extracted_text:
Английский
язык. Учебное пособие для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей
дневной формы обучения.
Печатается
по решению редакционно-издательского совета академии.

Учебное
пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей
дневной формы обучения. Цель данного пособия заключается в том, чтобы
выработать у студентов навыки чтения, адекватного понимания и перевода текстов
по специальности широкого профиля, а также активного владения основами
грамматической системы современного английского языка.

LESSON ONE
Ex.1.
Practice the reading.
►c
▪
process, facility, recent, cement, necessary, civil,
discipline, specify, velocity, advance, announcement,
incident, cylinder, cellular, descend, license,
electricity, science, exceed;
▪ clay,
helicopter, concourse, academy, concrete, crosstie,
decay, component, company, calculate, carry, click, comfortable,
faculty, communication, compact, conductor,
decrease;
▪ concern, concept, capacity, cybernetics, cycle, circular, ceramic, circuit,
practice, cancel, commerce, competence, council,
bicycle, incandescent, specific, convince;
▪
access, accelerate, accept, accident, succeed,
successful, accommodation, according, accumulator,
accompany;
▪
efficient, commercial, politician, financial,
artificial, official, special, specialist, speciality,
specialization, especially, sufficient, association,
sociable, provincial, appreciate, academician, ancient.
►g
▪
damage, flange, originate, register, engine,
emergency, region, huge, technology, digital,
oxygen, urgent, agency, barge, generation,
ecology, generate, longitude, bridge, German,
suggest, dangerous, change, passenger,margin,gyps;

▪ gravel,
megabyte, agree, gang, regular, gasoline, gateway, graduate,
ignite, cargo, goal, aggregate, degree, gasoline, gradient,
angular, guide, guess;
▪ gauge,
engage, garage, baggage, luggage;
BUT:
gear, target, get, give, begin, bogie.
►аu,
aw
▪ automobile,
because, autonomous, launch, audit, fault,
precaution, pause, audience, exhaust, automation,
applaud, auction, hydraulic, author, audio,
haulage, auxiliary, inauguration, awful,
law, drawbridge, shawl; dawn, raw, awning; BUT:
gauge, laugh.

Words and word
  combinations to be remembered

1) to achieve – достигать
  achievement – достижение 2)
  according to smth. – согласно чему-либо, в соответствии с чем-либо 3)
  as well as – а также 4)
  both ... and – как …, так и 5)
  branch – отрасль; филиал 6)
  to develop – развивать, разрабатывать
  development– развитие , разработка 7)
  to divide (into) – делить (на) 8)
  to equip with smth. – оборудовать чем-либо equipment
  – оборудование 9)to
  include – включать 10)
  to increase – увеличивать, возрастать
  increase – увеличение, рост 11)
  to last – длиться, продолжаться last
  – последний, прошлый 12)
  network – сеть 13)
  number– номер, количество a
  number of – ряд чего-либо, несколько 14)
  to operate – действовать, работать, эксплуатировать; приводить в движение
  operation– действие, работа, эксплуатация to
  put into operation – пускать в эксплуатацию 15)
  to pay attention to smth. – уделять внимание чему-либо 16)
  to provide with smth. – обеспечивать, снабжать чем-либо; предоставлять, давать 17)
  to require – требовать
  requirement – требование to
  meet requirements – отвечать требованиям
  18)such as – такой как 19)
  term – семестр; термин 20)
  to train – готовить, обучать

Ex.8.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verbs to be, to have and
put questions to the underlined words.
1) Before
1973 our Institute was not large and had only one faculty.
2) The distance from here to the railway station is 5 kilometers.
3) Does she have a visa to enter France? 4) Addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division are the four rules of Arithmetic. 5) Old
Russia had many talented railway engineers and inventors such as Frolov,
Jartsev, the Cherepanovs, Polsunov. 6) Tomorrow you will have a lecture on
Chemistry instead of a seminar in History: your teacher is on
business trip. He will be at the Institute on Monday. 7) Road
accidents are more frequent in rainy weather. 8) An automatic
engine driver is a small-size computer with transducers. 10)
High-class trains like “Russia”, “Irtysh”, “Siberia” and some others
have high reputation and popularity. 11) This article is about
a new high-speed railway. 12) We had seats in the first coach
of the suburban train. 13) The motor is small but it has high power.
14) When I was a student I had a little spare time.
Ex.9.
Use the verbs to be, to have in the
required tense form and translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1) In
the early mornings the traffic to be not very heavy. 2) To
have he got a map of the London Underground? 3) The problems discussed at
the last seminar to bevery interesting and the students to
have a lot of questions to the teacher. 4) All the underground
stations to be of the same size: 6 meters high, 100 meters long and
18 meters wide. 5) To have you got any time to help me translate this
article? – Sorry, but I to be busy now, try to do it yourself. 6) The
seats in the old bus to bevery uncomfortable. 7) Oxford and
Cambridge to have much in common so they are often called together as
Oxbridge. 8) Electrons in the atom to have the negative charge. 9) If
you to have no telephone at home, you can use a call box in the street.
10) The experiment showed that the assumption to be wrong. 11) Their
reports at the last conference to be very long but they to
have no new ideas to offer. 12) The top speed of the first steam
locomotive to be 13 miles per hour. 13) They to havean
unpleasant voyage from New York to Liverpool because of the storm. 14) In spite
of the dense fog the train to be not late. 15) It to
be such a narrow road that it to be difficult for two cars to
pass each other. 16) All the railwaymen to have the right of free
travel by train once a year. 17) The text of the contract to be ready
in an hour. 18) Large banks usually to have branches abroad.

Ex.10.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the
construction there + to be.
1) There
were several vacant seats in the bus when I got into it. 2) There
are a lot of goods that can be transported by air. 3) There
is usually a considerable increase in passenger traffic in summer.
4) There was no chance of getting tickets for this train.
5) There will be no trains today because the railroad workers are on
strike. 6) Were there any telephone calls while I was out?
7) There were many accidents on this section of the road when it was
icy. 8) How many stops will there be before the train reaches its
destination? 9) There is a lot of snow therefore the trains might be
late.10) The bus pulled up at the stop but to the disappointment of the
people there was no room for everybody in it. 11) There
is nothing better than a sea trip if you need a good rest. 12) In Britain
you should always take your turn in the queue at a bus stop if there
is one. 13) According to the weather forecast there will be snow
tomorrow. 14) There was a terrible rush [суматоха]
at the station when I came there. 15) When there were no
traffic-lights at this intersection, there were a lot of accidents
there. 16) There is a large garage on Seventh Street that provides
work for eleven men. There is one man who meets the
customers. There are two other men who take care of
batteries. There is another man who washes cars. There arethree
other men who sell gas and oil. There is another man who repairs
wheels. There are two men who work with engines and there
is one man who sells tires. There is no better place for automobile
service.

Ex.11.
Fill in the blanks with the verb to be in the required tense form.
1)
There ___ specialized schools where you can get secondary education as well as
good knowledge of English or German. 2) There ___ no bridge in this place and
we took a boat to cross the river. 3) There ___ so many interesting excursions
that he didn’t know which one to choose. 4) In Metro there ___ special pumps
and fans that suck in the air from the street, purify it and make it warm or
cool on its way to the station. 5) There ___ not enough time for us to catch
the next train. 6) In the very first days of railways there ___ no signals and
there ___ no need for them. 7) In Great Britain there ___ left-hand traffic and
a foreign driver must be very attentive. 8) The construction of the first
tunnels required much time, effort and money because there ___ no special
equipment for it. 9) There ___ road works in the center streets of the city
tomorrow that is why long traffic jams [дорожные пробки]
are expected. 10) There ___ four pairs of sliding doors on each side of a Metro
car. 11) The company closed down because there ___ not much demand for its
products. 12) There ___ extra commuter trains at the next weekends.
Ex.12.
Translate the following sentences from Russian into English, using the
verbs to have, to be or the construction there + to be.
1) В
этом журнале есть интересные статьи? – Да. Журнал очень интересный. Почитай
его, если у тебя есть свободное время. 2) У Вас есть английский словарь? – Да,
есть, но в нём только 1000 слов. 3) Наш институт находится недалеко от станции
Метро. 4) Завтра лекции по физике не будет. Ваш преподаватель в Москве на
конференции. 5) Вчера у нас была всего одна пара. 6) Какой экзамен был самым
трудным для тебя? 7) В институтской библиотеке много новых книг. 8) У вас вчера
был семинар по философии? 9) Тебе 20 лет? – Нет, мне будет 20 в следующем году.
10) Где ближайшая автобусная остановка? 11) В твоём диктанте было несколько
ошибок. 12) У Ника есть телефон? – Да, есть. 13) Лондонский университет – самый
большой ВУЗ Британии. 14) Он никогда не опаздывает на лекции и всегда очень
внимательный.
Ex.13.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the tense form
of the predicates in the Active Voice. Put general questions and special
questions to the underlined words.
1) In Samara Metro trains run every
8 minutes. [How often...?] 2) Heavy snowstorms
disorganized the movement of trains in this region. [Where…?] 3)
The train will cover the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 3
hours if it moves at a speed of 250 km/h. [In what
case…?] 4) At this railway station the stops of the trains last
only five minutes. [How many…?] 5) Tomas
Bouch designed the Tay Bridge in 1878 [When…?] and
people called it as one of the wonders of the world. [How…?] 6)
The last train arrives at midnight. [When…?] 7) If
we drive at such a speed all the time, we shall get to the village before
dark. [When…?] 8) Such engineers as Frolov,
Yartsev, and Polsunov made great contribution to the development of
railway transport in Russia. [Who…?] 9) The airplane crosses
the Atlantic Ocean in about ten hours. [What…?] 10)
It takes only 35 minutes to travel by train from Britain to
France. [How long…?] 11) After the war the government granted
great sums of money to renew railway equipment. [What…for?] 12) In
England train passengers seldom converse with their fellow-travelers
even on long journeys – this is more a national custom than a matter of
etiquette. [Where…?] 13) The repair of railway track usually
takes place in summer. [When…?] 14) Your train
will leave from platform №2 in five minutes. [What…?] LILLIPUTIAN TRAIN*
One of Moscow designers* [to make– Present
Indefinite] micro models of different vehicles* – this [to be– Present
Indefinite] his hobby. His first model [to be –Past
Indefinite] a plane; its weight [to be –Past
Indefinite] 0.35 gr., it [to work –Past Indefinite] and [to make –Past
Indefinite] several circuits in the air. In the last 10 years he [to construct –Past
Indefinite] 8 unique working micro models. He [to make –Past
Indefinite] them of wood with the help of a knife.
His collection [to include –Present
Indefinite] a little locomotive and a car – thirteen and eighteen
centimeters long respectively. The locomotive [to consist –Present
Indefinite] of 2,566 separate parts and the car – of 1,035. It [to take –Past
Indefinite] him 4 months to study the locomotive design and 15 months
to build this model. The locomotive and the car [to work –Present
Indefinite] like* full-size models, even down to* the gears* –
including one for reverse*. There [to be –Present Indefinite] even
a two-note whistle* 1 mm. long. You can control the whole operation from the
locomotive.
Notes:
lilliputian train – поезд-лилипут
designer – конструктор
vehicle – транспортное средство like – как
reverse gear – шестерня заднего хода down to – вплоть до
whistle – свисток

Ex.15. Express the idea in the
Present, Past and Future Indefinite (use the adverbials).
1) Passengers [to cross] the
railway lines by the bridge. 2) A lab assistant [to show] the
equipment to the students. 3) The automobile plant [to produce] 1,000
cars daily. 4) The students [to repeat] new words before the
lesson. 5) He [to have] enough time to do this work. 6) Our
dean [to deliver] a course of lectures on Physics. 7) The
airplane [to leave] at noon. 8) The trains [to be
late] because of track repair works. 9) The buses [to
run] every five minutes. 10) The mechanic from the garage [to
do] simple radio repair. 11) Summer holidays [to begin] in
July. 12) It [to cost] a lot of money to go to England by air.
13) Robots [to substitute] people in some monotonous
operations. 14) Railway lines [to connect] all parts of this
country. 15) This company [to provide] us with all the
necessary equipment. 16) We [to meet] every Sunday.
Ex.16. Read and translate the following
sentences paying attention to the tense form of the predicates in the Passive
Voice. Put general questions and special questions to the underlined words.
1) The traffic was stopped by the
policeman so that the ambulance could pass. [Why…?] 2)
The tickets will be checked by the conductor during the journey. [When…?] 3)
Since Paris is located in the center of the country [Where…?],the
passengers who spend a day in the capital can reach any city the same evening.
4) The renewal of signaling equipment on all the railroads will be financed
by the government. [Whom…?] 5) More than a million
students were enrolled to the institutes and universities of this country last
year. [When…?] 6) The air in the London Underground is
changed every quarter of an hour [How often…?] and
the temperature is maintained at 69-79 degrees Fahrenheit all year round. 7)
The trains of the future will be operated by automatic drivers. [Whom…?] 8)
The first escalator was installed in the London Underground in 1911. [When…?] 9)
The new car will be tested on the mountain roads. [Where…?] 10)
A lot of roads in the USA were built by private companies [What…?] and
are paid to use; they are called toll [платный]roads.
11) At the factory young workers are trained to use the new equipment. [Who…?]
The
Samara State Railway Academy is one of the youngest state higher schools in the
Samara Region. It trains qualified railway specialists for the Central European
part of Russia. The Academy has a number of branches in such towns as Ufa,
Orenburg, Orsk, and Rusayevka.
In 2003
our higher school celebrated its 30th anniversary. In 1973 the
first day-time applicants took entrance examinations. At that time there was
only one faculty with 75 students. In 1975 it was divided into two faculties:
Railway Construction and Railway Operation. With the railway transport
development and modernization more and more qualified engineers of various
specialities were required, that is why the number of students was increased.
At
present about 10,000 students get higher education at day-time and extra-mural
departments. Training is provided on 14 specializations such as: Railway
Operation; Railway Construction, Track and Track Facilities; Automation,
Telemechanics and Communication; Diesel and Electric Locomotives; Railway Cars;
Accountancy and Audit; Power Supply; Railway Economics; Track Construction and
Maintenance Machines; Information Systems; Tunnels and Bridges; Electric Public
Transport. Students of the extra-mural department have the opportunity to get
higher education combining their work with study. They are provided with paid
annual leaves of 30 to 40 days for attending lectures, taking tests and exams;
as well as a 4 month leave for preparing their graduation projects.
Entrance
to the Railway Academy is by competitive examinations, which can be taken by
anyone between the ages of 17 to 35 who has finished the secondary, vocational
or technical school. Applicants are required to take 3 entrance exams such as
Russian Language and Literature (composition), Physics, Mathematics. Some
applicants are admitted on the basis of their results in the unified state
examinations for the secondary school.
The
complete course of studies at our higher school lasts 5 or 6 years for the
day-time and extra-mural students respectively. The academic year is divided
into 2 terms: from September to January and from February to July. Tests and
exams are taken at the end of each term. During the period of learning every
student must pass 35-40 term exams, not counting written and oral tests. If the
results of the examinations are good, students receive grants which are given
by the state or the enterprise which has sent him or her to study. Those
students who progress successfully and combine studies with scientific-technical
activities are paid 25% more. Twice a year there are vacations – two weeks in
winter and two months in summer. Once a year every student can get a free
railway ticket for traveling to any part of the country. Comfortable hostels
are provided for those students who come for studying from other places.

The
work-load of a student, including his individual out-of-classes work, is
planned to take up approximately 50-55 hours a week. The first- and second-year
students study such general engineering subjects as Physics, Mathematics,
Chemistry, Technical Drawing, and a number of others. The study of foreign
languages is also included in the program. Moreover the students of our Academy
have a good chance to receive deep knowledge of English or German at language
courses. In the third year students begin to study specialized subjects;
special attention is paid to the development of students' abilities and skills
in their chosen speciality. In the course of training, practical work occupies
an exceptionally important place. Students have practical training in specially
equipped labs and workshops and on the railway. The final year is devoted to
working on a graduation project which is submitted to the State Examination
Commission.
After
the graduation from our Academy every student receives a diploma which gives
him/her the right to work as an engineer, an economist or a book-keeper. For
those students who want to continue their education this higher school has a
post-graduate course.
Ex.23.
Agree or disagree with the statements given below and add something to develop
the situation. Use the following introductory phrases:

That's
right I can't agree with you You are partly right To my mind
That's
true Nothing of the kind Not quite As far as I know
1 quite
agree with you You’re wrong In fact
It goes
without saying I think that's nonsense I don’t know exactly
1)You
can get higher education at vocational schools, technical schools and
universities. 2) You like to take exams. 3) It was easy for you to enter the
Institute. 4) You took three entrance exams. 5) Our Academy is headed by
Rector. 6) There is only a day-time department at this Academy. 7) Our Academy
has a large network of branches in the USA and Great Britain. 8) Students of
our higher school are required to attend lectures and to miss seminars. 9) The
students are provided with all the necessary books free of charge. 10) Such
subjects as Technical Drawing, Physics, Literature and Music are included in
the program of freshmen. 11) All the students of our higher school study two
foreign languages: English and German. 12) English is your favorite subject.
13) The academic year is divided into two terms and at the end of each term
students submit their graduation projects. 14) The laboratories of our
Institute are equipped with out-of-date broken computers. 15) The course of
studies lasts ten years. 15) You must combine work with study because you are
an extra-mural student.
Ex.24.
Using the questions given below, make up stories on the following topics:

STUDENTS'
LIFE

1) What
are students “sconced” [штрафовать] for?
In the
old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were
clergymen [священник], and
their life was much more strict and disciplined than now. Friendship with young
ladies was not allowed and the only women inside the college were washerwomen.
The legend is that these had to be “old and ugly”.
The
students eat their meals in the College dining-hall. At some Colleges there is
an interesting tradition. It is known as “sconcing” [наложение
штрафа на студентов за нарушение правил]. If a
student comes late to dinner or he is not correctly dressed, or if he breaks
one of the laws of behavior, then the senior student orders him to be
“sconced”. A large silver cup, known as «sconce cup», filled with beer is
brought and placed in front of him and he must drink it in one attempt without
taking the cup from his lips (it holds two and a half pints, or 1,5 liters). If
he can do it, then the senior student pays for it, if not, the cup is passed
round and the student who has been “sconced” must pay for it.

2) What
do the so-called “Bulldogs” do if a student whom they come up to runs away?
The
students can stay out till twelve o'clock. Each evening a Proctor [административное лицо,
в обязанности которого входит надзор за поведением студентов и наложение дисциплинарных взысканий] with
two assistants, called “Bulldogs”, walks about the town keeping an eye on the
students' behavior. If he sees a student breaking a rule he will come to him
and say: “Are you a member of the University, sir?”, and if a student runs
away, then “Bulldogs” run after him and if they catch him (they are chosen, it
is said, because they are good runners), fine him.
Apart
from fines a student may be dismissed from the University for one term.
3) In
what case is “Boredom Button” pushed?
In most
schools and universities teachers give their students marks for their work. All
students hate a “D” and are happy if their teacher gives them an “A”. Now at
one American University both the students AND the lecturers must work hard if
they want good marks.
During
classes the students give their lecturers marks. Each desk is equipped with a
“Boredom Button”. If a student thinks that the lecture is boring he can press
the special button. When he does this, a light at the back of the classroom is
switched on. There is one light there for every student. The lecturer can look
at the lights and he can see if his students think the class is interesting or
boring. The lecturer can't see which students are pressing the buttons. So, the
students can be completely honest. If too many lights come at the back of his
class, a lecturer knows that he must do something quickly and make the class
more interesting.
► -ture,
-sure
▪
lecture, future, departure, mixture, expenditure,
structure, puncture, fracture, manufacture, creature,
fixture, curvature, feature, conjuncture, adventure,
moisture;
▪
measure, pleasure, leisure, closure, disclosure,
embrasure, treasure, treasury;
▪ BUT:
sure, ensure, insurance.
► ea
▪
increase, conceal, mean, defeat, eager,
treaty, feasible, heater, lead, reasonable,
heaver, release, dean, dealer, leave, easy,
beacon, lease, meaning, reach, treatment, weak.
▪ BUT:
overhead, headway, tread, ready, steady, spread, instead, treadle, measure,
pleasure, weather, meant, heavy; break; really, create, realize.
► pay
attention to the letters which are not pronounced:
half,
walk, talk, should, could, would, hour,
high, height, straight, frighten, slightly,
sight, alight, fight, might, midnight, freight,
retighten, ought, weight, design, benign; sign,
alignment, consignment, assign, what, wheel,
wharf, whistle, wrong, wrist, write, wrench,
shipwreck, deck, click, rack, reckon,
stock, cockpit, know, knot, knock, knuckle,
climb, comb.

Words and word
  combinations to be remembered

1) to appear –появляться; казаться 2)
  to approach – приближаться, подходить 3)
  to arrive – прибывать
  arrival – прибытие 4)
  average– средний 5)
  berth –спальная полка (в вагоне) lower
  berth –нижняя полка
  upper berth –верхняя полка 6)
  bridge– мост 7)
  to call – называть; вызывать; звонить
  so-called – так называемый
  8)carriage– вагон 9)
  to carry – перевозить, транспортировать; нести
  10)to change – менять, изменять(ся) to
  change (trains) – делать пересадку
  change – изменение; пересадка; сдача
  11)compartment– купе
  12)to connect – соединять, связывать
  connection– соединение, связь
  13)crew –бригада, экипаж
  locomotive crew –локомотивная бригада
  train crew –поездная бригада 14)
  to depart – отправляться
  departure – отправление
  15)destination– место назначения
  16)discount– скидка
  17)fare(s)– плата за проезд to
  pay the fare(s) – оплачивать проезд, брать билет(ы)
  18)fast– быстрый, скорый
  19)heavy –тяжёлый; интенсивный, сильный 20)
  to improve –улучшать, усовершенствовать
  improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование
  21)junction– железнодорожный узел, узловая станция
  22)necessary– необходимый
  23)to notice – замечать
  notice –объявление
  24)porter– носильщик
  25)to propose – предлагать
  26)to serve – служить, обслуживать
  service – услуга, обслуживание; перевозки
  27)suburb– пригород
  suburban train – пригородный поезд, электричка
  28)suitable –подходящий
  29)terminal (terminus) – вокзал, конечная станция 30) ticket – билет
  single ticket – билет “туда” (билет в одном направлении)
  return ticket – билет “туда и обратно”
  31)traffic – движение, перевозки
  traffic frequency – частота движения
  traffic jam – пробка на дороге 32)
  to try –пытаться, пробовать

Mind
the prepositions

1) to
arrive in(a city, a country) 11) to look for
2) to
arrive at(a railway station, an airport) 12) to look forward
to
3) to
leave for (London) 13)to be in a hurry
4) to
depart from(Moscow)for(Samara)14) to be atsomebody’s disposal
5) to
get on (the train, the bus, etc.) 15) atthe
railway station (airport)
6) to
get off(the train, the bus, etc.) 16) to
see somebody off
7) to
get to17)to take notice of
8) to
go by (train, bus, car, etc.) 18) a ticket for (the
12 o'clock train)
9) to
transfer from(bus) to(train)19) a ticket (a
train) to (Moscow)
10) to
look at 20) on the train

Ex.2.
Choose the word having an opposite meaning to:
1)
expensive a) enormous; b) dear; c) cheap; d) suitable
2) fast
a) rapid; b) quick; c) swift; d) slow
3)
heavy a) light; b) intense; c) necessary; d) busy
4) low
a) tall; b) average; c) high; d) small
5)
frequently a) often; b) rarely; c) numerous; d) seldom
6)
major a) large; b) small; c) main; d) minor
7) a
stopping train a) a direct train; b) a local train; c) an express train; d) a
fast train
8) to
arrive a) to approach; b) to go; c) to depart; d) to appear
9) to
get on a) to leave; b) to enter; c) to get into; d) to get off
10) to
see off a) to look at; b) to meet; c) to get off; d) to part

11) to
appear a) to arrive; b) to approach; c) to disappear; d) to suggest
 1)
There is so heavy traffic on this street during the rush hours that it is
faster to ride a bike. 2) In some trains of high comfort passengers can order
dinner or supper directly to his compartment. 3) In Europe double-deck
passenger coaches are used in four- or five-car sets on suburban lines where
traffic is very heavy. 4) The trains of Denver’s commuter network transport one
million passengers a day but demand is at least three times that number. 5) It
is more convenient to carry these goods by lorry than by rail. 6) This train is
equipped with plush comfortable seats of an aircraft type and the time of its
departure is very convenient for passengers. 7) You will find all the necessary
information about the train movement in the railway-guide. 8) The diesel
locomotive is not connected to the contact wire, like the electric locomotive,
so it is especially suitable for shunting works. 9) In April 1998
there was a 300 km traffic jam on the N4 motorway [the main road from
London to Wales]at the end of the Easter holidays. 10) The high-speed train
running between Hiroshima and Kokura was entered in the Guinness Book of
Records for the highest average speed – 261.8 km/h.
Ex.6.
Choose the correct word and translate the sentences.
1)
Passengers are required to show [passports; driver’s licenses; tickets] to
conductors.
2)
There is a [poster; advertisement; paper; notice] on the wall
saying “Private Property. No Parking.”
3) It
is so [dangerous; convenient; expensive; interesting] to have
your own motor car because you don’t have to rely on the public transport.
4)
Railway carriages that serve as restaurants are called [luggage vans;
dining cars; passenger coaches; open-type cars].
5) If
you are going abroad it’s [convenient; suitable; necessary] to
have an entrance visa.
6)
Various [subjects; locomotive crews; services] are proposed
for passengers in high-class trains such as interurban telephone calls, branch
press, medicare sets, food and security.
7) If
you walk to work you will save $5 a week on bus [fares; traffic jams;
drivers].
8)
We [were late; changed; arrived; departed] at the airport in
time to register and weigh our luggage.
9) When
her car broke down, she had to [catch; take; transfer; miss] a
taxi.
10) For
the passengers’ [change; convenience; departure] the
compartments of a sleeping car are equipped with mirrored sliding doors,
loudspeakers, collapsible tables, ceiling lamps and wall lamps.
11) In
New York a passenger may go by Metro all day long for the same fare, if he only
changes [carriages; compartments; luggage; trains] but does
not go out of the station.

12) The
first bus developed by Shillibear [noticed; appeared; departed;
disappeared] in London in 1861.
Ex.7.
Fill in the blanks with the prepositions if necessary.
l) What
is the fare ___ Washington ___ Montreal? 2) You can’t go ___ train ___ a
ticket. 3) We were waiting ___ the train arrival ___ the platform. 4) There are
5 minutes left before the train departs ___ Manchester ___ Liverpool. 5) When
we entered ___ the car, we opened the window because it was very stuffy ___ the
compartment. 6) I was lucky to get tickets ___ the fast train ___ Moscow. 7)
Several passers-by stopped to look ___ the strange bicycle out of curiosity. 8)
My first impressions of England are connected ___ rain and fog. 9) The fare on
the London Underground depends ___ the distance you travel. 10) ___ the
time-table, the train is due to arrive ___ 12.30. 11) She seems to be ___ a
hurry. It’s inconvenient to speak ___ her now. 12) You need not leave ___ the
airport so early; I will give you a lift. 13) Passengers can buy tickets ___
the day ___ departure or reserve them ___ advance. 14). Two or more locos can
be coupled together and operated ___ a single locomotive crew. 15) ___ the USA
the average speed ___ trains ___ some lines reaches 90 miles (146 km) per hour.
16) There are waiting rooms ___ all railway stations where passengers may rest
until it is time to board ____ the train. 17) Don’t bother! I’ll pay ___ all
fares. 18) I am looking ___ my holiday. 19) I looked ___ my passport everywhere
but couldn’t find it. 20) In the United States traveling ___ long-distance
trains is not so popular as in many other parts ___ the world. 21) I want three
first-class tickets ___ the “Red Arrow” ___ Friday ___ a separate compartment.
22) Is there a dining car ___ this train? 23) Which platform does the train ___
Paris leave ___? 24) Nobody took notice ___ his late arrival.

according
to at [3] by [3] for [6] forward
to from [3] in [5] on [6] of [3] to [4] with
without

1) The
  car in front of him stopped so suddenly that he was not able to brake and
  smashed into it.

a) The
  plane was to take off at 5 a.m. and in this hurry-scurry she left the ticket
  on the table.

2) I
  am to return my library books today but I have no spare time at all.

b) You
  should ring her up and apologize.

3) I
  haven’t paid my monthly rent yet. Friday is the last day I can do it, but I
  am to leave for Moscow today. Can you help me?

c) He
  can speak English rather fluently, but that time he was so embarrassed that
  he was not able to say a word.

4) I
  am afraid, I was rude to Kate yesterday.

d) You
  should record the film. Have you got a VCR?

5) I
  have got an urgent work and my computer doesn’t work.

e) I’m
  sorry but I was not able to start my car and had to go by tram.

6) I
  have to prepare for a test but there is a film on TV I’ve wanted to see so
  much.

f) You
  should phone Nick. He has got clever fingers. I am sure he will be able to
  help.

7) Why
  are you so late? You should be more punctual.

g) You
  are to return the books today or you will have to pay a fine.

8) Can
  he speak English? He was dumb as a fish the whole evening.

h) You
  needn’t worry. I shall be able to go to the bank tomorrow and pay it.

9) Why
  did she have to come back home?

i) I can’t
  believe it! He is such a careful driver.

Ex.15.
Translate the following sentences from Russian into English paying attention to
the modal verbs and such expressions as:
It
should (must, can) be saidthat…– Следует
(необходимо, можно) сказать, что…
It
should (must, can) be mentioned that…– Следует
(необходимо, можно) упомянуть, что…
It
should (must, can) be noted that…– Следует
(необходимо, можно) отметить, что…
It
should (must, can) be stressed that…– Следует
(необходимо, можно) подчеркнуть, что…

1) Ей
разрешили воспользоваться мобильным телефоном. 2) Вам придётся поторопиться,
если вы хотите успеть на поезд. 3) Ему приходится ездить в командировки [to
travel on business] каждый месяц. 4) Когда должен был прибыть поезд?
5) Он не смог завести [to start] машину. 6) Тебе следует быть
более внимательным. 7) Он сможет быстро отремонтировать [to
repair] компьютер. 8) Нам пришлось взять такси. 9) Он не смог принять
участие в конференции. 10) Роберт должен уехать в Лондон сегодня вечером. 11)
Ты сможешь проводить меня? 12) Необходимо сказать, что если ты хочешь говорить
по-английски, тебе придется много [hard] работать. 13) Следует
отметить, что любой инженер может дать тебе информацию по этому вопросу. 14) Я
надеюсь, они смогли купить билет на последний поезд. 15) Ты можешь идти, я
закончу работу сам. 16) Мы должны были встретиться на станции в 6 часов вечера.
17) Следует подчеркнуть, что она была вынуждена рассказать все полицейскому
инспектору. 18) Следует отметить, что объявления на доске должны быть написаны
заглавными буквами [in capital letters]. 19) Следует отметить, что
людям в больших городах приходится тратить много денег на оплату проезда в
общественном транспорте. 20) Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока [till] вы
её не закончите.

Ex.16.
TEST. Choose the right variant.
1)
Passengers _____ come to the airport an hour before the take-off time.
a) are
allowed to b) must c) will not able to d) needn’t
2) We
usually go to the south by plane but tomorrow we _____ travel three by train as
we didn’t make a reservation for the flight.
a)
shall be allowed to b) needn’t c) shall have to d) should
3) You
_____ phone me again, I never forget my promise.
a) need
not b) must not c) can not d) are not allowed
4) I
_____ take a bus because Martin gave me a lift.
a) did
not have to b) am not able to c) was allowed to d) was to
5) When
the new road is built, I _____ drive to work in under half an hour. Now I _____
spend much more time.
a) are
able to b) shall be able to c) shall be allowed to d) could
a) have
to b) should c) needn’t d) am allowed to
6) The
pilot _____ land the plane on only one engine.
a)
needn’t b) was able to c) should d) were allowed to
7)
Airline passengers _____ use mobile telephones during the flight.
a) are
able to b) are not allowed to c) were to d) needn’t

8) Stay
here till she is free. I think you _____ wait long.
a) need
not b) will not have to c) are not allowed to d) shouldn’t
9)
According to the rules a football player _____ touch the ball with his hands.
a) is
able to b) has to c) must not d) will be allowed to
10)
Luckily I _____ find a taxi.
a) have
to b) could c) was to d) shall not be allowed
11) You
_____ shout, I am not deaf.
a) need
not b) will not be able to c) are not allowed to d) can
12) The
speed in cities _____ exceed 60 km per hour.
a)
shouldn’t b) is to c) need not d) will be allowed to
13) It
is a non-smoking carriage. You _____ smoke here.
a) must
not b) should c) need not d) are allowed to
14) You
_____ carry your driving license with you.
a)
should b) are not allowed to c) will not be able to d) was to
15) You
_____ answer the question if you don’t want to.
a) have
to b) need not c) may d) will be able to

*The
results of the test: If your score is 15-16 correct answers, you are doing
just great; 11-14 stand for good knowledge; 7-10 mean you have some problems;
if the number of your correct answers is less than 7, go and learn the rules.
Ex.17.
Present Indefinite Active or Present Continuous Active? Put the verb in
brackets into the correct tense form.
1) Many
foreign tourists [to travel] in our country at present. 2) A person
with a good education usually [to get] a better job. 3) The train is
late because the workers [to repair] the track. 4) As a rule the
workers [to repair] the track in summer. 5) Look! Two aircrafts [to
fly] in the dark sky. 6) This fast train always [to
arrive] on schedule. 7) This section of track [to
need] reconstruction. 7) The problem of ecology [to become] one
of the most important problems for mankind now. 8) Englishmen very
seldom [to talk] on the Underground. They [to prefer] to
read newspapers. 9) My TV set [to work] better now because we have
installed the external antenna. 10) I can’t talk to you because I [to
hurry]. 11) The phone [to ring]. Can you answer it? 12) The arrow of compass
always [to point] to the North. 13) Nowadays the railways in the
USA [to transport] only 0.6 per cent of passengers. 14) … all these
passengers [to wait] for the suburban train arrival? 15) … you
often [to receive] letters from your former group-mates? 16) Please,
don’t make much noise. The students [to write] a test. 17) … he
usually [to buy] one-way or round trip tickets? 18) What berth …
you [to prefer] to travel by? 19) Where is John? – He [to
meet] his friends at the airport. 20) What platform …our train [to
depart] from? 21) What … you [to look for]? – I [to look
for] my umbrella. Look out of the window, it [to rain] cats and
dogs.
Ex.18.
Past Indefinite Active or Past Continuous Active? Put the verb in brackets into
the correct tense form.
1)
We [to arrive – Past Indefinite Active] at
the railway station when the train [to approach –
Past Continuous Active] the platform. 2) The overall control of the
system [to do – Present Continuous Passive] by
computers. 3) Can you tell me who [to sit – Present
Continuous Active] next to you? 4) He [to drive – Past
Continuous Active] home when he [to hear – Past
Indefinite Active] the news on the radio. 5) A lot of people [to
wait – Past Continuous Active] for the bus arrival at
the stop. 6) At present 2,500 km of high-speed lines [to
construct – Present Continuous Passive] in Europe and
Asia. 7) You [to catch – Future Indefinite
Active] the train, if you [to hurry – Present
Indefinite Active] up. 8) Steel rails [to use – Past
Indefinite Passive] in the USA for the first time in 1863. 9) The
experiment [to be – Past Indefinite Active] very
interesting, it [to watch – Past Continuous
Passive] with great attention. 10) Competition between transport
modes [to intensify – Present Continuous
Active] now. 11) The guide [to speak –Present
Indefinite Active] English, German and Spanish, but he [to
speak –Future Continuous Active] Spanish this afternoon because
most of the visitors [to be –Present Indefinite
Active] from Spain.
Ex.23.
TEST. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.
1) When
I came to Baku in 1962, the first Metro line ___ there.
a) was
building b) was built c) was being built d) will be built
2) The
bridge ___the island to the mainland.
a) is
joining b) joins c) is joined d) was being joined
3) The
movement of trains is restricted on that section of the line because it ___.
a) is
being repaired b) will repair c) was being repaired d) repairs
4) Such
materials as reinforced concrete [железобетон] and
steel ___ widely for the construction of modern bridges.
a) are
used b) were being used c) will be used d) use
5) In
the compartment passengers usually ___ their suitcases into a special box under
the lower berth.
a) are
put b) are putting c) put d) will be put
6) The
train ___ Moscow; let’s start packing.
a) approaches
b) is approaching c) will approach d) was approaching
7)
Evidently the car ___ at a high speed so at this steep turn the crash was
inevitable.
a) was
going b) went c) is going d) will go
8) Last
year many valuable minerals ___ by geologists in the North.
a) are
discovered b) were discovering c) were discovered d) discover
9)
Look! Somebody ___ to open your car.
a) will
try b) tries c) is trying d) is being tried
10) He
___ to buy a car but first he must learn to drive.
a) want
b) wants c) will want d) wanted

11)
When he came into the office the secretary ___ a crossword puzzle.
a) is
doing b) was doing c) did d) was being done
12) At
the end of May the students ___ for their examinations.
a) will
be preparing b) prepares c) are preparing d) shall be prepared
13) In
Spain first class train passengers ___ with free newspapers and at-seat meals.
a) are
provided b) provide c) are being provided d) was being provided
14) A
beautiful bridge ___ in our city. It will be finished next year.
a) is
being built b) was built c) is building d) will built
15)
Someone ___ you. Will you answer the phone?
a)
calls b) called c) is calling d) will be calling

*The
results of the test: If your score is 14-15 correct answers, you are doing
just great; 11-13 stand for good knowledge; 8-10 mean you have some problems;
if the number of your correct answers is less than 8, go and learn the rules.
1)
Automobile companies are working now at the development of an electric
super car. [What…?] 2) The cars may be parked here after
5 p.m. [When…?] 3) Long steel bars on which the trains run
are called the rails. [What…?] 4) The accident
happened on the bridge. [Where…?] 5) Our train is
standing at the platform №4 ready to leave. 6)
Express trains stop only at large stations on their way. [What…?] 7) We were
going to the railway station along the railway track. [Who…?
Where…?] 8) The plant will produce a new model of the car next
year. [When…?] 9) Telegraph cables are usually laid under
the ground. [Where…?] 10) The plane was flying so low that
we could see the pilot. [What height…?] 11) There are
discounts only for return tickets. [What…?] 12)
No planes took off on that day because of low clouds.
[Why…?] 13) In Britain people drive on the left-hand
side. [What country…?] 14) Passengers should keep their
tickets till the end of the trip. [How long…?] 15)
The “Repin” train departs from St. Petersburg’s Finlandsky terminal. [What…?] 16)
Fares are being collected by a driver himself. [Whom…?]
TEXT A
Read
and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
MISTAKEN
IDENTITY
(after
M. Twain)

Several
years ago I arrived in New York, where I was to change trains and take a
sleeper. There were crowds of people on the platform, and they were all trying
to get into the long sleeper train, which was already crowded. I asked the
young man in the booking office if I could have a sleeping-berth and he
answered: “No”. I went off and asked another local official if I could have
some poor little corner somewhere in a sleeping car, but he interrupted me
angrily saying: “No, you can’t, every corner is full. Now do not bother me any
more” and he turned his back and walked off. I felt so hurt that I said to my
companion: “If these people knew who I was, they… .” But my companion stopped
me there: “Don’t talk such nonsense,” he said, “if they knew who you were, do
you think it would help you to get a vacant seat in a train which has no vacant
seats in it?”
This
did not improve my mood at all but then I noticed that the porter of a sleeping
car was looking at me. I saw the expression of his face suddenly change. He
whispered to the conductor, pointing to me and I realized I was being talked
about. Then the conductor came forward, his face all politeness.
“Can I
be of any service to you?” he asked. “Do you want a place in a sleeping car?”
“Yes,”
I said. “I will be very grateful to you if you can give me a place, anything
will do.”
“We
have nothing left except the big family compartment,” the conductor continued,
“with two berths and a couple of arm-chairs in it. It is entirely at your
disposal. Here, Tom, take these suitcases aboard!”

