Towards Evaluation Engineering: An Empirical Study of ML Evaluation Harnesses in the Wild
Paper • 2605.24213 • Published • 14
Error code: JWTInvalidSignature
Exception: InvalidSignatureError
Message: Signature verification failed
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/libs/libapi/src/libapi/jwt_token.py", line 286, in validate_jwt
decoded = jwt.decode(
jwt=token,
...<2 lines>...
options=options,
)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jwt.py", line 368, in decode
decoded = self.decode_complete(
jwt,
...<8 lines>...
leeway=leeway,
)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jwt.py", line 265, in decode_complete
decoded = self._jws.decode_complete(
jwt,
...<3 lines>...
detached_payload=detached_payload,
)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jws.py", line 270, in decode_complete
self._verify_signature(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
signing_input,
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
...<4 lines>...
options=merged_options,
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
)
^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jws.py", line 417, in _verify_signature
raise InvalidSignatureError("Signature verification failed")
jwt.exceptions.InvalidSignatureError: Signature verification failedNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
GitHub issues collected from 57 ML evaluation harnesses, annotated with workflow stage, root cause, and evaluation strategy labels.
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
harness_name |
string | Name of the ML evaluation harness |
github_repo |
string | GitHub repository (owner/repo) |
issue_title |
string | Issue title |
issue_body |
string | Issue body text |
issue_url |
string | Direct URL to the GitHub issue |
issue_created_at |
int64 | Creation timestamp (ms since epoch) |
issue_closed_at |
int64 | Closed timestamp (ms since epoch) |
is_related |
float64 | Whether the issue is related to evaluation (1.0 = yes) |
stage |
float64 | Workflow stage label (numeric) |
step |
string | Workflow step label |
strategy |
float64 | Evaluation strategy label (numeric) |
root_cause_label |
string | Root cause category |
issue_comments |
list[string] | Issue comment texts |
issue_labels |
list[string] | GitHub labels on the issue |
issue_cross_referenced |
list[string] | Cross-referenced issue/PR URLs |
@article{zhao2025evaleng,
title={Towards Evaluation Engineering: An Empirical Study of ML Evaluation Harnesses in the Wild},
author={Zhimin Zhao and Zehao Wang and Abdul Ali Bangash and Bram Adams and Ahmed E. Hassan},
year={2026},
eprint={2605.24213},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.SE},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24213},
}