often form part of a contract of employment,
particularly if the conditions are more favourable than the previous ones. One
of the main functions of trade unions is to protect the rights of workers.
All workers, regardless of the
number of hours they work per week, are entitled to receive a written statement
from their employer, within two months of starting work. The statement
describes the main terms of the contract of employment. The statement must give
details about: job title, wages and hours of work, sick pay, pension schemes,
holiday entitlement, grievance, dismissal and disciplinary procedure and so on.

1. Прочитайте
и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы.
1.
How can you
define the term "labour law"?
2.
What does
labour law deal with?
3.
What does
labour law govern?
4.
Why is this
branch of law so important?
5.
What are
the main elements of labour law?
6.
How do you understand
the expression "custom and practice agreement"?
7.
What is the
main function of trade unions?
8.
What does
the written statement from the employer describe?

2. Переведите на русский язык слова и словосочетания из текста.

to mediate many aspects
to be entitled to
disciplinary procedure
statutory rights
administration of labour law
usual practice

social security
body of laws
legal rights
regulations
a set of rulings
to negotiate an agreement
to
  describe terms

3. Найдите в тексте английские
эквиваленты русским словам и словосочетаниям.

страхование
  на случай нетрудоспособности
зарплата и
  вознаграждение
условия
  труда
трудовые
  отношения
безопасность
  и благосостояние
профсоюзы
предусмотренный
  законом

договор о
  найме (трудовой договор)
занятость
место работы
увольнение
больничный
  лист
часы работы
положение

4. Согласитесь или
опровергните утверждения, используя речевые модели, выражающие согласие или
несогласие, изученные ранее.
1.
Labour law
does not deal with employment of labour.
2.
Labour law
also deals with family relations.
3.
The
contract of employment is the agreement between the employerand trade unions.
4.
Labour law
regulates the relationship between employers andemployees.
5.
There are
no special rules about employment of children and youngpeople.
6.
The statutory
rights are legal rights based on laws passed by Parliament.
7.
A trade
union cannot negotiate a contract of employment with anemployer.

5. Прочитайте определения и
соотнесите их с данными словами и словосочетаниями.

1.
  fixed or controlled
  by law
2.
  money paid
  by an employer to a worker who cannot work because of illness
3.
  a
  condition in an agreement or law
4.
  work that
  you do to earn money
5.
  an act of
  removing someone from their job
6.
  physical
  problems that make someone unable to use a part of their body properly
7.
  the ability
  to control your behaviour or way of working
8.
  h)
  something that you complain about because you feel you have beentreated
  unfairly

1. disability
2. discipline
3. dismissal
4. employment
5. statutory rights
6. provision
7. sick pay
8.
grievance

Text 22. Law of Contracts

Terms
  and expressions
law of contracts договорное право
to be binding in law быть обязательным по закону
to be legally bound быть юридически связанным
offer предлагает
real offer реальное предложение
acceptance принятие
the parties стороны
consideration рассмотрение
valuable consideration ценное соображение
to be guided by decisions руководствоваться решениями
legal principal законный
принцип
reasonable observer разумный наблюдатель
contractor подрядчик
capacity of contractor способность подрядчика
to be legally entitled to contract иметь юридическое право на заключение договора
to enforce an agreement обеспечить соблюдение соглашения

remedy средство
breach of contract нарушение договора
party of breach сторона нарушения
damages убытки
the court must be satisfied суд должен быть удовлетворен
to claim damages for mental distress требовать возмещения за психическое
  расстройство
to award damages присуждать убытки
the first claim was reasonable первая претензия была обоснованной
the second was too remote второй был слишком отдаленным
remoteness удаленность
to carry out the contract выполнять контракт
specific performance Специфическое выступление
injunction судебный запрет
inadequacies неадекватность
suit подходить

English
  law textbooks often describe a contract as an agreement which is made between
  two or more parties and which is binding in law. In order to be
  binding in law the agreement must include an offer and an
  acceptance of that offer. The parties must agree to contract on
  certain terms, that is,

they must know what
are they agreeing to (but they need not know that their agreement can be
described in law as a contract). They must have intended to be legally bound:
there would be no contract if, for example, they were just joking when they
made the agreement. And valuable consideration must have been given by
the person to whom a promise was made. In this case, consideration is a legal
word to describe something a person has given, or done, or agreed not to do,
when making the contract.
When a
court is deciding if a contract has been made, it must consider all these
elements. In common law countries, the judge will be guided by decisions
made in previous cases. If the judge is dealing with a problem which has never
arisen before he must make a decision based upon general legal principles,
arid this decision will become a precedent for other judges in similar cases in
the future. The most important principle guiding a judge is whether a
reasonable observer of the agreement would decide that it was a contract.
But sometimes decisions seem very technical because lawyers try to explain
exactly why a decision has been made, even when that decision appears to be
obvious common sense. Of course exact explanations are even more important
when the decision does not appear to be common sense. By looking at some of the
elements of a contract, we can see how important cases have helped to develop
English law.
One
principle of English contract law is that there must be offer and acceptance.
An advertisement to sell something is not normally considered an offer. If
I see an add in a newspaper offering to sell a car, and I telephone the
advertiser and agree to buy it, the seller is not obliged to sell it to me.
This is because the law considers that the real offer is when I contact
the seller asking to buy the car. The seller may then decide whether to accept
or reject my offer. This is the reason a store does not have to sell you the
goods it displays for sale.
Most
systems of law have similar requirements about offer and acceptance, legal
intention, and consideration. They also consider the capacity of
contractors, that is, whether they were legally entitled to contract.
In English law there are some special rules if one of the contractors is a
company, rather than an individual, under the age of 18, or insane. Legal
systems have rules for interpreting contracts in which one or more contractors
made a mistake or was pressured or tricked into making an agreement, and rules
for dealing with illegal contracts. For example, under English law a contractor
cannot enforce an agreement against another party if the agreement was to
commit a crime.