Then he
touched his hat and moved along. The porter made us comfortable in the
compartment and then he said, with many bows and smiles:
“Is
there anything you want, sir? Because you can have just anything you want.”
“Can I
have some hot water?” I asked.
“Yes,
sir, I’ll get it myself.”
“Good!
Now this lamp is hung too high above the berth. Can I have a better lamp fixed
just at the head of my bed below the luggage rack, so that I can read
comfortably?”
“Yes,
sir. The lamp you want is just being fixed in the next compartment. I will get
it from there and fix it here. It will burn all night. Yes, sir, you can ask
for anything you want, the whole railroad will be turned inside out to please
you.” And he disappeared.
I
smiled at my companion and said:
“Well,
what do you say now? Didn’t their attitude change the moment they understood I
was Mark Twain?” My companion did not answer. So I added: “Don’t you like the
way you are being served? And all for the same fare.”
As I
was saying this, the porter’s smiling face appeared in the door way and this
speech followed:
“Oh,
sir, I recognized you the minute I set my eyes on you.”
“Is
that so, my boy?” I said, handing him a good tip. “Who am I?”
“Mr.
McClellan, Mayor of New York,” he said and disappeared again.
I
usually ___ by train, because it’s only a bit slower than the plane and it’s
more reliable. It ___ $100 return. The journey ___ about 4 hours. I usually ___
the 10.30 train, which ___ New York at 2 p.m. It’s comfortable and always ___
on time.
Now
it’s your turn to tell your friend how you get or can get →1)
from Samara to your native town; 2) from Samara to Moscow; 3) from Moscow to
Vladivostok; 4) from Moscow to London; 5) from Paris to London; 6) from Samara
to Washington. Use your imagination.

Ex.32.
Read the following dialogues in pairs replacing Russian words by their English
equivalents.
Dialogue
1
Passenger – I
want билет в Springfield.
Clerk– Which
Springfield? There are разные Springfields…
Passenger – I
suppose Springfield, Massachusetts, is the cheapest. It is the closest to here
anyway. Fortunately, it is also the Springfield I want to go to. What is плата за проезд,
please?
Clerk – Six
dollars and eighty cents for билет
“туда”,
eleven dollars and fifty cents for билет
“туда и обратно”.
Passenger –
Когда отправляется ближайший поезд?
Clerk –
Есть поезд в
4.10. There is also another at 7.20 сегодня вечером.
Passenger –
Are they both прямые поезда?
Clerk – The
4.10 is скорый поезд and делает только одну
остановку in New Heaven. It прибывает в Springfield
at 9.30. The second is поезд, который идёт со всеми остановками and
takes about полтора часа longer.
Passenger –
Is there вагон ресторан on
both trains?
Clerk – There
is вагон ресторан on
the 4.10. The 7.20 has only a snack bar. They as usual serve sandwiches and
coffee, drinks, etc.
Passenger –
…

What
train would you choose if you were the passenger? Complete the dialogue.
[Ted
and Ben, who are about 14, have been allowed by their parents to поехать за город на поезде for
a day. They make themselves comfortable in an empty купе.
Suddenly Ben sees Ted’s билет lying
on the seat. He moves it up, берёт его и кладёт в карман. He
says nothing to Ted.]
Ted –Где мой билет? I
had it a minute ago.
Ben –You’d
better поискать его. Контролёр will
be here через минуту. If
you can’t показать him your ticket, he’ll
make you платить double.
Ted –But у меня нет enough
money. Что же мне делать?
[Ted
gets up, turns out his pockets, ищет билет на полу,
but all this doesn’t help.]
Ben –У меня
есть хорошая идея.
Ted –What
is it?
Ben –You
get under the seat till he has gone. I’ll sit over you and hide you with my
legs. Он не заметит тебя. As
soon as he has gone, you can come out.
Ted –He’ll
be here any minute. Мне залазить под кресло right
now?
Ben –Yes,
you’d better. And don’t move while он в вагоне.
[Ted
gets under the seat. Контролёр comes
along. Ben hands him two tickets.]
Insp. –Чей это билет?
Ben –Oh,
that’s my friend’s.
Insp. –Where
has he gone?
Ben –Nowhere. Он
под креслом.
Insp. –И что
он там делает?
Ben –Oh, ему
нравится путешествовать под креслом, aren’t you, Ted?
Ted[getting
out from under the seat] –All right! I’ll pay you back for this. Just
you подожди.

Change
dialogue 4 to a story, using the following words and expressions.
to buy
tickets for the commuter train; to get on the train; to make oneself
comfortable; to play a trick; to put the ticket in the pocket; to look for the
ticket; to have a good idea; to get under the seat; to enter the compartment;
to hand the inspector two tickets; to be fond of traveling under the seat; to
pay Ben back for this trick.
☻TEXT B.
HOW TO
AVOID TRAVELING
(after
G. Mikes)
Travel
is the name of a modern disease, which started in the mid-fifties and is still
spreading. The patient grows restless in the early spring and starts rushing
about from one travel agency to another, collecting useless information about
the places he doesn’t intend to visit. Then, he or usually she, will do a round
of shops* and spend much more than he or she can afford. Finally in August, the
patient will board a plane, a train, a bus or a car and go to foreign countries
along with thousands of his fellow-countrymen, not because he is interested in
or attracted by some place, nor because he can afford to go but simply because
he cannot afford not to. The result is that in the summer months (and in the
last few years during the winter season too) everybody is on the move**.
What is
the aim of traveling? Each nationality has its own different one. The Americans
want to take photographs of themselves in different places. The idea is simply
to collect documentary proof that they have been there. The German travels to
check up on his guidebooks. Why do the English travel? First, because their
neighbor does. Secondly, they were taught that travel broadens the mind***. But
mainly they travel to avoid foreigners. I know many English people who travel
in groups, stay in hotels where even the staff is English, eat roast beef and
Yorkshire pudding on Sunday and steak-and-kidney pies on weekdays, all over
Europe. The main aim of the Englishman abroad is to meet people, I mean, of
course, nice English people from the next door or from the next street. It is
possible, however, that the mania for traveling is coming to an end. A Roman
friend of mine told me: “I no longer travel at all. I stay here because I want
to meet my friends from all over the world.” “What exactly do you mean?” I
asked. “It is simple,” he explained. “Whenever I go to London my friend Smith
is in Tokyo and Brown is in Sicily. If I go to Paris, my friends are either in
London or in Spain. But if I stay in Rome all my friends, I’m sure, will turn
up at one time or another****. The world means people to me. I stay here
because I want to see the world. Besides, staying at home broadens the mind.”
Notes:
*to do a round of shops – идти от одного магазина к другому,
покупая что-либо
**to be
on the move – путешествовать
***to
broaden the mind – расширять кругозор
****at
one time or another – раньше или позже
Ex.34.
True or false? Correct the statements which do not correspond to the contents
of text C.
1)
Travel is the name of a modern disease, which started in the mid-forties. 2)
People begin thinking about traveling in the early spring. 3) Preparing for the
trip, he or she spends more than he or she can afford. 4) In November people
board planes, trains, buses, subway or cars and go to foreign countries. 5) In
summer everybody stay at home. 6) Each nationality has its own aim of
traveling. 7) The Americans travel because they want to check up on their
guidebooks. 8) The English travel abroad to avoid foreigners and to meet nice
English people. 9) The German travels all over Europe to eat roast beef and
Yorkshire pudding. 10) Staying at home broadens the mind.

TEXT D
Have
you ever read any English books in the original? The text given below is taken
from the famous A. Christie’s story. Try to translate it, consulting a
dictionary as little as possible.
Mrs. McGillicuddy was going along the
platform, trying to catch up with the porter who was carrying her suitcase.
Mrs. McGillicuddy was burdened with a large number of parcels; the result of a
day’s Christmas shopping. Platform No 1 was rather crowded; people were rushing
in several directions at once, to and from undergrounds, left-luggage offices,
tea-rooms, enquiry offices, indicator boards, to the outside world.
Mrs. McGillicuddy and her parcels were
buffeted to and fro, but she arrived at last at the entrance to Platform No 3
and deposited one parcel at her feet while she was looking her bag for the
ticket that would enabled her to pass stern uniformed guardian at the gate.
At that moment, a loud voice burst into
speech over her head. “The train standing at Platform 3” the voice told her,
“is the 4.50 for Brackhampton, Milchester and Roxeter. Passengers for
Brackhampton travel at the rear of the train. Passengers for Carvil change at
Roxeter”. The voice shut itself off with a click and then reopened conversation
by announcing the arrival at Platform No. 9 of the 4.00 from Birmingham.
Mrs. McGillicuddy found her ticket and
presented it. The man clipped it, murmured: “On the right-rear portion.” Mrs.
McGillicuddy found her porter outside the door of a third-class carriage. “Here
you are, lady.” – “I’m traveling first-class,” said Mrs. McGillicuddy. “You
didn’t say so,” grumbled the porter. He took the suitcase and marched with it
to the adjoining coach. The 4.50 was almost empty, as the first-class
passengers preferred either the faster morning express or the 6.40 with a
dining car. Mrs. McGillicuddy handed the porter his tip, which he received with
disappointment, considering it more suitable to third-class than to first-class
travel. But Mrs. McGillicuddy, though prepared to spend money on comfortable
travel after a night journey from the North and a day’s feverish shopping, was
at no time an extravagant tipper.
She made herself comfortable on the plush
cushions with a sigh and opened a magazine. Five minutes later, whistles blew,
and the train started. Three minutes later she was asleep. She slept for forty
minutes and awoke refreshed. It was quite dark now. “Serving last tea now,”
said an attendant, opening the corridor door. But Mrs. McGillicuddy had already
had tea at a large department store. She looked up at the rack where her
various parcels reposed, with a pleased expression. Her satisfied gaze returned
to the window; a train traveling in the opposite direction rushed by with a
screech, making the windows rattle. The train passed through a station. Then it
began suddenly to slow down, probably in obedience to a signal. For some
minutes it crawled along, stopped; and then began to move forward again,
gathering speed. For a time two trains ran parallel, now one gaining a little,
now the other. Mrs. McGillicuddy looked from her window through the windows of
the parallel carriages. Most of the blinds were down, but occasionally the
passengers of the carriages were visible. The other train was not very full and
there were many empty coaches. Suddenly in one of the compartments of the
passing train Mrs. McGillicuddy saw a man. His hands were round the throat of a
woman who faced him; he was slowly, remorselessly strangling her.
Ex.1.
Practice the reading.
► tion,
sion
▪
preparation, election, protection, inspection,
injection, destination, computerization, condition,
reduction, demagnetization, contamination, introduction,
contribution, attention, stationary, acceleration,
dictionary, detection, application, gravitation,
deviation, ignition, competition, mention, motion,
civilization, conventional, constructional;
▪
session, conversion, compression, permission, confession,
dimension, suspension, depression, expansion,transmission,extension,
professional,collision, precision, decision,
confusion, fusion, corrosion, division, explosion,
adhesion, abrasion, occasional.
►
ar, er, or, ur, ir
▪
discard, cargo, artery, compartment, depart,
charter, debark, barge, enlarge, apart, arc,
charge, hardly, parking, starter, article,
alarm, parcel;
▪ BUT:
warm, warn, award, warrant;
▪
internal, terminal, transfer, alert, berth,
concern, serve, emerge, service, personal,
commercial, convert, permanent, defer, advertisement,
converge, per, alternative, certain, refer,
mercury, reserve;
▪
perform, formula, reinforce, ordinary, extraordinary, ore,
accord, enormous, retort, cordon, absorb, border,
corporation, disorder, forward, incorporate, record,
normally, transform, support;
▪ BUT:
worth, word, worm, world;
▪ urgent,
surface, turbine, furnace, occur, disturb, surname,
interurban, suburban, curve, turn, return, further,
purpose, survey, furbish, burst, spur, absurd,
burden, cursor, curb;
▪
firm, circuit, birth, circular, swirl, confirm,
first, third, birch, shirk, smirk, affirm.

Words and word
  combinations to be remembered

1) to consider –
  считать, полагать; учитывать, принимать во внимание 2)
  to cover – проходить, преодолевать (расстояние); охватывать; покрывать 3)to
  delay – задерживать(ся), опаздывать 4)
  to design – проектировать, конструировать
  design – проект, конструкция 5)
  double-track line –двухпутная линия 6)
  to draw (drew, drawn) – тянуть, тащить 7) to drive
  (drove, driven) – ехать, везти, вести; приводить в движение 8)
  engine – двигатель; локомотив 9)
  freight – груз(ы) 10)
  to fuel –заправлять топливом fuel
  –топливо
  11)gauge – ширина колеи, колея
  narrow-gauge railway – узкоколейная железная дорога
  broad-gauge railway – ширококолейная железная дорога 12)
  to invent – изобретать
  invention – изобретение
  inventor – изобретатель 13)
  to invite – приглашать
  invitation – приглашение 14)
  main – основной, главный
  mainline – магистраль
  mainly – в основном 15)
  to mean (meant, meant) – значить, означать; иметь в виду
  means of transport – средство транспорта
  means of communication – средство связи 16) to move – двигаться
  movement – движение 17)
  to power – приводить в движение
  power – сила, мощность, энергия
  powerful – мощныйmotive
  power – движущая сила
  horse-powered –приводимый в движение лошадьми 18)
  to produce –производить, создавать
  production – производство, изготовление 19)
  railway track – железнодорожный путь (полотно) 20)
  to replace – заменять
  replacement – замена 21)
  route – линия, маршрут en
  route – в пути 22)
  sleeper – шпала; спальный вагон 23)
  steam – пар 24)
  vehicle – транспортное средство 25)
  wheel – колесо

1) to
replace smth. by (with) smth.5)at a
speed of9) due to
2) to
speak tosmb. about (of) smth.6)by
means of10) owing to
3) to
preventsmb./ smth. fromdoing smth.7) in order
to11) thanks to
4) to
invite smb. to 8) because of

Ex.2.
Describe the relationship between each of the following words (antonyms,
synonyms, neither).
1) to
invent/ to invite 11) freight/ cargo/ load/ goods
2)
narrow/ broad 12) means of transport/ mode of transport
3) to
produce/ to manufacture 13) fast/ slow
4)
heavy/ light 14) to move/ to run/ to travel
5) to
operate/ to drive/ to propel/ to power 15) motive power/ tractive power
6)
sleeper/ crosstie/ tie 16) to replace/ to substitute/ to change
7)
movement / traffic 17) to invent/ to devise
8) to
draw/ to pull/ to haul 18) mainline/ trunk line
9) to
use/ to apply 19) to pull/ to push
10)
means of transport/ by means of 20) to delay/ to detain
Ex.3.
Match the words in the left column with their translation on the right.

1)
  cast iron

a)
  бетонная шпала

2)
  concrete sleeper

b)
  вагонеточные пути

3)
  driving wheel

c)
  ведущее колесо

4) to
  gain experience

d)
  виадук

5)
  internal combustion engine

e)
  двигатель внутреннего сгорания

6) jet
  engine

f)
  деревянная шпала

7)
  manual labor

g) изыскательская
  работа (партия)

8)
  self-propelled vehicle

h)
  накапливать опыт

9)
  service life

i)
  паровой двигатель

10)
  steam engine

j)
  реактивный двигатель

11)
  surveying work (party)

k)
  ручной труд

12)
  tram ways

l)
  самоходное транспортное средство

13)
  viaduct

m)
  срок службы

14)
  wooden sleeper

n)
  чугун

Translate
the sentences given below from Russian into English.
1)
Машины заменили тяжёлый ручной труд строителей железных дорог. 2) Срок службы
бетонных шпал – 40-50 лет. 3) Первые вагонеточные пути использовались на
шахтах [a mine] для перевозки угля [coal]. 4)
В России первое самоходное транспортное средство было изобретено И.П. Кулибиным
в 18 веке. 5) Реактивные двигатели работают на керосине [kerosene].
6) Первый паровоз отца и сына Черепановых имел четыре колеса, два из которых
были ведущими. 7) Деревянные рельсы были недолговечными [short-lived],
поэтому их сначала заменили чугунными, а затем стальными. 8) Существуют
различные типы двигателей внутреннего сгорания: такие как дизельный,
бензиновый, электрический, реактивный. 9) С изобретением парового двигателя
начался новый этап [stage] в развитии транспорта. 10) Люди
накопили большой опыт в сооружении мостов и виадуков.

Ex.4. Translate
the words given in the box into English.
Бетонный
двигатель замена из-за изобретение конструкция мощный пар паровой двигатель
Проходить
срок службы считать топливо тянуть транспортное средство шпала энергия
1) The
driver of the [steam locomotive; vehicle; electric car] may be
fined by the police officer if he violates the traffic rules or drives under
the influence of alcohol.
2)
George M. Pullman not only [required; invented; replace] the
sleeping car, he also was the first to design and build the [restaurant
car; wheel; steam engine].
3)
Aircrafts are not able to [move; carry; pull] a lot in weight
and are used mainly for transporting mail, people and valuable [goods;
passengers; freight]. [Heavy; light; narrow] loads are
usually transported by freight trains.
4) Your
car is in good condition but you have to [improve; use; replace] worn-out
tires.
5)
Electric train can be [driven; propelled; powered] either by
electric locomotive or by motor cars.
6) The
invention of the [fuel; double-track railway; steam engine] aroused
great interest; it was much spoken and written about.
7) The
first [electric; jet; steam] locomotives were not strong and
they often broke down.
8) An
atomic icebreaker needs only a few grams of [coal; diesel fuel; atomic
fuel] a week, whereas an ordinary icebreaker needs more than 100 tons
of fuel a day.
9) The
underground is a very convenient [means of transport; form of
transport; vehicle] but it does not suit me because I live a long way
from the station.
10)
There were many passengers at the airport on New Year’s Eve as many flights
were [delayed; required; prevented] because of the snowstorm.
11) New
plastic and synthetic materials are widely [applied; used; substituted] for
the interior and exterior finishes of carriages.
12) As
the railways now have a [standard gauge; narrow gauge; broad gauge],
it is possible to travel over several lines without changing bogies [тележка].

Ex.6.
Read the following sentences, replacing the Russian words by their English
equivalents. Be careful with Grammar!
1)
Werner von Siemens [создавать] the
first experimental [электровоз].
2) There was something wrong with the front [колесо] of
the car. 3) Box cars [использоваться] for [перевозка грузов] which [требовать] protection
from the weather. 4) There was some [двигатель] trouble
and the driver asked the passengers to [выходить] the
bus. 5) On the first railways [шпала] were
laid down along [железнодорожный путь];
nowadays [шпала] are
laid down transversely. 6) Samuel Morse [изобретать] a
code in which letters of the alphabet [заменять] by
dots and dashes. 7) At the railway stations there are announcement boards that
inform passengers when and to what [путь] the
train [прибывать]. 8) A
dispatcher controls [движение поездов] over
a definite section of [путь]. 9)
The construction of new railway lines is always preceded by long and
thorough [изыскательская работа].
10) In the past the word «engineer» [означать]
[конструктор двигателей].
11) The trains [задерживать] [в пути] by
the snowstorm for a couple of hours. 12) After the accident they had to [заменять]
[топливный] tank.
13) When the first [самоходное транспортное средство] appeared,
measures were taken to limit their speed in many countries.

Ex.7.
Pay attention to compound prepositions: according to, as far as, because of, by
means of, due to, in addition to, in front of, in order to, on account of,
owing to, thanks to, in spite of. Match
the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.

1) Because
  of bad weather…

a) due
  to careless driving.

2) He ran across
  the street…

b) the Metro
  station with you.

3) Everything
  went…

c) on
  account of low clouds.

4) The accident
  has happened…

d) in
  order to catch the bus.

5) No planes
  took off on that day…

e) according
  to the plan.

6) In
  addition to the usual methods of computation…

f) the passenger
  service in the city was improved.

7) I will
  go as far as…

g) the train was
  not late.

8) By
  means of telephone…

h) they used
  computers.

9) Is there a
  bus stop…

i) the number of
  accidents went down.

10) Owing
  to the establishment of the new trolley-bus route…

j) people
  communicate with each other at great distance.

11) Thanks
  to the new system of regulations…

k) the match was
  postponed for a week.

12) In
  spite of the dense fog…

l) in
  front of your house?

1) ___ the information received by us the
ship will arrive on the 10th of April. 2) I go by bus ___ the
State Library and then walk a few blocks to my office. 3) ___ his help we
finished our work early. 4) Taking off the plane was delayed ___ a heavy rain.
5) The dispatcher can communicate with the loco driver over long distances ___
a radiotelephone. 6) The new equipment was used ___ test the vibration of the
engine. 7) ___ the trouble in the engine there appeared another in the
transmission. 8) The work is going on ___ the schedule. 9) He was late ___ heavy
traffic. 10) The Metro station is ___ my house. 11) ___ the new project, the
railway will be extended ___ the seaport. 12) ___ win in the competition with
air transport, the efficiency and quality of freight and passenger services
must be improved. 13) The train departure had not been delayed ___ the
accident. 14) ___ this device we can carry out more operations in shorter time.
15) ___ the problem with the car, we enjoyed the journey very much. 16) The
engine didn't operate well ___ bad fuel. 17) ___ to sails the boat was also
supplied with a motor. 18) No traffic was allowed ___ the accident. 19) In big
ports ships are loaded and unloaded ___ powerful cranes. 20) ___ the traffic
lights ahead, the car continued moving at the same speed. 21) It is necessary
to build good roads ___ promote the rapid development of this region. 22) D.I.
Mendeleyev arranged chemical elements ___ their atomic weights.
according to [4] as
far as [2] because of [2] by means of [3] due
to in addition to [2] in front of in order to [3] on
account of owing to in spite of [3]
Ex.9. Fill in the blanks with
the prepositions if necessary. Consult the box.
1) Their decision will depend ___ how
interesting your offer is. 2) Steam locomotives were not able to haul very
heavy trains ___ a high speed. 3) There were no means of direct communication
___ the telephone was invented. 4) He was invited ___ the conference but he
didn't accept the invitation. 5) The fog prevented the planes ___ taking off.
6) The traffic in the city centre was delayed ___ the demonstration. 7) This
new train develops a very high speed since it is equipped ___ powerful engines.
8) Steel which is used ___ the production ___ rails must be of high quality. 9)
The incandescent lamp was invented ___ Thomas Edison. 10) There are a number
___ questions I'd like to speak ___ you ___. 11) The switch [стрелочный перевод] is
the mechanism which is used to move the trains ___ one track ___ another. 12)
The management of the Oktyabrskaya Railway pays much attention ___ the improvement
of passengers’ service ___ the terminals 13) The railway station is an hour’s
drive ___ my house. 14) The first passenger cars were lighted ___ candles;
later candles were replaced ___ oil and gas lamps.

about at [2] before
by [4] for from [3] on of [2] to [4]
with

1) В
1994 году Париж стал для лондонцев ближе, чем Глазго [Glasgow],
потому что железнодорожный тоннель под Ла-Маншем [the Channel
Tunnel] был открыт для движения. 2) Щебёнка [broken
stone] – самый подходящий материал для балласта. 3) КПД [efficiency] электровозов
в четыре раза выше, чем КПД паровозов. 4) В настоящее время некоторые самолёты
летают быстрее звука. 5) Где находится ближайшее почтовое отделение? 6)
Благодаря компьютерам мы обрабатываем [to process] информацию
в миллион раз быстрее. 7) Билет в плацкартный вагон стоит дешевле, чем в
спальный, потому что спальные вагоны более удобные. 8) Самый длинный
автомобильный [road] тоннель в мире соединяет Францию и
Италию. Он построен под [beneath] самой высокой горой Европы
Монблан [Mont Blanc]. 9) Бетонные шпалы более надёжные, чем
деревянные, и они служат [to last] дольше. 10) Железная дорога
Москва-Санкт Петербург – самая старая и самая знаменитая магистраль в нашей
стране.
Ex.15.
Past Indefinite or Present Perfect? Put the verb into the correct tense form.
1)
I [to lose] my passport last month, and nobody [to
find] it yet. 2) Two years [to pass] since he left.
3) They [to move] to Washington several years ago. 4) The
engineer [to show] his foreign friends the bridge in the
building of which he [to take part] in 1980. 5) He [not/
to decide] yet what to do. 6) We [to know] each other
since childhood. 7) The journalists [to ask] me many questions
at the yesterday’s interview. 8) When … you [to arrive] in
Prague? – I [to arrive] here last September. So I [to
live] in this city for three months. 9) Are you still studying or …
you already [to find] a job? 10) I [to rush] to
the platform and [to get] on the train. 11) The coffee I [to
buy] last week is very good but very expensive. 12) We [to
learn] a lot of words and grammatical rules lately. 13) All my
money [to steal] on the way to the airport yesterday and I
couldn’t fly anywhere. 14) Mail just [to deliver] by the
helicopter 15) …you ever [to visit] other countries? – Yes,
I [to be] to France and Spain. 16) Today I [to
invite] to give a talk on the radio. 17) Don’t worry! The equipment
already [to pack]. 18) We first [to come] to
this town more than 20 years ago. Everything [to change] in
the town since that time. 19) The nearest way to the station [to
show] to them an hour ago, but they [not/ to arrive] yet.
20) She [to ask] the clerk if all the trains arrive on time
here.
Ex16.
Past Indefinite, Past Continuous or Past Perfect? Put the verb into the correct
tense form.
1) I
didn’t convince the inspector that I [to lose] my ticket only
some moments before. 2) They spoke so quickly that I didn’t understand what
they [to talk] about. 3) While we [to wait] for
the train, it [to start] to rain. 4) We knew that the 2
o’clock train [to leave] already and decided to go by bus. 5)
Before I came to the office the manager already [to sign] the
documents. 6) I [to see] you from the bus yesterday. Where …
you [to hurry] at that time? 7) Where … you [to
be] at about three yesterday afternoon? – Oh, I [to
repair] my car at that time. 8) The journey from Paris to London [to
take] much longer before the Channel Tunnel was built. 9) The police
officer [to ask] me what I [to do] at the
time when the accident took place. 10) The station master [to say] that
no trains [to arrive] at the station during the night because
of the heavy snowstorm in the mountains. 11) They [to work out] a
detailed plan before starting off on an expedition. 12) Mary [to
clean] the windscreen when she noticed a crack in the glass. 13) Some
people [to sleep] on the benches waiting for their trains. 14)
Yesterday he [to pass] his driving test at the first attempt.

Ex.17.
Model: He can do this
work. → The
work can be done (by him).
1) She can find a job easily.
2) The matter is urgent. They have to phone her immediately.
3) You must send the document as quickly as possible. 4) He
has got a pay rise now they can buy a new house. 5) The lecture is
over. You may ask your questions. 6) Ecologists say that we should
take care of our planet. 7) He was to give back the book on
Saturday. 8) The boss wants to talk to Mr. Black. You must find him immediately.
9) You should avoid the centre of the city during rush hours.
10) We are to conduct a series of experiments this week. 11)
He should not sign the contract without reading it thoroughly.
12) You must not exceed the speed limit if you don’t want to
be fined by the traffic policeman. 13) You may write this exercise with
a pencil. 14) You must do it without delay.

Ex.22. TEST. Choose
the correct grammar form to translate a predicate.
1) Этот вокзал был пущен в эксплуатацию в прошлом году.
a) has been put b) was put c) was being put
2) Сейчас здесь строится новый супермаркет.
a) is being built b) is built c) is
building
3) Мы приступили к работе, после того как прочитали инструкцию.
a) started b) were started c) have started
a) had been read b) has read c) had read
4) Студентов экзаменуют два раза в год.
a) are being examined b) are examined c)
has been examined
5) Новое здание института уже построили, когда я поступил на
экономический факультет.
a) was constructed b) has been constructed
c) had been constructed
a) was entering b) entered c) have been
entered
6) Наш завод выпустит новый автомобиль к концу года.
a) will produce b) will be producing c)
will have produced
7) Этот фильм никогда не показывали по телевизору.
a) was never shown b) has never been shown
c) had never been shown
8) Секретарь ещё печатает списки участников олимпиады по
английскому языку.
a) is being typed b) types c) is typing
9) К сожалению, вы его не застанете. К этому времени он уже
уедет на вокзал.
a) won’t get b) don’t get c) haven’t got
a) will go b) will have gone c) has gone
10) Сколько стоит билет до Вашингтона? – Я заплатил $150 за
нижнее место в спальном вагоне первого класса.
a) does … cost b) is … cost c) has … cost
a) had paid b) was paid c) paid
11) Джон недавно купил новый мотоцикл.
a) bought b) has bought c) had bought
12) Я видел тебя вчера из автобуса. Куда ты так спешил?
a) have seen b) was seeing c) saw
a) were…hurrying b) did…hurry c) had…
hurried
*The results of the test: If your
score is 15-17 correct answers, you are doing just great; 12-14 stand for good
knowledge; 7-11 mean you have some problems; if the number of your correct
answers is less than 7, go and learn the rules.

1) The
length of the bus route has been increased by 3 km. [How
many…?] 2) The rails are called T-rails because of their shape. [Why…?] 3)
The load weighs a hundred kilograms. [How
many…?] 4) Each passenger must fasten the belt when the plane
takes off or lands. [When…?] 5) Now all the railways have
a standardgauge. [What…?] 6) She left her driving
license at home. [Where…?] 7) They have
been offered ₤350 for their old car, but its price is
much higher. [Who…? How much…?] 8) For some period of time one
underground railway line in London was working entirely
without drivers. [Where…?] 9) 27 British scientists have
gained Nobel awards since 1945. [What…?] 10)
The pipe is leaking at the joint. [Where…?] 11)
The two-speed escalators are being installed at new Metro stations. [Where…?] 12)
According to the terms of the contract the equipment will be paid for on
delivery. [When…?] 13) The service life of steel sleepers
lasts from 35 to 60 years. [How long…?] 14) The
windows in this car are made of unbreakable glass. [What…?] 15)
On the bus he was sitting right in front of me. [Where…?] 16)
The first motor car drivers had to carry large cans of fuel as there
were no filling stations at that time. [Why…?]
Ex.24.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to different tense forms and
voice of the predicates.
1)
После реконструкции линии скорость поездов будет увеличена. 2) Ты обычно
покупаешь билеты заранее или в день отъезда? – Это зависит от
обстоятельств (circumstances). 3) Когда отправляется поезд в
Бостон? – Один поезд только что ушёл, а следующий будет через два часа. 4)
Поезд проходит расстояние от Москвы до Самары за 20 часов. 5) Вы не можете
взять сейчас магнитофон, так как он сломался, и его ремонтируют. 6) Проводник вышел
из вагона и пригласил пассажиров занять свои места. 7) Когда мы пришли на
станцию, все билеты были уже проданы. 8) Машины медленно двигались по горной
дороге. 9) Главный инженер сказал, что наш проект обсуждали долгое время, но, в
конце концов (eventually), он был принят. 10) Паровой двигатель был изобретён в
18 веке.

TEXT A
Read
and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
FROM
THE HISTORY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Part 1
The
word ‘transport’ (or ‘transportation’) means to carry people or goods from
place to place. Henry Ford, the American motor-car manufacturer, said that
“transportation is civilization”.
The
history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in
which all modes of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals,
or on natural forces such as wind and current. The second stage began with the
development of the steam engine. Do you know who invented it? It is sometimes
said that James Watt got the idea for a steam engine while still a boy, watching
steam lift the lid of his mother's tea kettle. The truth is that J. Watt did
not invent the steam engine; however, he made major improvements on the
inefficient steam engine patented in 1705 by Thomas Newcomen, John Cawley, and
Thomas Savery. J.Watt installed his engine in a machine which was used at a
large coal mine for pumping out the water. Soon this invention was widely used
at nearly every large enterprise. The revolution in industry made by this
machine was extremely great.

One of
the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by Richard
Trevithick, a British mining engineer. In 1804 he demonstrated the first
successful railroad steam locomotive. His engine pulled a short train of cars
uphill on a coal-mine railway in Wales. In the years after Trevithick’s
locomotive, several others were built for use on various British coal-mine
railways.
The
world’s first common carrier railroad* to use steam power was the
Stockton-Darlington railway in England. It was designed and built by George
Stephenson and opened for public service in 1825. On the day when it was
opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train
was coming. People on horses and in carriages were driving near the train. When
they had gone for some time, Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked
the horseman to go away. He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of
12 miles per hour (about 20 km per hour). It was a success.

But the
British Parliament did not want to construct railways. The members of the
parliament did not believe that steam engines could run against a strong wind.
Then Stephenson built a new locomotive and called it the Rocket.
This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could draw a
13-ton train at an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles per hour (46 km per hour). In
1829 the Liverpool-Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company
offered a prize of £500 for the best steam loco. The prize was won by
George Stephenson with his famous train. Though not the first such locomotive,
it was the beginning of the effective use of steam power for passenger and
freight transportation. At first many people were afraid of the railways;
nevertheless in 1842 the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in
Britain.
Part 2
Railroads
were born in England, a country of dense population, short distances, and large
financial resources. In England problems were very different from those in
America, which in the early 1800s was a country of great distances, sparse
population, and limited capital. Americans had to learn to build railroads for
their own country by actual experience; they could not copy English methods.
In the
USA the first railroads were built in mines for carrying stone or coal. In 1804
Oliver Evans (who had built an amphibious steam-powered scow with wheels)
declared that he could “make a steam carriage that will run at a speed of 15
miles per hour on good, level railways.” As early as 1812 Colonel John Stevens,
of Hoboken, N.J., began to speak for a new kind of railway. He wanted one that
would provide long-distance transportation, linking distant areas of the
country. In 1815 Stevens obtained the first charter to build a railroadacross
New Jersey, but he was unable to raise the money needed to build it. The first
common carrier railroad to be built in the United States was the Baltimore and
Ohio. It was chartered in 1827 and construction started on July 4, 1828.
The
first steam locomotive to run in the United States, the English-built Stourbridge
Lion,made a trial trip over the tracks of the Delaware and Hudson Canal
Company in Pennsylvania in 1829. On the day of a test trip a lot of people came
from miles around the small Pennsylvania town to see the first run of the steam
locomotive. The engineer** refused to let anyone ride with him –
perhaps because the engine had not been tested before. As the signal to start
was given, there was a moment of suspense… Then, slowly, the wheels began to
turn. Cheers went up as engineer Allen opened the throttle wide and began his
historic trip. All along the route, men were waving their hats, small boys were
shouting, and women were looking in amazement as the Lion thundered
past at the fantastic speed of ten miles per hour. Who would have believed that
anything so big could move so fast without a horse to pull it! But the engine
was too heavy for the track and the trip was not repeated.
In the
summer of 1830 service began on the Baltimore and Ohio line, with horses
providing the power. Finally, in December 1830 an American-built locomotive,
the Best Friend of Charleston,hauled a train of cars on the tracks
of the South Carolina Railroad. The railroad had come to America.
Railroads
spread rapidly in the eastern and southern United States, with short lines
being merged to form through routes. By the mid-1850s, railways linked the
Atlantic seaboard and the Midwest. In 1869 the first transcontinental route was
completed to the Pacific coast. Railroads became the dominant mode of overland
transportation in the last half of the 19th century. Faster and
more powerful locomotives and larger freight and passenger cars were built.
Standardization of track gauges and the adoption of standard time zones aided
efficiency. The invention of air brakes****, automatic signaling, and the
automatic coupler***** increased safety. Sleeping cars and dining cars
increased passenger comfort and convenience.
Notes:
*common carrier railroad – железная дорога общего пользования
**engineer
– зд: машинист
***throttle – дроссель,
дроссельная заслонка
****air
brake – воздушный тормоз
*****automatic
coupler – автосцепка

1) The
remark “transportation is civilization” was made by… .
a)
George Washington b) Henry Ford c) James Watt
2)One
of the mankind’s greatest inventions of the 18th century was… .
a) the
steam engine b) the jet engine c) the internal combustion engine
3) The
first stationary steam engines were installed… .
a) at
large farms b) at various industrial enterprises c) at coal mines
4) One
of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by… .
a)
Richard Trevithick b) Thomas Newcomen c) George Stephenson
5) The
first common carrier railway in Britain was laid down between… .
a)
Manchester and Liverpool b) Stockton and London c) Darlington and Stockton
6) The
famous steam locomotive called the Rocket moved at a speed of…
.
a) 46
miles per hour b) 12 miles per hour c) 29 miles per hour
7) The
British Parliament objected to constructing railways because… .
a)
people were afraid of railways b) the members of the British Parliament did not
believe that locomotives could run against a strong wind c) there were no
materials for the construction of railroads
8) John
Stevens failed to build a railroad across New Jersey (the USA) because… .
a) he
couldn’t find railway workers b) he was unable to raise the money
c)
people of the state objected to constructing
10) The
construction of the Baltimore-Ohio railroad lasted… .
a) ten
years b) one year c) three years
11) The
first American-built steam locomotive was called… .
a) the Stourbridge
Lion b) the Best Friend of Charleston c) the Rocket
12)
Railroads became the dominant means of overland transportation in the United
States… .
a) in
the 18th century b) in the first half of the 19th century
c) in
the last half of the 19th century
Ex.28.
You know that there are various types of engines, such as: the water-powered
engine, the wind-powered engine, the steam engine, the internal combustion
engine (diesel, petrol, electric, jet). Read the following sentences
and say which type of the engine is described.
1) In
this engine fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a
furnace.
2) This
engine is very economical; it doesn't need fuel to function. But it is
dependent on the weather.
3) In
this engine there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or
coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it
turns into steam.
4) It
was a wheel but a very small one. Long wide wooden blades were attached to it.
The wheel was driven by the wind.
5) This
engine is too large and heavy; it needs too much fuel.

6) This
engine is an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a river
turned it. It was used for irrigating fields.
7) This
engine is lighter and smaller than a steam engine because it doesn't have a
boiler. It is more powerful than a steam engine because it uses better-quality
fuel: petrol or kerosene.
8) The
power of this engine depends on the quantity of coal. The more coal is put into
the furnace, the stronger the fire is burning. The more steam there is the
faster a train is moving.
9) This
engine is the most ecologically friendly one, because it doesn't pollute
environment with exhausted gases.
10)
This engine is now used in automobiles, diesel locos and motor ships.
11)
This engine is the most powerful, because the gases in it reach the temperature
of over a thousand degrees.
Ex.29.
Translate the following texts: (a) from Russian into English and (b) from
English into Russian (do it in written form).
(a)
НАЧАЛО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ В РОССИИ
Строительство
железных дорог в России началось во второй половине 18 века. Первые
вагонеточные пути были проложены на Урале. Они использовались для перевозки
угля с шахт на Колывано-Воскресенский завод (Kolyvano-Voskresensk
Works). Как рельсы, так и шпалы были сделаны из дерева. Уголь
перевозили в деревянных тележках (a wooden hand-cart), которые
назывались «собаками», потому что скрип несмазанных колёс (the creak of
unlubricated wheels) был похож на визг (a squeal) собаки.
Следует упомянуть, что тележки приводились в движение водяным колесом, в то
время как в Европе основной движущей силой был ручной труд.

Такие
русские изобретатели, как А.С. Ярцев, отец и сын Фроловы, сыграли важную роль в
истории строительства железных дорог. Ярцев предложил заменить деревянные
рельсы чугунными и в 1788 году построил первую «чугунку» на артиллерийском
заводе (Gun Works) в Петрозаводске. 30 лет спустя другая железная дорога с
чугунными рельсами была проложена в Алтайских горах инженером Фроловым. Её
длина была 2 км. Железная дорога приводилась в движение лошадьми. Следует
заметить, что лошади заменили (труд) около 500 рабочих.
Следующий
этап в истории железнодорожного транспорта в России начался с изобретения
парового двигателя. Он был изобретён И.И. Ползуновым, а отец и сын Черепановы
построили первый паровоз. Он двигался со скоростью 13-16 км в час и мог
перевозить 3.3 т грузов и 40 пассажиров. Первый паровоз был испытан в Нижнем
Тагиле. Л.Гумилёвский писал в своей книге «Русские инженеры»: «Нижнетагильскую
железную дорогу, сооружённую русскими мастерами, из русских материалов, по
проекту русских изобретателей следует считать (should be considered) первой
русской железной дорогой».
(b) THE
OLDEST RAILWAY IN RUSSIA
The St.Petersburg–Moscow
mainline is considered to be the oldest and the most outstanding railway in
Russia.
In the
thirties of the 19th century much was spoken about the
necessity of its construction and various projects were proposed by Pravdin,
Safonov, Muravjov, Abaza, but all of them were rejected.
In June
1839, the professors of the Moscow Engineering Institute P.P. Melnikov and N.O.
Kraft were sent to the USA for the purpose of studying experience gained by the
Americans in constructing and operating the railways. Melnikov's report about
the results of their trip laid down the basis of the future railway project.
According
to this project «chugunka» was planned as a double-track line, 664 km long,
with the 5 feet gauge (now the standard), steam powered. The speed of passenger
and freight trains was supposed to be 34.4 km/h and 16 km/h respectively.
The
construction began in 1843 and lasted 8 years. From the very beginning the
builders faced many hardships because of severe climatic and difficult geological
conditions. Hundreds of kilometers of track were laid down through forests and
marshes, many rivers were crossed. It should be noted that the line is
virtually straight and level. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built to make
the line as straight as possible. There is a legend that the route of the
railway was chosen by the tsar Nikolay I, who took the map and the ruler, drew
a straight line between the two cities on the map and ordered this line to be
the route of the railway. But the fact is that the construction of the line was
preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done by
P.P.Melnikov himself.
All the
component parts of the track, bridges and viaducts were produced at Russian
plants by using only domestic materials, including timber for sleepers and cast
iron for rails.
One has
to give credit (нужно отдать должное) to
the first railway builders, who laid the track in extremely difficult
conditions. They worked from dawn till sunset, often in water up to their knees
and their main tools were spades and axes. P.P. Melnikov proposed to mechanize
the railway construction, but his idea was not backed up because it required a
lot of expenses. Nevertheless four excavators were bought in the USA on
Melnikov's recommendation. It is interesting to note that at that time there
were only seven excavators in the world. The other three ones were operated in
the USA and Great Britain.
The
railway was officially opened for public traffic on November 1, 1851. The first
train departed from St.Petersburg at 11.15 and arrived in Moscow 21 hours 45
minutes later. There were 17 passengers in the first-class cars, 63 – in the
second-class cars and 112 – in the third-class cars. The speed of the first
trains was 40 km/h but two years later it was increased up to 60 km/h. It was
the world's record in the speed of passenger trains. It should be added that
the Alexander Engineering Works was established in St. Petersburg to provide
this railway with locomotives and cars.
Ex.30.
Answer the following questions.
1) When
were the first projects of the railway construction proposed? 2) Why was it
necessary to connect the two capitals in Russia? 3) Whose project of
construction was accepted? 4) Why were Melnikov and Kraft sent to America? 5)
When did the construction begin? 6) How long did the construction last? 7) Why
was it difficult to build the railway? 8) What was built to make the line as
straight as possible? 9) Is there any legend about the construction? 10) What
were the rails and sleepers made of? 11) What equipment was used for the
construction? 12) What was done to facilitate the workers' labor? 13) When was
the railway officially opened for public traffic? 14) What time did the first
train depart from St. Petersburg and arrive in Moscow? 15) How many passengers
were there in the first train? 16) What was its speed? 17) What plant was
established to provide this railway with rolling stock?
Ex.31.
Arrange the following sentences in a chronological order, put questions to the
underlined words. Using your questions tell about the beginning of railway
construction in Russia.
1) The
first steam locomotive was tested in Nizhniy Tagil. 2) The
first railway carrying passengers was officially opened for public traffic in
1851. 3) Such engineers as P.K. Frolov, A.S. Yartsev, and I.I. Polsunov made
great contribution to the development of railway transport in Russia. 4) The
first tram ways were laid down in the Urals. 5) The history of
railway construction in Russia began in the second half of the 18'hcentury.
6) I.I. Polsunov invented the stationary steam engine in 1763. 7) At the
beginning of the 19th century it was decided to build the
railway connecting two Russian capitals. 8) A.S. Yartsev suggested
using cast iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788. 9) The Cherepanovs
constructed the first steam locomotive. 10) The construction of the
St. Petersburg-Moscow line began in 1843 and lasted eight years.
11) P.K. Frolov built “chugunka” in the Altai Mountains. 12) The
first tram ways were used for carrying coal, ore and other goods.
13) The railway constructed by P.K. Frolov was horse-powered. 14)
Goods were transported in carts driven by the water wheel.
George
Stephenson was born on June 9, 1781, in the mining village of Wylam,
Northumberland, England. He went to work as a horse-driver in a coal-mine at an
early age and without formal schooling. At nineteen George was put to work on a
steam engine. Now he had time to learn reading and writing. In 1814 Stephenson
made a design of the Blocher, one of the first railroad
locomotives. But George couldn’t build it because he had no money. In 1815 he
patented an engine with a steam blast*, by which exhaust steam was redirected
up the chimney. The new design increased the engines power and made the
locomotive truly practical. In the same year Stephenson also invented a safety
lamp for miners.
In 1822
he was commissioned to build a steam locomotive for a railroad line to be built
from Stockton to Darlington. His son, Robert, assisted him in survey work for
the tracks, and on Sept. 27, 1825, the railroad was opened for public traffic.
In 1823 George Stephenson established a locomotive works in Newcastle. George
and Robert then cooperated in the construction of a railway connecting
Liverpool and Manchester. In 1829, the railway company held a competition to
find a suitable locomotive for the line; George and Robert won the contest with
the Rocket, an engine with a multi-tubular boiler**. George
Stephenson died in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, on Aug. 12, 1848.
Robert
Stephenson was George’s only son. He was born in Willington Quay,
Northumberland, on Oct. 16, 1803. He studied mathematics at Bruce’s Academy in
Newcastle upon Tyne and later attended Edinburgh University. He managed the
Newcastle locomotive works and in 1833 was appointed chief engineer of the
London and Birmingham Railway, the first railway into London. He directed
several major engineering works, but he is best known for his long-span
railroad bridges***. Robert died in London on Oct. 12, 1859.
George
Robert Stephenson (1819–1905), a civil
engineer**** educated at King William College on the Isle of Man, entered his
uncle George Stephenson's employ in 1837 during the construction of a railway
from Manchester to Leeds. He helped Robert build the Victoria Bridge across the
St. Lawrence River in Canada and served as a consultant and designer on
independent projects in England and abroad. Upon Robert's death in 1859, George
Robert became director of the Newcastle locomotive works.
Notes:
*steam blast – выхлоп пара
**multi-tubular
boiler – многотрубный паровой котёл
***bridge
span – пролёт моста
****civil
engineer – инженер строитель
THE
BRUNELS FAMILY
Two
engineers whose inventions had a major influence on transportation methods were
Marc Isambard Brunel and his only son, Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Marc solved the
historic problem of underwater tunneling. Isambard, a civil* and mechanical
engineer, was the designer of the first transatlantic steamer.

Marc
Isambard Brunel was born on April 25,
1769, in Hacqueville, France. Because of his Royalist sympathies, he fled to
the United States in 1793 during the French Revolution. He held the post of
chief engineer of New York.
After
Brunel improved a method for loading ships by mechanical means, rather than by
hand, he sailed to England in 1799 to market his plans to the British
government. A prolific inventor, he also designed machines for sawing timber,
boot making, knitting, and printing. In 1818, in his practice as a civil
engineer, he patented the tunneling shield**, a device that made safe
underwater tunneling possible. In 1825 operations began for building the
Brunel-designed tunnel under the Thames River. This project, which had no
precedent, was completed in 1842, after great physical and financial
difficulties. Brunel, who was knighted for his engineering feat, died in London
on Dec. 12, 1849.
Isambard
Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsmouth,
England, on April 9, 1806. At the age of 19 he was appointed
resident-engineer*** when work on the Thames Tunnel began. Later he served as
engineer at the Bristol Docks and also designed several other docks in England.
In 1833 he was appointed chief engineer to the Great Western Railway. His
introduction of the broad-gauge railway, with tracks 7 feet (2 meters) apart,
made possible high speeds that helped stimulate rail progress. Brunel was
responsible for building railways in Great Britain and Italy and served as an
adviser on projects in Australia and India.

The
younger Brunel's outstanding contributions to marine engineering were his three
ships, each the largest in the world at its launching date. The Great
Western (1837), a wooden paddle vessel****, was the first steamship to
provide regular transatlantic service. The Great Britain (1843)
was the first large vessel driven by a screw propeller. The Great
Eastern (1858) achieved fame by laying the first successful
transatlantic cable. During the Crimean War, he designed a complete
prefabricated hospital building that was shipped in parts to the Crimea and a
floating armored barge that was used in warfare. Isambard Brunel died on Sept.
15, 1859, in London.
Notes:
*civil engineer – инженер строитель
**tunneling
shield – туннельный щит
***resident-engineer
– прораб
****paddle
vessel – колёсное судно
GEORGE
WESTINGHOUSE (1846 – 1914)
“If I
understand you, young man, you propose to stop a railroad train with wind. I
have no time to listen to such nonsense.” Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, the
powerful railroad owner, thus dismissed George Westinghouse and his new air
brake. But within a few years the old hand brakes on trains were replaced with
air brakes, launching Westinghouse into a notable career as inventor and
industrialist.
Westinghouse
was born on Oct. 6, 1846, in Central Bridge, N.Y. (the USA). The son of a
manufacturer of farm implements, he explored the world of machines at an early
age. After serving in both the Union Army and the Navy in the Civil War,
Westinghouse received in 1865 his first patent—for a rotary steam engine. In
that same year he invented a device for replacing derailed* freight cars on
their tracks. Railroad problems fascinated Westinghouse. Among his other
inventions was a device called a frog that allowed wheels on one rail of a
track to cross an intersecting rail. He bought various patents on railroad switches**
and signals and combined them with his own developments into an efficient
switching system. The air brake, his greatest invention, was patented in 1869,
the same year he organized the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. With
various design improvements, the air brake became widely accepted, and the
Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893 made them compulsory on trains in the
United States.
Westinghouse
was chiefly responsible for the adoption of alternating current (AC)*** systems
for electric power transmission in the United States, which up to the 1880s had
used direct current (DC)**** systems. Importing an AC system from Europe,
Westinghouse purchased the patents of Nikola Tesla’s AC motor and hired him to
improve and modify the motor for use in the power system. Once the new system
was ready, advocates of DC power set out to discredit AC power. Public
acceptance of AC power came soon after Westinghouse dramatically proved its
advantages at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893). Using incandescent
lighting, the fairground was set aglow with light. With buildings set like
jewels against the evening sky, the display marked the start of large-scale
outdoor lighting and of illuminated advertising signs.
Most of
the Westinghouse factories were located in Pittsburgh and associated companies
were established throughout the world. Westinghouse lost most of his control
over his industrial empire during the financial panic of 1907. He died in New
York City on March 12, 1914.
Notes:
*to derail – сходить с рельсов
**switch
– стрелочный перевод
***alternating
current – переменный ток
****direct
current – постоянный ток
CASEY
JONES (1864 – 1900)
Casey
Jones was the great American locomotive engineer hero who would not save* his
own life but died doing his duty. Casey worked as an engineer of the American
train the Cannon-ball which ran between Tennessee and Mississippi on
Illinois Central Railroad. He was a skilful engine-driver and always brought
the train in on time. Casey was skilful with the whistle too – the locomotive
whistle. He had a special way of blowing it: beginning very softly, rising to a
shriek, and dying away. It would** made people’s hair stand on end*** as the
train passed by in the night. “There Casey is going,” they said.
On the
night of April 29, 1900 when Casey had just finished his own run and brought
the Cannon-ball into the town on time, he was said that the engineer
of another train fell ill and couldn’t make his run. Casey offered to
substitute his friend and pulled the train out of the station at 11 p.m. The
train was already one hour and thirty-five minutes late at the start.
Casey
wanted to make up the time**** and he ran his locomotive at a high speed. By
four o’clock in the morning he had made up most of the time, but suddenly in
front of his engine, as he came round a curve, he saw a standing freight train
on the rails.
“Jump,
Sim,” he cried.
Sim
Webb, fireman to Casey Jones, jumped and lived to tell the story. Casey’s body
was found with one hand still on the whistle and one on the air-brake.
There
is a monument to Casey Jones in his native town in Kentucky. In 1950 the United
States Government put out a three-cent stamp in honor of American railroad
engineers, which has the portrait of Casey Jones and a picture of the old Locomotive
382.
Notes:
*would not save – не захотел спасти
**would
– зд: бывало
***to
stand on end – вставать дыбом
****to
make up the time – наверстать время

TEXT
C
Siberia
is a vast expanse of land that stretches across Russia from the Ural Mountains
in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. In the 19th century Siberia [to
be]Russia’s frontier—thinly populated, largely unexplored, yet
possessing vast economic potential. Settlement in the region [to
remain] sparse until the building of the unique Trans-Siberian
Railroad,which [to connect] the European part of the
country with the Pacific Coast and [to make] large-scale
immigration possible. According to Minister of Railways S.Yu. Witte: “The Great
Siberian Railway [to breathe] new life into boundless
Siberian lands.”
The
history of railway construction in Russia [to start] at
the end of the 19th century. Railway mainlines [to
laydown] from the Western borders of the country to St. Petersburg
and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from the Urals to Central
Asia. In 1892 the railway network in Russia [to have] a
total length of 32,000 km. That very year Samara-Zlatoust railway [to
build] which later became a liaison between railways in the
European part of Russia and the Trans-Siberian Mainline.
On
March 15, 1891 Alexander III [to issue] an imperial
prescript addressed to future EmperorNicholay II which [to state]:
“I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the
Siberian region with the European part of Russia. I also entrust you with
ground-breaking* of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.”
Two
projects of the future mainline [to propose] – “the
southern version” and “the northern version”. “The northern version” suggested
by the Minister of Railways K.N. Posyet [to win]. According
to his project the railway [to be] shorter by 400 km
and was passing by the Siberian high road** and populated areas.
The
building of the Great Siberian Track [to begin] in
1893. Work [to start] at the same time from both the
eastern and western terminals. The plan originally [to call] for
an all-Russian road, but a treaty with China in 1896 [to enable] the
Russians to construct an 800-mile (1,300-kilometer) line through Manchuria,
thus shortening the distance to Vladivostok. After Manchuria [to
pass] to Japanese hands following the Russian-Japanese War of
1904—05, the Russians [to proceed] with a longer
railway entirely on their own territory. Construction rates [to be] very
fast despite the fact that the railroad [to go] through
swamps, thick taiga, [to cross]major rivers and huge
mountains. One of the main obstacles to completion of the line [to
be] Lake Baikal, where there [to be] ferry
service. A loop around the lakeshore [to complete] in
1905. By 1916 the Amur River line north of the Chinese border [to
finish], and there [to be] a continuous railway
on Russian land from Moscow across Siberia. In less than 25 years more than
8,600 km of track [to laydown].

The
building of the gigantic mainline [to be] a heroic deed
accomplished by Russian construction workers thanks to their tenacious efforts
and courage. At first 10,000 workers [to take part] in
the construction. Later, their number [to go up] to
100,000. Some of Trans-Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya,
Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
Notes:
*ground-breaking – начало строительства (дороги)
**high
road – тракт
Ex.32.
True or false? Correct the false statements.
1) The
Trans-Siberian Mainline connects the Asian part of Russia with the Pacific
Coast. 2) Alexander III commanded to start constructing the Great Siberian
Track. 3) Six projects of the construction were proposed. 4) The project of the
Minister of Railways S.Yu. Witte won. 5) The first rail of the future
Trans-Siberian Railway was laid down in Vladivostok. 6) The length of this
railway is more than 80,600 km. 7) About 5,000 workers took part in the
mainline construction. 8) The track went through swamps and taiga. 9) One of
the main obstacles to completion of the line was the Pacific Ocean. 10) The
construction lasted 15 years. 11) The Great Siberian Railway breathed new life
into boundless Siberian lands. 12) The building of the gigantic mainline was a
heroic deed accomplished by English construction workers
TEXT D
Read
and translate the text using a dictionary. Pay special attention to the words
and word combinations in bold and guess their meaning.

[1]The
American people and its history have a “love-hate” relationship to
the railroad. Without the railroad, the “Wild West” would not have been settled
as quickly as it was. Was this a good or a bad thing? Ask an average Native
American and then ask an average White American. The
railroads eventually put the cowboys out of business, too. The
American Civil War came to a close, in part, because the Union had
an extensive railroad system and the Confederacy did not. Ask an American from
Louisiana what s/he thinks about the Northern victory and then ask someone from
Massachusetts. But to move to a more contemporary question, ask someone from
New York if they would rather fly to Los Angeles or take a train there. What
would you rather do if you had to get from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok?
[2]
Steam railways began to appear in the East of the USA in the 1820s. At that
time, it was more of a novelty than an efficient transportation method.
If you were a merchant or a bold immigrant and wanted to move west, you went by
boat. The first use of the locomotive for passenger transport was on Christmas
day, 1930, in Charleston, South Carolina. Within the next decade 4,480 km had
been laid, mainly within states along the Atlantic seaborder. As the new nation
grew to the Midwest in the 1850s, tracks totaled 14,400 km in length and
by 1860 track length had almost tripled to 48,000 km.
Immigration to cities like Chicago grew because of the railroads. By 1860 the
sheer amount of track in the USA almost equaled the total track length of the
world’s countries combined. In essence, the railroad helped America grow
industrially. Population rates increased dramatically.
[3] As
mentioned above, the Confederacy lost the Civil War because it simply did not
have the rail or industrial power that the Union did. Much of the Union
strategy was based on cutting the rail lines between Confederate
States. After 1865 to about 1914, the real Golden Age of American Rail reigned.
On May 10, 1869, the Atlantic Coast was linked to the Pacific Coast in
Promontory, Utah. Year round, passengers and merchants could travel/send goods
from coast to coast. By 1885, a series of 4 similar rail lines sprung
into action, one of which caused the decline of cattle driving
cowboys when lines dipped down into Texas. No longer did cowboys need
to drive their herds north – now the train could do it quicker and cheaper.
[4] The
railways profoundly shaped the United States and continued to do so until about
the 1930s. From that point on until the mid-seventies, road and air
transport competed with the train and slowly caused
many lines to go out of business. In the 1970s, for example, 10 major lines
went bankrupt and the Federal Government bought a good portion of this dying
service industry. The new system was called Amtrak and provided
passenger service between major urban centers.

[5]
Today, however, most Americans prefer to travel by plane. Prices for long
distance flights are just slightly higher or equal to train tickets to
the same destination. Factor in the time passengers save by
flying, plus convenience, and you can easily see why American rail can never be
what it once was. Although people prefer to travel quickly and comfortably by
air, freight goods are still transported by rail.

UNDERGROUND
RAILWAYS
Ex.1.
Practice the reading.
►
ou, ow
▪
amount, council, dismount, announce,
discount, fountain, soundproof, compound,
layout, output, found, pronounce,
about, bounty, accountancy, shout,
proud, boundary, aloud, arouse,
paramount, power, crowd, downtown,
gown, glower, powder;
▪ owing, own,
narrow, borrow, rainbow, arrow,
shallow, blow, flow, follow,
grow, below;
▪ BUT:
group, route, could, would, should, acoustic; double, couple, trouble, country,
touch, courage; soul
►
ere, ure, are, ire (yre), ore
▪
merely, atmosphere, here, sincere,
adhere;
▪
cure, demure, premature, secure,
endure, purely, mature;
▪
declare, software, carefully, beware,
barely, prepare, compare, square,
share, fare, rarely, mare, aware,
stare, dare;
▪
desire, tire, tyre, entire,
requirement, hire, firework, esquire,
satire, wireless, retired, acquire,
inquire;
▪
core, explore, moreover, restore,
store, therefore, score, bore,
semaphore, shore, adore

Words and word
  combinations to be remembered

1)to
  accommodate– вмещать 2)
  capacity– мощность, вместимость, грузоподъемность
  carrying capacity – пропускная способность 3)
  to carry out – выполнять, осуществлять 4)to
  control – управлять
  control –управление 5)
  to cost –стоить cost
  – цена, стоимость
  costs– расходы, издержки 6)
  current –ток
  alternative current (a. c.) – переменный ток direct current
  (d. c.) – постоянный ток 7)
  to damage –повреждать, причинять ущерб
  damage– повреждение, ущерб 8)
  empty – пустой, порожний 9)
  to ensure – гарантировать; обеспечивать 10)
  fleet– парк (подвижного состава) 11)
  to follow – следовать, соблюдать (правила) 12)
  to heat – обогревать
  heating – отопление 13)
  length – длина, протяженность
  14)to install – устанавливать
  installation –установка 15)
  to introduce – внедрять, вводить (в эксплуатацию)
  introduction – внедрение, ввод 16)
  to maintain – эксплуатировать, содержать в технически исправном состоянии; поддерживать
  maintenance– содержание в технически исправном состоянии, эксплуатация 17)
  to protect – защищать
  protection– защита
  18)to reduce – сокращать
  reduction– сокращение 19)
  safe– безопасный
  safety– безопасность 20)
  surface –наземный; поверхность 21)
  total –полный, общий, целый 22)
  therefore– поэтому, следовательно 23)
  volume – объем

Ex.2.
Describe the relationship between the following words (antonyms, synonyms,
neither).
1)
total/ overall/ all 6) to ensure/ to guarantee 11) to protect/ to produce
2)
surface/ underground 7) to install/ to dismantle 12) empty/ full

3)
safe/ dangerous 8) increase/ reduction 13) to reduce/ to decrease
4)
length/ height/ weight 9) capacity/ power 14) to carry out/ to fulfil
5) to
carry/ to carry out 10) to damage/ to destroy 15) to perform/ to implement
1) The
Ukrainian government has decided to resume the construction of the metro, which
was stopped because of financial difficulties. A lottery is being organized and
40% of its income will be used to fund the work. 2) The newspaper published the
article about a brave engine driver who saved the passengers from a bad
accident at risk of his own life. 3) The new supersonic aircraft that looks
like a rocket will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than 2
hours. 4) Steel sleepers are particularly valued in desert and tropical regions
because great variations in day and night temperatures do not affect them. 5)
Japanese Railways has banned the passengers to use their cellular telephones on
its commuter trains. The railway company has recently received a lot of
complaints because passengers speaking on their mobile telephones are shouting
too loud and disturbing others. 6) It was snowing heavily and I couldn’t make
out the number of the tram. When I had covered several tram stops, I realized
that I got on the wrong tram. 7) Mr. Davis was very nervous when the airplane
was taking off because he had never flown before. 8) I was standing at the
tram-stop when it began raining. 9) The water was heated to the boiling point.
Ex.8.
TEST. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.
1) The
Channel Tunnel ___ since 1994.
a) was
being used b) has been used c) was used
2) This
railway tunnel ___ Great Britain with the Continent.
a) is
connected b) is connecting c) connects
2)
Fuelling stations ___ along the highway at frequent intervals.
a)
situate b) are situated c) are being situated
3) I
leased another car, while mine ___.
a) was
being repaired b) is being repaired c) had been repaired
4) The
electrical equipment ___ by a Japanese firm.
a) will
supply b) will be supplied c) will have been supplied
5)
During peak hours the Metro trains usually ___ with small intervals.
a) are
running b) are run c) run
6) The
first automatic drivers ___ on the underground lines.
a) have
been tested b) was tested c) are being tested
7) The
car ___ too fast for me to see the number plate.
a) was
being moved b) will move c) was moving
8) The
mechanic ___ the wheel by the time we came.
a)
replaced b) has replaced c) had replaced
9) The
surveying party ___ the route of the future railway all month long.
a)
examined b) has been examined c) was examining
10) He
quickly forgot everything he ___ at school.
a)
learnt b) had learnt c) was learning
11)
John ___ for his exam still; he must be tired.
a)
prepares b) has prepared c) is preparing

12)
When I ___ this watch, everybody warned me against it.
a) was
buying b) is buying c) buy
13) She
said that the new time-table ___ on the notice-board yet.
a) was
not hung up b) will not be hung up c) had not been hung up
14) The
secretary ___ by the director to answer the letter without delay.
a) was
asked b) was asking c) has asked
15) The
computers ___, it is inevitable that the work will be delayed.
a)
don’t work b) are not working c) were not working

*The
results of the test: If your score is 13-15 correct answers, you are doing
just great; 10-12 stand for good knowledge; 7-9 mean you have some problems; if
the number of your correct answers is less than 7, go and learn the rules.
 1) One day people will be able to
communicate by videophones [установленный] in
every flat. 2) The engine [изобретённый] by
Rudolf Diesel is one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century.
3) A lot of scientists [приглашённый] to
the conference refused to take part in it. 4) Kerosene is a fuel [используемый] in
jet engines. 5) The mechanic said that he had replaced the [сломанный] part
of the engine. 6) This engine radically differs both in construction and
operation from the engine [разработанный] five
years ago. 7) The Disneyland train [названный] “The
Excursion” was built especially for carrying visitors through the Grand Canyon
Diorama. 8) The diesel-electric locomotive has an internal combustion
engine [присоединённый] to
the driving wheels by electric transmission. 9) The TV set [купленный] a
few days ago has broken down. 10) In Japan the communication between some
islands is provided through underwater tubes [проложенными] on
the sea bottom. 11) The wagons with [изолированными] walls,
roofs and floors are known as the refrigerator cars. 12) Cascade Tunnel is one
of the longest railroad tunnels in the USA [расположенный] in
central Washington was built in 1925-29 to replace shorter, more winding
tunnel.
Ex.19.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to –ed forms.
1) The first
television set produced quite a sensation in 1939. The first
television set was produced in 1939. The first television
set produced in 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box. 2) The new
car model developed by our student design bureau will be shown on TV.
The new car modelwas developed by our student design bureau. The new
car model developed a speed of 50 miles an hour. 3) The
trains equipped with robot engine drivers operate on some underground
lines. 4) The talks between these two presidents were conducted behind
the closed doors. 5) The car suddenly stopped in the middle
of the road. 6) The gas station on the highway was closed. 7) All the
necessary information is stored in the computer. 8) When invented, the
steam engine started the industrial revolution. 9) Toyota Co., a very
successful Japanese company, has increased their sales to six million
cars and trucks a year. 10) One of the main advantages of the diesel loco is
the low cost of the fuel consumed. 11) Though conducted with
great care, the test did not give the expected results. 12) New
technologies reduce the number of workers needed. 13) Though
first developed for military purposes, radar can be used in
modern cars. 14) Most of the goods produced by this factory
are exported. 15) He bought a usedcar, which broke down the next
day. 16) The French military engineer Cugnot constructed the
first three-wheeled machine equipped with a two-cylinder
steam engine. This machine carried two people at a walking pace. 17)
When asked why she had missed the train, she said something
about her watch being slow.

Ex.20. TEST. Choose
the right variant.
1) The
cause of the accident was a ___ brake shoe.
a)
breaking b) broken c) having broken
2) ___
their tests students handed them in.
a)
completing b) completed c) having completed
3)
Special signals ___ along the railroads help enginemen drive trains without
accidents.
a)
installing b) installed c) having installed
4) You
can find the telephone number of a specialist ___ computers in any newspaper.
a) repairing
b) repaired c) having repaired
5) The
plant ___ automobiles was built in our city 50 years ago.
a)
producing b) produced c) having produced
6) The
typewriter ___ a few days ago has gone wrong.
a)
buying b) bought c) having bought
7) ___
all the money he started looking for work.
a)
spending b) spent c) having spent
8) Having
packed our suitcases, h) leaves behind a stream of white smoke.
9)
While turning a corner at a high speed i) think whether you
would follow it
yourself.
10)
If asked, j) we hired a taxi and hurried to the airport.
Ex.22.
Say whether the right Participles are used in the following sentences. Correct
the wrong ones. Be very attentive!
1) We
were walked down the path leading to the
station. 2) Don’t forget to oil the moving parts of the
machine regularly. 3) Having missed the 10 o’clock train, he
had to send a telegram to his friends waited for him. 4) The
porter went in, carrying two suitcases. 5) It is impossible
quickly to stop the train moving at such a high speed.
6) Worked as a clerk, painter and bus driver, Neil decided to
go back to University. 7) Refrigerator cars are used for the
transportation of freezing meat and other perishable
commodities. 8) The received information was not correct. 9)
When commenting on the recent developments in the Middle East,
the correspondent presented a number of interesting facts. 10) Tank cars having
transported gas or cement should be made of aluminum
or stainless steel. 11) All the computers installed at our
office were produced in Japan. 12) The Toyota Co. has
recently deciding to spend $800 million a year on the
development of the new electric automobile. 13) While crossed the
street, I saw an accident. 14) When typing the article, she
tried to be very attentive. 15) The plane had to make a forcing landing.
16) The Internet is a global computer network having millions
of users all over the world. 17) They experimented with the device, not known that
it was out of order. 18) Having taken the wrong bus, Tony
found himself in an unfamiliar town.
TEXT A
Before
reading and translating the text match the Russian equivalents to the English
word combinations (do it in written form).
UNDERGROUND
RAILWAYS

1) air
  contamination

a)
  верхнее строение пути

2)
  broken stone ballast

b)
  щебёночный балласт

3)
  danger of flooding

c)
  бетонная основа

4)
  concrete base

d)
  подземный переход

5)
  cut-and-cover method

e)
  наземная железнодорожная линия

6)
  elevated railway line

f)
  подземная железнодорожная линия

7)
  ground-based railway line

g)
  надземная железнодорожная линия (на эстакаде)

8)
  permanent way

h)
  конечная станция

9)
  remote control

i)
  сооружение

10)
  structure

j)
  туннельный щит

11)
  subsurface railway line

k)
  открытый метод строительства

12) to
  take a shortcut

l)
  деревянная обшивка (опалубка)

13)
  termination

m)
  штанга токоприёмника (троллейбуса)

14)
  trolley pole

n)
  дистанционное управление

15)
  tunneling shield

o)
  избрать кратчайший путь

16)
  underpass

p)
  опасность затопления

17)
  wooden shuttering

q)
  загрязнение воздуха

Part 1
Depending
on where in the world it is located, an underground electric-railway system may
be called a subway, underground railway, tube, or metro. The underground
railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable means of city
transport. Metro can solve the problems of carrying a great number of
passengers within urban and suburban areas as well as the problems of traffic
jams, air contamination and noise.
Subways
are usually built under city streets, but in order to take shortcuts they often
must pass under rivers. From the technical point of view the underground
railway system is very expensive and complicated constructional work. This
system includes subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. Ground
based lines are usually used at the terminations of the underground railways.
Outside the immediate downtown area, the subway lines usually emerge above
ground too, resembling conventional railways or elevated transit lines.
Besides, the underground and surface structures involve stations, tunnels,
escalators, underpasses, ventilation and sanitary engineering as well as a
power supply system.
The
permanent way of underground railways differs from the normal railway track.
The sleepers are only 0.9m long. They are shorter than those of the railroad
track which are 2.7m long. The sleepers of the normal track are laid upon
ballast made of broken stone or other materials. The crossties of the
underground railway are laid directly on concrete base. It is more expensive
but keeps air free from dust. If the ballast were made of slag, gravel, sand or
even broken stone, the train would be followed by the dust clouds.

Modern
Metro trains are powered by electricity. The current is obtained from the third
rail. This contact rail is laid along the whole track and transmits the direct
current of 825 volts to the train electromotor through the pantograph.
The
Underground carrying capacity depends on the number of coaches which ranges
from 2 to 8 per train and the frequency of train running which ranges from 80
seconds to 10 minutes.
Part 2
Nowadays
there are underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. The
construction of the first subway system, called the Metropolitan Railway, began
in London in 1860. It was built by the so-called cut-and-cover method – that
is, trenches were dug along the streets, reinforced with brick sides, and
roofed with girders or a brick arch. The roadway on top was then restored. The
Metropolitan line was opened on January 10, 1863. It used steam locomotives, not
electric power.
In 1866
excavation began for a second subway line of the London Underground. It was
built using a device called a tunneling shield that allowed a tunnel to be
driven under the Thames River without the danger of flooding. The tunnels were
driven deep enough to avoid disturbing public-utility works, or the foundations
of buildings, and there was no disruption of street traffic. The Tube—the first
electric underground railway—began operation in 1890.
In the
same decade, many other cities followed London's lead. In Budapest an electric
subway was opened in 1896 that used single cars with trolley poles. It was the
first subway on the European continent. Because the tunnels were flat-roofed
instead of arched, the original trenches were shallower than those of earlier
lines. As a result, the subway construction was far less costly.
In
Paris, construction of the Métro (Chemin de fer métropolitain de
Paris) was begun in 1898, and the first 6 1/4 miles (10 kilometers) were opened
in 1900. Its rapid construction was made possible largely by improved
cut-and-cover methods. Vertical shafts were sunk at intervals along the planned
route, and from these shafts side trenches were dug. Masonry foundations to
support wooden shuttering were then placed immediately under the road surfaces.
Construction of the roof arch then proceeded with little disturbance to street
traffic. This method is still used in Paris.
In the
United States the first practical subway line was constructed in Boston between
1895 and 1897. On October 27, 1904, New York City opened the first section of
what was to become the largest subway system in the world. Other cities with
notable subway systems include Philadelphia and Chicago in the United States;
Toronto and Montreal in Canada; Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires, Argentina;
Munich and Frankfurt am Main in Germany; Milan, Italy; Cairo, Egypt; and Tokyo,
Kyoto, Osaka, and Nagoya in Japan. The shortest metro line was constructed in
Turkey. Its length is only 600 m but Istanbul is very proud of the metropolitan
means of transport.
A
number of major modern cities have a combination of subway and elevated
railways. In addition, some have automatic trains that are operated by remote
control. Lines that use automated trains include a section of the London subway
system, the Victoria Line; BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco
Bay area; and the Washington, D.C., Metro. Greater attention is also paid to
the aesthetics, comfort, safety, and convenience of subways, particularly those
in Moscow and Rome.
1) What
is the quickest means of city’s transport? 2) Why is it necessary to construct
Underground railways in large cities? 3) Why is the construction of underground
railway system a very expensive and complicated engineering process? 4) What is
the difference between the permanent way of underground railroads and
ground-based railway tracks? 5) Why is there no ballast on the underground
railways? 6) Are Metro trains powered by steam or electricity? 7) Where is the
current obtained from? 8) What does the Underground carrying capacity depend
on? 9) How many cities of the world have already built the Underground
railways? 10) Where was the first underground railway line laid down? 11) What
city has the largest subway system in the world? 12) What is the length of the
metro line in Istanbul?

Ex.24.
Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.
1) In
the USA the first subway line was a) the Metropolitan railway.
constructed…
2) The
second underground line in London… b) on the Victoria line of the London
passed…
Underground.
3) The
shortest Metro line in the world c) clean and attractive stations.
was
built…
4)
Electric single cars with trolley poles d) the largest subway system in the
world.
were
used…
5) In
Paris the construction of the first e) in the Budapest Subway.
Metro
line lasted…
6) The
first underground system in the world f) in Boston between 1895 and 1897.
was
called…
7) The
Moscow and Rome Metros are justly g) in Istanbul.
famous
for…
8) New
York has… h) under the Thames River.
9)
Automated trains that are operated by i) two years.
remote
control are used…
10)
Constructing tunnels under the rivers, j) a device called a tunneling shield
that
builders
use… protects a tunnel against flooding.
Ex.25.
Here are the answers. Write the questions.
1)
Subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. 2) Under city streets
or under rivers. 3) Only 0.9m long. 4) Directly on concrete base. 5) From the
third rail. 6) In 80 cities all over the world. 7) The cut-and-cover method. 8)
On January 10, 1863. 9) In Budapest. 10) In Moscow and Rome.

TEXT B
Read
and translate the text.
LONDON
UNDERGROUND
Part 1
The
underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of
the 19th century. The first underground system was proposed by
Charles Pearson in 1843. Twenty years later the first line of the London
Underground was opened for traffic. Its length was almost four miles. On that
first historic day 30,000 Londoners made the first underground railway travel
in the world.

In the
early days, the trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal,
filling the tunnels with smoke. It is said that the train staff and porters
asked for a permission to grow beards and moustaches – as an early form of smog
mask. The tunnels of the first underground were made as small as possible in
order to reduce the construction costs. The coaches themselves were small and
narrow.
According
to Pearson’s project all lines were laid down close to the ground surface. The
deep tunneling came later, in 1890. Constructing the tunnel through miles of
clay, sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who
developed the method which made the construction of most London tunnels
possible. One of the longest continuous tunnels in the world is the 17½
mile tunnel on the Northern line. The first escalator was also installed in the
London Underground in 1911.
During
the World War II the London Underground served as a shelter for thousands of
Londoners. Many British Museum treasures spent the war in the tunnels of the
Underground. The railways were prepared for any emergency that might occur.
They had duplicate control systems, repair groups, duplicate power supply and
so on. To minimize the danger of flooding the underground near the Thames,
isolating doors were built in the tunnels. All the trains were equipped with
special reduced lighting for using on open sections of track.

Part 2
Nowadays
the London Underground (it is often called the Tube) is the most popular means
of city transport because it is relatively cheap, convenient, quick and safe.
Its length is about 400 km. Every day the Tube carries over 2.5 million
passengers. The total number of passengers carried by the Underground each year
is enormous and it is constantly growing.

In the
London Metro there are 11 underground lines, each of them has got its own
color. For example, the lines are called: Central (red), Circle (yellow), East
London (orange), Metropolitan (dark brown), Northern (black), Victoria (light
blue) and so on.
Only
half of the trains go under the ground, new lines that connect London with its
suburbs go over the ground. On such routes express trains are operated. They
stop at a very few stations on their way that is very convenient for those
people who live in the suburbs but work in the center of London.
There
are 275 stations in the London Metro. Most of them are old and not attractive
to the eye. The walls are simply white or gray plastered with all kinds of
advertisements. Numerous stations which are rather deep under the ground are
equipped with escalators. About 200 escalators can carry 10,000 passengers an
hour at maximum speed. The longest one is at the station “Leicester Square”,
its length is over 80 feet. On long escalators the speed is changeable. The
“up” escalator runs at full speed when carrying passengers but when empty it
moves at half speed. It is known that traffic is left-hand in Britain, but when
passengers get on the escalator they stand on the right. People who hurry can
run by on the left, and it seems that everybody in the Underground always
hurries.
The
atmosphere «underground» is considered even better than that outside. There are
special pumps and fans that suck in the air from the street, purify it, and
make it warm or cool on its way to the station. The air in the Underground is
changed every quarter of an hour, and the temperature all year round is
maintained at 69-79 degrees Fahrenheit.
The
fare in the London Underground depends on the distance you travel, but the
lowest is 50 pence. Tickets can be bought in the booking offices but for short
journeys that cost a few pence, tickets can be obtained from automatic
machines.
Safety
was always one of the main concerns of the London transport. In spite of the
fact that trains often follow each other within 1-3 minutes, it is said that
the London Underground is the safest form of transport in the world. The most
up-to-date electronic equipment is used for controlling train movement: if
changes are necessary, they are made automatically and with lightning speed. No
accident can happen because of human errors.

1) Did
the underground railways appear in the 20th century? 2) Has the
London Underground been used since 1860? 3) Was the first line of the London
Underground built according to Stephenson’s project? 4) Were the first Metro
trains driven by electricity? 5) Did the London Underground operate during the
World War II? 6) Does the London Underground carry over 2.5 million passengers
a day at present? 7) Do all Metro trains go under the ground? 8) Are all
stations equipped with escalators? 9) Was safety always one of the main
concerns of London transport? 10) Can any accident happen because of human
errors in the London Underground? 11) Is the number of passengers carried by
the London Underground constantly growing? 12) Do express trains stop at all
the stations on their way? 13) Are there twelve Underground lines in London?
14) Do all the underground lines have their own color?

TEXT C
Read
and translate the text.
MOSCOW
UNDERGROUND

For the
first time the idea of building the underground railway in Moscow was discussed
before the revolution. But the construction of the first section (from
Sokolniki to Central Park) was initiated only in 1932. The length of this line
was 11kilometers. The construction lasted three years and it was called the
record period of time by the world press. The Russian engineers carefully
studied the existing underground systems abroad before working out their own
project, which represents a significant improvement on the London system.
The
engineering difficulties were great mainly because much of the soil was
composed of running sand*. Fortunately most of the running sand lay close to
the surface, therefore it was found possible to use out-and-cover method of
construction under many streets. But in the center of the city where the line
is 100ft or more deep, the construction of tunnels was necessary.
The
Moscow Underground consists of a circle line, which runs round the city center,
several radial lines crossing the city and connecting with each other and the
lines running to the countryside. Some constructional work is still going on.
Now the length of the underground lines reaches about 300km.
At
present the Moscow Metro handles more than 5 million passengers each day.
During peak hours trains run at a speed of 90km per hour with the intervals of
about 80 seconds. One train takes up to 1,500 passengers. For greater safety of
travel all trains are inspected every 6-9 hours of running. Being in operation
for about 13 hours daily each metro train covers the distance equal to that
from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The trains servicing the Underground are
supplied with low voltage direct current. The current is obtained from the
third rail by special devices that are mounted beneath the motor coaches.
Rolling stock is completely replaced approximately once every four years.