Task 1.  Finish the sentences and translate:
1.
Legal systems have rules for interpreting contracts in which one or more
contractors made a mistake or was pressured or tricked into making an
agreement, and ….
2.
The seller may then decide whether … or …..
3.
Most systems of law have similar requirements about offer and …..
4.
One principle of English contract law is that there must …..
5.
English law textbooks often describe a contract as an agreement which is
made between ……

Text 23. Understanding contracts

Read and translate the text below.

Lawyers are usually involved at the
  formation stage of a contract, which includes advising, drafting and
  negotiating. Drafting is commonly carried out with the help of contract
  templatesorforms. Nevertheless, legal counsel must advise on the
  inclusion or omission of clauses and their wording.

To do this, familiarity with common
  clause types and the language typically used in them is necessary. As a rule
  the contract contains a number of clauses (articles) arranged in definite
  sequence.

1

Preamble – Names of the parties

Преамбула контракта

2

Definitions and Interpretation

Определения и толкование

3

Subject of the Contract

Предмет контракта

4

Price and Total Cost of the Contract /
  Price and Total Amount (Sum / Value) of the Contract / Price

Цена и общая стоимость (сума) контракта / Цена

5

Dates of Delivery / Dates and Terms of
  Delivery / Basis of Delivery / Deliveries

Сроки поставки товаров / Сроки и условия поставки / Базисные
  условия поставки / Поставки

6

Payment / Terms of Payment / Conditions
  of Payment

Платеж (Оплата) / Условия платежа

7

Packing and Marking

Упаковка и маркировка

8

Guarantees / Warranty

Гарантии

9

Sanctions and Claims / Penalties

Санкции и претензии / Штрафные санкции

10

Insurance

Страхование

11

Force-Majeure Circumstances

Форс-мажор

12

Applicable Law and Arbitration

Применимое право и разрешение споров

13

Confidentiality and Publicity

Конфиденциальность и публичность

14

Other Conditions / Miscellaneous

Прочие (Дополнительные) условия

15

Concluding Wording

Заключительная формулировка

16

Legal Addresses and Signatures
  (Accounts) of the Parties

Юридические адреса и подписи (реквизиты) сторон

Standard contracts are not a
must. In the case of a contract sophisticated machinery and equipment there may
be other clauses, which may be included in the contract itself or in the
Appendices to the contract which are an integral part of it. Some clauses may
be altered and supplemented. They are used to represent specific demands to the
subject of the Contract and to the order of the fulfillment of the obligations.

1

Quality of Goods

Качество товара

2

Entire Contract

Контракт в целом

3

Liability

Ответственность

4

Property in the Goods

Право собственности на товар

5

Quality and Quantity of Goods

Количество и качество товара

6

Inspection and Tests

Инспектирование и проверка

7

Shipping Instructions

Инструкции по погрузке

8

Delivery and Acceptance of Goods

Сдача и приемка товара

9

Drawings and Technical Documents

Чертежи и техническая документация

Exercise 1. Match these types of contract
clauses (1 – 10) with their definitions (a – j).

1) Acceleration

a) clause stating that the written terms
  of an agreement may not be varied by prior or oral agreements because all
  such agreements have been consolidated into the written document

2) Assignment

b)
  clause designed to protect against failures to perform contractual
  obligations caused by unavoidable events beyond the party's control, such as
  natural disasters or wars

3) Confidentiality

c)
  clause outlining when and under which circumstances the contract may be
  terminated

4) Consideration

d)
  clause concerning the treating of information as private and not for
  distribution beyond specifically identified individuals or organisations, nor
  used other than for specifically identified purposes

5) Force Majeure

e) clause in a contract requiring the
  obligor to pay all or a part of a payable amount sooner than as agreed upon
  the occurrence of some event or circumstance stated in the contract, usually
  failure to make payment

6)
  Liquidated Damages

f) clause setting out which party is
  responsible for payment of costs related to preparation of the agreement and
  ancillary documents

7)
  Entire Agreement

g) clause expressing the cause, motive,
  price or impelling motive which induces one party to enter into an agreement

8) Severability

h) clause referring to an amount
  predetermined by the parties as the total amount of compensation a
  non-breaching party should receive if the other party breaches a part of the
  contract

9) Termination

i) clause prohibiting or permitting
  assignment under certain conditions

10) Payment of Costs

j)
  clause providing that, in the event that one or more provisions of the
  agreement are declared unenforceable, the balance of the agreement remains in
  force

Text 24. How is a Contract Formed?