The
Moscow Metro can compete with the underground railways in any of the European
capitals in level of automation. At present experiments are being conducted
with an “automatic driver”, i.e. with computer-controlled trains. The computer
devices will help to relieve the nervous strain on the drivers and make it
possible to increase the cruising speed** of trains even more. These automatic
devices have already been tested over the Circle Route by way of experiment.
The Moscow Metro is justly famous for clean and attractive stations and for
good service of riders at rather low fares.
Notes:
*running sand – сыпучий песок,
плывун
**cruising
speed – эксплуатационная скорость

►
i beforend, gh, gn, ld
▪
mind, humankind, behind, find, highly, light,
delight, highway, sight, might, tight, frighten,
flight, alignment, design, sign, wild, mild.
► оbeforen,
v, m, th
▪
front, among, money, won, ton, month,
tongue, wonder, none, glove, above, cover,
dove, lovely, some, company, accompany, other,
another, nothing;
▪ BUT: move,
prove, improve, approve, involve
►
abeforel+consonant
▪
talk, already, also, call, alter, always,
salt, almost, alternative, walk, although,
bald.

Words and word
  combinations to be remembered

1) amount –количество, сумма 2)
  to arrange –устраивать, организовывать; договариваться; приводить в порядок 3)
  to brake –тормозить
  brake –тормоз 4)
  considerable – значительный 5)
  to cause –быть причиной,вызывать, причинять; заставлять
  cause –причина, повод 6)
  to create –создавать, проектировать, разрабатывать 7)
  customs– таможня 8)
  customer – клиент, заказчик 9)
  curve– кривая, кривой участок пути; поворот 10)
  to deliver – доставлять
  delivery – доставка 11)
  device –устройство, прибор 12)
  to employ –использовать; нанимать (на работу)
  employee –служащий, работник
  employer –наниматель, работодатель 13)
  to enable – позволять, давать возможность 14)
  grade– уклон, подъём
  steep grade – крутой уклон (подъём) 15)
  to handle (traffic) –осуществлять (перевозку), перевозить 16)
  to insure – страховать
  insurance – страхование 17)
  liquid (goods) – наливные грузы 18)
  to measure –измерять
  measure –мера to
  take measures –принимать меры 19)
  moreover – более того 20)
  quality – качество 21)
  to pass –проходить, проезжать 22)
  reliable – надёжный 23)
  to repair – ремонтировать
  repair – ремонт 24)
  schedule – расписание 25)
  to ship – отправлять
  shipment– отправка 26)
  tilting train –скоростной поезд 27)
  turnover –оборот
  freight turnover –грузооборот
  passenger turnover –пассажирооборот 28)
  to upgrade – реконструировать
  upgrading – реконструкция 29)
  valid –действительный

Mind
the prepositions
1) to
arrange withsomebody aboutsomething5)to make ofsomething
2) to be
engaged in(doing) something6)onschedule
3) to
take measuresagainstsomething/ somebody7) instead of(doing)
something
4) to
insure something against something
Ex.2.
Describe the relationship between each of the following words (antonyms,
synonyms, neither).
1)
curve /straight 9) to arrange/ to organize 17) schedule/ timetable
2) to
ensure/ to insure 10) aim/ purpose/ objective 18) to try/ to attempt
3)
device/ apparatus 11) cause/ reason 19) upgrading/ grade

4)
employee/ employer 12) to upgrade/ to reconstruct 20) considerable/
insignificant
5)
amount/quantity 13) to enable/ to allow/ to permit 21) to ensure/ to guarantee
6)
customs/ customer 14) to create/ to develop 22) grade/ gradient
7) to
employ/ to apply 15) reliable/ unreliable 23) curve/ bend/ turn
8)
liquid/ solid 16) to repair/ to prepare 24) valid/ invalid

1) The [repair; employer; device;
customers] required further improvement.
2) Thanks to new cars with greater capacity
the freight [repair; turnover; insurance; quality] will be
increased.
3) Unfortunately the damaged car was
not [insured; used; employed; created].
4) When the engine-driver saw the truck,
he [increased the speed; insured the train; tried to brake; delivered
freight in time], but it was too late.
5) Since the tape recorder is still under
guarantee, I think, I won't have to pay for the [repairs; delivery;
customs; upgrading].
6) Where can I [sell; repair; ship;
insure] my broken watch?
7) Tank cars are used to transport [automobiles;
passengers; mail; liquid goods].
8) You should fill in your [customs;
reliable; insurance; customer] declaration.
9) This [customer; measure; brake;
curve] is very steep and dangerous. Be careful!
10) The post office [insures;
delivers; arranges; works out] a considerable amount of letters each day.
11) [Tilting; freight;
long-distance; commuter] trains pass curves at a high speed.
12) In some companies [employers;
customers; passengers; employees] are not allowed to use the Internet
for personal purpose during business hours.
13) The maximum train speed on the West
Coast railway line (Great Britain) is 77 miles per hour but there are many
sections where the speed is much lower because of [schedule; curves and
steep grades; repair works; the weather].
14) The flood [ensured; insured;
arranged; caused] millions of dollars worth of damage on the island.
15) The problem of how to stop long trains
quickly, smoothly, and safely was not solved until the invention of the
air [cushion; brake; plane; conditioner] by George
Westinghouse in 1869.
Ex.5. Read and translate the
sentences replacing the Russian words by their English equivalents. Be careful
with Grammar.
1) The equipment производимый by
our plant is of high качество 2)
I am not sure that it is possible to отремонтировать this
badly damaged car. 3) Tickets are действительный for
one day only. 4) An undetected defect быть причиной an
accident. 5) According to the таможня regulations
passengers are not allowed to carry more than ten packages of cigarettes.
6) Используя modern technology
we увеличивать service life of our
equipment, более того we уменьшать its
price. 7) When does this train прибывать?
– According to the расписание it
is due to arrive at 12.30 but because of track repair work, it is being
delayed. 8) Проходя the curve high speed
trainneed not decrease its speed. 9) Грузооборот was
reduced из-за a значительный increase
in transportation стоимость. 10)
There are practically no кривой участок пути and крутой подъём on
the Paris-Lyon high-speed route. 11) The underground railway is the quickest, самый безопасный, самый надёжный and
comfortable means of city transport. 12) The car couldn’t stop because
its тормоза were
not working.
1) The engine-driver’s cab is equipped ___
new signaling devices. 2) The traffic police took drastic measures ___ drivers
breaking the traffic safety rules. 3) The insurance company will pay ___ the
damaged car. 4) The train cannot move ___ the same speed along the whole route
___ curves and up-grades. 5) The double-track railways are more convenient than
single-track railways because the trains need not wait ___ the other trains to
pass. 6) It was proposed to upgrade the existing railway track for high-speed
movement ___ building a new one. 7) The heavy traffic ___ this section ___
track caused considerable delays ___ trains. 8) In some European countries tank
wagons made ___ reinforced [армированный] plastics
are used for carrying wine and fruit juices. 9) Any freight can be insured ___
damage and burglary. 10) This railway company is engaged ___ arranging freight
service ___ large-tonnage containers.

against [2] at
because of for [2] in [2] instead of of [3] on
with
GRAMMAR REVIEW
(Gerund; attributive groups)
Ex.7. Translate the following sentences
paying attention to Gerund as a subject (on the left) and Participle I as an
adverbial modifier (on the right).
▪ Reading is to the
mind what exercise is to →▫Reading books
we come to know many useful
the body. and interesting things.
▪ Setting the
problem is the first step to its →▫Setting a
problem the scientist makes the first
solution. step to its solution.
▪ Learning a foreign
language is a long and →▫Learning a
foreign language you learn the
slow process that takes a lot of time
culture and history of the country where this
and patience. language is spoken.
▪ Learning a foreign
language requires →▫Learning a
foreign language one has to learn
working regularly. grammar rules and new
words by heart.
▪ Constructing railways
took much time →▫Constructing the
railway workers use various
before the invention of a track-laying
machines and mechanisms.
machine.
▪ Smoking is
forbidden in most public →▫Smoking a
cigar Mr. Wargrave ran in an
places in the United States. interested eye
through the political news in
“The Times”.
▪ Planning your work
is necessary if you →▫Planning his
work he manages to do a lot of
want to succeed at the Institute. things.
▪ Watching television
too close or for a too →▫Watching television,
listening to the radio,
long time is dangerous for your eyes.
reading newspapers people get information
about what is happening in the world.
▪ Traveling abroad
has become now much →▫Traveling through
various time zones people
easier and cheaper than ever before. can
feel tired and experience jetlag.
to
begin/ to start начинать to
think of думать о
to go
on/ to keep on/ to continue продолжать to
dream ofмечтать о
to stop/ to
finish прекращать, заканчивать to
hear of слышать о
to
enjoy/ to like/ to be fond of нравиться to
decide againstрешать не делать
to
hate/ to dislikeне нравиться to
prevent from мешать
to need /to
require нуждаться, требовать to
result in приводить к
to
postpone/ to put off откладывать to
object to возражать против
to riskрисковать to
look forward toждать с нетерпением
to
remember/ to recall помнитьto
be ready forбыть готовым к
to mind возражатьto
be afraid of бояться
to
suggest предлагатьto be capable of быть способным на
to
avoid избегать to
be engaged in заниматься
can’t
help не может неto
be surprised at удивляться
to
insist on настаивать на to
be good at хорошо справляться с
to
excuse for извиняться заto
be tired of устать от;
надоесть
to
thank forблагодарить заto
be responsible for отвечать за
to
congratulate onпоздравлять сto
be worth стоит сделать

A.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb + gerund
constructions.
1)
They kept on talking though the band began playing.
2) I avoided speaking to them about that matter.
3) Try to avoiddrinking unboiled water. 4) I
can’t insist on your staying a little longer
because you risk missing the last train. 5)
I can’t help thinking of it. 6) Would you mind my leaving for
a few minutes? 7) Would you mind my joining the
discussion? 8) Who is responsible in your company for taking the
most serious decisions during the talks? 9) Have you ever dreamed ofearning a
million dollars? 10) I’d like to thank you all for coming here
today. 11) You should stop promising things you
are unable to do. 12) He decided againstcalling her
again. 13) I suggest holding another meeting next
week. 14) I didn’t remember meeting her before but
I pretended I knew her. 15) Why did they postpone discussing this
project for an indefinite time? 16) She likes giving advice
to other people. 17) Why does he object to signing the
contract with this firm? 18) A heavy rain prevented the fire from spreading.
19) I can’t help being grateful to him for all he
has done for me. 20) I live only a short way from here, so it is not
worth taking a taxi to get home. 21) I don’t mind going by
bus but I hate standing if there are a lot of
people; it is better to go by Metro.
B. Fill
in the gaps with the prepositions and gerunds formed from the verbs given in
the box.
To
answer to change to finish to fly to go to help to install to lose to make to
pass to pay

35–60
points: You are a true extrovert. You enjoy being in a group. You
have lots of self-confidence. You are an active practical person, and you are
outward-looking. You enjoy making decisions and taking risks. But be careful;
don’t be too much sure of yourself. Remember that you can hurt sensitive people
by your lack of understanding.
26–34
points: Like many people, the outside world is as
important to you as your own inner world. You are sometimes in between the
extrovert and the introvert, and you can have the good qualities of both. But
be careful that you haven’t all the bad qualities!
10–25
points: You are a true introvert. Your inner world
of dreams and ideals is more important than the external world. You are neither
realistic nor practical. You do not like showing your feelings to other people,
in case they hurt you. Use your sensitivity to appreciate beautiful things and
understand other people’s feelings.

Ex.15.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to –ing forms.
1) They
stopped a fast-running taxi. 2) Helicopters need very little space
for taking off and landing. 3) Indian Railways has designed
and built a prototype double-deck car having seats for 148
passengers. 4) Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways
of hauling freight over long distances. 5) Russian trains run on 76
direct international lines linking Moscow with Paris, Copenhagen,
Berne, Rome, Berlin and so on. 6) Having worked at the railway for
several years, Paul gained much experience in driving electric locos.
7) I think that walking is the best way of traveling.
8) Having reached the river they stopped because there was no bridge
across it. 9) This power station works 24 hours a day, supplying five
million houses with electricity. 10) Around $1.2 billion is being spent
on modernizing the 270 km suburban network of Sao Paolo (Brasil);
this includes buying new trains, refurbishing
existing stock, renewing signaling equipment,
plus constructing new railway stations, rebuilding old ones
and laying new tracks. 11) Talking on cellular phones
while driving is very dangerous, that is why it is banned. 12)
Engineers are trying to find the ways of reducing the cost
of electrifying railways. 13) The Moscow railway junction, the
largest terminal in this country, is equipped with up-to-date
devices providingcoordinated operation of all the services.
14) Stopping fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine. 15)
Two or more locomotives are used
for pulling trains consisting of 80 freight cars.
16) Having tested the new locomotive, the engineers recommended it
for series production. 17) When filling in the form, you must write
your name and address clearly. 18) Passing by a shop window, he paid
attention to the picture exhibited there.

Ex.16.
Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to
the attributive groups.
A
▫
the engine breakdown ▫ an emergency stopping device ▫ the ten car
train
▫
high-speed train movement ▫ the super express railway line ▫ the
train tickets
▫
the physics laboratory keys ▫ the locomotive and car-repair plant ▫
energy consumption
▫
the bus route length increase ▫ a 1,000 horse-power diesel engine ▫
a motor-car body
▫
the traffic safety rules ▫ steam locomotive efficiency ▫ a car
service station
▫
the 200 miles long railway ▫ the commuter train derailment ▫ an
energy source
▫
the car speed calculation ▫ the vertical take-off airplane ▫ the
car parking-lot
▫
track repair work ▫ the train movement speed ▫ a bridge pile
▫
an engine cooling system ▫ high-quality steel production ▫ the
go-anywhere car
▫
a remote control device ▫ a standard gauge express railway ▫ the
iron ore train
▫
the low-grade cheap fuel ▫ the plush, aircraft-type seats ▫ the
standard length rails
▫
the rush hour traffic jam ▫ environment protection ▫ a truck-stop
cafe
B
▪
срок службы электровоза ▪ выставка железнодорожного транспорта
▪
реконструкция старого вокзала ▪ электронная система информирования
пассажиров
▪
центр управления движением ▪ история строительства железных дорог
▪
вес грузового поезда ▪ стоимость содержания пути в исправном состоянии
▪
система энергоснабжения ▪ увеличение длины грузовых составов
▪
узкоколейная линия ▪ длина железнодорожного тоннеля
▪
время отправления экспресса ▪ мощность нового двигателя
The
Kuibyshev Railway (KR) is one of the oldest railroads in Russia. Its history
began in October 1874, when the first Morshansk-Sysran section was opened for
regular train traffic.
Much
has been changed since that time. Thousands kilometers of new lines have been
built; steam locomotives have been replaced by diesel and electric tractive stock
(80 per cent of all traffic is carried out by means of electric traction, 20
per cent – by means of diesel traction); automatic block system and Centralized
Traffic Control are now being used instead of telegraph train communication;
powerful industrial-technical basis has been created.
At
present the KR is one of the largest mainlines of the Russian Federation,
connecting its Centre and West with the major economic areas of the Urals,
Siberia, Far East and countries of Middle Asia. The total operating length of
the railway is over 4,800 km, 54 per cent of them is electrified. The steel
lines extend through the territories of seven regions and three republics of
the Russian Federation.
Great
amounts of various cargoes are carried by the railway, among them are: oil and
oil products, chemicals, timber, cement, construction materials. Every fifth
tank car with liquid goods and every third motor car in Russia is shipped from
stations of the KR. To handle freight traffic there are about 230 stations,
including 58 stations on the territory of the Samara Region.
The KR
ensures complex services to its customers. A cargo-owner has only to make an
order, and shipment and delivery of goods will be provided «from door to door»
with execution of transport papers, including insurance and customs documents.
Moreover, there exists the system of informational customers' services, and a
cargo-owner can get complete information of whereabouts of his freight. It
is possible thanks to the computation centre of the KR, which ranks among the
largest ones within the Russian railway network.
The
main aim of the KR is to provide safe, reliable and fast rail transportation of
passengers. Approximately 80 million passengers are carried by the railway
annually. About 100 passenger long-distance trains and up to 250 local trains
run on the railway daily. Six passenger trains of higher comfort run between
Samara and Moscow, Pensa, Saransk, Ulyanovsk, Ufa. The schedule of such trains
is worked out in accordance with the passengers' requirements as to arrival and
departure time. The passengers are proposed various services both during their
journeys and at the terminals: meals, latest newspapers and magazines, radio-
and TV-broadcasting, security.

It
should be said that the operation of the KR would be impossible without people.
About 100,000 highly skilled specialists are employed by the KR, among them
are: engineers, technical personnel, economists, engine drivers and their
mates, passenger car conductors, car repair fitters, loaders and others. Much
attention is paid to training, re-training and improving the qualification of
both engineers and workers of mass trades.
The
railway's own system of school education and professional training was created
in the late 1900s. This system is constantly developing; it includes secondary,
vocational and technical schools, as well as the Samara State Railway Academy.
This higher school trains engineers, economists and book-keepers for the KR. It
also has special extension courses for railway employees. They are organized so
that each specialist may take this course for improving his/her qualification
once in six years with or without discontinuing work.
Ex.20.
Complete the following sentences and add something to develop the situation.
1) The
Kuibyshev Railway… . 2) The history of this railway began… . 3) The KR
connects… . 4) The total length… . 4) Diesel and electric tractive stock… . 5)
Automatic block system and Centralized Traffic Control are… . 6) Various types
of freight such as… . 7) To handle freight traffic… . 8) A cargo-owner has only
to make an order… . 9) Thanks to the Computation Centre a cargo-owner… . 10)
The main aim of the KR is… . 11) About 80 million passengers… . 12) About
100,000 highly skilled specialists… . 13) The system of training specialists
for the railway includes… . 14) The Samara State Railway Academy not only
trains specialists, but also… .

Ex.21.
Correct the following sentences using the introductory phrases. See Lesson 1.
1) The
KR is the oldest railway in Russia. 2) The KR connects Moscow and St.
Petersburg. 3) Steam traction is used on some sections of the KR. 4) The total
length of the railway is over 4,800 km and 100 per cent of them is electrified.
5) The KR handles only freight traffic. 6) Liquid goods are carried in box
cars. 7) To handle freight traffic there are two stations on the territory of
the Samara region. 8) The computation centre of the KR ranks among the largest
ones in the world. 9) About 80,000 passengers are transported by the railway
annually. 10) Six passenger trains of higher comfort run between Samara and
London. 11) All passenger trains depart from the Samara terminal in the
mornings. 12) About 100 railwaymen work at the railway. 13) Both engineers and
workers of the KR have higher education.
Ex.22.
Talk on the past and present of theKuibyshev Railway. To make your story
logical keep to the following main items:
▪
Tell a few words about the history of the KR.
▪
Give a short characteristic of the present state of the KR: a) its length and
the type of traction used; b) transportation of freight; c) transportation of
passengers.
▪
Tell what you know about the people working at the railway and their training.
▪
If you once traveled by train belonging to the KR, tell about your impressions.
What did you like and dislike about your travel.
 1)
Having privatized Rio’s suburban railway network, SuperVia…
a) increased fares. b) began refurbishing
emus. c) fired all locomotive drivers.
2) SuperVia had to
replace…
a) the system of power supply. b) the system
of signaling. c) the worst sections of track.
3) The new and rebuilt emus are equipped
with…
a) air-conditioning systems. b) computers
and fax machines. c) long-distance telephones.
4) In 1998 the railway network carried…
a) 1.4 million riders a day. b) 170,000
passengers a month. c) 170,000 customers a day.
5) The ultimate aim of SuperVia is…
a) to increase the number of employees. b)
to increase passenger traffic. c) to increase train fare.
TEXT C
Read and translate the text
using a dictionary if necessary.
INDIA’S RAILWAY PROJECT

The first plans for constructing a railway
line along the west coast of India were proposed in 1880s but they were not
carried out. A feeble attempt to extend the line from Bombay to Mangalore was
made much later, but between 1964 and 1986 only 100 km of track were laid down.
In 1990 the Konkani Railway Corporation was formed to build
the remaining 760 km within 5 years. The new railway linking Bombay with
Mangalore was inaugurated in 1996. It is 1127 km shorter than the old route.
The reduction in distance enabled the
Konkani Railway to decrease the journey time. Even if trains run at a
maximum of only 100 km per hour, the journey time between Bombay and Mangalore
will come down from 41 hours to 15 hours. Train speeds of 130 km per hour or
160 km per hour will provide time savings that are even more spectacular.
Besides it had been estimated that fuel saving of more than Rs2 billion was
achieved.
About 11% of line goes through tunnels.
These tunnels are equipped with sensors to monitor air contamination,
temperature and visibility. The ventilation system is activated automatically
via the data obtained from the sensors. The exact position of a train within
the tunnel is indicated on a panel in the traffic control room* at the tunnel
entrance. The Konkani Railway has the longest railway tunnel
in India (6.5 km), the tallest viaduct in Asia (the 64 m). There are 2,134
bridges on the line.
An integrated computerized system covering
trains control and scheduling, ticketing, rolling stock monitoring has been
developed for the line operation – another innovation for India.
The Konkani Railway has
a considerable impact on the lives of more than 10 million people who live in
its adjacent area. Construction has already provided direct and indirect
employment for a large number of people. The all-weather line provides a
cheaper form of transport and accelerates industrial activity based on locally
available minerals such as iron, ore, and bauxite.
The scenic beauty of the area is exceptional
and 160 km/h express trains are being planned between Bombay and Goa to
stimulate tourism in the region.
Note: *traffic control room – пункт управления движением

1) The Konkani Railway was inaugurated in…
a) 1986. b) 1990. c) 1996.
2) The reduction in distance resulted in…
a) increasing train speed. b) cutting down
journey time. c) decreasing fare.
3) The speed potential of the Konkani
Railway is…
a) 100 km/h. b) 130 km/h. c) 160 km/h.
4) About 11% of the line is laid down…
a) under the ground. b) in the tunnels. c)
on the bridges.
5) The journey time from Bombay to
Mangalore is…
a) 12 hours. b) 30 hours. c) 41 hours.
TEXT D
Read and translate the text
using a dictionary. Put questions to the underlined words.
USA (Dallas)
LIGHT RAIL* ARRIVES IN THE LONE
STAR STATE

The first stage of Dallas light rail
network was inaugurated in June 1997. Marching bands, balloons, free
rides created a lively atmosphere in Dallas, when the city and its
surrounding region celebrated the Grand Opening of the first modern light rail
line in Texas. The ceremonies were held in the city centre as well as at
all 14 stationsalong the initial 16 km route.
More than 4,000 local officials and
citizens from across the region gathered in temperatures of over +37° С to
witness the opening of the light rail.
The Grand Opening, a five-day period of
public celebrations, included a gala dinner, art program and
parties at eight of the fourteen stations. Thanks to sponsorship from over 80
corporations, passengers were also able to ride free of charge for the whole of
the following week in a «try-it-you'll-like-it» campaign. The biggest
sponsors were recognized with their names on some of the cars
exteriors.
Approximately 8,600 passengers rode the
light rail line on the first afternoon. Regular commercial services began on
June 24. The standard fares are: $1 for a single ticket and
$2 for a return ticket, apart from the city centre zone where there is a 50
cent single ticket. Different discounts are proposed (e.g. passengers can buy
11 tickets for the price of 10, and there is also a “day pass” offering
unlimited travel on light rail and bus services for just $3 a day).
Dallas light rail network has purchased 40
Light Rail Vehicles (LRV). Able to accommodate 160 passengers each, the cars
have a top speed of 105km/h. The air-conditioned LRVs can operate
singly or in trains of up to three depending on demand. Traffic frequency on
the city centre section is 5 minutes and 10 minutes during the peak hours and
off-peak hours respectively.
Capital Program of the Dallas light rail
network development envisages construction of additional light rail and
commuter rail routes over the next 15 years, creating a 145 km network
by 2010.
Note:*light
rail – высокоскоростная железная дорога местного значения
LESSON SIX

(Infinitive;
Complex Object; Complex Subject; attributive groups)

Ex.5.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to infinitives. State
the functions of infinitives.
A. 1) To
use steel rails instead of wooden ones was a great step forward. 2) It
is very difficult to drive a car in a big city. 3) It will be
quicker to return the book by mail. 4) The task of traffic
police is to provide safety on roads. 5) Although David
started his career as a small clerk, his aim was to become a
head of a big business. 6) The mechanic was asked to estimate the
cost for the repair of the car. 7) Suddenly the engine began to make a
strange noise. 8) The train was too heavy to be hauled by one
locomotive. 9) The new tunnel to be constructed here will be
the longest in the country. 10) A special design bureau in St.Petersburg was
the first in the world to develop the production of super-long
escalators. 11) He was not old enough to drive a car at that
time. 12) To make the Moscow-St.Petersburg line straight and
level, 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built. 13) The railways must increase
their speed to compete with air and road transport. 14) The
lorry is too heavy to be towed by a car. 15) To avoid accidents
the driver must strictly follow traffic rules. 16) A band of metal was
used to strengthen the joint.
B. 1)
The new branches of industry to be developed in this part of the country are
metallurgy and radio engineering. 2) The function of the automatic engine
driver is to start and stop the train, to select the speed of running and to
keep strictly to the schedule. 3) To protect wooden sleepers against decay,
they are treated with creosote. 4) In planning a railway route the main factors
to be taken into account are the cost of constructing a line, the cost of
operating it and the probable volume of traffic.5) The Tacoma Bridge collapsed
because its structure was not strong enough to withstand the wind of 42 miles
per hour. 6) Before the refrigerator car was invented, it was impossible to
carry fresh meat, fruit, vegetables and other food products for long distances.
7) The boat is not strong enough to be used for distant journeys. 8) It is
necessary to provide regular maintenance of the car. 9) In the USA the
Baltimore Railway Company was the first to put forward the idea of centralized
railway traffic. 10) In Hong Kong the new trains carrying passengers to and
from the airport are equipped with TV sets to give information on flights,
news, tourist information and weather. 11) It is dangerous to stand on the step
of a moving train. 12) The aim of using several locomotives in one train is to
carry extremely heavy loads. 13) Our design bureau has developed spiral
escalators to be used in public buildings. 14) She is too proud to receive
customers’ tips. 15) Some scientists say that it is dangerous to use cellular
phone too much. 16) We are never too old to learn. 17) To know everything is to
know nothing.

Ex.6.
Complete the sentences using infinitives as subjects according to the
model. If it is difficult for you to make up your own sentences, consult the
box.
Model: It
is dangerous… →
It is dangerous to ride a motorcycle with closed eyes. =
1) It
was quite difficult… 9) It was unpleasant…
2) It
is important… 10) It was never easy for me…
3) It would
be interesting… 11) It will take you half an hour…
4) It
was foolish of him… 12) It is necessary…
5) It
is always a pleasure… 13) It might be exciting…
6) It
is impossible… 14) It is a good idea…
7) It
is simple… 15) It is dangerous…
8) It
is better… 16) It is easier…

to
start the engine in such cold weather to get to the airport
to get
a good dinner in our canteen to stand on this ladder
to
communicate with people thanks to Internet to talk to you
to go
to the country tomorrow to learn this rule by heart
to ride
an elephant to get tickets for this train
to
steal the money from the bank to receive the information today
to
watch good films and to read good books to ride with a drunk driver
to get
a visa to give up smoking
to buy
this old car to see you
to hear
the other side of the story to meet new people
to
watch their quarrel to take part in this expedition
to give
advice than to follow it to jump with a parachute
to play
chess with Karpov to learn Japanese
to have
few real friends than to have a lot of to be wealthy than to be healthy
acquaintances

Ex.7.
Match two parts of the sentences paying attention to infinitives as
predicatives.
1) The
job of the dispatcher is… a) to repair the track as soon as possible.
2) Your
duty will be… b) to find necessary equipment for
the
experiment.
3) My
wish is… c) to prepare breakfast.
4) The
task of the workers was... d) to control the movement of trains.
5) The
function of railway signals is… e) to visit it on foot.
6) The
only chance to catch the train was… f) to look through the mail.
7) The
main problem was… g) to construct the new bridge for both
railway
and road traffic.
8)
Their project is… h) to keep the trains at some distance from
one
another.
9) The
best way to get to know the city is… i) to go around the world.
10)
Every morning my first job is… j) to hire a taxi.
Ex.8.
Fill in the blanks with the infinitive forms
of the appropriate verbs in the function of the object. Use your
imagination and a dictionary if necessary.
Model: I
was glad ___ a letter from you. →
I was glad to get a
letter from you.

1)
Don’t forget ____ the lights before you go out. 2) I asked the passer-by ___ me
the way to the nearest bank. 3) The police wanted ___ the cause of the
accident. 4) I was surprised ___ Tim at the meeting. 5) Jack failed ___ the
book to the library on time. 6) They agreed ___ the damage free of charge. 7)
When I decided ___ English, I didn’t know how difficult it would be. 8) Only
very wealthy tourists can afford ___ at the Hilton. 9) We were sorry ___ the
bad news. 10) I promised ___ the CD by next weekend. 11) They planned ___ by
train, but they went by car after all. 12) We’ve arranged ___ with their
representatives to discuss the problem. 13) He hopes ___ this information
tomorrow. 14) Unfortunately I didn’t manage ___ the exam. 15) She was pleased
___ the invitation to the party. 16) We were relieved ___ that he had arrived
safely. 17) The inspector asked the passengers ___ their tickets. 18) We were
lucky ___ the last tickets for the 12 o’clock train.

Ex.9.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate infinitive as the attribute from
the box. The first one is done for you.

Alarm-clocks produced in
that city are rather pleasant to look at but they, extremely
rare if ever, wake you up at a proper time. Once a man came to a lawyer with a
demand to charge [взимать плату] the
plant producing these alarm-clocks the fare of the flight from
New York to Texas. On hearingthis demand the lawyer couldn’t
help being surprised. It took the man demandinghis money
several minutes to explain what the matter was. The
alarm-clock didn’t ring at the requiredtime and the man sleeping soundly
was late for his plane. The lawyer didn’t consider the explanation given reliable
enough and decided to make an experiment. He went to the
shop sellingthese alarm-clocks. They put four alarm-clocks to
ring at 7 a.m. In the morning it turned out that two of them stopped
long before the required time. One of the tested alarm-clocks
didn’t ring at all. And the last rang at 9 a.m. The data received made
it possible for the man to get his money back.
Ex.14.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive
construction Complex Subject.
A.1) Customer is
known to be always right. 2) Do you happen to
know when the train will arrive? 3) The repair of the track is
likely to be over in an hour. 4) Weappear to
have metbefore. 5) He is unlikely to follow your
recommendations. 6) This work seems to take much
time. 7) Thunderstorm is said to be approaching.
9) They were expected to takea taxi.
10) The suitcase seemed to get heavier
and heavier as I carried it along the road. 11) The price of the
tickets proved to be not very high. 12) Heappearsto
be right. 13) The car seemed to be in
excellent condition. 14) He turned out to
become a good specialist. 15) Do you happen to
know who can repair this device? 16) Sheseemsto
be waiting for you.
B.1)
The train timetable is known to be always compiled for a long period, generally
for six months. 2) Have you happened to see where they parked their car? 3) He
seems to know what he is talking about. 4) The electric locomotive’s service
life is said to be about 30 years. 5) She is unlikely to go by plane, because
she is airsick. 6) Firms from more than 20 countries are expected to take part
in the next international railway transport exhibition in Moscow. 7) The French
super-train “Aquitaine” was reported to cover the 580 km
distance fromParis to Bordeaux non-stop in four hours. 8) At a
large terminal there are so many tracks that trains seem to be arriving or
departing every minute. 9) The railways are known to carry 80 per cent of all
freight because only the railways can transport anything, almost anywhere and
do it without thinking of weather conditions. 10) The price of railway tickets
was reported to be increased in summer.

▫ Two new Metro stations ▫
  The weather ▫ The VL80 Locomotive ▫ The atom ▫ The boxes
  with equipment ▫ The new power-station ▫ Ink

▫ was thought ▫ is supposed
  ▫ were said ▫ is expected ▫ are expected ▫ is known
  ▫ was reported

▫ to change for the better.
  ▫ to be built in a far-off region. ▫ to be indivisible for a long
  period of time. ▫ to have been already unloaded. ▫ to be put into
  operation next year. ▫ to have been invented in Egypt. ▫ to be
  designed for hauling trains of up to 4,500 tons on sections with steep
  grades.

▫ New buses ▫ The doctor
  ▫ Bad weather sometimes ▫ This metal ▫ You ▫ He
  ▫ She

▫ happened ▫ happens ▫
  appears ▫ seem ▫ seems ▫ proved ▫ turned out

▫ to have lost the key to her
  suitcase. ▫ to know how to handle this device. ▫ to be there at
  the time of the accident. ▫ to have changed since I saw you last.
  ▫ to be very brittle. ▫ to result in a flight delay. ▫ to be
  very comfortable.

▫ I ▫ You ▫ She
  ▫ They ▫ John ▫ The book ▫ The train

▫ is likely ▫ am sure
  ▫ is sure ▫ is unlikely ▫ are unlikely ▫ are certain
  ▫ is certain

▫ to be given excellent
  recommendations. ▫ to reach the destination on time. ▫ to attract
  everybody’s attention. ▫ to be able to repair your computer. ▫ to
  have something to say. ▫ to know about his arrival. ▫ to
  change her mind.

Ex.16. Translate the following
sentences from Russian into English using the construction Complex Subject.
1) Ожидалось, что результаты эксперимента будут
опубликованы в журнале. 2) Вы, случайно, не знаете, почему поезд опаздывает? 3)
Говорят, что груз был задержан [to hold up] на таможне. 4) Судя по
всему, этот участок пути скоро будет открыт для движения. 5) Сообщили, что
новая железнодорожная линия будет на 40 км короче, чем старая. 6) Я случайно
встретил его на станции. 7) Ты непременно опоздаешь на поезд, если
не [unless] поторопишься. 8) Вероятно, она забыла зонтик в автобусе.
9) Стальные вагоны, конечно, более безопасные и надёжные, чем деревянные. 10)
Вряд ли он поможет вам. Он сейчас занят. 11) Полагают, что новая железная
дорога откроет новые возможности [opportunity] для международного
сотрудничества.

Ex.17. Read and translate the
following sentences paying attention to the construction Complex
Object.
A.1)
They expected him to buy a more expensive car. 2)
We didn’t expect this information to be announced on
the radio. 3) Do you know Samuel Morse to have been a
painter by profession? 4) We know many railway lines to
have been damaged during the war. 5) Scientists believe new
laser devices to be widely usedin medicine. 6) I wish a
taxi to wait for me fifteen minutes. 7) The manager made Mary
copy the report again. 8) Many people saw the
bridge collapse. 9) They watched the plane go up until
it became quite a small spot up in the sky. 10) They did not notice us
pass by. 11) Do you want a porter to carry your
luggage to the compartment?
B.1)
Nobody expected the president of the company to come to the party. 2) Twice a
year people see birds fly south and north but we don't know how they find their
way. 3) I wouldn’t like this report to be discussed in my absence. 4) What made
you change your mind? 5) Carrying out the experiments with electric telegraph,
S. Morse noticed a pencil make a wavy line when connected to an electric wire.
6) The excellent properties of Damascus steel made metallurgists of the whole
world look for the lost secret of its production. 7) Who allowed you to take
these documents? 8) Bad weather conditions made pilots switch over to automatic
control. 9) Nowadays people can watch on television the cosmonauts work in
space, “Lunokhod” move on the surface of the Moon and Olympic Games take place
on the other side of the globe. 10) Socrates is known to be the great Greek
philosopher and orator. A talkative young man wanted Socrates to teach him
oratory. He begged Socrates to hear him speak on some subject. Socrates let him
talk as much as he liked and then said: «You must pay me double price because
I'll have to teach you two sciences: how to speak and how to hold your tongue!
»

  ▫ We ▫ The director ▫ The scientists ▫ The chief
  engineer ▫ I ▫ Everybody ▫ The news programs

  ▫ wanted ▫ knows ▫ reported ▫ ordered ▫ don’t
  want ▫ didn’t expect ▫ consider

  ▫ their discovery ▫ you ▫ him ▫ the electric current
  ▫ these devices ▫ his letters ▫ the plane

▫
  to be repaired as fast as possible. ▫ to drive so fast. ▫ to be
  sent by airmail. ▫ to be the motion of electrons through an electric
  conductor. ▫ to land safely. ▫ to return so soon. ▫ to
  produce great changes in the field of electronics.

  ▫ The ticket inspector ▫ We ▫ A lot of people ▫
  Nothing ▫ The passengers ▫ She ▫ I

  ▫ noticed ▫ could make ▫ didn’t hear ▫ saw ▫
  made ▫ didn’t feel ▫ watched

  ▫ the sportsmen ▫ two passengers ▫ the car ▫ the
  train ▫ me ▫ the children ▫ him

▫
  change his opinion. ▫ jump on to the running tram. ▫ disappear
  round the corner of the street. ▫ start. ▫ come up because the
  radio was making a lot of noise. ▫ jump with parachutes. ▫ get
  off the bus because they didn’t pay fares.

Ex.19.
Complete the following sentences using infinitives with to or
without to.
Model:
Have you ever seen them__? →
Have you ever seen them help
their friends?

1) I
would like my friends___. 2) His parents expect him___. 3) We saw her___. 4) We
heard them___. 5) We watched the train___. 6) I suppose her___. 7) The teacher
didn't let the students___. 8) Nobody expected him___. 9) We saw the car___.
10) We know him___. 11) They made us___. 12) They believed him___. 13) You
can't make me___. 14) I don't think him___. 15) The teacher does not consider
him___. 16) I heard you ___.
Ex.20.
Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the
construction Complex Object.
1) Мы
не ожидали, что он отложит обсуждение этого проекта. 2) Я знаю, что она
проводит научно-исследовательскую работу в области [field] химии. 3)
Мы полагаем, что ты справишься с [to cope with] этой работой. 4) Мне
бы не хотелось, чтобы ты опаздывал. 5) Вы не видели, как произошла авария? 6)
Водитель такси отказался взять чек; он хотел, чтобы пассажир заплатил
наличными [in cash]. 7) Мы хотели, чтобы он рассказал нам о своей
поездке в Лондон. 8) Ты знаешь, что они уехали за границу два дня назад? 9) Они
надеялись, что эксперимент окажется удачным. 10) Я слышал, как он рассказывал
эту историю много раз. 11) Я думал, что вы встретите меня на вокзале.

☻Ex.21. Read
and Smile. Translate the following story into Russian. Try to find sentences
with the construction Complex Object (five sentences are a
good result but maybe you will be able to find more).
Linda,
a girl of thirty, wanted any young handsome man to propose to her. But nobody
turned up and she had only her dreams.
It was
midnight, she was lying on the couch, her eyes were closed and she was dreaming
about her prince who was sure to come. It was quite dark in the room and
suddenly she felt a gentle wind blow and then heard somebody enter the room.
She opened her eyes and saw a young handsome man lean over her dressing-table.
It must be him, the prince she had been dreaming of for such a long time. And
she burst out crying and saying: “Darling! Dearest! You’ve come at last!” These
words made him shudder. She noticed the expression of his face change suddenly.
“I’m no darling of yours,” protested the man. “But yes, you are!” answered
Linda with determination. And she tried to embrace him. “Leave me alone, can’t
you see, I’m no boy-friend of yours! I’m only a burglar!” And Linda saw the
young man rush out of the room.
Ex.22.
Translate the following attributive groups. What parts of speech are the
attributes expressed by?

A
▫
the city power supply system ▫ the driver fined for speeding
▫
the departing and arriving trains ▫ heavily loaded vehicle
▫
low cost of transporting freight ▫ the train passing the curve
▫
the devices to be packed into the boxes ▫ train speed restriction signs
▫
the problem of increasing train speeds ▫ passenger service quality
▫
the computers to be supplied by this firm ▫ the engine troubles
▫
the possibility of applying atomic energy ▫ the trailers made of
stainless steel
▫
the railway line laid down through ▫ successful research
forests
and marshes ▫ average freight train speed
▫
the time of covering each section of the track ▫ high speeds of running
▫
a cargo weighing several tons ▫ the train moving on schedule
▫
improved methods of constructing ▫ the cars parked near the terminal
▫
the opportunity of traveling free of charge ▫ a 82 horse-power engine
▫
a tunnel to be bored through the mountain ▫ an overcrowded bus
▫
the cost of repairing the damaged cars ▫ the road surface to be repaired
▫
goods to be carried in large-tonnage ▫ a running engine.
containers
B
▪
мост, соединяющий два острова ▪ доставка грузов
▪
правила дорожного движения ▪ порожний вагон
▪
пути улучшения пассажирского ▪ автомобиль, имеющий электрический
обслуживания
двигатель
▪
часы, которые нужно отремонтировать ▪ проект реконструкции вокзала
▪
шпалы, сделанные из стали ▪ поезд, подходящий к станции
▪
временный мост ▪ увеличение скорости движения поездов
▪
грузовой поезд, состоящий из 60 вагонов ▪ оборудование, установленное в
офисе
▪
новые приборы, которые будут ▪ машина, развивающая скорость 160 км/ч
использовать
для проведения опыта ▪ двигатель, изобретённый Ползуновым
▪
интенсивное движение ▪ мост, который будет построен
▪
билеты, купленные заранее ▪ рабочие, ремонтирующие дорогу
▪
возрастающая стоимость топлива ▪ реконструкция железнодорожного моста
▪
оборудование, которое необходимо ▪ телефонные линии, повреждённые
заменить
ураганом
▪
дорога, построенная недавно ▪ поезд, отправляющийся в Лондон.
 1) The
accident resulted to a traffic jam. [1] 2) The first
self-propelled vehicle in Russia has been made Ivan Kulibin in the 18th century. [2] 3)
The shuttle-train cover the distance from London in Paris in 3 hours 40
minutes. [2] 4) Wooden sleepers treat with creosote to prevent
it from decay. [2] 5) Where has been a two-speed escalator
developed? [1] 6) Nowadays the air over large cities is been
contaminated by transport and industry. [2] 7) Not all the
necessary things have been buyed for our trip that is why the departure have
been postponed. [2] 8) Tomas Edison began working at the
railway, when newspapers and snack he were selling. [2] 9) The
construction the first steam locomotive in Russia will be connected with the
name of the Cherepanov. [3] 10) A totally new ticket-vending
systems has been install for our terminal. [3] 11) When was
proposed the project of constructing of the Channel Tunnel? [2]
Ex.24. TEST. Choose
the correct variant of the predicate.
1) Dad
phoned us and asked if our luggage ___ already ___.
a) is
packed b) was packed c) had been packed
2) You
can’t take this tape-recorder because it ___ yet.
a) was
not repaired b) has not been repaired c) is not repaired
3)
Tickets ___ usually ___ long before the train departure.
a) are
sold b) have sold c) are being sold
4) I
was late because of my watch. It ___.
a)
stops b) is stopping c) has stopped
5) We
___ the old engine by a new and more powerful one.
a) have
replaced b) have been replaced c) were replaced
6) When
we arrived in London, the famous Tower Bridge ___.
a) will
be reconstructed b) was reconstructing c) was being reconstructed
7) I
was told that the schedule of this train ___ recently ___.
a) has been
changed b) was changed c) had been changed
8)
Before the invention of steel all the railway cars ___ of wood.
a) were
being made b) were made c) had been made
9) The
workers always ___ the carriages before the train departure.
a)
inspect b) are inspecting c) are inspected
10)
Before starting the car the driver ___ the engine.
a) had
examined b) has examined c) was examined
11)
Mercury ___ at 357.25 degrees Centigrade.
a) had
boiled b) boils c) is boiling
12) I
regularly see him at the tram stop, but I ___ him since Monday.
a)
don’t see b) haven’t seen c) didn’t see
*The
results of the test: If your score is 10-12 correct answers, you are doing
just great; 8-9 stand for good knowledge; 6-8 mean you have some problems; if
the number of your correct answers is less than 6, go and learn the rules.
Ex.25.
Put questions to the underlined words.

1) He
has traveled by plane just once. 2) They learnt about the railway
accident from thenewspaper. 3) Our train departs late in
the evening. 4) Plenty of sand will be required for building the
road. 5) This distance can be covered by train in an hour. 6)
Lorries were moving slowly along the mountain road. 7) The
Railway International Journal publishes a lot of articles about
the construction of high-speed railways all over the world. 8)The
passengers have been just invited to take the train.9) The mechanic
replaced some out-of-date parts of this machine. 10) We
suddenly discovered that we had lost our way. 11) Damages due to
the computer’s error were assessed at $1,000. 12) The first
automobiles appeared on the roads at the end of the 19th century.
13) Hungary is situated in the center of international trade routes, that
is why freight traffic is constantly increasing. 14) He was fined for careless
driving. 15) For several miles the road runs through a
thick forest. 16) The electric equipment has been manufactured in
France. 17) Refrigerator cars are widely used for carrying
perishable goods. 18) They had to stop to fuel the car.
19) Tunnels are built for direct movement of automobiles or trains
through mountain ranges or under rivers.

TEXT A

(Part
1)
The
English Channel (Frenchmen call it “La Manche” – which means ‘the sleeve’) is
one of the world's most extraordinary pieces of water. For centuries, the
Channel has been Britain's defense against invaders. It has also been the way
to the Continent. Sailors know it as perhaps the most dangerous sea channel in
Europe. Over the years, people have crossed the tunnel by balloons, canoes,
rowing boats, parachutes, water skis and by swimming! The British seem to enjoy
using the strange methods of crossing the Channel, using everything from a car
to a bed.
Connecting
the Isles of Great Britain to mainland Europe by means of a tunnel is an idea
that appeared more than 200 years ago. Nevertheless we can name very few
projects against which there existed a deeper and more powerful prejudice than
the construction of a railway tunnel between Dover and Calais. The objections
have been cultural, political and, of course, military. The British government
objected to the scheme mainly because they thought that the enemy could easily
invade England through such a tunnel.
It can
be said that the long history of the Channel Tunnel began in 1802 when a French
engineer, Albert Mathieu, according to the order of Napoleon, worked out a
project of a tunnel to link France with England. But his project was not
carried out, because the war between these countries began in 1803 and the
Britons were glad that they were separated from the French by the Channel.
Seventy
years later, a British colonel, Ernst Beaumont, began tunneling his way out of
his native country using equipment that he designed himself, until he was
stopped on grounds of national security. In 1950s a research group was set up
to study the possibility of the Channel Tunnel construction. In 1963 this group
submitted its report to the British and French governments. But when they were
to make a final decision about the Channel Tunnel, the British Government
refused from its construction because of financial difficulties.
Only in
1987 the question of the Channel Tunnel was studied afresh by a group of French
and British engineers and the work actually began. They agreed to start
constructing the Eurotunnel, as it was called, on both English and French
coasts. The Tunnel was bored under the sea through a layer of dense chalk which
is known to be free of cracks and allows water to penetrate it slowly.
Saturday, December 1, 1990 was not an ordinary day in the Channel’s long
history. At 11.00 a.m. two miners, one Frenchman and one Englishman, cut
through the last few centimeters of chalk separating the UK from Europe. The
Tunnel was officially opened for traffic on May 7, 1994.

(Part
2)
The
Channel Tunnel actually consists of three tunnels: the two running tunnels* and
the service tunnel**. Single-track railway lines are laid down in each of the
running tunnels. Normally, one of them carries passenger and freight trains
from Britain to France and the other carries trains in the opposite direction.
If one of the running tunnels is closed for maintenance, the other is used for
train movement in both directions. A smaller third tunnel lies between the two
train tunnels. It is called the service tunnel. There is a roadway inside it,
so maintenance workers and emergency teams can reach any point of the Tunnel
system in their road vehicles. The service tunnel is linked to the running
tunnels at regular intervals by cross-passages***. In case of emergency or a
train breakdown the passengers will leave the train through one of the
cross-passages into the service tunnel where road vehicles will evacuate them
to a safer place.
The
total length of the Tunnel is about 50 km (3.7 km is laid underneath French
territory; 9 km is laid underneath British territory and 37 km of the line is
constructed under the waters of the English Channel). The electric trains run
every 3 minutes during peak hours, providing the carrying capacity of 4,000
vehicles per hour in both directions. A typical passenger shuttle consists of
26 wagons. 13 double-deck carriages are used for carrying cars of average size;
another 13 single-deck wagons are used for transporting buses and vans. Freight
shuttles consist of 25 single-deck wagons. Each of them is capable of carrying
a vehicle weighing up to 44 tons. Two electric locomotives are coupled in front
and at the rear of each shuttle.

The
time of crossing the Tunnel is 35 minutes, about an hour less than by ferry.
Passengers and drivers remain in their vehicles. The gauge of the tunnel
railway is standard that’s why the tunnel can be used for international
passenger and freight trains.
Original
estimate of construction cost was 7.2 billion dollars, but cost to date is 13.1
billion dollars shared between Britain, France and other investors. So far the
project has not been quite profitable and still needs more investments.
The
Tunnel personnel do its best to make passengers feel comfortable and safe
during the crossing. But as it was mentioned by the commercial director of the
Tunnel, they still have many serious problems and one of them is safety.
Nevertheless, the authorities are sure to be able to solve all the problems
successfully.
Notes:
*running tunnel – эксплуатационный тоннель
**service
tunnel – служебный тоннель
***cross-passage
– поперечный переход

Ex.26.
Answer the following general questions:
1. Was
the first design of the Channel Tunnel proposed in 1851?
2. Had
only two projects been considered before the actual tunneling began?
3. Did
the construction proceed very quickly?
4. Are
double-track railway lines laid down in the running tunnels?
5. Is
there a roadway inside the service tunnel?
6. Do
the electric trains operate in the Channel Tunnel?
7. Does
a typical passenger shuttle consist of 26 wagons?
8. Is the
time of crossing the Channel Tunnel 30 minutes?
9. Has
each shuttle two electric locomotives coupled in front and at the rear?
10. Can
the Tunnel be used for international passenger and freight trains?
Ex.27.
True or false? Correct the false statements.
1) The
first project of the Tunnel was worked out in 1802. 2) The English engineer was
the first to propose this project. 3) The construction of the Tunnel was in
progress when the war (1803) began. 3) Ernst Beaumont was the second Frenchman
to propose the project of the construction. 5) He began constructing the
Tunnel, and the work was successfully completed. 6) The third project was
proposed by a group of French, English and American engineers. 7) This project
was approved by both French and English governments. 8) France opposed to the
tunnel construction because of financial difficulties. 9) The construction
actually began in 1988. 10) The work proceeded very slowly and was completed
only 20 years later. 11) The Tunnel was opened for traffic on May 1, 1994. 12)
The total length of the Tunnel is 37 km. 13) Passengers are carried in trains
but freight is transported in horse-drawn carts. 14) The traffic frequency of
trains is 4,000 vehicles per hour. 15) One can cross the tunnel on foot or by
bicycle. 16) The project is very profitable.
a)
When did people begin tunneling? b) Where were the first tunnels built? c) What
were tunnels built for?
Tunneling
is difficult, expensive and dangerous engineering work. Tunnels are built to
provide direct automobile or railway routes through mountain ranges or under
rivers. Before the 19th century men had not acquired enough
skill in engineering to carry out extensive tunneling. Tunnels, however, were
known in ancient times. The first-known tunnel was dug in Babylon in about
2180–60 BC. It passed under the Euphrates River and connected the royal palace
with a temple. An early Greek tunnel was completed in 687 BC on the island of
Samos as part of an aqueduct system.
The
Romans built many aqueduct tunnels throughout their vast empire. Their greatest
feat was a 3.5-mile (5.6-kilometer) tunnel to drain Lake Fucino in Italy to
create Fucino Basin. Few tunnels were built during the next thousand years.
Some irrigation tunnels were constructed in Spain during the early 1400s, and
in about 1450 a project was begun in the Maritime Alps [Приморские Альпы] to
link Nice and Genoa. This work, however, was never completed.
By the
17th century tunnels were being constructed for use as canals. During the 19th
and 20th centuries the development of railroad and, later, motor-vehicle
transportation led to a tremendous expansion worldwide in the number of tunnels
and in their length.
Early
tunnel-building techniques varied. The Egyptians used copper saws that were
capable of cutting soft rock, while the Babylonians constructed masonry
tunnels. The Romans tunneled through solid rock by heating the rock face with
fire and then rapidly cooling it with water, causing the rock to crack. Tunnel
building has always been hazardous, and often hundreds or even thousands of
workers died constructing ancient tunnels. The development of modern tunneling
technology has also included vast improvements in worker safety.
a)
When was the first Alpine tunnel built? b) How is it called? c) What new device
was used during tunneling for the first time?
Ever
since the early days of civilization in Europe the Alps have been a barrier to
the movements of people. The first Alpine tunnel to be constructed was the Mont
Cenus tunnel. This great project dates back to 1857. This tunnel is of great
technical interest because at that time the only way to get through the rock
was to use hand tools. At first the construction advanced very slowly. In fact,
if it had continued at the initial pace, it would have taken 5 years to complete
the tunnel! However, with compressed air drills and dynamite being introduced,
progress was accelerated. Work on the Mont Cenus tunnel started in August 1857
and finished in December 1870.

a)
What is the name of the second tunnel cut through the Alps? b) What is the
length of the tunnel? c) Why was it dangerous to build tunnels at that time?
The
next great and extremely difficult task was the construction of the St.
Gotthard tunnel. Italian and Swiss engineers started working on this project in
1872. This tunnel 9.3 miles long was completed 9 years later as compared with
14 years required to make the Mont Cenus tunnel. It should be noted that during
the period of construction no less then 800 men lost their lives because of
poor ventilation. The only means of ventilating was the compressed air
exhausted from the drills. It was so insufficient that the death rate among the
workers was extremely great. Needless to say that the ventilation ought to have
been much better.
a)
What is the longest tunnel cut through the Alps? b) What was done to improve
ventilation in the course of tunneling? c) Why was a smaller bore (диаметр тоннеля)
adopted?
Both
the Mont Cenus and the St. Gotthard tunnels are known to be single tunnels. But
when it was decided to bore the Simplon tunnel through the Alps, a different
scheme was adopted because geological conditions in this part of the mountains
were not simple. The planned length of 12.3 miles was greater than had been
done before. According to the project two tunnels were cut, side by side, with
transverse galleries connecting them at certain intervals. In this way
ventilation was greatly improved and the removal of soil was made much easier.
Each tunnel could take only one railway track, so a smaller bore was adopted.
Had the tunnel been made the same size as the earlier ones, it might never have
been completed. These arrangements made the construction much safer.

TEXT C
Read
the text and translate it with a dictionary if necessary. Find out what caused
the Tay Bridge and the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disasters and what materials were
used for constructing bridges.

The
first bridges were all designed empirically, from the experience gained by
previous failures and successes. The history of bridge construction knows many examples
when the bridges were built without basic knowledge of Mathematics, which
resulted in great tragedies. Engineering failures, although often very costly
in life and money, taught extremely valuable lessons.

You
must have heard of Tay Bridge disaster which took place at the end of the last
century. The Tay Bridge was designed by Thomas Bouch and opened in June 1878.
It was two miles long and spoken about as one of the wonders of the world. But
unfortunately principles of aerodynamics which should have been used in
designing the bridge were yet unknown. So, the bridge was built without any
knowledge about the force a wind can exert on the bridge.
On
Sunday afternoon, the 28th of December, 1879, a storm broke out
at that place. By evening the wind had reached the greatest force, and the
people began to be nervous of what might happen to it in such weather. Some of
them went to the end of the bridge to await the arrival of the evening train
from Edinburgh. What they saw was a lighted train crossing the bridge. Suddenly
the lights disappeared as the engine and coaches fell into the water. All
aboard the train were lost and it was difficult to estimate the exact number of
people, as some may have been carried out to sea.

The
Tacoma Narrows Bridge in the USA, which was the third longest bridge in the
world, was opened for traffic in July 1940. Owing to its behavior in wind, it
was nicknamed «Galloping Gertie». The deck of the bridge not only swayed
sideways but large vertical waves appeared, and the roadway oscillated up and
down under the action of quite moderate winds. Drivers of cars reported that
when they crossed the bridge vehicles ahead of them completely disappeared from
view and reappeared several times, owing to the wavy motion of the roadway.
From
the very beginning it was clear that the bridge structure ought to have been
strengthened. So, before the bridge was opened several attempts had been made
to damp out [уменьшать амплитуду] the
oscillations of the main span. But they all were not a success. In November
1940, only four months after the bridge was constructed, it collapsed under the
action of wind of only 42 mph, whereas generally bridges are designed to
withstand winds of 120 mph.

Early
bridges had to be built out of material close at hand. In tropical jungles
suspension bridges were made of long bamboo poles. In the places where there
were many forests it was wood. In northern areas pier bridges were built out of
stone. In Middle Ages people constructed wooden beam type bridges. They were
usually built on stone piers or wooden piles. Later, there appeared concrete
and metal bridges.

Nowadays
some people are experimenting with different unusual materials. One of them is
paper. Everyone associated paper with weakness. But paper-makers consider it to
be a very strong material. In order to prove it paper-makers built a paper
bridge across a narrow canyon in Nevada.
The
bridge covered a span of 32 feet. The designers calculated that it could safely
span 80 feet. The structure is ten feet wide and four feet high. It took the
engineers only two months to design the bridge, to test and construct it. For
testing the engineers chose a truck which weighted 12,000 lb (pounds). This
truck drove quite safely across the paper bridge. The engineers are sure that
the bridge can take six times the truck load of 12,000 lb. The bridge itself
weighs 9,000 lb. So, the structure is light enough to be laid into place by
helicopter.
COMPUTERS

Words
  and word combinations to be remembered

1)
  access –доступ 2) to calculate – вычислять, рассчитывать 3) to click – нажимать, щёлкать 4) compatible –совместимый 5)data – данные, сведения; информация 6) to display– отображать, показывать display– показ; дисплей 7) to download –загружать download – загрузка
  8)drawback –недостаток 9) enormous– огромный 10) to erase –стирать 11) error– ошибка 12)
  to handle –управлять, регулировать 13) hardware – машинное обеспечение компьютера 14) icon – значок 15)
  keyboard– клавиатура 16) to occupy – занимать 17) to occur – происходить occurrence– происшествие, случай 18) to perform – выполнять 19) to process – обрабатывать 20) to record – записывать record– запись tape
  recorder –магнитофон 21) to replicate –копировать 22) screen –экран 23)
  software – программное обеспечение компьютера 24) to solve – решать 25)
  to sound –звучать sound – звук 26) to spread (spread, spread) –распространяться 27)to store – хранить storage– память, запоминающее устройство 28) to supply (withsmth.) – обеспечивать, снабжать (чем-либо)

Ex.2.
Describe the relationship between each of the following words (antonyms,
synonyms, neither):
1) to
occur/ to happen/ to take place 16) inevitable/ avoidable
2)
output/ input 17) to delete/ to destroy/ to eradicate
3) to
replicate/ to copy 18) drawback/ disadvantage
4) permanent/
temporary 19) to record/ to erase
5) to
store/ to delete 20) to carry out/ to perform/ to execute
6) to
provide/ to supply 21) screen/ monitor
7)
drawback/ advantage 22) to erase/ to restore
8) to
calculate/ to compute/ to count 23) to store/ to keep
9)
enormous/ huge/ vast/ gigantic 24) main/ basic
10) to
turn on/ to turn off 25) to include/ to comprise
11)
particularly/ especially 26) experienced/ inexperienced
12) to
install/ to set 27) access/ admittance
13)
compatible/ incompatible 28) useful/ useless
14) to
display/ to show 29) mistake/ error
15) to
record/ to reduce 30) to download/ to reload
Ex.3.
Match the words in the left column with their translation on the right.

1)
  central processing unit

a)
  дисковод

2)
  database

b)
  лазерный принтер

3)
  disk drive

c)
  жесткий диск

4)
  floppy disk (diskette)

d)
  устройство вывода данных

5)
  hard disk

e)
  интегральная схема

6)
  input device

f)
  база данных

7)
  integrated circuit (chip)

g)
  периферийные устройства

8)
  laser printer

h)
  дистанционное управление

9)
  output device

i)
  гибкий диск (дискета)

10)
  peripherals

j)
  режим отключения экрана при паузах в работе

11)
  remote control

k)
  запоминающее устройство

12)
  storage device

l)
  центральный процессор

13)
  word processor

m)
  устройство ввода данных

14) screen
  saver

n)
  текстовой процессор

1) The hardware [includes; copies;
consists of; comprises] a computer and all its peripherals such as the
monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.
2) The hardest work in mines is now [performed;
fulfilled; recorded; implemented; carried out] by robots.
3) Most phones now have memories for [accessing;
storing; keeping] frequently used numbers.
4) Many countries have cable TV, a
system [using; spreading; employing; applying] wires for
transmitting TV programs.
5) A video phone has a device, which [allows;
displays; permits; enables] us to see a room and the face of the
person speaking.
6) Howard Aiken [stored; designed;
developed] a number of automatic machines to solve differential
equations.
7) The first electronic computers were like
very large furnaces, consuming [enormous; basic; giant; huge] quantities
of electrical power.
8) Сomputers
can do many things that people do, but [faster; slower; swifter;
quicker] and better. They [can; should; are able to] control
trains or machines at factories, work out tomorrow's weather forecast and even
play chess, write poetry or compose music.
9) The preparation of computer [software;
peripherals; programs] takes up as much, if not more time as the
actual [production; manufacture; download] of the hardware and
is by no means easier.
10) The research didn’t give the expected
results because of the [drawback; error; blunder; mistake] in
the [computation; calculation; installation].
11) [Going on; turning on;
switching on] the tape-recorder, I immediately noticed that it was not
working properly.

Ex.7. Fill in the blanks with
the missing words. Consult the box.
1) The fire brigade arrived just in time,
before the fire could ___. 2) Damages due to computer’s ___ were assessed at $1000.
3) The information should be fed into the computer for ___. 4) How many letter
keys are there on this computer ___? 5) This ___ needs four batteries to power
it. 6) The music started playing and everybody looked at the ___. 7) Press this
button to ___ the device. 8) Nobody knew how to set a ___ to switch off the
monitor screen. 9) It took the operator some time to find the necessary ___.
10) The smallest ___ holds more information than 100 floppies. 11) You can get
___ to a great amount of information with the help of CD-ROM. 12) The ___
doesn’t work if you hold it in the air like a remote control. 13) People send
___ messages with the help of the Internet, a system that lets computers
connect by telephone lines. 14) A ___ is used for sending and receiving copies
of original documents via a phone line. 15) I heard a noise which ___ like a
helicopter. 16) When I tried to ___ the tape it got stuck.
1) Если
завтра у меня будет время, я куплю билет. 2) Если бы у меня сегодня было время,
я бы купил билет. 3) Если бы вчера у меня было время, я бы купил билет. 4) Если
бы я был на твоём месте, я бы принял их предложение. 5)Если бы у нас была
машина, мы бы встретили его. 6) Если бы я не был писателем, я бы стал учёным.
7) Если ваша фирма купит несколько компьютеров, то вы получите 5% скидку. 8)
Если бы у тебя был компьютер, ты бы перевёл текст быстрее. 9) Если бы я был на
твоём месте, я бы последовал его совету. 10) Если поезд придёт по расписанию,
мы сможем посмотреть футбольный матч.
Ex.15.
Look at the dictionary for the meaning of the following compound conjunctions:
as...as, as long as, as high as, as wide as, as soon as, as well as,
both...and, either...or, neither...nor, so that, the…the. Translate the
sentences into Russian.
1) The
traffic remained stationary so that the ambulance could pass. 2) The
construction of both the bridge and the dam will be
completed before the navigation season. 3) You can get to that part of the
city either by bus or by underground. 4) As soon
as the calculations are completed, we will begin the tests.
5) The more information we feed into a computer, the more
correct answer we receive. 6) These students
know neither German nor French. 7) The strength of this
synthetic material is as high as that of steel. 8) You can stay
here as long as the room is free. 9) The sun gives
us both light and heat; it gives us energy as well.
10) The investigations at the Arctic research station are carried out daily in
good as well as in bad weather according to a carefully worked out
plan. 11) We decided to cross the mountains so that we could reach
the railway station in the daytime. 12) The electric power is transmitted from
the powerhouse to the trains either by means of a third
rail or by means of an overhead system of wires.
13) The earlier children begin to play computer
games, the quicker they learn to manipulate computers. 14) Inside the
examination room we could neither smoke nor talk.
Ex.16.
Fill in the blanks with the required compound conjunctions
1) ___
shorter the lever arm, ___ greater effort is needed to lift the weight. 2) ___
longer I think of your plan, ___ more I like it. 3) I could find him ___ at
home ___ in the office. 4) ___ the comfort of the driver may be improved, the
design of the seat was changed. 5) ___ the bridge ___ the tunnel will be
constructed next year. 6) The invitations were sent beforehand ___ the
delegates might arrive in time for the conference. 7) I shall leave ___ tonight
___ tomorrow. 8) I'll telephone you ___ I return home. 9) I shall remember you
___ I live. 10) This book is ___ interesting ___ useful. 11) I gave him the
book ___ he could prepare the task at home. 12) I shall stay with you ___ you
need me. 13) ___ he ___ I know French. 14) Franklin is known all over the world
___ as a scientist ___ as a political leader. 15) ___ I arrive in the city, I
phone you.

Ex.17.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the verbs to be and to
have. State the function of the verbs in question.
to
be:1) Automatic block and other kinds of modern signaling are being
widely introduced to ensure the safety of train movement at high speeds. 2) The
road from the airport to town is to be reconstructed. 3) According to Charles
Pearson’s project, the first lines of the London Underground were to be laid down
close to the ground surface. 4) The train was to arrive at 5 o’clock but has
not appeared yet. 5) We were to meet under the Big Clock at the station. 6) The
first attempts in designing a robot engine driver were made in 1960s. 7) The
insurance rate on my car is high because I live in a large city. 8) Liquid
goods are carried in tank cars. 9) Local trains are to make stops at all
railway stations. 10) The gondola car is a low-sided wagon without a roof. 11)
At the last Metro station the engine driver is to move to the other end of the
train. 12) The plane was to leave at midnight but its departure was delayed
because of a heavy fog. 13) Although the railways are the main cargo haulers,
motor transport carries the greatest number of passengers. 14) The traffic
regulations are to be observed by both drivers and pedestrians [пешеход].
15) A jet engine is the most powerful engine because the gases in it reach the
temperature of over a thousand degrees. 16) As the rail joint [рельсовый стык]
is the weakest part of the track, it is necessary to use longer rails. 17) As
the stop was a long one, the passengers got off the train. 18) If I am late, I
shall take a taxi.

to
have: 1) She had lost her keys, so we had to open
the door by force. 2) A new ceramic engine has been developed. 3) You will have
to call for [заходить за]her because she has a lot of luggage. 4)
Have you understood how to use this device? 5) I have some spare time this week
but next week I’ll have to start work. 6) Our efforts to start the car had
failed, and we had to spend the night in a nearby village. 7) The matter is
urgent. We have to phone her immediately. 8) Cars have been cleaned, inspected
and repaired in the coach yard. 9) The first self-propelled car had to stop
every 100 yards to make more steam, because the supply of steam lasted only 15
minutes. 10) Not having bought the tickets in advance they had to go to the
station long before the train departure. 11) He had to take the whole device
apart to discover the cause of the trouble. 12) John will have to pay a wrong
parking fine. 13) He has to go by Underground because his car has broken down.
14) Many new electronic devices have been developed to provide the safety of
high-speed traffic. 15) This minibus has a rear door and easily detachable
seats that is why it can be easily converted for the transportation of the
freight up to 800 kg. 16) The engine will have to be dismantled to repair the
damage. 17) An open-type passenger car has nine 6-berth compartments. 18) The
main tracks have been cleared of snow by snow-cleaning machines.
1) They traveled 2,000 miles
by bus. 2) Most people go to work by subway in New
York. 3) The car has just stopped because there isn’t any more gas
in the tank. 4) Arthur always drives at a high speed. 5)
All flights have been canceled because of the fog. 6) They are
going to travel around the world. 7) Stephen went into debt to
buy that car. 8) The first buses in London were drawn by three horses.
9) Teenagers can get a driving license at the age of fourteen. 10)
We were waiting for the train arrival on the platform. 11) Before
each flight pilots ask for the information about the weather expected.
12) All the necessary information is stored in the computer. 13)
Metro trains run at 8 minutes headways. 14) Just
beyond the bend, the river begins to narrow. 15) The builders will have to
explode the rock to construct the railway in this district. 16) We
went to the cinema to pass the time until the train arrived.
17) The subway trains are crowded during the rush hours. 18) The
bus service is so bad that it is almost impossible to get anywhere.
19) The schedule of this train has been changed for the summer period.
20) The railway tunnel linking Great Britain and France was officially opened
for traffic on May 7, 1994. 21) In 1989, English
computer scientist Timothy Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web.
Ex.19. Find grammar mistakes in
the following sentences and correct them. The number of mistakes is pointed out
in brackets.
1) He did not performed the task he had been
given. [1] 2)What the engines do this plant produce? [2] 3)
Are you know the schedule this train? [2] 4) Already the bus
is overcrowded, it will not be able take all the passengers waited at the bus
stop. [3] 5) The contract was not signed yet. [1] 6)
His traveling expenses covered by the firm. [1] 7) While
driving a car, you should not to speak with your mobile telephone. [2] 8)
This device can be repair; you don’t need to replace it on a new one. [2] 9)
In Russia many people had doubts about the possibility of using of steam
engines in the Russian winter. [1] 10) Some of the arch
bridges constructing by the Romans 2,000 years ago is still being used. [2]. 11)
The revolution in science and technology is affected not only economically
developed countries but also developing countries. [1] 12) An
electric engine is most ecologically friendly one because it is not contaminate
environment with exhausted gases. [2] 13) One of the most
early railway bridge in the Great Britain called “Britannia” have survived to
our days. [4] 14) Does the train covers the distance from
Moscow to Samara in 20 hours? [1] 15)The plane were late
because it has to make a forced landing. [2] 16) The remote
control need 4 battery to power it. [2]
[1] A
computer is known to be a device that has the ability to accept, store and
process enormous quantities of data. Computers can be divided into three main
types, depending on their size and power.
Mainframe
computers are the largest and most powerful. They can handle large
amounts of information very quickly and can be used by many people at the same
time. They usually fill a whole room and are sometimes referred to as computer
installations. They are found in large institutions and government departments.
Minicomputers, commonly
known as minis, are smaller and less powerful than mainframes. They are about
the size of an office desk and are usually found in banks and offices. They are
becoming less popular as microcomputers are being improved.
Microcomputers, commonly
known as micros, are the smallest and least powerful. They are about the size
of a typewriter. They can handle smaller amounts of information at a time and
are slower than the other two types. They are ideal for use as home computers
and are also used in education and business. More powerful microcomputers are
being gradually produced; therefore they are becoming the most commonly used
type of computers.
[2] A
computer can do very little until it is given some information. This is known
as the input and usually consists of a program (a set of instructions, written
in a special computer language, telling the computer what operations and
processes are to be carried out and in what order they should be done) and some
data (the particular information that has to be processed by the computer).
Data brought out of the computer is known as output. Information in the form of
programs and data is called software.
[3] The
pieces of equipment making up the computer system are known as hardware.
The
most important item of hardware is the CPU (Central Processing Unit). It
contains the processor and the main memory. The processor is the brain of the
computer. It does all the processing and controls all the other devices in the
computer system. The main memory is the part of the computer where programs and
data being used by the processor can be stored. However, it has a limited
capacity.
[4] All
the other devices in the computer system, which can be connected to the CPU,
are known as peripherals. These include input devices, output devices and storage
devices.
▪ An
input device is a peripheral, which enables information to be fed into
the computer. The most commonly used input device is a keyboard, similar to a
typewriter keyboard.
▪ An
output device is a peripheral, which enables information to be brought
out of the computer, usually to display the processed data. The most commonly
used output device is a specially adapted television known as a monitor or VDU
(Visual Display Unit). Another common output device is a printer. It prints the
output of the CPU onto paper.

▪ A
storage device is a peripheral used for the permanent storage of
information. It has a much greater capacity than the main memory and commonly
uses magnetic tape or magnetic disks as the storage medium.
These
are the main peaces of hardware of any computer system whether a small “micro”
or a large mainframe system.

Ex.21.
Match each component in column A with its function in column B.
A B
1) storage
devicea) It allows data to be entered. With it you communicate with your
computer.
2) monitor b)
It is used to introduce coordinates into a computer. Moving it on
the
surface of the table we control the movement of the cursor on the screen.
3) keyboard c)
It does all the processing and controls the peripherals.
4) main
memory d) It is used to record, store information and to pass data to
or from
another
computer.
5) processor e)
It is used to print texts or graphics.
6) printer f)
It provides permanent storage for programs and data.
7) mouse g)
It holds the programs and data being used by the processor.
8) floppy
disk h) It is used to rotate disks.
9) cursor i)
It is a mark on the display's screen showing the place where actions
are
taking place.
10) disk
drive j) It displays the processed data.
The
terms viruses and vaccines have entered the
jargon of the computer industry to describe some of the bad things that can
happen to computer systems and programs. Unpleasant occurrences like the March
6, 1991, attack of the Michelangelo virus will be with us for
years to come. In fact, you need to check your IBM or IBM-compatible personal
computer for the presence of Michelangelo before March 6 every
year – or risk losing all the data on your hard disk when you turn on your
machine that day. And Macintosh users need to do the same for another
intruder, the Jerusalem virus, before each Friday the 13th,
or risk a similar fate for their data.
A virus
as its name suggests, is contagious. It is a set of illicit instructions that
infects other programs and may spread rapidly. The Michelangelo virus went
worldwide within a year. Some types of viruses include the worm, a
program that spreads by replicating itself; the bomb, the program
intended to sabotage a computer; and the Trojan horse, a program
that covertly places illegal, destructive instructions in the middle of a
legitimate program.
Although
viruses can be destructive, some are quite benign; one simply displays a peace
message on the screen on a given data. Others may merely be a nuisance,
like the Ping-pong virus that bounces a “Ping-pong ball”
around your screen while you are working. But a few could result in disaster
for your disk, as in the case of Michelangelo.
There
have been occasions when commercial software was released with a virus, but
these situations are rare. Viruses tend to show up most often on free software
acquired from friends. So before any diskette can be used with a computer
system, it should be scanned for infection.
A virus
may be dealt with by means of a vaccine, or antivirus,
program that stops the spread of the virus and often eradicates it. The
drawback of the antivirus program is that once you buy this type of software,
you must continuously pay the price for upgrades as new viruses are discovered.

Ex.24.
True or false? Correct the false statements.
1) The
terms viruses and vaccines are used only in
the language of medical officers. 2) These terms are used to describe some
unpleasant occurrences that can happen to programmers. 3) The Michelangelo
virus attacked the computer systems in March 1991 and went worldwide within a
month. 4) You need to check your PC for the presence of the Michelangelo before
March 6 every year. 5) The Jerusalem virus is known to appear on Monday the 13th.
6) A virus is a set of instructions that infects other programs. 7) The
worm, the bomb, the Trojan horse are the names of computer games for
children. 8) The Ping-pong virus is said to be the most dangerous and
destructive one. 9) Commercial software is always released with various
viruses. 10) Any diskette should be scanned for infection. 11) A virus may be
dealt with by means of another virus. 12) The antivirus programs must be often
updated because new viruses are discovered.

TEXT D
Read
the text given below and guess the idea. Think about the title of the text.
***
The
first computers appeared right after World War II in the USA, and since that
time they have changed not only the lives of Americans. They have been changing
the lives of people all over the world. At present wherever the man turns, he
finds a computer working.
Computers
in banks can transfer money from one account to another. Computers are used to
launch, guide and track spacecrafts and satellites; they help predict weather
and earthquakes. They help people make long-distance and local telephone calls.
Computers are also used when one reserves space on an airplane or a train. In
medical labs computers have reduced the errors in testing, and they have saved
doctors’ countless hours of work.
Many
stores use computers to keep track of sales and orders. Also, many stores use
optical scanners to record purchases and total prices. A tiny computer chip
controls your washing machine. Computers linked to TV, telephone and satellite
networks spread information throughout the world.
Without
special training it is impossible to understand exactly how a computer works.
Nevertheless, many people use computers in their daily lives. Computers are
everywhere. They are so much a part of our lives that we usually don’t even
know they are here.

Computers
have become the foundation of the modern working world. Today, virtually all
types of jobs use them to some degree and all the countries are affected by the
“computer revolution”.
In the
future computers will be a million times faster than they are today. They will
become easier to use, but anyone who has not learnt how to use the new
technology will be seriously disadvantaged, particularly in the field of
employment.

Ex.25.
Answer the questions to the text you have read.
1) When
did the first computers appear? 2) Was it in England that the first computers
began to be used? 3) Computers are used everywhere, aren’t they? 4) Is it
hardly possible for people to use computers in their everyday life? 5) What can
computers do in banks? 6) What are the other spheres where computers may be used?
7) It is impossible to understand exactly how a computer works without special
training, is it? 8) Do many people use computers in their daily lives? 9) Have
computers become the foundation of the modern working world? 10) What countries
are affected by the “computer revolution”? 11) Will computers be a million
times slower in the future than they are today? 12) The problem is that in the
near future computers will become more and more complicated to use, isn’t it?
☻TEXT E
Read
and Smile. Translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
MOTHER
SHOULD HAVE WARNED YOU!

If you
can count on one person in this life, it is your mother. Particularly, you can
rely on any mom anywhere to find the perils inherent in any situation. Indeed,
no self-respecting mom ever missed an opportunity to caution her children about
the dangers of everything from comics to swimming pools. What would mom say
about PCs?
We have
tried to find an answer to this question, and after months of exhaustive
polling of computer savvy moms around the country (there are more than you
think), we’ve assembled the following list of ten PC perils your mom should
have warned you about. Take them seriously. Mom knows what she is talking
about.
1)
Playing too much computer games will make you go blind.Go outside, get some
fresh air. Do you want to look like a ghost all your life?
2)
Never dial into strange bulletin board systems. Who knows what kind of
riff-raff you will find there? Just last week, I saw a show about the kind of
trash that hangs out on these systems.
3) If
you are so interested in information, why don’t you go to the library?
4) You
don’t have to rush out and buy every trendy new product.So what if all your
friends are buying it. You wouldn’t jump off a bridge just because everyone
else did, would you?
5) Be
sure to write your name and phone number on all your floppy disk
sleeves. That way, if they ever get mixed up with someone else’s, you can
tell which one is yours.
6)
Never put a disk into your drive if you don’t know where it has been.Your
computer might catch a disease or something. Don’t laugh, it is not funny.
That’s what happened to the Kelly boy, and his PC hasn’t been the same since.
7) Sit
up straight, and for heaven’s sake, not so close to that monitor
screen. What do you want to do, go blind and look like a pretzel? Exercise
at your desk occasionally rotating your wrist, rolling your shoulders, and
stretching. Better yet, get up and walk around.
8)
Always keep your icons and windows neatly arranged.A cluttered desktop is the
sign of a cluttered mind.
9) Mind
your language.It is very rude, and frankly speaking, I don’t like your
language when the computer doesn’t work the way you think it should.
10)
Always eat your vegetables.Okay, so it doesn’t have anything to do with
computers, it’s good advice anyway. And who said mothers had to be consistent?
Ex.26.
Go back to the text and find the English equivalents to the following Russian
phrases:
присущий;
упустить возможность; действительно; “кумекающие” в компьютерах (жарг.);
ослепнуть; мусор; электронная доска объявлений; модный; наклейка на дискете;
рабочий стол; честно говоря; хороший совет; в любом случае; последовательный.
Ex.27.
Answer the questions.
1) What
do all moms usually warn their children about? 2) What were you warned about
when a child? 3) What advice did you take seriously? 4) What are the top three
PC perils in your opinion? 5) What of them would you warn your children about?
TEXT F
The
students of different Moscow technical higher schools were asked to write the
compositions in English on the following topics: 1)
Hackers of today. 2) Pluses and minuses of computers. 3) Internet. Read
them and choose the best composition in your opinion. Explain your choice.
Hackers,
having started as toy railroad circuitry designers in the late fifties, are
completely new people now. Once turned to computers, they became gods and
devils. Nowadays holders and users of the World Wide Web hide their PCs under
passwords when the keyword “hacker” is heard. When and how did this change take
place? Why are we so frightened of Hacker The Mighty and The Elusive?
One of
the legends says that hackers have changed under the influence of “crackers” –
the people who liked to talk on the phone at somebody else’s expense. Those
people hooked up to any number and enjoyed the pleasure of telephone
conversation, leaving the most fun – bills – for the victim. Another legend
tells us that modern hackers were born when a new computer game concept was
invented. Rules were very simple: two computer programs were fighting for the
reign on the computer. The results of this game are two in number and are well
known: hackers and computer viruses. One more story tells that the “new”
hackers came to existence when the two students of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology found an error in a network program. They informed people,
responsible for the network, about this mistake but with no result. The
offended students wrote a code that completely paralyzed the network and only
after that the error was fixed. By the way, those students founded The Motorola
Company later.
Today,
when the Internet has entered everyone’s house there is no shield between a
hacker and your PC. You can password yourself up, but then either a hacker will
crack your PC anyway or nobody will enter your site, because passwords kill
accessibility. If your PC is easy to access no one can guarantee what will
happen to your computer – hackers, you know them.
Monster?
Chimeras? No! Every hacker is a human being and every hacker has his soft
spots: good food, pretty girls or boys, classical music, hot chocolate at the
fireplace, apple pie on Sunday. First of all, hacker is a connoisseur, a
professional with no computer secret out of his experience. And how he uses his
skill and knowledge depends on him, God, and Holy Spirit.