Contract
  is a legally enforceable agreement between two (or more) parties.
Before
  a contract can be formed, there must be both an offer and an acceptance of
  that offer. Sounds simple? It`s not; lawyers everywhere have earned millions
  of dollars in fees arguing just whether or not a valid contract existed.
In common law, contracts are
  formed in the following manner.

1.an offer in made by a person or
corporation normally referred to as an offeror;
2.the offer is then accepted (acceptance) by
a person or corporation normally referred to as an offeree.
Let’s reduce what we’ve learned
about contracts to a formula: Offer + acceptance = bona fide (valid)
contract
If
the parties are (a) competent, (b) mutually agree and obligate themselves
regarding a specific subject, and (c) there is legal consideration
The
contract is binding (legally enforceable) if only there are these four
elements:
1.competent
parties;
2.legal subject
matter;
3.legal
consideration;
4.mutuality of
agreement; and
5.mutuality of
obligation.
The absence of any of these elements
may render (make) a contract
unenforced

1. Ответьте на
вопросы.
1.
What is a contract?
2.
Have you ever entered into a contract?
3.
Decide on items that you think should be included in a contract. Don`t worry
about the exact terminology yet.
4. Do you think contracts should be written in plain
language so that everybody could get the point or should be comprehended only
by legal professionals?

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1.  Чиронова И.И. Английский язык для юристов
2-е изд., пер. и доп. Учебник и практикум для СПО, - Научная школа: Национальный исследовательский
университет «Высшая школа экономики» (г. Москва), 2018
2. Just English. Английский для юристов.
Учебное пособие для юридических ВУЗов под ред. Т.Н. Шишкиной. М.: ИКД «Зерцало-
М»,  2002.
3.
Английский язык для юристов. Учебник/ Л.И. Куценко, Г.И. Тимофеева, М.:
Юстиция, 2016
4.
Английский язык для юристов. Учебник для бакалавриата по направлению
«Юриспруденция»/ отв. ред. Н.Ю. Ильина, Т.А. Аганина, М.: Проспект, 2012.

                                               Интернет
ресурсы
1.
http://www.justice.qld.gov.au/
2.     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales 3.
3.     http://www2.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/scales/court.html
4.     http://www.justice.govt.nz/
5.     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juries_in_the_United_States
6.     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment
7.     http://www.d123.org/olhms/dlopez/documents/mocktrialgenlprocedures.
pdf
8.     http://www.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov
9.     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner
10.  http://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/05/solitary.aspx
11.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement
12.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_cell
13.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatory
14.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_house

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alt: Рабочая тетрадь представляет собой сборник текстов и комплекс упражнений по дисциплине «Английский язык» для студентов юридических специальностей, которые можно использовать как на занятиях, так и…

alt: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Text 1

alt: Text 1. American Constitution

alt: Text 2. British Constitution

alt: Text 3. The Court system of the

alt: Text 4. The main principles of the

alt: Text 5. The British Government

alt: Text 6. Elections in Great Britain

alt: Text 7. The Royal Family Vocabulary: heir — наследник abdication — отречение enthusiasm — увлечение to grow older — взрослеть to make one's broadcast —…

alt: Text 8 . Why do We Need Law?

alt: Text 9. Legal Profession

alt: Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who appear in…

alt: Text 10. С ivil law 1

alt: Text 12. Business correspondence

alt: October 2014 Mr Walter Drake

alt: Text 13. Land Law in Britain.

alt: Text 14. Types of Punishment 1

alt: Text 15. Routine Police Work routine – обычный, текущий; распорядок службы available – доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении estimate – оценка, смета peace-keeping activity – деятельность…

alt: Text 16. British criminal law

alt: Text 17. 10 strangest British laws

alt: OFFENCE 4 Getting drunk in a pub

alt: Text 18. Resume writing

alt: After working a few years with children

alt: Paccka зыв a я o н e д oc т a т ka х в п po ц ecce co б ece д o в…

alt: Text 19. Constitutional law

alt: What is the task of criminal law? 2

alt: Text 21. Labour Law Vocabulary legal rights — законные права trade union — профсоюз branches of law — отрасли права conditions of work — условия…

intro: Рабочая тетрадь представляет собой сборник текстов и комплекс упражнений по дисциплине «Английский язык» для студентов юридических специальностей, которые можно использовать как на занятиях, так и при самостоятельной работе. Пособие предназначено для студентов СПО, изучающих английский язык.

title: Рабочая тетрадь по иностранному языку (английский) для спеиаль Право и социальное обеспечение