KEEP
CLICKING!
Computers
spoil your eyes, computers are bad for your nerves, computers – oh, these
computers! Don’t believe it! Why don’t people criticize guns that kill much
more people? “That is life”, you say. Yes, but how can you blame such wonderful
thing like a computer, when you can’t even use it properly? All evils imputed
to computers are the results of our inexperience.
How can
you blame computers for spoiling your eyes if you play GTA Vice City for hours?
How can a computer be bad for your nerves if you cry out: “Damn, stupid piece
of…” (you know what) every time it hangs because of your being not too smart to
tell it what you want to be done.

Come
on, lighten up, computer is just a piece of hardware and software mixed. And if
you don’t know or can’t decide how to make this explosive cocktail, ask
yourself just one question: “Who is more stupid of you two?” Of course, I’m not
a computer maniac beating everyone blaming an innocent machine. But there is one
little thing people can’t or don’t want to understand: computers are not able
to realize ideas you don’t have and undertake the projects you haven’t
mentioned. They are just tools in your hands. And the results of using them are
the results of your being patient to tell in a really simple binary way: “Come
on, old man, do it!” Computers are of metal and plastic but if you don’t scare
them by your aggression, they do what should be done.

Десять
программистов продукт решили сделать.
Один
спросил: «А деньги где?» и их осталось девять.

Девять
программистов предстали перед боссом.
Один из
них не знал FoxPro и их осталось восемь.

Восемь
программистов купили IBM.
Один из
них сказал: «Mac – класс!» и их осталось семь.
Семь
программистов решили Help прочесть.
У
одного накрылся винт и их осталось шесть.

Шесть
программистов пытались код понять.
Один из
них сошёл с ума и их осталось пять.

Пять
программистов купили CD-ROM.
Один
принёс китайский диск – остались вчетвером.

Четыре
программиста работали на «С».
Один из
них хвалил PASCAL и их осталось три.

Три
программиста играли в сетке в «DOOM».
Один
чуть-чуть замешкался и счёт стал равен двум.

Два
программиста набрали дружно «Win».
Один
устал загрузки ждать – остался лишь один.

Один
программист всё взял под свой контроль,
Но
встретился с заказчиком и их осталось ноль.

Ноль
программистов ругал сердитый шеф,
Потом
уволил одного и стало их FF.
b) WHAT
IF DR. SUESS WROTE A MANUAL?
If a
packet hits a pocket on a socket on a port,
And the
bus is interrupted as a very last resort,
And the
address of the memory makes your floppy disk abort,
Then
the socket packet pocket has an error to report.

If your
cursor finds a menu item followed by a dash,
And the
double-clicking icon puts your window in the trash,
And
your data is corrupted ’cause the index doesn’t hash,
Then
your situation’s hopeless and your system’s gonna crash!

If the
label on the cable on the table at your house,
Says
the network is connected to the button on your mouse,
But
your packets want to tunnel on another protocol,
That’s
repeatedly rejected by the printer down the hall,

And
your screen is all distorted by the side effect of Gauss,
So your
icons in the window are as wavy as a souse,
Then
you may as well reboot and go out with a bang,
’Cause
as sure as I’m a poet, the sucker’s gonna hang!

When
the copy of your floppy’s getting sloppy on the disk,
And the
microcode instructions cause unnecessary risk,
Then
you have to flash your memory and you’ll want to RAM your ROM.
Quickly
turn off the computer and be sure to tell your mom.

А ЕСЛИ
БЫ ДОКТОР СУЭЗ НАПИСАЛ ИНСТРУКЦИЮ?
Если
вдруг пакет программный вас решится обобрать,
И от
прерываний шина станет вдруг озорничать,
Если
память с дисководом станут люто воевать,
Вам ни
денег, ни железа, ни покоя не видать.

Если
вдруг в меню стандартном ваш курсор начнёт шалить,

И
двойной щелчок иконку сразу может удалить,
И мозги
у базы данных перестанут вдруг варить,
Это
значит, всё пропало, безвозвратно, может быть.

Если
надпись на коробке может дельный дать совет,
И
мышиный коврик даже подключиться в Internet,
А
несносные программы вам откажут делово,
Видите
ли, протокол им не подходит. Каково?

Если
вид у монитора как в разбитые очки,
И по
плоскости экрана расплываются значки,
Выключайте
свой компьютер и идите погулять.
Я
уверен, он не станет ладить с вами. Его…!

Если от
резервных копий прохудится гибкий диск,
И
ассемблерные вставки повышают резко риск,
Лучше
вы сотрите память, отпаяйте ПЗУ –
Бесполезное
железо вам, конечно, ни к чему.
HOW
MODERN ARE YOU?
(pop
quiz)
1) If
you were able to have any car you wanted, what would you buy?
a) I’d
buy a restored vintage car that might become a collector’s item.
b) I’d
buy a newly built car with all the latest technology.
c) I
wouldn’t buy a car because I don’t like them.
2) What
is your attitude to new scientific developments?
a)
They are brilliant. They help to make the world a much happier and better
place.
b) We
know enough about science now. We should stop interfering with nature.
c) Some
things are good. Some things are bad.
3) How
do you speak?
a) I
use a lot of new words, slang and catch phrases from the television and
magazines.
b) I
use exactly the same words and phrases as my parents.
c) I
use a few new words because they are useful for what I want to say.

4)
Which of the following do you think is the most enjoyable?
a)
Playing virtual reality computer games.
b)
Going to a disco club that plays music from the 60s and 70s.
c)
Listening to techno music.
5)
Which of the following would be your preferred way of finding out information?
a) I
like looking up in a book.
b)
Surfing the Internet or using a CD-ROM is the best way.
c)
Watching a video is best.
6) You
go to a friend’s house. His mother works, earning a lot of money, and his
father stays at home, cooks and cleans. What is your reaction?
a)
Nothing. It doesn’t matter who works and who cleans. It is the 21st century.
b) A
bit surprised. It seems a bit strange because it is unusual.
c) The
poor man. Cooking and cleaning is a woman’s job.
7)
Which of the following types of books or films do you prefer?
a)
Historical ones
b)
Anything romantic
c)
Contemporary ones about modern day things.
8) If
your computer were six years old and worked perfectly well, which of the
following would you do?
a) I’d
buy a brand new one so I could have new technology.
b) I
wouldn’t do anything. I’d be happy with it. New technology is just gimmicks.
c) I’d
secretly hope it would break, despite the fact that I didn’t need a new
computer.
[1]
RAILWAYS
The
railroad is a form of land transportation that is found in almost every country
in the world. Railroads serve many thousands of communities, from big cities in
highly developed nations to tiny villages in remote areas. Railroads carry
travelers to and from neighboring communities or on trips across whole
continents. They carry raw materials and farm products to manufacturing and
processing plants, and they carry the finished products from those plants to
warehouses and stores. Railroads were designed to move large numbers of
passengers or large amounts of freight over long distances. The railroad is the
most efficient method of land transportation because it requires the least
amount of fuel and human labor and is the least damaging to the environment.
Railroads carry about 40 percent of the total volume of freight transportation
in the United States. The world has a total of more than 738,000 miles
(1,187,000 kilometers) of railroad line. Almost all the railroad systems carry
both freight and passengers. A railroad is much like a manufacturing business
whose sole product is transportation service. To produce that product it
requires tracks, cars, locomotives, repair shops, communication systems, and
skilled workers.
[2]
PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN THE USA
In
urban areas of the United States, movements of people between home and work
account for about 40 percent of the total number of passenger journeys.
Recreational trips* account for about 15 percent of all trips. Automobile
riding, for example, is not only a means of reaching a destination but is a
popular form of outdoor recreation**. Recreational boating also is popular.
Cruise ships have made up the major proportion of ocean-going passenger vessels
since jet aircraft became the favored mode of transoceanic travel. The
automobile dominates intercity passenger transportation in the United States.
It accounts for more than 80 percent of the total passenger miles. No other
mode of transportation approaches the flexibility and convenience of the
automobile, which provides door-to-door service independent of schedules.
The
railroad is no longer a major means of intercity passenger transportation in
the United States, though railroad passenger service prospers in much of the
rest of the world. As recently as the early 1940s there were more than 20,000
daily intercity passenger trains in the United States. By the early 1970s there
were only about 200. Whereas railroads accounted for almost 70 percent of the
total passenger-miles by public carrier in 1930, by 1970 they accounted for
less than one percent. In 1971 the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, a
federal agency that is also known as Amtrak, took over most of the intercity
railroad passenger service. Most Amtrak trains operate in the Northeast
corridor between Boston, Mass.; New York City; Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore,
Md.; and Washington, D.C. A large proportion of the New York-Washington service
is by high-speed electric trains called Metroliners. There is commuter
railroad passenger service in the suburban areas of such large cities as New
York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, and San Francisco. Electric interurban
railroads and street railways in cities have almost disappeared.

Intercity
buses in the United States serve many more communities*** than do railroads.
Using modern expressways, they provide swift service between major cities,
though many communities not on expressways now have much less bus service than
they formerly had. Air carriers dominate public intercity passenger
transportation in the United States. The growth of air passenger traffic has
been rapid, increasing from only 14 percent of the total in 1950 to more than
85 percent in the 1980s. Passenger transportation by water carriers in the
United States is insignificant except for some ferry services.
Notes:
*recreational trip – путешествие (поездка на отдых или экскурсию)
**outdoor
recreation – отдых на открытом воздухе
***community
– населённый пункт
 [3] THE
BATTLE OF THE GAUGES
Part 1
In the
early days, each railroad built its track at whatever gauge it pleased and then
built its engines and cars to fit that gauge. The tracks at the Killingworth
Colliery, for which George Stephenson built his first locomotive the Blocher,
happened to be 4 feet 8 inches (1.42 meters) between rails, so Stephenson built
his locomotive for this gauge. When he designed the Stockton and Darlington he
made the locomotive the same width but added another half inch (1.3
centimeters) to the width of track. This odd measurement of 4 feet 81/2 inches
(1.44 meters) in time came to be known as standard gauge. Other tracks in
England ranged between 2 and 7 feet (0.6 and 2.1 meters). The famous English
engineer Brunel considered that the (чем)
broader the gauge, the (тем) easily would the trains run. Following
his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a
gauge of 7 feet. That is why for many years there were 2 gauges in England: the
7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson.
It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, delay was caused
and time was wasted. Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to
change the broad gauge. “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted more than 30 years.
Only in 1892 in the House of Commons*the broad gauge was described as a
“national evil”, and it was decided to convert all the railways to the standard
gauge.
Part 2
In the
United States the early railroad tracks ranged from 3 to 6 feet (0.9 to 1.8
meters) in width. This variance became unacceptable with the demand for
connecting lines and through service. Freight soon began to move longer
distances and over the lines of more than one railroad. The differences in
gauges forced the costly nuisance of unloading and reloading cars. Most of the
lines in the area between New York City and Chicago were of nearly the same
gauge—between 4 feet 8 inches and 4 feet 10 inches (1.47 meters). Thus, in the
1860s, arrangements were made to use cars specially equipped with broad-tread
wheels that could be used on any of these widths. About the same time, the
movement toward standardization of the 4 feet 81/2 inch, or Stephenson, gauge
received great encouragement when the United States Congress adopted it for the
new Pacific railroad. By the mid-1880s there was virtually a double standard of
gauge in the United States. In the North and West the Stephenson gauge
prevailed, while most of the South used a gauge of 5 feet (1.52 meters).
Starting in 1886, the Southern lines narrowed their tracks to the now standard
gauge of 4 feet 81/2 inches. This uniformity soon ensured an uninterrupted flow
of commerce over the entire nation. Standard gauge is also used in Canada,
Mexico, and Cuba, which was once linked with railroadson the mainland by
freight-car ferry. No other continent has a comparable standardization,
however.

Note:
*the House of Commons – Палата Общин
[4]
DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN RAILROADS
Between
1850 and 1871 the United States government made grants to railroads to assist
the extension of lines in the West and South, often ahead of settlement. About
8 percent of the country’s railroad mileage was built with the aid of these
land grants. The grants were not outright gifts; in return, the railroads were
required to haul government traffic at reduced rates. When Congress terminated
this arrangement in 1946, it was estimated that the railroads had repaid the
government about ten times the original value of the land grants.
By
1870, when the railroad movement in the United States was 40 years old, there
were 53,000 miles (85,000 kilometers) of main lines, not including secondary
tracks, sidings, passingtracks, or yards. Between 1870 and 1880 another 40,000
miles (64,000 kilometers) were added. The decade from 1880 to 1890 saw the most
rapid expansion of American rail lines, with 70,000 miles (113,000 kilometers)
added—an average of 19 miles (31 kilometers) of new railroad completed each
day. Growth continued, with another 30,000 miles (48,000 kilometers) added in
the 1890s and another 47,000 miles (76,000 kilometers) in the next decade. By
1910 the network was largely complete and there was little further extension.
In 1916 total railroad-line mileage in the United States reached its highest
point at 254,000 miles (409,000 kilometers).

After
1920, with the rapid expansion of paved roads, much traffic was taken from the
railroads by automobiles, buses, and trucks, though the overall demand for
railroad service remained high. As a result, the railroad network began to
shrink as lines that could no longer pay their way were abandoned. By the end
of the 1980s, railroad-line miles in the United States had dropped to about
150,000 miles (241,000 kilometers). Some of the lines had been built to serve
mines, forests, or other nonrenewable natural resources and were abandoned when
the resources were exhausted. Other lines had been built to serve an
anticipated need that never materialized. Still other lines disappeared because
the industries they had been built to serve entered a period of decline or
relocated to other parts of the country. By the late 1980s, American railroads
had become primarily high-volume freight carriers operating on long-distance,
main-line corridors. Intercity passenger traffic had largely been taken over by
automobiles, buses, and airlines. Much freight, especially on the shorter
distance hauls, was being carried by trucks. Yet the total railroad freight
volume, as measured in ton-miles (a ton-mile is a unit of measurement
corresponding to one ton of freight carried one mile) set a new all-time record
in 1990—78 percent more than in 1960.
[5]
SLEEPING CARS IN THE USA

The
first passenger cars in the USA were high in proportion to their length, and
were not fitted for movement upon rails. Their characteristics have
gradually changed, so as to make them longer, lower, safer, more comfortable
and convenient. One of the most important railroad inventions in the USA was a
sleeping car. The earliest trains had no sleeping cars. There was really no
need for them, because early railroads were short; the longest journeys lasted only
a few hours, and nearly all trains went in the daytime. As a number of
railroads increased, it became possible to make longer and longer journeys and
night travel became common. Long journeys by night were very tiresome and
uncomfortable because it was almost impossible for passengers to sleep in the
car seats. Steamboats and sailing vessels had good sleeping rooms, and even
canal boats used for passenger transportation had bunks in which travelers
could rest at night. It can easily be seen that there was a real need for
sleeping cars on the railroads, and especially upon the railroads of the USA,
where the distance which one might travel was so large. The earliest
sleeping cars had a row of double bunks on each side. Although these cars were
more comfortable for night travel than the ordinary coach, they had one large
defect. They could not be used for day travel. What was needed was a car in
which the seats used during the day could be converted into beds at night.
George
M. Pullman of Chicago invented the modern sleeping car. He built his first one
in 1859. This car was much simplerin design than the sleeping cars of today but
it was so much more suitable for long-distance travel than any other kind of
car in use at that time. Encouraged by the success of his first car, Mr.
Pullman built а much larger sleeping car a few
years later, a car which was a great improvementover his first coach. This car
was named the Pioneer. George Pullman received many orders for sleeping
cars. In 1879 he bought the big site of land near Chicago. On this place the
city of Pullman was constructed, and there the Pullman-Standard Car
Manufacturing Company still has its great manufacturing plant, which is capable
of producing many hundreds of all kinds of cars a year. Practically all of the
sleeping cars on the USA's railroads are owned and operated by the Pullman
Company.

[6]
MONORAIL
More
used as a transportation system in industry than in cities, a monorail is a
type of electric railway train that runs either above or below a single track.
In factories monorails are used for moving equipment or materials from one part
of a plant to another. In public transportation systems they have thus far been
used only for hauling people for short distances.
One of
the first monorail systems constructed was the Schwebebahn (suspension
railway*) in Wuppertal, Germany. Completed in 1901, it consists of two-car
trains hung from an elevated structure**. Much of the route operates over the
Wupper River. The distance covered is 9.3 miles (15 kilometers).
This
system, though it has proved safe and efficient, has not had many imitators.
There are today only about three dozen monorails in the world, and none
operates for a distance longer than 10 miles (16 kilometers). There is an
8.2-mile (13-kilometer) monorail in Japan running from Tokyo to the airport. It
was constructed in 1964 on the occasion of the Summer Olympic Games. Although
much newer in appearance than the one in Wuppertal, it also is suspended from
an overhead beam***. A shorter line was built at Osaka for the World's Fair called
Expo '70. There is a 1-mile (1.6-kilometer) monorail in Seattle, Wash., that
was built for the 1962 World's Fair. Disneyland in Anaheim, Calif., and Walt
Disney World near Orlando, Fla., both have monorail trains operating within
their grounds. The systems connect the various parts of the parks with hotels
and parking lots.
The
Disney and Seattle monorails ride above a beam. This system was designed in the
1950s in Sweden by Axel L. Wenner-Gren. The trains pick up an electric current
from a rail attached to the side of the beam.
Although
they provide swift and quiet transportation, monorails have not yet been
accepted anywhere for long-distance travel. In England the Greater London
Council studied the monorail as an option for urban transport. It concluded
that such a system offered no advantages over existing surface and underground
lines. Among the objections to monorail systems cited by critics are the huge
cost of constructing a system, its unsightliness in a city, and passenger
inconvenience. Such a system in any city would have the high visibility that
elevated trains now have in parts of New York City, Boston, Chicago, and other
urban centers.
One of
the few places in the world to invest in a monorail system in the late 1980s
was Malaysia. The city of Kuala Lumpur approved a project to construct a
12-mile (20-kilometer) line.
Notes:
*suspension railway – подвесная железная дорога

**elevated
structure – надземное сооружение,
эстакада
***overhead
beam – надземная балка (перекладина)
[7]
STREET RAILWAY*
A
historic type of urban transportation, the street railway has taken many forms,
from a single horse-drawn car to a complex system of strings of cars running
above and below the ground. In the typical street railway, electrically powered
cars run on tracks laid in the street and share the roadway with other traffic.
The
famed cable-car system** in San Francisco, Calif., was among the first
mechanical railways. Electric railways replaced most cable systems in the early
20th century. Electric streetcars draw power from a stationary generator. The
power is transmitted most commonly by an overhead wire*** through a pantograph.
The current passes to the motors, and then returns to the powerhouse by way of
the running rails.
A
modern variation of the street railway is light rail transit*** (LRT). LRT
vehicles operate singly or in short trains of two or three cars. Their tracks
may run in the common roadways, but typically the tracks are segregated from
traffic except at cross streets and often run in subways or on elevated
structures. LRT systems can transport many passengers, accelerate rapidly, and
travel at high speeds. The direct operating costs are relatively low; however,
the costs of construction and maintenance are fairly high.
Conventional
streetcar systems are still used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia,
The Netherlands, Eastern Europe, and parts of Canada and South America. In many
cities of Europe, Asia, and the United States, however, streetcars have been
replaced by diesel-powered buses, subway systems, and LRT systems.

Examples
of heavy rapid transit are subways and elevated railways, or combinations of
the two, such as the systems found in Chicago, New York, London, Moscow, and
Paris. They are electrically powered, on the same principle as the streetcar,
except that the cars pick up current from a third rail alongside the running
rails instead of from an overhead line. These systems operate in trains of up
to ten cars and are completely separated from other traffic. As a result, they
can run at high speeds and carry many passengers: heavy rapid-transit systems
can transport up to 60,000 passengers per track, per hour; conventional street
railways can move only 2,000 to 9,000, and LRT systems only 5,000 to 15,000.
Before
1920 (and in some metropolitan areas as late as 1950) it was common for street
railway extensions to serve suburban areas, while interurban electric railways
joined cities. Today the new LRT and rapid-transit lines continue to run well
out into the suburbs. They are the modern suburban and interurban railroads.
In
recent years there has been a worldwide renovation of old electric railway
systems. In countries such as the United States, Austria, Germany, and The
Netherlands, existing lines are being repaired and reequipped. In addition, new
LRTsystems have opened in Bonn and Cologne, in Germany; Göteborg, Sweden;
Newcastle upon Tyne, England; Calgary and Edmonton, Alta.; Zürich,
Switzerland; and in a number of cities in the western United States.
In the
late 1990s there were more than 325 street railway and LRT systems operating
worldwide. Russia had the largest number with 121 lines; Germany had 58; and
the United States had 14 LRT lines built or under construction. Traditional
mixed-traffic street operation of any significant volume is now found only in a
couple of cities in the United States and in parts of Germany, Eastern Europe,
the former Soviet Union, Egypt, and India.
Notes:
*street railway – городская железная дорога
**cable
car system – воздушно-канатная дорога
***overhead
wire – воздушный провод
****light
rail transit – высокоскоростная железная дорога местного значения
[8]
BUILDING THE RAILROAD
Before
a railroad is built there are usually several alternative routes to be
considered. Maps, aerial photographs, and profiles* showing the features of
each route are prepared and carefully studied. Experts then choose what they
consider to be the best route. The choice they make has much to do with the
success or failure of the new railroad line. One route may be fairly level,
requiring only a few cuts through hills and fills through valleys. Such a
route, however, may require a long tunnel to get through an intervening
mountain or several expensive bridges to get over rivers. This would make it
more costly in the end than one with moderate cuts and fills all the way.
Another route, though less expensive to build, may run through unsettled
country. Hence it may be wiser to build the more expensive line for the sake of
the greater local business it can get.
The selected
route is then surveyed carefully, and building commences. Sometimes work
parties begin at each end and build toward the middle, as was the case with the
transcontinental railroad in the United States. The constructed sections of
track carry trains with supplies for the construction workers. Today parties
can be stationed at various points and receive supplies from other railroads
already built nearby. This method gets the road finished and earning money much
more quickly.
The
first step is the preparation of the roadbed**. Following the stakes*** and
plans set up by the surveyors, the working parties clear away trees, make cuts
and fills, and otherwise prepare the way. Other workers set up bridges and dig
tunnels. As fast as the roadbed is ready, crossties and rails are laid, either
by hand or by machines. Working on level ground, tracklayers can complete
several miles in a day. Finally, the track must be ballasted, preferably with
gravel, cinders****, or broken stone.
In the
United States the usual practice was to build a single-track line with as few
tunnels, bridges, and expensive cuts and fills as possible. Then the track was
doubled, first at portions where most trains passed and finally over the entire
route, and thus the railroad grew into a first-class line. This method was
largely responsible for the development of great railroads in the United
States. Companies built roads through the open frontier. Soon communities*****
appeared along the lines, and new businesses were started. These enabled the
railroads to prosper. While track undergoes constant maintenance and
improvement, there has been very little new construction in the United States
in recent years, and it is estimated that the existing track system could carry
25 percent more traffic. In some areas, new communications and train control
systems have allowed the elimination of double tracks in favor of single-track
operations.

Notes:
*profile – чертёж ж/д пути в вертикальном разрезе
**roadbed
– земляное полотно
***stake
– опорный столбик, веха
****cinder
– шлак
*****community
– населённый пункт
[9]
FRENCH TRANSPORT
Transport
systems have long been vital to France, serving to unite the nation in an
administrative sense while promoting the growth of regional economies and
linking the country to the rest of Europe and to the world. Paris has always
been the hub* of French transportation.
The
Industrial Revolution brought innovations in transportation to France. For
example, a complex system of canals was built, connecting many navigable rivers
and providing low-cost water transport for products of the mines and factories.
The
railroad age began while the canal-building era was at its height. The first
French line began operating in 1827, between St.-Étienne and
Andrézieux, and steel rails soon linked most parts of the country. By
1934 France had 33,282 miles (53,561 kilometers) of railways. Most of the main
lines were built in a radial pattern**, with Paris at the center, thus
reinforcing the importance of the capital. Paris continued to grow and prosper
at a remarkable rate because people had difficulty traveling between any two
points in France without passing through the capital. Also, rail lines made it
easier for rural people displaced by the Industrial Revolution to migrate to
Paris than to any other city.

The
appearance of the automobile just before 1900, and the airplane a few years
later, added new perspectives to transportation. Highways, duplicating the
earlier railway patterns, radiated in all directions from Paris, and the distance
to any point in France was calculated from the front steps of the Cathedral of
Notre Dame. Air transportation to and from the airfield at Le Bourget, near
Paris, began in 1919.
Today,
French transportation systems are changing to cope with three problems: rapid
technological change, the obsolete condition of many earlier systems, and
increasing pressure to reduce the dependency of the entire country on Paris.
Although lagging behind several other European countries, France has, since
about 1960, embarked on a major program of superhighway construction. Many of
the new highways have necessarily duplicated the older ones centered on Paris,
but engineers have made great efforts to enable travelers to go to and from
other parts of France without passing through the capital.
Rail
traffic has declined, as it has in nearly every country, but is still important
in France. The high-speed TGV travels between Paris and Lyon in only two hours,
compared with four hours for conventional service, and the TGV service is being
expanded to other lines as well. Air travel has also increased enormously.
Traffic at Paris is divided among the airport at Orly, south of the city, and
Charles de Gaulle, to the northeast, in Roissy. With Le Bourget, which today
handles only charter flights, these airports accommodated a total of about 30
million passengers per year in the early 1980s, making Paris the second busiest
European air travel center after London. Paris is also the airfreight capital
of Europe, handling about 625,000 tons of cargo in 2001. Other major
international airports include those at Marseilles, Nice, Lyon, Lille, and
Strasbourg.
Notes:
*hub – центр
**radial
pattern – радиальная схема

[10]
AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT

In
Australia railways were constructed in all colonies between 1854, when a line
was built between Melbourne and Port Melbourne, and 1871. Trivial disagreements
among the self-protecting colonies blocked the creation of any master plan and
saddled Australia with three different rail gauges: the standard gauge of 4
feet 81/2 inches (144 centimeters) in New South Wales; the broad gauge of 5
feet 3 inches (160 centimeters) in Victoria and South Australia; and the narrow
gauge of 3 feet 6 inches (107 centimeters) in Queensland, Tasmania, Western
Australia, and the northern extremities of South Australia. It took until 1970
to standardize one continuous line between Perth and Brisbane, along which the
India-Pacific train now travels. It crosses the Nullarbor Plain on the longest
straight stretch of rail track in the world – 300 miles (480 kilometers).
State
governments control most of the railways, including the profitable electrified
commuter lines in the cities. These help offset the losses* on run-down rural
services. The Commonwealth government controls the railways of Tasmania, the
Northern Territory, and parts of the transcontinental line. Private freight
lines convey iron ore, sugar, coal, and other goods to the nearest ports. Trams
served the larger cities until buses replaced them by the 1960s – except in
Melbourne, where trains still run along broad streets laid out in a grid
pattern.
Australia's
busiest ports are Sydney, Melbourne, Newcastle, Hay Point, Dampier, and Port
Hedland. The last three of these are occupied primarily with carrying mineral exports.
Australia
originally depended on shipping for all contact with England, Europe, and other
trading partners. In 1787–88, the fleet bringing the original convict settlers
arrived after being eight months at sea. The travel time from England to Australia
was cut to 60 days – a time set in 1871 by the Thermopylae, after clipper
ships, including the famous Cutty Sark, had entered the Australian run. They
mainly carried wool to Europe.
The
airplane made connections with other countries much swifter. Qantas and
Imperial Airways flew their first passengers to Britain in 1935. By the 1960s,
ships to Southampton, Genoa, and San Francisco had carried their last
passengers, though fleets of cruise ships** still ply*** the Australian waters.
Mercantile
shipping is now dominated by the Australian National Line, established by the
federal government in 1956. River transport is negligible in a land beset by
droughts, sand-clogged channels, and the scarcity of navigable rivers.
Aviation
solved the problem of Australia's vast internal distances and remoteness from
overseas centers. In 1919, Keith and Ross Smith flew from England to Darwin in
28 days. The first flight across the Pacific, from California to Brisbane, was
completed in 1928 by Charles Kingsford-Smith, after whom Sydney's airport is
named. Such exploits made Australians air-conscious and promoted the domestic
market. Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services (Qantas) was founded
in 1920. It became the nation's flagship carrier after being nationalized by
the federal government in 1947. Its safety record is unmatched.
Thirty
overseas carriers now serve Australia, mostly under bilateral agreements which
give Qantas reciprocal landing rights. Domestic airline services were
controlled between 1952 and 1987 by a two-airline policy. This maintained a
regulated monopoly on interstate routes, with the government airline
(Australian Airlines) in sole direct competition with one private airline
(Ansett). Remote outposts have been served by the Royal Flying Doctor Service
since 1928, using aerial ambulances, radio and landline networks, and mobile
clinics. The School of the Air for outback children began in 1951 by using the
same two-way radio transmitters.
Notes:
*to offset the losses – возмещать убытки
**cruise
ship – круизное судно
***to
ply – курсировать
[11]
СHINESE RAILWAYS
Railway
construction began in China late in the 19th century, and the first line,
between Shanghai and Peking (Beijing), was opened in 1903. By World War II more
than 15,500 miles (25,000 kilometers) of track had been built, primarily in the
eastern and northeastern parts of the country. Much of the network was
destroyed during the war, but rail construction began anew after 1949 and has
continued ever since. By 1993 China had an estimated 43,131 miles (69,412
kilometers) of railroads. (By comparison, the United States had about three
times as much trackage in that year.) By 1983 every province-level
administrative unit except Tibet was served by rail, and plans were being made
to extend a line south from the Lanzhou-UrUmqi line to Lhasa, in Tibet.
Railways
have become the most important form of transportation in China. For example,
more than 50 percent of the country’s traffic is moved by the railroad system.
China’s rail network consists of a series of north-south trunk lines, crossed
by a few major east-west lines. Most of the large cities are served by these
trunk lines. But many of the main lines cannot meet the demand for service. The
sixth five-year plan (1981 to 1985) called for continued large investment in
railways. The investment was used to improve the carrying capacity of existing
lines through double tracking or electrification, and to construct short lines
where the government decided there was a crucial need for service.
Nowadays
much attention is paid to the development of high speed railway transportation.
Unexpected growth of air and road transport has hit the railways hard. The
Chinese Minister of Railways has noted that during the ‘good old days’ such
things as customer service and fast, reliable trains didn’t matter too much.
“The timetable was fixed and we had nothing to worry about but watching
passengers struggling for tickets,” he said. “But today we have to go out and
look for food like horses.”
Worldwide,
high speed trains moving at 250 km/h or more operate over 3,700 km of
specially-built track, while passenger trains in Chine still mainly run at
80-100 km/h. The situation needs to change and change quickly if railways in
the world’s most populous* country are to continue to play their important
social and economic role. In recognition of this, China is planning several
thousand kilometers of new lines in order to transport 1.5 billion passengers
and 2.1 billion tones of freight a year. Specific plans have been drawn up to
upgrade the busiest main lines for semi-express passenger trains running at 160
km/h, or express trains moving at 250 km/h, while at the same time experiments
are going ahead for 300 to 350 km/h operation.
So,
despite a drift away from passenger train travel by some people, there is no
possibility of railways in China becoming obsolete. The country is vast and
still developing which means that the railways are and will remain the chief
means of transport.
Note:
*populous - густонаселённый

[12]
JAPANESE TRANSPORTATION

Modern
transportation facilities* link all parts of Japan and provide the swift,
efficient movement of people and goods. Railways are the main form of land
transportation. Railway stations are the hubs** of mass-transportation systems,
which also include buses, taxis, subways, and the vanishing trolleys.
The
first Japanese railway was laid in 1872 between Tokyo and Yokohama. By 1930 a
rail network covered the four main islands. Most private lines were
nationalized in 1906 and passed to a public corporation, the Japan National
Railways (JNR), in 1949. The JNR operates about four fifths of Japan's 17,000
miles (27,000 kilometers) of railway lines, including all long-distance trunk
lines. It owns about 90 percent of all rolling stock. The private railways
operate commuter lines in the metropolitan areas. Japanese railways use
narrow-gauge track – 3 feet 6 inches – and relatively small and light rolling
stock. About three fifths of the JNR lines are double-tracked or electrified.
Diesel and electric units have replaced coal-burning locomotives.
Postwar
population and economic growth has placed an enormous strain on the carrying
capacity of Japan's railways. The high-speed, broad-gauge New Tokaido Line went
into operation in 1964. Its fastest express trains make the 320-mile
(515-kilometer) run from Tokyo to Osaka in a little more than three hours. An
extension known as the New Sanyo Line was completed from Osaka to Okayama in
1972. The railways of Honshu are linked to Kyushu and Hokkaido by undersea
tunnels and to Shikoku by ferry service. Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kobe, Sapporo,
and Yokohama have subways.
Modern
highway construction has lagged badly behind the needs of automobile and truck
traffic. About 70 percent of the total mileage of roads is paved. By 1990 there
were 692,661 miles (1,114,699 kilometers) of national expressways and general
roadways for a country that had more than 60 million registered motor vehicles.
City traffic is speeded by street widening and by the construction of elevated
expressways.
Domestic
air service links all major cities. Japan Air Lines (JAL) operates
round-the-world service. Tokyo International Airport at Narita, more than 40
miles (60 kilometers) from downtown Tokyo, was completed in 1973. Its opening
was delayed until 1978 because of protests by opponents of the facility. The
planned addition of two runways at Narita in the 1990s was also prevented by
protests from environmentalists. The new Kansai International Airport was
scheduled to open at Osaka in 1994. Built at a cost of 14 billion dollars, it
was the world's most expensive airport. It is located on an artificial
1,300-acre (526-hectare) island in Osaka Bay. The island itself cost 4.5
billion dollars to construct. The airport's designer was Italian architect
Renzo Piano. To ease congestion at the major airports, the government decided
to upgrade local airports at Kobe, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kyoto, and other cities to
handle the large increase in air traffic.
There
were more than 7,000 vessels carrying passengers and cargo in coastal shipping
in 1990. For passenger service between cities there are jetfoils*** and
air-cushion vessels****. Considering the very large volume of Japanese imports
and exports, most products are carried in oceangoing vessels registered to
other countries.
Notes:
*transportation facilities – средства транспорта
**hub –
центр
***jetfoil
– судно на подводных крыльях
****air-cushion
vessel – судно на воздушной подушке
[13]
RAILROAD MODERNIZATION

Like
their younger competitors, the railroads have become specialized carriers that
concentrate on the types of transportation for which they are best suited.
Railroads are particularly efficient at moving large volumes of bulk
commodities* such as coal or ore over long distances and transporting marine
containers and piggyback highway trailers**. Railroads are also efficient at
carrying commuter passengers between suburbs and city centers and providing
comfortable, fast intercity passenger services.
New
technologies – in design, materials, and methods – have helped railroads become
still more efficient. After World War II, for example, strong concrete
crossties replaced wooden ties on many railroads, especially in Europe. Rail
welded*** into long sections became the standard for most busy main lines. By
the 1960s high-speed passenger trains were introduced.
Japan's
so-called “bullet train” was in the forefront of the new technology. It began
operating on Oct. 1, 1964, to mark Asia's first Olympic Games, which were held
in Tokyo. The first section of the fabled Shinkansen (New Trunk Line, known as
the New Tokaido Line) was a 320-mile (515-kilometer) stretch between Tokyo and
Osaka. A 100-mile (160-kilometer) extension from Osaka to Okayama was completed
in 1972, and the final segment – a 244-mile (393-kilometer) run to the Hakata
station in Fukuoka, northern Kyushu – opened in 1975. Other lines, completed in
1982, radiate north of Tokyo to Niigata and Morioka. The Shinkansen was
privatized in 1987.
France's
TGV became the supertrain of the 1970s and 1980s. It set a new world speed
record of 320 miles an hour in 1990. The newer ten-car TGV trains are powered
by front and rear electric locomotives. Computerized controls provide on-board
signalization and fail-safe braking****.
Some of
the other countries where superspeed trains are running or planned are Great
Britain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, Australia, Canada, and the
United States. High speed train called Metroliners make daily
three-hour trips between New York City and Washington, D.C.; although the
trains are capable of faster runs up to 160 miles (260 kilometers) per hour,
drawbacks on the existing line hold speeds to a maximum of 100 miles (160
kilometers) per hour.
Several
American railroads operate trains of RoadRailers, vehicles that have both
rail and highway wheels. On the railroad they run coupled***** together in
trains pulled by locomotives, then are separated and moved by highway tractors
to their final destinations.
Among
the more advanced systems proposed is the magnetic levitation******, or maglev,
train. Instead of wheels or steel rails, the system uses coils in the surface
of the track, or guide way, to create a magnetic field that lifts the vehicles
and propels them forward. By the late 1980s only short test systems had been
built in Germany and Japan. Successful experimental runs were first made in the
early 1990s using locomotives powered by environmentally friendly natural gas.
Notes:
*bulk commodities – бестарные грузы,
грузы насыпью
**piggyback
highway trailers – автополуприцепы или прицепы
***to
weld – сваривать
****fail-safe
braking – гарантированно надёжное торможение
*****to
couple – сцеплять
******magnetic
levitation – магнитная левитация (поднятие)
[14]
ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION
Technological
advances in transportation have included the development of superspeed trains,
such as Japan’s ‘bullet train’ of the 1960s and Frances TGV (Train de Grand
Vitesse) of the 1970s and 1980s. These advances gave engineers the inspiration
to design such experimental railroad systems as the magnetic levitation*, or
maglev train, which by the early 1990s had only short test systems set up in
Germany and Japan. Improvements in power generation and transmission and
concern for the air and noise pollution caused by diesel engines have prompted
automobile makers to develop cars that will run on alternative types of fuel.
One result has been the prototype of an electric car. A greater variety of
ships, including submarine tankers and fast surface ships, have been developed.
Other new types of vessels that are available include the hydrofoil**, which
travels on sea wings with its hull*** above water, and the hovercraft****,
which rides above the water on a cushion of air. The widespread use of atomic
power for ship propulsion is a major research goal. STOL (short takeoff and
landing), VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing), and supersonic aircraft have
been adopted. These new technologies have made vehicles quieter. Passenger
travel has improved in speed and comfort. Freight transport costs less because
larger vehicles are used and operating efficiency has increased. The computer
is used for record keeping, traffic control, navigation, and other routine
operations.
In the
more distant future, rocket transportation may become feasible, perhaps in
combination with orbiting satellites, enabling all points on Earth to be
connected in less than an hours travel time. Underground gravity vacuum tubes
may permit freight and passengers to travel between stations thousands of miles
apart also in less than an hour. Improvements may be expected in transportation
management techniques. Some forms of transportation now under private
ownership, management, and operation will increasingly depend on public
financing or control, just as urban mass transit now does. Some forms of
transportation will be integrated into multimodal organizations, both public
and private, in order to move people and goods with a minimum of cost,
inconvenience, and delay. Innovative communications systems, however, have
already made much travel unnecessary. Teleconferencing enables people to hold
meetings and see each other without having to travel. Computer networking makes
cooperative work possible, without the workers leaving home or office.
Notes:
*magnetic levitation – магнитная левитация
(поднятие)
**hydrofoil
– корабль на подводных крыльях
***hull
– корпус
****hovercraft
– судно на воздушной подушке

[16]
CHARLES BABBAGE (1792–1871)
Although
he was a 19th century mathematician, is credited with inventing
the modern computer. He also designed a type of speedometer and the cowcatcher*
(a frame on the front of a locomotive that tosses obstacles off the railroad
tracks).
Charles
Babbage was born on Dec. 26, 1792, in Teignmouth, Devon, England. At age 19 he
helped found the Analytical Society, whose purpose was to introduce
developments from Europe into English mathematics. At about the same time
Babbage first got his idea for mechanically calculating mathematical tables.
Later he made a small calculator that could perform certain mathematical
computations. In 1816 he was elected a Fellow** of the Royal Society of London,
the oldest scientific society in Great Britain. Then, in 1823, he received
government support for the design of a projected calculator with a 20-decimal
capacity. While he was developing this machine he also served (1828–39) as a
professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge.
In the
mid-1830s Babbage invented the principle of the analytical engine, the
forerunner of the modern electronic computer. The government refused Babbage
further support, however, and the device was never completed. A calculator
based on his ideas was made in 1855 by a Swedish firm, but the computer was not
developed until the electronic age.
Babbage
published papers on mathematics, statistics, physics, and geology. He also
assisted in establishing England's modern postal system. Babbage died in London
on ct. 18, 1871.
Notes:
*cowcatcher – предохранительная решётка
**fellow
– член научного общество
[17]
AUTOMATION IN TRANSPORTATION.
The
most sophisticated applications of automation in transportation have been made
in the guidance and control of aircraft and spacecraft. Other applications
include railroad operations and automatic traffic control.
Aviation. Automated
systems combining radar, computers, and auxiliary electronic equipment have
been developed to control the ever-increasing volume of air traffic. Air
traffic controllers at large airports depend on such systems to direct the
continuous flow of incoming and outgoing airplanes. They can pinpoint the
position of every plane within 50 miles (80 kilometers) of the airfield on a
special display screen of the radar unit. This information allows the
controllers to select the safest route for pilots to follow as they approach
and leave the airport. Many of the systems of the aircraft itself are
automated. Oxygen masks, for instance, automatically drop down from overhead
compartments when the cabin pressure becomes too low. Most modern planes have
an automatic pilot that can take over for the human pilot. Commercial passenger
planes are usually equipped with an automatic landing system that can be used
when runway visibility is poor. The system employs radio beams from the ground
to operate an instrument on board the plane. By watching this instrument, a
pilot can determine the exact position of his craft in relation to the landing
strip.

Railroads. Automation
has become an important factor in railroad operations. The management of rail
yards* has been facilitated by computerized systems that integrate the
signaling and switching** functions of classification yards, where freight
trains are sorted and assembled. Electronic scanners read color-coded
identification labels on all freight cars entering a classification yard and
relay the information to yard computers that assign the cars to the proper
track. Automation has also been adopted by many passenger rail lines. In a
number of systems, automatic equipment is used so extensively that the function
of the train operator has been reduced to simple on and off operations during
station stops. Since commands from automatic controls are continuously fed to
other automatic mechanisms in response to information collected by sensors
strategically positioned on the engine and track, human control of the engine
is only required in an emergency.
An
impressive example of automated rail transportation is the Bay Area Rapid
Transit (BART) system serving the San Francisco-Oakland area of California.
BART consists of more than 75 miles (121 kilometers) of track and about 100
trains operating between 33 stations at peak hours. Both the operation of
trains and ticketing of passengers are fully automated. As a train enters a
station, it automatically transmits its identification and destination to the
control center and to a display board for passengers to see. The control
center, in turn, sends signals to the train that regulate its time in the
station and its running time to the next destination. An ideal schedule is
established every morning and, as the day progresses, the performance of each
train is compared with that schedule. The performances of individual trains are
then adjusted as required. The entire BART system is controlled by essentially
one computer. There is an identical backup computer that can assume control if
necessary.

Notes:
*(classification) yard – сортировочная станция
**switching
– маневровая работа
§ 1. Глагол to
be
Глагол to
be в Present, Past и
Future Indefinite имеет следующие формы:

Present

Past

Future

I am he,
  she, it is we, you, they are

I, he, she,
  it was we, you, they were

I, we shall
  be he, she, it, you, they will be

I am busy
now. Я сейчас занят.
The
Institute is far from the Metro station. Институт
находится далеко от станции
метро.
They are first-year
students. Они студенты первого курса.
He was in
London last year. В прошлом году он был в Лондоне.
All the
students were present at the lecture. Все
студенты присутствовали на лекции.
I shall
be at home in the evening. Вечером я буду дома.
В
вопросительном предложении глагол to be ставится перед
подлежащим. Если предложение в будущем времени, то переносится только
вспомогательный глагол will (shall).
Ishe busy
now? Он сейчас занят?
Are they
first year students? Они студенты первого курса?
Where wereyou
last year? Где вы были в прошлом году?
When willhe be at
home? Когда он будет дома?
Отрицательная
форма глагола to be образуется с помощью отрицания not.
The
Institute is not far from the Metro station. Институт
находится недалеко от станции метро.
Yesterday
he was not present at the lecture. Вчера
его не было на лекции.
On
Sunday I shall not be in town. В
воскресенье меня не будет в городе.

§
2. Глагол to have
Глагол to
have в Present, Past и
Future Indefinite имеет следующие формы:

Present

Past

Future

I, we, you, they have he,
  she, it has

I, he, she, it,
  we, you, they had

I, we shall
  have he, she, it, you, they will have

В
разговорной речи глагол to have очень часто заменяется
формой have got (has got).

I have (got) a
lot of work now. У меня сейчас много работы.
He has (got)an
extra ticket. . У него есть лишний билет.
They had a
lecture on Philosophy yesterday. Вчера у них была лекция по
философии.
We shall
have five exams. У нас будет 5 экзаменов.
Вопросительная
форма глагола to have в Present Indefinite образуется двумя
способами:
1)
путём постановки глагола to have (have, has) перед подлежащим:
Has he got a
map of London? У него есть карта Лондона?
What
map hashe got? Какая карта есть у него?
Have you gotany
questions to the lecturer? У вас есть вопросы к лектору?
What
questions have you got? Какие у
вас вопросы?
2) с
помощью вспомогательного глагола to do (do; does):
Does he havea
telephone? У него есть телефон?
What
telephone does he have? Какой у него телефон?
Do you have a
railway dictionary? У вас есть железнодорожный словарь?

What
dictionary do you have? Какой
словарь у вас есть?
Вопросительная
форма глагола to have в Past Indefinite образуется с помощью
вспомогательного глагола to do (did):
Did you have a
good time at the weekend? Вы хорошо провели время в
выходные?
Вопросительная
форма глагола to have в Future Indefinite образуется путём
постановки вспомогательного глагола shall (will) перед
подлежащим:
Will you have any
free time tomorrow? Завтра у тебя будет свободное время?
When will you have any
free time? Когда у тебя будет свободное время?
Отрицательная
форма глагола to have в Present и Past Indefinite образуется
двумя способами:
1) с
помощью местоимения no (или отрицательной группы not
any):
I have
no car. У меня нет машины.
He has
not any car. У него нет машины.
They had
no choice. У них не было выбора
2) с
помощью вспомогательного глагола to do (do, does, did)и отрицанияnot:
We do
not have a telephone directory. У нас нет телефонного
справочника.
He does
not have a train ticket. У него нет билета на поезд.
I did
not have much work to do yesterday. Вчера у
меня было немного работы.
§ 3.
Оборот there + to be
Оборот there
+ to be используется для выражения наличия или отсутствия какого-либо
лица или предмета в определённом месте и переводится на русский язык при помощи
слов: есть, имеется, находится, существует или близкими по
значению. Перевод предложений с оборотом there + to be нужно
начинать с обстоятельства места, если оно указано, или со сказуемого, если
обстоятельство отсутствует.
There
was an accident on the road. На дороге произошлаавария.

There
are many types of cars. Существуетмного
типов вагонов.
В этом
обороте слово there утратило какое-либо значение и стало
формальным, т.е. оно не переводится. Глагол to be употребляется
в соответствующем времени и числе, которое согласуется с последующим
существительным. (There is a car…;
There are cars…; There was a car…;
There were cars…; There will be a car…).

В
вопросительной форме глагол to be ставится на первое место
(перед there). Если предложение в Future Indefinite, то на первое
место переносится вспомогательный глагол will. В отрицательной
форме после глагола to be ставится отрицательное
местоимениеno(или отрицательные группы not any, not
many и т.п.).
1) Are
thereusually two conductors in В пассажирском вагоне обычно бывает
the
carriage? два проводника?
How
many conductors are there usually in Сколько проводников
обычно бывает в the carriage? пассажирском вагоне?
There
are no conductors in the freight
car. В товарном вагоне нет проводников.
2)Were
there two vacant seats in the bus? В
автобусе было два свободных места?
How
many vacant seats were there in the bus? Сколько
свободных мест было в
автобусе?
There
were no vacant seats in the bus. В
автобусе не было свободных мест.
3)Will
there be 6 stations on this Metro line? На этой
линии метро будет 6 станций?
How
many stations will there be on this Сколько станций будет на этой линии
metro line? метро?
There
will be not many stations
on this На этой линии метро будет не много
Metro
line. станций.

§ 4.
Функции глагола to be

Functions

English

Russian

Глагол-связка (be+
  сущ., прил., или числ.)

The length of
  the Kuibyshev Railway is 4,800 km. The speed of the steam
  locos was not high

Протяжённость
  Куйбышевской железной дороги – 4,800 км. Скорость паровозов была не высокая.

Вспомогательный глагол:
  Continuous Tenses (be+ Participle I) Passive Voice (be+
  Participle II)

  He wasdriving a car at a high speed. The car will be repaired
  in 2 days.

    Он вёл машину на
  высокой скорости. Машина будет отремонтирована через 2 дня.

Модальный
  глагол (be+ Infinitive с частицей to)

He is to
  come to the lab at 10 o’clock.

Он должен прийти
  в лабораторию в 10 часов.

§ 5.
Функции глагола to have

Functions

English

Russian

Смысловой
  глагол (have + сущ.)

These labs have the
  most modern equipment

В этих
  лабораториях есть самое современное оборудование.

Вспомогательный глагол
  Perfect Tenses (have+ Participle II)

  These labs have bought modern equipment.

    Эти лаборатории закупили
  современное оборудование

Модальный
  глагол (have+ Infinitive с частицей to)

These labs have
  to buy new equipment.

Эти лаборатории
  должны закупить новое оборудование

Группа
времён Indefiniteпредставляет действие как факт и служит для выражения
отдельных или повторяющихся действий в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем
времени.
► The
Present Indefinite Tense часто уточняется
обстоятельствами типа:
always всегда;sometimes иногда; often часто; seldom редко; usually
(as usual)обычно; every day (month, year) каждый
день (месяц, год); regularlyрегулярно; as a rule как
правило
Например:
I always go to work by bus. – Я всегдаезжу на
работу на автобусе.
► The
Past IndefiniteTenseчасто уточняется обстоятельствами типа:
yesterday вчера; agoтому
назад; last week (month, year) на прошлой неделе
(месяце, году); конкретной датой (in 2004), а также
используется в вопросительных предложениях, начинающихся со слов when? когда? what
time? в какое время?
Например:
The first Metro station in our city was put into operation 10 years ago.
– Первая станция метро в нашем городе была открыта 10 лет назад. When did
you enter the Academy? – Когдавы поступили в академию?
► The
Future Indefinite Tenseможет уточняться обстоятельствами типа:
tomorrow завтра, next
week(month, year) на следующей неделе (месяце, году), soon скоро, предлогом in через,
или конкретной датой(in 2009).
Например:
I shall come home in 2 hours. – Я приду домой через 2
часа.

Группа
времён Continuous представляет действие как процесс и служит
для выражения продолжающегося, незаконченного действия, происходящего в
определённый момент в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.
► The
Present Continuous Tenseвыражает действие, совершающееся в момент
речи. Часто уточняется словами:
now сейчас; stillвсё
ещё; at present в настоящее время; whileпока.
Например:
He is carrying out an experiment now. – Он сейчас проводит эксперимент.
► The
Past Continuous Tenseвыражает незаконченное действие:
а)
совершавшееся в определённый момент в прошлом, который может обозначаться либо
точным указанием времени (at…o’clock; at that moment; from…till;
all day long; throughout 2003; the whole evening), либо другим однократным
действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite.
Например:
The car was being repaired all day long. – Машину ремонтировали весь день. When I
came he was repairing his bicycle. – Когда я пришёл,
он ремонтировал свой велосипед.
б)
совершавшееся одновременно с другим действием.
Например:
While he was having lunch, his car was being cleaned and fueled. –
Пока он обедал,
его машину мыли и заправляли.
► The
Future Continuous Tenseвыражает незаконченное действие, которое
будет совершаться в определённый момент в будущем. Этот момент может быть
обозначен обстоятельствами типа (at…o’clock, atthat time) или
придаточным предложением.

Например:
She will be working till you come. – Она будет работать до
вашего прихода. Tomorrow at this time I
shall be going by train. – Завтра в это время я буду ехать на поезде.

Формы Perfectвыражают
действие, совершённое к определённому моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или
будущем времени.

► The
Present Perfect Tenseвыражает действие, завершившееся к моменту речи. Этот момент: а)
может быть совсем не обозначен. Например: The car has been repaired. – Машину
отремонтировали. б) может быть выражен обстоятельствами типа already уже, recently,
lately недавно, ever когда-либо, never никогда, just только
что, not yet ещё не, today сегодня, this
week (month, year) на этой неделе (месяце, году), for
ages целую вечность.
Например:
I have never been to London. – Я никогда не
был в Лондоне.
The
Present Perfect Tense такжеможет выражать действие, которое
началось в прошлом и не закончилось к данному моменту. Часто в этом случае
употребляется предлог since с.
Например:
She has not been to Moscowsince 1990. – Она не была в Москве с 1990
года.
► The
Past Perfect Tenseвыражает действие, завершённое до какого-либо момента или
действия в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельством с
предлогом by к, либо придаточным предложением с
глаголом в Past Indefinite.
Например: By
the 1st of September all the road works had been finished. – К первому сентябрявсе дорожные работы были завершены. When
we came to the station, the train had already left. – Когда мы пришли на станцию,
поезд уже ушёл.

► The
Future Perfect Tense выражает действие,
которое будет завершено до определённого момента, или действия в будущем. Этот
момент уточняется обстоятельством с предлогом by к или
придаточным предложением с глаголом в Present Indefinite.
Например: When
you come I shall have finished translating the text. – Когда ты придёшь,
я закончу переводить текст. By the end of the year the
railway will have been opened for traffic. – К концу годажелезная дорога будут открыта для движения.

Таблица
времён в действительном залоге (Tenses in Active Voice)

Present

Past

Future

Indefinite

V1 he,
  she, it V1 + -s

V2

 shall
  +V1   will

Continuous

 am
  is +V4 are

 was
  +V4 were

 shall be +V4 will be

ect

 have
  +V3 has

had +
  V3

 shall have +V3 will have

Спряжение
глагола to ask в действительном залоге

Present

Past

Future

Indefinite

I, we,
  you, they ask he, she, it asks

I, he,
  she, it we, you, they asked

I, we
  shall ask he, she, you, they will ask

Continuous

I am
  asking he, she, it is asking we, you, they are asking

I, he,
  she, it was asking we, you, they were asking

I, we
  shall be asking he, she, you, they will be asking

Perfect

I, we,
  you, they have asked he, she, it has asked

I, he,
  she, it, we, you, they had asked

I, we
  shall have asked he, she, it, you, they will have asked

Перевод
глагола to write в разных временах

Present

Past

Future

Indefinite

I
  write Я пишу (вообще, обычно)

I
  wrote Я (на)писал (вчера)

I
  shall/ will write Я напишу, буду писать (завтра)

Continuous

I am
  writing Я пишу (сейчас)

I was
  writing Я писал (в тот момент)

I
  shall/ will be writing Я буду писать (в тот момент)

Perfect

I have
  written Я написал (уже, только что, сегодня)

I had
  written Я написал (уже к тому моменту)

I
  shall/ will have written Я напишу (уже к тому моменту)

Таблица
времён в страдательном залоге (Tenses in Passive Voice)

to
  be+V3

Present

Past

Future

Indefinite

am is
  + V3 are

 was
  + V3 were

 shall
  + be V3 will

Continuous

  am is + being V3 are

 was
  + being V3 were

________

Perfect

 have
  + been V3 has

had
  been + V3

 shall + have been V3 will

Спряжение
глагола to ask в страдательном залоге

Present

Past

Future

Indefinite

I am
  asked he, she, it is asked we, you, they are asked

I, he,
  she, itwas asked we, you, theywere asked

I, we
  shall be asked he, she, it, we, you, they will be asked

Continuous

I am
  being asked he, she, it is being asked we, you, they are being asked

I, he,
  she was being asked we, you, they were being asked

__________

Perfect

I, we,
  you, they have been asked he, she, it has been asked

I, he,
  she, it, we, you, they had been asked

I, we
  shall have been asked he, she, it, we, you, they will have been asked

Примечания:
1)
Подлежащее в английском предложении с глаголом в страдательном залоге
переводится на русский язык в винительном или дательном падежах.
Hewas
asked to buy tickets. Его попросили
купить билеты.
He was
asked many
questions. Ему задали
много вопросов.
2) За
сказуемым в страдательном залоге в английском предложении может следовать
предлог. При переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим.
This
accident is much spoken about. Об этом
несчастном случае много говорят.

§ 8. Согласование времён
(Sequence of Tenses)

he
  works (is working) работает (одновременное действие)

He
  says (that)…

he worked
  (was working) работал (предшествующее действие)

he
  will work (will be working) будет работать (будущее
  действие)

he
  worked (was working) работает (одновременное действие)

He
  said (that)…

he had
  worked работал (предшествующее действие)

he
  would work (would be working) будет работать (будущее
  действие)

В
английском языке существует несколько типов вопросов. Мы рассмотрим общие и специальные.
а) Общий
вопрос – это вопрос, который задаётся ко всему предложению и требует
краткого ответа “да” или “нет”. На первое место в таких
вопросах ставится вспомогательный глагол. Схема порядка слов в
общем вопросе следующая:

вспомогательный
  (модальный) глагол

подлежащее

основной
  глагол

второстепенные
  члены предложения

Do Are May

you
  they I

live
  playing take

in
  London? chess now? your pen?

Если
сказуемое простое, то нужно употреблять вспомогательный
глагол to do(do–если сказуемое в I форме без
окончания –s; does – если сказуемое
в I форме с окончанием –s; did –
если сказуемое во II форме), при этом основной глагол во всех случаях
ставится в I форму без окончания –s.
They speak English. Do they speak English?
She goesto
school. Does she go to school?
He bought a
car. Did he buy a car?
Если
сказуемое составное, то вспомогательный (или модальный) глагол,
который входит в состав сказуемого, нужно перенести на первое место в
предложении, при этом форма основного глагола не изменяется.
He has already left. Has he
already left?
They were
going home. Were they going home?
She can
speak English. Canshe speak English?
Paul will
come at 6. Will Paul come at 6?

б) Специальный
вопрос – это вопрос, который задаётся к одному члену предложения и
требует полного ответа. Схема порядка слов в специальном вопросе следующая:

вопросительное
  слово

вспомогательный
  (модальный) глагол

подлежащее

основной
  глагол

второстепенные
  члены предложения

Where
  What When

does are will

he you
  the train

live?
  doing arrive

  now? at the station?

Вопросительные
слова:
whoкто; whomкого,
кому, кем;whoseчей, чья, чьё; whatчто, какой; whichкоторый (из
двух или нескольких);whereгде, куда; whenкогда; howкак; how
longкак долго;how oftenкак часто;how many, how muchсколько;whyпочему,
зачем.
Примечания:
1) Если
вопрос задаётся к определению и начинается с вопросительного слова what? какой? how
many (much)? сколько? whose?чей? то
между вопросительным словом и вспомогательным глаголом нужно ставить
существительное.
She
studies at the Railway Academy. WhatAcademy does
she study at?
They
walked 10 km. How many kilometers did
they walk?

2) Если
вопрос задаётся к подлежащему и начинается с вопросительного слова who? кто? what? что?, то
сказуемое, следующее сразу за вопросительным словом, всегда имеет форму 3 лица
единственного числа.
They liketo
read books. Who likes to read books?

We are
reading a book. Who is reading a book?
They have
gone. Who has gone?
The
articles were translated. What was translated?
I shall
repair the engine. Who will repair the engine?

Утвердительное
  предложение

1.They
  2. He 3. She

work
  works worked

at the
  railway. at the railway. at the railway.

Общий
  вопрос

1. Do
  2. Does 3. Did

they
  he she

work
  work work

at the
  railway? at the railway? at the railway?

Специальный
  вопрос

1.Where
  2.Where 3.Where

do
  does did

they
  he she

work?
  work? work?

Специальный
  вопрос к определению

1.What
  railway 2.What railway 3.What railway

do
  does did

they
  he she

work
  work work

at?
  at? at?

Вопрос
  к подлежащему

1.Who
  2.Who 3.Who

works
  works worked

at the
  railway? at the railway? at the railway?

Порядок
слов в вопросительных предложениях с составным сказуемым

Утвердительное
  предложение

1.
  They 2. His friends 3. She

are
  building have left may use

a
  large house. for London. my mobile phone

Общий
  вопрос

1.Are
  2.Have 3.May

they
  his friends she

building
  left use

a
  large house? for London? your phone?

Специальный
  вопрос

1.What
  2.Where 3.What

are
  have may

they
  his friends she

building?
  left use?

  for?

Специальный
  вопрос к определению

1.What
  house 2.What city 3.Whose phone

are
  have may

they
  his friends she

building?
  left use?

  for?

Вопрос
  к подлежащему

1.Who
  2.Who 3.Who

is has
  may

building
  left use

a
  large house? for London? your phone?

Примечание:
Порядок
слов в вопросительных предложениях с оборотом there+to be и со
сказуемым to be или to have см. в §1, §2, §3.

Порядок
слов в отрицательных предложениях
Отрицательная
форма предложений образуется при помощи отрицания not или no.
1. Если
сказуемое простое, то отрицание not ставится
после вспомогательного глагола to do (do, does, did), причём
само сказуемое нужно поставить в I форму.
They study at
the Institute. They do not (don’t) study at
the Institute.
This
firm repairscomputers. This firm does not (doesn’t) repaircomputers.
In
summer I traveledby sea. In summer I did not (didn’t) travelby
sea.
He bought a
ticket in advance. He did not (didn’t) buy a
ticket in advance.
2. Если
сказуемое составное глагольное, то отрицание not ставится
после вспомогательного или модального глагола, входящего в состав сказуемого;
при этом форма основного глагола не изменяется.

The
train hasalready arrived.The train has not (hasn’t) arrived yet.
The
escalator is being repaired now. The escalator is not (isn’t) being
repaired now. She can carrythis heavy suitcase. She cannot (can’t) carry this
heavy suitcase.
We were
invited to the conference. We were not (weren’t) invited to
the conference.
Примечание:Порядок
слов в отрицательных предложениях с оборотом there+to be и со
сказуемым to be или to have см. в §1, §2, §3.

(The
Possessive Case)
Существительное
в притяжательном падеже является определением к последующему существительному и
отвечает на вопрос whose? чей?
Притяжательный
падеж существительных в единственном числе образуется при помощи
апострофа и окончания -s (my friend’s letter
– письмо моего друга).
Притяжательный
падеж существительных во множественном числе образуется с помощью только апострофа (my
friends’ letter – письмо моих друзей).
В
притяжательном падеже употребляются:
а)
существительные, обозначающие одушевлённые предметы:
this professor’s
lectureлекция этого профессора
our secretary’s
officeофис нашего секретаря
b)
существительные, обозначающие названия стран, городов:
Russia’s gold
reserveзолотой запас России
c)
существительные, обозначающие меры времени, расстояния, веса:
three
hours’ flightтрёхчасовой полёт
five
kilometers’ distanceрасстояние в 5 километров
two
hours’ workдвухчасовая работа
d) Существительные
world, earth, planet, sun, moon, city, ship, train, company, commissionи т.
п:
the ship’s
arrivalприбытие корабля
the sun’s
influenceвлияние солнца
e) наречия времени
today, yesterday, tomorrow:
yesterday’s
meetingвчерашнеесобрание
Степени
сравнения прилагательных и наречий
(Comparison
Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs)

Положительная
  степень

Сравнительная
  степень

Превосходная
  степень

1.Односложные
  прилагательные и наречия high -высокий near -близко
  2. Двусложные прилагательные и наречия, которые заканчиваются на –y happy –счастливый

    higher – выше, более высокий nearer-
  ближе happier – счастливее, более счастливый

    the highest – высочайший, самый высокий the
  nearest - ближе всех the happiest –
  самый счастливый

Многосложные
  прилагательные и наречия interesting -интересный

    more interesting –интереснее, более интересный less interesting
  –менее интересный

    the most interesting – самый интересный,
  интереснейший the least interesting –самый не
  интересный

Исключения:
  good, well –хороший, хорошо bad, badly –плохой, плохо many,
  much –много little –мало

  better – лучше   worse – хуже more – больше less – меньше

  the
  best – самый лучший, лучше всего the worst – самый
  плохой, хуже всего the most – самый большой,
  больше всего the least – самый маленький, меньше
  всего

Примечание:
Некоторые
двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -y, -er, -ow (cleverумный,
narrowузкий, shallowмелкий)образуют степени сравнения
двумя способами. Например: narrower ýже, the
narrowestсамый узкий или more narrow ýже, the
most narrow самый узкий.

 He is waiting for
you near the booking office. Он ждёт вас у кассы.
2)
определение.Participle I в функции определения находится до или после
определяемого слова и переводится на русский язык действительным причастием
настоящего времени, оканчивающимся на –ущий, -ющий, -ащий, -ящий (делающий,
бегущий, соединяющий) или действительным причастием прошедшего времени,
оканчивающимся на –вший (когда глагол-сказуемое стоит в
прошедшем времени) (делавший, бежавший, соединявший).
The
man waiting for you has come from Человек, ожидающий вас,
приехал из
London.
Лондона.
The
engineer deliveringthe report gave Инженер, делавший доклад,
привёл
many
interesting examples. много интересных примеров.

3)
обстоятельство.Participle I в функции обстоятельства находится в начале
предложения или в середине предложения после запятой, и переводится на русский
язык деепричастием несовершенного вида, оканчивающимся на -а, -я (делая,
рассказывая, рисуя, проезжая).
He saw
many interesting things, while Путешествуяпо стране,
он видел много
travelingabout
the country. интересного.
Waitingfor
the train arrival I looked Ожидая прибытия поезда,
я
through
the magazines. просматривал журналы.
Примечания:
1.
Participle I не всегда имеет эквивалентное деепричастие в русском языке; в
таких случаях оно переводится придаточным предложением. Например:Writinga
letter, I’m… – Когда я писалписьмо…
2.
Часто перед Participle I в функции обстоятельства ставится союз while или when. Такие
предложения можно перевести 3 способами:
While
translating the
article the
student 1) Переводя статью,
студент пользовался
consulted
the dictionary. словарём.
2) Когдастудент переводил статью,
он
пользовался
словарём.
3) При
переводестатьи студент пользовался словарём.
Participle
I (perfect) выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному
сказуемым. Оно обычно находится в начале предложения и переводится на русский
язык деепричастием совершённого вида (сделав, рассказав, прибежав). В
предложении Participle I (perfect) выполняет функцию обстоятельства.
Having
finishedthe test he put down Закончив испытание, он
записал
the
results. результаты.

Functions

English

Russian

подлежащее (переводится
  существительным или инфинитивом)

Flying
  is better for long journeys but traveling by car is more
  interesting.

На
  длинные расстояния лучше летать самолётом, но на
  машине путешествовать интереснее.

именная
  часть составного сказуемого (переводится существительным или
  инфинитивом)

His
  dream is traveling abroad.

Его
  мечта – съездить за границу.

дополнение:
  а) прямое(переводится существительным или инфинитивом) б)
  предложное(переводится существительным, инфинитивом или придаточным
  предложением)

  This equipment requires repairing.   The
  engineer insisted on our testing the repaired motor.

  Это оборудование нуждается в ремонте.     Инженер
  настаивал на том, чтобы мы испытали отремонтированный
  двигатель.

определение (переводится
  существительным или инфинитивом)

The
  cost ofrepairing these cars is very high.

Стоимость ремонта этих
  машин очень высокая.

обстоятельство (переводится
  существительным с предлогом, деепричастием, придаточным предложением)

instead ofreading ---------------------------------------afterreading
    --------------------------------------- beforereading
  ---------------------------------------withoutreading
  ---------------------------------------in (by)reading
  ---------------------------------------forreading
  --------------------------------------- onreading

вместо
  того чтобы читать ------------------------------------------
  после прочтения; прочитав; после того как прочитал
  ------------------------------------------ до прочтения; до того
  как прочитал ------------------------------------------ не читая
  ------------------------------------------ читая; при прочтении; в то
  время как читал ------------------------------------------
  для чтения;для того чтобы читать ------------------------------------------
  прочитав; когда прочитал; после того как прочитал

Примечание:
Для
определения функции герундия важно знать, какое место в предложении он
занимает:
1) Gerund в
функции подлежащего находится в начале предложения, без предлога.
2) Gerund в
функции именной части составного сказуемого находится после глагола-связки to
be.
3) Gerund в
функции дополнения находится после сказуемого.
4) Gerund в
функции определения употребляется с предлогом of (иногда for), находится после
определяемого слова.
5) Gerund в
функции обстоятельства употребляется с предлогами (before, after, on, by,
instead of, in, without), находится в начале или конце предложения

§ 19.
Функции слов с окончанием -ing в предложении

Functions

English

Russian

подлежащее (герундий)

Smoking
  is not allowed here.

Курить
  здесь запрещено.

часть
  составного глагольного сказуемого(причастие I)

The
  train was moving at a high speed.

Поезд двигался с
  большой скоростью.

часть
  составного именного сказуемого(герундий)

His
  hobby is driving a car.

Его любимое
  занятие – водить машину.

дополнение (герундий)

The
  car needs repairing. They spoke about their traveling to
  the North.

Машина
  нуждается в ремонте. Они говорили о поездке на
  север.

определение (герундий,
  причастие I)

There
  are different methods of learning English.   The
  railway linking three cities was constructed two years ago.

Существуют
  различные методики изучения английского языка. Железная
  дорога, соединяющая три города, была построена два года
  назад.

обстоятельство (герундий,
  причастие I)

Modern
  life is impossible without traveling. Waiting for the train
  arrival, I looked through the newspapers.

Современная
  жизнь невозможна без поездок. Ожидая прибытия поезда, я
  просматривал газеты.

§ 20.
Функции слов с окончанием -ed в предложении

Functions

English

Russian

сказуемое
  в Past Indefinite

Japanese
  Railways upgraded several mainlines for high- speed traffic.

Японские
  железные дороги реконструировали несколько магистралей для
  высокоскоростных перевозок.

часть
  сказуемого в Perfect Tenses и в Passive Voice

This
  mainline will be upgraded for high-speed traffic.

Эта
  магистраль будет реконструирована для высокоскоростного
  движения.

определение

The
  railway line upgraded last year is being used for high-speed
  traffic.

Железнодорожная
  линия, реконструированная в прошлом году, используется для
  высокоскоростных перевозок.

обстоятельство

When upgraded,
  this railway line will be used for high-speed traffic.

После
  реконструкции эта железная дорога будет использоваться для высокоскоростных перевозок.

Functions

English

Russian

подлежащее

To
  read is useful. = It is useful to read.

Читать
  – полезно.

часть
  именного составного сказуемого

Your
  task is to repair this device as quickly as possible.

Ваша
  задача состоит в том, чтобыотремонтировать этот прибор как
  можно быстрее.

дополнение

He
  does not like to travel in an open-type coach. I am
  glad to have bought the ticket in advance.

Он не
  любит ездить в плацкартном вагоне. Я рад, что купил билет
  заранее.

обстоятельство

To
  finishthis test by 5 you must start it at once.   You can take this
  bus to get to the terminal.

Чтобызакончить испытание
  к 5 часам, вы должны начать его сейчас же. Вы можете сесть на этот
  автобус, чтобыдоехать до вокзала.

определение

The
  device to be tested is in the lab.   The new Metro
  station to be openedsoon is near my house.

Прибор, который
  нужноиспытать, находится в лаборатории. Новая станция метро, которая скоро будетоткрыта,находится
  недалеко от моего дома.

Примечания:
1) Infinitive в
функции подлежащего стоит в самом начале предложения перед сказуемым и
переводится либо неопределённой формой глагола, либо существительным.
2) Infinitive как
часть именного составного сказуемого стоит после глагола-связки to be и
переводится либо неопределённой формой глагола, либо выражением заключается
в том, чтобы; состоит в том, чтобы + неопределённая форма глагола.
3) Infinitive в
функции дополнения стоит после глаголов (таких как: ask,
decide, demand, expect, forget, learn, like, offer, plan, prepare, promise,
refuse, remember, want, wish) или прилагательных (таких
как: afraid to, glad to, prepared to, proud to, ready to, sorry to,
surprised to) и переводится либо неопределённой формой глагола, либо
личной формой глагола.
4) Infinitive в
функции обстоятельства цели может стоять в самом начале предложения перед
подлежащим, в конце предложения и после слов enoughдостаточно; too слишком. Иногда
перед Infinitive ставится союз in order to чтобы, для того
чтобы.
5) Infinitive в
функции определения стоит после существительного или после слов the
firstпервый; the last последний; the
only единственный и т.п. После существительных Infinitive
чаще всего стоит в пассивной форме (to be tested, to be built, to be read)
и выражает действие, которое должно произойти или произойдёт в будущем. В этом
случае Infinitive переводится определительным придаточным предложением с
союзом который (который будет, который нужно, который следует).
§ 22.
Инфинитивная конструкция “Сложное дополнение”

(The
Complex Object)
The
Complex Object (сложное дополнение) представляет собой инфинитивный
оборот, состоящий из имени существительного (в именительном падеже) или
местоимения (в объектном падеже) и инфинитива. Вся конструкция выполняет
функцию дополнения, часто переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что,
чтобы, как. Схема предложений со сложным дополнением:

подлежащее

сказуемое

сложное
  дополнение

второстепенные
  члены предложения

I The
  conductor

think
  didn’t let

him to
  cope us get off

with
  this work himself. the carriage.

Сложное
дополнение употребляется после таких глаголов как:
to
want, to wishхотеть, желать; would (should) likeхотелось
бы; to supposeполагать, предполагать;to
expectожидать, предполагать; to knowзнать; to
consider, to believe, to thinkсчитать, полагать, думать; to
watch наблюдать; to noticeзамечать; to see видеть; to hearслышать; to
make, to force, to cause заставлять; to
orderприказывать; to enable, to allow позволять,
давать возможность; to letразрешать,
позволять и т.п.
We know him
to be a good specialist. Мы знаем, что он
хороший специалист.
They expect the
ship to arrive tonight. Они ожидают, что пароход
прибудет сегодня вечером.
I thought you
to be late.Я думал,
что вы опоздаете.

Обратите
внимание на то, что:
a) после глаголов восприятия
(to see, to hear, to watch, to notice) и после глаголов
(to make, to let) инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.
I have never heard her
praise anybody’s work. Я никогда не слышал, чтобы она
хвалила чью-либо работу.

Nobody noticed him
go out. Никто не заметил, как он ушёл.
b)
сложное дополнение после глаголов (to make, to cause, to force, to allow, to
order, to enable) не переводится придаточным предложением.
He enabled us
to repeat the experiment. Он дал нам возможность
повторить эксперимент.
What made her
leave this job? Что заставило её уйти с этой работы?

§ 23.
Инфинитивная конструкция “Сложное подлежащее”
(The
Complex Subject)
The
Complex Subject (сложное подлежащее) представляет собой инфинитивный
оборот, состоящий из имени существительного или местоимения (в
именительном падеже) и инфинитива с частицей to.
Схема
предложений со сложным подлежащим:

первая
  часть подлежащего

сказуемое

вторая
  часть подлежащего

второстепенные
  члены предложения

The
  president He

was
  expected is sure

to
  arrive to enter

in our
  city in May. the Institute.

Сказуемое может быть выражено:
a) глаголами to
knowзнать;to
expectожидать, полагать; to
findнаходить, устанавливать; to
supposeпредполагать;to
reportсообщать; to
consider, to thinkдумать, считать;to
sayговорить; to
hearслышать и т.п.
в форме страдательного залога.
He is
known to be a good specialist.
The
train was reported to have arrived.
Перевод
таких предложений нужно начинать со сказуемого, которое переводится
неопределённо-личным предложением (Известно, что…; Полагают, что…;
Сообщили, что…; Слышали, что…).
Известно, что он
хороший специалист. = Он, как известно, хороший специалист.
Сообщили, что поезд
уже прибыл. = Поезд, как сообщили, уже прибыл.

b)
глаголами в форме действительного залога to seem, to appearказаться,
по-видимому, очевидно;to happenслучаться;to prove, to turn
outоказываться.
The new
methods of work seem to be very Очевидно,
что новые методы работы очень
effective.
эффективны.
Do you happen to
know Jane’s telephone Ты случайно не знаешь номер телефона
number?
Джейн?
c)
составными глаголами to be likelyвероятно, возможно; to
be unlikelyмаловероятно, невероятно, вряд ли, едва ли; to be
sure, to be certainнесомненно, обязательно, конечно.
She is
sure to come. Она обязательно придёт.
He is
unlikely to be able to start his car. Едва ли он
сможет завести машину.

Определение
отвечает на вопросы: what? какой? whose? чей? which? какой?
который? Оно может быть расположено перед определяемым существительным
или после него. Определение может быть выражено:
1)
прилагательным.
a fast trainскорый
поезд
the successful experiment
удачный эксперимент
2)
существительным.
a steam engine
паровойдвигатель
the car keys
ключи от машины
the passenger train
пассажирский поезд
the train speed
скорость поезда
Примечание:
Если
между артиклем (или другим определителем) и существительным, к которому оно
относится, стоит несколько существительных, то они образуют цепочку
определений. Последнее существительное в этой цепочке является главным, с него
рекомендуется начинать перевод всей цепочки определений.
my telephone number мой номер телефона
the airplane wing крыло самолёта
a steam
engine car автомобиль с паровым двигателем
the passenger
service improvement улучшение обслуживания пассажиров
the train
speed increase problem проблема увеличения скорости
поездов
3)
причастием (Participle I, Participle II),
которое может стоять как перед существительным, так и после него.
the
tunnel linking two islands тоннель, соединяющий два
острова
the
terminal upgraded last year вокзал, реконструированный
в прошлом году
the developing countries развивающиеся страны
the developed countries развитые страны
4) герундием.
a
cost of operating the
line стоимость эксплуатации линии
the
possibility ofconstructing Metro возможность
строительства метро
5)
инфинитивом.
the
work to be doneработа, которую предстоит сделать
the
bridge to be builtмост, который необходимо построить.
ТАБЛИЦА
НЕСТАНДАРТНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Infinitive

Past
  Simple

Participle
  II

Перевод

be

was,
  were

been

быть

become

became

become

становиться,
  делаться

begin

began

begun

начинать

blow

blew

blown

дуть,
  раздувать

break

broke

broken

ломать,
  нарушать

bring

brought

brought

приносить,
  привозить

build

built

built

строить

burn

burnt

burnt

гореть,
  жечь

buy

bought

bought

покупать

catch

caught

caught

ловить,
  схватить

choose

chose

chosen

выбирать

come

came

come

приходить

cost

cost

cost

стоить

cut

cut

cut

резать

deal

dealt

dealt

иметь
  дело; торговать

do

did

done

делать

draw

drew

drawn

тянуть,
  везти

drink

drank

drunk

пить

drive

drove

driven

везти,
  ехать; приводить в движение

eat

ate

eaten

есть

fall

fell

fallen

падать

feed

fed

fed

кормить,
  питать

feel

felt

felt

чувствовать

find

found

found

находить,
  обнаруживать

fly

flew

flown

летать

forbid

forbade

forbidden

запрещать

forget

forget

forgotten

забывать

freeze

froze

frozen

замораживать

get

got

got

получать,
  доставать, становиться

give

gave

given

давать,
  предоставлять

go

went

gone

идти,
  ехать

grow

grew

grown

расти,
  увеличиваться

hang

hung
  (hanged)

hung
  (hanged)

вешать,
  подвешивать, висеть

have

had

had

иметь

hear

heard

heard

слышать

hide

hid

hidden

прятать(ся),
  скрывать(ся)

hold

held

held

держать

hurt

hurt

hurt

вредить

keep

kept

kept

держать,
  хранить

know

knew

known

знать

lay

laid

laid

класть,
  положить

lead

led

led

вести,
  управлять

learn

learnt

learnt

узнавать,
  учить

leave

left

left

оставлять,
  уходить, уезжать

lie

lay

lain

лежать

light

lit

lit

освещать,
  зажигать

lose

lost

lost

терять

make

made

made

делать,
  заставлять

mean

meant

meant

значить,
  означать; иметь в виду

meet

met

met

встречать

pay

paid

paid

платить

put

put

put

класть,
  ставить

read

read

read

читать

ride

rode

ridden

ездить

ring

rang

rung

звонить

rise

rose

risen

вставать,
  возникать

run

run

run

бегать,
  управлять

say

said

said

говорить,
  сказать

see

saw

seen

видеть

seek

sought

sought

искать;
  стремиться

sell

sold

sold

продавать

send

sent

sent

посылать

set

set

set

ставить,
  помещать, устанавливать

shake

shook

shaken

трясти

shoot

shot

shot

стрелять

show

showed

shown

показывать

shut

shut

shut

закрывать

sing

sang

sung

петь

sink

sank

sung

тонуть,
  погружаться

sit

sat

sat

cидеть

sleep

slept

slept

cпать

slide

slid

slid

скользить

speak

spoke

spoken

говорить,
  разговаривать

spend

spent

spent

тратить,
  проводить (время)

spoil

spoiled
  (spoilt)

spoiled
  (spoilt)

портить

spread

spread

spread

растягивать,
  распространять (ся)

spring

sprang

sprung

прыгать,
  пружинить

stand

stood

stood

стоять;
  поставить; держаться

steal

stole

stolen

красть;
  красться

strike

struck

stricken
  (struck)

ударять,
  поражать

swim

swam

swum

плавать

swing

swung

swung

качаться,
  колебаться

take

took

taken

брать,
  принимать

teach

taught

taught

учить,
  преподавать

tear

tore

torn

разрывать

tell

told

told

сказать,
  сообщать, рассказывать

think

thought

thought

думать,
  полагать

throw

threw

thrown

бросить,
  кидать

wake

woke

woken
  (waken)

просыпаться;
  будить

wear

wore

worn

носить,
  изнашиваться

win

won

won

выигрывать,
  одерживать победу

write

wrote

written

писать,
  сочинять

СПИСОК
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1)
Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб./Т.Ю. Полякова, Е.В. Синявская, и др. – М.
Высшая школа, 1998.
2)
Практическая грамматика английского языка: Учебное пособие/ Сост. Л.Романова –
М.: Рольф, 2001.
3) Dictionary
of selected collocations. Ed.: Jimmie Hill, Michael Lewis. – London, 1999.
4)
English for Computer Science Students: Учебное пособие/
Сост. Т.В.
Смирнова, М.В.
Юдельсон – 2-е издание.
– М.: Флинта: Наука,
2002.
5)
English verbals through communication: Учебное пособие/
Сост. Г.М.
Дудникова, У.В.
Шемшур, А.Г.
Орлова – Самара:
Изд-во ЦПО,
2002.
6)
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. London, 1978.
7)
Murphy, R. English Grammar in Use. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press,
1994.
8) Swan
M., Walter C. How English Works. A Grammar Practice Book. Oxford, 1997.
9) The
Pan Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. Ed. By Laurence Urdang & Martin
Manster. London, 1980.
10)
Encyclopedia Britannica (Children’s Edition). Chicago, 2004.

Ex.1.
TEST. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.
1) The
Channel Tunnel ___ since 1994.
a) was
being used b) has been used c) was used
2) This
railway tunnel ___ Great Britain with the Continent.
a) is
connected b) is connecting c) connects
2)
Fuelling stations ___ along the highway at frequent intervals.
a)
situate b) are situated c) are being situated
3) I
leased another car, while mine ___.
a) was
being repaired b) is being repaired c) had been repaired
4) The electrical
equipment ___ by a Japanese firm.
a) will
supply b) will be supplied c) will have been supplied
5)
During peak hours the Metro trains usually ___ with small intervals.
a) are
running b) are run c) run
6) The
first automatic drivers ___ on the underground lines.
a) have
been tested b) was tested c) are being tested
7) The
car ___ too fast for me to see the number plate.
a) was
being moved b) will move c) was moving
8) The
mechanic ___ the wheel by the time we came.
a)
replaced b) has replaced c) had replaced
9) The
surveying party ___ the route of the future railway all month long.
a)
examined b) has been examined c) was examining
10) He
quickly forgot everything he ___ at school.
a)
learnt b) had learnt c) was learning
11)
John ___ for his exam still; he must be tired.
a)
prepares b) has prepared c) is preparing
12)
When I ___ this watch, everybody warned me against it.
a) was
buying b) is buying c) buy
13) She
said that the new time-table ___ on the notice-board yet.
a) was
not hung up b) will not be hung up c) had not been hung up
14) The
secretary ___ by the director to answer the letter without delay.
a) was
asked b) was asking c) has asked
15) The
computers ___, it is inevitable that the work will be delayed.
a)
don’t work b) are not working c) were not working

1) In
Great Britain a first-class ticket [to cost –
Present Indefinite Active] 50% more than a second-class ticket.
2)
They [to give – Past Indefinite Active] him
no explanation why the experiment [to stop – Past
Perfect Passive].
3)
I [to prefer – Present Indefinite Active] to
buy tickets in advance.
4)
During the last 5 years traffic on Britain’s roads [to increase –
Present Perfect Active] by 27 per cent.
5) The
equipment [to deliver – Future Indefinite Passive] in
containers from door-to-door.
6)
Train fares [to increase – Present Perfect Passive] several
times during the past year.
7) The
construction of both the bridge and the dam [to complete –
Future Perfect Passive] by the beginning of the navigation season.
8) The
problem of the old terminal reconstruction [to discuss – Present
Continuous Passive] now.
9) The
permanent way [to consist –Present Indefinite
Active] of rails, sleepers and ballast.
10) The
distance between rails [to call – Present
Indefinite Passive] the gauge.
11) Be
careful! The train [to approach –Present Continuous
Active] the station!
12) He
appeared on the platform just as the train [to pull out –Past
Continuous Active].
13)
A.S. Yartsev [to suggest – Past Indefinite Active] using
cast iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788.

Ex.1.
Read and translate the phrases given below into Russian. Pay attention to
Participles I in different functions.
A
▫
the student attending all the lectures ▫ the
bridge linking two islands
▫
the passengers waiting for the train arrival ▫ the
roads leading to the centre of the city
▫
the loco developing a speed of 180 km/h ▫ the
plant producing machinery
▫
the growing population of the country ▫ the
applicants entering the Academy
▫
the engineers carrying out the test ▫ the approaching train
▫
the plane flying very low ▫ the shop selling computers
B
▫ beginning the
experiment ▫ preparing for the exam in English
▫ using new
methods of production ▫ not wishing to discuss this
problem
▫ moving at
a high speed ▫ building the railroad across the desert
▫ entering the
compartment ▫ leaving the room
▫ looking out
of the window ▫ checking the examination papers
▫ writing the
telegram ▫ buying a return ticket
C
▫ having
passed all the exams ▫ having discussed the
plan in details
▫ having
bought the tickets in advance ▫ having phoned the
travel agency
▫ having
taken the books from the library ▫ having got a
snack

▫ having
obtained the necessary data ▫ having put our
things on the rack
▫ having
booked the ticket by phone ▫ having returned home
▫ having
arrived in London ▫ having received an urgent
message

1) The first steam locomotive built by
G. Stephenson could draw a small train of loaded cars at a
speed of 13 miles per hour.
2) When reconstructed, the
railway bridge will be used for the movement of heavy freight
trains.
3) The new materials recommended for
bridge construction were described in the article written by
our professor.
4) I’m not sure that it is possible to
repair this badly damaged car.
5) When drawn by an electric
locomotive, the train may consist of more than 90 cars.
6) The first British petrol-driven
car called “The Knight” moved at a speed of only 8 miles per
hour.
7) The first steam engine invented by
James Watt was installed in a machine at a large mine to pump
out the water.
8) When heated by sun, the
rails become longer.
9) The things left behind by
passengers are usually taken to the Lost Property Office.
10) The first Siemens’s electric
locomotive built in 1879 was so small that the driver
straddled it like a horse but it could haul a train with 30 passengers.
11) During the test run the steam
locomotive produced by Peter Cooper raced against a
coach pulled by a horse.
12) Signals installed at
frequent intervals along the whole mainline inform the engine drivers of the
position of other trains.
13) If compared with
electric locomotives, diesel locomotives have a higher maintenance cost.
14) The motor coaches are supplied with
electric motors placed under the floor of the coach.
15) Before opened for
traffic, the railway lines are carefully inspected and tested.
Ex.4. Read and translate the
following sentences paying attention to –ed forms.
1) The first television
set produced quite a sensation in 1939. The first television set
was produced in 1939. The first television set produced in
1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box.
2) The new car model developed by
our student design bureau will be shown on TV. The new car
modelwas developed by our student design bureau. The new car
model developed a speed of 50 miles an hour.
3) The trains equipped with robot
engine drivers operate on some underground lines.
4) Though first developed for
military purposes, radar can be used in modern cars.
5) The car suddenly stopped in
the middle of the road.
6) The gas station on the highway
was closed.
7) New technologies reduce the number of
workers needed.
8) When invented, the steam
engine started the industrial revolution.
9) Toyota Co., a very successful Japanese
company, has increased their sales to six million cars and trucks a
year.
10) One of the main advantages of the
diesel loco is the low cost of the fuel consumed.
11) Though conducted with great
care, the test did not give the expected results.
12) The talks between these two presidents
were conducted behind the closed doors.
 1) The
cause of the accident was a [to break –participle II] brake
shoe.
2) [To
wait –participle I perfect] for him for half an hour they went
home.
3)
Special signals [to install –participle II] along
the railroads help enginemen drive trains without accidents.
4) You
can find the telephone number of a specialist [to repair –participle
I] computers in any newspaper.
5) The
plant [to produce –participle I] automobiles was
built in our city 50 years ago.
6) The
typewriter [to buy –participle II] a few days
ago has gone wrong.
7) [To
spend –participle I perfect] all the money he started looking
for work.
8)
If [to leave – participle II] alone, the dog could
spoil many things at home.
9)
About 80 million passengers are [to carry –participle II] by
the Kuibyshev Railway annually.
10)
When [To repair – participle I] the street, be
careful at the crossroads.
11)
Sleeping cars [to equip –participle II] with an
air-conditioning system are very comfortable for long-
distance
travel.
12)
They spent the whole day, [to pack –participle I] the
equipment.
13) The
number of cars [to form –participle I] a
passenger train is much less than that of a freight train.
14) An
unusual locomotive [to build –participle II] for
the movement on ice was developed in Great Britain in
the 18th century.
This unusual locomotive was [to send –participle II] to
Russia for the transportation
of
freight on sledges across [to freeze –participle II] lakes.
15)
When [to ask –participle II] why she had missed
the train, she said something about her watch being slow.
16)
When [to translate –participle I] the sentences
from Russian into English, I often make mistakes.
17) [to
remember –participle I perfect] suddenly that she had not [to
lock –participle II] the door, she rushed
back
home.
18)
This engine radically differs both in construction and operation from the
engine [to design –participle II]
five
years ago
19) [Not
to see –participle I] anything there that could interest us, we
left the exhibition.
20) He
wasted the whole afternoon, [to try –participle I] to
repair his car.
21)
They were [to speak –participle I] through
the [to lock –participle II] door.
22)[To
pass –participle I perfect] the last exam, he began to look for
a job.
23) The
plane [to fly –participle I] at a great speed
leaves behind a stream of white smoke.
24) [Not
to know –participle I] where to go I turned to the passer-by.
25)
When [to give –participle I] advice to others,
think whether you would follow it yourself.
26)
The [to destroy –participle II] bridge was
soon [to reconstruct –participle II].

27)
If [to ask –participle II], he’ll tell you a lot of
interesting things about his life in England.
28) [To
pack –participle I perfect] our suitcases, we hired a taxi and
hurried to the airport.
29)
Cascade Tunnel is one of the longest railroad tunnels in the USA [to
locate –participle II] in Washington
State
was [to build –participle II].
30) [To
enter –participle I perfect] the compartment I saw that all the
berths had been already [to occupy –
participle
II].

Ex.22.
Say whether the right Participles are used in the following sentences. Correct
the wrong ones. Be very attentive!
1) We
were walked down the path leading to the
station. 2) Don’t forget to oil the moving parts of the
machine regularly. 3) Having missed the 10 o’clock train, he
had to send a telegram to his friends waitedfor him. 4) The porter
went in, carrying two suitcases. 5) It is impossible quickly
to stop the train moving at such a high speed. 6) Worked as
a clerk, painter and bus driver, Neil decided to go back to University. 7)
Refrigerator cars are used for the transportation of freezing meat
and other perishable commodities. 8) The received information
was not correct. 9) When commenting on the recent developments
in the Middle East, the correspondent presented a number of interesting facts.
10) Tank cars having transported gas or cement should be made of
aluminum or stainless steel. 11) All the computers installed at
our office were produced in Japan. 12) The Toyota Co. has recently deciding to
spend $800 million a year on the development of the new electric automobile.
13) While crossed the street, I saw an accident. 14)
When typing the article, she tried to be very attentive. 15)
The plane had to make a forcing landing. 16) The Internet is a
global computer network having millions of users all over the
world. 17) They experimented with the device, not known that
it was out of order. 18) Having taken the wrong bus, Tony
found himself in an unfamiliar town.

Пояснительная
записка

Целью
изучения данного модуля, как и учебной дисциплины «Английский язык» в целом,
направлено на достижение следующих целей:
•
формирование представлений об английском языке как о языке международного
общения и средстве приобщения к ценностям мировой культуры и национальных
культур;
•
формирование коммуникативной компетенции, позволяющей свободно общаться на
английском языке в различных формах и на различные темы, в том числе в сфере
профессиональной деятельности, с учетом приобретенного словарного запаса, а
также условий, мотивов и целей общения;
•
формирование и развитие всех компонентов коммуникативной компетенции:
лингвистической, социолингвистической, дискурсивной, социокультурной,
социальной, стратегической и предметной;
•
воспитание личности, способной и желающей вести здоровый образ жизни,
участвовать в общении на межкультурном уровне;
•
воспитание уважительного отношения к другим культурам и социальным субкультурам.

В
результате освоения данного модуля обучающийся должен знать:
1. значения
новых лексических единиц, связанных с тематикой данного этапа и с
соответствующими ситуациями общения;
2.
языковой материал: идиоматические выражения, оценочную лексику, единицы
речевого этикета;
3.
средства и способы выражения модальности; условия, предположения, причины,
следствия, побуждения к действию;
4.
лингвострановедческую, страноведческую и социокультурную информацию,
расширенную за счет новой тематики и проблематики речевого общения;

В
результате освоения учебной дисциплины обучающийся должен уметь:

Говорение:
1.
вести диалог (диалог–расспрос, диалог–обмен мнениями/суждениями,
диалог–побуждение к действию, этикетный диалог и их комбинации), используя
аргументацию, эмоционально-оценочные средства;
2.
рассказывать, рассуждать в связи с изученной тематикой, проблематикой
прочитанных/прослушанных текстов; описывать события, излагать факты, делать
сообщения;
3.
создавать словесный социокультурный портрет своей страны и страны/стран
изучаемого языка на основе полученной страноведческой и культуроведческой
информации.

Аудирование:
4.
понимать относительно полно (общий смысл) высказывания на изучаемом иностранном
языке в различных ситуациях общения;
5.
понимать основное содержание аутентичных аудио- или видеотекстов
познавательного характера на темы, предлагаемые в рамках курса, выборочно
извлекать из них необходимую информацию, а также оценивать важность/новизну
информации, определять свое отношение к ней.

Чтение:
6.
читать тексты, используя основные виды чтения (ознакомительное, изучающее, просмотровое/поисковое)
в зависимости от коммуникативной задачи.

Письменная
речь:
6.
описывать явления, события, излагать факты в письме;
7.
использовать приобретенные знания и умения в практической и профессиональной
деятельности, повседневной жизни.

Практическая работа
№ 1.
The
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Reading and translating.
1.1. Read
and translate the text.
Практическая работа
№ 2.
The
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Watching the video.
2.1
Learn the words:

cathedral - собор
  temple - храм tunnel - туннель

foreign - иностранный
  population - население banknote - банкнота

island - остров lake
  - озеро hill - холм

2.2.
Watch Sequence 1 of the video (from the beginning to: … a very popular place
for tourists) and complete the tables.
Table
1. Countries – parts of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern
Ireland.

country

population

England

Nothern Ireland

Total about: 58, 5 million

Table
2. General information about The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland.

Capital

Population

Head of the Government

Lives at

Head of State

Lives in

2.3
Watch Sequence 2 of the video (up to: … but the countryside’s important too)
and make notes on each place.

1. Edinburgh 2. York 3. Liverpool

4. Stratford-upon-Avon. 5. Cambridge 6. Oxford.

2.4.
Watch Sequence 3 of the video (up to: … foreign tourists come to Britain every
year) and complete the sentences with numbers from the box.

9 75 24 2 10

a.
Over ___ % of the land in Britain is farmland.
b.
Only ___ % of the working population are farmers.
c.
Britain has ___ national parks.
d.
National parks cover ___ % of Britain.
e.
Over __ million foreign tourists come to Britain every year.

2.5.
Watch Sequence 4 of the video (to the end) and find the true sentences.
a.
The Giant’s Causeway is in Northern Ireland.
b.
Tourists visit Stonehenge.
c.
The Snowdon National Park is in Northern Ireland.
d.
50% of people in Wales speak Welsh.
e.
Britain has over 800 islands.
Практическая работа
№ 5. Scotland. Northern Ireland. Wales.
5.1. Study
the vocabulary. Learn the words:

thistle – чертополох
  patron – покровитель devided – разделен (-а,-о,-ы) it will take you ... to get – это займет у тебя ... чтобы добраться ... tale – рассказ, сказка settler – поселенец floodlit – освещен прожектором tattoo –барабанная дробь modest – скромный
  grave – могила buried – погребен devotion – преданность
  striking – поразительный valley – долина picturesque – живописный landscape – пейзаж
  depict – рисовать leek – лук-порей daffodil – нарцисс Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty – райо́н выдаю́щейся приро́дной красоты́ (открытый для туристов заповедник; охраняется государством). integral – неотъемлемый
  bounded – ограничен portion – часть, область, участок offshore – находящийся на некотором расстоянии от берега (в море)

shoreline – береговая линия irregularity – неровность indentation – зарубка, извилина lough – залив моря feature – характерная черта polygonal pillars – многоугольные столбы black basalt – черный базальт approximate – приблизительный damp - влажный fertile soil – плодородная почва pasturelands – пастбища abundant – обильный, изобильный limestone – известняк
  gravel – гравий, галька shale – сланец
  bauxite – боксит, алюминиевая руда iron ore – железная руда coal – уголь indistinguishable – незаметный, неотличимый remainder – оставшаяся часть to evolve – развивать, обнаруживать distinctive cultural identity – отличительная культурная индивидуальность thriving – процветающий
  society – общество annual – ежегодный to house – вмещать, содержать antiquities – древности

5.2.
Read and translate the texts.
Практическая работа
№ 6 Political System of Great Britain.
6.1. Study
the vocabulary. Learn the following words and expressions

constitutional monarchy – конституционная монархия to reign – править
  legislative – законодательный the House of Commons – палата общин the House of Lords – палата лордов Parliament – парламент to
  vote – голосовать the upper house – верхняя палата the lower house – нижняя палата to delay – откладывать to
  defeat – отвергать, отклонять hereditary – наследственный peer
  – пэр to appoint – назначать to approve – одобрять

to reject – отвергать, отклонять election – выборы bill
  –законопроект, биль to draw up a bill – составлять законопроект the Cabinet – кабинет министров the Home Office – министерство внутренних дел the Foreign and Commonwealth Office –министерство иностранных дел legal – судебный
  court – суд the court of appeal – аппеляционный суд civil cases – гражданские дела criminal cases – уголовные дела chief – ведущий, главный labour – труд the
  Labour Party – Лейбористская партия

6.2. Read
and translate.
Практическая работа
№ 9 Canada, Australia, New Zealand.

9.1. Read
and translate the text.

Canada

Canada
is located in North America. It is the second largest country in the world, but
the population of the country is only about 30 million people. Most of the
population is concentrated along the southern border, in the cities such as
Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto.
Canada
is an independent country, though formally Elizabeth II, Queen of the United
Kingdom, is recognized as Head of State. The country consists of two
territories and ten provinces. There are two official languages in Canada —
English, which is the language of about 60% of the population, and French. The
majority of French-speaking population is concentrated in the province of
Quebec.
The
country is mainly agricultural. It is well known as an exporter of wheat and
oats. It is also rich in natural resources. It is one of the main producers of
electric power.

Australia

The
continent of Australia is situated between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific
Ocean. Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. The country's
official name is Commonwealth of Australia. It is unique, because it is at the
same time a continent, the smallest one in the world.
Australia
is a very young country. The explorers from Europe unanimously called it a
wonderful continent. There are really a lot of wonders: strange animals and
wildlife, unusually mild weather, warm winters, etc. Even the sun rises there
in the west, which is strange for Europeans. Besides, there is great stock of
mineral resources: gold, oil, coal and much more.
The
Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of six states: South Australia, New
South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, and Western Australia. The central
part of the country is scarcely populated. The majority of the inhabitants live
along the seashore or on the islands surrounding the continent: Tasmania is
probably the most famous of them.
There
are not very many cities in Australia. Agriculture is very well developed
there. It is the world's leading manufacturer of wool. The largest and the most
famous city is Sydney. It was the capital of the Olympic Games in 2000. The
capital of the country is Canberra, which is a remarkable city, with lakes,
parks and skyscrapers.
New
Zealand
New
Zealand is a country in the Pacific Ocean, situated to the southeast from
Australia. The country consists of two main islands and a number of smaller
ones. All of them belong to the large group of Polynesian Islands. As one of
the former colonies of Great Britain, now New Zealand is a member of the
Commonwealth. It is formally the constitutional monarchy, Queen Elizabeth II
being Head of State. The Queen appoints the governor who rules in her name.
But, as well as in the UK, the Queen and her representatives have little or no
power. In fact, the Prime Minister is the ruler.
New
Zealand is a rich country, most of its wealth being due to agricultural
activities. The rate of life in New Zealand is really high. Auckland is the
largest city in the country. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. English
is the official language in the country, though in some schools Maori, which is
the language of the native population, is taught as well.

9.2. Learn
the words.

to locate – располагать(ся) border – граница independent –
  независимый to recognize – узнавать, признавать wheat – пшеница oat – овес
  commonwealth – содружество, союз еhe Commonwealth of Australia –
  австралийский союз scarcely –едва, почти не inhabitant – житель unique –
  уникальный

unanimously –единодушно, единогласно stock – запас
  manufacturer – производитель remarkable – знаменитый, выдающийся skyscraper –
  небоскреб to appoint – назначать to rule – править representative –
  представитель wealth – богатство due to – благодаря, из-за rate of life –
  уровень жизни

9.3. Answer
the questions about Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

1.
Where is the country situated?
2.
What is the size of the country?
3.
What are its main cities? What is the capital of the country?
4.
Where is the majority of the population concentrated?
5.
What is the most important sphere of economy of the country?
6.
Is the country rich in natural resources? What are they?
7.
Who is formally recognized as Head of State in Canada?
8.
What is the official language of the country?

9.4. Think
of the beginning of the following sentences:

1.
… is located in North America.
2.
… between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
3.
… of two territories and ten provinces.
4.
… is concentrated in the province of Quebec.
5.
… belong to Polynesian Islands.
6.
… an exporter of wheat and oats.
7.
… a wonderful continent.
8.
… due to agricultural activities.

9.5. Compare
the countries. Use the following adjectives and adverbs:

the
largest; the smallest; the most densely populated; the coldest; the youngest;
the most wonderful

9.6. Choose
one country to speak on the following:

1.
The country’s territory
2.
The country’s population.
3.
Head of State.
4.
The country’s main cities.
5.
The country’s economy and resources.

Практическая
работа № 10
Список
литературы
1.
Г.Т.Безкоровайная, Н.И. Соколова, Е.А. Койранская, Г.В.Лаврик. Planet of
English. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2012 – 256с.
2.
К.Н.Качалова, Е.Е.Изралевич. Практическая грамматика английского языка с
упражнениями и ключами. – М.: Издательство «ЮНВЕС», 1998 – 717с.
3.
R.MacEndrew. Window on Britain. Video Guide 1. – Oxford: Oxford University
press, 1998 – 39p.
4.
R.MacEndrew. Window on Britain. Video Guide 2. – Oxford: Oxford University
press, 1998 – 39p.
5.
R.MacEndrew. Window on Britain. Workbook 1. – Oxford: Oxford University press,
1998 – 47p.
1.
R.MacEndrew. Window on Britain. Workbook 2. – Oxford: Oxford University press,
1998 – 47p.
2.
R.Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Second Edition – Oxford: Oxford University
press, 2003 – 350p.
3.
R.Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Third Edition – Oxford: Oxford University
press, 2004 – 379p.
4.
R.Murphy. Essential Grammar in Use. Second Edition – Oxford: Oxford University
press, 2007 – 300p.
5.
J.Sinclair. Collins Cobild English Grammar. – Harper Collins Publishers, 1994 –
486p.
Интернет
- ресурсы:

1.
www.wikipedia.org
2.
www.lingvo-online.ru

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ
По
выполнению
практических
работ по английскому языку
По теме
«АНГЛОГОВОРЯЩИЕ
СТРАНЫ»

2016 г.
Методические
рекомендации по выполнению практических работ по английскому языку разработаны
с учетом Федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего
профессионального образования.

Разработчик: Храмцова
Т.В., преподаватель ГАПОУ МО «Кандалакшский индустриальный колледж».

ОДОБРЕНЫ   Предметной (цикловой) комиссией преподавателей
  гуманитарных дисциплин и физического воспитания     Протокол № __
  от «__» _________ 20__ г.   Председатель
  _________________/М.В.Сапожникова/

УТВЕРЖДЕНЫ   Учебно - методическим советом
  Протокол № __ от «__» ________ 20___ г.   Заместитель директора по УПР
  ______________ /Е.А. Бурлова/

Пояснительная
записка

Целью
изучения данного модуля, как и учебной дисциплины «Английский язык» в целом,
направлено на достижение следующих целей:
•
формирование представлений об английском языке как о языке международного
общения и средстве приобщения к ценностям мировой культуры и национальных
культур;
•
формирование коммуникативной компетенции, позволяющей свободно общаться на
английском языке в различных формах и на различные темы, в том числе в сфере
профессиональной деятельности, с учетом приобретенного словарного запаса, а
также условий, мотивов и целей общения;
•
формирование и развитие всех компонентов коммуникативной компетенции:
лингвистической, социолингвистической, дискурсивной, социокультурной,
социальной, стратегической и предметной;
•
воспитание личности, способной и желающей вести здоровый образ жизни,
участвовать в общении на межкультурном уровне;
•
воспитание уважительного отношения к другим культурам и социальным субкультурам.

В
результате освоения данного модуля обучающийся должен знать:
1.
значения новых лексических единиц, связанных с тематикой данного этапа и с
соответствующими ситуациями общения;
2.
языковой материал: идиоматические выражения, оценочную лексику, единицы
речевого этикета;
3.
средства и способы выражения модальности; условия, предположения, причины,
следствия, побуждения к действию;
4.
лингвострановедческую, страноведческую и социокультурную информацию,
расширенную за счет новой тематики и проблематики речевого общения;

В
результате освоения учебной дисциплины обучающийся должен уметь:

Говорение:
1.
вести диалог (диалог–расспрос, диалог–обмен мнениями/суждениями,
диалог–побуждение к действию, этикетный диалог и их комбинации), используя
аргументацию, эмоционально-оценочные средства;
2.
рассказывать, рассуждать в связи с изученной тематикой, проблематикой
прочитанных/прослушанных текстов; описывать события, излагать факты, делать
сообщения;
3.
создавать словесный социокультурный портрет своей страны и страны/стран
изучаемого языка на основе полученной страноведческой и культуроведческой
информации.

Аудирование:
4.
понимать относительно полно (общий смысл) высказывания на изучаемом иностранном
языке в различных ситуациях общения;
5.
понимать основное содержание аутентичных аудио- или видеотекстов
познавательного характера на темы, предлагаемые в рамках курса, выборочно
извлекать из них необходимую информацию, а также оценивать важность/новизну
информации, определять свое отношение к ней.

Чтение:
6.
читать тексты, используя основные виды чтения (ознакомительное, изучающее,
просмотровое/поисковое) в зависимости от коммуникативной задачи.

Письменная
речь:
6.
описывать явления, события, излагать факты в письме;
7.
использовать приобретенные знания и умения в практической и профессиональной
деятельности, повседневной жизни.

Практическая
работа № 1.

The
United States of America covers the central part of North America. Besides,
Alaska and Hawaii belong to the USA. Its territory is about 9,328,000 square
kilometers. The population of the United States is about 265 million people.
The climate is different from state to state due to the large size of the
country. It is mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, and arctic
in Alaska.
The
USA is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Atlantic Ocean and the
Gulf of Mexico in the east. It borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in
the south. The most important rivers in the USA are the Mississippi, the
Colorado, the Ohio, and the Hudson River. The main mountain chains are the
Cordillera in the west and the Appalachian Mountains in the east. Between these
two mountain chains lie the central lowlands, called the prairie. To the north
of the country, on the border with Canada, the Great Lakes are situated. They
include the Lake Superior, the Lake Ontario, the Lake Eire, the Lake Huron and
the Lake Michigan. Natural resources include nickel, lead, silver, oil, natural
gas, iron and others.
Present-day
American history began in 1607, when colonizers established the first
permanent English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia. Further on during the 17th
century the settlers from Europe came to the new lands. They struggled Native
Americans and drove them away from rich land to reservations. At first thirteen
British colonies were established on the eastern coast. In 1775 the colonies
began their struggle for independence and succeeded in 1783. This was how the
United States came into being.
In
1861 the Civil War broke out. It is usually referred to as the war between the
South and the North. Its aim was to give freedom to black slaves who previously
could be bought or sold. Slavery was abolished in 1865, but the discrimination
of the black population remained until the 1960s. The influence of the USA was
growing during the 19th—20th centuries until by the beginning of the 21st
century it became the leading power. It dominates the economy and political
life of the world.
The
United States is a democratic federal republic. It comprises fifty states,
including Alaska and Hawaii, and the District of Columbia, where the capital of
the country is situated. The largest state is Alaska, and the smallest is Rhode
Island. Each state has its own legislature. Head of State is the President. Washington,
DC (District of Columbia) is the capital of the country, the seat of the
government. The President is elected every four years.

7.3. Find
in the text the English equivalents of the following words and word
combinations and use them in the sentences of your own:

Занимает
центральную часть; отличается … из-за; умеренный; граничит с ; основные горные
цепи; называемые; современная история; начали борьбу за независимость; рабство
было отменено; законодательство.

7.4. Answer
the following questions:

1.
Where is the USA situated?
2.
What land area does it cover?
3.
How large is the population of the USA?
4.
Why is the climate of the USA so diverse?
5.
What countries does the USA border on?
6.
What seas and oceans is it washed by?
7.
What are the most important rivers in the USA?
8.
Where are the Great Lakes situated?
9.
The USA is rich in natural resources, isn't it?
10.
When did the present-day American history begin?
11.
What was the purpose of the war between the North and the South?
12.
Why is the USA called the leading world power?
13.
How many states are there in the USA?
14.
What is the capital of the USA?
15.
Who is the President of the USA?

7.5. Complete the following sentences:

1.
The USA covers …
2.
The territory of the USA is …
3.
The population of the USA is…
4.
The climate in the United States … due to the large size of the country.
5.
The USA is washed by …
6.
The chain mountains are…
7.
The Great Lakes are situated …
8.
Present-day American history began in …
9.
The Civil War broke out in …
10.
The largest state is …
11.
Head of State is …
12.
The capital of the country is …

7.6. Say
what these figures refer to in the text.

9,328,000
265 1607 1775 1783 1861 1865

7.7. Speak
about the geographic position of the USA using the map.

7.8. Retell
the text.

Практическая работа
№ 8 Political System of the USA.
7.1. Learn
the words:

state – государство, штат to sign – подписывать amendment –
  поправка, исправление rights – права to violate – нарушать to proclaim –
  провозглашать, объявлять to issue – выпускать trade – торговля juridical –
  юридический, правовой, судебный to vest in – переходить, передаваться to
  enforce – проводить в жизнь, придавать законную силу

commander-in-chief – главнокомандующий the Armed Forces –
  вооруженные силы to veto – налагать вето to overrule – аннулировать,
  отклонять chairman – председатель to assume – принимать, брать на себя the
  Secretary of State – Госсекретарь the Supreme Court – Верховный Суд civil
  cases – гражданские права to amend – вносить поправки, изменения to abolish –
  аннулировать, отменять

The
Political System of the USA
The
United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each
state has its own government («state government»). In some ways the United
States is like 50 small countries.
The
government of the USA act according to the Constitution which was signed by the
first thirteen representatives of thirteen original American states in 1787.
The document was written in 1787 and since that time twenty six Amendments have
been added. The first ten Amendments were simply rights or the Bill of rights.
According to the Constitution the USA is a republic. So, the officials of any
rank are elected by US citizens. Every citizen has rights which can not be
violated.
The
Constitution proclaims a federal system of government which keeps both the
states and the federal power from getting too much power. It means that the
federal government is given certain powers, for example, to make peace or war,
to issue money and to regulate the trade and so on.
The
federal power is located in Washington, D.C. It is based on legislative,
executive and juridical branches of power.
The
legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of two houses: the
Senate and the House of Representatives, There are 435 members in the House of
Representatives and 100 senators in Congress. Each state elects two members for
the Senate.
The
executive branch is headed by the President who is assisted by the Vice
President. The President enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of
the Armed Forces. The President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds
vote shall overrule him. The Vice President, elected from the same political
party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the
death of the President, assumes the Presidency. The President of the USA is
chosen in nationwide elections every four years together with the
Vice.-President. The President can not be elected for more than two terms. The
Cabinet is made up of Department Secretaries. The most important of them is the
Secretary of State, who deals with foreign affairs.
The
judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and
the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life.
Federal
courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of
different states.
Constitution
has been amended twenty six times. The Bill of Rights guarantees individual
liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments abolished
slavery, granted the vote to women and colour people and allowed citizens to
vote at the age of 18.
Практическая работа
№ 9 Canada, Australia, New Zealand.

9.1. Read
and translate the text.

Canada,
Australia, New Zealand
Canada

Canada
is located in North America. It is the second largest country in the world, but
the population of the country is only about 30 million people. Most of the
population is concentrated along the southern border, in the cities such as
Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto.
Canada
is an independent country, though formally Elizabeth II, Queen of the United
Kingdom, is recognized as Head of State. The country consists of two
territories and ten provinces. There are two official languages in Canada —
English, which is the language of about 60% of the population, and French. The
majority of French-speaking population is concentrated in the province of
Quebec.
The
country is mainly agricultural. It is well known as an exporter of wheat and
oats. It is also rich in natural resources. It is one of the main producers of
electric power.

Australia

The
continent of Australia is situated between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific
Ocean. Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. The country's
official name is Commonwealth of Australia. It is unique, because it is at the
same time a continent, the smallest one in the world.
Australia
is a very young country. The explorers from Europe unanimously called it a
wonderful continent. There are really a lot of wonders: strange animals and
wildlife, unusually mild weather, warm winters, etc. Even the sun rises there
in the west, which is strange for Europeans. Besides, there is great stock of
mineral resources: gold, oil, coal and much more.
The
Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of six states: South Australia, New
South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, and Western Australia. The central
part of the country is scarcely populated. The majority of the inhabitants live
along the seashore or on the islands surrounding the continent: Tasmania is
probably the most famous of them.
There
are not very many cities in Australia. Agriculture is very well developed
there. It is the world's leading manufacturer of wool. The largest and the most
famous city is Sydney. It was the capital of the Olympic Games in 2000. The
capital of the country is Canberra, which is a remarkable city, with lakes,
parks and skyscrapers.
New
Zealand
New
Zealand is a country in the Pacific Ocean, situated to the southeast from
Australia. The country consists of two main islands and a number of smaller
ones. All of them belong to the large group of Polynesian Islands. As one of
the former colonies of Great Britain, now New Zealand is a member of the
Commonwealth. It is formally the constitutional monarchy, Queen Elizabeth II
being Head of State. The Queen appoints the governor who rules in her name.
But, as well as in the UK, the Queen and her representatives have little or no
power. In fact, the Prime Minister is the ruler.
New
Zealand is a rich country, most of its wealth being due to agricultural
activities. The rate of life in New Zealand is really high. Auckland is the
largest city in the country. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. English
is the official language in the country, though in some schools Maori, which is
the language of the native population, is taught as well.

9.2. Learn
the words.

to locate – располагать(ся) border – граница independent –
  независимый to recognize – узнавать, признавать wheat – пшеница oat – овес commonwealth
  – содружество, союз еhe Commonwealth of Australia – австралийский союз
  scarcely –едва, почти не inhabitant – житель unique – уникальный

unanimously –единодушно, единогласно stock – запас
  manufacturer – производитель remarkable – знаменитый, выдающийся skyscraper –
  небоскреб to appoint – назначать to rule – править representative –
  представитель wealth – богатство due to – благодаря, из-за rate of life –
  уровень жизни

9.3. Answer
the questions about Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

1.
Where is the country situated?
2.
What is the size of the country?
3.
What are its main cities? What is the capital of the country?
4.
Where is the majority of the population concentrated?
5.
What is the most important sphere of economy of the country?
6.
Is the country rich in natural resources? What are they?
7.
Who is formally recognized as Head of State in Canada?
8.
What is the official language of the country?

9.4. Think
of the beginning of the following sentences:

1.
… is located in North America.
2.
… between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
3.
… of two territories and ten provinces.
4.
… is concentrated in the province of Quebec.
5. …
belong to Polynesian Islands.
6.
… an exporter of wheat and oats.
7.
… a wonderful continent.
8.
… due to agricultural activities.

9.5. Compare
the countries. Use the following adjectives and adverbs:

the
largest; the smallest; the most densely populated; the coldest; the youngest;
the most wonderful

9.6. Choose
one country to speak on the following:

1.
The country’s territory
2.
The country’s population.
3.
Head of State.
4.
The country’s main cities.
5.
The country’s economy and resources.

Практическая
работа № 10

alt: BUT: gauge, laugh.

alt: There ___ road works in the center streets of the city tomorrow that is why long traffic jams [ дорожные пробки ] are expected

alt: USA were built by private companies [What…?] and are paid to use; they are called toll [ платный ]roads

alt: Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry,

alt: In the old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were clergymen [ священник ], and their life was much more strict and disciplined…

alt: BUT: sure, ensure, insurance. ► ea ▪ incr ea se, conc ea l, m ea n, def ea t, ea ger, tr ea ty, f…

alt: Moscow) 10) to look at 20) on the train

alt: Don’t bother! I’ll pay ___ all fares

alt: It should (must, can) be mentioned that …–

alt: I [to hurry]. 11) The phone [to ring]

alt: Ben back for this trick. ☻ TEXT

alt: In summer everybody stay at home

alt: The train passed through a station

alt: At the railway stations there are announcement boards that inform passengers when and to what [ путь ] the train [ прибывать ]

alt: Ex.17. Model: He can do this work

alt: Сколько стоит билет до Вашингтона? –

alt: Rocket . This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could draw a 13-ton train at an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles…

alt: Pacific coast. Railroads became the dominant mode of overland transportation in the last half of the 19 th century

alt: Stourbridge Lion b) the Best Friend of

alt: Уголь перевозили в деревянных тележках (a wooden hand-cart) , которые назывались «собаками», потому что скрип несмазанных колёс (the creak of unlubricated wheels) был похож на…

alt: But the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done…

alt: Grand Canyon Diorama. 8) The diesel-electric locomotive has an internal combustion engine [ присоединённый ] to the driving wheels by electric transmission